Filed by Bowne Pure Compliance
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 20-F
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REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR 12(g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
OR
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ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2007
OR
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TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the transition period from
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to
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OR
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SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE
SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
Date of event requiring this shell company report
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Commission file number: 1-13240
EMPRESA NACIONAL DE ELECTRICIDAD S.A.
(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)
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| EMPRESA NACIONAL DE ELECTRICIDAD S.A.
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CHILE |
| (Translation of Registrants name into English)
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(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization) |
Santa Rosa 76, Santiago, Chile
Telephone No. (562) 630-9000
(Address of principal executive offices)
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
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| Title of each class
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Name of each exchange on which registered |
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| American Depositary Shares
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New York Stock Exchange |
| Shares
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New York Stock Exchange* |
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Listed, not for trading, but only in connection with the registration of American
Depositary Shares, pursuant to the requirements of the Securities and Exchange
Commission. |
Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: [None]
Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act:
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| $ 400,000,000
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7.750%
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Notes due 2008 |
| $ 400,000,000
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8.500%
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Notes due 2009 |
| $ 400,000,000
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8.350%
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Notes due 2013 |
| $ 200,000,000
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8.625%
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Notes due 2015 |
| $ 230,000,000
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7.875%
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Notes due 2027 |
| $ 220,000,000
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7.325%
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Notes due 2037 |
| $ 200,000,000
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8.125%
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Notes due 2097 |
Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuers classes of capital or common
stock as of the close of the period covered by the annual report. Shares of Common Stock:
8,201,754,580
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of
the Securities Act.
þ Yes o No
If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not
required to file reports pursuant to
Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.
o Yes þ No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by
Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for
such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been
subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:
þ Yes o No
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer,
or a non-accelerated filer. See
definition of accelerated filer and large accelerated filer in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
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| þ Large accelerated filer
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o Accelerated filer
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o Non-accelerated filer |
Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial
statements included in this filing:
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o U.S. GAAP
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o
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International Financial Reporting Standards as issued by
the International Accounting Standards Board
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þ Other |
Indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:
o Item 17 þ Item 18
If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as
defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
o Yes þ No
GLOSSARY
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ACCIONA, S.A.
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Acciona, S.A.
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Spanish construction holding company. |
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AESGener
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AES Gener S.A.
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Chilean generation company that competes with us in
Chile, Argentina, Brazil and Colombia. |
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AFP
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Administradora de Fondos de
Pensiones
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Chilean private pension funds. |
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Ampla
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Ampla Energía e Servicos S.A.
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Brazilian distribution company operating in Rio de
Janeiro, owned by Endesa Brasil, a subsidiary of our
parent company, Enersis. |
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ANEEL
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Agéncia Nacional de Energia
Elétrica
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Brazilian governmental agency for electric energy. |
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Betania
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Central Hidroeléctrica
de
Betania S.A. E.S.P.
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Endesa Chiles Colombian subsidiary which merged with
Emgesa in 2007. |
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Bureau Veritas
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Bureau Veritas
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International independent certification company. |
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Cachoeira Dourada
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Centrais Eléctricas
Cachoeira Dourada S.A.
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Brazilian generating company owned by Endesa Brasil, a
subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis. |
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Cammesa
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Compañía Administradora del
Mercado Mayorista Eléctrico
S.A.
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Argentine autonomous entity in charge of the operation
of the Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista (Wholesale
Electricity Market), or MEM. Cammesas stockholders are
generation, transmission and distribution companies,
large users and the Secretariat of Energy. |
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CDEC
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Centro de Despacho Económico
de Carga
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Autonomous entity in two Chilean electric systems in
charge of coordinating the efficient operation and
dispatch of units to satisfy the demand at any time. |
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CELTA
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Compañía Eléctrica Tarapacá
S.A.
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Endesa Chiles subsidiary that operates in the SING
with thermal plants. |
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CEMSA
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Compañía de
Energía del
Mercosur S.A.
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Energy trading company with operations in Argentina
subsidiary of Endesa Chile. |
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Chilectra
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Chilectra S.A.
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Chilean electricity distribution company operating in
the Santiago metropolitan area owned by our parent
company, Enersis. |
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CIEN
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Companhia de Interconexão
Energética S.A.
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Brazilian transmission company, wholly-owned by Endesa
Brasil, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis. |
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CNE
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Comisión Nacional de Energía
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Chilean National Energy Commission, governmental entity
with responsibilities under the Chilean regulatory
framework. |
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Codensa
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Codensa S.A. E.S.P.
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Colombian distribution company controlled by our parent
company, Enersis that operates mainly in Bogotá and
Cundinamarca. |
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Coelce
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Companhia Energética do
Ceará S.A.
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Brazilian distribution company operating in the state
of Ceará. Coelce is controlled by Endesa Brasil, a
subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis. |
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CREG
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Comisión de Regulación de
Energía y Gas
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Colombian Commission for the Regulation of Energy and
Gas. |
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CTM
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Compañía de Transmisión del
Mercosur
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Endesa Brasils transmission subsidiary with operations
in Argentina. |
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Edegel
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Edegel S.A.A.
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Peruvian generation company, subsidiary of Endesa Chile. |
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Edelnor
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Empresa de Distribución
Eléctrica de Lima Norte
S.A.A.
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Peruvian distribution company with a concession area in
the northern part of Lima, a subsidiary of our parent
company, Enersis. |
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Edesur
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Empresa Distribuidora Sur
S.A.
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Argentine distribution company with a concession area
in the south of the Buenos Aires larger metropolitan
area, a subsidiary of our parent company, Enersis. |
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El Chocón
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Hidroeléctrica El Chocón S.A.
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Endesa Chiles subsidiary with two hydroelectric
plants, El Chocón and Arroyito, both located in the
Limay River, Argentina. |
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Emgesa
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Emgesa S.A. E.S.P.
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Colombian generation company controlled by Endesa Chile. |
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Endesa Brasil
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Endesa Brasil, S.A.
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Brazilian holding company, subsidiary of our parent
company, Enersis, created in 2005. |
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Endesa Costanera
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Endesa Costanera S.A.
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Argentine generation company controlled by Endesa Chile. |
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Endesa Fortaleza
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Central Geradora
Termelétrica Endesa
Fortaleza S.A.
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Endesa Fortaleza owns a combined cycle generating
plant, located in the state of Ceará. Endesa Fortaleza
is fully owned by Endesa Brasil, a subsidiary of our
parent company, Enersis. |
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Endesa Internacional
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Endesa Internacional S.A.
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A subsidiary of Endesa Spain and the direct controller
of our parent company, Enersis. |
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Endesa Spain
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Endesa, S.A.
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A Spanish electricity generation and distribution
company with a 60.6% beneficial interest in Enersis,
parent company of Endesa Chile. |
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ENEL
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ENEL S.p.A
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A large power company in Italy. |
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ENRE
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Ente Nacional Regulatorio de
la Energía
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Argentine national regulatory authority of the energy
sector. |
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GasAtacama
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GasAtacama S.A.
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Company involved in the gas transportation and
electricity generation in the north of Chile, affiliate
of Endesa Chile. |
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IFRS
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International Financial
Reporting Standards
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Reporting standard that the company will adopt starting
on January 1, 2009. |
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LNG
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Liquid Natural Gas
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The gas that the future LNG Quintero plant will process. |
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MEM
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Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista
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Wholesale Electricity Market in Argentina. |
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MME
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Ministério de Minas e Energia
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Ministry of Mines and Energy of Brazil. |
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NIS
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Sistema Interconectado Nacional
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National interconnected electric system. There are such
systems in Argentina, Brazil and Colombia. |
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ONS
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Operador Nacional do Sistema
Elétricos
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Electric System National Operator. Brazilian nonprofit
private entity responsible for the planning and
coordination of operations in interconnected systems. |
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OSINERGMIN
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Organismo Supervisor de la
Inversión en Energía y
Minería
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Energy and mining investment supervisor authority. The
Peruvian regulatory electricity authority. |
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Pangue
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Empresa Eléctrica Pangue S.A.
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Chilean electricity company, owner of the Pangue power
station. Pangue is an Endesa Chile subsidiary. |
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Pehuenche
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Empresa Eléctrica Pehuenche
S.A.
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Chilean electricity company, owner of three power
stations in the Maule basin. Pehuenche is an Endesa
Chiles subsidiary. |
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San Isidro
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Compañía Eléctrica San
Isidro S.A.
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Chilean electricity company, owner of a thermal power
station. San Isidro is wholly-owned by Endesa Chile. |
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SEF
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Superintendencia de
Electricidad y Combustible
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Governmental entity in charge of supervising the
Chilean electricity industry. |
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SEIN
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Sistema Eléctrico
Interconectado Nacional
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Peruvian interconnected electric system. |
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SIC
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Sistema Interconectado Central
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Chilean central interconnected electric system. |
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SING
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Sistema Interconectado del
Norte Grande
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Electric system operating in northern Chile. |
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SVS
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Superintendencia de Valores
y Seguros
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Chilean authority in charge of supervising public
companies, securities and insurance. |
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UTA
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Unidad Tributaria Anual
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Chilean annual tax unit. One UTA equals 12 UTM. |
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UTM
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Unidad Tributaria Mensual
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Chilean monthly tax unit used to define fines, among
other purposes. |
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VAD
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Valued Added Distribution
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Valued added from distribution of electricity. |
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VNR
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Valor Nuevo de Reemplazo
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The net replacement value, in its Spanish acronym. |
3
INTRODUCTION
As used in this annual report on Form 20-F, first person personal pronouns such as we, us
or our refer to Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A. (Endesa Chile or the Company) and our
consolidated subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. Unless otherwise indicated, our
interest in our principal subsidiaries and related companies is expressed in terms of our economic
interest as of December 31, 2007.
Financial Information
In this annual report on Form 20-F, unless otherwise specified, references to dollars, $,
are to United States dollars; references to pesos or Ch$ are to Chilean pesos; the legal
currency of Chile; references to Ar$ or Argentine pesos are to the legal currency of Argentina;
references to R$, reals or reais are to Brazilian reals, the legal currency of Brazil;
references to soles are to Peruvian soles, the legal currency of Peru; references to CPs or
Colombian pesos are to the legal currency of Colombia; and references to UF are to Unidades de
Fomento. The Unidad de Fomento is a Chilean inflation-indexed, peso-denominated monetary unit.
The UF rate is set daily in advance based on changes in the previous months inflation rate. As of
December 31, 2007, 1 UF was equivalent to Ch$ 19,622.66. The dollar equivalent of 1 UF was $ 39.49
at December 31, 2007, using the Observed Exchange Rate reported by the Banco Central de Chile (the
Chilean Central Bank, or the Central Bank) as of December 31, 2007 of Ch$ 496.89 per $ 1.00.
As of May 31, 2008, 1 UF was equivalent to Ch$ 20,061.03. The dollar equivalent of 1 UF was
$ 41.83 for May 31, 2008, using the Observed Exchange Rate reported by the Central Bank of
Ch$ 479.54 per $ 1.00.
Our audited consolidated financial statements and, unless otherwise indicated, other financial
information concerning us and our subsidiaries included in this annual report are presented in
constant pesos in conformity with Chilean generally accepted accounting principles (Chilean GAAP)
and the rules of the Superintendencia de Valores y Seguros,, or SVS. Data expressed in pesos for
all periods in the Companys audited consolidated financial statements for the three fiscal years
ended December 31, 2007 are expressed in constant pesos as of December 31, 2007. See Note 2 to our
audited consolidated financial statements included herein. For Chilean accounting purposes,
inflation adjustments are calculated based on a one-month lag convention using an inflation
adjustment factor based on the Indice de Precios al Consumidor (Chilean consumer price index, or
Chilean CPI). The Chilean CPI is published by Chiles Instituto Nacional de Estadísticas (the
National Bureau of Statistics). For example, the inflation adjustment applicable for the 2007
calendar year is the percentage change between the November 2006 Chilean CPI and the November 2007
Chilean CPI, which was 7.4%. Chilean GAAP, differs in certain important respects from accounting
principles generally accepted in the United States (U.S. GAAP). See Note 32 to our audited
consolidated financial statements contained elsewhere in this annual report for a description of
the principal differences between Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP, as they relate to us, and for a
reconciliation to U.S. GAAP stockholders equity and net income as of and for the three years in
the period ended December 31, 2007, respectively.
Under Chilean GAAP, we consolidate the results from operations of a company defined as a
subsidiary under Law No. 18,046 (the Chilean Companies Act). In order to consolidate a
company, we must generally satisfy one of two criteria:
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control, directly or indirectly, more than a 50% voting interest in such company; or |
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nominate or have the power to nominate a majority of the Board of Directors of such
company if we control 50% or less of the voting interest of that company. |
As of December 31, 2007 we consolidated all our operational Chilean subsidiaries. In
Argentina, we consolidated the hydroelectric company Central Hidroeléctrica El Chocón S.A. (El
Chocón), and the thermoelectric company Endesa Costanera. In Colombia, we consolidated the
generation company Emgesa S.A. E.S.P., (Emgesa) which is controlled pursuant to a shareholders
agreement. We also consolidated the generation company Edegel S.A.A. (Edegel), in Peru.
For the convenience of the reader, this annual report contains translations of certain peso
amounts into dollars at specified rates. Unless otherwise indicated, the dollar equivalent for
information in pesos is based on the Observed Exchange Rate, as defined in Item 3. Key
InformationA. Selected Financial DataExchange Rates at December 31, 2007. The Federal Reserve
Bank of New York does not report a noon buying rate for pesos. No
representation is made that the peso or dollar amounts shown in this annual report could have
been or could be converted into dollars or pesos, as the case may be, at such rate or at any other
rate. See Item 3. Key InformationA. Selected Financial DataExchange Rates.
4
Technical Terms
References to GW and GWh are to gigawatts and gigawatt hours, respectively; references to
MW and MWh are to megawatts and megawatt hours, respectively; references to kW and kWh are
to kilowatts and kilowatt hours, respectively; and references to kV are to kilovolts. Unless
otherwise indicated, statistics provided in this annual report with respect to electricity
generation facilities are expressed in MW, in the case of the installed capacity of such
facilities, and in GWh, in the case of the aggregate annual electricity production of such
facilities. One GW = 1,000 MW, and one MW = 1,000 kW. Statistics relating to aggregate annual
electricity production are expressed in GWh and are based on a year of 8,760 hours. Statistics
relating to installed capacity and production of the electricity industry do not include
electricity of self-generators. Statistics relating to our production do not include electricity
consumed by us from our generators.
Technical transmission energy losses are calculated by:
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subtracting the number of GWh of energy sold from the number of GWh of energy purchased
and generated (which already excludes own energy consumption and losses of the power
plant), within a given period. |
Calculation of Economic Interest
References are made in this annual report to the economic interest of Endesa Chile and its
subsidiaries or affiliates. In circumstances where we do not directly own an interest in a
subsidiary or affiliate, our economic interest in such subsidiary or affiliate is calculated by
multiplying the percentage ownership interest in a directly held subsidiary or affiliate by the
percentage ownership interest of any entity in the chain of ownership of such subsidiary or
affiliate. For example, if we own 60% of a directly held subsidiary and that subsidiary owns 40%
of an affiliate, our economic ownership interest in such related company would be 24%.
Forward-Looking Statements
This annual report contains statements that are or may constitute forward-looking statements.
These statements appear throughout this annual report and include statements regarding our intent,
belief or current expectations, including, but not limited to, any statements concerning:
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our capital investment program; |
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trends affecting our financial condition or results from operations; |
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our dividend policy; |
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the future impact of competition and regulation; |
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political and economic conditions in the countries in which we or our related companies
operate or may operate in the future; |
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any statements preceded by, followed by or that include the words believes, expects,
predicts, anticipates, intends, estimates, should, may or similar expressions;
and |
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other statements contained or incorporated by reference in this annual report regarding
matters that are not historical facts. |
5
Because such statements are subject to risks and uncertainties, actual results may differ
materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. Factors that could
cause actual results to differ materially include, but are not limited to:
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changes in the regulatory framework for the electric industry in one or more of the
countries in which we operate; |
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changes in the environmental regulatory framework in one or more of the countries in
which we operate; |
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our ability to implement proposed capital expenditures, including our ability to arrange
financing where required; |
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the nature and extent of future competition in our principal markets; |
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political, economic and demographic developments in the emerging market countries of
South America where we conduct our business; and |
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the factors discussed below under Risk Factors. |
You should not place undue reliance on such statements, which speak only as of the date that
they were made. Our independent public accountants have not examined or compiled the
forward-looking statements and, accordingly, do not provide any assurance with respect to such
statements. You should consider these cautionary statements together with any written or oral
forward-looking statements that we may issue in the future. We do not undertake any obligation to
release publicly any revisions to forward-looking statements contained in this annual report to
reflect later events or circumstances or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.
