Filed by Bowne Pure Compliance
Table of Contents

 
 
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
     
o   REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
OR
     
þ   ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007
OR
     
o   TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from  _____  to  _____ 
OR
     
o   SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
Date of event requiring this shell company report  _____ 
Commission file number: 1-13240
EMPRESA NACIONAL DE ELECTRICIDAD S.A.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
     
EMPRESA NACIONAL DE ELECTRICIDAD S.A.   CHILE
(Translation of Registrant’s name into English)   (Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
Santa Rosa 76, Santiago, Chile
Telephone No. (562) 630-9000

(Address of principal executive offices)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
     
Title of each class   Name of each exchange on which registered
     
American Depositary Shares   New York Stock Exchange
Shares   New York Stock Exchange*
     
*   Listed, not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American Depositary Shares, pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange Commission.
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: [None]
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
         
$ 400,000,000   7.750%   Notes due 2008
$ 400,000,000   8.500%   Notes due 2009
$ 400,000,000   8.350%   Notes due 2013
$ 200,000,000   8.625%   Notes due 2015
$ 230,000,000   7.875%   Notes due 2027
$ 220,000,000   7.325%   Notes due 2037
$ 200,000,000   8.125%   Notes due 2097
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. Shares of Common Stock: 8,201,754,580
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.
þ Yes      o No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
o Yes      þ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:
þ Yes       o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
         
þ Large accelerated filer   o Accelerated filer   o Non-accelerated filer
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:
             
o U.S. GAAP
  o   International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by
the International Accounting Standards Board
  þ Other
Indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:
o Item 17       þ Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
o Yes       þ No
 
 

 

 


 

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 Exhibit 8.1
 Exhibit 12.1
 Exhibit 12.2
 Exhibit 13.1

 

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GLOSSARY
         
ACCIONA, S.A.
  Acciona, S.A.   Spanish construction holding company.
 
       
AESGener
  AES Gener S.A.   Chilean generation company that competes with us in Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Colombia.
 
       
AFP
  Administradora de Fondos de
Pensiones
  Chilean private pension funds.
 
       
Ampla
  Ampla Energía e Servicos S.A.   Brazilian distribution company operating in Rio de Janeiro, owned by Endesa Brasil, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis.
 
       
ANEEL
  Agéncia Nacional de Energia
Elétrica
  Brazilian governmental agency for electric energy.
 
       
Betania
  Central Hidroeléctrica de
Betania S.A. E.S.P.
  Endesa Chile’s Colombian subsidiary which merged with Emgesa in 2007.
 
       
Bureau Veritas
  Bureau Veritas   International independent certification company.
 
       
Cachoeira Dourada
  Centrais Eléctricas Cachoeira Dourada S.A.   Brazilian generating company owned by Endesa Brasil, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis.
 
       
Cammesa
  Compañía Administradora del Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico S.A.   Argentine autonomous entity in charge of the operation of the Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista (Wholesale Electricity Market), or MEM. Cammesa’s stockholders are generation, transmission and distribution companies, large users and the Secretariat of Energy.
 
       
CDEC
  Centro de Despacho Económico
de Carga
  Autonomous entity in two Chilean electric systems in charge of coordinating the efficient operation and dispatch of units to satisfy the demand at any time.
 
       
CELTA
  Compañía Eléctrica Tarapacá S.A.   Endesa Chile’s subsidiary that operates in the SING with thermal plants.
 
       
CEMSA
  Compañía de Energía del
Mercosur S.A.
  Energy trading company with operations in Argentina subsidiary of Endesa Chile.
 
       
Chilectra
  Chilectra S.A.   Chilean electricity distribution company operating in the Santiago metropolitan area owned by our parent company, Enersis.
 
       
CIEN
  Companhia de Interconexão Energética S.A.   Brazilian transmission company, wholly-owned by Endesa Brasil, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis.
 
       
CNE
  Comisión Nacional de Energía   Chilean National Energy Commission, governmental entity with responsibilities under the Chilean regulatory framework.
 
       
Codensa
  Codensa S.A. E.S.P.   Colombian distribution company controlled by our parent company, Enersis that operates mainly in Bogotá and Cundinamarca.
 
       
Coelce
  Companhia Energética do Ceará S.A.   Brazilian distribution company operating in the state of Ceará. Coelce is controlled by Endesa Brasil, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis.

 

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CREG
  Comisión de Regulación de
Energía y Gas
  Colombian Commission for the Regulation of Energy and Gas.
 
       
CTM
  Compañía de Transmisión del
Mercosur
  Endesa Brasil’s transmission subsidiary with operations in Argentina.
 
       
Edegel
  Edegel S.A.A.   Peruvian generation company, subsidiary of Endesa Chile.
 
       
Edelnor
  Empresa de Distribución Eléctrica de Lima Norte S.A.A.   Peruvian distribution company with a concession area in the northern part of Lima, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis.
 
       
Edesur
  Empresa Distribuidora Sur S.A.   Argentine distribution company with a concession area in the south of the Buenos Aires larger metropolitan area, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis.
 
       
El Chocón
  Hidroeléctrica El Chocón S.A.   Endesa Chile’s subsidiary with two hydroelectric plants, El Chocón and Arroyito, both located in the Limay River, Argentina.
 
       
Emgesa
  Emgesa S.A. E.S.P.   Colombian generation company controlled by Endesa Chile.
 
       
Endesa Brasil
  Endesa Brasil, S.A.   Brazilian holding company, subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis, created in 2005.
 
       
Endesa Costanera
  Endesa Costanera S.A.   Argentine generation company controlled by Endesa Chile.
 
       
Endesa Fortaleza
  Central Geradora Termelétrica Endesa Fortaleza S.A.   Endesa Fortaleza owns a combined cycle generating plant, located in the state of Ceará. Endesa Fortaleza is fully owned by Endesa Brasil, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis.
 
       
Endesa Internacional
  Endesa Internacional S.A.   A subsidiary of Endesa Spain and the direct controller of our parent company, Enersis.
 
       
Endesa Spain
  Endesa, S.A.   A Spanish electricity generation and distribution company with a 60.6% beneficial interest in Enersis, parent company of Endesa Chile.
 
       
ENEL
  ENEL S.p.A   A large power company in Italy.
 
       
ENRE
  Ente Nacional Regulatorio de
la Energía
  Argentine national regulatory authority of the energy sector.
 
       
GasAtacama
  GasAtacama S.A.   Company involved in the gas transportation and electricity generation in the north of Chile, affiliate of Endesa Chile.
 
       
IFRS
  International Financial
Reporting Standards
  Reporting standard that the company will adopt starting on January 1, 2009.
 
       
LNG
  Liquid Natural Gas   The gas that the future LNG Quintero plant will process.
 
       
MEM
  Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista   Wholesale Electricity Market in Argentina.

 

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MME
  Ministério de Minas e Energia   Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil.
 
       
NIS
  Sistema Interconectado Nacional   National interconnected electric system. There are such systems in Argentina, Brazil and Colombia.
 
       
ONS
  Operador Nacional do Sistema
Elétricos
  Electric System National Operator. Brazilian nonprofit private entity responsible for the planning and coordination of operations in interconnected systems.
 
       
OSINERGMIN
  Organismo Supervisor de la
Inversión en Energía y
Minería
  Energy and mining investment supervisor authority. The Peruvian regulatory electricity authority.
 
       
Pangue
  Empresa Eléctrica Pangue S.A.   Chilean electricity company, owner of the Pangue power station. Pangue is an Endesa Chile subsidiary.
 
       
Pehuenche
  Empresa Eléctrica Pehuenche S.A.   Chilean electricity company, owner of three power stations in the Maule basin. Pehuenche is an Endesa Chile’s subsidiary.
 
       
San Isidro
  Compañía Eléctrica San Isidro S.A.   Chilean electricity company, owner of a thermal power station. San Isidro is wholly-owned by Endesa Chile.
 
       
SEF
  Superintendencia de
Electricidad y Combustible
  Governmental entity in charge of supervising the Chilean electricity industry.
 
       
SEIN
  Sistema Eléctrico
Interconectado Nacional
  Peruvian interconnected electric system.
 
       
SIC
  Sistema Interconectado Central   Chilean central interconnected electric system.
 
       
SING
  Sistema Interconectado del
Norte Grande
  Electric system operating in northern Chile.
 
       
SVS
  Superintendencia de Valores
y Seguros
  Chilean authority in charge of supervising public companies, securities and insurance.
 
       
UTA
  Unidad Tributaria Anual   Chilean annual tax unit. One UTA equals 12 UTM.
 
       
UTM
  Unidad Tributaria Mensual   Chilean monthly tax unit used to define fines, among other purposes.
 
       
VAD
  Valued Added Distribution   Valued added from distribution of electricity.
 
       
VNR
  Valor Nuevo de Reemplazo   The net replacement value, in its Spanish acronym.

 

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INTRODUCTION
As used in this annual report on Form 20-F, first person personal pronouns such as “we,” “us” or “our” refer to Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A. (“Endesa Chile” or “the Company”) and our consolidated subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. Unless otherwise indicated, our interest in our principal subsidiaries and related companies is expressed in terms of our economic interest as of December 31, 2007.
Financial Information
In this annual report on Form 20-F, unless otherwise specified, references to “dollars,” “$,” are to United States dollars; references to “pesos” or “Ch$” are to Chilean pesos; the legal currency of Chile; references to “Ar$” or “Argentine pesos” are to the legal currency of Argentina; references to “R$,” “reals” or “reais” are to Brazilian reals, the legal currency of Brazil; references to “soles” are to Peruvian soles, the legal currency of Peru; references to “CPs” or Colombian pesos are to the legal currency of Colombia; and references to “UF” are to Unidades de Fomento. The Unidad de Fomento is a Chilean inflation-indexed, peso-denominated monetary unit. The UF rate is set daily in advance based on changes in the previous month’s inflation rate. As of December 31, 2007, 1 UF was equivalent to Ch$ 19,622.66. The dollar equivalent of 1 UF was $ 39.49 at December 31, 2007, using the Observed Exchange Rate reported by the Banco Central de Chile (the “Chilean Central Bank,” or the “Central Bank”) as of December 31, 2007 of Ch$ 496.89 per $ 1.00. As of May 31, 2008, 1 UF was equivalent to Ch$ 20,061.03. The dollar equivalent of 1 UF was $ 41.83 for May 31, 2008, using the Observed Exchange Rate reported by the Central Bank of Ch$ 479.54 per $ 1.00.
Our audited consolidated financial statements and, unless otherwise indicated, other financial information concerning us and our subsidiaries included in this annual report are presented in constant pesos in conformity with Chilean generally accepted accounting principles (“Chilean GAAP”) and the rules of the Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros,, or SVS. Data expressed in pesos for all periods in the Company’s audited consolidated financial statements for the three fiscal years ended December 31, 2007 are expressed in constant pesos as of December 31, 2007. See Note 2 to our audited consolidated financial statements included herein. For Chilean accounting purposes, inflation adjustments are calculated based on a “one-month lag” convention using an inflation adjustment factor based on the Indice de Precios al Consumidor (Chilean consumer price index, or “Chilean CPI”). The Chilean CPI is published by Chile’s Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (the “National Bureau of Statistics”). For example, the inflation adjustment applicable for the 2007 calendar year is the percentage change between the November 2006 Chilean CPI and the November 2007 Chilean CPI, which was 7.4%. Chilean GAAP, differs in certain important respects from accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). See Note 32 to our audited consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report for a description of the principal differences between Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP, as they relate to us, and for a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP stockholders’ equity and net income as of and for the three years in the period ended December 31, 2007, respectively.
Under Chilean GAAP, we consolidate the results from operations of a company defined as a “subsidiary” under Law No. 18,046 (the “Chilean Companies Act”). In order to consolidate a company, we must generally satisfy one of two criteria:
    control, directly or indirectly, more than a 50% voting interest in such company; or
 
    nominate or have the power to nominate a majority of the Board of Directors of such company if we control 50% or less of the voting interest of that company.
As of December 31, 2007 we consolidated all our operational Chilean subsidiaries. In Argentina, we consolidated the hydroelectric company Central Hidroeléctrica El Chocón S.A. (“El Chocón”), and the thermoelectric company Endesa Costanera. In Colombia, we consolidated the generation company Emgesa S.A. E.S.P., (“Emgesa”) which is controlled pursuant to a shareholders’ agreement. We also consolidated the generation company Edegel S.A.A. (“Edegel”), in Peru.
For the convenience of the reader, this annual report contains translations of certain peso amounts into dollars at specified rates. Unless otherwise indicated, the dollar equivalent for information in pesos is based on the Observed Exchange Rate, as defined in “Item 3. Key Information—A. Selected Financial Data—Exchange Rates” at December 31, 2007. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not report a noon buying rate for pesos. No representation is made that the peso or dollar amounts shown in this annual report could have been or could be converted into dollars or pesos, as the case may be, at such rate or at any other rate. See “Item 3. Key Information—A. Selected Financial Data—Exchange Rates.”

 

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Technical Terms
References to “GW” and “GWh” are to gigawatts and gigawatt hours, respectively; references to “MW” and “MWh” are to megawatts and megawatt hours, respectively; references to “kW” and “kWh” are to kilowatts and kilowatt hours, respectively; and references to “kV” are to kilovolts. Unless otherwise indicated, statistics provided in this annual report with respect to electricity generation facilities are expressed in MW, in the case of the installed capacity of such facilities, and in GWh, in the case of the aggregate annual electricity production of such facilities. One GW = 1,000 MW, and one MW = 1,000 kW. Statistics relating to aggregate annual electricity production are expressed in GWh and are based on a year of 8,760 hours. Statistics relating to installed capacity and production of the electricity industry do not include electricity of self-generators. Statistics relating to our production do not include electricity consumed by us from our generators.
Technical transmission energy losses are calculated by:
    subtracting the number of GWh of energy sold from the number of GWh of energy purchased and generated (which already excludes own energy consumption and losses of the power plant), within a given period.
Calculation of Economic Interest
References are made in this annual report to the “economic interest” of Endesa Chile and its subsidiaries or affiliates. In circumstances where we do not directly own an interest in a subsidiary or affiliate, our economic interest in such subsidiary or affiliate is calculated by multiplying the percentage ownership interest in a directly held subsidiary or affiliate by the percentage ownership interest of any entity in the chain of ownership of such subsidiary or affiliate. For example, if we own 60% of a directly held subsidiary and that subsidiary owns 40% of an affiliate, our economic ownership interest in such related company would be 24%.
Forward-Looking Statements
This annual report contains statements that are or may constitute forward-looking statements. These statements appear throughout this annual report and include statements regarding our intent, belief or current expectations, including, but not limited to, any statements concerning:
    our capital investment program;
 
    trends affecting our financial condition or results from operations;
 
    our dividend policy;
 
    the future impact of competition and regulation;
 
    political and economic conditions in the countries in which we or our related companies operate or may operate in the future;
 
    any statements preceded by, followed by or that include the words “believes,” “expects,” “predicts,” “anticipates,” “intends,” “estimates,” “should,” “may” or similar expressions; and
 
    other statements contained or incorporated by reference in this annual report regarding matters that are not historical facts.

 

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Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to:
    changes in the regulatory framework for the electric industry in one or more of the countries in which we operate;
 
    changes in the environmental regulatory framework in one or more of the countries in which we operate;
 
    our ability to implement proposed capital expenditures, including our ability to arrange financing where required;
 
    the nature and extent of future competition in our principal markets;
 
    political, economic and demographic developments in the emerging market countries of South America where we conduct our business; and
 
    the factors discussed below under “Risk Factors.”
You should not place undue reliance on such statements, which speak only as of the date that they were made. Our independent public accountants have not examined or compiled the forward-looking statements and, accordingly, do not provide any assurance with respect to such statements. You should consider these cautionary statements together with any written or oral forward-looking statements that we may issue in the future. We do not undertake any obligation to release publicly any revisions to forward-looking statements contained in this annual report to reflect later events or circumstances or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
For all these forward-looking statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.

 

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PART I
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors
Not applicable.
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
Item 3. Key Information
A. Selected financial data.
The following summary of consolidated selected financial and operating data should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our audited consolidated financial statements, included in this annual report. Our audited consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with Chilean GAAP and the rules of the SVS, which differ in certain important respects from U.S. GAAP. Note 32 to our audited consolidated financial statements provides a description of the principal differences between Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP and a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP of net income and shareholders’ equity for the periods indicated therein. Financial data as of and for each of the five years ended December 31, 2007 in the following table have been restated in constant pesos as of December 31, 2007.
In general, amounts are in millions except for ratios, operating data, shares and ADS data. For the convenience of the reader, all data presented in dollars in the following summary, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2007, are converted at the Observed Exchange Rate for December 31, 2007 of Ch$ 496.89 per $ 1.00. No representation is made that the peso or dollar amounts shown in this annual report could have been or could be converted into dollars or pesos, at such rate or at any other rate. For more information concerning historical exchange rates, see “Item 3. Key Information A. Selected Financial Data Exchange Rates” below.
Our principal operating subsidiaries were consolidated prior to 1998. As of October 1, 2005, the 92.51% participation interest we held in Centrais Elétricas Cachoeira Dourada S.A., or “Cachoeira Dourada,” was contributed to Endesa Brasil and consequently ceased to be consolidated by us, which significantly affected balance sheet figures as of December 31, 2005, and revenues and related costs for 2005 and subsequent years. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — A. History and Development of the Company,” for details on Endesa Brasil. All companies have been consolidated according to Chilean GAAP.
The information detailed in the following table includes the effect of certain accounting changes for the five years ended and as of December 31, 2007, which affect the comparability presented below. For information on changes in accounting policies see Note 3 to our consolidated financial statements.
                                                 
    As of or for the year ended December 31, (in constant millions of Ch$)  
    2003     2004     2005     2006     2007     2007  
                                            (millions  
    Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     of $) (1)  
Chilean GAAP:
                                               
Revenues from operations
    1,071,603       1,173,136       1,231,473       1,436,068       1,726,964       3,476  
Cost of operations
    (640,957 )     (714,780 )     (756,183 )     (851,961 )     (1,119,053 )     (2,252 )
Administrative and selling expenses
    (36,475 )     (39,130 )     (42,303 )     (42,301 )     (37,081 )     (75 )
Operating income
    394,171       419,226       432,987       541,806       570,830       1,149  
Equity in income (losses) of related companies, net
    20,226       21,815       14,879       45,478       (10,453 )     (21 )
Goodwill amortization
    (1,797 )     (1,664 )     (1,498 )     (1,013 )     (910 )     (2 )
Interest expense, net
    (219,930 )     (201,811 )     (179,004 )     (168,726 )     (154,254 )     (310 )
Price-level restatement and foreign currency translation, net
    11,099       25,949       17,785       5,473       25,466       51  

 

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    As of or for the year ended December 31, (in constant millions of Ch$)  
    2003     2004     2005     2006     2007     2007  
                                            (millions  
    Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     of $) (1)  
Other non-operating expense, net
    (18,036 )     (31,859 )     (22,266 )     (14,607 )     (67,335 )     (136 )
Income before income taxes, minority interest and negative goodwill amortization
    185,733       231,656       262,883       408,411       363,345       731  
Income taxes
    (31,880 )     (106,136 )     (100,832 )     (140,540 )     (113,413 )     (228 )
Extraordinary loss
                                   
Minority interest
    (81,029 )     (48,624 )     (57,535 )     (70,788 )     (61,874 )     (125 )
Amortization of negative goodwill
    18,154       18,291       16,788       6,484       4,382       9  
Net income
    90,978       95,187       121,304       203,567       192,439       387  
Net income per share in Ch$/$
    11.09       11.60       14.79       24.82       23.46       0.05  
Net income per ADS in Ch$/$ (2)
    332.92       348.05       443.77       744.60       703.89       1.42  
 
                                               
U.S. GAAP (6):
                                               
Revenues from operations
    1,071,604       1,173,136       1,231,473       1,436,068       1,726,964       3,476  
Operating income
    182,197       440,683       450,583       568,526       587,669       1,183  
Equity in income of related companies, net
    52,625       21,816       (16,444 )     50,031       (33,438 )     (67 )
Income taxes
    28,492       (172,987 )     (109,374 )     (149,193 )     (117,303 )     (236 )
Net income (loss) from continuing operations
    84,701       72,187       109,958       227,574       181,442       365  
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles, net of tax and minority interest
    (140 )     1,371                          
Income from discontinued operations, net of tax and minority interest
    134                                
Net income
    84,695       73,558       109,958       227,574       181,442       365  
Income from continuing operations per share in Ch$/$
    10.45       8.81       13.41       27.74       22.12       0.04  
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principles
    (0.02 )     0.16                          
 
                                               
Discontinued operations
    0.02                                
Net income per share in Ch$/$
    10.45       8.97       13.41       27.74       22.12       0.04  
Income from continuing operations per ADS in Ch$/$
    313.50       264.20       402.32       803.67       663.60       1.34  
Income from discontinued operations per ADS in Ch$/$ (2)
    0.66                                
Net income per ADS in Ch$/$ (2)
    314.16       264.20       402.32       803.67       663.60       1.34  

 

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    As of or for the year ended December 31, (in constant millions of Ch$)  
    2003     2004     2005     2006     2007     2007  
                                            (millions  
    Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     Ch$     of $) (1)  
Consolidated Balance Sheet Data
                                               
Chilean GAAP:
                                               
Total assets
    6,364,004       6,041,020       5,345,121       5,678,830       5,387,378       10,842  
Long-term liabilities
    2,666,122       2,489,735       1,941,502       2,248,143       1,921,620       3,867  
Minority interest
    1,417,979       1,280,750       1,024,072       1,004,392       886,883       1,785  
Total Shareholders’ equity
    1,738,109       1,782,315       1,800,825       1,927,089       1,884,227       3,792  
Capital stock
    1,222,878       1,222,878       1,222,878       1,222,878       1,222,878       2,461  
U.S. GAAP:
                                               
Total assets
    6,002,357       5,672,773       5,042,886       5,364,885       5,126,547       10,311  
Long-term liabilities
    2,753,770       2,623,481       2,087,430       2,367,599       2,047,132       4,120  
Minority interest
    1,371,917       1,181,435       939,404       914,225       749,512       1,508  
Total Shareholders’ equity
    1,308,129       1,355,113       1,406,038       1,550,839       1,596,838       3,214  
Capital stock
    1,222,878       1,222,878       1,222,878       1,222,878       1,222,878       2,461  
Other Consolidated Financial Data
                                               
Chilean GAAP:
                                               
Capital expenditures (5)
    152,703       109,214       64,455       182,671       207,030       417  
Depreciation and amortization
    194,554       178,986       172,957       183,998       192,976       384  
Cash dividends per share in Ch$/$ (3)
    2.61       4.69       6.41       2.76       13.03       0.026  
Cash dividends per ADS in
$ (2)(3)(4)
    0.00       0.00       0.00       0.15       0.79       0.79  
Weighted average outstanding (million)
                                               
Number of shares
    8,202       8,202       8,202       8,202       8,202       8,202  
Number of ADS
    14       14       14       14       14       14  
 
     
(1)   Solely for the convenience of the reader, peso amounts have been translated into dollars at the rate of Ch$ 496.89 per dollar, the Observed Exchange Rate as of December 31, 2007. You should not construe the translation of currency amounts in this annual report to be a representation that the peso amounts actually represent current dollar amounts or that you could convert peso amounts into dollars at the rate indicated or at any other rate.
 
(2)   Per ADS amounts in constant pesos are determined by multiplying per share amounts by 30 (1 ADS = 30 Shares). Per share amounts in $ are determined by dividing per ADS amounts by 30.
 
(3)   This chart details dividends payable in any given year, and not necessarily paid that same year. 2006 dividend was paid in May 2007. The final dividend for 2007 was paid after the stockholders meeting held on April 1, 2008.
 
(4)   Dollar amounts are calculated by applying the dollar exchange rate on the dividend payment date to the nominal peso amount.
 
(5)   Capital expenditures do not include investments in equity investments and capital expenditures in development stage subsidiaries.
 
(6)   For reconciliation from Chilean GAAP to U.S. GAAP, see Note 32, “Differences between Chilean and United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles” of our Audited Consolidated Financial Statements.
Exchange Rates
Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the peso and the dollar will affect the dollar equivalent of the peso price of our shares of common stock, without par value (the “Shares,” or the “Common Stock”), on the Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago (the “Santiago Stock Exchange”), the Bolsa Electrónica de Chile (the “Electronic Exchange”) and the Bolsa de Corredores de Valparaíso (the “Valparaíso Stock Exchange”) (collectively, the “Chilean Exchanges”). These exchange rate fluctuations will likely affect the price of the Company’s American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”) and the conversion of cash dividends relating to the Shares represented by ADSs from pesos to dollars. In addition, to the extent financial liabilities of the Company are denominated in foreign currencies, exchange rate fluctuations may have a significant impact on earnings.

 

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In Chile, the Ley Orgánica del Banco Central de Chile No. 18,840 (the “Central Bank Act”), enacted in 1989, made it easier to buy and sell foreign currency in Chile. The Central Bank Act currently provides that the Central Bank may require that certain purchases and sales of foreign currency take place in the Mercado Cambiario Formal (the “Formal Exchange Market”), a market formed by banks and other entities which have been specifically authorized by the Central Bank. Purchases and sales of foreign currency which can take place outside of the Formal Exchange Market, can be carried out in the Mercado Cambiario Informal (the “Informal Exchange Market”), which is a recognized currency market in Chile. Free market forces drive both the Formal and Informal Exchange Markets. Foreign currency for payments and distributions with respect to the ADSs may be purchased in either the Formal Exchange Market or the Informal Exchange Market, but such payments and distributions must be necessarily done through the Formal Exchange Market.
For purposes of operations in the Formal Exchange Market, the Chilean Central Bank sets a reference exchange rate (dólar acuerdo, or the “Reference Exchange Rate”). The Reference Exchange Rate is set daily by the Central Bank, taking into account internal and external inflation and variations in parities between the peso and each of the dollar, the Japanese yen and the Euro in a ratio of 80:5:15, respectively. The daily observed exchange rate (dólar observado, or the “Observed Exchange Rate”) reported by the Central Bank and published daily in the Chilean newspapers is calculated by taking the weighted average of the previous business day’s transactions in the Formal Exchange Market.
The Informal Exchange Market reflects transactions carried out at informal exchange rates (the “Informal Exchange Rate”) by entities that are not authorized to operate in the Formal Exchange Market (e.g., certain foreign exchange houses, travel agencies and others). No limits were imposed on the extent to which the rate of exchange in the Informal Exchange Market can fluctuate above or below the Observed Exchange Rate. Since 1993, the Observed Exchange Rate and the Informal Exchange Rate have typically been within less than 1% of each other. On December 31, 2007, the Informal Exchange Rate was Ch$ 498.10, or 0.24% higher than the published Observed Exchange Rate of Ch$ 496.89 per $ 1.00. On May 31, 2008, the informal exchange rate was Ch$ 480.50 per $ 1.00, 0.20% higher than the Observed Exchange Rate corresponding to such date, of Ch$ 479.54 per $ 1.00. Unless otherwise indicated, amounts translated to dollars were calculated based on the exchange rates in effect as of December 31, 2007.
The following table sets forth, for the periods and dates indicated, certain information concerning the Observed Exchange Rate reported by the Central Bank. No representation is made that the peso or dollar amounts referred to herein could have been or could be converted into dollars or pesos, as the case may be, at the rates indicated or at any other rate. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York does not report a noon buying rate for pesos.
                                 
    Observed Exchange Rate (1)  
    (Ch$ per $)  
    Low     High     Average     Period-  
Year   (2)     (2)     (3)     end  
 
                               
2003
    593.10       758.21       686.89       593.80  
2004
    557.40       649.45       611.11       557.40  
2005
    509.70       592.75       558.06       512.50  
2006
    511.44       549.63       529.64       532.39  
2007
    493.14       548.67       521.06       496.89  

 

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    Observed Exchange Rate (1)  
    (Ch$ per $)  
                    Average     Period-  
Last six months   Low (2)     High (2)     (3)     end  
2007
                               
November
    496.27       516.25             505.38  
December
    495.49       506.79             496.89  
2008
                               
January
    463.58       498.05             465.34  
February
    453.95       476.44             453.95  
March
    431.22       454.94             437.71  
April
    433.98       461.49             461.49  
May
    464.83       479.66             479.54  
 
     
Source: Chilean Central Bank.
 
(1)   Reflects pesos at historical values rather than in constant pesos.
 
(2)   Exchange rates are the actual high and low, on a day-by-day basis, for each period.
 
(3)   The average of the exchange rates on the last day of each month during the period. This is not applicable to monthly data.
B. Capitalization and indebtedness.
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds.
Not applicable.
D. Risk factors.
Risks Relating to Our Operations in Every Country in Which We Operate
Since our business depends heavily on hydrological conditions, drought conditions may affect our profitability.
Approximately 63% of our consolidated installed capacity in Chile, Argentina, Colombia and Peru is hydroelectric. Accordingly, extreme hydrological conditions affect our business and may have a substantial influence over our results.
During periods of drought, thermal plants, such as ours that use natural gas, fuel oil or coal as a fuel, are dispatched more frequently. Our operating expenses increase during these periods and, depending on the size of our commitments, we may have to buy electricity from other parties in order to comply with our contractual supply obligations. The cost of these electricity purchases in the spot market may exceed the price at which we sell contracted electricity, thus producing losses from those contracts.
Our generation subsidiaries have a commercial policy in order to limit the potential impact of interruptions to our ability to supply electricity to our customers, including those caused by droughts, interruptions in gas supply and prolonged plant stoppages. Pursuant to this policy, a volume of contracts is determined for each generation company by reducing the hydrological risk to acceptable levels, assured by a degree of statistical reliability of 95%. Any contracts for volumes that exceed this 95% level are required to include clauses transferring the risk of interruptions and its related costs to the customers. Notwithstanding this risk-reduction policy, a prolonged drought will adversely affect our results.
Regulatory authorities may impose fines on our subsidiaries.
In Chile, our electricity businesses may be subject to regulatory fines for any breach of current regulations, including energy supply failure. Such fines may range from 1 Unidad Tributaria Mensual (“UTM”), or $ 69, to 10,000 Unidades Tributarias Anuales (“UTA”), or $ 8.3 million using the UTM, UTA and foreign exchange rate for December 31, 2007. Any electricity company supervised by the Superintendencia de Electricidad y Combustibles, the Chilean Superintendence of Electricity and Fuels, or SEF, may be subject to these fines in cases where, in the opinion of the SEF, operational failures that affect the regular energy supply to the system are the fault of such company, for instance, when the coordination duty of the system agents is not fulfilled, even when it is not within the company’s control to prevent such failures. These fines may be appealed.

 

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Our generation subsidiaries may be required to pay fines or to compensate customers if those subsidiaries are unable to deliver electricity to them even if such failure is due to forces outside of our control.
In 2003, the SEF imposed fines on some of our Chilean generation subsidiaries in an aggregate amount of 5,330 UTA, or $ 4.4 million, due to their failure to transmit energy in the Metropolitan Region on September 23, 2002. In 2004, the SEF imposed fines on us in an aggregate amount of 2,030 UTA due to a blackout that occurred in the Metropolitan Region on January 13, 2003. As a result of an administrative resolution, these fines have since been reduced to 1,610 UTA, or $ 1.3 million. In 2005, the SEF imposed fines of 1,260 UTA, or $ 1.0 million, on us due to a blackout that occurred in the Metropolitan Region on November 7, 2003. We are currently appealing these fines, but these appeals may be unsuccessful.
Governmental regulations may impose additional operating costs which may reduce our profits.
We are subject to extensive regulation of tariffs and other aspects of our business in the countries in which we operate and these regulations may adversely affect our profitability. In addition, changes in the regulatory framework, including changes that if adopted would significantly affect our operations, are often submitted to the legislators and administrative authorities in the countries in which we operate and could have a material adverse impact on our business. For instance, in 2005 there was a change in Water Rights Law, and since then we must pay for all its unused water rights. For additional information see “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Electricity Industry Regulatory Framework — Chilean Electricity Law — Water rights”
For instance, the Chilean government can impose electricity rationing during drought conditions or prolonged failures in power facilities. If, during rationing, we are unable to generate enough electricity to comply with our contractual obligations, we may be forced to buy electricity in the pool market at the spot price, since even a severe drought does not constitute a force majeure event. The spot price may be significantly higher than our costs to generate the electricity and can be as high as the “cost of failure” set by the Comisión Nacional de Energía (National Energy Commission), or the CNE. The “cost of failure” is determined semiannually by the CNE’s economic models as the highest cost of electricity during periods of electricity deficit. If we are unable to buy enough electricity in the pool market to comply with all of our contractual obligations, then we would have to compensate our regulated customers for the volume we failed to provide at the rationed price. If material rationing policies are imposed by regulatory authorities in Chile, our business, financial condition and results from operations may be affected adversely in a material way.
Similarly, if material rationing policies are imposed by any regulatory authority as a result of adverse hydrological conditions in the countries in which we operate, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be affected adversely in a material way. Rationing periods may occur in the future, and consequently our generation subsidiaries may be required to pay regulatory penalties if such subsidiaries fail to provide adequate service under such conditions.
Environmental regulations in the countries in which we operate may increase our costs of operations.
Our operating subsidiaries are also subject to environmental regulations, which, among other things, require us to perform environmental impact studies for future projects and obtain permits from both local and national regulators. Approval of these environmental impact studies may be withheld by governmental authorities. In addition, public opposition may cause delays or modifications to any proposed project and laws or regulations may change or be interpreted in a manner that could adversely affect our operations or our plans for companies in which we hold investments. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview —Electricity Industry Regulatory Framework.”
Foreign exchange risks may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The peso and the other South American currencies in which we and our subsidiaries operate have been subject to large devaluations and appreciations against the dollar and may be subject to significant fluctuations in the future.Over the last five years, the peso has appreciated against the dollar. Historically, a significant portion of our consolidated indebtedness has been denominated in dollars and, although a substantial portion of our revenues are linked in part to dollars, we generally have been and will continue to be materially exposed to fluctuations of our local currencies against the dollar because of time lags and other limitations in the indexation of our tariffs to the dollar.