For all these forward-looking statements, we claim the protection of the safe harbor for
forward-looking statements contained in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.
6
PART I
Item 1. Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisors
Not applicable.
Item 2. Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable
Not applicable.
Item 3. Key Information
A. Selected financial data.
The following summary of consolidated selected financial and operating data should be read in
conjunction with, and is qualified in its entirety by reference to, our audited consolidated
financial statements, included in this annual report. Our audited consolidated financial
statements are prepared in accordance with Chilean GAAP and the rules of the SVS, which differ in
certain important respects from U.S. GAAP. Note 32 to our audited consolidated financial
statements provides a description of the principal differences between Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP
and a reconciliation to U.S. GAAP of net income and shareholders equity for the periods indicated
therein. Financial data as of and for each of the five years ended December 31, 2007 in the
following table have been restated in constant pesos as of December 31, 2007.
In general, amounts are in millions except for ratios, operating data, shares and ADS data.
For the convenience of the reader, all data presented in dollars in the following summary, as of
and for the year ended December 31, 2007, are converted at the Observed Exchange Rate for
December 31, 2007 of Ch$ 496.89 per $ 1.00. No representation is made that the peso or dollar
amounts shown in this annual report could have been or could be converted into dollars or pesos, at
such rate or at any other rate. For more information concerning historical exchange rates, see
Item 3. Key Information A. Selected Financial Data Exchange Rates below.
Our principal operating subsidiaries were consolidated prior to 1998. As of October 1, 2005,
the 92.51% participation interest we held in Centrais Elétricas Cachoeira Dourada S.A., or
Cachoeira Dourada, was contributed to Endesa Brasil and consequently ceased to be consolidated by
us, which significantly affected balance sheet figures as of December 31, 2005, and revenues and
related costs for 2005 and subsequent years. See Item 4. Information on the Company A. History
and Development of the Company, for details on Endesa Brasil. All companies have been
consolidated according to Chilean GAAP.
The information detailed in the following table includes the effect of certain accounting
changes for the five years ended and as of December 31, 2007, which affect the comparability
presented below. For information on changes in accounting policies see Note 3 to our consolidated
financial statements.
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As of or for the year ended December 31, (in constant millions of Ch$) |
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2003 |
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2004 |
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2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(millions |
|
| |
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
of $) (1) |
|
Chilean GAAP: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Revenues from operations |
|
|
1,071,603 |
|
|
|
1,173,136 |
|
|
|
1,231,473 |
|
|
|
1,436,068 |
|
|
|
1,726,964 |
|
|
|
3,476 |
|
Cost of operations |
|
|
(640,957 |
) |
|
|
(714,780 |
) |
|
|
(756,183 |
) |
|
|
(851,961 |
) |
|
|
(1,119,053 |
) |
|
|
(2,252 |
) |
Administrative and
selling expenses |
|
|
(36,475 |
) |
|
|
(39,130 |
) |
|
|
(42,303 |
) |
|
|
(42,301 |
) |
|
|
(37,081 |
) |
|
|
(75 |
) |
Operating income |
|
|
394,171 |
|
|
|
419,226 |
|
|
|
432,987 |
|
|
|
541,806 |
|
|
|
570,830 |
|
|
|
1,149 |
|
Equity in income (losses)
of related companies, net |
|
|
20,226 |
|
|
|
21,815 |
|
|
|
14,879 |
|
|
|
45,478 |
|
|
|
(10,453 |
) |
|
|
(21 |
) |
Goodwill amortization |
|
|
(1,797 |
) |
|
|
(1,664 |
) |
|
|
(1,498 |
) |
|
|
(1,013 |
) |
|
|
(910 |
) |
|
|
(2 |
) |
Interest expense, net |
|
|
(219,930 |
) |
|
|
(201,811 |
) |
|
|
(179,004 |
) |
|
|
(168,726 |
) |
|
|
(154,254 |
) |
|
|
(310 |
) |
Price-level restatement
and foreign currency
translation, net |
|
|
11,099 |
|
|
|
25,949 |
|
|
|
17,785 |
|
|
|
5,473 |
|
|
|
25,466 |
|
|
|
51 |
|
7
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
As of or for the year ended December 31, (in constant millions of Ch$) |
|
| |
|
2003 |
|
|
2004 |
|
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(millions |
|
| |
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
of $) (1) |
|
Other non-operating
expense, net |
|
|
(18,036 |
) |
|
|
(31,859 |
) |
|
|
(22,266 |
) |
|
|
(14,607 |
) |
|
|
(67,335 |
) |
|
|
(136 |
) |
Income before income
taxes, minority interest
and negative goodwill
amortization |
|
|
185,733 |
|
|
|
231,656 |
|
|
|
262,883 |
|
|
|
408,411 |
|
|
|
363,345 |
|
|
|
731 |
|
Income taxes |
|
|
(31,880 |
) |
|
|
(106,136 |
) |
|
|
(100,832 |
) |
|
|
(140,540 |
) |
|
|
(113,413 |
) |
|
|
(228 |
) |
Extraordinary loss |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Minority interest |
|
|
(81,029 |
) |
|
|
(48,624 |
) |
|
|
(57,535 |
) |
|
|
(70,788 |
) |
|
|
(61,874 |
) |
|
|
(125 |
) |
Amortization of negative
goodwill |
|
|
18,154 |
|
|
|
18,291 |
|
|
|
16,788 |
|
|
|
6,484 |
|
|
|
4,382 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
Net income |
|
|
90,978 |
|
|
|
95,187 |
|
|
|
121,304 |
|
|
|
203,567 |
|
|
|
192,439 |
|
|
|
387 |
|
Net income per share in
Ch$/$ |
|
|
11.09 |
|
|
|
11.60 |
|
|
|
14.79 |
|
|
|
24.82 |
|
|
|
23.46 |
|
|
|
0.05 |
|
Net income per ADS in
Ch$/$ (2) |
|
|
332.92 |
|
|
|
348.05 |
|
|
|
443.77 |
|
|
|
744.60 |
|
|
|
703.89 |
|
|
|
1.42 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
U.S. GAAP (6): |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Revenues from operations |
|
|
1,071,604 |
|
|
|
1,173,136 |
|
|
|
1,231,473 |
|
|
|
1,436,068 |
|
|
|
1,726,964 |
|
|
|
3,476 |
|
Operating income |
|
|
182,197 |
|
|
|
440,683 |
|
|
|
450,583 |
|
|
|
568,526 |
|
|
|
587,669 |
|
|
|
1,183 |
|
Equity in income of
related companies, net |
|
|
52,625 |
|
|
|
21,816 |
|
|
|
(16,444 |
) |
|
|
50,031 |
|
|
|
(33,438 |
) |
|
|
(67 |
) |
Income taxes |
|
|
28,492 |
|
|
|
(172,987 |
) |
|
|
(109,374 |
) |
|
|
(149,193 |
) |
|
|
(117,303 |
) |
|
|
(236 |
) |
Net income (loss) from
continuing operations |
|
|
84,701 |
|
|
|
72,187 |
|
|
|
109,958 |
|
|
|
227,574 |
|
|
|
181,442 |
|
|
|
365 |
|
Cumulative effect of
changes in accounting
principles, net of tax
and minority interest |
|
|
(140 |
) |
|
|
1,371 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income from discontinued
operations, net of tax
and minority interest |
|
|
134 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income |
|
|
84,695 |
|
|
|
73,558 |
|
|
|
109,958 |
|
|
|
227,574 |
|
|
|
181,442 |
|
|
|
365 |
|
Income from continuing
operations per share in
Ch$/$ |
|
|
10.45 |
|
|
|
8.81 |
|
|
|
13.41 |
|
|
|
27.74 |
|
|
|
22.12 |
|
|
|
0.04 |
|
Cumulative effect of
changes in accounting
principles |
|
|
(0.02 |
) |
|
|
0.16 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Discontinued operations |
|
|
0.02 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income per share in
Ch$/$ |
|
|
10.45 |
|
|
|
8.97 |
|
|
|
13.41 |
|
|
|
27.74 |
|
|
|
22.12 |
|
|
|
0.04 |
|
Income from continuing
operations per ADS in
Ch$/$ |
|
|
313.50 |
|
|
|
264.20 |
|
|
|
402.32 |
|
|
|
803.67 |
|
|
|
663.60 |
|
|
|
1.34 |
|
Income from discontinued
operations per ADS in
Ch$/$ (2) |
|
|
0.66 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income per ADS in
Ch$/$ (2) |
|
|
314.16 |
|
|
|
264.20 |
|
|
|
402.32 |
|
|
|
803.67 |
|
|
|
663.60 |
|
|
|
1.34 |
|
8
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
As of or for the year ended December 31, (in constant millions of Ch$) |
|
| |
|
2003 |
|
|
2004 |
|
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(millions |
|
| |
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
Ch$ |
|
|
of $) (1) |
|
Consolidated Balance
Sheet Data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chilean GAAP: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets |
|
|
6,364,004 |
|
|
|
6,041,020 |
|
|
|
5,345,121 |
|
|
|
5,678,830 |
|
|
|
5,387,378 |
|
|
|
10,842 |
|
Long-term liabilities |
|
|
2,666,122 |
|
|
|
2,489,735 |
|
|
|
1,941,502 |
|
|
|
2,248,143 |
|
|
|
1,921,620 |
|
|
|
3,867 |
|
Minority interest |
|
|
1,417,979 |
|
|
|
1,280,750 |
|
|
|
1,024,072 |
|
|
|
1,004,392 |
|
|
|
886,883 |
|
|
|
1,785 |
|
Total Shareholders equity |
|
|
1,738,109 |
|
|
|
1,782,315 |
|
|
|
1,800,825 |
|
|
|
1,927,089 |
|
|
|
1,884,227 |
|
|
|
3,792 |
|
Capital stock |
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
2,461 |
|
U.S. GAAP: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total assets |
|
|
6,002,357 |
|
|
|
5,672,773 |
|
|
|
5,042,886 |
|
|
|
5,364,885 |
|
|
|
5,126,547 |
|
|
|
10,311 |
|
Long-term liabilities |
|
|
2,753,770 |
|
|
|
2,623,481 |
|
|
|
2,087,430 |
|
|
|
2,367,599 |
|
|
|
2,047,132 |
|
|
|
4,120 |
|
Minority interest |
|
|
1,371,917 |
|
|
|
1,181,435 |
|
|
|
939,404 |
|
|
|
914,225 |
|
|
|
749,512 |
|
|
|
1,508 |
|
Total Shareholders equity |
|
|
1,308,129 |
|
|
|
1,355,113 |
|
|
|
1,406,038 |
|
|
|
1,550,839 |
|
|
|
1,596,838 |
|
|
|
3,214 |
|
Capital stock |
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
1,222,878 |
|
|
|
2,461 |
|
Other Consolidated
Financial Data |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chilean GAAP: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Capital expenditures (5) |
|
|
152,703 |
|
|
|
109,214 |
|
|
|
64,455 |
|
|
|
182,671 |
|
|
|
207,030 |
|
|
|
417 |
|
Depreciation and
amortization |
|
|
194,554 |
|
|
|
178,986 |
|
|
|
172,957 |
|
|
|
183,998 |
|
|
|
192,976 |
|
|
|
384 |
|
Cash dividends per share
in Ch$/$ (3) |
|
|
2.61 |
|
|
|
4.69 |
|
|
|
6.41 |
|
|
|
2.76 |
|
|
|
13.03 |
|
|
|
0.026 |
|
Cash
dividends per ADS in
$ (2)(3)(4) |
|
|
0.00 |
|
|
|
0.00 |
|
|
|
0.00 |
|
|
|
0.15 |
|
|
|
0.79 |
|
|
|
0.79 |
|
Weighted average
outstanding (million) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of shares |
|
|
8,202 |
|
|
|
8,202 |
|
|
|
8,202 |
|
|
|
8,202 |
|
|
|
8,202 |
|
|
|
8,202 |
|
Number of ADS |
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
|
|
14 |
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Solely for the convenience of the reader, peso amounts have been translated into dollars at
the rate of Ch$ 496.89 per dollar, the Observed Exchange Rate as of December 31, 2007. You
should not construe the translation of currency amounts in this annual report to be a
representation that the peso amounts actually represent current dollar amounts or that you
could convert peso amounts into dollars at the rate indicated or at any other rate. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Per ADS amounts in constant pesos are determined by multiplying per share amounts by 30 (1
ADS = 30 Shares). Per share amounts in $ are determined by dividing per ADS amounts by 30. |
| |
| (3) |
|
This chart details dividends payable in any given year, and not necessarily paid that same
year. 2006 dividend was paid in May 2007. The final dividend for 2007 was paid after the
stockholders meeting held on April 1, 2008. |
| |
| (4) |
|
Dollar amounts are calculated by applying the dollar exchange rate on the dividend payment
date to the nominal peso amount. |
| |
| (5) |
|
Capital expenditures do not include investments in equity investments and capital
expenditures in development stage subsidiaries. |
| |
| (6) |
|
For reconciliation from Chilean GAAP to U.S. GAAP, see Note 32, Differences between Chilean
and United States Generally Accepted Accounting Principles of our Audited Consolidated
Financial Statements. |
Exchange Rates
Fluctuations in the exchange rate between the peso and the dollar will affect the dollar
equivalent of the peso price of our shares of common stock, without par value (the Shares, or the
Common Stock), on the Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago (the Santiago Stock Exchange), the Bolsa
Electrónica de Chile (the Electronic Exchange) and the Bolsa de Corredores de Valparaíso (the
Valparaíso Stock Exchange) (collectively, the Chilean Exchanges). These exchange rate
fluctuations will likely affect the price of the Companys American Depositary Shares (ADSs) and
the conversion of cash dividends relating to the Shares represented by ADSs from pesos to
dollars. In addition, to the extent financial liabilities of the Company are denominated in
foreign currencies, exchange rate fluctuations may have a significant impact on earnings.
9
In Chile, the Ley Orgánica del Banco Central de Chile No. 18,840 (the Central Bank Act),
enacted in 1989, made it easier to buy and sell foreign currency in Chile. The Central Bank Act
currently provides that the Central Bank may require that certain purchases and sales of foreign
currency take place in the Mercado Cambiario Formal (the Formal Exchange Market), a market formed
by banks and other entities which have been specifically authorized by the Central Bank. Purchases
and sales of foreign currency which can take place outside of the Formal Exchange Market, can be
carried out in the Mercado Cambiario Informal (the Informal Exchange Market), which is a
recognized currency market in Chile. Free market forces drive both the Formal and Informal
Exchange Markets. Foreign currency for payments and distributions with respect to the ADSs may be
purchased in either the Formal Exchange Market or the Informal Exchange Market, but such payments
and distributions must be necessarily done through the Formal Exchange Market.
For purposes of operations in the Formal Exchange Market, the Chilean Central Bank sets a
reference exchange rate (dólar acuerdo, or the Reference Exchange Rate). The Reference Exchange
Rate is set daily by the Central Bank, taking into account internal and external inflation and
variations in parities between the peso and each of the dollar, the Japanese yen and the Euro in a
ratio of 80:5:15, respectively. The daily observed exchange rate (dólar observado, or the
Observed Exchange Rate) reported by the Central Bank and published daily in the Chilean
newspapers is calculated by taking the weighted average of the previous business days transactions
in the Formal Exchange Market.
The Informal Exchange Market reflects transactions carried out at informal exchange rates (the
Informal Exchange Rate) by entities that are not authorized to operate in the Formal Exchange
Market (e.g., certain foreign exchange houses, travel agencies and others). No limits were imposed
on the extent to which the rate of exchange in the Informal Exchange Market can fluctuate above or
below the Observed Exchange Rate. Since 1993, the Observed Exchange Rate and the Informal Exchange
Rate have typically been within less than 1% of each other. On December 31, 2007, the Informal
Exchange Rate was Ch$ 498.10, or 0.24% higher than the published Observed Exchange Rate of
Ch$ 496.89 per $ 1.00. On May 31, 2008, the
informal exchange rate was Ch$ 480.50 per $ 1.00, 0.20% higher than the Observed Exchange Rate corresponding to such date, of Ch$ 479.54 per $ 1.00. Unless
otherwise indicated, amounts translated to dollars were calculated based on the exchange rates in
effect as of December 31, 2007.
The following table sets forth, for the periods and dates indicated, certain information
concerning the Observed Exchange Rate reported by the Central Bank. No representation is made that
the peso or dollar amounts referred to herein could have been or could be converted into dollars or
pesos, as the case may be, at the rates indicated or at any other rate. The Federal Reserve Bank
of New York does not report a noon buying rate for pesos.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Observed Exchange Rate (1) |
|
| |
|
(Ch$ per $) |
|
| |
|
Low |
|
|
High |
|
|
Average |
|
|
Period- |
|
| Year |
|
(2) |
|
|
(2) |
|
|
(3) |
|
|
end |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2003 |
|
|
593.10 |
|
|
|
758.21 |
|
|
|
686.89 |
|
|
|
593.80 |
|
2004 |
|
|
557.40 |
|
|
|
649.45 |
|
|
|
611.11 |
|
|
|
557.40 |
|
2005 |
|
|
509.70 |
|
|
|
592.75 |
|
|
|
558.06 |
|
|
|
512.50 |
|
2006 |
|
|
511.44 |
|
|
|
549.63 |
|
|
|
529.64 |
|
|
|
532.39 |
|
2007 |
|
|
493.14 |
|
|
|
548.67 |
|
|
|
521.06 |
|
|
|
496.89 |
|
10
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Observed Exchange Rate (1) |
|
| |
|
(Ch$ per $) |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Average |
|
|
Period- |
|
| Last six months |
|
Low (2) |
|
|
High (2) |
|
|
(3) |
|
|
end |
|
2007 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
November |
|
|
496.27 |
|
|
|
516.25 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
505.38 |
|
December |
|
|
495.49 |
|
|
|
506.79 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
496.89 |
|
2008 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
January |
|
|
463.58 |
|
|
|
498.05 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
465.34 |
|
February |
|
|
453.95 |
|
|
|
476.44 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
453.95 |
|
March |
|
|
431.22 |
|
|
|
454.94 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
437.71 |
|
April |
|
|
433.98 |
|
|
|
461.49 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
461.49 |
|
May |
|
|
464.83 |
|
|
|
479.66 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
479.54 |
|
| |
|
|
| Source: Chilean Central
Bank. |
| |
| (1) |
|
Reflects pesos at historical values rather than in constant pesos. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Exchange rates are the actual high and low, on a day-by-day basis, for each period. |
| |
| (3) |
|
The average of the exchange rates on the last day of each month during the period. This is
not applicable to monthly data. |
B. Capitalization and indebtedness.
Not applicable.
C. Reasons for the offer and use of proceeds.
Not applicable.
D. Risk factors.
Risks Relating to Our Operations in Every Country in Which We Operate
Since our business depends heavily on hydrological conditions, drought conditions may affect our
profitability.
Approximately 63% of our consolidated installed capacity in Chile, Argentina, Colombia and
Peru is hydroelectric. Accordingly, extreme hydrological conditions affect our business and may
have a substantial influence over our results.
During periods of drought, thermal plants, such as ours that use natural gas, fuel oil or coal
as a fuel, are dispatched more frequently. Our operating expenses increase during these periods
and, depending on the size of our commitments, we may have to buy electricity from other parties in
order to comply with our contractual supply obligations. The cost of these electricity purchases
in the spot market may exceed the price at which we sell contracted electricity, thus producing
losses from those contracts.
Our generation subsidiaries have a commercial policy in order to limit the potential impact of
interruptions to our ability to supply electricity to our customers, including those caused by
droughts, interruptions in gas supply and prolonged plant stoppages. Pursuant to this policy, a
volume of contracts is determined for each generation company by reducing the hydrological risk to
acceptable levels, assured by a degree of statistical reliability of 95%. Any contracts for volumes
that exceed this 95% level are required to include clauses transferring the risk of interruptions
and its related costs to the customers. Notwithstanding this risk-reduction policy, a prolonged
drought will adversely affect our results.
Regulatory authorities may impose fines on our subsidiaries.
In Chile, our electricity businesses may be subject to regulatory fines for any breach of
current regulations, including energy supply failure. Such fines may range from 1 Unidad Tributaria
Mensual (UTM), or $ 69, to 10,000 Unidades Tributarias Anuales (UTA), or $ 8.3 million using
the UTM, UTA and foreign exchange rate for December 31, 2007. Any electricity company supervised
by the Superintendencia de Electricidad y Combustibles, the Chilean Superintendence of Electricity
and Fuels, or SEF, may be subject to these fines in cases where, in the opinion of the SEF,
operational failures that affect the regular energy supply to the system are the fault of such
company, for instance, when the coordination duty of the system agents is not fulfilled, even
when it is not within the companys control to prevent such failures. These fines may be appealed.
11
Our generation subsidiaries may be required to pay fines or to compensate customers if those
subsidiaries are unable to deliver electricity to them even if such failure is due to forces
outside of our control.
In 2003, the SEF imposed fines on some of our Chilean generation subsidiaries in an aggregate
amount of 5,330 UTA, or $ 4.4 million, due to their failure to transmit energy in the Metropolitan
Region on September 23, 2002. In 2004, the SEF imposed fines on us in an aggregate amount of
2,030 UTA due to a blackout that occurred in the Metropolitan Region on January 13, 2003. As a
result of an administrative resolution, these fines have since been reduced to 1,610 UTA, or
$ 1.3 million. In 2005, the SEF imposed fines of 1,260 UTA, or $ 1.0 million, on us due to a
blackout that occurred in the Metropolitan Region on November 7, 2003. We are currently appealing
these fines, but these appeals may be unsuccessful.
Governmental regulations may impose additional operating costs which may reduce our profits.
We are subject to extensive regulation of tariffs and other aspects of our business in the
countries in which we operate and these regulations may adversely affect our profitability. In
addition, changes in the regulatory framework, including changes that if adopted would
significantly affect our operations, are often submitted to the legislators and administrative
authorities in the countries in which we operate and could have a material adverse impact on our
business. For instance, in 2005 there was a change in Water Rights Law, and since then we must pay
for all its unused water rights. For additional information see Item 4. Information on the Company
B. Business Overview Electricity Industry Regulatory Framework Chilean Electricity Law
Water rights
For instance, the Chilean government can impose electricity rationing during drought
conditions or prolonged failures in power facilities. If, during rationing, we are unable to
generate enough electricity to comply with our contractual obligations, we may be forced to buy
electricity in the pool market at the spot price, since even a severe drought does not constitute a
force majeure event. The spot price may be significantly higher than our costs to generate the
electricity and can be as high as the cost of failure set by the Comisión Nacional de Energía
(National Energy Commission), or the CNE. The cost of failure is determined semiannually by the
CNEs economic models as the highest cost of electricity during periods of electricity deficit. If
we are unable to buy enough electricity in the pool market to comply with all of our contractual
obligations, then we would have to compensate our regulated customers for the volume we failed to
provide at the rationed price. If material rationing policies are imposed by regulatory
authorities in Chile, our business, financial condition and results from operations may be affected
adversely in a material way.
Similarly, if material rationing policies are imposed by any regulatory authority as a result
of adverse hydrological conditions in the countries in which we operate, our business, financial
condition and results of operations may be affected adversely in a material way. Rationing periods
may occur in the future, and consequently our generation subsidiaries may be required to pay
regulatory penalties if such subsidiaries fail to provide adequate service under such conditions.
Environmental regulations in the countries in which we operate may increase our costs of
operations.
Our operating subsidiaries are also subject to environmental regulations, which, among other
things, require us to perform environmental impact studies for future projects and obtain permits
from both local and national regulators. Approval of these environmental impact studies may be
withheld by governmental authorities. In addition, public opposition may cause delays or
modifications to any proposed project and laws or regulations may change or be interpreted in a
manner that could adversely affect our operations or our plans for companies in which we hold
investments. See Item 4. Information on the Company B. Business Overview Electricity Industry
Regulatory Framework.
Foreign exchange risks may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.
The peso and the other South American currencies in which we and our subsidiaries operate have
been subject to large devaluations and appreciations against the dollar and may be subject to
significant fluctuations in the future.Over the last five years, the peso has appreciated against
the dollar. Historically, a significant portion of our consolidated indebtedness has been
denominated in dollars and, although a substantial portion of our revenues are linked in part to
dollars, we generally have been and will continue to be materially exposed to fluctuations of our
local currencies against the dollar because of time lags and other limitations in the
indexation of our tariffs to the dollar.
12
Because of this exposure, for instance, the cash generated by our subsidiaries can be
materially diminished when the local currencies devalue against the dollar. Future volatility in
the exchange rate of the peso, and the other currencies in which we receive revenues or incur
expenditures, to the dollar, may affect our financial condition and results from operations. For
more information on the risks associated with foreign exchange rates, see Item 11. Quantitative
and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
As of December 31, 2007, using financial instead of accounting conventions, Endesa Chiles
total consolidated financial debt was $ 4,076 million (net of currency hedging instruments). Of
this amount, $ 2,570 million was denominated in dollars and $ 508 million was denominated in pesos,
which represent 5.3% of our 2007 revenues. In addition to the dollar and the peso, our foreign
currency denominated consolidated indebtedness included the equivalent of $ 747 million in
Colombian pesos, $ 216 million in soles and $ 34 million in Argentine pesos.
For the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, our revenues amounted to $ 3,476 million
of which $ 660 million, or 19% was denominated in dollars, $ 1,634 million, or 47% was linked in
some way to the dollar and $ 183 million were revenues in pesos. In the aggregate, 66% of our
revenues was either in dollars or tied to dollars through some form of indexation. Revenues before
consolidation adjustments in these other currencies for the twelve-month period ended
December 31, 2007, included the equivalent of $ 359 million in Colombian pesos, $ 525 million in
Argentine pesos, and $ 113 million in soles. Although we both generate revenues and incur debt in
these same currencies, we believe that we are subject to risk in terms of our foreign exchange
exposure to these four currencies. The most material case is that of Argentina, where the principal
amount of our debt is denominated in dollars while our revenues are mostly in Argentine pesos.
We may be subject to refinancing risk.
As of December 31, 2007, on a consolidated basis, we had $ 662 million of indebtedness
maturing in 2008, $ 960 million in 2009 (holders of certain Yankee Bonds can exercise a put option
on February 1, 2009), $ 207 million in 2010, $ 470 million in 2011, $ 259 million in 2012 and
$ 1,517 million maturing thereafter. This same $ 662 million indebtedness, divided by country, is
as follows: $ 71 million in Argentina; $ 31 million in Colombia; $ 135 million in Peru; and
$ 425 million in Chile.
We are subject to certain fairly standard types of financial covenants including maximum
ratios of indebtedness to adjusted cash flow, indebtedness to EBITDA, debt to equity and minimum
ratios of adjusted cash flow to interest expense, as defined in our debt agreements. In addition,
most of our indebtedness contains cross-default provisions, generally triggered by default on other
indebtedness that exceeds $ 30 million on an individual basis. In the event that any of our
cross-default provisions is triggered and our existing creditors demand immediate repayment, a
significant portion of our indebtedness, could become due and payable. For more information on
some of these covenants and certain relevant provisions for these credit facilities, see Item 5.
Operating and Financial Review and ProspectsB. Liquidity and Capital Resources.
We may be unable to refinance our indebtedness or obtain such refinancing on terms acceptable
to us. In the absence of such refinancing, we could be forced to dispose of assets in order to
make up for any shortfall in the payments due on our indebtedness under circumstances that might
not be favorable to obtaining the best price for such assets. Furthermore, assets may not be sold
quickly enough, or for amounts sufficient to enable us to make such payments.
As of the date of this report, our subsidiaries in Argentina are exposed to the greatest
refinancing risk. As of December 31, 2007, the third-party financial debt of our Argentine
subsidiaries (Endesa Costanera and El Chocón) was $ 318 million. As a matter of policy for all of
our Argentine subsidiaries, as long as fundamental issues concerning the electricity sector remain
unresolved, we are rolling over most of our outstanding debt. If our creditors do not continue to
accept rolling over debt principal when it becomes due, we may be unable to refinance our
indebtedness on terms acceptable to us.
13
We depend in part on payments from our subsidiaries and affiliates to meet our payment
obligations.
In order to pay our obligations, we rely in part on cash from dividends, loans, interest
payments, capital reductions and other distributions from our subsidiaries and equity affiliates,
as well as cash from proceeds of the issuance of new securities. The ability of our subsidiaries
and equity affiliates to pay dividends, interest payments, loans and other distributions to us is
subject to legal constraints such as dividend restrictions, fiduciary duties, contractual
limitations and foreign exchange controls that may be imposed in any of the five countries where
they operate. Our subsidiaries and equity affiliates may be additionally limited by their operating
results.
Historically, we have been able to access the cash flows of our Chilean subsidiaries, but we
have not been similarly able to access at all times the cash flows of all of our non-Chilean
operating subsidiaries due to government regulations, strategic considerations, economic
conditions, and credit restrictions.
Our future results from operations outside Chile may continue to be subject to greater
economic and political uncertainties than what we have experienced in Chile, thereby reducing the
likelihood that we will be able to rely on cash flow from operations in those entities to repay our
debt.
Dividend Limits and Other Legal Restrictions. Some of our non-Chilean subsidiaries are
subject to legal reserve requirements and other restrictions on dividend payments. In addition,
the ability of any of our subsidiaries which are not wholly-owned to distribute cash to us may be
limited by the fiduciary duties of the directors of such subsidiaries to their minority
shareholders. As a consequence of such duties, our subsidiaries could, under certain
circumstances, be prevented from distributing cash to us.
Contractual Constraints. Distribution restrictions in our subsidiaries contractual
agreements include the following: prohibitions against dividend distributions by many companies in
the case of default, and Empresa Eléctrica Pangue S.A., or Pangue, our Chilean generation
subsidiary, if it is not in compliance with certain debt-to-equity ratio and debt coverage ratio
(in each case, as defined in Pangues credit agreement that matures in January 2010); prohibitions
against dividend distributions, capital reductions, intercompany interest payments and debt
repayment by Endesa Costanera and El Chocón in Argentina, in each case in the case of default and
if not in compliance with certain financial ratios.
Operating Results of Our Subsidiaries. The ability of our subsidiaries and equity affiliates
to pay dividends or make loan payments or other distributions to us is limited by their operating
results. To the extent that the cash requirements at any of our subsidiaries exceed available cash,
such subsidiary will not be able to make cash available to us.
Foreign Currency Controls. The ability of our non-Chilean subsidiaries and equity affiliates
to pay dividends and make loan payments or other distributions to us may be subject to emergency
restrictions that may be imposed by Central Banks or other governmental authorities in the various
jurisdictions in which we operate. For example, during the economic crisis in Argentina, the
Central Bank of Argentina imposed restrictions on the transfer of funds outside the country.
The Argentine natural gas crisis has increased the vulnerability of the electricity sector in
Chile.
In Argentina, the low price imposed by regulators on natural gas has directly affected
production and investment in natural gas fields, which has impacted the short and medium-term
availability of natural gas, both, in Chile and in Argentina. A natural gas shortage has forced
electricity generation companies, including ours, to use more expensive fuel oil, thus
substantially increasing production costs. Demand for electricity in Chiles central region
increased by 6.6% in 2007 and is expected to continue to increase in the foreseeable future.
Increasing demand, combined with a low level of mid-term investment in the electricity sector,
particularly exposes the Chilean electricity sector to the adverse effects of the Argentine natural
gas crisis. Since 2004, Chile has been affected by increasing restrictions in the supply of
natural gas from Argentina despite the existence of long-term contracts.
Our combined cycle plant San Isidro and both units in Taltal operate with natural gas and
diesel oil. Our related company, GasAtacama, also operates with natural gas and diesel oil. Each
company has gas contracts with Argentine suppliers and has been affected adversely by restrictions
of natural gas from Argentina, reaching zero levels. In the case of GasAtacama, because of the
additional generating costs, with losses associated, we took an investment impairment provision of
Ch$ 48.9 million in 2007 because of this problem. The materiality of the impact in the future will
depend on the level of natural gas restrictions from Argentina and the contractual
commitments of each company. See Item 4. Information on the Company A. Hstory and
Development of the Company Recent Developments.
14
South American economic fluctuations are likely to affect our results from operations.
All of our operations are located in South America. In 2007, we generated 43% of our
consolidated operating revenues and 41% of our consolidated operating income outside Chile.
Accordingly, our consolidated revenues are sensitive to the performance of South American economies
as a whole. If local, regional or worldwide economic trends adversely affect the economy of any of
the countries in which we have investments or operations, our financial condition and results from
operations could be affected adversely.