 

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Because of this exposure, for instance, the cash generated by our subsidiaries can be materially diminished when the local currencies devalue against the dollar. Future volatility in the exchange rate of the peso, and the other currencies in which we receive revenues or incur expenditures, to the dollar, may affect our financial condition and results from operations. For more information on the risks associated with foreign exchange rates, see “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”
As of December 31, 2007, using financial instead of accounting conventions, Endesa Chile’s total consolidated financial debt was $ 4,076 million (net of currency hedging instruments). Of this amount, $ 2,570 million was denominated in dollars and $ 508 million was denominated in pesos, which represent 5.3% of our 2007 revenues. In addition to the dollar and the peso, our foreign currency denominated consolidated indebtedness included the equivalent of $ 747 million in Colombian pesos, $ 216 million in soles and $ 34 million in Argentine pesos.
For the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, our revenues amounted to $ 3,476 million of which $ 660 million, or 19% was denominated in dollars, $ 1,634 million, or 47% was linked in some way to the dollar and $ 183 million were revenues in pesos. In the aggregate, 66% of our revenues was either in dollars or tied to dollars through some form of indexation. Revenues before consolidation adjustments in these other currencies for the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, included the equivalent of $ 359 million in Colombian pesos, $ 525 million in Argentine pesos, and $ 113 million in soles. Although we both generate revenues and incur debt in these same currencies, we believe that we are subject to risk in terms of our foreign exchange exposure to these four currencies. The most material case is that of Argentina, where the principal amount of our debt is denominated in dollars while our revenues are mostly in Argentine pesos.
We may be subject to refinancing risk.
As of December 31, 2007, on a consolidated basis, we had $ 662 million of indebtedness maturing in 2008, $ 960 million in 2009 (holders of certain Yankee Bonds can exercise a put option on February 1, 2009), $ 207 million in 2010, $ 470 million in 2011, $ 259 million in 2012 and $ 1,517 million maturing thereafter. This same $ 662 million indebtedness, divided by country, is as follows: $ 71 million in Argentina; $ 31 million in Colombia; $ 135 million in Peru; and $ 425 million in Chile.
We are subject to certain fairly standard types of financial covenants including maximum ratios of indebtedness to adjusted cash flow, indebtedness to EBITDA, debt to equity and minimum ratios of adjusted cash flow to interest expense, as defined in our debt agreements. In addition, most of our indebtedness contains cross-default provisions, generally triggered by default on other indebtedness that exceeds $ 30 million on an individual basis. In the event that any of our cross-default provisions is triggered and our existing creditors demand immediate repayment, a significant portion of our indebtedness, could become due and payable. For more information on some of these covenants and certain relevant provisions for these credit facilities, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.”
We may be unable to refinance our indebtedness or obtain such refinancing on terms acceptable to us. In the absence of such refinancing, we could be forced to dispose of assets in order to make up for any shortfall in the payments due on our indebtedness under circumstances that might not be favorable to obtaining the best price for such assets. Furthermore, assets may not be sold quickly enough, or for amounts sufficient to enable us to make such payments.
As of the date of this report, our subsidiaries in Argentina are exposed to the greatest refinancing risk. As of December 31, 2007, the third-party financial debt of our Argentine subsidiaries (Endesa Costanera and El Chocón) was $ 318 million. As a matter of policy for all of our Argentine subsidiaries, as long as fundamental issues concerning the electricity sector remain unresolved, we are rolling over most of our outstanding debt. If our creditors do not continue to accept rolling over debt principal when it becomes due, we may be unable to refinance our indebtedness on terms acceptable to us.

 

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We depend in part on payments from our subsidiaries and affiliates to meet our payment obligations.
In order to pay our obligations, we rely in part on cash from dividends, loans, interest payments, capital reductions and other distributions from our subsidiaries and equity affiliates, as well as cash from proceeds of the issuance of new securities. The ability of our subsidiaries and equity affiliates to pay dividends, interest payments, loans and other distributions to us is subject to legal constraints such as dividend restrictions, fiduciary duties, contractual limitations and foreign exchange controls that may be imposed in any of the five countries where they operate. Our subsidiaries and equity affiliates may be additionally limited by their operating results.
Historically, we have been able to access the cash flows of our Chilean subsidiaries, but we have not been similarly able to access at all times the cash flows of all of our non-Chilean operating subsidiaries due to government regulations, strategic considerations, economic conditions, and credit restrictions.
Our future results from operations outside Chile may continue to be subject to greater economic and political uncertainties than what we have experienced in Chile, thereby reducing the likelihood that we will be able to rely on cash flow from operations in those entities to repay our debt.
Dividend Limits and Other Legal Restrictions. Some of our non-Chilean subsidiaries are subject to legal reserve requirements and other restrictions on dividend payments. In addition, the ability of any of our subsidiaries which are not wholly-owned to distribute cash to us may be limited by the fiduciary duties of the directors of such subsidiaries to their minority shareholders. As a consequence of such duties, our subsidiaries could, under certain circumstances, be prevented from distributing cash to us.
Contractual Constraints. Distribution restrictions in our subsidiaries’ contractual agreements include the following: prohibitions against dividend distributions by many companies in the case of default, and Empresa Eléctrica Pangue S.A., or Pangue, our Chilean generation subsidiary, if it is not in compliance with certain debt-to-equity ratio and debt coverage ratio (in each case, as defined in Pangue’s credit agreement that matures in January 2010); prohibitions against dividend distributions, capital reductions, intercompany interest payments and debt repayment by Endesa Costanera and El Chocón in Argentina, in each case in the case of default and if not in compliance with certain financial ratios.
Operating Results of Our Subsidiaries. The ability of our subsidiaries and equity affiliates to pay dividends or make loan payments or other distributions to us is limited by their operating results. To the extent that the cash requirements at any of our subsidiaries exceed available cash, such subsidiary will not be able to make cash available to us.
Foreign Currency Controls. The ability of our non-Chilean subsidiaries and equity affiliates to pay dividends and make loan payments or other distributions to us may be subject to emergency restrictions that may be imposed by Central Banks or other governmental authorities in the various jurisdictions in which we operate. For example, during the economic crisis in Argentina, the Central Bank of Argentina imposed restrictions on the transfer of funds outside the country.
The Argentine natural gas crisis has increased the vulnerability of the electricity sector in Chile.
In Argentina, the low price imposed by regulators on natural gas has directly affected production and investment in natural gas fields, which has impacted the short and medium-term availability of natural gas, both, in Chile and in Argentina. A natural gas shortage has forced electricity generation companies, including ours, to use more expensive fuel oil, thus substantially increasing production costs. Demand for electricity in Chile’s central region increased by 6.6% in 2007 and is expected to continue to increase in the foreseeable future. Increasing demand, combined with a low level of mid-term investment in the electricity sector, particularly exposes the Chilean electricity sector to the adverse effects of the Argentine natural gas crisis. Since 2004, Chile has been affected by increasing restrictions in the supply of natural gas from Argentina despite the existence of long-term contracts.
Our combined cycle plant San Isidro and both units in Taltal operate with natural gas and diesel oil. Our related company, GasAtacama, also operates with natural gas and diesel oil. Each company has gas contracts with Argentine suppliers and has been affected adversely by restrictions of natural gas from Argentina, reaching zero levels. In the case of GasAtacama, because of the additional generating costs, with losses associated, we took an investment impairment provision of Ch$ 48.9 million in 2007 because of this problem. The materiality of the impact in the future will depend on the level of natural gas restrictions from Argentina and the contractual commitments of each company. See “Item 4. Information on the Company — A. Hstory and Development of the Company — Recent Developments.”

 

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South American economic fluctuations are likely to affect our results from operations.
All of our operations are located in South America. In 2007, we generated 43% of our consolidated operating revenues and 41% of our consolidated operating income outside Chile. Accordingly, our consolidated revenues are sensitive to the performance of South American economies as a whole. If local, regional or worldwide economic trends adversely affect the economy of any of the countries in which we have investments or operations, our financial condition and results from operations could be affected adversely.
The South American financial and securities markets are, to varying degrees, influenced by economic and market conditions in other emerging market countries. Although economic conditions are different in each country, investor reaction to developments in one country may have a significant effect on the securities of issuers in other countries, including Chile. Chilean financial and securities markets may be affected adversely by events in other countries and such effects may affect the value of our securities. Moreover, we have significant investments in relatively risky non-Chilean countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Generation and distribution of cash from subsidiaries in these countries have proven to be volatile.
Certain South American economies have been characterized by frequent and occasionally drastic intervention by governmental authorities, which may affect our business adversely.
Governmental authorities have changed monetary, credit, tariff and other policies to influence the course of the economy of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. These governments’ actions were intended to control inflation and affect other policies have often involved wage, price and tariff rate controls as well as other interventionist measures, which have included freezing bank accounts and imposing capital controls, for example, this was the case in Argentina in 2001. Changes in the policies of these governmental authorities with respect to tariff rates, exchange controls, regulations and taxation could affect our business and financial results adversely, as could inflation, devaluation, social instability and other political, economic or diplomatic developments, including the response by governments in the region to such circumstances. If governmental authorities intervene materially in any of the countries in which we operate, it could cause our business to become less profitable, and our results of operations may be affected adversely.
Construction of new facilities may be affected adversely by factors associated with these projects.
Factors that may adversely affect our ability to build new facilities include: delays in obtaining regulatory approvals, including environmental permits; shortages or increase in the prices of equipment, materials or labor; opposition by local or international political, environmental and ethnic groups; strikes; adverse changes in the political and regulatory environment in the countries where we and our affiliates operate; adverse weather conditions, which may delay the completion of power plants or substations; natural disasters, accidents or other unforeseen events; and the inability to obtain financing at affordable rates.
Any of these factors may cause delays in the completion of all or part of our capital investments program and may increase the cost of the projects.
We are involved in litigation proceedings.
We are currently involved in various litigation proceedings, which could result in unfavorable decisions or financial penalties against us, and we will continue to be subject to future litigation proceedings, which could have material adverse consequences to our business.
We are a party to a number of legal proceedings, some of which have been pending for several years. Some of these claims may be resolved against us. Our financial condition or results from operations could be adversely affected in a material way if certain of these material claims are resolved against us. See note 26 to our audited consolidated financial statements.

 

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Our controlling shareholders may have conflicts of interest relating to our business.
ENDESA, S.A. (Endesa Spain) currently owns 60.6% of Enersis’ share capital, and ENEL S.p.A. and ACCIONA, S.A. jointly hold 92.06% of Endesa Spain’s share capital. Enersis beneficially owns 60% of Endesa Chile’s outstanding capital stock (ENDESA, S.A., ENEL S.P.A., ACCIONA, S.A. and Enersis, collectively the “Controllers”). The Controllers have the power to determine the outcome of most material matters that require shareholder vote, such as the election of the majority of our board members and, subject to contractual and legal restrictions, the distribution of dividends.  The Controllers also can exercise influence over our operations and business strategies.  Our Controllers’ interests may in some cases differ from those of our other shareholders.  The Controllers conduct their business in South America through us and through entities not consolidated by us or in which we have no interest.
We have outstanding credit facilities with “change of control” provisions which could result in some acceleration rights on such indebtedness.
Approximately 17% of the amount outstanding in our consolidated debt obligations has “change of control” contractual provisions. As of December 31, 2007, $ 674 million of Endesa Chile’s consolidated indebtedness had some kind of “change of control provision” either in the form of a negative covenant, a mandatory prepayment or otherwise. However, $ 316 million in Endesa Chile’s subsidiaries’ contracts either (a) require a preliminary merger or spin-off prior to triggering such change of control provision, or (b) the change of control does not apply to Endesa Spain but to the other companies instead.
A total of $ 358 million Endesa Chile’s consolidated indebtedness has “change of control provisions” which specifically refer to Endesa Spain, directly or indirectly, as the controlling entity. In order to make possible the completion of Enel & Acciona’s take-over of Endesa Spain we obtained the necessary consents in advance. If another change of control were to occur, and we are not successful in obtaining certain waivers or amendments, then the lenders under these facilities would have the ability to accelerate such debt and make it immediately due and payable.
Approximately $ 216 million of Endesa Chile debt are to be found in revolving credit facilities governed by the laws of the State of New York, in which lenders under both facilities, on an individual basis, have rights to accelerate payment if Endesa Spain is no longer, directly or indirectly, the ultimate controlling parent, and, the new controlling entity would have a lower rating (including with respect to outlook) than the unsecured long-term foreign currency rating of Endesa Spain, as rated by each of Standard & Poor’s (S&P) and Moody’s immediately prior to giving effect to a transaction involving a change of control, as defined. Endesa Spain’s applicable ratings as of this report are “A3 with negative outlook” according to Moody’s, “A- with negative outlook” according to S&P, and “A- with negative outlook” according to Fitch.
If a tender offer for Endesa Spain is successful, and if a change of control were to take place, we cannot give assurances that our lenders would waive any acceleration rights that they might otherwise have under such credit agreements. For more detailed information on Endesa Chile contractual provisions, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects — B. Liquidity and Capital Resources.
The values of our subsidiaries’ long-term energy supply contracts are subject to fluctuations in the market prices of certain commodities.
We have economic exposure to fluctuations in the market prices of certain commodities as a result of the long-term energy sales contracts we have entered into. Our subsidiaries have material obligations under long-term fixed-price electricity sales contracts, the values of which fluctuate with the market price of electricity. In addition, our generation subsidiaries have material obligations as selling parties under long-term energy supply contracts with prices that vary in accordance with the market price of electricity, which, in turn, depends on water levels in reservoirs, the market prices of commodities such as natural gas, oil, coal and other energy-related products, as well as the dollar exchange rate. Changes in the market price of these commodities and in the dollar exchange rate do not always correlate with changes in the market price of electricity or with our cost of production of electricity. Accordingly, there may be times when the price paid to us under these contracts is less than our cost of production or acquisition of electricity. We do not carry out transactions in commodity derivative instruments to manage our exposure to commodity price fluctuations. Under Chilean GAAP, our income statement does not reflect fluctuations in the fair value of our long-term energy contracts, although we are required to do so under U.S. GAAP. For further discussion, please refer to “Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk — Commodity Price Risk.”

 

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Our business is dependent on the Chilean economy and our revenues are sensitive to its performance.
A substantial portion of our assets and operations are located in Chile and, accordingly, our financial condition and results of operations are to a certain extent dependent upon economic conditions prevailing in Chile. In 2007, the Chilean economy grew by an estimated 5.1% compared to a 4.3% increase in 2006. The latest Chilean Central Bank estimate for growth in 2008, however, is in the 4.0% — 5.0% range. There is no assurance that such growth will be achieved, that the growth trend will continue in the future, or that future developments in the Chilean economy will not impair our ability to proceed with our strategic plans or adversely impact our financial condition or results of operations. Our financial condition and results from operations could also be affected by changes in economic or other policies of the Chilean government, which has exercised and continues to exercise a substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. In addition, our financial condition and results of operations could also be affected by other political or economic developments in Chile, a well as regulatory changes or administrative practices of Chilean authorities, over which we have no control. Finally, the Chilean economy may also be affected by developments in more developed countries, including the subprime crisis that started in the United States.
Lawsuits against us brought outside of Chile or complaints against us based on foreign legal concepts may be unsuccessful.
All of our assets are located outside of the United States. All of our directors and officers reside outside of the United States and most of their assets are located outside the United States as well. If any shareholder were to bring a lawsuit against our directors, officers or experts in the United States, it may be difficult for them to effect service of legal process within the United States upon these persons or to enforce against them, in United States courts or Chilean courts, judgments obtained in United States courts based upon the civil liability provisions of the federal securities laws of the United States. In addition, there is doubt as to whether an action could be brought successfully in Chile on the basis of liability based solely upon the civil liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws.
Foreign exchange risks may affect the dollar amount of dividends payable to holders of our ADSs adversely.
Chilean trading in the shares of our common stock underlying American Depositary Shares (ADSs) is conducted in pesos. Our depositary bank will receive cash distributions that we make with respect to the shares underlying the ADSs in pesos. The depositary bank will convert such pesos to dollars at the then-prevailing exchange rate to make dividend and other distribution payments in respect of ADSs. If the peso depreciates against the dollar, the value of the ADSs and any dollar distributions ADS holders receive from the depositary bank will decrease.
The relative illiquidity and volatility of Chilean securities markets could affect the price of our ADSs and common stock adversely.
Chilean securities markets are substantially smaller and less liquid than the major securities markets in the United States. In addition, Chilean securities markets may be affected materially by developments in other emerging markets. The low liquidity of the Chilean market may impair the ability of holders of ADSs to sell shares of our common stock withdrawn from the ADS program into the Chilean market in the amount and at the price and time they wish to do so.
Item 4. Information on the Company
A. History and Development of the Company.
Incorporation and Contact Information of the Company
Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A. (“Endesa Chile”) is a publicly held limited liability stock company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Chile on December 1, 1943. Since 1943, the Company has been registered in Santiago with the SVS under Registration No. 0114. The Company is commercially referred to as both Endesa and Endesa Chile.

 

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The Company’s contact information in Chile is:
     
Main office:
  Santa Rosa 76, Santiago, Chile
Mailing Address:
  C.P. 8330099, Santiago
Telephone:
  (562) 630-9000
Fax:
  (562) 635-3938
The Company’s authorized representative in the United States of America is Puglisi & Associates, whose contact information is:
     
Main office:
  850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware
Mailing Address:
  P.O. Box 885, Newark, Delaware, 19711
Telephone:
  (302) 738-6680
Fax:
  (302) 738-7210
Development of the Company
The Chilean government owned Endesa Chile from its incorporation in 1943 until we were privatized in 1987 through a series of public offerings which were completed in 1989.
In May 1992, Endesa Chile began its international expansion program with the following acquisitions:
    we acquired a stake in Endesa Costanera in 1992 and later, in August 1993, we acquired a controlling equity interest in El Chocón, both in Argentina; in March 2007 Endesa Chile increased its equity interest in El Chocón from 47.44% to 65.37% and in Endesa Costanera from 64.26% to 69.76%.
 
    we acquired Edegel in Peru in October 1995; in June 2006, there was a merger between Edegel and Etevensa, after which Endesa Chile’s equity interest became 33.06% of its Peruvian assets.
 
    we acquired Betania and Emgesa, both in Colombia, in December 1996 and in October 1997, respectively. In September 2007 both subsidiaries were merged into Betania, which then changed its name to Emgesa S.A. E.S.P.;
 
    we acquired Cachoeira Dourada in Brazil in September 1997. Since October 2005, Cachoeira Dourada has been a subsidiary of Endesa Brasil.
Since October 10, 2007, the Italian energy company, Enel S.p.A., and the Spanish construction company, Acciona, S.A., jointly hold 92.06% of the share capital of Endesa Spain As of the date of this annual report, Endesa Spain owns a 60.6% beneficial interest in Enersis, which is a Chilean publicly held holding company with subsidiaries engaged primarily in the generation, transmission and distribution of electricity in Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Enersis beneficially owns 60% of Endesa Chile’s outstanding capital stock.
Endesa Chile’s shares are publicly traded on the Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago, Bolsa de Valores (the “Santiago Stock Exchange”), the Bolsa Electrónica de Chile, Bolsa de Valores (the “Electronic Stock Exchange”) and the Bolsa de Corredores, Bolsa de Valores (the “Valparaíso Stock Exchange”). Endesa Chile’s American Depositary Shares (ADS) have been listed on the New York Stock Exchange since July 1994. Shares of Endesa Chile have also been listed and traded on the Bolsa de Valores Latinoamericanos de la Bolsa de Madrid, or Latibex, since December 2001.
Investments, Capital Expenditures and Divestitures
Our capital expenditures and investments during 2007 included investments of Ch$ 178 billion ($ 360 million) primarily in Chile and Argentina and capital expenditure maintenance of Ch$ 69 billion ($ 139 million) in all our operating subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2007 we expected to make capital expenditures of approximately Ch$ 2,391 billion ($ 4.8 billion) over the next five years. Although we have considered how these investments will be financed as part of the Company’s budget process, we have not committed to any financial structure and the financing will depend on the market conditions at the time the cash flows are needed.

 

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In 1995, our Board of Directors approved the construction of the San Isidro Plant Expansion Project. The San Isidro II power plant will have a maximum capacity in combined cycle with liquid natural gas (LNG) of 379 MW. It started operations in open cycle in April 2007. Due to a commitment with the Chilean government the operation in combined cycle came into service in January 2008. Today it is operating at 353 MW. The start up of operations with LNG is planned for July 2009. The investment cost has been $ 229 million.
The Company finished the construction of the 32 MW Palmucho pass-through hydroelectric plant, which started operations in November 2007. The total investment cost came to $ 45 million. Palmucho is taking advantage of the ecological flow that the Ralco plant releases, pursuant to Ralco’s Environmental Impact Assessment.
In August 2005, Endesa Eco presented its Environmental Impact Declaration to the Maule Region’s National Environmental Commission for the construction of the Ojos de Agua mini-hydroelectric plant which will be located approximately 100 kilometers from the city of Talca, in the valley of the River Cipreses, downstream from the La Invernada Lake. This mini-plant will have a capacity of 9 MW, and the investment cost is expected to be $ 25 million. It is planned to come into service during the first half of 2008.
Endesa Eco is also working on the development of nonconventional renewable energy projects. The first stage of the Canela wind farm started operations in December 2007. This 18.15 MW plant is located 295 km. north of Santiago in the district of Canela in Chile’s Fourth Region. The investment cost reached $ 43 million. An expansion of the Canela wind farm is expected to start up operations in the third quarter of 2009. It will add 59.4 MW to the existing wind farm and the total investment is planned to cost $ 135 million.
In May 2004, the construction of the LNG regasification plant started. Endesa Chile, ENAP, British Gas and Metrogas are together in this project, where Endesa Chile has 20% equity interest. The total investment of the plant will reach $ 940 million and it is planned to come into service by mid 2009.
On September 28, 2007, the board of Endesa Chile approved the construction of the Quintero thermal generation plant. The plant will consist of two gas turbines in open cycle which will use diesel and liquefied natural gas once the Quintero re-gasification plant starts commercial operations. The latter is currently being built on land adjoining the location of the future plant. The project will have a capacity of 240 MW and its operational start-up is estimated for the first half of 2009. The total project investment amounts to $ 120 million.
In September 2007, Endesa Chile started the construction of the Bocamina Plant Expansion. This project consists of the construction and commissioning of a second electricity generating unit of approximately 350 MW, the total cost of the project will be approximately $ 625 million. The project also includes the installation of a hose filter in the existing first unit of the plant to reduce particle emissions, currently being installed. The start up of the second unit is expected by mid 2010.
On June 5, 2007, Endesa Chile submitted Los Cóndores 150 MW pass-through hydro plant to the environmental impact evaluation system, which was approved on April 16, 2008. The cost of the project will be approximately $ 273 million and it is expected to start operations in 2012.
In Colombia, on March 2, 2006, Endesa Chile’s Colombian subsidiary, Emgesa, purchased the assets of Termocartagena, located on the Atlantic coast, in a public tender process, for $ 17 million.
In Peru, Edegel’s Santa Rosa thermal plant will expand its capacity with an open cycle of 183 MW. The project is considering the use of natural gas from Camisea. The investment required is $ 90 million and it is planned to come into service by December 2009.
In Argentina, Endesa Chile has been taking part since 2005 in Foninvemem, building two thermal plants of 800 MW each. Endesa Chile will hold 21% interest equity through Endesa Costanera and El Chocón. In March 2008 275 MW started operations in open cycle. The project is expected to start operations in combined cycle in 2009.

 

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The table below sets forth the capital expenditures made by our subsidiaries in 2007 and expected capital expenditures for the period 2008-2012:
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES OF ENDESA CHILE AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
                                 
    (in millions of $) (1)  
    2005     2006     2007     2008-2012  
Chile
    46.8       241.3       408.3       3,186  
Argentina
    29.7       28.3       34.9       159  
Brazil
    1.0                    
Colombia
    9.2       36.6       32.3       1,264  
Peru
    21.6       94.5       23.7       256  
 
                       
 
                               
Total
    108.3       400.7       499.3       4,865  
 
                       
 
     
(1)   Figures for 2005, 2006 and 2007 are in historical dollars. Figures for 2008-2012 are expressed in dollars at the exchange rate as of December 31, 2007.
We have carried out some investments, divestitures and other reorganizations in the last five years in order to implement our strategy, including the following:
    On April 18, 2005, Endesa Chile and its subsidiary Endesa Inversiones Generales S.A. (“ENIGESA”), created a new subsidiary Endesa Eco S.A. (See “ — C. Organizational Structure” for details on ENIGESA);
 
    On May 24, 2005, the Board of Endesa Chile approved the constitution of the holding company in Brazil with the name of Endesa Brasil S.A., which received the contribution of existing assets in that country owned by Endesa Internacional, Endesa Chile, Enersis and Chilectra. As of October 1, 2005, the total participation interest Endesa Chile held in Cachoeira Dourada, 92.5%, and in Companhia de Interconexao Energética S.A., “CIEN”, 45%, in Compañía de Transmisión del Mercosur S.A. (“CTM”) 45% and in Transportadora de Energía del Mercosur S.A. (“TESA”). 45% was transferred to this new entity, which translated into an economic interest of 37.8% for Endesa Chile in Endesa Brasil as of December 31, 2005 (37.65% as of December 2007). The purpose of this asset reorganization was to provide greater stability of local cash flows by being managed centrally, and the optimization of financing costs. It will also improve financing from third parties and strengthen the group’s positioning to take advantage of new investment opportunities, making it the fourth integrated private sector electric utility in Brazil.
 
    On October 3, 2005, the Board of Endesa Chile approved the dissolution and liquidation of the investment company Lajas Inversoras S.A., which owned 99.61% of the Brazilian company Cachoeira Dourada. The assets of this company were distributed between its shareholders in proportion to their participation in the company.
 
    On November 16, 2005, Gestora del Proyecto GNL S.A. was constituted. The company was formed by Endesa Chile, jointly with ENAP, Colbún, Metrogas and AESGener, to develop the liquified natural gas project in Chile. On April 1, 2006, Colbún and AESGener announced their withdrawal from the project. Today GNL Chile S.A. is owned by Endesa Chile (20%), ENAP (20%), Metrogas (20%) and British Gas (40%).
 
    As of December 13, 2005, Endesa Chile, through its Argentine subsidiaries, El Chocón and Endesa Costanera, participates in two new companies, Termoeléctrica Manuel Belgrano S.A. and Termoeléctrica José de San Martín S.A., with a 15.4% and a 5.5% share interest, respectively, in each new company. The expected start-up date for the Manuel Belgrano power plant is in the first half of 2009 and in the second half of 2009 for José de San Martín. Until then the companies will begin to recover their credits from the cash flows generated by the project under the ten-year production sales contract with the Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista, or MEM. (See “ —B. Business Overview. Operations in Argentina” for details).

 

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    On June 1, 2006, the merger between Endesa Chile’s Peruvian subsidiary, Edegel and Etevensa, a subsidiary of Endesa Internacional, was completed. During October, the combined cycle of the plant’s second boiler was closed, leaving its final capacity at 457 MW.
 
    Centrales Hidroeléctricas de Aysén S.A., a long-term investment company, was formed on September 4, 2006. Endesa Chile has a 51% holding and Colbún S.A. holds the remaining 49%. As of December 1, 2006, an environmental impact study was granted to the international consortium created by the companies SWECO, POCH Ambiental and EPS. The total installed capacity of the project is approximately 2,750 MW and the estimated investment is currently under study.
 
    On February 28, 2007, Endesa acquired 19,574,798 ordinary shares from Southern Cone Power Argentina S.A., which holds 5.5% of the share capital of Endesa Costanera. The investment was $ 9.5 million. As a result of this purchase, Endesa Chile’s beneficial interest in Endesa Costanera increased from 64.3% in 2003 to 69.8%.
 
    On March 8, 2007, Endesa Chile acquired a total of 4,467,500 shares from CMS Generation Co. and CMS Generation S.R.L. (individually and collectively, “CMS”), representing 25% of the share capital of Hidroinvest S.A., the Argentine holding company and controller of El Chocón, and also acquired 7,405,768 direct shares of El Chocón. The total purchase price was $ 50 million, which included the debt that Hidroinvest S.A. owed to CMS. With this purchase, the beneficial interest of Endesa Chile in Hidroinvest S.A. increased from 69.9% to 96.1%, and strengthens our control of El Chocón, which is 59%-controlled by Hidroinvest S.A. The share purchase was carried out through the exercise of the right of first refusal, which was agreed in the Shareholders Agreement. As a result of the foregoing share purchases, Endesa Chile increased its beneficial interest in El Chocón from 47.4% to 65.37%.
 
    On June 30, 2007, Endesa Chile notified CMS Enterprises Company (CMS) of its decision to exercise, acting directly or through one of its subsidiaries, its right of first offer granted by CMS for their direct and indirect interests in the companies and vehicles that conform GasAtacama, for an amount of $ 80,000,000. This included not only the 50% equity interest in all the companies and vehicles, but also the sponsor loans that CMS granted to the vehicles of GasAtacama. On this same date, Endesa Chile and Southern Cross Latin America Private Equity Fund III, L.P. (Southern Cross) executed a sale and purchase agreement for 50% of the direct and indirect participation of Endesa Chile in the GasAtacama and of the sponsor loans associated to this participation, to the Southern Cross fund, for an amount of $ 80,000,000. As a result of the foregoing, Endesa Chile and Southern Cross each own 50% of GasAtacama.
 
    On September 1, 2007 the Colombian companies Emgesa S.A. E.S.P. and Central Hidroeléctrica Betania S.A. E.S.P. were merged into the latter, which then changed its name to Emgesa S.A. E.S.P. As a result, Endesa Chile’s direct and indirect shareholding in the merged company, Emgesa S.A. E.S.P., is 26.87%. This new corporate structure offers advantages for the management of Colombian financial transactions.
Recent Developments
In October 10, 2007, Enel Energy Europe S.R.L., a subsidiary of Enel S.p.A., or Enel, a company organized under the laws of Italy, and ACCIONA, S.A., or Acciona, a company organized under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain, jointly and concurrently acquired 92.06% of the shares issued by ENDESA, S.A., or Endesa Spain. In turn, Endesa Spain is the controller of 60.6% of the share capital of Enersis S.A., through its Spanish subsidiary Endesa Internacional , S.A. Enersis beneficially owns 60% of Endesa Chile’s outstanding capital stock.
GasAtacama Generación S.A. (“GAG”), a wholly-owned generation subsidiary of Inversiones Gas Atacama Holding Limitada (“GAT”), in turn a 50% owned affíliate (Southern Cross Group (“Southern Cross”), a Chilean fund, holds the other 50%), owns a 781 MW combined cycle thermal plant, located 50 kms north of Antofagasta, designed originally to burn Argentine natural gas, came on stream in 1999. Its installed capacity accounts for 21.7% of the SING system, in northern Chile, where many of the country’s most important copper mines are located. Currently, the SING has capacity needs of approximately 1,900 MW, of which on average, 900 MW come from coal plants, and the balance from combined cycle plants.

 

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Natural gas restrictions from Argentina began in 2004 and increased over time, leading to a complete natural gas interruption as of the second quarter of 2007. Since then, GAG and other generators have been burning diesel instead of natural gas, and thereby incurring much higher operating costs. The substitution of natural gas with diesel, compounded with the escalating costs for the latter fuel, has increased the production cost by approximately fifteen times between 2004 and 2008.
GAG has long-term regulated contracts at regulated node prices expiring in December 2011, with Empresa Eléctrica de Arica S.A., Empresa Eléctrica de Iquique S.A., and Empresa Eléctrica de Antofagasta S.A., all of them distribution companies servicing residential customers, and belonging to EMEL, a Chilean holding company. The contracts were entered into at a time in which GAG could count on an uninterrupted Argentine natural gas supply. The gas supply shortfall has led to increases in generation costs in the SING, and these costs are not fully covered by the node price. The energy node price in the SING had been under 100 $/MWh until the last price setting in April 2008, when the CNE set it at $ 115.9/MWh at the Crucero node. On the other hand, spot prices (as a reference for generation costs with diesel as fuel) in the system averaged $ 185/MWh during the first quarter of 2008.
In 2006, GAG applied to an arbiter to put an end to its contract with EMEL. The adverse financial effect of this so-called “EMEL deficit” led to severe liquidity constraints. Current GAT forecasts for the EMEL deficit for the 2008-2011 period, at which time the EMEL contract expires, are in the range of $ 600-900 million, assuming diesel prices in the range of $ 90-120/bbl.
During the second half of 2007, GAG lost all of its net worth, and the possibility of filing for bankruptcy increased for several reasons, including the continuing increase in the price of diesel, the complete and sustained interruption of all natural gas coming from Argentina, economic consequences of earthquakes that took place in October and November, and the cash shortfalls derived from the nonrecoverability of a tax specifically levied on diesel. In addition, in September 2007, the Chilean government promulgated Law No. 20,220, which among other effects, provides that in the event of a court-ordered revocation of a contract between a generation company and a distribution company with regulated clients, the generation company would be required to continue supplying energy to its client in the same contractual terms, for an 18-month period. In practice, this means that even in the event that GAG had been able to obtain a favorable court judgment against EMEL, GAG would have had to continue in all events to service the contract for an 18-month period, even in the case of bankruptcy. In January, 2008, the result of the arbitrage against EMEL was unfavorable to GAG, though we are in the process of making an appeal to the Supreme Court. As a consequence of all the foregoing, Endesa Chile recorded a Ch$ 48,890 million investment impairment provision for GAT to better reflect the value of the company.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the option to file for GAG’s bankruptcy was at least temporarily abandoned after GAG signed an MOU with several important northern mining companies and its owners, Endesa Chile and Southern Cross, allowing GAG to continue operations while seeking a definite solution to the company’s situation.
The MOU called for a definitive contract covering a substantial part of the EMEL deficit, which has been growing over time. This back-up contract, Contrato de Servicio de Respaldo, was signed on April 29, 2008, with the participation of mining companies representing 85.93% of the 1,554 MW (maximum demand at peak hour in the SING, excluding demand arising from distribution companies). Among the principal objectives of the contract, are the following: (1) continuity of electricity supply in the SING, with a back-up of up to 600 MW operating continuously through December 31, 2013, with diesel if necessary, so as to minimize the risk of electricity rationing, and the concurrent losses to production for the copper mines; and (2) the achievement of a generation capacity cushion until 2013 which would permit failure of other operating units or delays in the beginning of operations of new coal-burning plants. The mining companies that were signators to the agreement include BHP Billiton (Escondida, Spence, Cerro Colorado) Codelco (Chuquicamata, Radomiro Tomic and Gabriela Mistral), Collahuasi, Freeport (El Abra) Barrick (Zaldívar), Anglo American (Mantos Blancos) Xstrata (Lomas Bayas), SQM, Antofagasta Minerals (El Tesoro), Teck-Cominco (Quebrada Blanca) and Yamana (Meridian Gold). In a parallel manner, GAT entered into a long-term contract with Compañía de Petróleos de Chile Copec S.A., a large Chilean distributor of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, in order to secure the availability of diesel through the end of 2013, for a daily consumption of up to 3,400 cubic meters.