The South American financial and securities markets are, to varying degrees, influenced by
economic and market conditions in other emerging market countries. Although economic conditions are
different in each country, investor reaction to developments in one country may have a significant
effect on the securities of issuers in other countries, including Chile. Chilean financial and
securities markets may be affected adversely by events in other countries and such effects may
affect the value of our securities. Moreover, we have significant investments in relatively risky
non-Chilean countries such as Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Generation and distribution of
cash from subsidiaries in these countries have proven to be volatile.
Certain South American economies have been characterized by frequent and occasionally drastic
intervention by governmental authorities, which may affect our business adversely.
Governmental authorities have changed monetary, credit, tariff and other policies to influence
the course of the economy of Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. These governments actions were
intended to control inflation and affect other policies have often involved wage, price and tariff
rate controls as well as other interventionist measures, which have included freezing bank accounts
and imposing capital controls, for example, this was the case in Argentina in 2001. Changes in the
policies of these governmental authorities with respect to tariff rates, exchange controls,
regulations and taxation could affect our business and financial results adversely, as could
inflation, devaluation, social instability and other political, economic or diplomatic
developments, including the response by governments in the region to such circumstances. If
governmental authorities intervene materially in any of the countries in which we operate, it could
cause our business to become less profitable, and our results of operations may be affected
adversely.
Construction of new facilities may be affected adversely by factors associated with these
projects.
Factors that may adversely affect our ability to build new facilities include: delays in
obtaining regulatory approvals, including environmental permits; shortages or increase in the
prices of equipment, materials or labor; opposition by local or international political,
environmental and ethnic groups; strikes; adverse changes in the political and regulatory
environment in the countries where we and our affiliates operate; adverse weather conditions, which
may delay the completion of power plants or substations; natural disasters, accidents or other
unforeseen events; and the inability to obtain financing at affordable rates.
Any of these factors may cause delays in the completion of all or part of our capital
investments program and may increase the cost of the projects.
We are involved in litigation proceedings.
We are currently involved in various litigation proceedings, which could result in unfavorable
decisions or financial penalties against us, and we will continue to be subject to future
litigation proceedings, which could have material adverse consequences to our business.
We are a party to a number of legal proceedings, some of which have been pending for several
years. Some of these claims may be resolved against us. Our financial condition or results from
operations could be adversely affected in a material way if certain of these material claims are
resolved against us. See note 26 to our audited consolidated
financial statements.
15
Our controlling shareholders may have conflicts of interest relating to our business.
ENDESA, S.A. (Endesa Spain) currently owns 60.6% of Enersis share capital, and ENEL S.p.A.
and ACCIONA, S.A. jointly hold 92.06% of Endesa Spains share capital. Enersis beneficially owns
60% of Endesa Chiles outstanding capital stock (ENDESA, S.A., ENEL S.P.A., ACCIONA, S.A. and
Enersis, collectively the Controllers). The Controllers have the power to determine the outcome
of most material matters that require shareholder vote, such as the election of the majority of our
board members and, subject to contractual and legal restrictions, the distribution of dividends.
The Controllers also can exercise influence over our operations and business strategies. Our
Controllers interests may in some cases differ from those of our other shareholders. The
Controllers conduct their business in South America through us and through entities not
consolidated by us or in which we have no interest.
We have outstanding credit facilities with change of control provisions which could result in
some acceleration rights on such indebtedness.
Approximately 17% of the amount outstanding in our consolidated debt obligations has change
of control contractual provisions. As of December 31, 2007, $ 674 million of Endesa Chiles
consolidated indebtedness had some kind of change of control provision either in the form of a
negative covenant, a mandatory prepayment or otherwise. However, $ 316 million in Endesa Chiles
subsidiaries contracts either (a) require a preliminary merger or spin-off prior to triggering
such change of control provision, or (b) the change of control does not apply to Endesa Spain but
to the other companies instead.
A total of $ 358 million Endesa Chiles consolidated indebtedness has change of control
provisions which specifically refer to Endesa Spain, directly or indirectly, as the controlling
entity. In order to make possible the completion of Enel & Accionas take-over of Endesa Spain we
obtained the necessary consents in advance. If another change of control were to occur, and we are
not successful in obtaining certain waivers or amendments, then the lenders under these facilities
would have the ability to accelerate such debt and make it immediately due and payable.
Approximately $ 216 million of Endesa Chile debt are to be found in revolving credit
facilities governed by the laws of the State of New York, in which lenders under both facilities,
on an individual basis, have rights to accelerate payment if Endesa Spain is no longer, directly or
indirectly, the ultimate controlling parent, and, the new controlling entity would have a lower
rating (including with respect to outlook) than the unsecured long-term foreign currency rating of
Endesa Spain, as rated by each of Standard & Poors (S&P) and Moodys immediately prior to giving
effect to a transaction involving a change of control, as defined. Endesa Spains applicable
ratings as of this report are A3 with negative outlook according to Moodys, A- with negative
outlook according to S&P, and A- with negative outlook according to Fitch.
If a tender offer for Endesa Spain is successful, and if a change of control were to take
place, we cannot give assurances that our lenders would waive any acceleration rights that they
might otherwise have under such credit agreements. For more detailed information on Endesa Chile
contractual provisions, see Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects B. Liquidity
and Capital Resources.
The values of our subsidiaries long-term energy supply contracts are subject to fluctuations in
the market prices of certain commodities.
We have economic exposure to fluctuations in the market prices of certain commodities as a
result of the long-term energy sales contracts we have entered into. Our subsidiaries have
material obligations under long-term fixed-price electricity sales contracts, the values of which
fluctuate with the market price of electricity. In addition, our generation subsidiaries have
material obligations as selling parties under long-term energy supply contracts with prices that
vary in accordance with the market price of electricity, which, in turn, depends on water levels in
reservoirs, the market prices of commodities such as natural gas, oil, coal and other
energy-related products, as well as the dollar exchange rate. Changes in the market price of these
commodities and in the dollar exchange rate do not always correlate with changes in the market
price of electricity or with our cost of production of electricity. Accordingly, there may be
times when the price paid to us under these contracts is less than our cost of production or
acquisition of electricity. We do not carry out transactions in commodity derivative instruments
to manage our exposure to commodity price fluctuations. Under Chilean GAAP, our income statement
does not reflect fluctuations in the fair value of our long-term energy contracts, although we are
required to do so under U.S. GAAP. For further
discussion, please refer to Item 11. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market
Risk Commodity Price Risk.
16
Our business is dependent on the Chilean economy and our revenues are sensitive to its
performance.
A substantial portion of our assets and operations are located in Chile and, accordingly, our
financial condition and results of operations are to a certain extent dependent upon economic
conditions prevailing in Chile. In 2007, the Chilean economy grew by an estimated 5.1% compared to
a 4.3% increase in 2006. The latest Chilean Central Bank estimate for growth in 2008, however, is
in the 4.0% 5.0% range. There is no assurance that such growth will be achieved, that the growth
trend will continue in the future, or that future developments in the Chilean economy will not
impair our ability to proceed with our strategic plans or adversely impact our financial condition
or results of operations. Our financial condition and results from operations could also be
affected by changes in economic or other policies of the Chilean government, which has exercised
and continues to exercise a substantial influence over many aspects of the private sector. In
addition, our financial condition and results of operations could also be affected by other
political or economic developments in Chile, a well as regulatory changes or administrative
practices of Chilean authorities, over which we have no control. Finally, the Chilean economy may
also be affected by developments in more developed countries, including the subprime crisis that
started in the United States.
Lawsuits against us brought outside of Chile or complaints against us based on foreign legal
concepts may be unsuccessful.
All of our assets are located outside of the United States. All of our directors and officers
reside outside of the United States and most of their assets are located outside the United States
as well. If any shareholder were to bring a lawsuit against our directors, officers or experts in
the United States, it may be difficult for them to effect service of legal process within the
United States upon these persons or to enforce against them, in United States courts or Chilean
courts, judgments obtained in United States courts based upon the civil liability provisions of the
federal securities laws of the United States. In addition, there is doubt as to whether an action
could be brought successfully in Chile on the basis of liability based solely upon the civil
liability provisions of the United States federal securities laws.
Foreign exchange risks may affect the dollar amount of dividends payable to holders of our ADSs
adversely.
Chilean trading in the shares of our common stock underlying American Depositary Shares (ADSs)
is conducted in pesos. Our depositary bank will receive cash distributions that we make with
respect to the shares underlying the ADSs in pesos. The depositary bank will convert such pesos to
dollars at the then-prevailing exchange rate to make dividend and other distribution payments in
respect of ADSs. If the peso depreciates against the dollar, the value of the ADSs and any dollar
distributions ADS holders receive from the depositary bank will decrease.
The relative illiquidity and volatility of Chilean securities markets could affect the price of
our ADSs and common stock adversely.
Chilean securities markets are substantially smaller and less liquid than the major securities
markets in the United States. In addition, Chilean securities markets may be affected materially
by developments in other emerging markets. The low liquidity of the Chilean market may impair the
ability of holders of ADSs to sell shares of our common stock withdrawn from the ADS program into
the Chilean market in the amount and at the price and time they wish to do so.
Item 4. Information on the Company
A. History and Development of the Company.
Incorporation and Contact Information of the Company
Empresa Nacional de Electricidad S.A. (Endesa Chile) is a publicly held limited liability
stock company incorporated under the laws of the Republic of Chile on December 1, 1943. Since
1943, the Company has been registered in Santiago with the SVS under Registration No. 0114. The
Company is commercially referred to as both Endesa and Endesa Chile.
17
The Companys contact information in Chile is:
| |
|
|
Main office:
|
|
Santa Rosa 76, Santiago, Chile |
Mailing Address:
|
|
C.P. 8330099, Santiago |
Telephone:
|
|
(562) 630-9000 |
Fax:
|
|
(562) 635-3938 |
The Companys authorized representative in the United States of America is Puglisi &
Associates, whose contact information is:
| |
|
|
Main office:
|
|
850 Library Avenue, Suite 204, Newark, Delaware |
Mailing Address:
|
|
P.O. Box 885, Newark, Delaware, 19711 |
Telephone:
|
|
(302) 738-6680 |
Fax:
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(302) 738-7210 |
Development of the Company
The Chilean government owned Endesa Chile from its incorporation in 1943 until we were
privatized in 1987 through a series of public offerings which were completed in 1989.
In May 1992, Endesa Chile began its international expansion program with the following
acquisitions:
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we acquired a stake in Endesa Costanera in 1992 and later, in August 1993, we acquired
a controlling equity interest in El Chocón, both in Argentina; in March 2007 Endesa Chile
increased its equity interest in El Chocón from 47.44% to 65.37% and in Endesa Costanera
from 64.26% to 69.76%. |
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we acquired Edegel in Peru in October 1995; in June 2006, there was a merger between
Edegel and Etevensa, after which Endesa Chiles equity interest became 33.06% of its
Peruvian assets. |
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we acquired Betania and Emgesa, both in Colombia, in December 1996 and in October 1997,
respectively. In September 2007 both subsidiaries were merged into Betania, which then
changed its name to Emgesa S.A. E.S.P.; |
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we acquired Cachoeira Dourada in Brazil in September 1997. Since October 2005,
Cachoeira Dourada has been a subsidiary of Endesa Brasil. |
Since
October 10, 2007, the Italian energy company, Enel S.p.A., and the Spanish construction
company, Acciona, S.A., jointly hold 92.06% of the share capital of Endesa Spain As of the date of
this annual report, Endesa Spain owns a 60.6% beneficial interest in Enersis, which is a Chilean
publicly held holding company with subsidiaries engaged primarily in the generation, transmission
and distribution of electricity in Chile, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru. Enersis
beneficially owns 60% of Endesa Chiles outstanding capital stock.
Endesa Chiles shares are publicly traded on the Bolsa de Comercio de Santiago, Bolsa de
Valores (the Santiago Stock Exchange), the Bolsa Electrónica de Chile, Bolsa de Valores (the
Electronic Stock Exchange) and the Bolsa de Corredores, Bolsa de Valores (the Valparaíso Stock
Exchange). Endesa Chiles American Depositary Shares (ADS) have been listed on the New York Stock
Exchange since July 1994. Shares of Endesa Chile have also been listed and traded on the Bolsa de
Valores Latinoamericanos de la Bolsa de Madrid, or Latibex, since December 2001.
Investments, Capital Expenditures and Divestitures
Our capital expenditures and investments during 2007 included investments of Ch$ 178 billion
($ 360 million) primarily in Chile and Argentina and capital expenditure maintenance of
Ch$ 69 billion ($ 139 million) in all our operating subsidiaries. As of December 31, 2007 we
expected to make capital expenditures of approximately Ch$ 2,391 billion ($ 4.8 billion) over the
next five years. Although we have considered how these investments will be financed as part of the
Companys budget process, we have not committed to any financial structure and the financing will
depend on the market conditions at the time the cash flows are needed.
18
In 1995, our Board of Directors approved the construction of the San Isidro Plant Expansion
Project. The San Isidro II power plant will have a maximum capacity in combined cycle with liquid
natural gas (LNG) of 379 MW. It started operations in open cycle in April 2007. Due to a
commitment with the Chilean government the operation in combined cycle came into service in
January 2008. Today it is operating at 353 MW. The start up of operations with LNG is planned for
July 2009. The investment cost has been $ 229 million.
The Company finished the construction of the 32 MW Palmucho pass-through hydroelectric plant,
which started operations in November 2007. The total investment cost came to $ 45 million.
Palmucho is taking advantage of the ecological flow that the Ralco plant releases, pursuant to
Ralcos Environmental Impact Assessment.
In August 2005, Endesa Eco presented its Environmental Impact Declaration to the Maule
Regions National Environmental Commission for the construction of the Ojos de Agua
mini-hydroelectric plant which will be located approximately 100 kilometers from the city of
Talca, in the valley of the River Cipreses, downstream from the La Invernada Lake. This mini-plant
will have a capacity of 9 MW, and the investment cost is expected to be $ 25 million. It is
planned to come into service during the first half of 2008.
Endesa Eco is also working on the development of nonconventional renewable energy projects.
The first stage of the Canela wind farm started operations in December 2007. This 18.15 MW plant
is located 295 km. north of Santiago in the district of Canela in Chiles Fourth Region. The
investment cost reached $ 43 million. An expansion of the Canela wind farm is expected to start up
operations in the third quarter of 2009. It will add 59.4 MW to the existing wind farm and the
total investment is planned to cost $ 135 million.
In May 2004, the construction of the LNG regasification plant started. Endesa Chile, ENAP,
British Gas and Metrogas are together in this project, where Endesa Chile has 20% equity interest.
The total investment of the plant will reach $ 940 million and it is planned to come into service
by mid 2009.
On September 28, 2007, the board of Endesa Chile approved the construction of the Quintero
thermal generation plant. The plant will consist of two gas turbines in open cycle which will use
diesel and liquefied natural gas once the Quintero re-gasification plant starts commercial
operations. The latter is currently being built on land adjoining the location of the future
plant. The project will have a capacity of 240 MW and its operational start-up is estimated for
the first half of 2009. The total project investment amounts to $ 120 million.
In September 2007, Endesa Chile started the construction of the Bocamina Plant Expansion.
This project consists of the construction and commissioning of a second electricity generating
unit of approximately 350 MW, the total cost of the project will be approximately $ 625 million.
The project also includes the installation of a hose filter in the existing first unit of the
plant to reduce particle emissions, currently being installed. The start up of the second unit is
expected by mid 2010.
On June 5, 2007, Endesa Chile submitted Los Cóndores 150 MW pass-through hydro plant to the
environmental impact evaluation system, which was approved on April 16, 2008. The cost of the
project will be approximately $ 273 million and it is expected to start operations in 2012.
In Colombia, on March 2, 2006, Endesa Chiles Colombian subsidiary, Emgesa, purchased the
assets of Termocartagena, located on the Atlantic coast, in a public tender process, for
$ 17 million.
In Peru, Edegels Santa Rosa thermal plant will expand its capacity with an open cycle of
183 MW. The project is considering the use of natural gas from Camisea. The investment required is
$ 90 million and it is planned to come into service by December 2009.
In Argentina, Endesa Chile has been taking part since 2005 in Foninvemem, building two thermal
plants of 800 MW each. Endesa Chile will hold 21% interest equity through Endesa Costanera and El
Chocón. In March 2008 275 MW started operations in open cycle. The project is expected to start
operations in combined cycle in 2009.