 

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The recent contract with the mining companies requires that they pay a price for the back-up service that accounts for approximately 71% of the EMEL deficit and the remaining 29% is to be financed by GAT, Southern Cross and Endesa Chile, with caps of $ 50 million each for the latter two owners. The mining companies cap their price at $ 650 million, and if oil prices exceed $ 120/bbl during the period, or for any other reason, this capped amount should be reached, they have a right to an early termination of the contract. This solution, although reducing significantly the probability of bankruptcy at GAG, implies certain risks and costs to GAT and its owners. In addition, the price of diesel, as of the time of this report, has shown an upward trend, already exceeding the $ 120/bbl reference level, making the operating monthly cost exceed the amount which allows the cap to be extended beyond December 2011. Therefore, there is no reason as of the date of this report to expect a reversal of the investment impairment provision taken in the 2007 financial statements, in connection with GAT, our affiliate.
For additional information relating to GAT’s investment impairment taken for the 12-month period ended December 31, 2007, see “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” included in this annual report.
B. Business Overview.
We are a publicly traded electric generation company with operations in Chile, Argentina, Colombia and Peru and an equity interest in Brazil. Our core business is electricity generation. We also participate in the engineering services industry and have a highway concession. The low proportion of nongeneration revenues does not warrant the breakdown of revenues per activity.
Our consolidated installed capacity, as of December 31, 2007, was 12,720 MW, with 62.6% hydroelectric capacity, 37.2% thermal electric and 0.2% wind power generation capacity. Total installed capacity is defined as the maximum power capacity (measured in MW generation units), under specific technical conditions and characteristics.
We own and operate 25 generation facilities in Chile with an aggregate installed capacity, as of December 31, 2007, of 4,779 MW, compared to 4,477 MW in 2006. The main changes of our total installed capacity in Chile are the incorporation of Palmucho (32 MW, hydroelectric), San Isidro II (248 MW, thermal electric in open cycle) and Canela (18 MW, wind power). We accounted for 36.8% of Chile’s total generation capacity as of December 31, 2007 measured by the maximum capacity calculated by CDEC-SIC. Hydroelectric installed capacity in Chile represents 72.2% of Endesa Chile’s total installed capacity in Chile. CDEC is the Centro de Despacho Económico de Carga in the corresponding electric system.
As of December 31, 2007, we also had interests in 25 generation facilities outside of Chile with an aggregate installed capacity of 7,941 MW, compared to 7,843 MW in 2006. The main changes to our total installed capacity outside Chile are in Peru and in Colombia: Ventanilla (36 MW), Callahuanca (5 MW) in Peru, and Guavio (50 MW) in Colombia. For additional detail on capacity increase of these units see “Item 4. Information on the Company – D. Property, Plant and Equipment.” Hydroelectric installed capacity outside Chile represents 56.9% of Endesa Chile’s total installed capacity outside Chile. Based on 2007 figures, the Company’s installed generation capacity in Argentina, Colombia and Peru represents approximately 15%, 21% and 28% of total capacity in each country, respectively.
The following table sets out information relating to Endesa Chile’s electricity generation:
ENDESA CHILE’S CONSOLIDATED HYDRO/THERMAL GENERATION (GWh)(1)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %  
Hydroelectric generation
    38,068       76       38,617       73       32,687       65  
Thermal generation (2)
    12,054       24       14,332       27       17,796       35  
 
                                   
Other generation (Wind)
                            3       0  
 
                                   
Total generation
    50,122       100       52,949       100       50,486       100  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Generation minus power plant own consumption and technical losses.
 
(2)   San Isidro II, operating with diesel in open cycle since April 2007.

 

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Our consolidated electricity production reached 50,486 GWh in 2007, 4.7% lower than the 52,949 GWh produced in 2006. Argentina was the country which most reduced the generation from 13,750 GWh in 2006 to 12,117 GWh in 2007 (-11.9%). Hydroelectric generation in 2007 was 15% lower than in 2006; Argentina and Chile had the higher reductions (27% and 23% respectively) due to the drought conditions presented in 2007; in Chile these reductions were partially offset by the increase in thermal generation, which almost doubled, from 2,825 GWh in 2006 to 5,591 GWh in 2007.
Our consolidated physical energy sales for 2007 were 55,225 GWh, 3.0% lower than our consolidated physical energy sales of 56,942 GWh in 2006. The main reduction in sales was in Argentina and Chile as illustrated in the following table:
ENDESA CHILE PHYSICAL DATA PER COUNTRY
                         
    As of December 31, each year  
    2005     2006     2007  
Argentina
                       
Number of generating facilities (1)
    5       5       5  
Installed capacity (MW) (2)
    3,623.0       3,638.7       3,644.1  
Energy generated (GWh) (3)
    12,332.5       13,750.3       12,117.1  
Energy sales (GWh)
    12,578.8       13,926.3       12,406.3  
Brazil (4)
                       
Number of generating facilities (1)
                 
Installed capacity (MW) (2)
                 
Energy generated (GWh) (3)
    2,644.8              
Energy sales (GWh)
    2,897.5              
Chile
                       
Number of generating facilities (1)
    22       22       25  
Installed capacity (MW) (2)
    4,476.7       4,476.7       4,779.2  
Energy generated (GWh) (3)
    18,763.8       19,973.2       18,773.0  
Energy sales (GWh)
    20,730.4       20,922.8       19,212.1  
Colombia
                       
Number of generating facilities (1)
    11       11       11  
Installed capacity (MW) (2)
    2,657.2       2,778.7       2,828.7  
Energy generated (GWh) (3)
    11,864.2       12,564.0       11,941.8  
Energy sales (GWh)
    15,077.5       15,326.9       15,613.1  
Peru
                       
Number of generating facilities (1)
    8       9       9  
Installed capacity (MW) (2)
    968.5       1,425.5       1,468.0  
Energy generated (GWh) (3)
    4,516.3       6,662.0       7,654.4  
Energy sales (GWh)
    4,599.9       6,766.5       7,993.5  
 
     
(1)   For details on generation facilities, see “ —D. Property Plants and Equipment.”
 
(2)   Total installed capacity defined as the maximum MW capacity of generation units, under specific technical conditions and characteristics, in most cases confirmed by satisfaction guarantee tests performed by equipment suppliers certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas, an international independent certification company. Figures may differ from installed capacity declared to regulating authorities and customers in each country, according to criteria defined by each authority and corresponding contractual frameworks. We have decided not to make a restatement of capacities based on this certification.
 
(3)   Energy generated defined as total generation minus own power plant consumption and technical losses.
 
(4)   We consolidated Cachoeira Dourada’s generation only through September 2005. Ventanilla’s generation in Peru consolidated since January 2006, Cartagena’s generation in Colombia consolidated since March 2006 and San Isidro II, Palmucho and Canela’s generation in Chile consolidated since April, November and December 2007 respectively.
We segment our sales to customers using two different categories. First, we distinguish between regulated and unregulated customers. Regulated customers are distribution companies who mainly serve residential clients. Unregulated customers, on the other hand, may freely negotiate the price of electricity with generators or they may purchase electricity in the pool market at the spot price. The second criterion we use to segment our customer sales is by contracted sales and non-contracted sales. This method is useful because it provides a uniform way for us to compare our customers from country to country. The countries in which we operate have varying classifications for what constitutes a regulated customer. In contrast, contracted sales are defined uniformly throughout.

 

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The following table contains information regarding Endesa Chile’s consolidated sales of electricity by type of customer for each of the periods indicated:
ENDESA CHILE CONSOLIDATED PHYSICAL SALES BY TYPE OF CUSTOMER (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
                                            % of  
    Sales     % of Sales     Sales     % of Sales     Sales     Sales  
    (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume  
Regulated customers
    21,206       37.9       20,146       35.4       22,881       41.4  
Non-regulated customers
    12,652       22.6       13,735       24.1       14,374       26.0  
Electricity pool market sales
    22,026       39.4       23,061       40.5       17,970       32.5  
 
                                   
Total electricity sales
    55,884       100.0       56,942       100.0       55,225       100.0  
 
                                   
In general, in the countries in which we operate, the potential for contracting electricity is related to the volume of electricity demand. Customers identified as small volume-regulated customers, such as residential customers, subject to government regulated electricity tariffs, must purchase electricity directly from a distribution company. These distribution companies, which purchase large amounts of electricity for small residential customers, generally enter into contractual agreements with generators at a regulated tariff price. Customers identified as large volume industrial customers also enter into contractual agreements with energy suppliers. However, such large volume industrial customers are not subject to the regulated tariff price. Instead, these customers are allowed to negotiate the price of energy with generators based on the characteristics of the service required. Finally, the market pool, where energy is normally sold at the spot price, is not carried out through contractual agreements.
The specific energy (measured in GWh) consumption limit for regulated and non-regulated customers is country specific. Moreover, regulatory frameworks often require that regulated distribution companies have contracts to support their commitments to small customers and also determine which customers can purchase energy in electricity pool markets.
Under normal hydrological and fuel conditions our regulated and non-regulated customers carry out their commercial relationships by means of contracts. The electricity pool market sales are not governed by contracts, but instead comply with pool market operations.
The following table contains information regarding our consolidated physical sales of electricity per customer segment:
ENDESA CHILE CONSOLIDATED PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER PRICE SEGMENT
(GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
            % of             % of             % of  
    Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales  
    (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume  
Contracted sales (1)
    33,858       60.6       33,881       59.5       37,255       67.5  
Non-contracted sales
    22,026       39.4       23,061       40.5       17,970       32.5  
 
                                   
Total electricity sales
    55,884       100.0       56,942       100.0       55,225       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Includes the sales to distribution companies not backed by contracts in Chile and Peru.

 

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In terms of expenses, the primarily variable costs involved in the electricity generation business, in addition to the direct variable cost of generating hydroelectric or thermal electricity such as fuel costs, are energy purchases and transportation costs. During periods of relatively low rainfall conditions, the amount of our thermal generation increases. This not only involves increasing the total cost of fuel, but also the cost of transporting that fuel to the thermal generation power plants. Under drought conditions, electricity that we have contractually agreed to provide may exceed the amount of electricity that we are able to generate, requiring us to purchase electricity in the pool market in order to satisfy our contractual commitments. The cost of these pool market purchases may, under certain circumstances, exceed the price at which we sell electricity under contracts, and result in a loss. We attempt to minimize the effect of poor hydrological conditions on our operations in any year primarily by limiting contractual sales requirements to an amount that does not exceed the estimated production in a “dry year.” In determining estimated production in a dry year, we take into account available statistical information concerning rainfall and water flows, and the capacity of key reservoirs. In addition to limiting contracted sales, we may adopt other strategies such as installing temporary thermal capacity, negotiating lower consumption levels with unregulated customers, negotiating with other water users and including pass-through costs clauses in contracts with clients.
The following table contains information regarding our electricity generation and purchases:
CONSOLIDATED PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
            % of             % of             % of  
    Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales  
    (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume  
Electricity generation
    50,122       88.7       52,949       91.8       50,486       89.8  
Electricity purchases
    6,396       11.3       4,730       8.2       5,722       10.2  
 
                                   
Total(1)
    56,517       100.0       57,679       100.0       56,208       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Total energy generation (GWh) plus purchases differs from GWh sales due to technical transmission losses in Chile and Peru, as the generation figure has already deducted power plant consumption and technical losses of generation units.
Our primary equity investments in Chile, which are related companies that we do not consolidate in our financial statements but instead include their income as net equity income in our income statement, are primarily conducted through GasAtacama. We have a 50% ownership interest in GasAtacama through which we participate in the gas transportation and thermal generation business in northern Chile. We also participate in the gas transportation business in Chile through our related company, Electrogas S.A. (“Electrogas”), in which we have a 42.5% ownership interest. Electrogas owns a pipeline to the Fifth Chilean Region and supplies natural gas to the power plants San Isidro and Nehuenco. The other shareholders are Colbún S.A. and ENAP.
We participate in the Brazilian electricity business through our equity investment in Endesa Brasil, in which we have a beneficial interest of 37.7%. Until September 30, 2005, we held a direct 45% ownership share of Companhia de Interconexão Energética S.A, (“CIEN”), in Brazil, involved in electricity trading and also in the operation of the transmission interconnection lines between Argentina and Brazil. We also held a 45% ownership in CTM, which is involved in electricity trading and transmission in Argentina. As of the last quarter of 2005, our investments in CIEN and CTM were contributed to Endesa Brasil. We also have a minority interest in electricity trading and transmission in Argentina through our 45% ownership in Comercializadora de Energía del Mercosur S.A. (“CEMSA”). See “ —C. Organizational Structure” for details on our related companies.
We own and operate a total of 25 generation plants in Chile directly and through our subsidiaries Pehuenche, Pangue, San Isidro, Celta and Eco. Of these plants, 15 are hydroelectric plants, with a total installed capacity of approximately 3,452 MW. This represents 72.2% of our total installed capacity in Chile. There are nine thermal plants which operate with gas, coal or oil with a total installed capacity of 1,309 MW that represents 27.4% of our total installed capacity in Chile, and there is one wind power unit with approximately 18 MW. 23 (15 hydroelectric, 7 thermoelectric and one wind power plant) of our plants are connected to the country’s major interconnected electricity systems, Sistema Interconectado Central, or the SIC, and the other two power plants are connected to the Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande, or the SING.

 

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The following table sets forth the installed generation capacity for each of the Company’s Chilean subsidiaries:
INSTALLED CAPACITY PER SUBSIDIARY IN CHILE (MW) (1)
                         
    2005     2006     2007  
Endesa
    2,754       2,754       3,034  
Pehuenche
    695       695       699  
Pangue
    467       467       467  
San Isidro
    379       379       379  
Celta
    182       182       182  
Eco
                18  
                   
Total
    4,477       4,477       4,779  
                   
 
     
(1)   The installed capacity was certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas.
Our total electricity generation in Chile (in both the SIC and the SING) reached 18,773 GWh in 2007, 6.0% lower than in 2006, and accounted for approximately 33.7% of total electricity production in Chile in 2007. The Company’s generation market share in Chile for 2007 was 37.3%.
The following table sets forth the electricity generation for each of our Chilean subsidiaries:
ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN CHILE (GWh)
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
Endesa
    10,903       11,642       11,093  
Pehuenche
    4,060       4,345       3,437  
Pangue
    2,241       2,432       1,351  
San Isidro
    1,178       802       1,956  
Celta
    383       751       933  
 
                 
Eco
                3  
 
                 
Total
    18,764       19,973       18,773  
 
                 
Hydroelectric generation in 2007 was 23% lower than in 2006 due to the drought conditions presented during 2007. The potential energy in reservoirs at December 31, 2007 was 40% less than at December 31, 2006, as shown in the following table.
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
Reservoir   2006     2007        
    (GWh)     (GWh)     % Change  
 
                       
Laja
    4,754       3,028       (36 )
Maule
    1,573       1,307       (17 )
Chapo
    577       119       (79 )
Colbún
    533       283       (47 )
Invernada
    315       116       (63 )
Rapel
    72       53       (26 )
Melado
    15       6       (62 )
Ralco
    531       147       (72 )
 
                 
Total
    8,370       5,059       (40 )
 
                 

 

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Low-cost hydroelectric generation accounted for 70.2% of our total electricity generation in 2007 compared with the 85.9% of 2006. Generation by type in Chile is shown in the following table:
ENDESA CHILE HYDRO/THERMAL GENERATION IN CHILE (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    Generation             Generation             Generation        
    (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %  
Hydroelectric generation
    15,762       84.0       17,148       85.9       13,179       70.2  
Thermal generation
    3,003       16.0       2,825       14.1       5,591       29.8  
 
                                   
Other generation (Wind)
                                    3       0.0  
 
                                   
Total generation
    18,764       100.0       19,973       100.0       18,773       100.0  
 
                                   
Our thermal electric generation facilities are either gas, coal or oil-fired. In order to satisfy our natural gas and transportation requirements, we enter into long-term gas contracts with suppliers that establish maximum supply amounts and prices and long-term gas transportation agreements with the pipeline companies, currently Gas Andes and Electrogas (an Endesa Chile related company). We obtain our coal and fuel oil requirements through competitive auctions with major domestic and international suppliers.
The Argentine energy crisis has affected not only the natural gas supply to Chile but also its domestic market. This situation and the drought conditions evident in Chile during 2007 increased the use of natural gas substitutes, including fuel oil and diesel. Endesa Chile increased the use of diesel from 23,000 tons in 2006 to 591,000 tons in 2007, and coal from 438,000 tons to 851,000 tons, respectively. Since 2005, San Isidro has entered into a swap contract with Endesa Costanera, which has allowed San Isidro to temporarily generate electricity with natural gas, using Endesa Costanera’s share, by paying Endesa Costanera the additional cost incurred through generation with fuel oil, plus a fee. Fuel oil in Argentina is subsidized.
In May 2007, as part of a consortium with Enap, Metrogas and British Gas, in which Endesa Chile participation is 20%, we agreed to construction of the liquefied natural gas (“LNG”) regasification facility in Quintero Bay. The terminal is currently under construction. Partial commercial operations are expected for 2009 while full commercial operations should occur in 2010.
During 2007, the works to allow unit No. 1 in Taltal to operate with diesel stock started, and both finished in March 2008. All of Endesa Chile natural gas units will now be able to operate with gas and diesel.
In June 2007, the commercial operations of the Electrogas Concón-Quillota diesel oil pipeline started, which improved the supply to San Isidro and Nehuenco thermal power plants. This oil pipeline, located in Chile’s Fifth Region, was built to transport diesel oil from the Concón refinery to the electricity power plants of Colbún, San Isidro and Endesa Chile (nearly 1,600 MW in total). Shareholders of Electrogas are Endesa Chile (42.5%), the Matte Group (42.5%) and Enap (15.0%).
ELECTRICITY SALES PER SYSTEM IN CHILE (GWh)
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    Sales     Sales     Sales  
    (GWh)     (GWh)     (GWh)  
Electricity sales in the SIC
    35,900       38,259       39,982  
Electricity sales in the SING
    11,546       12,027       12,674  
 
                 
Our physical energy sales in Chile reached 20,731 GWh in 2005, 20,923 GWh in 2006 and 19,212 GWh in 2007 which represent a 43.7%, 41.6% and 36.5% market share, respectively. The percentage of the energy purchases to satisfy our contractual obligations to third parties has declined from 10.8% in 2005 to 5.3% in 2007 as a result of our commercial strategy of reducing contracted sales. This commercial strategy is primarily influenced by our decision to reduce hydrological exposure because of government regulations implemented in 1999. See “— B. Business Overview — Electricity Industry and Regulatory Framework.” We attempt to minimize the effect of poor hydrological conditions on our operations, in any given year, primarily by limiting contractual commitments to an amount below the estimated production in a dry year. Government regulations have had the direct effect of increasing contract failure costs, which is the cost that we pay when we are unable to satisfy our contractual commitments, and the indirect effect of discouraging investment in generation assets. Given the effects of the government regulations, energy supply has not increased as much as energy demand, increasing the spot price in the electricity pool market and making it a relatively more attractive commercial alternative.

 

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The following table sets forth our electricity purchases and production in Chile:
ENDESA CHILE PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES IN CHILE (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    Sales     %     Sales     %     Sales     %  
    (GWh)     of Volume     (GWh)     of Volume     (GWh)     of Volume  
Electricity generation
    18,764       89.2       19,973       93.8       18,773       94.7  
Electricity purchases
    2,268       10.8       1,317       6.2       1,042       5.3  
 
                                   
Total (1)
    21,032       100.0       21,290       100.0       19,815       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Total GWh generation plus purchases differs from GWh sales due to transmission losses, as power plant consumption and technical losses have already been deducted.
We supply electricity to the major regulated electricity distribution companies, large unregulated industrial firms (primarily in the mining, pulp and steel sectors) and the pool market. Commercial relationships with customers are normally governed by formal contracts. Supply contracts with distribution companies must be auctioned, are generally standardized and have an average term of ten years. Supply contracts with unregulated customers (large industrial customers) are specific to the needs of each client and the conditions are agreed upon between both parties and reflect competitive market conditions.
In 2005, 2006 and 2007, Endesa Chile had 53, 46 and 35 customers in Chile, respectively, including the main distribution companies in the SIC and the major unregulated industrial customers. The eleven minor unregulated customers in 2007 demanded approximately 0.6 GWh/year. There were fourteen distribution companies which presented withdrawals under the provisions of Resolution 88 and represented the 8.5% of total sales. (See “ — B. Business Overview—Electricity Industry Regulatory Framework.”). Sociedad Austral de Electricidad S.A. , or Saesa, a nonrelated Chilean distribution company, was the largest with purchases of 745 GWh/year. The following table sets forth information regarding our sales of electricity in Chile by type of customer:
ENDESA CHILE PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER PRICE SEGMENT
IN CHILE (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    Sales     % of Sales     Sales     % of Sales     Sales     % of Sales  
    (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume  
Regulated customers (1)
    10,575       51.0       10,756       51.4       11,502       59.9  
Non-regulated customers
    4,797       23.1       5,176       24.7       5,281       27.5  
Electricity pool market sales
    5,358       25.8       4,991       23.9       2,430       12.6  
 
                                   
Total electricity sales
    20,731       100.0       20,923       100.0       19,212       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Includes the sales to distribution companies in connection with Resolution 88.

 

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Our most significant supply contracts with regulated customers are with Chilectra S.A. (“Chilectra”), an Endesa Chile related company, and Compañía General de Electricidad S.A. (“CGE”), the two largest distribution companies in Chile in terms of sales. Our contracts with Chilectra and CGE expire in 2010 and 2009, respectively. In November 2007, Chilectra, CGE and Chilquinta placed the second long-term energy requirement bid for 14,732 GWh, divided in three blocks (B1, B2 and B3) to be delivered as of January 2011 for ten, twelve and fourteen years respectively. Chilectra was the only distributor that acquired energy in this process with 5,700 GWh from Endesa (3,200 GWh) and Colbún (2,500 GWh). The energy allocated represented 39% of Chilectra’s demand. Chilectra’s energy allocation per company and per block and the percentage of energy allocated was as follows:
                                 
    Chilectra B1     Chilectra B2     Chilectra B3     % of the total  
    (GWh)     (GWh)     (GWh)     energy allocated  
Endesa
    1,700             1,500       56.1  
Colbún
    500       1,000       1,000       43.9  
                         
Total
    2,200       1,000       2,500       100.0  
                         
Generally, our contracts with unregulated customers for the sale of electricity in Chile are long term, and typically range from five to fifteen years. Such contracts are normally automatically extended at the end of the applicable term unless terminated by either party upon prior notice. Such contracts generally provide that the purchase price be reset periodically to the market price. Some of them include a price adjustment mechanism in the case of high marginal costs, which also reduces the hydrological risk. Contracts with unregulated customers may also include specifications regarding power sources and equipment, which may be provided at special rates, as well as provisions for technical assistance to the customer. We have not experienced any supply interruptions under our contracts. In case of force majeure, as contractually defined with non-regulated customers, we are also allowed to reject purchases and are not required to supply electricity. Contracts with unregulated customers generally do not impose any limitations on our ability to resell output not purchased under those contracts. Disputes are typically subject to binding arbitration between the parties, subject to limited exceptions.
The following table sets forth our sales by volume to our five largest distribution and unregulated customers in Chile for each of the periods indicated:
MAIN CUSTOMERS IN CHILE (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    Sales     % of     Sales     % of     Sales     % of  
    (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales  
Distribution companies:
                                               
Chilectra
    4,231       20.4       4,190       20.0       4,017       20.9  
CGE
    4,154       20.0       4,449       21.3       4,835       25.2  
Saesa (1)
    540       2.6       665       3.2       746       3.9  
Empresa Eléctrica de la Frontera S.A.
    665       3.2       717       3.4       756       3.9  
Empresa Eléctrica de Atacama S.A.
    643       3.1       417       2.0       195       1.0  
 
                                   
Total sales to five largest distribution companies
    10,233       49.4       10,438       49.9       10,548       54.9  
 
                                   

 

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    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    Sales     % of     Sales     % of     Sales     % of  
    (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales  
Unregulated customers:
                                               
Codelco (2)
    536       2.6       548       2.6       494       2.6  
CMPC
    794       3.8       937       4.5       1,103       5.7  
Cía. Minera Los Pelambres
    701       3.4       738       3.5       871       4.5  
Cía. Minera Collahuasi
    813       3.9       867       4.1       869       4.5  
Cía. Acero del Pacífico – Huachipato
    528       2.5       546       2.6       588       3.1  
 
                                   
 
                                               
Total sales to five largest unregulated customers
    3,372       16.3       3,635       17.4       3,925       20.4  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   We do not have a contract with Sociedad Austral de Electricidad S.A. (“Saesa”). Sales are the result of government Resolution 88 that forces the generators of the CDEC-SIC system to supply distribution companies without contracts. This situation will remain until December 2009, when this Resolution is set to expire.
 
(2)   Since 2004, we provided energy to both Codelco, División El Teniente, and Codelco, División Salvador. Codelco is a state-owned mining company and one of the largest copper producers in the world.
We compete in the SIC primarily with two other electricity generation companies, AESGener and Colbún S.A. (“Colbún”). According to the maximum power considered by CDEC-SIC in the calculation of “firm power” in 2007, AESGener and its subsidiaries in the SIC counted on an installed capacity of 1,587 MW, of which 82% was thermal electric, and Colbún on 1,918 MW, of which 57% was thermal electric. In addition to these two large competitors, there are a number of smaller entities that generate electricity in the SIC.
Our primary competitors in the SING are Electroandina, Empresa Eléctrica del Norte Grande S.A. (“Edelnor”), AESGener and Norgener S.A., which have 992 MW, 719 MW, 643 MW and 277 MW of installed capacity, respectively. Our direct participation in the SING, includes our 182 MW Tarapacá thermal plant, owned by our subsidiary Celta, and our indirect participation through our affiliate company, GasAtacama, whose power plant has 781 MW of installed capacity. See “— C. Organizational Structure” for details on related companies.
Electricity generation companies compete largely on the basis of technical experience and reliability; and, in the case of unregulated customers, on price. In addition, because 72.2% of our installed capacity derives from hydroelectric power plants, we have lower production costs than companies generating electricity in the SIC with thermal plants. During periods of extended droughts, however, we may be forced to buy more expensive electricity from thermoelectric generators at spot prices in order to satisfy our contractual obligations.
We have equity investments in GasAtacama and Electrogas. GasAtacama has the ability to transport up to 8.5 million cubic meters of gas daily and has a gas-fired combined cycle plant with a total installed capacity of approximately 781 MW in Mejillones. Electrogas produces transportation income derived from the pipeline supplying San Isidro and Nehuenco combined-cycle plants at Quillota. As of December 2007, GasAtacama accounted an investment impairment provision as a consequence of the lack of gas supply from Argentina.
We, directly and through our subsidiaries Pehuenche, Pangue, San Isidro and Endesa Eco are the principal operators in the SIC, with 48.9% of the total installed capacity and 45.3% of the physical energy sales of this system in 2007.

 

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Celta, our subsidiary, has a two-turbine 182 MW thermal power plant connected to the SING, which represents 5% of the total capacity of the SING. Through our unconsolidated company, GasAtacama, we have an additional 781 MW participation in the SING. The following table sets out information relating to Endesa Chile’s electricity generation capacity in Chile:
POWER PLANTS IN CHILE (MW) (1)
                 
            Installed  
            Capacity  
    Type (2)   System   (MW)  
Hydroelectric
               
Rapel
  Reservoir   SIC     377  
Ralco
  Reservoir   SIC     690  
Cipreses
  Reservoir   SIC     106  
El Toro
  Reservoir   SIC     450  
Pehuenche
  Reservoir   SIC     570  
Pangue
  Reservoir   SIC     467  
Los Molles
  Pass Through   SIC     18  
Sauzal
  Pass Through   SIC     77  
Sauzalito
  Pass Through   SIC     12  
Isla
  Pass Through   SIC     68  
Antuco
  Pass Through   SIC     320  
Abanico
  Pass Through   SIC     136  
Curillinque
  Pass Through   SIC     89  
Loma Alta
  Pass Through   SIC     40  
Palmucho
  Pass Through   SIC     32  
Total Hydroelectric
            3,452  
 
               
Thermal
               
Huasco ST
  Steam Turbine/Coal   SIC     16  
Bocamina
  Steam Turbine/Coal   SIC     128  
Tarapacá GT
  Steam Turbine/Diesel Oil   SING     24  
Tarapacá coal
  Steam Turbine /Coal   SING     158  
Diego de Almagro
  Gas Turbine/Diesel Oil   SIC     47  
Huasco GT
  Gas Turbine/IFO 180 Oil   SIC     64  
San Isidro
  Combined Cycle/Natural Gas & Diesel Oil   SIC     379  
Taltal
  Gas Turbine/Natural Gas & Diesel Oil   SIC     245  
San Isidro II
  Combined Cycle/Gas & Diesel Oil   SIC     248  
Total Thermal
            1,309  
 
               
Others
               
Canela
  Wind Power   SIC     18  
 
               
Total Capacity
            4,779  
 
     
(1)   Total installed capacity is defined as the maximum capacity (measured in MW generation units), under specific technical conditions and characteristics.
 
(2)   “Reservoir” and “pass-through” refer to a hydroelectric plant that uses a dam or a river, respectively, to move the turbines which generate electricity.
 
    “Steam Turbine” refers to a thermal power plant that uses natural gas, coal, diesel or fuel oil to produce steam, which moves the turbines to generate the electricity.
 
    “Gas Turbine” (“GT”) or “open cycle” refers to a thermal power plant that uses diesel oil, fuel oil, natural gas or other fuels to produce gas that moves the turbines to generate the electricity.
 
    “Combined Cycle” refers to a thermal power plant that uses either natural gas, diesel oil or fuel oil to generate gas that moves the turbines to generate electricity and then recovers the gas that escapes from that process to generate steam to move another turbine.
Operations in Argentina
We participate in electricity generation in Argentina through our subsidiaries Endesa Costanera and El Chocón, with a total of five power plants. El Chocón owns two hydroelectric power plants, with total installed capacity of 1,320 MW, and Endesa Costanera owns three thermal plants, with a total installed capacity of 2,324 MW. In 2007, our hydro and thermal generation plants in Argentina represented 14.9% of the MEM’s generation capacity in 2007.

 

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Our Argentine subsidiaries Endesa Costanera and El Chocón participate in two new companies, Termoeléctrica Manuel Belgrano S.A. (Manuel Belgrano) and Termoeléctrica José de San Martin S.A. (San Martín). These companies were formed to undertake the construction of two new generation facilities under Foninvemem. This fund was created by the Secretary of Energy, through Resolution 712/2004, and allows for the financing and management of all investment aimed at increasing the electric power supply within the MEM. These power plants are expected to start up operations as Gas Turbines (GT) in the first half of 2008, one GT per month with 1,000 MW of aggregate capacity, and as combined cycles by mid-2009 with and additional 600 MW of total aggregate capacity (according to seasonal programming of Cammesa, February 2008). Since 2002, government intervention and energy industry authority actions, including limiting the spot price of electricity by considering the variable cost of generating electricity with natural gas without the hydrological conditions of rivers and reservoirs or the use of more expensive liquid oil, have led to the lack of investment in the electric power sector. (See “— Electricity Industry Regulatory Framework” and “ — A. History and Development of the Company” for further detail.)
Endesa Costanera’s installed capacity accounted for 9.5% of the total installed capacity in the Sistema Interconectado Nacional (the “Argentine MEM”) as of December 31, 2007. Endesa Costanera’s second combined cycle plant can operate neither with natural gas nor with diesel. Our 1,138 MW Steam Turbine power plant can operate with either natural gas or fuel oil.
El Chocón accounts for 5.4% of the installed capacity in the Argentine MEM as of December 31, 2007. El Chocón has a 30-year concession, ending in 2023, for two hydroelectric generation facilities with an aggregate of 1,320 MW of installed capacity. The larger of the two facilities for which El Chocón has a concession has 1,200 MW of installed capacity and is the primary flood control installation on the Limay River. The facility’s large reservoir, Ezequiel Ramos Mejía, enables El Chocón to be one of the Argentine MEM’s major peak suppliers. Variations in El Chocón’s water discharge are moderated by El Chocón’s Arroyito facility, a downstream dam with 120 MW of installed capacity.
The following table sets forth the installed capacity of our Argentine subsidiaries:
INSTALLED CAPACITY PER SUBSIDIARY IN ARGENTINA (MW)
                         
    As of December 31,  
    2005     2006 (1)     2007  
Endesa Costanera
                       
Costanera (steam turbine)
    1,131       1,138       1,138  
Costanera (combined cycle II)
    851       859       859  
Central Termoélectrica Buenos Aires (combined cycle I)
    322       322       327  
El Chócon
                       
El Chócon (hydroelectric)
    1,200       1,200       1,200  
Arroyito (hydroelectric)
    120       120       120  
 
                 
Total
    3,624       3,639       3,644  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Variations in the installed capacity in 2006 and 2007 due to certification by the consulting firm Bureau Veritas.
Our total electricity generation in Argentina reached 12,117 GWh in 2007, 11.9% lower than our 13,750 GWh total electricity generation in 2006. Our generation market share has been approximately 15% of total electricity production in Argentina during 2007.
The following table sets forth the electricity generation of our Argentine subsidiaries:
ELECTRICITY GENERATION PER SUBSIDIARY IN ARGENTINA (GWh)
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
Endesa Costanera
    8,402       8,709       8,421  
El Chocón
    3,931       5,041       3,696  
 
                 
Total
    12,333       13,750       12,117  
 
                 

 

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Low-cost hydroelectric generation accounted for nearly 30.5% of total generation in 2007, lower than in 2006 because of a relatively dry year compared to 2006. The percentage of hydroelectric and thermal generation is shown in the following table:
HYDRO/THERMAL GENERATION IN ARGENTINA (GWh)(1)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %  
Hydroelectric generation
    3,931       31.9       5,041       36.7       3,696       30.5  
Thermal generation
    8,402       68.1       8,709       63.3       8,421       69.5  
 
                                   
Total generation
    12,333       100.0       13,750       100.0       12,117       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Generation minus our own power plant consumption and technical losses.
The amount of energy generated and purchased in the last three years is shown in the following table:
PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES IN ARGENTINA (GWh)
                                                 
    2005     2006     2007  
    (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %  
Electricity generation
    12,333       97.6       13,750       98.2       12,117       97.1  
Electricity purchases
    308       2.4       256       1.8       367       2.9  
 
                                   
Total(1)
    12,640       100.0       14,006       100.0       12,484       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Energy generation plus energy purchases differs from electricity sales due to power plant consumption of electricity that had been uploaded to the grid, referred to as nonbilled electricity consumption.
The distribution of physical sales in Argentina, in terms of customer segment, is shown in the following table:
PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER SEGMENT IN ARGENTINA (GWh)
                                                 
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
            % of                              
            Sales             % of Sales             % of Sales  
    (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume  
Contracted sales
    2,328       18.5       2,116       15.2       2,364       19.1  
Non-contracted
    10,251       81.5       11,810       84.8       10,042       80.9  
 
                                   
Total electricity sales
    12,579       100.0       13,926       100.0       12,406       100.0  
 
                                   
PHYSICAL SALES PER SUBSIDIARY IN ARGENTINA (GWh)
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
Endesa Costanera
    8,466       8,736       8,450  
El Chocón
    4,113       5,191       3,956  
 
                 
Total
    12,579       13,926       12,406  
 
                 

 

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During 2007, Endesa Costanera served an average of 38 non-regulated customers (major large users and minor large users). Endesa Costanera has no contract with distribution companies. Given the regulatory measures adopted since 2003, the current Argentine electricity industry price scenario makes sales to distribution companies less attractive than sales to the wholesale market.
The following table sets forth Endesa Costanera’s sales by volume to its largest non-regulated customers for each of the periods indicated:
ENDESA COSTANERA’S MAIN CUSTOMERS (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
            % of             % of             % of  
    Sales     contract     Sales     contract     Sales     contract  
    (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales  
YPF
                            159       15.5  
Acindar (Cemsa) (1)
    59       5.0       102       13.4       88       8.6  
Solvay
                            87       8.5  
Transclor
    39       3.3       86       11.3       81       7.9  
Peugeot
    63       5.3       79       10.4       79       7.7  
Cenco
    62       5.3       62       8.2       119       11.6  
Papelera de la Plata
    137       11.6       45       5.9              
Indupa (Cemsa) (1)
    195       16.5                          
 
                                   
Total sales to our largest
non-regulated customers
    555       46.9       373       49.2       611       59.7  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   During 2005 and 2006, Acindar and Indupa did not have contracts with Endesa Costanera, but served them through Cemsa, an Endesa Chile’s affiliate. During 2007, Acindar is a Endesa Costanera customer and Indupa is no longer a customer.
Sales to the pool market decreased from 7,978 GWh in 2006 to 7,427 GWh in 2007. During 2007, gas restrictions on Endesa Costanera explain this decrease.
The Argentine energy crisis, which began in March 2004, continues as of the date of this report. The natural gas imports from Bolivia were not enough to supply the Argentine demand. In June 2007, the Argentine government and the natural gas producers agreed to the internal requirements needed for the period 2007-2011. Currently, Endesa Costanera is negotiating with the producers in order to contract the supply of their units.
In terms of Endesa Costanera’s export business the authorities have restricted total access to the electricity spot market and the use of natural gas to export energy to Brazil, which has affected the normal operations of export contracts. Endesa Costanera has been unable to fully comply with its export contracts to Brazil since 2005.
In order to compensate for the restrictions on exports from Argentina to Brazil, on December 9, 2005, both governments signed an agreement to avoid the imposition of fines for any non compliance in export contracts through December 31, 2008. On November 28, 2006, the Ministry of Mining and Energy enacted Portaria 294, a resolution that allows CIEN to reject the contracts for customers of one of the circuits of CIEN’s transmission line without risk, since the cause was considered as force majeure, and to move forward in looking for alternative uses of this circuit.
Due to the aforementioned situation, export contracts have remained inoperative during 2007. Besides this, Endesa Costanera has been selling this capacity, nearly 1,000 MW, to the MEM since May 2006. During 2007, the line was used to import energy from Brazil without participation of the generators; this energy was sold to Cammesa which paid R$ 131 million as established by ANEEL in December 2008.
The relatively dry conditions in 2007 explain the decrease of 23.8% in physical sales of El Chocón, when compared to 2006. Contracted sales decreased from 1,359 GWh in 2006 to 1,342 GWh in 2007. The remaining 2,615 GWh in sales were delivered to the pool market.

 

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During 2007, El Chocón served an average of 20 non-regulated customers. El Chocón has no contract with distribution companies. Given the regulatory measures adopted since 2003, the current Argentine electricity industry price scenario makes sales to distribution companies less attractive than sales to the wholesale market.
The following table sets forth sales by volume to the largest non-regulated customers of El Chocón for each of the periods indicated:
EL CHOCON’S MAIN CUSTOMERS (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
            % of             % of             % of  
    Sales     contract     Sales     contract     Sales     contract  
    (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales  
Minera Alumbrera
    482       42.1       496       36.5       569       42.4  
Profertil (Cemsa) (1).
    232       20.3       242       17.8       145       10.8  
Massuh
    126       11.0       127       9.3       109       8.1  
Chevron
          0.0       107       7.9       112       8.3  
Acindar (Cemsa) (1)
    118       10.3       88       6.4       88       6.5  
Petroken (Cemsa) (1)
    30       2.6             0.0             0.0  
Ensi S.E.
    27       2.3       40       2.9             0.0  
 
                                   
Total sales to our largest
non-regulated customers
    1,014       88.6       1,100       80.9       1,022       76.2  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Profertil, Acindar and Petroken do not have contracts with El Chocón, but are served through Cemsa, an Endesa Chile affiliate.
We operate El Chocón for a fee pursuant to an operating agreement with a term equal to the duration of the concession (thirty years starting August 1993). El Chocón does not have the right to terminate the operating agreement, unless we fail to perform our obligations under the agreement. Under the terms of the operating agreement, we are entitled to a fee payable in dollars based on El Chocón’s annual gross revenues, payable in monthly installments.
Our Argentine power plants compete with all the major power plants connected to the MEM. Our major competitors in Argentina are AES Group, Sociedad Argentina de Energía (“Sadesa, Bemberg Group”), and Petrobras Energía S.A. The AES Group has eight power plants connected to the MEM with a total capacity of 2,810 MW and one plant not connected to the MEM, Termo Andes, with a total capacity of 600 MW; Sadesa Grupo Bemberg owns two plants Piedra del Aguila (hydro 1,400 MW) and Central Puerto (thermal 2,152 MW); and Petrobras Energía S.A. competes with us through two power plants, Genelba (thermal 674 MW) and Pichi Picún Leufú (hydro 285 MW).
Operations in Colombia
Until August 2007, we controlled two electricity generation companies in Colombia, Betania and Emgesa. These companies were merged into Betania in September 2007, which then changed its name to EMGESA S.A. E.S.P. We have a 26.9% ownership interest in Emgesa as of December 31, 2007, which we control pursuant a shareholders’ agreement.
As of December 31, 2007, our Colombian subsidiary operated a total of eleven generation plants in Colombia, with a total installed capacity of 2,829 MW. Emgesa has 2,451 MW in hydroelectric plants and 378 MW in thermoelectric plant. As of December 31, 2007, Cartagena had two operative units, a third unit is being repaired and is expected to be reincorporated into the system during the first half of 2008.
Our hydroelectric and thermal generation plants in Colombia represent 21% of the country’s total electricity generation capacity as of December 2007.

 

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The following table sets forth the installed generation capacity of our Colombian subsidiaries for the last three years:
INSTALLED CAPACITY PER SUBSIDIARY IN COLOMBIA (MW)(1)(2)
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    (MW)  
Emgesa
                       
Guavio (hydroelectric)
    1,164       1,163       1,213  
Cadena Nueva (hydroelectric)
    601       601       601  
Betania (hydroelectric)
    541       541       541  
 
                 
Termozipa (thermal)
    236       236       236  
Cartagena (thermal)
    0       142       142  
Minor Plants (hydroelectric)(3)
    116       96       96  
 
                 
Total
    2,657       2,779       2,829  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   The figure includes the capacity used for power plant consumption.
 
(2)   The installed capacity was certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas.
 
(3)   As of December 31, 2007 Emgesa owned and operated five minor plants: Charquito, El Limonar, La Tinta, Tequendama and La Junca.
Approximately 86.7% of our installed capacity in Colombia is hydroelectric. As a result, our physical generation depends on the reservoir levels and yearly rainfalls. Our generation market share in Colombia was 22% in 2005, 24% in 2006 and 22% in 2007. In addition to hydrological conditions, the amount of generation depends on our commercial strategy. Colombia’s electricity market is less regulated than the markets of the other countries in which we operate. Companies are free to offer every day their electricity at prices driven by market conditions, as opposed to being dispatched by a centralized operating entity to generate according to the minimum marginal costs of the system.
The following table sets forth the energy generation for each of our Colombian subsidiaries:
ENERGY GENERATION PER SUBSIDIARY IN COLOMBIA (GWh)(1)(2)
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    (GWh)  
    2005     2006     2007  
Emgesa
    9,763       10,360       11,942  
Betania
    2,101       2,204        
 
                 
Total
    11,864       12,564       11,942  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Generation minus power plant own consumption and technical losses.
 
(2)   Since September 2007, Betania and Emgesa were merged into Betania, which then changed its name to EMGESA S.A. E.S.P. Emgesa consolidates the total generation in Colombia during 2007.
Hydrological conditions in 2007 translated into lower generation for Emgesa when compared to 2006. During 2007, thermal generation represented 4.3% of total generation and hydroelectric generation the remaining 95.7% of our generation in Colombia. However, the two thermal facilities, Termozipa and Cartagena represent 13.3% of our total installed capacity in Colombia. The variable cost of generation for those plants was higher than the average spot market price, given the level of supply and demand of electricity during the year.

 

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The following table sets forth the levels of electricity production and purchases for our Colombian subsidiaries for the past three years:
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND PURCHASES IN COLOMBIA (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %  
Electricity production
    11,864       78.1       12,564       81.3       11,942       75.8  
Electricity purchases
    3,321       21.9       2,883       18.7       3,814       24.2  
 
                                   
Total
    15,185       100.0       15,447       100.0       15,756       100.0  
 
                                   
The sole interconnected electricity system in Colombia is the Colombian National Interconnected System the “Colombian NIS.” Electricity demand in the Colombian NIS increased 4.0% during 2007. The total electricity consumption in the Colombian NIS was 48,829 GWh in 2005, 50,813 GWh in 2006 and 52,851 GWh in 2007.
The demand in Colombia’s electricity market has also been affected by its interconnection with the electricity system of Ecuador, which began operations in March 2003, referred to as International Transactions of Energy (“TIE”). During 2007, physical sales to Ecuador reached 877 GWh, 45% less than the 1,608 GWh reached in 2006. In November 2007, the new transmission line between Colombia and Ecuador started operations with a capacity of 270 MW. The distribution of Endesa Chile, physical sales in Colombia, in terms of customer segment, is shown in the following table:
PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER SEGMENT IN COLOMBIA (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
            % of             % of              
    Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales     % of Sales  
    (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume  
Contracted sales
    9,800       65.0       9,687       63.2       10,539       67.5  
Non-contracted sales
    5,277       35.0       5,640       36.8       5,074       32.5  
 
                                   
Total electricity sales
    15,077       100.0       15,327       100.0       15,613       100.0  
 
                                   
During 2007, Emgesa served an average of 731 contracts with non-regulated customers and 16 distribution and trading companies. Our sales to the distribution company Codensa accounted for 28.8% of our total contract sales in 2007. Physical sales to the five largest non-regulated customers altogether reached 3.3% of total contracted sales.
The following table sets forth our sales by volume to our five largest distribution customers in Colombia for each of the periods indicated:
MAIN DISTRIBUTION AND TRADING CUSTOMERS IN COLOMBIA (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    Sales     % of     Sales     % of     Sales     % of  
    (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales  
Distribution companies:
                                               
Codensa (1)
    3,933       40.1       2,959       30.5       3,036       28.8  
Enertolima
    800       8.2       811       8.4       437       4.1  
Electrocosta
    426       4.3       610       6.3       652       6.2  
Electricaribe
    341       3.5       469       4.8       479       4.5  
EPM
    136       1.4       436       4.5       1,102       10.5  
Dicel
    222       2.3       225       2.3              
Essa
    206       2.1       7       0.1              
Cens
    221       2.3       5       0.0              
 
                                   
Meta
                                    649       6.2  
 
                                   
Total sales to our largest distribution companies
    6,285       64.1       5,521       57.0       6,355       60.3  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Subsidiary of Enersis.

 

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Our most important competitors in Colombia include the following state-owned companies, each with installed capacities as described: Empresas Públicas de Medellín with 2,597 MW, Isagen with 2,106 MW, and Gecelca with 1,354 MW. We also compete with the following privately owned companies in Colombia: EPSA (Unión Fenosa) with 832 MW and Chivor, which is owned by AESGener, with 1,000 MW, all as of December 2007.
Operations in Brazil
Installed capacity as of December 31, 2005 is shown in the following table. Installed generation capacity was consolidated until September 30, 2005.
INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY IN BRAZIL (MW)(1)(2)
                         
    (MW)  
    2005     2006     2007  
Cachoeira Dourada
                 
 
                 
Total
                 
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Total installed capacity defined as the maximum MW capacity of generation units, under specific technical conditions and characteristics.
 
(2)   As of October 1, 2005 the total participation interest Endesa Chile held in Cachoeira Dourada was transferred to Endesa Brasil.
The following table sets forth the physical energy production and purchases of Cachoeira Dourada. The figure is from January through September 30, 2005:
PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES IN BRAZIL (GWh)
                                 
    January-September              
    2005     2006     2007  
    (GWh)     %     (GWh)     (GWh)  
Electricity generation
    2,645       91.3              
Electricity purchases
    253       8.7              
 
                       
Total(1)
    2,898       100.0              
 
                       
 
     
(1)   Energy production plus energy purchases may differ from electricity sales due to transmission losses.
The distribution of physical sales for Cachoeira Dourada’s, in terms of customer segment, is shown in the following table. The figure is from January through September 30, 2005:
PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER SEGMENT IN BRAZIL (GWh)
                                 
    January-September              
    2005     2006     2006  
    Sales     % of Sales     Sales     Sales  
    (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     (GWh)  
Contracted sales
    2,592.9       89.5              
Non-contracted sales
    304.6       10.5              
 
                       
Total
    2,897.5       100.0              
 
                       
Since September 2005, Endesa Chile’s participation in the Brazilian electricity market can be accounted for by its minority share of Endesa Brasil, which consolidates operations of several generation companies: Central Geradora Termeléctrica Endesa Fortaleza S.A.,(“Endesa Fortaleza”), and Cachoeira Dourada; CIEN, which traded with the use of two transmission lines between Argentina and Brazil; CTM and TESA, subsidiaries of CIEN which owns the Argentine side of the lines; a distribution company, Ampla Energía e Servicos S.A.,(“Ampla”), which is the second largest electricity distribution company in the State of Rio de Janeiro; and Coelce, which is the sole electricity distributor in the State of Ceará. For more details on Endesa Brasil see “— C. Organizational Structure” and “Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” for impact of Endesa Brasil on Financial Statements for the periods covered by this report.

 

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Operations in Peru
Through our subsidiary Edegel, we operate a total of nine generation plants in Peru, with a total installed capacity as of December 2007, of 1,468 MW. Edegel owns seven hydroelectric power plants, with a total installed capacity of 745 MW, two of which are located 280 kilometers from Lima and five of which are located at an average distance of 50 kilometers from Lima. The company has two thermal plants which represent the remaining 723 MW of total installed capacity. Our hydroelectric and thermal generation plants in Peru represent 28.5% of the country’s total electricity generation capacity according to the information reported in December 2007 by the Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería (“Osinergmin”).
The following chart sets forth the installed capacity of Edegel:
INSTALLED CAPACITY IN PERU (MW)(1)
                         
    Year Ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
    (MW)  
Edegel S.A.
                       
Huinco (hydroelectric)
    247       247       247  
Matucana (hydroelectric)
    129       129       129  
Callahuanca (hydroelectric)
    75       75       80  
Moyopampa (hydroelectric)
    65       65       65  
Huampani (hydroelectric)
    30       30       30  
Yanango (hydroelectric)
    43       43       43  
Chimay (hydroelectric)
    151       151       151  
Santa Rosa (thermal)
    229       229       231  
Ventanilla (thermal)(2)
    0       457       493  
 
                 
Total
    969       1,426       1,469  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   The installed capacity was certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas.
 
(2)   During 2007 Ventanilla increased its installed capacity by 36 MW due to the control of the energy losses.
In 2006, the increase in thermal electricity generation was of 805 GWh due to the increase in the installed capacity in Ventanilla completed in November 2006 (from open cycle to combined cycle); the increase in hydro-electric generation was of 188 GWh. Our generation market share was approximately 28% of total electricity production in Peru in 2007 and 27% for 2006.
HYDRO/THERMAL GENERATION IN PERU (GWh)(1)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006(2)     2007  
    (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %  
Hydroelectric generation
    4,095       90.7       4,197       63.0       4,385       57.3  
Thermal generation
    422       9.3       2,465       37.0       3,270       42.7  
 
                                   
Total generation
    4,516       100.0       6,662       100.0       7,654       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Generation minus power plant own consumption and technical losses.
 
(2)   Thermal generation includes Ventanilla’s generation since January 2006.

 

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Hydrological generation represented 57.3% of Edegel’s total production in 2007. The portion of electricity supplied by Edegel’s own generation was 93.9% of total physical sales, requiring only a small amount of purchases to satisfy contractual obligations to customers.
For the gas supply for Etevensa and Santa Rosa, Edegel has supply, transportation and distribution contracts. During 2007, the gas pipeline Camisea-Lima, owned by TGP, reached its full capacity. In order to preserve the transportation capacity for its natural gas demand, Edegel modified its agreements, shifting from interruptible to firm modality, with a capacity of 1.5 MMm3/d (from August 2008 to July 2009) and 2.2 MMm3/d (from August 2009 to July 2019), keeping 2 Mmm3/d under interruptible modality.
PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES IN PERU (GWh) (1)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006(2)     2007  
    (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %     (GWh)     %  
Electricity generation
    4,516       94.8       6,662       96.1       7,654       93.9  
Electricity purchases
    246       5.2       274       3.9       499       6.1  
 
                                   
Total(1)
    4,762       100.0       6,935       100.0       8,153       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Total GWh production plus purchases differs from GWh sales due to transmission losses, given that our own power plant consumption and technical losses have already been deducted.
 
(2)   Figures for 2006 include Ventanilla’s generation and purchases since January 2006.
In Peru there is only one interconnected system, Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Nacional, or the SEIN. Electricity generation in the SEIN increased 10.1% during 2007 when compared to 2006, reaching a total yearly generation of 27,255 GWh. Increased demand in Peru is partially a consequence of larger electricity demand by the mining industry whose growth in electricity demand has been driven by increasing copper and gold production due to higher international prices for these products.
The distribution of Edegel’s physical sales, in terms of customer segment, is shown in the following table:
PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER SEGMENT IN PERU (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006 (2)     2007  
            % of             % of             % of  
    Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales     Sales  
    (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume     (GWh)     Volume  
Contracted sales (1)
    3,766       81.9       6,145       90.8       7,569       94.7  
Non-contracted sales
    834       18.1       621       9.2       424       5.3  
 
                                   
Total electricity sales
    4,600       100.0       6,766       100.0       7,994       100.0  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   Includes the sales to distributors without contracts.
 
(2)   Figures for 2006 include Ventanilla’s sales since January 2006.
Edegel’s physical sales in 2007 increased nearly 18.1% compared to sales in 2006. Sales in the spot market decreased nearly 31.7% and contracted sales increased 23.2%. The increase in contracted sales is primarily due to the increase in Ventanilla’s energy generation which it sold to ElectroPerú, the increase in sales to distributors without contracts and the increase in sales to distributors for the bids realized during 2006 and 2007. During 2007, Edegel had six regulated customers. Edegel has had contracts since 1997 with Luz del Sur and Edelnor. For the other distributors, Edegel won the bids realized during 2006 and 2007. The company has eleven non-regulated customers. Sales to non-regulated customers represented 56.0% of Edegel’s total contracted sales in 2007, compared to 55.7% in 2005.

 

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The following table sets forth our sales by volume to our largest customers in Peru for each of the periods indicated:
MAIN CUSTOMERS IN PERU (GWh)
                                                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     2007  
            % of             % of             % of  
    Sales     contract     Sales     contract     Sales     contract  
    (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales     (GWh)     Sales  
Distribution companies:
                                               
Edelnor (Regulated) (1)
    1,000       26.6       957       15.6       1,039       13.7  
Luz del Sur (Regulated) (1).
    440       11.7       441       7.2       1,222       16.1  
Hidrandina
                            52       0.7  
Electronoroeste
                            46       0.6  
Electronorte
                            45       0.6  
Electrosur
                            27       0.4  
 
                                   
Total sales to our largest distribution companies
    1,440       38.2       1,398       22.8       2,431       32.1  
Unregulated costumers:
                                               
ElectroPerú (2)
    0       0.0       1,620       26.4       2,427       32.1  
Antamina
    676       18.0       683       11.1       682       9.0  
Refinería
    507       13.5       569       9.3       516       6.8  
Siderperú
    303       8.0       330       5.4       362       4.8  
 
                                   
Total sales to our largest unregulated companies
    1,486       39.5       3,202       52.1       3,987       52.7  
 
                                   
Total sales to our largest costumers
    2,926       77.8       4,600       75.0       6,418       84.8  
 
                                   
 
     
(1)   For 2006 and 2007, the energy sold by Edegel to Edelnor and Luz del Sur includes only the energy associated with bilateral contracts with Edegel. The amount assigned to Edegel for non contract-related consumption of these distributors is not included. For 2007, the energy sold to these distributors includes the amount won by Edegel in the bids realized during 2006 and 2007.
 
(2)   Since 2006, ElectroPerú has been a customer of Edegel due to a merger with Etevensa. The value reported is from January to December 2006, the increase in 2007 is due to the increase in Ventanilla’s generation which sells the energy to ElectroPerú.
Because the SEIN is the only interconnected transmission system in Peru, all generation companies connected there may be considered competitors. However, our most important competitors in Peru are ElectroPerú, Enersur and Egenor, whose capacity is approximately 909 MW, 676 MW and 508 MW, respectively.
ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Chile
Industry Structure
The electricity industry in Chile is divided into three business segments: generation, transmission and distribution. The generation segment consists of companies that produce electricity; they sell their production to distribution companies, unregulated customers through private contracts or to other generation companies through the spot market. The transmission segment consists of companies that transmit at high voltage the electricity produced by generation companies. Finally, the distribution segment is defined for regulatory purposes to include all electricity supply to end users at a voltage up to and including 23 kV.
The electricity sector in Chile is regulated pursuant to Decree with Force of Law No. 1, as amended, which was first enacted in 1982, and the regulations under Decree No. 327 of 1998, as amended, collectively known as the Chilean Electricity Law.

 

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In Chile there are four separate interconnected electricity systems. The main systems that cover the most populated areas of Chile are the Sistema Inteconectado Central, or SIC, that covers the central and south central part of the territory, where 93% of Chilean population live, and the Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande, or SING, which operates in the northern part of the country, covering 25% of Chilean continental territory. In addition to the SIC and the SING, there are two other isolated systems in southern Chile that provide electricity in remote areas. The operation of electricity generation companies in each of the two major interconnected electricity systems is coordinated by its respective dispatch center, Centro de Despacho Económico de Carga, (“CDEC”), an autonomous entity that involves industry groups and transmission companies. CDECs are asked to coordinate the operation of their system as efficient markets for the sale of electricity in which the lowest marginal cost producer is used to satisfy demand. As a result, at any specific level of demand, the appropriate supply will be provided at the lowest possible cost of production available in the system at any moment. Certain major industrial companies own and operate generation systems to satisfy their own needs.
Chilean Electricity Law
General
The goal of the Chilean Electricity Law is to provide incentives to maximize efficiency, and to provide a simplified regulatory scheme and tariff-setting process which limits the discretionary role of the government by establishing objective criteria for setting prices. The expected result is an economically efficient allocation of resources. The regulatory system is designed to provide a competitive rate of return on investment to stimulate private investment, while ensuring the availability of electricity service to all who request it.
Three governmental entities have primary responsibility for the implementation and enforcement of the Chilean Electricity Law. The CNE calculates retail tariffs and wholesale, or node prices, which require the final approval of the Ministry of Economy, and prepares the indicative plan, a ten-year guide for the expansion of the system that must be consistent with the calculated node prices. The SEF sets and enforces the technical standards of the system and the proper compliance with the law. In addition, the Ministry of Economy grants final approval of tariffs and node prices set by the CNE and regulates the granting of concessions to electricity generation, transmission and distribution companies.
Companies engaged in generation must coordinate their operations through the CDECs to minimize the operating costs of the electricity system and monitor the quality of service provided by the generation and transmission companies. Generation companies meet their contractual sales requirements with dispatched electricity, whether produced by them or purchased from other generation companies in the spot market. The principal purpose of a CDEC in operating the dispatch system is to ensure that only the most efficiently produced electricity is dispatched to customers. However, the CDEC also seeks to ensure that every generation company has enough installed capacity and can produce enough electricity to meet the demand of its customers. Because Endesa Chile’s production in the SIC is primarily hydroelectric, and therefore its marginal cost of production is generally the lowest in that interconnected system, its electricity capacity in the SIC is generally dispatched under normal or abundant hydrological conditions. Generation companies balance their contractual obligations with their dispatch by buying electricity at the spot market price, which is set hourly by the CDECs, based on the “marginal cost” of production of the next kWh to be dispatched. This is known as the spot marginal cost.
Sales by Generation Companies
Sales may be made to final customers pursuant to contracts or, to other generation companies, on a spot basis. Generation companies may also be engaged in contracted sales among each other at negotiated prices. Contract terms are freely determined.
Sales to Distribution Companies and Certain Regulated Customers
Historically, sales to distribution companies for resale to regulated customers have been made through contracts at regulated prices (“node prices”) in effect at the relevant locations (“nodes”) on the interconnected system through which such electricity is supplied. Nevertheless, since 2005 all new contracts between generation and distribution companies for the supply to regulated customers must be the result of international auctions which have a maximum regulated offer price equal to 120% of the node price. If a first auction is unsuccessful, authorities may increase this maximum price by an additional 15%. The auctions are awarded on a minimum price basis. The price associated with these auctions will be transferred directly to final users, replacing the current regulated price regime. Beginning in 2010, the distribution companies must contract 100% of their demand.

 

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Regulated customers are those with a maximum consumption capacity not exceeding 0.5 MW. Customers between 0.5 and 2 MW may choose their status as regulated or unregulated. Customers with capacity needs over 2 MW are unregulated. Two node prices are paid by distribution companies: one for capacity and the other for energy consumption. Node prices for capacity are calculated based on the marginal cost of increasing the existing capacity of the electricity system with the least expensive dispatch by any generating facility. Node prices for energy consumption are calculated based on the projected marginal cost of satisfying the demand for energy at a given point in the interconnected system, during the next 48 months in the SIC and during the next 24 months in the SING. The determination of such marginal cost takes into account the principal variables in the cost of energy over the ten-year period, including projected growth in demand, reservoir levels, fuel costs for thermal electricity generation facilities, planned maintenance schedules and other factors that would affect the availability of existing generation capacity and scheduled additions to generation capacity during the ten-year indicative electricity development plan. The same general principles are used to determine marginal cost in the SING.
Node prices for capacity and energy consumption are established every six months, in April and October. Although node prices are quoted in pesos, the calculations are made in dollars. Node prices may be adjusted during such period depending on the fluctuations of the average prices on sales by generators to their unregulated clients.
Sales to Other Generation Companies
To accomplish its objective of operating the dispatch system to ensure that only the most efficiently produced electricity reaches customers, each CDEC annually determines “Firm Capacity,” which is the total probable capacity of all generating units in an interconnected system at any given time, calculated using historical data, statistical analyses and certain assumptions regarding hydrology. Each CDEC compares Firm Capacity to the maximum anticipated peak demand for capacity at peak hours on the system. The amount by which the system-wide probable capacity exceeds the maximum anticipated demand at peak hours is prorated for each generating unit in the system based on the installed capacity of such unit. Installed capacity of each unit is reduced by such pro rata amount to determine “Allocated Firm Capacity.” If the Allocated Firm Capacity of any generation company exceeds its peak hour contracted commitments to customers, such generation company will be paid for its excess Allocated Firm Capacity by generation companies with peak hour commitments to customers in excess of their Allocated Firm Capacity, based on the prevailing node price for capacity.
A generation company may be required to purchase or sell energy or capacity in the spot market at any time, depending upon its contractual requirements in relation to the amount of electricity to be dispatched from such company.
Transmission
Since transmission assets are built pursuant to concessions granted by the government, the Law requires a company to operate on an “open access” basis in which users may obtain access to the system by contributing towards the costs of operating, maintaining and, if necessary, expanding the system. Transmission companies recover their investment in transmission assets through tolls, or “wheeling rates,” which are charged to generation companies and final customers in the proportion 80% to generators and 20% to customers. Transmission companies tariffs are determined every four years by decree of the Ministry of Economy.
Concessions
The law permits generation activity without a concession. However, companies may apply for a concession to facilitate access to third-party properties. Third-party property owners are entitled to compensation, which may be agreed to by the parties or, if there is no agreement, may be determined by an administrative proceeding that may be appealed in the Chilean courts.
Fines and Compensations
If a rationing decree is enacted in response to prolonged periods of electricity shortages, severe penalties may be imposed on generation companies that contravene the decree. Severe drought is not considered a force majeure event.

 

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Generation companies may also be required to pay fines to the regulatory authorities, related to system blackouts due to any generator’s operational mistake, including failures related to the coordination duty of all system agents, and to make compensatory payments to electricity consumers affected by the shortage of electricity. If generation companies cannot meet their contractual commitments to deliver electricity during periods when a rationing decree is in effect and there is no energy available to purchase in the system, the generation company must pay compensation to the customers at the failure cost determined by the authority in each tariff setting. Failure costs correspond to the average cost incurred by final users in providing a kWh by their own means.
The “Short Laws”
Some recent amendments on the Chilean Electricity Law are the Short Law I (Law No. 19,940, enacted in 2004) and the Short Law II, (Law No. 20,018, enacted in 2005). Their aim was to solve several omissions in the prior law, to resolve some disputes and to improve conditions for long-term investments in the sector. Some changes include a new definition of “unregulated customer,” with a new capacity threshold lowered from 2 MW to 0.5 MW and the obligation for distribution companies to permanently cover future electricity requirements of their regulated clients for the following three years beginning in 2010. According to Short Law II, the generator’s sale prices to distribution companies will be those resulting from auctions where distribution companies bid, supervised by the authority and awarded on a minimum price basis. The auctions’ prices will be transferred to final consumers, replacing the current regulated price regime. During the life of the contract, the energy and capacity prices will be indexed according to formulas set on the auction documentation, associated with fuel, investment and other relevant costs of the energy generation.
Law No. 20,220
On September 14, 2007 Law No. 20,220 was enacted. It governs cases of bankruptcy in electrical companies in the electricity sector and early termination of contracts between a generating company and a distribution company for the supply of customers subject to regulated price by a judicial sentence.
Environmental Regulation
The Chilean Constitution grants all citizens the right to live in a pollution-free environment. It further provides that other constitutional rights may be limited in order to protect the environment. Chile has numerous laws, regulations, decrees and municipal ordinances that may raise environmental considerations. Among them are regulations relating to waste disposal (including the discharge of liquid industrial wastes), the establishment of industries in areas in which they may affect public health and the protection of water for human consumption.
Environmental Law No. 19,300, was enacted in 1994, and implemented by “Reglamento 30,” issued in 1997. This law requires companies to conduct environmental impact studies of any future generation or transmission projects and to arrange for the review of such studies by the Chilean Environmental Commission, or CONAMA. It also requires an evaluation of environmental impact by the Chilean government or the posting of an environmental insurance policy insuring compliance with standards for emissions, noise, waste and disposal, and authorizes the relevant ministries to establish emission standards. Endesa Chile applies the guidelines set out in Reglamento 30 when analyzing the development of future projects.
On April 1, 2008, Law 20,257, was enacted, which is an amendment to the (“General Services Law”) Ley de Servicios Generales. The purpose of the amendment is to promote the use of Nonconventional Renewable Energy, or NCRE. This law defines the different types of technologies considered as NCRE, and establishes the obligation of generators between 2010 and 2014, to supply 5% of the total energy contracted from August 31, 2007, to be nonconventional renewable sources, and to progressively increase this percentage from 0.5% on that date up to 10% in 2024. Our power plants recognized as NCRE generators are: Palmucho, Canela Wind Farm and Ojos de Agua (to be commissioned during the first half of 2008). Additionally, the law determines fines for those generators that do not comply with this obligation. Endesa Chile estimates that it will be able to fully comply with this obligation in 2010; and to generate excess energy with NCRE, being able to sell the surplus to other generators. The additional cost of generating with NCRE will be charged to the new contracts, thus eliminating the impact on revenues.