19
The table below sets forth the capital expenditures made by our subsidiaries in 2007 and
expected capital expenditures for the period 2008-2012:
CAPITAL EXPENDITURES OF ENDESA CHILE AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES
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(in millions of $) (1) |
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2005 |
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2006 |
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2007 |
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2008-2012 |
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Chile |
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46.8 |
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241.3 |
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408.3 |
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3,186 |
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Argentina |
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29.7 |
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28.3 |
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34.9 |
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159 |
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Brazil |
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1.0 |
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Colombia |
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9.2 |
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36.6 |
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32.3 |
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1,264 |
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Peru |
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21.6 |
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94.5 |
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23.7 |
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256 |
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Total |
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108.3 |
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400.7 |
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499.3 |
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4,865 |
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| (1) |
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Figures for 2005, 2006 and 2007 are in historical dollars. Figures for 2008-2012 are
expressed in dollars at the exchange rate as of December 31, 2007. |
We have carried out some investments, divestitures and other reorganizations in the last five
years in order to implement our strategy, including the following:
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On April 18, 2005, Endesa Chile and its subsidiary Endesa Inversiones Generales S.A.
(ENIGESA), created a new subsidiary Endesa Eco S.A. (See C. Organizational
Structure for details on ENIGESA); |
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On May 24, 2005, the Board of Endesa Chile approved the constitution of the holding
company in Brazil with the name of Endesa Brasil S.A., which received the contribution of
existing assets in that country owned by Endesa Internacional, Endesa Chile, Enersis and
Chilectra. As of October 1, 2005, the total participation interest Endesa Chile held in
Cachoeira Dourada, 92.5%, and in Companhia de Interconexao Energética S.A., CIEN, 45%,
in Compañía de Transmisión del Mercosur S.A. (CTM) 45% and in Transportadora de Energía
del Mercosur S.A. (TESA). 45% was transferred to this new entity, which translated into
an economic interest of 37.8% for Endesa Chile in Endesa Brasil as of December 31, 2005
(37.65% as of December 2007). The purpose of this asset reorganization was to provide
greater stability of local cash flows by being managed centrally, and the optimization of
financing costs. It will also improve financing from third parties and strengthen the
groups positioning to take advantage of new investment opportunities, making it the
fourth integrated private sector electric utility in Brazil. |
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On October 3, 2005, the Board of Endesa Chile approved the dissolution and liquidation
of the investment company Lajas Inversoras S.A., which owned 99.61% of the Brazilian
company Cachoeira Dourada. The assets of this company were distributed between its
shareholders in proportion to their participation in the company. |
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On November 16, 2005, Gestora del Proyecto GNL S.A. was constituted. The company was
formed by Endesa Chile, jointly with ENAP, Colbún, Metrogas and AESGener, to develop the
liquified natural gas project in Chile. On April 1, 2006, Colbún and AESGener announced
their withdrawal from the project. Today GNL Chile S.A. is owned by Endesa Chile (20%),
ENAP (20%), Metrogas (20%) and British Gas (40%). |
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As of December 13, 2005, Endesa Chile, through its Argentine subsidiaries, El Chocón
and Endesa Costanera, participates in two new companies, Termoeléctrica Manuel Belgrano
S.A. and Termoeléctrica José de San Martín S.A., with a 15.4% and a 5.5% share interest,
respectively, in each new company. The expected start-up date for the Manuel Belgrano
power plant is in the first half of 2009 and in the second half of 2009 for José de San
Martín. Until then the companies will begin to recover their credits from the cash flows
generated by the project under the ten-year production sales contract with the Mercado
Eléctrico Mayorista, or MEM. (See B. Business Overview. Operations in Argentina for
details). |
20
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On June 1, 2006, the merger between Endesa Chiles Peruvian subsidiary, Edegel and
Etevensa, a subsidiary of Endesa Internacional, was completed. During October, the
combined cycle of the plants second boiler was closed, leaving its final capacity at
457 MW. |
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Centrales Hidroeléctricas de Aysén S.A., a long-term investment company, was formed on
September 4, 2006. Endesa Chile has a 51% holding and Colbún S.A. holds the remaining
49%. As of December 1, 2006, an environmental impact study was granted to the
international consortium created by the companies SWECO, POCH Ambiental and EPS. The
total installed capacity of the project is approximately 2,750 MW and the estimated
investment is currently under study. |
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On February 28, 2007, Endesa acquired 19,574,798 ordinary shares from Southern Cone
Power Argentina S.A., which holds 5.5% of the share capital of Endesa Costanera. The
investment was $ 9.5 million. As a result of this purchase, Endesa Chiles beneficial
interest in Endesa Costanera increased from 64.3% in 2003 to 69.8%. |
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On March 8, 2007, Endesa Chile acquired a total of 4,467,500 shares from CMS Generation
Co. and CMS Generation S.R.L. (individually and collectively, CMS), representing 25% of
the share capital of Hidroinvest S.A., the Argentine holding company and controller of El
Chocón, and also acquired 7,405,768 direct shares of El Chocón. The total purchase price
was $ 50 million, which included the debt that Hidroinvest S.A. owed to CMS. With this
purchase, the beneficial interest of Endesa Chile in Hidroinvest S.A. increased from 69.9%
to 96.1%, and strengthens our control of El Chocón, which is 59%-controlled by Hidroinvest
S.A. The share purchase was carried out through the exercise of the right of first
refusal, which was agreed in the Shareholders Agreement. As a result of the foregoing
share purchases, Endesa Chile increased its beneficial interest in El Chocón from 47.4% to
65.37%. |
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On June 30, 2007, Endesa Chile notified CMS Enterprises Company (CMS) of its decision
to exercise, acting directly or through one of its subsidiaries, its right of first offer
granted by CMS for their direct and indirect interests in the companies and vehicles that
conform GasAtacama, for an amount of $ 80,000,000. This included not only the 50% equity
interest in all the companies and vehicles, but also the sponsor loans that CMS granted to
the vehicles of GasAtacama. On this same date, Endesa Chile and Southern Cross Latin
America Private Equity Fund III, L.P. (Southern Cross) executed a sale and purchase
agreement for 50% of the direct and indirect participation of Endesa Chile in the
GasAtacama and of the sponsor loans associated to this participation, to the Southern
Cross fund, for an amount of $ 80,000,000. As a result of the foregoing, Endesa Chile and
Southern Cross each own 50% of GasAtacama. |
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On September 1, 2007 the Colombian companies Emgesa S.A. E.S.P. and Central
Hidroeléctrica Betania S.A. E.S.P. were merged into the latter, which then changed its
name to Emgesa S.A. E.S.P. As a result, Endesa Chiles direct and indirect shareholding in
the merged company, Emgesa S.A. E.S.P., is 26.87%. This new corporate structure offers
advantages for the management of Colombian financial transactions. |
Recent Developments
In October 10, 2007, Enel Energy Europe S.R.L., a subsidiary of Enel S.p.A., or Enel, a
company organized under the laws of Italy, and ACCIONA, S.A., or Acciona, a company organized
under the laws of the Kingdom of Spain, jointly and concurrently acquired 92.06% of the shares
issued by ENDESA, S.A., or Endesa Spain. In turn, Endesa Spain is the controller of 60.6% of the
share capital of Enersis S.A., through its Spanish subsidiary Endesa Internacional , S.A. Enersis
beneficially owns 60% of Endesa Chiles outstanding capital stock.
GasAtacama Generación S.A. (GAG), a wholly-owned generation subsidiary of Inversiones Gas
Atacama Holding Limitada (GAT), in turn a 50% owned affíliate (Southern Cross Group (Southern
Cross), a Chilean fund, holds the other 50%), owns a 781 MW combined cycle thermal plant, located
50 kms north of Antofagasta, designed originally to burn Argentine natural gas, came on stream in
1999. Its installed capacity accounts for 21.7% of the SING system, in northern Chile, where many
of the countrys most important copper mines are located. Currently, the SING has capacity needs
of approximately 1,900 MW, of which on average, 900 MW come from coal plants, and the balance from
combined cycle plants.
21
Natural gas restrictions from Argentina began in 2004 and increased over time, leading to a
complete natural gas interruption as of the second quarter of 2007. Since then, GAG and other
generators have been burning diesel instead of natural gas, and thereby incurring much higher
operating costs. The substitution of natural gas with diesel, compounded with the escalating costs
for the latter fuel, has increased the production cost by approximately fifteen times between 2004
and 2008.
GAG has long-term regulated contracts at regulated node prices expiring in December 2011, with
Empresa Eléctrica de Arica S.A., Empresa Eléctrica de Iquique S.A., and Empresa Eléctrica de
Antofagasta S.A., all of them distribution companies servicing residential customers, and belonging
to EMEL, a Chilean holding company. The contracts were entered into at a time in which GAG could
count on an uninterrupted Argentine natural gas supply. The gas supply shortfall has led to
increases in generation costs in the SING, and these costs are not fully covered by the node price.
The energy node price in the SING had been under 100 $/MWh until the last price setting in
April 2008, when the CNE set it at $ 115.9/MWh at the Crucero node. On the other hand, spot prices
(as a reference for generation costs with diesel as fuel) in the system averaged $ 185/MWh during
the first quarter of 2008.
In 2006, GAG applied to an arbiter to put an end to its contract with EMEL. The adverse
financial effect of this so-called EMEL deficit led to severe liquidity constraints. Current GAT
forecasts for the EMEL deficit for the 2008-2011 period, at which time the EMEL contract expires,
are in the range of $ 600-900 million, assuming diesel prices in the range of $ 90-120/bbl.
During the second half of 2007, GAG lost all of its net worth, and the possibility of filing
for bankruptcy increased for several reasons, including the continuing increase in the price of
diesel, the complete and sustained interruption of all natural gas coming from Argentina, economic
consequences of earthquakes that took place in October and November, and the cash shortfalls
derived from the nonrecoverability of a tax specifically levied on diesel. In addition, in
September 2007, the Chilean government promulgated Law No. 20,220, which among other effects,
provides that in the event of a court-ordered revocation of a contract between a generation company
and a distribution company with regulated clients, the generation company would be required to
continue supplying energy to its client in the same contractual terms, for an 18-month period. In
practice, this means that even in the event that GAG had been able to obtain a favorable court
judgment against EMEL, GAG would have had to continue in all events to service the contract for an
18-month period, even in the case of bankruptcy. In January, 2008, the result of the arbitrage
against EMEL was unfavorable to GAG, though we are in the process of making an appeal to the
Supreme Court. As a consequence of all the foregoing, Endesa Chile recorded a Ch$ 48,890 million
investment impairment provision for GAT to better reflect the value of the company.
Notwithstanding the foregoing, the option to file for GAGs bankruptcy was at least
temporarily abandoned after GAG signed an MOU with several important northern mining companies and
its owners, Endesa Chile and Southern Cross, allowing GAG to continue operations while seeking a
definite solution to the companys situation.
The MOU called for a definitive contract covering a substantial part of the EMEL deficit,
which has been growing over time. This back-up contract, Contrato de Servicio de Respaldo, was
signed on April 29, 2008, with the participation of mining companies representing 85.93% of the
1,554 MW (maximum demand at peak hour in the SING, excluding demand arising from distribution
companies). Among the principal objectives of the contract, are the following: (1) continuity of
electricity supply in the SING, with a back-up of up to 600 MW operating continuously through
December 31, 2013, with diesel if necessary, so as to minimize the risk of electricity rationing,
and the concurrent losses to production for the copper mines; and (2) the achievement of a
generation capacity cushion until 2013 which would permit failure of other operating units or
delays in the beginning of operations of new coal-burning plants. The mining companies that were
signators to the agreement include BHP Billiton (Escondida, Spence, Cerro Colorado) Codelco
(Chuquicamata, Radomiro Tomic and Gabriela Mistral), Collahuasi, Freeport (El Abra) Barrick
(Zaldívar), Anglo American (Mantos Blancos) Xstrata (Lomas Bayas), SQM, Antofagasta Minerals (El
Tesoro), Teck-Cominco (Quebrada Blanca) and Yamana (Meridian Gold). In a parallel manner, GAT
entered into a long-term contract with Compañía de Petróleos de Chile Copec S.A., a large Chilean
distributor of petroleum-derived hydrocarbons, in order to secure the availability of diesel
through the end of 2013, for a daily consumption of up to 3,400 cubic meters.
22
The recent contract with the mining companies requires that they pay a price for the back-up
service that accounts for approximately 71% of the EMEL deficit and the remaining 29% is to be
financed by GAT, Southern Cross and Endesa Chile, with caps of $ 50 million each for the latter two
owners. The mining companies cap their price at $ 650 million, and if oil prices exceed $ 120/bbl
during the period, or for any other reason, this capped
amount should be reached, they have a right to an early termination of the contract. This
solution, although reducing significantly the probability of bankruptcy at GAG, implies certain
risks and costs to GAT and its owners. In addition, the price of diesel, as of the time of this
report, has shown an upward trend, already exceeding the $ 120/bbl reference level, making the
operating monthly cost exceed the amount which allows the cap to be extended beyond December 2011.
Therefore, there is no reason as of the date of this report to expect a reversal of the investment
impairment provision taken in the 2007 financial statements, in connection with GAT, our affiliate.
For additional information relating to GATs investment impairment taken for the 12-month
period ended December 31, 2007, see Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
included in this annual report.
B. Business Overview.
We are a publicly traded electric generation company with operations in Chile, Argentina,
Colombia and Peru and an equity interest in Brazil. Our core business is electricity generation.
We also participate in the engineering services industry and have a highway concession. The low
proportion of nongeneration revenues does not warrant the breakdown of revenues per activity.
Our consolidated installed capacity, as of December 31, 2007, was 12,720 MW, with 62.6%
hydroelectric capacity, 37.2% thermal electric and 0.2% wind power generation capacity. Total
installed capacity is defined as the maximum power capacity (measured in MW generation units),
under specific technical conditions and characteristics.
We own and operate 25 generation facilities in Chile with an aggregate installed capacity, as
of December 31, 2007, of 4,779 MW, compared to 4,477 MW in 2006. The main changes of our total
installed capacity in Chile are the incorporation of Palmucho (32 MW, hydroelectric), San Isidro II
(248 MW, thermal electric in open cycle) and Canela (18 MW, wind power). We accounted for 36.8% of
Chiles total generation capacity as of December 31, 2007 measured by the maximum capacity
calculated by CDEC-SIC. Hydroelectric installed capacity in Chile represents 72.2% of Endesa
Chiles total installed capacity in Chile. CDEC is the Centro de Despacho Económico de Carga in the
corresponding electric system.
As of December 31, 2007, we also had interests in 25 generation facilities outside of Chile
with an aggregate installed capacity of 7,941 MW, compared to 7,843 MW in 2006. The main changes to
our total installed capacity outside Chile are in Peru and in Colombia: Ventanilla (36 MW),
Callahuanca (5 MW) in Peru, and Guavio (50 MW) in Colombia. For additional detail on capacity
increase of these units see Item 4. Information on the Company D. Property, Plant and
Equipment. Hydroelectric installed capacity outside Chile represents 56.9% of Endesa Chiles total
installed capacity outside Chile. Based on 2007 figures, the Companys installed generation
capacity in Argentina, Colombia and Peru represents approximately 15%, 21% and 28% of total
capacity in each country, respectively.
The following table sets out information relating to Endesa Chiles electricity generation:
ENDESA CHILES CONSOLIDATED HYDRO/THERMAL GENERATION (GWh)(1)
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
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|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
Hydroelectric generation |
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38,068 |
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|
|
76 |
|
|
|
38,617 |
|
|
|
73 |
|
|
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32,687 |
|
|
|
65 |
|
Thermal generation (2) |
|
|
12,054 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
14,332 |
|
|
|
27 |
|
|
|
17,796 |
|
|
|
35 |
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|
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|
|
|
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|
Other generation (Wind) |
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|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
3 |
|
|
|
0 |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
Total generation |
|
|
50,122 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
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52,949 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
50,486 |
|
|
|
100 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
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|
|
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|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
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Generation minus power plant own consumption and technical losses. |
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| (2) |
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San Isidro II, operating with diesel in open cycle since April 2007. |
23
Our consolidated electricity production reached 50,486 GWh in 2007, 4.7% lower than the
52,949 GWh produced in 2006. Argentina was the country which most reduced the generation from
13,750 GWh in 2006 to 12,117 GWh in 2007 (-11.9%). Hydroelectric generation in 2007 was 15% lower
than in 2006; Argentina and Chile had the higher reductions (27% and 23% respectively) due to the
drought conditions presented in 2007; in Chile these reductions were partially offset by the
increase in thermal generation, which almost doubled, from 2,825 GWh in 2006 to 5,591 GWh in 2007.