 

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Water rights
Endesa Chile owns unlimited duration, unconditional and absolute property water rights granted by the Chilean Water Authority. Chilean generation companies must pay an annual fee for unused water rights. Endesa Chile continuously analyzes which water rights it will maintain or disregard. We estimate that during 2007 we paid license fees for the previous year in the amount of 70,732 UTM ($ 4.9 million using the 2007 year-end exchange rate). This amount may vary in the future according to the actual water rights we may hold each year. We estimate that if we do not abandon any water rights in the SIC, we will have to pay license fees aggregating to no more than $ 4.9 million per year. License fee payments carried out during the eight years before the commencement of any project, or the use of such water rights, may be recovered through a tax credit that is applied monthly until the license fee payments are recovered in full. In the case of water rights located in the extreme south of Chile, the Eleventh and Twelfth Regions, outside the area comprised by the SIC, the license fees will be paid starting as of January 1, 2012, using the same tax refund regime mentioned above for the SIC.
Argentina
Ley Nacional 24,065 of 1992 (the “Argentine Electricity Act”) divides the electricity industry into three business segments: generation, transmission, trading and distribution. The objective of this law is to enable the electric market development under conditions of free competition, avoiding the concentration of the companies conducting those activities into one unique controlling group.
Law 24,065 defines the four categories of agents: generators, transmission companies, distribution companies and large users; created the Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista, (Wholesale Power Market) or MEM, where these agents interact with the Secretariat of Energy; created the Compañía Administradora del Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista, (Administrative Company for the Wholesale Electricity Market) or Cammesa, in which such agents and the Secretariat of Energy have equal share, and also created the Ente Nacional Regulatorio de la Energía, (Electric Power National Regulatory Agency) or ENRE.
Cammesa’s responsibilities are dispatch coordination, setting of wholesale prices and the management of economic transactions in the MEM. ENRE was created to protect users and to promote electricity production, competition and investments to assure long-term supply.
The generation sector is organized on a competitive basis, with independent generators selling their output on the MEM or through private contracts to distribution companies.
Transmission is a public service that works under conditions of monopoly by private companies to whom the National Government grants electrical energy concessions from generation centers to the reception places by distribution companies and/or large consumers. Transmission companies are authorized to charge a toll for the transmission services. Transmission companies are prohibited from generating or distributing electricity.
Distribution is also a public service that works under conditions of monopoly, and is provided by companies who have been granted concessions. Distribution companies have the obligation to supply final users within a specific concession area. Accordingly, these companies are regulated with respect to rates and are subject to service quality specifications. Distribution companies may obtain the electricity either in the MEM, at seasonal prices, or through contracts with generation companies. Costs of electricity bought in the MEM can be passed through to end-users.
There are three electricity distribution and trading areas subject to national concession: Edelap, Edesur and Edenor. The local distribution areas are subject to concession granted exclusively by the regional and/or municipal authorities. Notwithstanding this division, all distribution facilities operate under the rules of the MEM.
Emergency Measures
Law 25,561 was enacted in 2002. To manage the economic crisis it authorized the forced renegotiation of public service contracts, imposed the conversion of dollar denominated obligations into Argentine pesos at a rate of Ar$ 1 per $ 1 and empowered the Federal Executive Power to implement additional monetary, financial and exchange measures to overcome the economic crisis in the medium term. On December 2007, the effects of Law 25,561 and the emergency measures have been extended until December 31, 2008.
Following this law, the Secretariat of Energy introduced several measures aimed to correct inconsistencies produced by the devaluation and to seek normal activities performance.

 

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The mandatory conversion of prices from dollars to local currency, and the regulatory measures issued by the Government, hindered the transfer of variable costs of generation into the seasonal prices. This discouraged savings in electricity consumption as well as investments to satisfy the increase in demand, including the transmission capacity. In addition, there was a shortage of natural gas supply power plants. As a result, regulations to set prices pursuant to Law 24,065 have not been set enforced.
Resolution 240, enacted in 2003, changed the way to fix spot price, considering that the availability of natural gas is the most important factor affecting system operations, with respect to costs and supply risks. The price fixed by the Secretariat of Energy for sales to the regulated demand was different from the marginal cost. Although dispatch is still made based on actual used fuels, the calculation of the spot price is defined as if all dispatched generation units had adequate natural gas supply, and the water value is not considered if its alternative cost is higher than the cost of generating with natural gas.
This situation has generated credits for generators against the MEM, which lead authorities to the creation of a fund to invest in new capacity within the MEM, called Foninvemem, managed by Cammesa. Consequently, two combined cycle generation plants of 800 MW each, are under construction.
Export and Import of Electricity
In order to give priority to the internal market supply, the Secretariat of Energy adopted additional measures that restricted electricity exports. To that end, Resolution 949/2004 established measures that allowed agents to export and import energy under very restricted measures. These restrictions impeded generators from meeting their export commitments under prior conditions. On December 9, 2005, the Argentine and Brazilian governments signed an agreement to facilitate the operation of export contracts without the imposition of fines for any non-compliance through a transitional period ending December 31, 2008 (MOU). Under the MOU, both countries agreed to take all possible actions to adjust the regulation of electricity exports from Argentina to Brazil for the transition period. In accordance with this agreement, on February 7, 2006, the Secretariat of Energy issued Resolution 161, which established the Transition Regulation for the amendment of the import and export contracts of electricity entered into between Argentina and Brazil.
Foninvemem
The Secretariat of Energy enacted several resolutions to adjust the MEM’s operation to the emergency situation, which, in many cases, modified the criteria and methodology used to determine prices and payment of electricity within the MEM. The Secretariat of Energy Resolution 712/2004 created a fund, called Foninvemem, to generate the necessary investment to increase electricity capacity/generation within the MEM. Foninvemem would receive the credits accrued by the private Generator Agents from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2006. Cammesa was appointed to manage the fund.
On October 2005 Resolution 1,193 was issued pursuant to which all private Generator Agents of the MEM were called to express their irrevocable commitment to manage the construction, operation and maintenance of the electric energy generation plants to be built with the Foninvemem, consisting of two combined cycle generation plants of 800 MW capacity each and an overall consumption of 1600 Kcal/kWh. These power plants will be powered by natural gas or alternative fuels.
Because of the insufficient resources to conclude the construction of the plants, in May 2007 Resolution 564 gathered all private Generator Agents to express their irrevocable commitment to Foninvemem by extending the credits accrued period to December 31, 2007.
Energy Plus Service
The Resolution 1,281/2006 established that the electricity traded in the spot market by generators should be entitled to supply the consumption of distribution company clients. Furthermore, this resolution created the Energy Plus Service, which is the offer of new electricity capacity to supply the growth of electricity demand. The increase in electricity demand is calculated upon the “Base Demand,” which is the demand for electricity in 2005. The Energy Plus Service will be supplied by generators that install new capacity or that offer generation capacity that existed but was not connected to the NIS. All large consumers that, as of November 1, 2006, have a higher demand than their Base Demand, must contract excess demand with the Energy Plus Service. The price of the contracts for Energy Plus Service should be approved by the authorities. The demands that cannot secure an Energy Plus Service contract, may request Cammesa to conduct an auction to satisfy such demand.

 

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The Argentine Federal Government has adopted several measures to promote new investments and to modernize the electricity sector. These measures include carrying out actions to expand natural gas and electric power transport capacity, the implementation of certain projects to the construction of several power plants, and the creation of fiduciary funds to finance these expansions. Law 26,095 of 2006 created specific charges that must be paid by the final users and used to finance of new electricity and gas infrastructure projects.
The Argentine Federal Government enacted some regulations to promote the rational and efficient use of electric power. These measures are: Rational and Efficient Electric Power Use Program, which promotes the need to make rational and efficient use of electric power, and the Hour Adjustment, though the modification of the official time zone for the summer between December 30, 2007 through March 16, 2008.
Trends
The lack of investment in the energy sector, and mainly in electricity power generation, the fixing of transportation and distribution tariffs, and the intervention of the Argentine Federal Government in fixing the electric energy price by way of a subsidy, created a market distortion and a lack of electricity offerings against the constant increase of the demand. Additionally, the growth of electricity generation will still be restricted in 2008 due to the delay in the construction of the Foninvemem plants and in the execution of the natural gas transportation expansions.
Dispatch and Pricing
Law 24,065 defined the electricity dispatch system, which establishes a “marginal cost principle,” in order to provide electricity supply at the lowest cost. The coordination of dispatch operations, the wholesale prices fixation, and the administration of the economic transactions in the MEM are controlled by Cammesa. All generators that are in the pool called Sistema Interconectado de Argentina, Argentine Interconnected System, or SADI, which operates in the MEM. Distribution companies, power traders and large users that have entered into private supply contracts with generation companies pay the contractual price. Large users who contract directly with generators must also pay a toll to distribution companies for the use of their networks.
Electricity prices must be determined under a “marginal cost principle” analogous to the Chilean model to secure electricity supply at the lowest production cost.
Seasonal price is the price paid by distributors for electricity from the pool market and is a fixed price determined every six months by the Secretariat of Energy upon Cammesa’s recommendation, which is based on an evaluation of the supply, demand and available capacity, among other factors. The seasonal price is maintained for at least 90 days.
The spot price is the price paid to generators, or by power traders marketing generation capacity, for energy dispatched under Cammesa’s direction.
The natural gas shortage and the need to secure the internal supply, combined with the thermal electric generators’ difficulties in obtaining financing for acquiring alternative fuels, forced Argentina to enter into an agreement with the Republic of Venezuela on April, 2004, whereby Venezuela agreed to supply fuel to Argentina for a three-year period, which was extended for an additional three-year period. Cammesa executed the corresponding agreements with Petróleos de Venezuela S.A. and was in charge of distributing the imported fuel oil among the generators. Although the fuel oil used was a resource of last resort, the national regulatory policy supported the acquisition of liquid fuel by the electricity energy generators by providing financing from the Stabilization Fund, established by Law 24,064. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the parties also agreed to purchase a fixed volume of fuel oil of instant availability in order to cover any generators’ eventual stock shortages. This is the reason why generators are generally able to buy diesel and fuel at subsidized prices.
Since 2004, the Federal Government has imported natural gas from Bolivia to supply the internal market. On June 29, 2006, Argentina and Bolivia executed an agreement for the Sale of Natural Gas and the Execution of Energy Integration Projects. The agreement has a 20-year term, and Argentina will receive 28 million cubic meters per day of natural gas. Until December 31, 2006 the price was $ 5 per million BTU. The parties have not agreed upon a price for 2007.

 

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One of the measures relating to natural gas in recent years was the creation of the Electronic Gas Market (“MEG”) in February 2004. Through the MEG, the regulatory authorities intend to increase the transparency of physical and commercial operations of the spot market. Supply and the demand natural gas agents trade in the MEG under a spot modality.
Environmental Regulation
The operations of electricity facilities are subject to federal and local environmental laws and regulations, including Ley Nacional No. 24,051, or the Hazardous Waste Law, and its ancillary regulations.
We must comply with certain reporting and monitoring obligations and emission standards. Failure to meet these requirements entitles the government to impose penalties, and in certain cases, cancel our concession agreement or order the suspension of our operations.
Brazil
Industry Structure
Brazil’s electricity industry is organized into one large interconnected electricity system, which is known as the Sistema Interligado Nacional (the “Brazilian NIS”), which comprises most of the regions of Brazil, and several other small, isolated systems.
Generation, transmission and distribution are legally separated activities in Brazil. Non-regulated customers in Brazil are currently those customers who demand 3,000 kWh and choose not to contract with distribution companies.
The electricity industry in Brazil is regulated by the União (Federal Government), acting through the Ministry of Mines and Energy, or MME, which has exclusive authority over the electricity sector. Regulatory policies are implemented by the Agencia Nacional de Energía Elétrica, National Agency of Electric, or Energy, or ANEEL, established pursuant to Law No. 9,427/96.
ANEEL is responsible, on behalf of the União, for among other things: granting and supervising concessions for electricity generation, transmission, trading and distribution, including approval of applications for the setting of tariff rates; supervising, executing and auditing the concessionaire companies; issuing regulations for the electricity sector; granting decisions in order to solve, as an administrative matter, the differences among concessionaires, independent producers, consumers and other industry participants; establishing the criteria to calculate transmission prices; imposing contractual and regulatory penalties; implementing public policies (such as low-income programs) set by the Federal Government; establishing the tariff rate for consumers; managing the process of tariff adjustments; managing the bidding process for the wholesale of energy; managing the concession contracts; and terminating concessions.
Law No. 9,648/98 assigned coordination and supervisory role over the generation and transmission of energy in the system to the Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico, or the ONS, which is a nonprofit private entity in which concession holders, unregulated consumers, the Ministry of Mines and Energy and the board of consumers participate. The ONS is responsible for planning and coordination of the operations and dispatch of electricity in order to optimize the electricity produced in the interconnected systems, supervision and coordination of the operation centers of the electricity systems and definition of rules for the transmission of energy in the interconnected systems.
Law No. 8,631 (1993) establishes that electricity tariffs are expected to reflect operating costs of each company plus a certain return on capital, determined through financial/economic equilibrium. Prices are reviewed and corrected on an annual basis.
Deregulation and Privatization
The Concessions Law (No. 8,987) and the Power Sector Law (No. 9,074), both enacted in 1995, intend to inject competition and to attract private capital into the electricity sector. Since then, several assets owned by the Federal Government of Brazil were privatized.

 

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Independent Power Producers and Self-Producers
The Power Sector Law also introduced the concept of independent power producers, or IPP, in order to open the electricity sector to private investment. IPPs contribute or exchange energy with other self-producers within a consortium, sell excess energy to the local distribution concessionaire, or exchange energy with the local distribution concessionaire.
As part of the former federal government’s attempt to abolish the monopolies enjoyed by most power companies, the Concessions Law also provides that, upon receiving a concession, IPPs, self-producers, suppliers and consumers will be permitted access to the distribution and transmission systems of all concessionaires, provided that the concessionaires are reimbursed for their related costs, as determined by ANEEL.
The power industry was reviewed by the Cardoso administration and underwent additional significant changes, including, but not limited to, restructuring and privatization of assets owned by the Federal Government of Brazil in addition to those which were already privatized (mostly in the distribution area). Such changes resulted in the creation of a more competitive electricity industry.
The prior Federal Government requested recommendations from independent consultants for a restructuring regime in anticipation of the privatization of the Brazilian electricity sector. Such recommendations were contemplated by Law No. 9,648/98 whereby the federal government determined the creation of a Wholesale Energy Market formed by the generation and distribution companies. The price offered at the Wholesale Energy Market for energy contracts is determined according to market conditions, and therefore the spot price derived from the operation of the market system is independent of the contractual relationships of the agents. According to this model, the purchase and sale of electricity was negotiated freely. However, in order to facilitate the transition to this competitive model, the contracts already in effect at the time of the creation of the Wholesale Energy Market (called “Initial Contracts”) were to remain in effect until 2002 and afterward be reduced annually at the rate of 25%. The first bundle of energy was liberalized in January 1, 2003, previously having been auctioned among generation companies in September 2002. The auction had little success, with only 33% of the energy offered successfully auctioned. The lack of interest was due in part to the decline in energy demand in Brazil and in part to consumption pattern changes after rationing, whereby consumers continue to save energy as they were legally required to do during the rationing period.
Former President Cardoso announced a significant restructuring of the Brazilian power industry. Pursuant to Law No. 10,433, enacted in 2002, the Wholesale Energy Market structure changed to be closely regulated and monitored by ANEEL. As a result, ANEEL is now responsible for setting Wholesale Energy Market governance rules. This restructuring seeks to reorganize the electricity system model to allow for continued external investment.
The main objectives of Law No. 10,848/04 are the following: to maintain public service for the production and distribution of electricity to consumers within our concession area, to restructure planning system, to guarantee transparency in the auction and bidding process for public projects, to mitigate the systemic risks, to maintain centralized and coordinated operations of the energy system, to grant universal use and access to electricity throughout Brazil, and to modify the bidding process of public service concessions. According to this law, the Wholesale of Energy Market the Chamber of Commercialization of Energy (“CCEE”) is responsible for the activities of the wholesale of energy market. ANEEL is responsible for setting governance rules to CCEE.
Distribution companies are required to timely contract all their energy demand.
Structure of the New Electricity Sector
The model established pursuant to Laws No. 10,847 and 10,848 seeks to provide cheaper tariffs for consumers and guarantee the expansion of the system, with the Empresa de Pesquisa Energética (Power Research Company), or EPE, a governmental body, as responsible for the planning of generation and transmission activities. This model has defined a free contracting environment and a regulated environment.
In the free contracting environment the conditions for purchasing energy are negotiable between suppliers and their customers. In relation to the regulated environment, where distribution companies operate, the purchase of energy must be executed pursuant to bidding process coordinated by ANEEL.

 

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Pursuant to the model, 100% of the energy demand from distributors must be satisfied through long-term contracts in advance of the expiration of current contracts in the regulated environment.
Another change imposed on the electricity sector is the separation of the bidding process for “existing power” and “new project power.” Power plants that were in existence prior to 2000 are considered “existing power” and those that were developed after 2000 are considered “new power project.” Cachoeira Dourada and CIEN are considered “existing power plants.” The government believes that existing power plants are able to provide power at more competitive prices, and therefore it should give priority in the bidding process to power generated by new project power companies. Under the new electricity sector, this priority will be in the form of more favorable contractual terms. For example, a generator considered new project power is guaranteed a power purchase agreement with a 20-year term if it wins the bidding process, while an existing power is not necessarily even guaranteed participation in the bidding process. Brazil has an excess supply of energy, and therefore existing power generators are adversely affected by the priority given to the new project power.
Additionally, the new model forces the creation of new sector agents, like EPE, bound to the Ministry of Mines and Energy. EPE will have the objective of researching the Brazilian Power Sector Planning. Other new sector agents will be the CCEE, which will be the Wholesale Energy Market’s substitute in contract administration and monitoring contractual warranties; and Comitê de Monitoramento do Setor Elétrico Monitoring Committee of the Electricity Sector or “CMSE,” which will monitor and evaluate the safety and security in the energy supply industry.
Concessions
Concessions are exclusive with respect to generation, transmission and distribution assets. Trading is permitted subject to payment of tolls. Concessions are limited to 35 years in the case of generation and 30 years in the case of transmission or distribution. Concessions may be renewed at the discretion of ANEEL for a period equal to their initial term.
Environmental Regulation
The Brazilian Constitution gives both the federal and state governments power to enact laws designed to protect the environment and to issue regulations under such laws. While the federal government has power to promulgate environmental regulations, state governments have the power to enact more stringent environmental regulations. Most of the environmental regulations in Brazil are thus at the state and local level rather than at the level of the federal government.
Hydroelectric facilities are required to obtain concessions for water use and environmental approvals. Thermal electricity generation, transmission and distribution companies are required to obtain environmental approvals from ANEEL and the environmental regulatory authorities.
Colombia
Two pieces of legislation, both enacted in 1994, regulate the electricity business in Colombia: Law 142 sets the regulatory framework for the supply of public residential services, including electricity, and Law 143 (the “Colombian Electricity Law”) establishes the framework for the generation, commercialization, transmission and distribution of electricity. Law 142 states that the provision of electricity is an essential public service that must be provided by government and private sector entities.
Utility companies are required to ensure continuous and efficient service, facilitate the access of low-income users to subsidies granted by the government, inform users regarding efficient and safe use of the services, protect the environment, allow access and interconnection to other public service companies and large users, cooperate with the authorities in the event of an emergency to prevent damage to users, and report initiation of activities to the proper regulatory commission and the Superintendence of Public Services.
The Colombian Electricity Act sets out the principles for the electricity industry, which are implemented through the resolutions enacted by the Colombian Commission for the Regulation of Energy and Gas (the “CREG”), among other regulatory bodies governing the electricity sector. Such principles are: efficiency — the correct allocation and use of resources and the supply of electricity at minimum cost; quality — compliance with technical requirements; continuity - continuous electricity supply without unjustified interruptions; adaptability – the incorporation of modern technology and administrative systems to promote quality and efficiency; neutrality – impartial treatment to all electricity consumers; solidarity – the provision of funds by higher-income consumers to subsidize the subsistence consumption of lower income consumers; and equity – an adequate and nondiscriminatory supply of electricity to all regions and sectors of the country.

 

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The Colombian Electricity Act regulates the generation, transmission, distribution, and trading (the “Activities”) of electricity. Under the law, any company, domestic or foreign, may undertake any of the Activities. New companies, however, must engage exclusively in one of the Activities. Trading can be combined with either generation or distribution.
The market share for generators and traders is limited.  The limit for generators is 25% of its Firm Energy eligible to receive the reliability charge.  The Reliability Charge pays the ability of a plant to deliver its “Firm Energy,” i.e., the amount of energy in a single year, as defined by the generator, with a 100% certainty.  If the plant is actually unable to provide the Firm Energy, the generator is penalized.  A generator is allowed to have more than 25% of market share, as long as it grows by ways other than mergers and acquisitions.  
Similarly, a trader may not account for more than 25% of the trading activity in the Colombian National Interconnected System (Colombian NIS). Limitations for traders take into account international energy sales.
Such limits are applied to economic groups, including companies that are controlled by, or under common control with, other companies. In addition, generators may not own more than a 25% interest in a distributor, and vice versa. However, this limitation only applies to individual companies and does not preclude cross-ownership by companies of the same corporate group.
A generator, distributor, trader or an integrated company, i.e. a firm combining generation, transmission and distribution activities, cannot own more than 15% of the equity in a transmission company if the latter represents more than 2% of the national transmission business in terms of revenues. A distribution company can have more than 25% of an integrated company’s equity if the market share of the last company is less than 2% of the national generation business. A company created before enactment of Law 143 is banned from merging with another company created after Law 143.
The Ministry of Mines and Energy defines the government’s policy for the energy sector. Other government entities which play an important role in the electricity industry are: Superintendencia de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios, which is in charge of overseeing and inspecting the utility companies; CREG, which is in charge of regulating the energy and gas sectors; and Unidad de Planeación Minera y Energética (Mining and Energy Planning Agency), which is in charge of planning the expansion of the generation and transmission network.
CREG is empowered to issue regulations to govern technical and commercial operations and to set charges for regulated activities. CREG’s main functions are to establish conditions for gradual deregulation of the electricity sector toward an open and competitive market, approve charges for transmission and distribution networks and charges for retailing to regulated customers, establish the methodology for calculating and establishing maximum tariffs for supplying the regulated market, establish regulations for planning and coordination of operations of the Colombian NIS and establish technical requirements for quality, reliability and security of supply and the protection of customers’ rights.
Generation
The generation sector is organized on a competitive basis with companies selling their production on the electricity pool market in a pool known as the Bolsa de Energía or Energy Exchange (the “Bolsa”) at the spot price or by long-term private contracts with other participants and non-regulated users at freely negotiated prices. The Colombian NIS is the system formed by generation plants, the interconnection grid, regional and inter regional transmission lines, distribution lines and electrical loads of users. The spot price is the price paid by the participant in the wholesale market for energy dispatched under the direction of the Dispatch National Center (“CND”). The hourly spot price paid for energy reflects prices offered by generators in the Bolsa and the respective supply and demand conditions.
Generators connected to the Colombian NIS can also receive “reliability payments” which are a result of the firm energy that they provide to the system. The total firm energy requirement of the system is defined by CREG. To receive reliability payments, generators have to participate in firm energy auctions by declaring and certifying their firm energy. Until November 2012, the transition period, the firm energy supply for reliability purposes will be assigned proportionally to the declared firm energy of each generator. Beyond the transition period, the additional firm energy required by the system will be allocated by auctions. The first auction for this period took place in May 6, 2008, where existing generators participated with new generation projects while meeting the established market share limits.

 

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Dispatch and Pricing
The purchase and sale of electricity can take place between generators, distributors acting in their capacity as traders, traders (who do not generate or distribute electricity) and unregulated consumers. There are no restrictions for new entrants into the market as long as the participants comply with the applicable laws and regulations.
The Bolsa facilitates the sale of excess energy that has not been committed under contracts or in spot sales of electricity. In the Bolsa, an hourly spot price for all dispatched units is established based on the offer price of the highest priced generating dispatched unit for that period. The CND receives price bids each day from all the generators participating in the Bolsa. These bids indicate prices and the hourly available capacity for the following day. Based on this information, the CND guided “optimal dispatch” principle (which assumes an infinite transmission capacity through the network), ranks the generators according to their offer price, starting with the lowest bid, and establishing the merit order, on an hourly basis, determining which generator will be dispatched the following day to meet expected demand. The price for all generators is set by the less expensive generator dispatched in each hourly period under the optimal dispatch. This price-ranking system is intended to ensure that national demand, increased by the total amount of energy exported to other countries will be satisfied by the lowest cost combination of available generating units in the country. Additionally, the CND performs the “planned dispatch,” which takes into account the limitations of the network as well as every other condition necessary to meet the energy demands expected for the following day, in a secure, reliable and cost-efficient manner.
If a generator delivers less energy than that assigned by the optimal dispatch, it is charged with the average of the market price and their offer prices. On the other hand, those generators that deliver energy in excess are credited with the difference. The net value of these restrictions is assigned proportionally to all the traders within the Colombian NIS, according to their demands of energy. Some generators have initiated legal proceedings arguing that recognized prices do not cover the costs associated with these restrictions.
Transmission
Transmission companies which operate at least at 220 kV make up the National Transmission System, or NTS. They are required to provide access to third parties on equal conditions and are authorized to collect a tariff for their services. The transmission tariff includes a connection charge that underwrites the cost of operating the facilities, and a usage charge, which applies only to traders.
CREG guarantees an annual fixed income to transmission companies. Income is determined by the new replacement value of the networks and equipment, and by the resulting value of bidding processes awarding new projects for the expansion of the NTS. This value is allocated among the traders of the NTS in proportion to their energy demand.
The expansion of the NTS is conducted according to model expansion plans designed by the Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (Mining and Energy Planning Agency) and pursuant to bidding processes opened to existing transmission companies and new companies, which are handled by the Ministry of Mines and Energy in accordance with the guidelines set by CREG. Accordingly, the construction, operation and maintenance of new projects is awarded to the company that offers the lowest present value of cash flows needed for carrying out the project. Transmission charges are expected to be updated by CREG in 2008.
Distribution
Distribution is defined as the operation of local networks below 220 kV. Any user may have access to a distribution network for which it pays a connection charge. CREG regulates distribution prices that should permit distribution companies to recover costs, including operating, maintenance and capital costs operating efficiently. Distribution charges are set by CREG for each company based on the replacement cost of the existing distribution assets, cost of capital, as well as operational and maintenance costs that vary depending on the voltage level. Distribution charges for the 2008-2012 period are expected to be updated in 2008.

 

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The distribution market is divided into regulated and unregulated customers. Customers in the unregulated market may freely contract for electricity supply directly from a generator or distributor, acting as traders, or from a pure trader. The unregulated customer market consists of customers with a peak demand of more than 0.1 MW or a minimum monthly consumption of 55 MWh, which currently represents about 32% of the market.
Trading
Trading is the resale to end users of electricity purchased in the wholesale market. It may be conducted by generators, distributors or independent agents, which comply with certain requirements. Parties freely agree upon trading prices for unregulated users.
Trading to regulated users is subject to the “regulated freedom regime” under which tariffs are set by each trader using tariff options established by CREG. Tariffs are determined pursuant to a combination of general cost formulas given by CREG and individual trading costs approved by CREG for each trader. Since CREG approves limits on costs, traders in the regulated market may set lower tariffs for economic reasons. Tariffs include, among other things, energy procurement costs, transmission charges, distribution charges and a trading margin that covers the risks of the activity and the return on the investment.
A new tariff formula became effective on February 1, 2008. The main changes in the new formula are the establishment of a fixed monthly charge, and the introduction of reduction costs of non-technical energy losses in the trading charges.
Aiming to improve wholesale price formation, CREG is designing a new energy procurement scheme based on energy auctions called MOR (“Organized Regulated Market”). The schedule for the beginning of auctions is unknown.
Environmental Regulation
Law 99 of 1993 provides the framework for environmental regulation and established the Ministry of the Environment as the authority for determining environmental policies. The Ministry defines issues and executes policies and regulations that focus on the recuperation, conservation, protection, organization, administration and use of renewable resources. Therefore, the use of natural resources or any impact to them as a result of any activity or project will require the issuance of permits and environmental licenses and the establishment of environmental management plans. The law particularly seeks to prevent environmental damage by entities in the energy sector. Any entity planning to undertake projects or activities relating to generation, interconnection, transmission or distribution of electricity which may result in environmental deterioration, must first obtain an environmental license.
According to Law 99, generators are required to contribute to the conservation of the environment by means of a payment for their activities. Hydroelectric power plants which have a total installed nominal capacity above 10,000 kW must pay 6% of their energy sales; thermoelectric plants which have a total installed nominal capacity above 10,000 kW must pay 4% of their energy sales. This payment is made to the municipalities and environmental corporations where these facilities are located.
Peru
Industry Structure
The main regulations of the Peruvian electricity industry are: the Law of Electricity Concessions (Decree Law 25,844) and its ancillary regulations, the Law to Secure the Efficient Development of Electricity Generation (Law 28,832), the Technical Regulation on the Quality of the Electricity Supply (Supreme Decree 020-97), the Electricity Import and Export Regulation (Supreme Decree 049-2005), the Antitrust Law on the Electricity Sector (Law 26,876), the Law 26,734, which regulates the Investments in Energy, in addition to the supplementary Law 27,699 of Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería (Energy and Mining Investment Supervisor Authority) or the OSINERGMIN, the Peruvian regulatory electricity authority, and the regulation for resolution of controversies that arise within this institution. The changes made to the Law of Electricity Concessions by the Law to Secure the “Efficient Development of Electricity Generation” issued in 2006 (hereinafter the “Efficient Development Law”) are mainly related to the implementation of a bids regime for the purchase of energy and capacity by distributors, changes of the transmission legal regime, changes in the structure of the system operator and a change in the regime for access to the spot market.

 

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Some of the characteristics of the regulatory framework are (i) the separation of the three main activities: generation, transmission and distribution; (ii) freedom of prices for the supply of energy in a competitive market conditions; (iii) a system of regulated prices based on the principle of efficiency shared with a bids regime; and (iv) private operation of the interconnected electricity systems subject to the principles of efficiency and quality of service.
There is one interconnected system, the Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Nacional, or the SEIN, and several isolated regional and smaller systems that provide electricity to specific areas.
The main interconnected system is prepared to supply energy across an interconnection transmission line (TIE) to Ecuador, but the commercial and operative agreements are still under negotiation.
The Ministerio de Energía y Minas (Ministry of Energy and Mining) or the MINEM, defines the energy policies, regulates environment matters, and oversees the granting, supervision, maturity and termination of licenses, authorizations and concessions for generation, transmission, and distribution activities.
OSINERGMIN is an autonomous public regulatory entity established in 1996 that controls compliance with legal and technical regulations related to electrical and hydrocarbon activities, compliance of the obligations stated in the concession contracts, as well as the preservation of the environment in connection with the development of these activities. OSINERGMIN’s Tariff Regulatory Bureau (Gerencia Adjunta de Regulación Tarifaria) has the authority to publish the regulated tariffs. The Comité de Operación Económica del Sistema (Committee of the Economic Operation of the System) or the COES, coordinates the operation and dispatch of electricity of the SEIN and prepares the technical and financial study that serves as a basis for the annual busbar tariff calculations. With the enactment of Law 28,832, COES includes as members the generation, transmission and distribution companies, as well as users with a capacity need higher than 1 MW, the threshold for non-regulated customers. Before this law was enacted, only generation and transmission companies were part of it.
In October 1997, technical standards were established in order to compare the quality and conditions of the service provided by electricity companies. In October 1999, companies which did not meet the minimum quality standards were subject to fines and penalties imposed by OSINERGMIN, as well as compensation to customers who had received deficient service.
To manage the congestion in a certain sector of the SEIN, the government has adopted extraordinary measures. Urgency Decree 046-2007 of November 2007, established that until December 31, 2010, if the transmission facilities are saturated, the COES should order the operation of any unit, regardless of the principle of efficiency. Operation costs of such units of generation will not be considered to determine the marginal costs.
Dispatch and Pricing
Customers with a capacity demand of less than 1 MW are considered regulated customers, and the supply of their energy is defined as a public service. Nevertheless, according to the First Complementary Disposition of Law 28,832, regulated customers whose annual demand is within the demand limits to be defined by the Complementary Disposition, will be able to choose to be unregulated customers. Since 1999, capacity payment is determined in relation to a fixed guaranteed component based on the efficiency of each plant and a variable component dependent on the level of dispatch of each plant.
Law 28,832 approved a change in the access to the spot market, which was previously only limited to generation and distribution companies. In addition, large-volume unregulated users with a contracted capacity in excess of 10 MW will have access to the spot market. The terms of such access will be defined in a regulation that is expected to be enacted during 2008.
In December 2006, Urgency Decree 035 established specific legal provisions to solve contingencies caused by the lack of electricity supply contracts. Generators were not billing distributors without supply contracts for their withdrawals because they assumed that the amounts were not being correctly assigned by the COES. This Decree 035 allowed Edegel to collect the debt originated during 2006 for the non-contracted withdrawal of energy. In addition, Edegel was assigned with less energy than was originally allocated by COES at busbar prices. The balance was measured at marginal cost.