Our consolidated physical energy sales for 2007 were 55,225 GWh, 3.0% lower than our
consolidated physical energy sales of 56,942 GWh in 2006. The main reduction in sales was in
Argentina and Chile as illustrated in the following table:
ENDESA CHILE PHYSICAL DATA PER COUNTRY
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As of December 31, each year |
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2005 |
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2006 |
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2007 |
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Argentina |
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Number of generating facilities (1) |
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5 |
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5 |
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5 |
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Installed capacity (MW) (2) |
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3,623.0 |
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|
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3,638.7 |
|
|
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3,644.1 |
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Energy generated (GWh) (3) |
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|
12,332.5 |
|
|
|
13,750.3 |
|
|
|
12,117.1 |
|
Energy sales (GWh) |
|
|
12,578.8 |
|
|
|
13,926.3 |
|
|
|
12,406.3 |
|
Brazil (4) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of generating facilities (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Installed capacity (MW) (2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Energy generated (GWh) (3) |
|
|
2,644.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Energy sales (GWh) |
|
|
2,897.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of generating facilities (1) |
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
22 |
|
|
|
25 |
|
Installed capacity (MW) (2) |
|
|
4,476.7 |
|
|
|
4,476.7 |
|
|
|
4,779.2 |
|
Energy generated (GWh) (3) |
|
|
18,763.8 |
|
|
|
19,973.2 |
|
|
|
18,773.0 |
|
Energy sales (GWh) |
|
|
20,730.4 |
|
|
|
20,922.8 |
|
|
|
19,212.1 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of generating facilities (1) |
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
|
|
11 |
|
Installed capacity (MW) (2) |
|
|
2,657.2 |
|
|
|
2,778.7 |
|
|
|
2,828.7 |
|
Energy generated (GWh) (3) |
|
|
11,864.2 |
|
|
|
12,564.0 |
|
|
|
11,941.8 |
|
Energy sales (GWh) |
|
|
15,077.5 |
|
|
|
15,326.9 |
|
|
|
15,613.1 |
|
Peru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Number of generating facilities (1) |
|
|
8 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
|
|
9 |
|
Installed capacity (MW) (2) |
|
|
968.5 |
|
|
|
1,425.5 |
|
|
|
1,468.0 |
|
Energy generated (GWh) (3) |
|
|
4,516.3 |
|
|
|
6,662.0 |
|
|
|
7,654.4 |
|
Energy sales (GWh) |
|
|
4,599.9 |
|
|
|
6,766.5 |
|
|
|
7,993.5 |
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
For details on generation facilities, see D. Property Plants and Equipment. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Total installed capacity defined as the maximum MW capacity of generation units, under
specific technical conditions and characteristics, in most cases confirmed by satisfaction
guarantee tests performed by equipment suppliers certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau
Veritas, an international independent certification company. Figures may differ from
installed capacity declared to regulating authorities and customers in each country, according
to criteria defined by each authority and corresponding contractual frameworks. We have
decided not to make a restatement of capacities based on this certification. |
| |
| (3) |
|
Energy generated defined as total generation minus own power plant consumption and technical
losses. |
| |
| (4) |
|
We consolidated Cachoeira Douradas generation only through September 2005. Ventanillas
generation in Peru consolidated since January 2006, Cartagenas generation in Colombia
consolidated since March 2006 and San Isidro II, Palmucho and
Canelas generation in Chile
consolidated since April, November and December 2007 respectively. |
We segment our sales to customers using two different categories. First, we distinguish
between regulated and unregulated customers. Regulated customers are distribution companies who
mainly serve residential clients. Unregulated customers, on the other hand, may freely negotiate
the price of electricity with generators or they may purchase electricity in the pool market at the
spot price. The second criterion we use to segment our customer sales is by contracted sales and
non-contracted sales. This method is useful because it provides a uniform way for us to
compare our customers from country to country. The countries in which we operate have varying
classifications for what constitutes a regulated customer. In contrast, contracted sales are
defined uniformly throughout.
24
The following table contains information regarding Endesa Chiles consolidated sales of
electricity by type of customer for each of the periods indicated:
ENDESA CHILE CONSOLIDATED PHYSICAL SALES BY TYPE OF CUSTOMER (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
% of Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
Regulated customers |
|
|
21,206 |
|
|
|
37.9 |
|
|
|
20,146 |
|
|
|
35.4 |
|
|
|
22,881 |
|
|
|
41.4 |
|
Non-regulated customers |
|
|
12,652 |
|
|
|
22.6 |
|
|
|
13,735 |
|
|
|
24.1 |
|
|
|
14,374 |
|
|
|
26.0 |
|
Electricity pool market sales |
|
|
22,026 |
|
|
|
39.4 |
|
|
|
23,061 |
|
|
|
40.5 |
|
|
|
17,970 |
|
|
|
32.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total electricity sales |
|
|
55,884 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
56,942 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
55,225 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In general, in the countries in which we operate, the potential for contracting electricity is
related to the volume of electricity demand. Customers identified as small volume-regulated
customers, such as residential customers, subject to government regulated electricity tariffs, must
purchase electricity directly from a distribution company. These distribution companies, which
purchase large amounts of electricity for small residential customers, generally enter into
contractual agreements with generators at a regulated tariff price. Customers identified as large
volume industrial customers also enter into contractual agreements with energy suppliers. However,
such large volume industrial customers are not subject to the regulated tariff price. Instead,
these customers are allowed to negotiate the price of energy with generators based on the
characteristics of the service required. Finally, the market pool, where energy is normally sold at
the spot price, is not carried out through contractual agreements.
The specific energy (measured in GWh) consumption limit for regulated and non-regulated
customers is country specific. Moreover, regulatory frameworks often require that regulated
distribution companies have contracts to support their commitments to small customers and also
determine which customers can purchase energy in electricity pool markets.
Under normal hydrological and fuel conditions our regulated and non-regulated customers carry
out their commercial relationships by means of contracts. The electricity pool market sales are
not governed by contracts, but instead comply with pool market operations.
The following table contains information regarding our consolidated physical sales of
electricity per customer segment:
ENDESA CHILE CONSOLIDATED PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER PRICE SEGMENT
(GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
Contracted sales (1) |
|
|
33,858 |
|
|
|
60.6 |
|
|
|
33,881 |
|
|
|
59.5 |
|
|
|
37,255 |
|
|
|
67.5 |
|
Non-contracted sales |
|
|
22,026 |
|
|
|
39.4 |
|
|
|
23,061 |
|
|
|
40.5 |
|
|
|
17,970 |
|
|
|
32.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total electricity sales |
|
|
55,884 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
56,942 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
55,225 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Includes the sales to distribution companies not backed by contracts in Chile and Peru. |
25
In terms of expenses, the primarily variable costs involved in the electricity generation
business, in addition to the direct variable cost of generating hydroelectric or thermal
electricity such as fuel costs, are energy purchases and
transportation costs. During periods of relatively low rainfall conditions, the amount of our
thermal generation increases. This not only involves increasing the total cost of fuel, but also
the cost of transporting that fuel to the thermal generation power plants. Under drought
conditions, electricity that we have contractually agreed to provide may exceed the amount of
electricity that we are able to generate, requiring us to purchase electricity in the pool market
in order to satisfy our contractual commitments. The cost of these pool market purchases may, under
certain circumstances, exceed the price at which we sell electricity under contracts, and result in
a loss. We attempt to minimize the effect of poor hydrological conditions on our operations in any
year primarily by limiting contractual sales requirements to an amount that does not exceed the
estimated production in a dry year. In determining estimated production in a dry year, we take
into account available statistical information concerning rainfall and water flows, and the
capacity of key reservoirs. In addition to limiting contracted sales, we may adopt other strategies
such as installing temporary thermal capacity, negotiating lower consumption levels with
unregulated customers, negotiating with other water users and including pass-through costs clauses
in contracts with clients.
The following table contains information regarding our electricity generation and purchases:
CONSOLIDATED PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
Electricity generation |
|
|
50,122 |
|
|
|
88.7 |
|
|
|
52,949 |
|
|
|
91.8 |
|
|
|
50,486 |
|
|
|
89.8 |
|
Electricity purchases |
|
|
6,396 |
|
|
|
11.3 |
|
|
|
4,730 |
|
|
|
8.2 |
|
|
|
5,722 |
|
|
|
10.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total(1) |
|
|
56,517 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
57,679 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
56,208 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Total energy generation (GWh) plus purchases differs from GWh sales due to technical
transmission losses in Chile and Peru, as the generation figure has already deducted power
plant consumption and technical losses of generation units. |
Our primary equity investments in Chile, which are related companies that we do not
consolidate in our financial statements but instead include their income as net equity income in
our income statement, are primarily conducted through GasAtacama. We have a 50% ownership interest
in GasAtacama through which we participate in the gas transportation and thermal generation
business in northern Chile. We also participate in the gas transportation business in Chile through
our related company, Electrogas S.A. (Electrogas), in which we have a 42.5% ownership interest.
Electrogas owns a pipeline to the Fifth Chilean Region and supplies natural gas to the power plants
San Isidro and Nehuenco. The other shareholders are Colbún S.A. and ENAP.
We participate in the Brazilian electricity business through our equity investment in Endesa
Brasil, in which we have a beneficial interest of 37.7%. Until September 30, 2005, we held a direct
45% ownership share of Companhia de Interconexão Energética S.A, (CIEN), in Brazil, involved in
electricity trading and also in the operation of the transmission interconnection lines between
Argentina and Brazil. We also held a 45% ownership in CTM, which is involved in electricity trading
and transmission in Argentina. As of the last quarter of 2005, our investments in CIEN and CTM were
contributed to Endesa Brasil. We also have a minority interest in electricity trading and
transmission in Argentina through our 45% ownership in Comercializadora de Energía del Mercosur
S.A. (CEMSA). See C. Organizational Structure for details on our related companies.
We own and operate a total of 25 generation plants in Chile directly and through our
subsidiaries Pehuenche, Pangue, San Isidro, Celta and Eco. Of these plants, 15 are hydroelectric
plants, with a total installed capacity of approximately 3,452 MW. This represents 72.2% of our
total installed capacity in Chile. There are nine thermal plants which operate with gas, coal or
oil with a total installed capacity of 1,309 MW that represents 27.4% of our total installed
capacity in Chile, and there is one wind power unit with approximately 18 MW. 23 (15
hydroelectric, 7 thermoelectric and one wind power plant) of our plants are connected to the
countrys major interconnected electricity systems, Sistema Interconectado Central, or the SIC, and
the other two power plants are connected to the Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande, or the
SING.
26
The following table sets forth the installed generation capacity for each of the Companys
Chilean subsidiaries:
INSTALLED CAPACITY PER SUBSIDIARY IN CHILE (MW) (1)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
Endesa |
|
|
2,754 |
|
|
|
2,754 |
|
|
|
3,034 |
|
Pehuenche |
|
|
695 |
|
|
|
695 |
|
|
|
699 |
|
Pangue |
|
|
467 |
|
|
|
467 |
|
|
|
467 |
|
San Isidro |
|
|
379 |
|
|
|
379 |
|
|
|
379 |
|
Celta |
|
|
182 |
|
|
|
182 |
|
|
|
182 |
|
Eco |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
4,477 |
|
|
|
4,477 |
|
|
|
4,779 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
The installed capacity was certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas. |
Our total electricity generation in Chile (in both the SIC and the SING) reached 18,773 GWh in
2007, 6.0% lower than in 2006, and accounted for approximately 33.7% of total electricity
production in Chile in 2007. The Companys generation market share in Chile for 2007 was 37.3%.
The following table sets forth the electricity generation for each of our Chilean
subsidiaries:
ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN CHILE (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
Endesa |
|
|
10,903 |
|
|
|
11,642 |
|
|
|
11,093 |
|
Pehuenche |
|
|
4,060 |
|
|
|
4,345 |
|
|
|
3,437 |
|
Pangue |
|
|
2,241 |
|
|
|
2,432 |
|
|
|
1,351 |
|
San Isidro |
|
|
1,178 |
|
|
|
802 |
|
|
|
1,956 |
|
Celta |
|
|
383 |
|
|
|
751 |
|
|
|
933 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Eco |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
18,764 |
|
|
|
19,973 |
|
|
|
18,773 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Hydroelectric generation in 2007 was 23% lower than in 2006 due to the drought conditions
presented during 2007. The potential energy in reservoirs at December 31, 2007 was 40% less than
at December 31, 2006, as shown in the following table.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| Reservoir |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% Change |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Laja |
|
|
4,754 |
|
|
|
3,028 |
|
|
|
(36 |
) |
Maule |
|
|
1,573 |
|
|
|
1,307 |
|
|
|
(17 |
) |
Chapo |
|
|
577 |
|
|
|
119 |
|
|
|
(79 |
) |
Colbún |
|
|
533 |
|
|
|
283 |
|
|
|
(47 |
) |
Invernada |
|
|
315 |
|
|
|
116 |
|
|
|
(63 |
) |
Rapel |
|
|
72 |
|
|
|
53 |
|
|
|
(26 |
) |
Melado |
|
|
15 |
|
|
|
6 |
|
|
|
(62 |
) |
Ralco |
|
|
531 |
|
|
|
147 |
|
|
|
(72 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
8,370 |
|
|
|
5,059 |
|
|
|
(40 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27
Low-cost hydroelectric generation accounted for 70.2% of our total electricity generation in
2007 compared with the 85.9% of 2006. Generation by type in Chile is shown in the following table:
ENDESA CHILE HYDRO/THERMAL GENERATION IN CHILE (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
Generation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generation |
|
|
|
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
Hydroelectric generation |
|
|
15,762 |
|
|
|
84.0 |
|
|
|
17,148 |
|
|
|
85.9 |
|
|
|
13,179 |
|
|
|
70.2 |
|
Thermal generation |
|
|
3,003 |
|
|
|
16.0 |
|
|
|
2,825 |
|
|
|
14.1 |
|
|
|
5,591 |
|
|
|
29.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other generation (Wind) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
3 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total generation |
|
|
18,764 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
19,973 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
18,773 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our thermal electric generation facilities are either gas, coal or oil-fired. In order to
satisfy our natural gas and transportation requirements, we enter into long-term gas contracts with
suppliers that establish maximum supply amounts and prices and long-term gas transportation
agreements with the pipeline companies, currently Gas Andes and Electrogas (an Endesa Chile related
company). We obtain our coal and fuel oil requirements through competitive auctions with major
domestic and international suppliers.
The Argentine energy crisis has affected not only the natural gas supply to Chile but also its
domestic market. This situation and the drought conditions evident in Chile during 2007 increased
the use of natural gas substitutes, including fuel oil and diesel. Endesa Chile increased the use
of diesel from 23,000 tons in 2006 to 591,000 tons in 2007, and coal from 438,000 tons to 851,000
tons, respectively. Since 2005, San Isidro has entered into a swap contract with Endesa Costanera,
which has allowed San Isidro to temporarily generate electricity with natural gas, using Endesa
Costaneras share, by paying Endesa Costanera the additional cost incurred through generation with
fuel oil, plus a fee. Fuel oil in Argentina is subsidized.
In May 2007, as part of a consortium with Enap, Metrogas and British Gas, in which Endesa
Chile participation is 20%, we agreed to construction of the liquefied natural gas (LNG)
regasification facility in Quintero Bay. The terminal is currently under construction. Partial
commercial operations are expected for 2009 while full commercial operations should occur in 2010.
During 2007, the works to allow unit No. 1 in Taltal to operate with diesel stock started, and
both finished in March 2008. All of Endesa Chile natural gas units will now be able to operate
with gas and diesel.
In June 2007, the commercial operations of the Electrogas Concón-Quillota diesel oil pipeline
started, which improved the supply to San Isidro and Nehuenco thermal power plants. This oil
pipeline, located in Chiles Fifth Region, was built to transport diesel oil from the Concón
refinery to the electricity power plants of Colbún, San Isidro and Endesa Chile (nearly 1,600 MW in
total). Shareholders of Electrogas are Endesa Chile (42.5%), the Matte Group (42.5%) and Enap
(15.0%).
ELECTRICITY SALES PER SYSTEM IN CHILE (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
Electricity sales in the SIC |
|
|
35,900 |
|
|
|
38,259 |
|
|
|
39,982 |
|
Electricity sales in the SING |
|
|
11,546 |
|
|
|
12,027 |
|
|
|
12,674 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Our physical energy sales in Chile reached 20,731 GWh in 2005, 20,923 GWh in 2006 and
19,212 GWh in 2007 which represent a 43.7%, 41.6% and 36.5% market share, respectively. The
percentage of the energy purchases to satisfy our contractual obligations to third parties has
declined from 10.8% in 2005 to 5.3% in 2007 as a result of our commercial strategy of reducing
contracted sales. This commercial strategy is primarily influenced by our decision to reduce
hydrological exposure because of government regulations implemented in 1999. See B.