 

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As explained before, on January 3, 2008, Law No. 29,179 was enacted to regulate the mechanism to ensure the supply of electricity to the regulated market described in the Efficient Development Law.
Transmission
Transmission lines are divided into principal and secondary systems. The principal system lines are accessible to all generators and allow electricity to be delivered to all customers. The transmission concessionaire receives an annual fixed income and receives tariff revenues and connection tolls reflecting a charge per kW. The secondary system lines are accessible to all generators, but are used to serve only certain customers who are responsible for making payments related to their use of the system.
The Efficient Development Law contains important changes to the transmission framework. The objective of this new regulation is to encourage new investments in transmission. Taking into account the increase in energy demand in Peru and the new investments in generation, new investments in transmission will be necessary to allow the transmission of energy throughout the SEIN.
Distribution Pricing
The Efficient Development Law establishes a bidding regime for the acquisition of energy and capacity by distributors establishing a mechanism to determine prices during the life of a contract. The approval of this mechanism is important to generators, because it establishes a mechanism for determining price for the duration of a contract that is not fixed by the regulator.
Consequently, sales to distribution companies for resale to regulated customers must be made at busbar prices (analogous to node prices in Chile) set by OSINERGMIN or at fixed prices determined by the auctions. Since 2005, the busbar prices for capacity and energy are published annually. Busbar prices are the maximum prices for electricity purchased by distribution companies that can be transferred to regulated customers, except in the case of contracts entered into as a result of a public bid, where the prices that will be transferred to regulated customers will be the price defined in the auction.
The electricity tariff for a customer of the electricity public service (regulated clients) includes charges for capacity and energy for generation and transmission (busbar prices) and for the VAD (value added by distribution), which considers a regulated return over capital investments, operating and maintenance fixed charges and a standard percentage for energy distribution losses.
The first auctions took place in December 2006. As a result, almost all of the demand for 2007 was successfully covered by supply contracts. The demand for 2008, 2009 and 2010 has been partially covered by such bids. Therefore, new bids must be carried out by distribution companies in order to cover the corresponding balance for such years and not be subject to the penalties stated by the new regulations.
Concessions
A concession for electricity generation activity is required when a power plant has an installed capacity in excess of 20 MW.
An authorization for electricity generation activity is required when either a thermoelectric power plant has an installed capacity of 500 kW or a hydroelectric or geothermal power plant has an installed capacity between 500 kW and 20 MW.
A concession for electricity generation activity is an agreement between the generator and MINEM, while an authorization is merely a unilateral permit granted by the Ministry. Authorizations and concessions are granted by the Ministry for an unlimited period of time, although its termination is subject to the same considerations and requirements as the termination of a concession under the procedures set forth in the Law of Electrical Concessions and its regulations and amendments.

 

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Cogeneration Regulation
Supreme Decree 037/2006 establishes the basic rules for the use of the energy produced as a result of any industrial activity, i.e., cogeneration plants. They are eligible to be part of the COES and commercialize their energy in the SEIN. Cogeneration is the simultaneous generation of heat and power, in a single thermodynamic process.
Environmental Regulation
The environmental legal framework applicable to energy related activities in Peru is set forth in the Environmental Law (Law 28,611) and in the Regulation for Environmental Protection regarding Electricity Activities (Supreme Decree 029-94-EM). The MINEM dictates the specific environmental legal dispositions for the activities within the electricity industry, and the OSINERGMIN is in charge of supervising their application and implementation. According to the Environmental Law, the National Environment Council is the government agency in charge of (i) designing the general environmental policies to every productive activity and (ii) establishing the main guidelines of the different government agencies on their specific environmental sector regulations.
C. Organizational structure
The following information sets out a brief description of Endesa Chile’s most important subsidiaries for the period covered by this report.
Endesa Costanera (Argentina)
Endesa Costanera is a publicly traded electricity generation company in Buenos Aires, Argentina, with 2,324 MW of total installed capacity in Buenos Aires, including two turbines with an aggregate of 1,465 MW capacity in oil- and gas-fired plants, and a 859 MW capacity natural gas combined-cycle facility. The company was acquired from the Argentine government after the privatization of Servicios Eléctricos del Gran Buenos Aires S.A. in 1992, when Endesa Chile acquired a 24% interest. Endesa Chile subsequently increased its total ownership at different moments, and recently increased its beneficial interest from 64.3% to 69.8% in February 2007.
El Chocón (Argentina)
El Chocón is an electricity generation company, incorporated in Argentina, located between the Neuquén and Río Negro provinces in southern Argentina (the Comahue Zone). It has two hydroelectric power stations with an aggregate installed capacity of 1,320 MW. A 30-year concession was granted by the Argentine government to our subsidiary, Hidroinvest S.A., which bought 59.0% of the shares in July 1993 during the privatization process. Endesa Chile operates El Chocón for a fee pursuant to an operating agreement with a term equal to the duration of the concession, which expires in 2023. In March 2007, Endesa Chile increased its ownership interest from 44.8% to 65.37%.
Endesa Eco (Chile)
On April 18, 2005, Endesa Chile created a subsidiary called Endesa Eco S.A., whose objectives are to promote and development of renewable energy projects such as mini-hydro, eolic, geo-thermal, solar and biomass power plants and to act as the depositary and trader of emission reduction certificates obtained by these projects. Endesa Eco is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Endesa Chile.
Pehuenche (Chile)
Pehuenche, a generation company connected to the SIC, owns three hydroelectric facilities south of Santiago in the high-rainfall hydrological basin of the Maule River, with a total installed capacity of 699 MW. The 570 MW Pehuenche plant started operations in 1991; the 89 MW Curillinque plant started in 1993; and the 40 MW Loma Alta plant started operating in 1997. Endesa Chile holds 92.7% of the share capital.

 

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Pangue (Chile)
Pangue was incorporated to build and operate the 467 MW installed capacity hydroelectric power station in the Bío-Bío River. The first unit started operations in 1996, while the second unit started operations in 1997. Endesa Chile holds 95% of Pangue’s share capital.
Celta (Chile)
Celta is incorporated in Chile and was formed in 1995 to build and operate the 158 MW coal-fired and the 24 MW gas/fuel thermal plants in the SING. Celta is wholly-owned by Endesa Chile.
San Isidro (Chile)
San Isidro was incorporated in Chile in 1996 to build and operate a 379 MW combined-cycle thermal plant in Quillota, in the Fifth Region. The plant began commercial operations in 1998. A 220 kV transmission line of 9 kilometers was built to connect this thermal plant to the SIC. This transmission system is owned by Transquillota Ltda., in which San Isidro has a 50% interest. In April 2007 the expansion of San Isidro (San Isidro II) started operations with 248 MW capacity in open cycle. In January 2008 the combined cycle of San Isidro II was finished with 353 MW. By July 2009 the project is expected to operate at 379 MW using LNG. San Isidro is wholly-owned by Endesa Chile.
Ingendesa (Chile)
Ingendesa is a multi-disciplinary engineering company founded in 1990. Its purpose is to provide engineering services, project management and related services in Chile and abroad. The company offers civil, mechanical and electrical engineering, metallurgy, architecture and environmental services. Ingendesa is wholly-owned by Endesa Chile.
Emgesa (Colombia)
Emgesa has a total installed generating capacity of 2,829 MW. On September 1, 2007 Central Hidroeléctrica Betania S.A. E.S.P. and EMGESA S.A. E.S.P. were merged into Betania, and then Betania changed its name to EMGESA S.A. E.S.P.
On March 2, 2006, Emgesa purchased the assets of Termocartagena (202 MW), through a public tender process. On September 15, 1997, Central Hidroeléctrica Betania, through its subsidiary Inversiones Betania S.A. and in association with Endesa Desarrollo S.A. of Spain, was awarded control of the generation company Emgesa through the company Capital de Energía S.A. (“CESA”), with 48.5% of the shares. On January 30, 2006, due to a company restructuring, the company CESA ceased to exist. Empresa de Energía de Bogotá S.A. has a direct participation in Emgesa of 51.5%. Endesa Chile’s indirect ownership in Emgesa is 26.9%.
Edegel (Peru)
Edegel is an electricity generation company, acquired by Endesa Chile in 1995. It currently owns seven hydroelectric plants (Huinco, Matucana, Callahuanca, Moyopampa, Huampani, Yanango and Chimay) and two thermal plants (Santa Rosa and Ventanilla), with a combined installed capacity of 1,468 MW. In 2000, Edegel completed the construction of two hydroelectric plants, Yanango (43 MW) and Chimay (151 MW), and a 220 kV transmission line linking both plants to the Peruvian system. In June 2006, Endesa Chile in Peru concluded the merger of Edegel and Empresa de Generación Termoelectrica Ventanilla S.A. (“Etevensa”), a 493 MW thermoelectric generation company. As a result of the merger, Endesa Chile’s beneficial ownership in Edegel decreased from 37.9% to 33.1%. Endesa Chile has a 55.4% economic interest in Edegel through its subsidiary Generandes Peru S.A.

 

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Selected Related Companies
CEMSA (Argentina)
CEMSA is responsible for trading electricity. As of the date of this report, Endesa Chile has an indirect ownership holding in CEMSA of 45%. CEMSA’s other shareholder is Endesa Spain CEMSA is incorporated in Argentina.
Electrogas (Chile)
Electrogas was constituted in 1996. This company offers natural gas transportation services to the Fifth Region in Chile, especially to the San Isidro and Nehuenco combined-cycle plants at Quillota. Endesa Chile has a beneficial interest of 42.5% share in this company. The other shareholders are Colbún S.A. and ENAP.
GasAtacama (Chile)
Endesa Chile has a 50% total ownership interest in GasAtacama. As of 2007, Southern Cross Latin America Private Equity Fund III, L.P. had the remaining 50% ownership interest. Subsidiaries of this holding company are Gasoducto Atacama Chile S.A., Gasoducto Atacama Argentina S.A. and GasAtacama Generación, which are involved in electricity generation and natural gas transportation.
Gasoducto Atacama (Chile)
Gasoducto Atacama was constituted in Chile, with the purpose of transporting natural gas both within Chile and abroad, including the construction and placement of pipelines and any other related activities. The company owns the Chilean side of a natural gas pipeline that can transport up to 8.5 million cubic meters of gas daily from northern Argentina to Mejillones in Chile, which started supplying gas to the SING in July 1999, and also owns an extension of this pipeline from Mejillones to Taltal in Chile, which was added in 2000, allowing Endesa Chile’s 245 MW Taltal thermal power plant to be commissioned the same year, supplying electricity to the SIC.
The company Gasoducto Atacama Compañía Limitada changed its name to Gasoducto Atacama Chile Limitada in 2002, and changed again in 2003 to Gasoducto Atacama Chile S.A. Endesa Chile has a 50% indirect ownership share in Gasoducto Atacama, and accounts for it as an equity investee.
GasAtacama Generación (Chile)
The purpose of this company, incorporated in Chile, is to generate, transmit, purchase, distribute and sell electric energy in the SING. It owns and operates two combined-cycle power plants that together have 780 MW of installed generation capacity.
Endesa Brasil (Brazil)
Jointly with Endesa Internacional, a subsidiary of Endesa Spain, Enersis and Chilectra, which have contributed their respective assets in Brazil, we have formed a holding company called Endesa Brasil, creating one of the largest private electricity entities in the Brazilian market. Endesa Brasil was incorporated in Brazil in 2005 to capitalize on the growing opportunities in the Brazilian market. Endesa Chile held 37.9% of Endesa Brasil at the time of incorporation, through which its subsidiaries Edegel and Compañía Eléctrica Cono Sur contributed their assets in Cachoeira Dourada (92.5%), CIEN (45%), CTM (45%) and TESA (45%). As a consequence of the merger between Edegel and Etevensa, Endesa Chile’s share in Edegel decreased from 37.9% to 33.1%, reducing Endesa Chile’s ownership in Endesa Brasil through Edegel and consequently reducing total beneficial interest of Endesa Chile in Endesa Brasil to 37.7%.
The purpose of this company is to generate, transmit, purchase, distribute and sell electricity energy in Brazil. It owns and operates a 322 MW combined cycle generating plant, Fortaleza, which is located 50 kilometers from the capital of the Brazilian State of Ceará and which began commercial operations in 2003. It also owns a run-of-the-river hydraulic power plant, Cachoeira Dourada, with 665 MW of installed generation capacity, located in the state of Goias, south of Brasilia. In the transmission sector, Endesa Brasil owns two transmission lines which operate in Brazil in the transportation of electricity between Argentina and Brazil through two 1,000 MW interconnection lines.

 

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Additionally, it owns two distribution companies: Ampla and Coelce. Ampla, one of the largest electricity distribution companies in the State of Rio de Janeiro, is principally engaged in the distribution of electricity to 66 municipalities of the State of Rio de Janeiro and serves 2.4 million customers in a concession area of 32,054 square kilometers, where an estimated 8.0 million people live. Coelce is the sole electricity distributor in the State of Ceará in northeastern Brazil and serves over 2.7 million customers within a concession area of 148,825 square kilometers.
The following table sets forth the main subsidiaries and affiliates of Endesa Chile and the percentage of each subsidiary and affiliates owned by Endesa Chile:
Percentage of Economic Interest in each Operational Subsidiary and Related Company per Country
SUBSIDIARIES (as of December 31, 2007)
                         
                    ENGINEERING    
GENERATION                   SERVICES   INFRASTRUCTURE
Argentina   Brazil   Chile   Colombia   Peru   Chile   Chile
Endesa
Costanera
   69.76%
El Chocón
   65.37%
      Pehuenche
92.65%
Pangue
94.99% (1)
Celta
100%
San Isidro
100%
Endesa Eco
100%
  Emgesa
26.87% (4)
  Edegel
33.06% (3)
  Ingendesa 100%   Túnel El Melón 100%
 
                       
Related Companies                    
 
                       
CEMSA
45%
  Endesa
Brasil (2)
37.65%
  GasAtacama 50%
Electrogas 42.5%
Gasoducto Atacama
Chile 50%
Gasoducto Atacama
Argentina 50%
Gasoducto Taltal 50%
Transquillota 50%
HidroAysén 51%
               
 
     
(1)   Endesa Internacional, a subsidiary of Endesa Spain, has a 5.01% shareholding in Pangue.
 
(2)   The economic interest in Endesa Brasil decreased from 37.85% as of December 2005 to 37.65% at December 2006 as a consequence of the reduction in the indirect share of Endesa Chile in Edegel due to the merger of Edegel and Etevensa.
 
(3)   In June 2006, Edegel and Empresa de Generacion Termoelectrica Ventanilla S.A. (“Etevensa”), a 493 MW thermoelectric generation company, merged.
 
(4)   On September 1, 2007 Central Hidroeléctrica Betania S.A. E.S.P. and EMGESA S.A. E.S.P merged into Betania and then Betania changed its name to EMGESA S.A. E.S.P.
We constantly evaluate potential asset reorganizations with the purpose of optimizing operating, financing and tax considerations. This was the purpose of the recent transaction in Colombia. The goal of the Colombian reorganization was to achieve generation and financial synergies through the merger of Emgesa and Betania, which had 2,239 MW and 541 MW of installed capacity, respectively.

 

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The following table shows, as of December 31, 2007, Endesa Chile’s direct and indirect economic interests in all its companies:
         
(ENDESA CHILE LOGO)   ENDESA CHILE
As of DECEMBER 31, 2007
  (ENDESA CHILE LOGO)
(FLOW CHART)

 

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D. Property, Plant and Equipment
Endesa Chile’s main properties in Chile are its 25 electricity generation facilities detailed below, in addition to its 27,793 square meter headquarters in Santiago.
A substantial portion of Endesa Chile’s cash flow and net income is derived from the sale of electricity produced by its electricity generation facilities. Significant damage to one or more of Endesa Chile’s main electricity generation facilities or interruption in the production of electricity, whether as a result of an earthquake, flood, volcanic activity or other cause, would have a material adverse effect on Endesa Chile’s operations. Endesa Chile insures all of its electricity generation facilities against damage due to earthquakes, fires, floods and other similar occurrences and from damage due to third-party actions, based on the appraised value of the facilities as determined from time to time by an independent appraiser. Based on geological, hydrological and engineering studies, Endesa Chile’s management believes that the risk of an event with a material adverse effect is remote. Claims under Endesa Chile’s insurance policies are subject to customary deductibles and other conditions. Endesa Chile also maintains business interruption insurance providing for coverage for failure of any of its facilities for a period of up to 18 months, commencing after the deductible period.
Endesa Chile also consolidates revenues from generating companies in Argentina, Colombia and Peru, which involve a total of 25 generation power plants detailed below, which together with the plants in Chile aggregate to a total of 50 power plants. The insurance coverage taken abroad is approved by the management of each company, taking into account the quality of the insurance companies and the needs, conditions and risk evaluations of each generating facility, and is based on general corporate guidelines.
All insurance policies are purchased from reputable international insurers. The Company continuously monitors the insurance industry market in order to obtain what it believes to be the most commercially reasonable coverage and premiums available on the market.
The following table identifies the power plants that Endesa Chile owns, at the end of each year, and their basic characteristics:
                                 
Country/Company   Power Plant Name   Power Plant Type (1)   2005     2006     2007  
                  MW(2)        
Argentina
                               
Endesa Costanera
  Total         2,304       2,319       2,324  
 
  Costanera Steam   Steam Turbine/Natural                        
 
     Turbine      Gas+ Fuel Oil     1,131       1,138 (3)     1,138  
 
  Costanera Combined   Combined Cycle/Natural                        
 
     Cycle II      Gas+Diesel Oil     851       859 (3)     859  
 
  Central Buenos Aires                            
 
     (CBA)                            
 
  Combined Cycle I   Combined Cycle/Natural Gas     322       322       327(4 )
 
                               
El Chocón
  Total         1,320       1,320       1,320  
 
  Chocón   Reservoir     1,200       1,200       1,200  
 
  Arroyito   Pass Through     120       120       120  
 
                         
Total Capacity in Argentina
            3,624       3,639       3,644  
 
                               
Brazil (5)
                               
Cachoeira Dourada
  Cachoeira Dourada   Pass Through                  
 
                         
Total Capacity in Brazil
                           
 
                               
Chile
                               
Endesa Chile
  Total         2,754       2,754       3,034  
 
  Total Hydroelectric         2,254       2,254       2,286  
 
  Rapel   Reservoir     377       377       377  
 
  Cipreses   Reservoir     106       106       106  
 
  El Toro   Reservoir     450       450       450  
 
  Los Molles   Pass Through     18       18       18  

 

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Country/Company   Power Plant Name   Power Plant Type (1)   2005     2006     2007  
                  MW(2)        
 
  Sauzal   Pass Through     77       77       77  
 
  Sauzalito   Pass Through     12       12       12  
 
  Isla   Pass Through     68       68       68  
 
  Antuco   Pass Through     320       320       320  
 
  Abanico   Pass Through     136       136       136  
 
  Ralco   Reservoir     690       690       690  
 
  Palmucho   Pass Through                 32 (6)
 
  Total Thermal         500       500       748  
 
  Huasco   Steam Turbine/Coal     16       16       16  
 
  Bocamina   Steam Turbine/Coal     128       128       128  
 
  Diego de Almagro (7) Gas Turbine/ Diesel Oil 47       47       47  
 
  Huasco   Gas Turbine/IFO 180 Oil 64       64       64  
 
  Taltal   Gas Turbine/Natural Gas/ Diesel Oil (8)     245       245       245  
 
  San Isidro II   Gas Turbine/ Diesel Oil             248 (9)
Pehuenche
  Total         695       695       699  
 
  Pehuenche   Reservoir     566       566       570 (4)
 
  Curillinque   Pass Through     89       89       89  
 
  Loma Alta   Pass Through     40       40       40  
Pangue
  Pangue   Reservoir     467       467       467  
San Isidro
  San Isidro   Combined Cycle /Natural Gas+Diesel Oil     379       379       379  
Celta
  Total         182       182       182  
 
  Tarapacá   Steam Turbine/Coal     158       158       158  
 
  Tarapacá   Gas Turbine/Diesel Oil 24       24       24  
Endesa Eco
  Canela   Wind Farm                 18 (10)
 
                         
Total Capacity in Chile
            4,477       4,477       4,779  
 
                               
Colombia
                               
Emgesa
  Total         2,116       2,238       2,829 (11)
 
  Guavio   Reservoir     1,164       1,163       1,213 (12)
 
  Paraíso   Reservoir     276       276       276  
 
  La Guaca   Pass Through (13)     325       325       325  
 
  Termozipa   Steam Turbine/Coal     235       236       236  
 
  Cartagena (14)   Steam Turbine/ Natural Gas + Diesel Oil           142       142  
 
  Minor plants (15)   Pass Through     116       96       96  
 
  Betania (11)   Reservoir                     541  
Betania (11)
  Betania   Reservoir     541       541          
 
                         
Total Capacity in Colombia
            2,657       2,779       2,829  
 
                               
Peru
                               
Edegel
  Total         969       1,426       1,469  
 
  Huinco   Pass Through     247       247       247  
 
  Matucana   Pass Through     129       129       129  
 
  Callahuanca   Pass Through     75       75       80 (16)
 
  Moyopampa   Pass Through     65       65       65  
 
  Huampani   Pass Through     30       30       30  
 
  Yanango   Pass Through     43       43       43  
 
  Chimay   Pass Through     151       151       151  
 
  Santa Rosa   Gas Turbine/Diesel Oil 229       229       231 (4)
 
  Ventanilla (17)   Combined Cycle/Natural Gas           457       493 (18)
 
                         
Total Capacity in Peru
            969       1,426       1,469  
 
                         
Total Endesa Chile
            11,727       12,320       12,721  
 
                         
 
     
(1)   Reservoir and pass-through refer to a hydroelectric plant that uses a dam or a river, respectively, to move the turbines which generate electricity.
 
  “Steam” refers to the technology of a thermal power plant that uses either natural gas, coal, diesel or fuel oil to produce steam which moves the turbines to generate the electricity.
 
  “Gas Turbine” (GT) or “Open Cycle” refers to the technology of a thermal power plant that uses either diesel or natural gas to produce gas that moves the turbines to generate the electricity.
 
  “Combined Cycle” refers to the technology of a thermal power plant that uses either natural gas, diesel oil or fuel oil to generate gas that moves the turbines to generate electricity then recuperates the gas that escapes from that process to generate steam to move another turbine.
 
  “Wind Farm” refers to the technology that transforms the kinetic energy of wind into electricity.
 
(2)   Installed capacity defined as the maximum MW capacity of generation units, under specific technical conditions and characteristics, in most cases confirmed by satisfaction guarantee tests performed by equipment suppliers certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas. Figures may differ from installed capacity declared to regulating authorities and customers in each country, according to criteria defined by each authority and corresponding contractual frameworks.

 

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(3)   Certified by Bureau Veritas in 2006.
 
(4)   Certified by Bureau Veritas in 2007.
 
(5)   Cachoeira Dourada was a subsidiary of Endesa Chile until September 30, 2005, when it became a subsidiary of Endesa Brasil.
 
(6)   The Palmucho plant began commercial operations on November 28, 2007.
 
(7)   Includes one additional unit of Diego de Almagro (23 MW), which Endesa Chile has rented from Codelco since 2001.
 
(8)   One of two generation units of Tal Tal may use diesel as an alternative to natural gas.
 
(9)   San Isidro II plant began commercial operations in open cycle on April 23, 2007.
 
(10)   Canela plant (wind farm) began its commercial operation on December 27, 2007
 
(11)   During 2007, Emgesa and Betania merged and Emgesa added Betania to its generation assets.
 
(12)   On February 12, 2007, the five units of the Guavio plant were repowered (240 MW each).
 
(13)   Operates in series with Paraíso.
 
(14)   Purchased in 2006. Figure represents capacity value for units 1 and 3. Unit 2 is under overhaul and recovery of capacity.
 
(15)   Minor plants are registered with a total capacity of 96.1 MW. At December 31, 2007 Emgesa owned and operated five minor plants: Charquito, El Limonar, La Tinta, Tequendama and La Junta. On January 1, 2006, the minor plant San Antonio (19.5 MW) was withdrawn from the NIS.
 
(16)   On February 13, 2007, the Callahuanca plant was repowered.
 
(17)   During 2006, Edegel and Etevensa merged and Edegel added Ventanilla to its generation assets.
 
(18)   On October 31, 2007, the regulator notified maximum capacity with additional fire of the Ventanilla plant.
In addition to generation power plants, Endesa Chile owns other assets whose amount is not significant, such as transmission assets in Peru and Túnel El Melón in Chile. These assets altogether represent less than 1% of the value of Endesa Chile’s total consolidated assets.
Environmental Issues
The electricity industry is subject to extensive environmental regulations that require environmental impact studies before future projects can be approved. Endesa Chile’s subsidiaries have always included the environmental regulations of the various jurisdictions in which they operate when planning their investment projects. During 2007, the Company received the environmental approval of the Chilean projects Canela Wind Farm Expansion (8.3 MW), Bocamina II Thermoelectric Power Plant (370 MW) and Diesel Use in Unit 1 of Taltal Thermoelectric Power Plant.
During 2000, Endesa Chile defined, within its environmental strategy, specific goals for generation assets under the international standard ISO 14,001. By December 2007, the Company has received certification of 97% of its installed capacity in South America.

 

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During 2007, Endesa Chile advanced in the achievement of this objective, certifying one power plant installation in Perú (Ventanilla thermoelectric power plant, 492.7 MW), receiving certifications for 88% of total generation assets, representing 44 of its 50 generation facilities, which produced 93% of the Company’s total annual electricity generation in 2007.
For 2008, the Company plans to certify under ISO 14,001 four additional plants located in Chile, which would place us at 94% of total asset generation certification equal to 99% of the Company’s total installed capacity. There is an operating expense associated with these certifications. For additional details, see Note 31 to our audited consolidated financial statements included herein.
Investment Projects Completed during 2007
Chile. Palmucho Hydroelectric Power Plant
This project consists of a pass-through power plant of 32 MW, which benefits from the ecological flow imposed to the Ralco Dam (27 m3/s) and is immediately released under the wall of the dam. It started operations in November 2007.
Chile. San Isidro Power Plant Expansion Project
This project consists of the installation of a CCGT (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine) of 379 MW located next to San Isidro, Valparaíso Region. The Project has three stages of development:
    Stage 1: Operation of gas turbine as an open cycle using diesel (248 MW). Commercial operations started on April 23, 2007.
 
    Stage 2: Operation of gas turbine as a combined cycle using diesel, reaching 353 MW. In December 2007 San Isidro 2 synchronized as combined-cycle. The steam unit began commercial operations in January 2008.
 
    Stage 3 (2009, depending on the arrival of LNG): Operation of gas turbine as a combined-cycle using LNG.
Chile. Canela Wind Generation Project
The Canela project, developed by Sociedad Generadora Eólica Canela S.A., is the first wind-turbine generating farm connected to the Chilean SIC. It is located in the Canela Baja district, province of Choapa, Coquimbo Region, and has 11 wind generators, totaling 18 MW. Operation started in November 2007.
Chile. Concón Lo Venecia Oil Pipeline.
This project, developed by Electrogas, involved the installation of an oil pipeline to transport diesel fuel from the Concón Refinery to the electricity power plants of Colbún , San Isidro and Endesa Chile (nearly 1,600 MW) located in Lo Venecia, district of Quillota. It started operation in June 2007.
Projects under Construction
Chile. Ojos de Agua Project
This project consists of the construction of a mini-hydro plant in Chile’s Maule Region, which benefits from water leaks from lake La Invernada to power a turbogenerator of approximately 9 MW. This project is being developed by Endesa Eco.
During 2007, the excavation of the adduction tunnel was completed and the assembly of the electrical-mechanical equipment began. Start-up is planned for the first half of 2008.
Chile. Bocamina Plant Expansion, Second Unit
Located in the district of Coronel, Bío-Bío Region. This project benefits from the existing harbor services, as well as some auxiliary facilities of the present unit, built for coal storing and ashes disposal. This second unit will use pulverized coal and its installed capacity is estimated to be 370 MW.

 

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On June 2007, Endesa Chile issued the notice to proceed for the turnkey supply contract to the Maire-SES-Tecnimont consortium. On September, excavations began for the platform construction and in December the placement of platform piles began in addition to the manufacture of structures for the boiler.
In December, an agreement was signed with Transelec for the construction of the connection line to the SIC, from Bocamina to the Hualpén substation.
Start-up of the project is planned for 2010.
Chile. Conversion to diesel TG Taltal
On June 28, 2007, the board of Endesa Chile approved the conversion to diesel of Taltal power plant unit 1, capable of operating only on natural gas.
During 2007, a turnkey purchase order was delivered to General Electric, and the Enviromental Impact Declaration was approved, starting the civil works.
As of December 31, 2007, all the purchase orders were in place and the aspects in connection with reception and oil feeding were resolved, as well as the civil works for piping installation and improvements in the cooling water system as a consequence of additional heat release requirements.
The modification works were performed during January and February 2008, and the unit started using diesel in March 2008.
Chile. LNG Receiving Terminal at Quintero, Región de Valparaíso
The private company GNL Quintero S.A. owned by British Gas, or BG, (40%), ENAP (20%), Metrogas (20%) and Endesa Chile (20%) was incorporated on March 9, 2007 under the laws of the Republic of Chile. GNL Quintero intends to develop, build, finance, own and operate an LNG regasification facility at Quintero Bay whereby LNG will be unloaded, stored and regasified.
On May 31, 2007, the shareholders of GNL Quintero executed the Final Investment Decision agreement for the project, subscribing all necessary commercial agreements at the same act. These agreements included, among others: shareholders’ agreement for the company; LNG supply agreement with BG as seller; regasified gas agreements with ENAP, Metrogas and Endesa Chile as buyers; and terminal use agreement with GNL Quintero as provider of the service.
Currently, the project is under construction by Chicago Bridge & Iron, acting as EPC contractor. The commercial operation of the facility is guaranteed by the EPC contractor, with a first stage of 6 million m3/d in 2009 and final LNG send out capacity of 9.6 million m3/d (2.5 mtpa) and two 160,000 m3 full containment LNG tanks in 2010.
Argentina. Manuel Belgrano Power Plant Project
Power plant project being developed by Termoeléctrica Manuel Belgrano S.A., related to Endesa Chile through its subsidiaries, Endesa Costanera and El Chocón.
This project consists of the installation of a CCGT (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine) of 823 MW located next to Campana, 80 km from Buenos Aires.
During 2007, the gas turbine foundations and the manufacturing of the main equipment were completed. As of December 31, 2007 the two gas turbines were on the site, as well as their generation units and the transformer.
The start-up date for the first machine was March 2008. Commercial operations for the combined cycle are expected in the first half of 2009.

 

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Argentina. José de San Martín Power Plant Project
This power plant project is developed by Termoeléctrica José de San Martín S.A., related to Endesa Chile through its subsidiaries, Endesa Costanera and El Chocón.
This project consists of the installation of a CCGT of 823 MW located in Timbúes, 35 km north of Rosario.
During 2007, the project progressed with an 11% delay in relation to the initial schedule.
The start-up date for the first gas turbine is expected to be in the first half of 2008. The start-up date for the second gas turbine is expected for the second half of 2008. The commercial starting of the combined cycle is expected for the second half of 2009.
Peru. Santa Rosa Thermal Plant Expansion Project
This project consists of the expansion of the Santa Rosa 227 MW thermal plant in the city of Lima by the construction of a gas turbine in open cycle. The new unit will have a capacity of approximately 188 MW and will use natural gas from Camisea as its fuel. In 2007, the tender process was begun for the EPC construction contract and the environmental impact assessment was submitted for approval. Start-up is planned for December 2009.
Projects under Development
Endesa Chile continuously analyzes different growth opportunities in the countries in which it participates, including the following:
Chile. Quintero Power Plant
The construction of a thermal plant consisting of two gas turbines of approximately 125 MW each, capable of operating with diesel and natural gas. For its connection to the SIC, a 1x220 kV line approximately 40 km long will be built between Quintero and the San Luis de Transquillota substation.
During July 2007 the project’s environmental impact assessment was submitted to the environmental impact evaluation system together with a request for provisional authorization. On September 28, the contract was signed for the supply, assembly, testing and start-up of the plant’s electrical-mechanical equipment with GE Power. Start-up is planned for the first half of 2009.
Chile. Los Cóndores Project
The project is located in the Maule river basin, in Chile’s Seventh Region. The project consists of the construction of a hydroelectric power station of 150 MW that would directly receive the water flows from the Maule Lake, using existing intake and new concrete pipe 4 km long and 9 km long tunnels. On June 5, 2007 the project was submitted to the environmental impact evaluation system, and was approved on April 16, 2008.
Chile. Piruquina Mini Hydro Project
Developed by Endesa Eco, the project is located in the island of Chiloé, 17 km from Castro. The project consists of the construction of a 6 MW to 8 MW run-of-river hydro plant which will take water flow from the Carihueico River. In October 2007, a feasibility study was finalized defining the plant’s technical characteristics. The capacity to be installed is 7.6 MW. In November, the project’s basic engineering and the preparation of environmental studies were begun.
Chile. Neltume-Choshuenco Hydroelectric Project
The Neltume and Choshuenco projects are located in Chile’s 14th Region of Los Ríos, on the upper part of the river Valdivia basin. The Neltume project consists of the construction of a 473 MW hydro plant with regulation in Lake Pirehueico. The Choshuenco project uses the flows of the river Llanquihue at its source, at the junction with the rivers Fui and Neltume, with the possibility of building a run-of-river hydro plant of 128 MW. The connection to the SIC will be by way of a line between the Neltume plant and either the Ciruelos or Loncoche substation. Project studies progressed in 2007 and a feasibility study was completed, in order to define the capacity to be installed at each of the plants.

 

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Chile. Canela 2 Wind Farm Project
Canela 2 wind farm proyect is being developed by Sociedad Generadora Eólica Canela S.A., a subsidiary of Endesa Eco. This project contemplates the expansion of the existing 18 MW wind farm with the installation of additional wind generators on an adjoining site. It is feasible to install up to an additional 60 MW, to be defined during 2008.
Chile. Quintero Quillota Pipeline
Developed by Electrogás, this project involves the installation of a 28.1 km pipeline to transport the natural gas that will be obtained in the LNG Receiving Terminal at Quintero. Electrogás has a government concession to transport natural gas granted by the Chilean State. The approval of the environmental authority has been obtained.
On July 9, 2007, a contract was signed with GNL Quintero S.A. for the firm transport service of 15 million cubic standard daily meters of natural gas for the period from 2009 to 2029. On November 15, 2007 an agreement was signed with the same company for interconnection between the natural gas production and transport installations.
During 2007, the basic engineering was completed, most of the detailed engineering was carried out, easements were granted for 82% of the land where the works will be built, purchase orders were placed for the supply of all the pipeline pipes and the tender processes were begun for the supply of the project’s principal equipment. The pipeline will start operations in the first half of 2009.
Chile. HidroAysén Project
The HidroAysén hydropower project consists of the construction of five hydroelectric power stations, with an aggregate capacity of 2,750 MW, two of them in the Baker River (660 MW and 360 MW) and the other three in the Pascua River (500 MW, 770 MW and 460 MW). Connection to the SIC electric grid consists of a nearly 2,000 km, 500 kV high-voltage direct current transmission line. The project is on schedule, and as of the date of this report, has been primarily focused on field engineering studies and environmental analysis.
Progress with the environmental and social base line (LBAS) for the project as of December 31, 2007 is 100% and that of the LBAS complementary studies is estimated at 42%. The environmental impact assessment is expected to be submitted to the authority in the first half of 2008.
Colombia. Quimbo Hydroelectric Project
The Quimbo hydroelectric plant, located in the department of Huila, will have an installed capacity of 400 MW. The feasibility study and the environmental impact studies began in 2007.
Major Encumbrances
Endesa Costanera’s debt with Mitsubishi Corporation was used to finance the purchase of equipment. As of December 31, 2007, the value of the assets pledged as a guarantee of this debt was Ch$ 75 billion. Additionally, Endesa Costanera has executed liens in favor of Credit Suisse First Boston in order to guarantee a loan in the amount of Ch$ 27 billion as of December 31, 2006.
Pangue executed the following liens and mortgages: (1) a first mortgage on the water rights and real estate on which the power plant is located; (2) a lien on the electricity lines, machinery and equipment of the power plant; and (3) a prohibition on selling, transfering or encumbering such assets, including the definitive concession to establish the Pangue power plant. The value of the pledged assets was Ch$ 98 billion as of December 31, 2007. These encumbrances and prohibitions guarantee the obligations of Pangue with the project lenders: Export Development Corporation and Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau.

 

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Edegel, as the result of the merger with Etevensa, has a debt which Etevensa used to finance the construction of the power plant Ventanilla. As of December 31, 2007, the value of the assets pledged as a guarantee of this debt was Ch$ 121 billion.
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
A. Operating results
General
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements, included in Item 18 in this annual report, and “Selected financial data,” included in Item 3 herein. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with Chilean GAAP, which differs in some important respects from U.S. GAAP. See Note 32 to our audited consolidated financial statements, included in Item 18 herein.
1.   Discussion of Main Factors Affecting Operating Results and Financial Condition of the Company
Until October 2005, we owned and operated electricity generation companies in Chile, Argentina, Colombia, Peru and also Brazil. Since then, Endesa Chile ceased to consolidate Cachoeira Dourada, the power plant in Brazil, contributing this asset to Endesa Brasil (See “Item 4. Information on the Company — A. History and Development of the Company” for details on Endesa Brasil). Revenues, cash flow and equity income primarily come from the electricity generation business of Endesa Chile itself and of our subsidiaries and affiliates, which operate in these five countries. For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, nongeneration revenues, related to engineering consulting services and third-party sales, represented 3%, 5% and 5%, respectively, of total consolidated revenues in each of those three years.
Factors such as hydrological conditions, regulatory developments, extraordinary actions adopted by government authorities and economic conditions, including growth rate, and exchange rates in each country in which we operate are important in determining our financial results. Also, our reported results of operations and financial position are significantly affected by BT 64, which relates to the consolidation of the results of our companies outside of Chile, as well as other critical accounting policies.
Our portfolio strategy, with operations in different countries within South America, allows the impact of significant changes in one country to be offset by opposing changes in other countries, leading to nonmaterial impacts on consolidated figures. The impact of these factors on us, for the years covered by this report, is discussed below.
a. Hydrological Conditions
In terms of installed capacity, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, approximately 67%, 64% and 63% of Endesa Chile’s total installed capacity, respectively, has been hydroelectric. Consolidated hydroelectric capacity was 7,898 MW as of December 31, 2005, 7,876 MW as of December 31, 2006 and 7,968 MW as of December 31, 2007. Hydro capacity in 2005 considers the deconsolidation of Cachoeira Dourada in October 2005. In 2007, total hydro capacity was increased by 92 MW mainly coming from Emgesa and Endesa Chile. (See “Item 4. Information on the Company — A. History and Development of the Company”). As of December 31, 2007, 63% of our consolidated generation capacity is dependent upon the hydrological conditions prevailing in the countries in which we operate, although only extreme hydrological conditions materially affect the Company’s operating results and financial condition.

 

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Hydrological conditions for the period between 2005 and 2007 have not led to material changes in the financial condition and results of operations of Endesa Chile. Hydroelectric generation was 38,068 GWh in 2005, 38,617 GWh in 2006 and 32,688 GWh in 2007. The generation decrease in 2007 is associated with dryer conditions in Chile, Argentina and Colombia. Total operating income was Ch$ 433.0 billion in 2005, Ch$ 541.8 billion in 2006 and Ch$ 570.8 billion in 2007.
In Endesa Chile, we may compensate for the effect on physical and monetary sales of low hydrology (reservoir levels, rainfall and snow), in the geographical areas where our power plants are located, with thermal generation and electricity purchases. The thermal capacity owned by the company and the ability to purchase electricity from other generators, given the regulatory framework of the industry in the countries in which we operate, enables Endesa Chile to increase thermal generation and/or purchase electricity from other industry players in order to maintain the level of physical sales when hydrological conditions lead to a reduction in hydroelectric generation. Additionally, when hydrology is low, given the industry structure and the percentage of hydroelectric generation capacity in the countries in which we operate, the market price of electricity generally increases. Low hydrology may therefore lead to greater revenues (depending on the weight of all the effects), and sometimes, greater operating income.
In terms of expenses, operating costs of thermal generation and energy purchases are greater than the Company’s corresponding variable cost of hydroelectric generation. The cost of thermal generation does not directly depend on the level of hydrology. However, the cost of electricity purchases in the spot market does depend on the hydrology.
The impact of low hydrology on operating results depends on the sensitivity or reaction to electricity prices in the market, the severity of the impact of hydrological conditions on the Company’s hydroelectric generation, the Company’s cost of thermal generation and the need for energy purchases. The effect on market prices may either partially or completely compensate (depending on the conditions of all relevant market factors) for the higher cost of sales, leading to an insignificant impact on operating results. Thermal generation was 12,054 GWh in 2005, 14,332 GWh in 2006 and 17,796 GWh in 2007. Total fuel expenses reached Ch$ 168.2 billion in 2005, Ch$ 251.5 billion in 2006 and Ch$ 494.9 billion in 2007. Energy purchases reached 6,396 GWh in 2005, 4,730 GWh in 2006 and 5,722 GWh in 2007. The cost of energy purchases was Ch$ 139.2 billion in 2005, Ch$ 130.9 billion in 2006 and Ch$ 127.4 billion in 2007.
b. Regulatory Developments
The regulatory frameworks governing our business in the five countries where Endesa operates have a material effect on our results from operations. In particular, regulators in the countries in which we operate set generation tariffs taking into consideration mainly the costs of fuels, level of reservoirs, exchange rate, future investment in installed capacity and growth in demand, all of which are intended to allow such companies to earn a regulated level of return on their investment, and guarantee quality service and reliability. Accordingly, the earnings of our subsidiaries are determined in significant part by the actions of government regulators, mainly through the tariff fixation process. For additional information relating to the regulatory frameworks in the countries in which we operate, and developments, if applicable, please see “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview — Electricity Industry Regulatory Framework.”
c. Economic Conditions
Macroeconomic conditions in the countries in which we operate may have a significant effect on our operating results. The most significant economic variables include economic growth, mainly due to its impact on electricity demand, and the local currency exchange rate against the dollar, which affects revenues and expenses, as well as assets and liabilities, depending on the percentage denominated in dollars. As a result, devaluation of local currencies against the dollar shrinks our operating margins and increases the cost of capital expenditure plans. See “Item 3. Key Information — D. Risk Factors — Foreign exchange risks may adversely affect our results from operations and financial condition.”

 

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Economic Growth and Electricity Demand
The economies of each of the countries in which we operate continued to improve in 2007, which has positively affected the Company’s operating results as a consequence of an increase in electricity demand. The GDP and electricity growth rate for the years covered by this report are included in the following table:
                                                 
    2005     2006     2007  
            Electricity     GDP     Electricity     GDP     Electricity  
    GDP     Demand     Growth     Demand     Growth (1)     Demand  
    Growth (%)     Growth (%)     (%)     Growth (%)     (%)     Growth (%)  
Chile
    6.3       4.0       4.2       6.0       5.2       4.5 (2)
Argentina
    8.5       5.8       8.0       5.9       7.5       5.2  
Colombia
    5.3       3.8       4.8       4.1       6.6       4.0  
Brazil
    2.3       4.3       3.6       3.9       4.4       4.8  
Peru
    6.4       5.0       6.0       7.7       7.0       10.7  
 
     
(1)   Sources: For Chile, Central Bank of Chile. For Argentina, Colombia, Brazil and Peru, World Economic Outlook (October 2007) estimate of the International Monetary Fund, and internal Company physical energy data for 2005-2007.
 
(2)   Electricity Demand Growth in the Central Interconnected System (SIC).
Local Currency Exchange Rate
The value of the local currency in the countries in which we operate may have a significant impact on our operating results and overall financial position depending on the percentage of dollar-denominated assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, including depreciation and interest expense. A devaluation or depreciation of local currencies against the dollar affects our operating margins by increasing the value of sales denominated in dollars and the value of operating expenses, such as fuel priced in dollars, and depreciation of assets valued in dollars when expressed in local currency. Interest expense fixed in dollars and the value of dollar-denominated debt on the balance sheet increase as well. Conversely, the appreciation of local currencies against the dollar affects operating margins by reducing revenues denominated in dollars when expressed in local currencies, and reduces the value of operating expenses denominated in dollars. Interest expense of dollar-denominated debt also declines.
As of December 31, 2007, Endesa Chile had total consolidated indebtedness of $ 4,076 million, of which $ 2,570 million, or approximately 63%, was denominated in dollars, and $ 509 million was denominated in Chilean pesos. In addition to the dollar and the peso, as of December 31, 2007, our foreign-currency denominated consolidated indebtedness included the equivalent of $ 747 million in Colombian pesos, and $ 216 million in soles and $ 34 million in Argentine pesos.
The following table includes year-end and average local currency dollar exchanges for the period covered by this report.
                                                 
    Local Currency U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates  
    2005     2006     2007  
    Average     Year End     Average     Year End     Average     Year End  
Chile (peso per dollar)
    558.06       512.50       529.64       532.39       521.7       496.89  
Argentina (peso per dollar)
    2.94       3.02       3.08       3.061       3.14       3.149  
Colombia (peso per dollar)
    2,321.6       2,285.0       2,358.3       2,239.0       2,074       2,014  
Brazil (reais per dollar)
    2.44       2.34       2.17       2.14       1.94       1.77  
Peru (sol per dollar)
    3.30       3.42       3.27       3.20       3.13       2.99  
For the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, our revenues amounted to $ 3,476 million of which approximately 19% were denominated in dollars, and approximately 47% were linked in some way to the dollar. On the other hand, the equivalent of $ 183 million were revenues in pesos, $ 359 million in Colombian pesos, $ 525 million in Argentine pesos and $ 113 million in soles.

 

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d. Technical Bulletin 64 and Other Critical Accounting Policies
Technical Bulletin 64
Our consolidation of the results of our non-Chilean subsidiaries is governed by Technical Bulletin 64 (BT 64). BT 64 establishes a mechanism to consolidate the financial results of a non-Chilean company, which are prepared in local GAAP and denominated in local currency, with the financial results of its Chilean parent company, which are prepared in Chilean GAAP and denominated in pesos. The implementation of BT 64 affects the reporting of our operating results. In particular, exchange rate variations, if significant, can materially affect the amounts of operating revenues and expenses reported in the Company’s consolidated financial statements in Chilean GAAP, as well as generate material non-operating gains and losses.
BT 64-Conversion Effect. BT 64 requires Endesa Chile to convert the financial statements of its non-Chilean subsidiaries from local currency to dollars and to restate these financial statements into Chilean GAAP. A restatement could convert the dollar amounts into pesos. The gain or loss resulting from this balance sheet conversion is referred to as the “conversion effect.” To convert monetary assets and liabilities of its non-Chilean subsidiaries to dollars, Endesa Chile must use the dollar/local currency exchange rate applicable at period-end. In order to convert Endesa Chile’s equity interests in such subsidiaries, as well as such subsidiaries’ nonmonetary assets and liabilities, to dollars, Endesa Chile must use the dollar/local currency exchange rate applicable at the time when such equity interests or nonmonetary assets or liabilities were acquired or incurred.
In addition, BT 64 requires income and expense accounts (except for the expenses incurred in connection with depreciation and amortization) of foreign subsidiaries to be converted into dollars at the average exchange rate of the month during which such results or expenses were recorded. All amounts converted from local currency to dollars are then converted from dollars to pesos at the exchange rate applicable at the end of the reporting period. The currency conversion can have different effects on results when consolidating these figures in Chilean GAAP depending on the behavior of the peso in regards to the dollar. For example, an appreciation of the peso over the dollar will result in the reduction of revenues and expenses of foreign subsidiaries when consolidating. This effect can be compensated or aggravated depending on whether the local exchange rate, in the markets where our international subsidiaries operate, devalued or appreciated against the dollar.
BT 64 may exclude from our reported financial position the effect of devaluation on nonmonetary assets of devaluation in the countries in which our subsidiaries and investments are located. The currency conversion from local currencies to dollars can have different effects depending on a foreign subsidiary’s structure of monetary and nonmonetary assets and liabilities. For example, when a foreign subsidiary has more monetary assets than monetary liabilities, a devaluation of the applicable local currency against the dollar may result in a loss due to the effects of the currency conversion. On the other hand, the appreciation of the applicable local currency results in a gain. The reverse is also true for foreign subsidiaries with more monetary liabilities than monetary assets, where a devaluation of the applicable local currency against the dollar may result in a gain, whereas an appreciation may result in a loss. The recent fluctuations of the exchange rates between the currencies of the countries where we operate and the dollar, as well as in the exchange rate between the peso and the dollar, have materially affected the comparability of our results of operations during the periods discussed because of this conversion effect.
BT 64-Equity Hedge. BT 64 allows dollar-denominated debt incurred in connection with the acquisition of equity in non-Chilean subsidiaries located in unstable countries to be hedged by the investing company against and limited to the book value of such equity investments. For purposes of BT 64, all the countries where we have investments — Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru — are considered unstable countries. This hedge results in the elimination of the effects of exchange rate variations on the debt incurred in connection with such investments. If the book value of an equity investment is lower than the dollar-denominated debt incurred in connection with its acquisition, the results of the exchange rate fluctuations affecting the amount of dollar-denominated debt that is not hedged are included in determining net income. On the other hand, if the book value of an equity investment is higher than the dollar-denominated debt incurred in connection with its acquisition, then the results of the exchange rate fluctuations affecting the book value of the equity that is not hedged are recorded in cumulative translation adjustment in a reserve account as part of shareholders’ equity referred to as cumulative translation adjustment for GAAP purposes.

 

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U.S. GAAP Reconciliation
Our audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Chilean GAAP, which differs in certain significant respects from U.S. GAAP. See Note 32 to our audited Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the principal differences between Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP, as well as the reconciliation to U.S. GAAP of net income and total shareholders’ equity.
The principal differences between Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP as they relate to the Company are (i) the effects on goodwill and negative goodwill from the application of fair value purchase accounting, (ii) the effects of accounting for derivatives at fair value, (iii) the effects of adjustments to U.S. GAAP in equity method investments, (iv) the effects of eliminating capitalized exchange rate differences and general and administrative expenses capitalized in fixed assets, (v) the effects of recording a liability related to minimum dividends payable and (vi) the elimination of complementary accounts in deferred taxes as well as the tax impact of other reconciling differences.
The following table sets out the differences between consolidated net income (loss) and Shareholders’ Equity as reported under Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP:
                 
    Chilean GAAP     U.S. GAAP  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of December 31, 2007)  
Net income for the year ended December 31:
               
2005
    121,304       109,958  
2006
    203,567       227,574  
2007
    192,439       181,442  
 
               
Shareholders’ equity as of December 31:
               
2005
    1,800,825       1,406,038  
2006
    1,927,089       1,550,839  
2007
    1,884,227       1,596,838  
Critical Accounting Policies Affecting Operating Results
Financial Reporting Release 60 encourages all companies to include a discussion of critical accounting policies or methods used in the preparation of the financial statements. Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties, which would potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. We believe that our critical accounting policies in the preparation of our Chilean GAAP financial statements are limited to the policies described below. In many cases, Chilean GAAP specifically dictates the accounting treatment of a particular transaction and does not allow for management’s judgment in its application. For a summary of significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of the financial statements, see note 2 to our consolidated financial statements.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
In accordance with Chilean GAAP, the Company evaluates the recoverability of the carrying amount of property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets in relation to its recoverable value (calculated based on the operating performance and future undiscounted cash flows of the underlying business), evaluated on an entity-by-entity basis, in order to determine whether there is an indication of impairment. These standards require that an impairment loss be recognized in the event that facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be fully recoverable. Impairment is recorded based on “useful value” (“useful value” is the present value of estimated future cash flows) compared with current carrying amounts. The factors considered in determining the recoverability of long-lived assets depend on the Company’s business plan expectations, including a macroeconomic framework with considerations regarding GDP growth, inflation, interest and exchange rates, estimations of expected growth for energy demand, forecasted installed capacity, hydrology, regulation and tariff frameworks, and variable and fixed costs, among others, all of which have a significant impact on the calculation.

 

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Impairment of our property, plant and equipment, and other long-lived assets could have a materially adverse impact on our operating income in any given period depending on the results of impairment tests. For the years ending December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, management determined that the book value of our assets did not exceed their recoverable value. Given that certain key economic factors, weather conditions and worldwide prices for the fuels used in the production of energy are subject to fluctuations, it is probable that forecasted operating conditions could change from one period to another.
Impairment of Goodwill
Under Chilean GAAP, accounting for goodwill requires management to estimate the appropriate amortization period and evaluate the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill in those cases where there may be an indication of a loss. The maximum goodwill amortization period under Chilean GAAP is 20 years. Factors that are considered in estimating the appropriate amortization period of goodwill include:
    the foreseeable life of the business, and the expectation of future benefits associated with the business or with unidentifiable assets;
 
    expected actions by competitors and potential competitors; and
 
    legal, regulatory or contractual provisions affecting the useful life.
The recoverability analysis for goodwill is carried out systematically at the end of every year, or more frequently if such analysis is deemed necessary.
In the calculation of goodwill recoverability, we have used “useful value.” The preparation of forecasts of future cash flows before taxes is carried out under budgets which are based on a macroeconomic framework with considerations regarding estimations for GDP growth, inflation, interest rates and exchange rates, expected growth for energy demand, forecasted installed capacity, hydrology, regulation and tariff frameworks, variable and fixed costs, among others, all of which have a significant impact on the calculation. Therefore, they include the best available estimations for revenues and costs for the different companies using industry projections, past experience, and future expectations for the next five years, and reasonable growth rates for years thereon.
Based on the results of these estimations for the different cash generating units, management considers that as of December 31, 2007, recorded goodwill will be fully recoverable in the future.
Estimation of Fair Value of Certain Energy Contracts under U.S. GAAP
Certain of our generation commodity contracts that are considered as derivatives are required to be accounted for at fair value under U.S. GAAP. Fair value estimates for these contracts, for which no quoted prices or secondary market exists, are made using valuation techniques such as forward pricing models, present value of estimated future cash flows and other modeling techniques. These estimates of fair value include assumptions made by the Company about market variables that may change in the future. The internal variables used in the model are historic hydrology, energy demand, fuel and coal prices, and installed capacity, among others. External variables are foreign exchange rate, inflation and the appropriate interest rate for discounting future cash flows.
Changes in assumptions could have a significant impact on our estimate of fair values disclosed. As a result, such fair value amounts are subject to a significant volatility and are highly dependent on the quality of the assumptions used.

 

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As of December 31, 2006 and 2007, the amounts of energy contracts accounted at fair value are:
                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2006     2007  
    (in million of Ch$)  
Model using internal data (1)
    1,299.5       2,081.8  
Model using external data only
    0       0  
 
     
(1)    The model using internal data also relies on external data.
Litigation and Contingencies
The Company is currently involved in certain legal and tax proceedings. As discussed in note 26 of our consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2007, we have accrued an estimate of the probable costs for the resolution of these claims. We arrived at this estimate in consultation with legal and tax counsel handling our defense in these matters and an analysis of potential results, assuming a combination of litigation and settlement strategies.
Except for material proceedings described in note 26 of our consolidated financial statements as of December 31, 2007, we are not aware as of the date of this filing of any material legal or tax proceedings.
Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits Liabilities
We have significant pension and post-retirement benefit plan liabilities, which are developed using actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are key assumptions, including, for example, discount rates. We are required to consider current market conditions, including changes in interest rates, in selecting these assumptions. Changes in the related pension and post-retirement benefit liabilities may occur in the future due to changes resulting from fluctuations in our related headcount or to changes in the assumptions. The net pension and post-retirement liability recorded under U.S. GAAP was Ch$ 31.0 billion, Ch$ 32.2 billion and Ch$ 29.8 billion as of December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively.
The following table shows the effect of a 1% reduction in discount rate on our projected benefit obligation for the periods indicated.
                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2006     2007  
    (increase in millions of Ch$)  
Projected benefit obligation
    1,920       1,798  
The following table shows the effect of a 1% reduction in the discount rate on our accumulated post-retirement benefit obligation for the periods indicated.
                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2006     2007  
    (increase in millions of Ch$)  
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation
    713       741  
Introduction of International Financial Reporting Standards
On August 28, 2007, the SVS issued an official announcement ruling the adoption of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Chile, starting on January 1, 2009. The Company will have to adopt IFRS as of this date. According to the convergence plan defined by the Company, it is currently evaluating the impacts that the application of IFRS will have on the financial statements.

 

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SAB 74 Disclosures — Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Fair Value Measurement
In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, “Fair Value Measurement”. SFAS No. 157 which standardizes the measurement of fair value for companies who are required to use a fair value measure for recognition or disclosure purposes. The FASB defines fair value as “the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.” SFAS No. 157 is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007 for financial assets and financial liabilities and November 15, 2008 for nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial-liabilities and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 157.
The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, “The Fair Value Options for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities.” SFAS No. 159 permits an entity, on a contract-by-contract basis, to make an irrevocable election to account for certain types of financial instruments and warranty and insurance contracts at fair value, rather than historical cost, with changes in the fair value, whether realized or unrealized, recognized in earnings. SFAS No. 159 is effective as of the beginning of the entity’s first fiscal year that begins after November 15, 2007. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 159.
Business Combinations
In December 2007, FASB issued SFAS No. 141 (revised 2007), “Business Combinations” (“SFAS No. 141(R)”). The objective of SFAS No. 141(R) is to improve the relevance, representational faithfulness, and comparability of the information that a reporting entity provides in its financial reports about a business combination and its effects. To accomplish that, this statement establishes principles and requirements for how the acquirer (1) recognizes and measures in its financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any non-controlling interest in the acquiree, (2) recognizes and measures the goodwill acquired in the business combination or a gain from a bargain purchase and (3) determines what information to disclose to enable users of the financial statements to evaluate the nature and financial effects of the business combination. SFAS No. 141(R) shall be applied prospectively to business combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 141(R).
Non-controlling Interest in Consolidated Financial Statements
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, “Non-controlling Interest in Consolidated Financial Statements.” SFAS No. 160 amends Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51, “Consolidated Financial Statements,” to establish accounting and reporting standards for the non-controlling interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. According to SFAS No. 160, “a non-controlling interest, sometimes called a minority interest, is the portion of equity in a subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to a parent.” The objective of SFAS No. 160 is to improve the relevance, comparability and transparency of the financial information that a reporting entity provides in its consolidated financial statements. SFAS No. 160 is effective for fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 160.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
In March 2008, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 161, “Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities.” The new standard is intended to improve financial reporting about derivative instruments and hedging activities by requiring enhanced disclosure to better explain their effects on an entity’s financial position, financial performance and cash flows. It is effective for financial statements issued for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008, with early application encouraged. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 161.

 

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2.   Country by Country Comparative Analysis of Operating Results and Details of Non-Operating Figures 2006 vs. 2007
Revenues from operations
During 2007, the year end appreciation of the peso against the dollar was 7.1%, negatively affecting revenues from foreign operations when compared to 2006, while the Sol and the Colombian peso appreciated 6.9% and 11.4%, respectively in 2007. It is important to note this exchange difference when comparing annual figures in pesos. This treatment is in accordance with the accounting rules governing foreign currency results as required in BT 64.
                 
    Year ended December 31,  
Revenues from sales   2006     2007  
    (as a % of total)  
Chile
    49.3       56.5  
Argentina
    17.6       15.3  
Colombia
    20.5       18.4  
Peru
    12.6       9.7  
 
           
Total Consolidated Revenues
    100.0       100.0  
 
           
Other non-core business revenues accounted for 4.8% of total consolidated revenues in both 2007 and 2006. These businesses are engineering consulting services and third-party sales. The tables below sets forth the breakdown by country of Endesa Chile’s total revenues from operations and volume of GWh sales for 2006 and 2007, and the percentages change from year to year:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
                    %  
Revenues   2006     2007     Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Chile
    708,516       976,559       37.8  
Argentina
    252,837       264,941       4.8  
Colombia
    294,088       318,085       8.2  
Peru
    180,628       167,379       (7.3 )
 
                 
Total Revenues
    1,436,068       1,726,964       20.3  
 
                 
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
                    %  
Energy Sales   2006     2007     Change  
    (GWh)     (GWh)     (GWh)  
Chile
    20,923       19,212       (8.2 )
Argentina
    13,926       12,406       (10.9 )
Colombia
    15,327       15,613       1.9  
Peru
    6,767       7,994       18.1  
 
                 
Total
    56,943       55,225       (3.0 )
 
                 
Total revenues in Chile in 2007 increased by 37.8% from Ch$ 708.5 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 976.6 billion in 2007, as a result of higher regulated prices and spot prices, on average. Endesa Chile and its Chilean subsidiaries sold 2,430 GWh on the spot market, where the average energy market price was $ 172.5 per MWh. The decline in physical sales was 8.2%, mainly explained by a 51.3% decrease in energy sales to the spot market to 2,430 GWh, partially compensated by a 6.9% increase of energy sales to regulated customers to 11,502 GWh, at a node price which is the result of a price-setting system that reflects the new energy matrix in Chile. The prices for non-regulated customers, during 2007 compared with 2006, showed an increase in value, which positively affected the company’s revenues, reflecting the higher costs of generation of the system. The total average sales price of Endesa Chile in Chile increased by 58.3%, from Ch$ 30.6 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 48.5 per kWh in 2007.

 

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Total revenues in Argentina increased by 4.8% in 2007, from Ch$ 252.8 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 264.9 billion in 2007. This improvement was the result of higher average prices during 2007, which offset the 10.9% decrease in physical sales. Physical energy sales from El Chocón amounted to 3,956 GWh, a 23.8% decrease from 2006. The effect of the BT 64 conversion decreased revenues by Ch$ 9.4 billion. Energy volume sold by Endesa Costanera decreased by 3.3% to 8,450 GWh compared to 8,736 GWh in 2006, due to lower generation. There was also an increase in energy prices following the higher reference price of natural gas determined by the local regulator. In Argentina, the sales mix at spot and non-regulated prices was 80.9% and 19.1%, respectively. For additional information of Main Distribution and Trading Customers in Argentina see “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview.”
The average sale price for our Argentine subsidiaries, expressed in pesos, increased by 17.6%, from Ch$ 18.2 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 21.4 per kWh in 2007. However, when expressed in Argentine local currency, the average energy sale price increased by 37.5% in 2007. The increase in the average sale price is mainly due to an increase in the wholesale market spot price.
Total revenues in Colombia (Emgesa) increased by 8.2%, from Ch$ 294.1 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 318.1 billion in 2007, primarily due to the new reliability charge, which started to apply in 2007 and positively affected revenues by approximately $ 40 million. The sales mix in 2007 at regulated, spot and non-regulated prices was 51.5%, 32.5% and 16.0%, respectively. For additional information of Main Distribution and Trading Customers in Colombia see “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview.” Our Colombian subsidiaries’ average price, expressed in pesos, rose by 6.2%, from Ch$ 19.1 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 20.3 per kWh in 2007. When expressed in Colombian local currency, the nominal average sales price increase was 13.8% in 2007.
Revenues of our electricity generator in Peru (Edegel) decreased by 7.3%, from Ch$ 180.6 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 167.4 billion in 2007, primarily due to a 21.6% lower average sales price, which offset the 18.1% increase of physical energy sales. The drop in average prices is a consequence of the good hydrology and the reduction of the regulated price due to the indexation to the local exchange rate and to the lower price of natural gas. The sales mix at non-regulated, regulated and spot prices was 53%, 41.7% and 5.3%, respectively. For additional information of Main Distribution and Trading Customers in Peru see “Item 4. Information on the Company — B. Business Overview.” The company’s average sales price, expressed in pesos, declined from Ch$ 26.5 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 20.8 per kWh in 2007, as a result of the 15.1% appreciation of the Chilean peso against the dollar in real terms, partially compensated by the 4.6% appreciation of the sol against the dollar. When expressed in Peruvian local currency, the nominal average sales price decreased by 13.1% in 2007.
Operating Expenses
The table below sets forth the breakdown by country of operating expenses for 2006 and 2007 and the percentage change from year to year:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     % Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Operating Expenses (1)
                       
Chile (2)
    374,671       619,364       65.3  
Argentina
    211,514       235,519       11.3  
Colombia
    158,854       152,793       (3.8 )
Peru
    108,263       112,328       3.8  
Consolidated Adjustments Foreign Subs
    1,341       951        
 
                 
Total
    851,961       1,119,053       31.4  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Excludes SG&A expenses.
 
(2)   Includes all subsidiaries and investment vehicles in Chile.