Business Overview Electricity Industry and Regulatory Framework. We attempt to minimize the
effect
of poor hydrological conditions on our operations, in any given year, primarily by limiting
contractual commitments to an amount below the estimated production in a dry year. Government
regulations have had the direct effect of increasing contract failure costs, which is the cost that
we pay when we are unable to satisfy our contractual commitments, and the indirect effect of
discouraging investment in generation assets. Given the effects of the government regulations,
energy supply has not increased as much as energy demand, increasing the spot price in the
electricity pool market and making it a relatively more attractive commercial alternative.
28
The following table sets forth our electricity purchases and production in Chile:
ENDESA CHILE PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES IN CHILE (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
% |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
of Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
of Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
of Volume |
|
Electricity generation |
|
|
18,764 |
|
|
|
89.2 |
|
|
|
19,973 |
|
|
|
93.8 |
|
|
|
18,773 |
|
|
|
94.7 |
|
Electricity purchases |
|
|
2,268 |
|
|
|
10.8 |
|
|
|
1,317 |
|
|
|
6.2 |
|
|
|
1,042 |
|
|
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total (1) |
|
|
21,032 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
21,290 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
19,815 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Total GWh generation plus purchases differs from GWh sales due to transmission losses, as
power plant consumption and technical losses have already been deducted. |
We supply electricity to the major regulated electricity distribution companies, large
unregulated industrial firms (primarily in the mining, pulp and steel sectors) and the pool market.
Commercial relationships with customers are normally governed by formal contracts. Supply
contracts with distribution companies must be auctioned, are generally standardized and have an
average term of ten years. Supply contracts with unregulated customers (large industrial customers)
are specific to the needs of each client and the conditions are agreed upon between both parties
and reflect competitive market conditions.
In 2005, 2006 and 2007, Endesa Chile had 53, 46 and 35 customers in Chile, respectively,
including the main distribution companies in the SIC and the major unregulated industrial
customers. The eleven minor unregulated customers in 2007 demanded approximately 0.6 GWh/year.
There were fourteen distribution companies which presented withdrawals under the provisions of
Resolution 88 and represented the 8.5% of total sales. (See B. Business OverviewElectricity
Industry Regulatory Framework.). Sociedad Austral de Electricidad S.A. , or Saesa, a nonrelated
Chilean distribution company, was the largest with purchases of 745 GWh/year. The following table
sets forth information regarding our sales of electricity in Chile by type of customer:
ENDESA CHILE PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER PRICE SEGMENT
IN CHILE (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
% of Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
Regulated customers (1) |
|
|
10,575 |
|
|
|
51.0 |
|
|
|
10,756 |
|
|
|
51.4 |
|
|
|
11,502 |
|
|
|
59.9 |
|
Non-regulated customers |
|
|
4,797 |
|
|
|
23.1 |
|
|
|
5,176 |
|
|
|
24.7 |
|
|
|
5,281 |
|
|
|
27.5 |
|
Electricity pool market sales |
|
|
5,358 |
|
|
|
25.8 |
|
|
|
4,991 |
|
|
|
23.9 |
|
|
|
2,430 |
|
|
|
12.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total electricity sales |
|
|
20,731 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
20,923 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
19,212 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Includes the sales to distribution companies in connection with Resolution 88. |
29
Our most significant supply contracts with regulated customers are with Chilectra S.A.
(Chilectra), an Endesa Chile related company, and Compañía General de Electricidad S.A. (CGE),
the two largest distribution companies in Chile in terms of sales. Our contracts with Chilectra and
CGE expire in 2010 and 2009, respectively. In November 2007, Chilectra, CGE and Chilquinta placed
the second long-term energy requirement bid for 14,732 GWh, divided in three blocks (B1, B2 and B3)
to be delivered as of January 2011 for ten, twelve and fourteen years respectively. Chilectra was
the only distributor that acquired energy in this process with 5,700 GWh from Endesa (3,200 GWh)
and Colbún (2,500 GWh). The energy allocated represented 39% of Chilectras demand. Chilectras
energy allocation per company and per block and the percentage of energy allocated was as follows:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Chilectra B1 |
|
|
Chilectra B2 |
|
|
Chilectra B3 |
|
|
% of the total |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
energy allocated |
|
Endesa |
|
|
1,700 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,500 |
|
|
|
56.1 |
|
Colbún |
|
|
500 |
|
|
|
1,000 |
|
|
|
1,000 |
|
|
|
43.9 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
2,200 |
|
|
|
1,000 |
|
|
|
2,500 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Generally, our contracts with unregulated customers for the sale of electricity in Chile are
long term, and typically range from five to fifteen years. Such contracts are normally
automatically extended at the end of the applicable term unless terminated by either party upon
prior notice. Such contracts generally provide that the purchase price be reset periodically to
the market price. Some of them include a price adjustment mechanism in the case of high marginal
costs, which also reduces the hydrological risk. Contracts with unregulated customers may also
include specifications regarding power sources and equipment, which may be provided at special
rates, as well as provisions for technical assistance to the customer. We have not experienced any
supply interruptions under our contracts. In case of force majeure, as contractually defined with
non-regulated customers, we are also allowed to reject purchases and are not required to supply
electricity. Contracts with unregulated customers generally do not impose any limitations on our
ability to resell output not purchased under those contracts. Disputes are typically subject to
binding arbitration between the parties, subject to limited exceptions.
The following table sets forth our sales by volume to our five largest distribution and
unregulated customers in Chile for each of the periods indicated:
MAIN CUSTOMERS IN CHILE (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
Distribution companies: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chilectra |
|
|
4,231 |
|
|
|
20.4 |
|
|
|
4,190 |
|
|
|
20.0 |
|
|
|
4,017 |
|
|
|
20.9 |
|
CGE |
|
|
4,154 |
|
|
|
20.0 |
|
|
|
4,449 |
|
|
|
21.3 |
|
|
|
4,835 |
|
|
|
25.2 |
|
Saesa (1) |
|
|
540 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
|
|
665 |
|
|
|
3.2 |
|
|
|
746 |
|
|
|
3.9 |
|
Empresa Eléctrica de la Frontera S.A. |
|
|
665 |
|
|
|
3.2 |
|
|
|
717 |
|
|
|
3.4 |
|
|
|
756 |
|
|
|
3.9 |
|
Empresa Eléctrica de Atacama S.A. |
|
|
643 |
|
|
|
3.1 |
|
|
|
417 |
|
|
|
2.0 |
|
|
|
195 |
|
|
|
1.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total sales to five largest
distribution companies |
|
|
10,233 |
|
|
|
49.4 |
|
|
|
10,438 |
|
|
|
49.9 |
|
|
|
10,548 |
|
|
|
54.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
30
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
Unregulated customers: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Codelco (2) |
|
|
536 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
|
|
548 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
|
|
494 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
CMPC |
|
|
794 |
|
|
|
3.8 |
|
|
|
937 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
|
|
1,103 |
|
|
|
5.7 |
|
Cía. Minera Los Pelambres |
|
|
701 |
|
|
|
3.4 |
|
|
|
738 |
|
|
|
3.5 |
|
|
|
871 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
Cía. Minera Collahuasi |
|
|
813 |
|
|
|
3.9 |
|
|
|
867 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
|
|
869 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
Cía. Acero del Pacífico
Huachipato |
|
|
528 |
|
|
|
2.5 |
|
|
|
546 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
|
|
588 |
|
|
|
3.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total sales to
five largest
unregulated
customers |
|
|
3,372 |
|
|
|
16.3 |
|
|
|
3,635 |
|
|
|
17.4 |
|
|
|
3,925 |
|
|
|
20.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
We do not have a contract with Sociedad Austral de Electricidad S.A. (Saesa). Sales are
the result of government Resolution 88 that forces the generators of the CDEC-SIC system to
supply distribution companies without contracts. This situation will remain until
December 2009, when this Resolution is set to expire. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Since 2004, we provided energy to both Codelco, División El Teniente, and Codelco, División
Salvador. Codelco is a state-owned mining company and one of the largest copper producers in
the world. |
We compete in the SIC primarily with two other electricity generation companies, AESGener and
Colbún S.A. (Colbún). According to the maximum power considered by CDEC-SIC in the calculation
of firm power in 2007, AESGener and its subsidiaries in the SIC counted on an installed capacity
of 1,587 MW, of which 82% was thermal electric, and Colbún on 1,918 MW, of which 57% was thermal
electric. In addition to these two large competitors, there are a number of smaller entities that
generate electricity in the SIC.
Our primary competitors in the SING are Electroandina, Empresa Eléctrica del Norte Grande S.A.
(Edelnor), AESGener and Norgener S.A., which have 992 MW, 719 MW, 643 MW and 277 MW of installed
capacity, respectively. Our direct participation in the SING, includes our 182 MW Tarapacá thermal
plant, owned by our subsidiary Celta, and our indirect participation through our affiliate company,
GasAtacama, whose power plant has 781 MW of installed capacity. See C. Organizational
Structure for details on related companies.
Electricity generation companies compete largely on the basis of technical experience and
reliability; and, in the case of unregulated customers, on price. In addition, because 72.2% of
our installed capacity derives from hydroelectric power plants, we have lower production costs than
companies generating electricity in the SIC with thermal plants. During periods of extended
droughts, however, we may be forced to buy more expensive electricity from thermoelectric
generators at spot prices in order to satisfy our contractual obligations.
We have equity investments in GasAtacama and Electrogas. GasAtacama has the ability to
transport up to 8.5 million cubic meters of gas daily and has a gas-fired combined cycle plant with
a total installed capacity of approximately 781 MW in Mejillones. Electrogas produces
transportation income derived from the pipeline supplying San Isidro and Nehuenco combined-cycle
plants at Quillota. As of December 2007, GasAtacama accounted an investment impairment provision
as a consequence of the lack of gas supply from Argentina.
We, directly and through our subsidiaries Pehuenche, Pangue, San Isidro and Endesa Eco are the
principal operators in the SIC, with 48.9% of the total installed capacity and 45.3% of the
physical energy sales of this system in 2007.
31
Celta, our subsidiary, has a two-turbine 182 MW thermal power plant connected to the SING,
which represents 5% of the total capacity of the SING. Through our unconsolidated company,
GasAtacama, we have an additional 781 MW participation in the SING. The following table sets out
information relating to Endesa Chiles electricity generation capacity in Chile:
POWER PLANTS IN CHILE (MW) (1)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Installed |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Capacity |
|
| |
|
Type (2) |
|
System |
|
(MW) |
|
Hydroelectric |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Rapel |
|
Reservoir |
|
SIC |
|
|
377 |
|
Ralco |
|
Reservoir |
|
SIC |
|
|
690 |
|
Cipreses |
|
Reservoir |
|
SIC |
|
|
106 |
|
El Toro |
|
Reservoir |
|
SIC |
|
|
450 |
|
Pehuenche |
|
Reservoir |
|
SIC |
|
|
570 |
|
Pangue |
|
Reservoir |
|
SIC |
|
|
467 |
|
Los Molles |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
18 |
|
Sauzal |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
77 |
|
Sauzalito |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
12 |
|
Isla |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
68 |
|
Antuco |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
320 |
|
Abanico |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
136 |
|
Curillinque |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
89 |
|
Loma Alta |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
40 |
|
Palmucho |
|
Pass Through |
|
SIC |
|
|
32 |
|
Total Hydroelectric |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,452 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Thermal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Huasco ST |
|
Steam Turbine/Coal |
|
SIC |
|
|
16 |
|
Bocamina |
|
Steam Turbine/Coal |
|
SIC |
|
|
128 |
|
Tarapacá GT |
|
Steam Turbine/Diesel Oil |
|
SING |
|
|
24 |
|
Tarapacá coal |
|
Steam Turbine /Coal |
|
SING |
|
|
158 |
|
Diego de Almagro |
|
Gas Turbine/Diesel Oil |
|
SIC |
|
|
47 |
|
Huasco GT |
|
Gas Turbine/IFO 180 Oil |
|
SIC |
|
|
64 |
|
San Isidro |
|
Combined Cycle/Natural Gas & Diesel Oil |
|
SIC |
|
|
379 |
|
Taltal |
|
Gas Turbine/Natural Gas & Diesel Oil |
|
SIC |
|
|
245 |
|
San Isidro II |
|
Combined Cycle/Gas & Diesel Oil |
|
SIC |
|
|
248 |
|
Total Thermal |
|
|
|
|
|
|
1,309 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Others |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Canela |
|
Wind Power |
|
SIC |
|
|
18 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Capacity |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4,779 |
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Total installed capacity is defined as the maximum capacity (measured in MW generation
units), under specific technical conditions and characteristics. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Reservoir and pass-through refer to a hydroelectric plant that uses a dam or a river,
respectively, to move the turbines which generate electricity. |
| |
| |
|
Steam Turbine refers to a thermal power plant that uses natural gas, coal, diesel or fuel oil
to produce steam, which moves the turbines to generate the electricity. |
| |
| |
|
Gas Turbine (GT) or open cycle refers to a thermal power plant that uses diesel oil, fuel
oil, natural gas or other fuels to produce gas that moves the turbines to generate the
electricity. |
| |
| |
|
Combined Cycle refers to a thermal power plant that uses either natural gas, diesel oil or
fuel oil to generate gas that moves the turbines to generate electricity and then recovers the
gas that escapes from that process to generate steam to move another turbine. |
Operations in Argentina
We participate in electricity generation in Argentina through our subsidiaries Endesa
Costanera and El Chocón, with a total of five power plants. El Chocón owns two hydroelectric power
plants, with total installed capacity of 1,320 MW, and Endesa Costanera owns three thermal plants,
with a total installed capacity of 2,324 MW. In 2007, our hydro and thermal generation plants in
Argentina represented 14.9% of the MEMs generation capacity in 2007.
32
Our Argentine subsidiaries Endesa Costanera and El Chocón participate in two new companies,
Termoeléctrica Manuel Belgrano S.A. (Manuel Belgrano) and Termoeléctrica José de San Martin S.A.
(San Martín). These companies were formed to undertake the construction of two new generation
facilities under Foninvemem. This fund was created by the Secretary of Energy, through Resolution
712/2004, and allows for the financing and management of all investment aimed at increasing the
electric power supply within the MEM. These power plants are expected to start up operations as
Gas Turbines (GT) in the first half of 2008, one GT per month with 1,000 MW of aggregate capacity,
and as combined cycles by mid-2009 with and additional 600 MW of total aggregate capacity
(according to seasonal programming of Cammesa, February 2008). Since 2002, government intervention
and energy industry authority actions, including limiting the spot price of electricity by
considering the variable cost of generating electricity with natural gas without the hydrological
conditions of rivers and reservoirs or the use of more expensive liquid oil, have led to the lack
of investment in the electric power sector. (See Electricity Industry Regulatory Framework and
A. History and Development of the Company for further detail.)
Endesa Costaneras installed capacity accounted for 9.5% of the total installed capacity in
the Sistema Interconectado Nacional (the Argentine MEM) as of December 31, 2007. Endesa
Costaneras second combined cycle plant can operate neither with natural gas nor with diesel. Our
1,138 MW Steam Turbine power plant can operate with either natural gas or fuel oil.
El Chocón accounts for 5.4% of the installed capacity in the Argentine MEM as of
December 31, 2007. El Chocón has a 30-year concession, ending in 2023, for two hydroelectric
generation facilities with an aggregate of 1,320 MW of installed capacity. The larger of the two
facilities for which El Chocón has a concession has 1,200 MW of installed capacity and is the
primary flood control installation on the Limay River. The facilitys large reservoir, Ezequiel
Ramos Mejía, enables El Chocón to be one of the Argentine MEMs major peak suppliers. Variations in
El Chocóns water discharge are moderated by El Chocóns Arroyito facility, a downstream dam with
120 MW of installed capacity.
The following table sets forth the installed capacity of our Argentine subsidiaries:
INSTALLED CAPACITY PER SUBSIDIARY IN ARGENTINA (MW)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
As of December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 (1) |
|
|
2007 |
|
Endesa Costanera |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Costanera (steam turbine) |
|
|
1,131 |
|
|
|
1,138 |
|
|
|
1,138 |
|
Costanera (combined cycle II) |
|
|
851 |
|
|
|
859 |
|
|
|
859 |
|
Central Termoélectrica Buenos Aires (combined cycle I) |
|
|
322 |
|
|
|
322 |
|
|
|
327 |
|
El Chócon |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
El Chócon (hydroelectric) |
|
|
1,200 |
|
|
|
1,200 |
|
|
|
1,200 |
|
Arroyito (hydroelectric) |
|
|
120 |
|
|
|
120 |
|
|
|
120 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
3,624 |
|
|
|
3,639 |
|
|
|
3,644 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Variations in the installed capacity in 2006 and 2007 due to certification by the consulting
firm Bureau Veritas. |
Our total electricity generation in Argentina reached 12,117 GWh in 2007, 11.9% lower than our
13,750 GWh total electricity generation in 2006. Our generation market share has been
approximately 15% of total electricity production in Argentina during 2007.