 

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Operating costs in Chile increased by 65.3% in 2007 compared to 2006, given lower hydroelectric generation and higher thermal generation using diesel instead of natural gas, as natural gas restrictions from Argentina continued during 2007. This situation led fuel costs in Chile to increase by Ch$ 223.3 billion during the year. The average variable cost of generation, excluding the cost of energy purchases, rose by 139.4%, from Ch$ 9.4 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 22.5 per kWh in 2007, as a result of the 97.9% increase in thermal electric generation. The cost of electricity purchases, including energy and capacity, increased from Ch$ 57.8 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 59.8 billion in 2007, despite a 20.9% decrease in physical energy purchases. The average price of purchases increased from Ch$ 43.9 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 57.4 per kWh in 2007.
Operating expenses in Argentina increased by Ch$ 24.0 billion, from Ch$ 211.5 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 235.5 billion in 2007. Hydro and thermoelectric generation decreased by 26.7% and 3.3%, respectively. The cost of fuel increased by Ch$ 24.0 billion in 2007, due to higher prices of fuel in the generation of electricity when compared to the price of fuels in 2006. The average variable generating cost increased from Ch$ 11.4 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 14.7 per kWh in 2007. Electricity purchases, including energy and capacity, rose by Ch$ 708 million in 2007, due to an increase in physical energy purchases in the spot market, which led the average purchase price decrease from Ch$ 23.2 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 18.1 per kWh in 2007. The combined effect of the appreciation of the peso against the dollar and the depreciation of the Argentine peso against the dollar decreased total operating expenses in 2007 when compared to 2006 by Ch$ 30.3 billion.
Colombia’s operating expenses decreased by 3.8%, from Ch$ 158.9 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 152.8 billion in 2007. The average variable generation cost, excluding the cost of energy purchases, increased from Ch$ 4.1 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 9.2 per kWh in 2007. Tolls and energy transportation costs increased by Ch$ 8.7 billion. The 54.2% increase in thermal generation caused fuel costs to increase by Ch$ 2.7 billion. Electricity purchases, including energy and capacity, decreased by Ch$ 13.8 billion in 2007, due to lower energy costs in certain periods of the year and to energy trading operations. Average purchase price dropped from Ch$ 19.5 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 11.1 per kWh in 2007. The combination of the appreciation of the peso and the appreciation of the Colombian peso against the dollar in 2007, led to a net increase of Ch$ 6.4 billion.
Operating expenses in Peru increased by 3.8% from Ch$ 108.3 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 112.3 billion in 2007. This was primarily due to an increase of Ch$ 7.5 billion of energy purchases as a consequence of higher physical energy purchases in the spot market due to a capacity constraint in the transmission line in the northern region of the country. This was offset by lower fuel costs of Ch$ 6.4 billion due to lower cost of natural gas, despite the fact that thermal generation increased by 32.7% in 2007. The average variable generating cost, excluding the cost of electricity purchases, was Ch$ 8.2 per kWh in 2006 compared to Ch$ 6.2 per kWh in 2007. The combination of the appreciation of the peso and the appreciation of the sol against the dollar in 2007 led to a net decrease in operating expenses of Ch$ 10.6 billion.
Administrative and Selling Expenses
Administrative and selling expenses relate to compensation, administrative expenses, depreciation and amortization, and office materials and supplies. These expenses decreased by Ch$ 5.2 billion in 2007.
The table below sets forth the breakdown of selling and administrative expenses for 2006 and 2007 and the percentage change from year to year:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     % Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007 except percentages)  
Administrative and Selling Expenses
                       
Chile
    21,251       19,556       (8.0 )
Argentina
    3,516       3,729       6.1  
Colombia
    4,925       5,021       1.9  
Peru
    12,719       8,898       (30.0 )
Consolidated Adjustment Foreign Subs
    111       123        
 
                 
Total Selling and Administrative Expense
    42,300       37,081       (12.3 )
 
                 

 

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The decrease in Selling and Administrative expenses of 12.3% mainly comes from Peru and Chile. In Peru, the 30% decrease is due to lower compensation to employees and taxes that as of December 2006 were included in Selling and Administrative Expenses, but in December 2007 were accounted to Generation Costs and the increase in financial advisory fees accounted in 2006 for the Etevensa merger with Edegel. In Chile, the 8.0% lower Selling and Administrative Expenses is explained by a decrease in general expenses and lower compensation to employees.
Operating Margin and Operating Income
Our operating margin, which is operating income as a percentage of revenues, decreased from 37.7% in 2006 to 33.1% in 2007. This decrease is due to lower operating margins reported in Chile, Argentina and Peru, partially offset by the higher operating margin in Colombia. The following is our operating margin by country:
                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2006     2007  
    (percentage based on figures in  
    Chilean GAAP in millions of Ch$ as  
    of December 31, 2007)  
Operating Margin
               
Chile
    44.1 %     34.6 %
Argentina
    15.5 %     9.7 %
Colombia
    44.3 %     50.4 %
Peru
    33.0 %     27.6 %
 
           
Total Operating Margin
    37.7 %     33.1 %
 
           
Endesa Chile’s consolidated operating income reached Ch$ 570.8 billion in 2007 compared to Ch$ 541.8 billion in 2006. The following table breaks down operating income by country for the years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
                    %  
    2006     2007     Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Operating Income
                       
Chile
    312,594       337,639       8.0  
Argentina
    37,807       25,693       (32.0 )
Colombia
    130,308       160,271       23.0  
Peru
    59,645       46,153       (22.6 )
Consolidated Adjustment Foreign Subs
    1,452       1,074        
 
                 
Total Operating Income
    541,806       570,830       5.4  
 
                 
In Chile, operating income was Ch$ 337.6 billion for 2007, an 8.0% increase over 2006, mainly the result of higher energy sale prices. Physical energy sales by 8.2% over the same period, explained by 23.1% reduced hydroelectric generation and a 98% increase in thermal production, as the hydrology in 2007 was dryer than normal. The natural gas restrictions from Argentina forced our thermal facilities to burn diesel, boosting fuel costs up by Ch$ 223.6 billion which in turn made total operating costs increase by 65.3% in 2007. This situation explains the decrease of the operating margin to 34.6% in 2007 compared to 44.1% in 2006.

 

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The low hydrology near El Chocón’s facilities, the lack of natural gas and high fuel prices for Endesa Costanera led 2007’s operating income in Argentina to decrease to Ch$ 25.7 billion, compared to Ch$ 37.8 billion in the previous year, a fall of 32%. These effects also explain the drop in Argentina’s operating margin from 15.5% in 2006 to 9.7% in 2007. On the other hand, sales increased by 4.8% as a result of higher average sale prices. The operating income of Endesa Costanera declined from Ch$ 5.3 billion to Ch$ 0.4 billion, reflecting an increase in the consumption and cost of fuels and higher maintenance costs, which exceeded the 12.1% increase in its energy sales. Operating income of El Chocón dropped from Ch$ 32.6 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 25.3 billion in 2007, with a 15.9% drop in sales volume due to reduced hydrology.
Operating income in Colombia was Ch$ 160.3 billion in 2007, Ch$ 30.0 billion more than that for 2006. This improvement is mainly explained by higher revenues due to the new reliability charge and lower costs of energy purchases; both elements explain the increase in Emgesa’s operating margin from 44.3% in 2006 to 50.4% in 2007.
The Peruvian subsidiary of Endesa Chile, Edegel, accounted for operating income of Ch$ 46.2 billion in 2007, a decrease of 22.6% from 2006, basically due to a 21.6% fall in average energy sale prices as a result of better hydrology and a reduction in the regulated price due to the indexation of the exchange rate and the lower cost of fuels in Peru. The latter, plus the higher variable cost of energy purchases, made Edegel’s operating margin drop from 33.0% in 2006 to 27.6% in 2007.
Non-operating Results
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our non-operating results for each of the periods indicated:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2006     2007     % Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Non-operating income:
                       
Interest income
    15,914       23,275       46.3  
Equity income of non-consolidated affiliates
    45,613       46,947       2.9  
Other non-operating income
    32,185       17,916       (44.3 )
Non-operating expenses:
                       
Interest expense
    184,641       177,529       (3.9 )
Equity losses of non-consolidated affiliates
    134       57,400       42,585.1  
Goodwill amortization
    1,013       910       (10.1 )
Other non-operating expenses
    46,792       85,251       82.2  
Monetary correction:
                       
Price level restatement
    1,598       8,854       454.2  
Foreign Exchange translation
    3,875       16,612       328.7  
 
                 
Non-operating results
    (133,395 )     (207,485 )     55.5  
 
                 
Non-operating results for 2007 amounted to a loss of Ch$ 207.5 billion, compared to a loss of Ch$ 133.4 billion in 2006, adversely affecting the Company’s net income for the year. The most important factors leading to this higher loss include:
The net result of investments in related companies declined by Ch$ 55.9 billion in 2007 compared to 2006, a charge largely explained by the Ch$ 48.9 billion provision due to the investment impairment as a consequence of the lack of gas supply from Argentina and the Ch$ 10.2 billion operating loss of Inversiones GasAtacama Holding Limitada. This was partially offset by an improved result of Ch$ 4.0 billion by the affiliate, Endesa Brasil S.A.

 

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Other non-operating income and expenses resulted in a lower net result of Ch$ 52.7 billion in 2007, basically due to: Ch$ 23.9 billion of reduced income from the conversion adjustment, under BT 64, with respect to our foreign subsidiaries, principally Colombia and Peru; Ch$ 10.8 billion of increased tax payment over the equity of the Colombian subsidiaries, partially offset by Ch$ 7.4 billion in reduced indemnities and commissions received; and Ch$ 11.8 billion of lower reversals of provisions for contingencies and litigation in previous years and a higher provision for contingencies in Chile. The negative result of the conversion adjustment in accordance with BT 64 for our Colombian subsidiaries is mainly due to the 10% appreciation of the Colombian peso against the dollar, which adversely affected Colombian liabilities in local currency translated into dollars, and then to Chilean pesos for consolidation purposes under Chilean GAAP. This accounting adjustment has no effect on the Company’s cash flow.
Price-level restatements and exchange differences showed a net positive change of Ch$ 22.1 billion in 2007 compared to 2006, from a gain of Ch$ 5.5 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 27.5 billion in 2007. This is mainly explained by exchange rate fluctuations. During 2007, the Chilean peso appreciated 7.1% against the dollar, compared to a depreciation of 3.9% in 2006.
Consolidated interest expense declined by Ch$ 7.1 billion in 2007, from Ch$ 184.6 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 177.5 billion in 2007, a decrease of 3.9%, deriving from higher capitalized interest expenses, a lower average interest rate and a reduced exchange rate. On the other hand, higher average cash balances, mainly in Colombia, and higher interest rates in Chile and Argentina, increased interest income by Ch$ 7.4 billion in 2007, from Ch$ 15.9 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 23.3 billion in 2007.
Net Income
The following table sets forth our net income for the periods indicated:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
                    %  
    2006     2007     Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Operating income
    541,806       570,830       5.4  
Non-operating expense
    (133,395 )     (207,485 )     55.5  
Income before taxes, minority interest and negative goodwill amortization
    408,411       363,345       (11.0 )
Current income taxes
    (106,771 )     (80,005 )     (25.1 )
Deferred income taxes
    (33,769 )     (33,408 )     (1.1 )
Total income taxes
    (140,540 )     (113,413 )     (19.3 )
Minority interest
    (70,788 )     (61,874 )     (12.6 )
Amortization of negative goodwill
    6,484       4,382       (32.4 )
 
                 
Net income
    203,567       192,439       (5.5 )
 
                 
Income Taxes. Income taxes decreased by Ch$ 27.1 billion in 2007 compared to 2006. Consolidated accumulated income tax amounted to Ch$ 113.4 billion in 2007, comprising a charge for income tax of Ch$ 80.0 billion and Ch$ 33.4 billion of deferred taxes. Accumulated income tax was Ch$ 26.8 billion lower than in 2006, related to a reduced taxable income, mainly in Endesa Chile and Emgesa in Colombia. The Company’s effective tax rate (the ratio of total income taxes to income before taxes) declined from 34% in 2006 to 27.5% in 2007, due to the decrease of our income that is taxed at the Chilean rate, which is lower than the tax rate in other countries.
Minority Interest. Minority interest expenses decreased Ch$ 8.9 billion in 2007, primarily due to lower net income of our subsidiaries in Peru, Argentina and Colombia.

 

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3.   Country by Country Comparative Analysis of Operating Results and Details of Non-operating Figures 2006 vs. 2005
Revenues from Operations
Revenues from sales in Chile accounted for 49.3% and 48.8% of our consolidated revenues in 2006 and 2005, respectively. Revenues from sales of electricity in Argentina accounted for 17.6% of our consolidated revenues in 2006 as compared to 14.0% in 2005. Revenues from sales of electricity in Colombia accounted for 20.5% of our consolidated revenues in 2006 as compared to 23.0% in 2005 and revenues from sales of electricity in Peru accounted for 12.6% of our consolidated revenues in 2006 as compared to 10.5% in 2005. Other, non-core business revenues accounted for less than 5% of total consolidated revenues in both 2006 and 2005. The tables below sets forth the breakdown by country of Endesa Chile’s total revenues from operations and volume of GWh sales for 2005 and 2006, and the percentage change from year to year:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
Revenues   2005     2006     % Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Chile
    600,943       708,516       17.9  
Argentina
    171,933       252,837       47.1  
Colombia
    283,741       294,088       3.6  
Brazil (1)
    45,831              
Peru
    129,024       180,627       40.0  
 
                 
Total Revenues
    1,231,472       1,436,068       16.6  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Tables include figures for Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See “Item 4. Information on the Company— A. History and Development of the Company” for details.
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
Energy Sales   2005     2006     % Change  
    (GWh)     (GWh)     (GWh)  
Chile
    20,731       20,923       0.9  
Argentina
    12,579       13,926       10.7  
Colombia
    15,077       15,327       3.6  
Brazil (1)
    2,897              
Peru
    4,600       6,767       47.1  
 
                 
Total
    55,884       56,943       1.9  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Tables include figures for Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See “Item 4. Information on the Company— A. History and Development of the Company” for details.
Total revenues in Chile in 2006 increased by 17.9%, from Ch$ 600.9 billion in 2005 to Ch$ 708.5 billion in 2006, as a result of a 6.4% increase in energy production, driven by greater hydroelectric generation and an improved price scenario during the year. Endesa Chile and its Chilean subsidiaries sold 4,991 GWh on the spot market, where the energy average market price was $ 44.8 per MWh according to CDEC-SIC. Physical sales of energy to regulated customers rose by 1.7% to 10,756 GWh, at a node price which is the result of a price-setting system that reflects the new energy matrix in Chile. The non-regulated customer prices showed, during 2006 as compared to 2005, an increase in value, which positively affected the company’s revenues, reflecting the higher costs of generation of the system. The total average sales price of Endesa Chile in Chile increased 12.7%, from Ch$ 25.3 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 28.5 per kWh in 2006.

 

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Total revenues in Argentina increased by 47.1% in 2006, from Ch$ 171.9 billion in 2005 to Ch$ 252.8 billion. This improvement was the result of better hydrology that permitted an increase in hydroelectric production of 1,110 GWh over the previous year. The physical energy sales of El Chocón amounted to 5,191 GWh, a 26.2 % increase over 2005. The energy volumes sold by Endesa Costanera increased by 3.2 % to 8,736 GWh compared to 8,466 GWh in 2005, due to the higher demand for electricity and its ability to generate with liquid fuels, considering the current scarcity of natural gas in Argentina. There was also an increase in energy prices following the recognition of higher natural gas prices. The sales mix at regulated, non-regulated and spot price was 0%, 15.2% and 84.8%, respectively. The company’s average sales price in Argentina, expressed in pesos in accordance with BT 64, increased by 32.8%, from Ch$ 12.7 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 16.9 per kWh in 2006. However, when expressed in Argentine local currency, the average sales price increased 37.3% in 2006. The increase in the average sales price is mainly due to an increase in the wholesale market spot price.
Total revenues in Colombia increased by 3.6%, from Ch$ 283.7 billion in 2005 to Ch$ 294.1 billion in 2006. Emgesa’s sales increased by Ch$ 13.7 billion in 2006 compared to 2005, primarily due to an increase in hydro production of 6.1% due to good hydrology. The sales mix at regulated, non-regulated and spot prices was 43.5%, 19.7% and 36.8%, respectively. Emgesa’s average sales price increased by 6.3%. This better result was partially offset by a decline of Ch$ 3.46 billion in Betania’s sales, due to a fall in the company’s average sales price of 17.6% as a result of better hydrology, partially offset by the 11.6% increase in physical sales. Endesa Chile’s average price in total sales in Colombia rose by 1.9%, from Ch$ 17.5 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 17.8 per kWh in 2006, expressed in pesos, in accordance with BT 64. When expressed in local currency, the nominal average sales price increase was 2.5% in 2006.
Revenues of our electricity generator in Peru, Edegel, increased by 40.0%, from Ch$ 129.0 billion to Ch$ 180.6 billion, primarily due to a 47.1% increase in physical energy sales of 2,166 GWh, explained by the incorporation of Ventanilla thermal plant figures as of January 2006, despite the average sales price decrease of 4.2% as a consequence of the reduction in the local price of natural gas recognized by the country’s pricing system. The sales mix at regulated, non-regulated and spot prices are 40.2%, 50.6% and 9.1%, respectively. The company’s average sales price declined from Ch$ 25.8 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 24.7 per kWh in 2006, expressed in pesos according to the convention of BT 64. When expressed in local currency, the nominal average sales price decrease was 10.0% in 2006.
Operating Expenses
The table below sets forth the breakdown by country of operating expenses for 2005 and 2006 and the percentage change from year to year:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     % Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Operating Expenses (1)
                       
Chile
    373,151       374,671       0.4  
Argentina
    154,892       210,172       35.7  
Colombia
    145,873       158,854       8.9  
Brazil (2)
    21,512              
Peru
    60,755       108,263       78.2  
 
                 
Total
    756,183       851,961       12.7  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Excludes SG&A expenses
 
(2)   Tables include figures of Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company” for details.
Operating costs in Chile increased by 0.4% in 2006 compared to 2005. The greater thermal generation in the last quarter of 2006, caused by sharp cuts in natural gas supplies from Argentina, led the cost of fuels and other fixed costs to increase by Ch$ 13.4 billion despite the good hydrology during the year. This, however, was offset by Ch$ 13.9 billion of lower energy and power purchase costs. The average variable cost of generation, excluding the cost of electricity purchases, declined by 2.1%, from Ch$ 9.0 per kWh to Ch$ 8.8 per kWh in 2006, as a result of the 8.8% increase in hydroelectric generation. The cost of electricity purchases, both of energy and capacity, decreased from Ch$ 71.7 billion in 2005 to Ch$ 57.8 billion in 2006, due to the 41.9% fall in physical energy purchases as a result of improved hydrology, while the average price of purchases increased from Ch$ 29.4 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 40.9 per kWh in 2006.

 

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Operating expenses in Argentina increased by Ch$ 55.3 billion, from Ch$ 154.9 billion in 2005 to Ch$ 210.2 billion in 2006. Thermal and hydroelectric generation increased by 3.7% and 28.3%, respectively. The cost of fuel increased by Ch$ 48.7 billion, due to use of more expensive fuels in the generation of electricity when compared to the price of fuels in 2005. The greater generation using liquid fuels was the result of the shortage of natural gas in Argentina. The average variable generating cost, excluding the cost of electricity purchases, increased from Ch$ 7.9 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 10.6 per kWh in 2006. Electricity purchases of both energy and capacity rose by Ch$ 960 million in 2006, due to an increase in the average purchase price, which rose from Ch$ 15.1 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 21.6 per kWh in 2006, while the volume of purchases decreased. Asset depreciation increased 3.5%. The depreciation of the peso against the dollar increased total operating expenses in 2006 when compared to 2005 by Ch$ 2.77 billion. The average Argentine peso-dollar exchange rate remained stable in 2006, not significantly impacting operating expenses.
Operating expenses in Colombia increased by 8.9%, from Ch$ 145.9 billion in 2005 to Ch$ 158.9 billion in 2006. The average variable generation cost, excluding the cost of electricity purchases, rose from Ch$ 3.3 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 3.9 per kWh in 2006. Tolls and energy transportation costs increased by Ch$ 6.6 billion. The 46.1% increase in thermal generation caused fuel costs to increase by Ch$ 1.6 billion. Electricity purchases, both of energy and power, increased slightly by Ch$ 198 million in 2006, because of the higher average purchase price, which moved from Ch$ 15.7 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 18.1 per kWh in 2006, despite physical purchases of energy falling by 13.2%. Asset depreciation increased 2.1%. The depreciation of the peso in terms of the dollar increased total operating expenses by Ch$ 2.7 billion in 2006 when compared to 2005.
Operating expenses in Peru increased by 78.2%, from Ch$ 60.8 billion in 2005 to Ch$ 108.3 billion in 2006. This was primarily due to an increase of Ch$ 26.9 billion in fuel costs through the operation in open cycle of the Ventanilla thermal plant, which was added to Edegel assets in June 2006. The average variable generating cost, excluding the cost of electricity purchases, was Ch$ 5.9 per GWh in 2005 compared to Ch$ 7.6 per GWh in 2006. Electricity purchases, both of energy and capacity, increased by Ch$ 4.9 billion in 2006, due to the rise in the average price of purchases from Ch$ 22.7 per GWh in 2005 to Ch$ 37.3 per GWh. Asset depreciation increased by 55.5%, mainly because the incorporation of Etevensa into Edegel’s assets, and other fixed costs increased Ch$ 5.5 billion. The depreciation of the peso in relation to the dollar increased total operating expenses by Ch$ 1.1 billion in 2006 when compared to 2005, while the 6.3% appreciation of the sol against the dollar in 2006 increased expenses.
Administrative and Selling Expenses
Administrative and selling expenses remained stable in Ch$ 42.3 billion in 2006.
The table below sets forth the breakdown of selling and administrative expenses for 2005 and 2006 and the percentage change from year to year:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     % Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007 except percentages)  
Administrative and Selling Expenses
                       
Chile
    20,534       21,251       3.5  
Argentina
    2,882       3,405       18.2  
Colombia
    5,681       4,925       (13.3 )
Brazil (1)
    3,957              
Peru
    9,248       12,719       37.5  
 
                 
Total Selling and Administrative Expense
    42,302       42,301       0.0  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Tables include figures of Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when Endesa Chile transferred its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See “Item 4. Information on the Company— A. History and Development of the Company” for details.

 

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The increase in selling and administrative expenses of 37.5% in Peru was due to the incorporation of Etevensa into Edegel. This was offset by lower selling and administrative expenses of 13.3% in Colombia and the deconsolidation of Cachoeira Dourada, as Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil in 2005. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company” for details.
Operating Margin and Operating Income
Our operating margin, which is operating income as a percentage of revenues, increased from 35.2% in 2005 to 37.7% in 2006. This increase is due to higher operating margins in Argentina and Chile, offset in part by a lower operating margin in Colombia and by the deconsolidation of Cachoeira Dourada in Brazil, as its operating margin was greater than the consolidated figure in 2005. The following is our operating margin by country:
                 
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006  
    (percentage based on figures in Chilean  
    GAAP in millions of Ch$ as of  
Operating Margin   December 31, 2007)  
Chile
    34.5 %     44.1 %
Argentina
    8.2 %     15.5 %
Colombia
    46.6 %     44.3 %
Brazil (1)
    44.4 %      
Peru
    45.7 %     33.0 %
 
           
Total Operating Margin
    35.2 %     37.7 %
 
           
 
     
(1)   Tables include figures of Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company” for details.
Endesa Chile’s consolidated operating income, the result of subtracting total operating expenses, including selling and administrative expenses (SG&A), from operating revenues, reached Ch$ 541.8 billion for 2006 compared to Ch$ 433.0 billion for 2005. The following table breaks down operating income by country for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2006:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     % Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
Operating Income   December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Chile
    207,257       312,593       50.8  
Argentina
    14,160       39,259       177.3  
Colombia
    132,188       130,308       (1.4 )
Brazil (1)
    20,363              
Peru
    59,021       59,646       1.1  
 
                 
Total Operating Income
    432,988       541,806       25.1  
 
                 
 
     
(1)   Tables include figures for Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See “Item 4. Information on the Company—A. History and Development of the Company” for details.
The favorable hydrological conditions in Chile, particularly during the period June to September 2006, a good snow melting process and greater customer demand allowed sales to increase. Lower variable cost due to less thermal generation and lower purchases from other generators, and stable costs of depreciation led to a reduction in the total cost of operations. This lower cost of generation, along with the increase in the average sales price, explains the increase of operating income from Chilean operations by 50.8% and operating margin from 34.5% in 2005 to 44.1% in 2006.

 

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Argentina’s operating income benefited from higher energy sales during 2006 from Endesa Costanera and El Chocón in view of higher demand. Endesa Costanera experienced higher average prices, while El Chocón enjoyed better hydrological conditions during 2006. This positive effect exceeded the increase in operating costs, which essentially were driven by higher prices of fuel from Endesa Costanera. With this, operating income in Argentina increased by Ch$ 25.1 billion, while operating margin increased from 8.2% in 2005 to 15.5% in 2006.
In Colombia, operating income declined slightly by 1.4%, mainly due to a decrease of Ch$ 5.3 billion in Betania’s power plant operating income as a result of its lower average sale price and higher cost of energy purchases, despite the 11.6% increase of physical sales. Additionally, Emgesa registered higher operating costs in tolls and energy transportation. Emgesa’s operating margin remained fairly flat in 2006 compared to 2005, while Betania’s operating margin dropped from 43% in 2005 to 33% in 2006, mainly due to the reasons mentioned previously. The latter is what primarily led to a decline in Colombia’s overall operating income and operating margin.
Edegel, in Peru, produced an operating income of Ch$ 59.6 billion during 2006, which compares favorably with the Ch$ 59.0 billion reached in 2005, an increase of 1.1%. Nevertheless, operating margin dropped to 33% in 2006 from 46% in 2005, primarily due to a reduction in the company’s average sale price of electricity and an increase in the variable cost of purchases and of electricity generation. The latter was strongly impacted by the consolidation of fuel costs arising from the Ventanilla thermal plant.
Non-operating Results
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our non-operating results for each of the periods indicated:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
    2005     2006     % Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Non-operating income:
                       
Interest earned
    17,053       15,915       (6.7 )
Equity income of non-consolidated affiliates
    23,438       45,613       94.6  
Other non-operating income
    36,493       32,186       (11.8 )
Non-operating expenses:
                       
Interest expense
    196,058       184,641       (5.8 )
Equity losses of non-consolidated affiliates
    8,559       134       (98.4 )
Goodwill amortization
    1,498       1,013       (32.4 )
Other non-operating expenses
    58,760       46,792       (20.4 )
Monetary correction:
                       
Price level restatement
    1,446       1,597       10.5  
Foreign Exchange translation
    16,340       3,875       (76.3 )
 
                 
Non-operating results
    (170,104 )     (133,395 )     21.6  
 
                 
Non-operating results amounted to a loss of Ch$ 133.4 billion in 2006 compared to a loss of Ch$ 170.1 billion in 2005, a Ch$ 36.7 billion reduction in losses. The most important factors leading to this reduction include:
Consolidated interest expense decreased by Ch$ 11.4 billion, from Ch$ 196.1 billion in 2005 to Ch$ 184.6 billion in 2006, or 5.8%, primarily due to reduced financial debt, average exchange rate appreciation and the higher capitalization of financial expenses related to investment projects. The deconsolidation of Cachoeira Dourada, partially offset by increases in average cash balances, was the primary factor behind the reduction in consolidated interest income of Ch$ 1.1 billion, from Ch$ 17.1 billion to Ch$ 15.9 billion in 2006.
The net result of investments in related companies increased by Ch$ 30.6 billion in 2006, primarily due to Ch$ 26.0 billion of higher results for Endesa Brasil and the accrued negative result of Ch$ 8.5 billion for our affiliate company CIEN in 2005, offset in part by a Ch$ 3.8 billion reduction in the result for our affiliate company GasAtacama in 2006 as compared to 2005.

 

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Other net non-operating income and expenses produced a better result of Ch$ 7.6 billion, primarily due to Ch$ 16.9 billion of lower provisions for contingencies, litigations and other provisions; Ch$ 6.6 million of indemnities and compensations, essentially from the Chilean public works ministry related to El Melón, offset by Ch$ 13.9 billion of reduced result from the conversion adjustment in accordance with BT 64 arising from our foreign subsidiaries, principally Betania and Edegel; Ch$ 6.6 billion due to the effect of the deconsolidation of Cachoeira Dourada; and Ch$ 1.8 billion of reduced recoveries of costs and customer debts.
Net non-operating income and expense were offset by a net negative change of Ch$ 12.4 billion in 2006 compared to the previous year in price-level restatements and exchange differences, due mainly to the effect of 3.7% depreciation of the peso against the dollar during 2006, against a 8.8% appreciation during 2005.
Net Income
The following table sets forth our net income for the periods indicated:
                         
    Year ended December 31,  
                    %  
    2005     2006     Change  
    (in millions of constant Ch$ as of  
    December 31, 2007, except percentages)  
Operating income
    432,987       541,806       25.1  
Non-operating income
    (170,104 )     (133,395 )     21.6  
Income before taxes, minority interest and negative goodwill amortization
    262,883       408,411       55.4  
Current income taxes
    (65,947 )     (106,771 )     61.9  
Deferred income taxes
    (34,886 )     (33,770 )     (3.2 )
Total income taxes
    (100,832 )     (140,540 )     39.4  
Minority interest
    (57,534 )     (70,788 )     23.0  
Amortization of negative goodwill
    16,789       6,484       (61.4 )
Extraordinary items
    0       0       n.a.  
 
                 
Net income
    121,304       203,566       67.8  
 
                 
Income Taxes. Current income taxes and deferred income taxes increased by Ch$ 39.7 billion during 2006 as compared to 2005. Consolidated income tax amounted to Ch$ 140.5 billion, consisting of a charge of Ch$ 106.8 billion for income tax, an increase of Ch$ 40.8 billion over 2005 related to the improved taxable results, primarily from Endesa Chile and its Chilean subsidiaries, and Ch$ 33.8 billion in deferred taxes which fell by Ch$ 1.1 billion compared to 2005. The Company’s effective tax rate (the ratio of total income taxes to income before taxes) was 38% in 2005 and 34% in 2006 due to the increase in the portion of our income that is taxed at the Chilean rate, which is lower than the tax rate in the other countries.
Minority Interest. Minority interest expenses increased Ch$ 13.3 billion in 2006, primarily due to higher net income of our subsidiaries in Colombia and Argentina, partially offset by lower net income in Peru.
B. Liquidity and capital resources.
The following discussion of cash sources and uses reflects the key drivers of cash flow for Endesa Chile, as they are regularly described to the holders of Endesa Chile’s debt and included in the calculation of financial covenants ratios. This discussion is relevant to holders of Endesa Chile debt because it presents the financial effects, which vary regarding the accounting effects as a consequence of time lag between certain cash flows and actual accounting effects. For information on cash flows from the accounting rather than financial perspective, please see “Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007” in Item 18.
Endesa Chile receives cash inflows from its own operational assets and from its subsidiaries, as well as from related companies in Chile and abroad.

 

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Cash flows generated by Endesa Chile and subsidiaries in which Endesa Chile has 100% economic participation (that is, San Isidro, Conosur and Endesa Chile Internacional, which was absorbed by Conosur in 2007) are included in the analysis as inflows and outflows from operating activities. Inflows and outflows of all other subsidiaries (Pehuenche, Pangue, Celta, Endesa Eco, Canela, Ingendesa, Enigesa, Túnel El Melón, Endesa Costanera, El Chocón, Emgesa and Edegel) and related companies (Electrogas, Gas Atacama, Hidroaysén, GNL Quintero, GNL Chile and Endesa Brasil) are included in the analysis primarily as dividends and capital reductions, and also as interest income and intercompany debt amortization.
                 
    2006     2007  
    (figures in $ million)  
INITIAL CASH (A)
    23.4       103.1  
 
               
SOURCES (B) + (C)
    1,622.2       1,928.0  
 
               
Cash Inflows from Chile (B)
    1,238.4       1,765.4  
Cash Inflows from Operations
    960.2       1,384.5  
Interest Income from Chilean Subs
    2.1       6.3  
Dividend from Chilean Subs
    143.5       220.7  
Amortization of Intercompany Loans from Chilean Subs
    92.9       25.9  
Other Income from non-operating Activities
    39.7       23.7  
Net New Financing
    0.0       104.4  
 
               
Cash Inflows from Foreign subsidiaries (C)
    383.8       162.6  
Interest Income from foreign Subs
    44.8       0.6  
Dividends from Foreign Subs. and Foreign Related Companies
    43.7       143.9  
Capital Reductions
    0.0       4.8  
Amortization of Intercompany Loans from Foreign Subs
    293.3       10.4  
Management Fee and Others
    2.0       2.9  
 
               
USES (D) + (E)
    1,542.4       1,923.8  
 
               
Cash Outflows from Operations (D)
    786.9       1,533.8  
Cash Outflows from Operations (1)
    723.6       1,404.9  
Taxes
    63.3       128.9  
Cash Outflows from non-operating Activities (E)
    755.5       390.0  
Intercompany Loans
    0.0       4.1  
Interest Expenses and Derivative Contracts
    204.5       182.7  
Dividend Payment
    131.3       202.8  
Net Financial Debt Amortization
    411.4       0.0  
Others
    8.4       0.4  
 
               
FINAL CASH (A)+(B)+(C)-(D)-(E)
    103.1       107.3  
 
     
(1)   Includes cash flows from investment and operations.
For the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, Endesa Chile’s principal sources of funds were:
    $ 1,384.5 million cash inflows from the operating revenues, before taxes and interest expense, of Endesa Chile and its wholly-owned subsidiaries;
 
    $ 252.9 million from interest income, dividends and amortization of intercompany loans from its other Chilean subsidiaries;
 
    $ 23.7 million from non-operating activities, mainly from the sale of shares of Emgesa S.A to Empresa Eléctrica de Bogotá (as agreed to in the Emgesa S.A. — Betania S.A. merger agreement) for $ 16.7 million;
 
    $ 104.4 million from net financing operations, which mainly included four borrowings of Endesa Chile’s Revolving Credit Facilities for an aggregate amount of $ 116 million; and
 
    $ 162.6 million from foreign subsidiaries and foreign-related companies, mainly Endesa Brasil S.A. (approx. $ 74 million), Emgesa S.A. (approx. $ 50 million) and Edegel S.A. (approx. $ 19 million).

 

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The aggregate inflows of cash from these sources amounted to $ 1,928 million.
For the same twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, Endesa Chile’s principal cash outflows totaled an amount of $ 1,923.8 million, through the following:
    $ 1,404.9 million in investments, including capital expenditure and operating expenses of Endesa Chile and its wholly-owned subsidiaries;
 
    $ 128.9 million in taxes paid by Endesa Chile and its 100% wholly-owned subsidiaries;
 
    $ 182.7 million in interest expense (net of derivative contracts). In 2007, derivative instruments resulted in additional interest expenses of $ 0.3 million;
 
    $ 202.8 million in dividend payments by Endesa Chile and dividends paid by Endesa Chile’s wholly-owned subsidiaries to third parties; and
As of December 2007, Endesa Chile including its wholly-owned subsidiaries, had final cash of $ 107.3 million.
For the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2006, Endesa Chile’s principal sources of funds were:
    $ 960.2 million cash inflows from operating revenues, before taxes and interest expenses, of Endesa Chile and its wholly-owned subsidiaries;
 
    $ 244.4 million from interest income, dividends and amortization of intercompany loans from its other Chilean subsidiaries;
 
    $ 39.7 million from non-operating activities, including $ 19.4 million from the sales of water rights to Hidroaysén, $ 19.1 million from intercompany debt amortization from related companies and interest income from related companies and third parties, and dividends of $ 1.2 million from Chilean-related companies;
 
    $ 44.8 million on interest income from intercompany debt with its Colombian and Argentine subsidiaries;
 
    $ 43.7 million from dividends from foreign subsidiaries and foreign-related companies, which included $ 24.7 million from Brazil (related company) and $ 19.0 million from Peru; and
 
    $ 293.3 million from intercompany debt amortization by Colombian and Argentine subsidiaries.
The aggregate inflows of cash from these sources amounted to $ 1,622.2 million.
For the same twelve-month period ended December 31, 2006, Endesa Chile’s principal cash outflows totaled an amount of $ 1,542.4 million, through the following:
    $ 723.6 million in operating expenses of Endesa Chile and its wholly-owned subsidiaries, including investments and capital expenditure;
 
    $ 63.3 million in net sale taxes paid by Endesa Chile