The following table sets forth the electricity generation of our Argentine subsidiaries:
ELECTRICITY GENERATION PER SUBSIDIARY IN ARGENTINA (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
Endesa Costanera |
|
|
8,402 |
|
|
|
8,709 |
|
|
|
8,421 |
|
El Chocón |
|
|
3,931 |
|
|
|
5,041 |
|
|
|
3,696 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
12,333 |
|
|
|
13,750 |
|
|
|
12,117 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
33
Low-cost hydroelectric generation accounted for nearly 30.5% of total generation in 2007,
lower than in 2006 because of a relatively dry year compared to 2006. The percentage of
hydroelectric and thermal generation is shown in the following table:
HYDRO/THERMAL GENERATION IN ARGENTINA (GWh)(1)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
Hydroelectric generation |
|
|
3,931 |
|
|
|
31.9 |
|
|
|
5,041 |
|
|
|
36.7 |
|
|
|
3,696 |
|
|
|
30.5 |
|
Thermal generation |
|
|
8,402 |
|
|
|
68.1 |
|
|
|
8,709 |
|
|
|
63.3 |
|
|
|
8,421 |
|
|
|
69.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total generation |
|
|
12,333 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
13,750 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
12,117 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Generation minus our own power plant consumption and technical losses. |
The amount of energy generated and purchased in the last three years is shown in the following
table:
PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES IN ARGENTINA (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
Electricity generation |
|
|
12,333 |
|
|
|
97.6 |
|
|
|
13,750 |
|
|
|
98.2 |
|
|
|
12,117 |
|
|
|
97.1 |
|
Electricity purchases |
|
|
308 |
|
|
|
2.4 |
|
|
|
256 |
|
|
|
1.8 |
|
|
|
367 |
|
|
|
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total(1) |
|
|
12,640 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
14,006 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
12,484 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Energy generation plus energy purchases differs from electricity sales due to power plant
consumption of electricity that had been uploaded to the grid, referred to as nonbilled
electricity consumption. |
The distribution of physical sales in Argentina, in terms of customer segment, is shown in the
following table:
PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER SEGMENT IN ARGENTINA (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Sales |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of Sales |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
Contracted sales |
|
|
2,328 |
|
|
|
18.5 |
|
|
|
2,116 |
|
|
|
15.2 |
|
|
|
2,364 |
|
|
|
19.1 |
|
Non-contracted |
|
|
10,251 |
|
|
|
81.5 |
|
|
|
11,810 |
|
|
|
84.8 |
|
|
|
10,042 |
|
|
|
80.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total electricity sales |
|
|
12,579 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
13,926 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
12,406 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
PHYSICAL SALES PER SUBSIDIARY IN ARGENTINA (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
Endesa Costanera |
|
|
8,466 |
|
|
|
8,736 |
|
|
|
8,450 |
|
El Chocón |
|
|
4,113 |
|
|
|
5,191 |
|
|
|
3,956 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
12,579 |
|
|
|
13,926 |
|
|
|
12,406 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
34
During 2007, Endesa Costanera served an average of 38 non-regulated customers (major large
users and minor large users). Endesa Costanera has no contract with distribution companies. Given
the regulatory measures adopted
since 2003, the current Argentine electricity industry price scenario makes sales to
distribution companies less attractive than sales to the wholesale market.
The following table sets forth Endesa Costaneras sales by volume to its largest non-regulated
customers for each of the periods indicated:
ENDESA COSTANERAS MAIN CUSTOMERS (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
YPF |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
159 |
|
|
|
15.5 |
|
Acindar (Cemsa) (1) |
|
|
59 |
|
|
|
5.0 |
|
|
|
102 |
|
|
|
13.4 |
|
|
|
88 |
|
|
|
8.6 |
|
Solvay |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
87 |
|
|
|
8.5 |
|
Transclor |
|
|
39 |
|
|
|
3.3 |
|
|
|
86 |
|
|
|
11.3 |
|
|
|
81 |
|
|
|
7.9 |
|
Peugeot |
|
|
63 |
|
|
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
79 |
|
|
|
10.4 |
|
|
|
79 |
|
|
|
7.7 |
|
Cenco |
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
62 |
|
|
|
8.2 |
|
|
|
119 |
|
|
|
11.6 |
|
Papelera de la Plata |
|
|
137 |
|
|
|
11.6 |
|
|
|
45 |
|
|
|
5.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Indupa (Cemsa) (1) |
|
|
195 |
|
|
|
16.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total sales
to our
largest
non-regulated
customers |
|
|
555 |
|
|
|
46.9 |
|
|
|
373 |
|
|
|
49.2 |
|
|
|
611 |
|
|
|
59.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
During 2005 and 2006, Acindar and Indupa did not have contracts with Endesa Costanera, but
served them through Cemsa, an Endesa Chiles affiliate. During 2007, Acindar is a Endesa
Costanera customer and Indupa is no longer a customer. |
Sales to the pool market decreased from 7,978 GWh in 2006 to 7,427 GWh in 2007. During 2007,
gas restrictions on Endesa Costanera explain this decrease.
The Argentine energy crisis, which began in March 2004, continues as of the date of this
report. The natural gas imports from Bolivia were not enough to supply the Argentine demand. In
June 2007, the Argentine government and the natural gas producers agreed to the internal
requirements needed for the period 2007-2011. Currently, Endesa Costanera is negotiating with the
producers in order to contract the supply of their units.
In terms of Endesa Costaneras export business the authorities have restricted total access to
the electricity spot market and the use of natural gas to export energy to Brazil, which has
affected the normal operations of export contracts. Endesa Costanera has been unable to fully
comply with its export contracts to Brazil since 2005.
In order to compensate for the restrictions on exports from Argentina to Brazil, on
December 9, 2005, both governments signed an agreement to avoid the imposition of fines for any non
compliance in export contracts through December 31, 2008. On November 28, 2006, the Ministry of
Mining and Energy enacted Portaria 294, a resolution that allows CIEN to reject the contracts for
customers of one of the circuits of CIENs transmission line without risk, since the cause was
considered as force majeure, and to move forward in looking for alternative uses of this circuit.
Due to the aforementioned situation, export contracts have remained inoperative during 2007.
Besides this, Endesa Costanera has been selling this capacity, nearly 1,000 MW, to the MEM since
May 2006. During 2007, the line was used to import energy from Brazil without participation of the
generators; this energy was sold to Cammesa which paid R$ 131 million as established by ANEEL in
December 2008.
The relatively dry conditions in 2007 explain the decrease of 23.8% in physical sales of El
Chocón, when compared to 2006. Contracted sales decreased from 1,359 GWh in 2006 to 1,342 GWh in
2007. The remaining 2,615 GWh in sales were delivered to the pool market.
35
During 2007, El Chocón served an average of 20 non-regulated customers. El Chocón has no
contract with distribution companies. Given the regulatory measures adopted since 2003, the current
Argentine electricity industry price scenario makes sales to distribution companies less attractive
than sales to the wholesale market.
The following table sets forth sales by volume to the largest non-regulated customers of El
Chocón for each of the periods indicated:
EL CHOCONS MAIN CUSTOMERS (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
Minera Alumbrera |
|
|
482 |
|
|
|
42.1 |
|
|
|
496 |
|
|
|
36.5 |
|
|
|
569 |
|
|
|
42.4 |
|
Profertil (Cemsa) (1). |
|
|
232 |
|
|
|
20.3 |
|
|
|
242 |
|
|
|
17.8 |
|
|
|
145 |
|
|
|
10.8 |
|
Massuh |
|
|
126 |
|
|
|
11.0 |
|
|
|
127 |
|
|
|
9.3 |
|
|
|
109 |
|
|
|
8.1 |
|
Chevron |
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
107 |
|
|
|
7.9 |
|
|
|
112 |
|
|
|
8.3 |
|
Acindar (Cemsa) (1) |
|
|
118 |
|
|
|
10.3 |
|
|
|
88 |
|
|
|
6.4 |
|
|
|
88 |
|
|
|
6.5 |
|
Petroken (Cemsa) (1) |
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
2.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
Ensi S.E. |
|
|
27 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total sales
to our
largest
non-regulated
customers |
|
|
1,014 |
|
|
|
88.6 |
|
|
|
1,100 |
|
|
|
80.9 |
|
|
|
1,022 |
|
|
|
76.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Profertil, Acindar and Petroken do not have contracts with El Chocón, but are served through
Cemsa, an Endesa Chile affiliate. |
We operate El Chocón for a fee pursuant to an operating agreement with a term equal to the
duration of the concession (thirty years starting August 1993). El Chocón does not have the right
to terminate the operating agreement, unless we fail to perform our obligations under the
agreement. Under the terms of the operating agreement, we are entitled to a fee payable in dollars
based on El Chocóns annual gross revenues, payable in monthly installments.
Our Argentine power plants compete with all the major power plants connected to the MEM. Our
major competitors in Argentina are AES Group, Sociedad Argentina de Energía (Sadesa, Bemberg
Group), and Petrobras Energía S.A. The AES Group has eight power plants connected to the MEM with
a total capacity of 2,810 MW and one plant not connected to the MEM, Termo Andes, with a total
capacity of 600 MW; Sadesa Grupo Bemberg owns two plants Piedra del Aguila (hydro 1,400 MW) and
Central Puerto (thermal 2,152 MW); and Petrobras Energía S.A. competes with us through two power
plants, Genelba (thermal 674 MW) and Pichi Picún Leufú (hydro 285 MW).
Operations in Colombia
Until August 2007, we controlled two electricity generation companies in Colombia, Betania and
Emgesa. These companies were merged into Betania in September 2007, which then changed its name to
EMGESA S.A. E.S.P. We have a 26.9% ownership interest in Emgesa as of December 31, 2007, which we
control pursuant a shareholders agreement.
As of December 31, 2007, our Colombian subsidiary operated a total of eleven generation plants
in Colombia, with a total installed capacity of 2,829 MW. Emgesa has 2,451 MW in hydroelectric
plants and 378 MW in thermoelectric plant. As of December 31, 2007, Cartagena had two operative
units, a third unit is being repaired and is expected to be reincorporated into the system during
the first half of 2008.
Our hydroelectric and thermal generation plants in Colombia represent 21% of the countrys
total electricity generation capacity as of December 2007.
36
The following table sets forth the installed generation capacity of our Colombian subsidiaries
for the last three years:
INSTALLED CAPACITY PER SUBSIDIARY IN COLOMBIA (MW)(1)(2)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(MW) |
|
Emgesa |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Guavio (hydroelectric) |
|
|
1,164 |
|
|
|
1,163 |
|
|
|
1,213 |
|
Cadena Nueva (hydroelectric) |
|
|
601 |
|
|
|
601 |
|
|
|
601 |
|
Betania (hydroelectric) |
|
|
541 |
|
|
|
541 |
|
|
|
541 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Termozipa (thermal) |
|
|
236 |
|
|
|
236 |
|
|
|
236 |
|
Cartagena (thermal) |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
142 |
|
|
|
142 |
|
Minor Plants (hydroelectric)(3) |
|
|
116 |
|
|
|
96 |
|
|
|
96 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
2,657 |
|
|
|
2,779 |
|
|
|
2,829 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
The figure includes the capacity used for power plant consumption. |
| |
| (2) |
|
The installed capacity was certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas. |
| |
| (3) |
|
As of December 31, 2007 Emgesa owned and operated five minor plants: Charquito, El Limonar,
La Tinta, Tequendama and La Junca. |
Approximately 86.7% of our installed capacity in Colombia is hydroelectric. As a result, our
physical generation depends on the reservoir levels and yearly rainfalls. Our generation market
share in Colombia was 22% in 2005, 24% in 2006 and 22% in 2007. In addition to hydrological
conditions, the amount of generation depends on our commercial strategy. Colombias electricity
market is less regulated than the markets of the other countries in which we operate. Companies are
free to offer every day their electricity at prices driven by market conditions, as opposed to
being dispatched by a centralized operating entity to generate according to the minimum marginal
costs of the system.
The following table sets forth the energy generation for each of our Colombian subsidiaries:
ENERGY GENERATION PER SUBSIDIARY IN COLOMBIA (GWh)(1)(2)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
Emgesa |
|
|
9,763 |
|
|
|
10,360 |
|
|
|
11,942 |
|
Betania |
|
|
2,101 |
|
|
|
2,204 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
11,864 |
|
|
|
12,564 |
|
|
|
11,942 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Generation minus power plant own consumption and technical losses. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Since September 2007, Betania and Emgesa were merged into Betania, which then changed
its name to EMGESA S.A. E.S.P. Emgesa consolidates the total generation in Colombia
during 2007. |
Hydrological conditions in 2007 translated into lower generation for Emgesa when compared to
2006. During 2007, thermal generation represented 4.3% of total generation and hydroelectric
generation the remaining 95.7% of our generation in Colombia. However, the two thermal facilities,
Termozipa and Cartagena represent 13.3% of our total installed capacity in Colombia. The variable
cost of generation for those plants was higher than the average spot market price, given the level
of supply and demand of electricity during the year.
37
The following table sets forth the levels of electricity production and purchases for our
Colombian subsidiaries for the past three years:
PHYSICAL PRODUCTION AND PURCHASES IN COLOMBIA (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
Electricity production |
|
|
11,864 |
|
|
|
78.1 |
|
|
|
12,564 |
|
|
|
81.3 |
|
|
|
11,942 |
|
|
|
75.8 |
|
Electricity purchases |
|
|
3,321 |
|
|
|
21.9 |
|
|
|
2,883 |
|
|
|
18.7 |
|
|
|
3,814 |
|
|
|
24.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
15,185 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
15,447 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
15,756 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
The sole interconnected electricity system in Colombia is the Colombian National
Interconnected System the Colombian NIS. Electricity demand in the Colombian NIS increased 4.0%
during 2007. The total electricity consumption in the Colombian NIS was 48,829 GWh in 2005,
50,813 GWh in 2006 and 52,851 GWh in 2007.
The demand in Colombias electricity market has also been affected by its interconnection with
the electricity system of Ecuador, which began operations in March 2003, referred to as
International Transactions of Energy (TIE). During 2007, physical sales to Ecuador reached
877 GWh, 45% less than the 1,608 GWh reached in 2006. In November 2007, the new transmission line
between Colombia and Ecuador started operations with a capacity of 270 MW. The distribution of
Endesa Chile, physical sales in Colombia, in terms of customer segment, is shown in the following
table:
PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER SEGMENT IN COLOMBIA (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
Contracted sales |
|
|
9,800 |
|
|
|
65.0 |
|
|
|
9,687 |
|
|
|
63.2 |
|
|
|
10,539 |
|
|
|
67.5 |
|
Non-contracted sales |
|
|
5,277 |
|
|
|
35.0 |
|
|
|
5,640 |
|
|
|
36.8 |
|
|
|
5,074 |
|
|
|
32.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total electricity sales |
|
|
15,077 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
15,327 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
15,613 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
During 2007, Emgesa served an average of 731 contracts with non-regulated customers and 16
distribution and trading companies. Our sales to the distribution company Codensa accounted for
28.8% of our total contract sales in 2007. Physical sales to the five largest non-regulated
customers altogether reached 3.3% of total contracted sales.
The following table sets forth our sales by volume to our five largest distribution customers
in Colombia for each of the periods indicated:
MAIN DISTRIBUTION AND TRADING CUSTOMERS IN COLOMBIA (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
Distribution companies: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Codensa (1) |
|
|
3,933 |
|
|
|
40.1 |
|
|
|
2,959 |
|
|
|
30.5 |
|
|
|
3,036 |
|
|
|
28.8 |
|
Enertolima |
|
|
800 |
|
|
|
8.2 |
|
|
|
811 |
|
|
|
8.4 |
|
|
|
437 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
Electrocosta |
|
|
426 |
|
|
|
4.3 |
|
|
|
610 |
|
|
|
6.3 |
|
|
|
652 |
|
|
|
6.2 |
|
Electricaribe |
|
|
341 |
|
|
|
3.5 |
|
|
|
469 |
|
|
|
4.8 |
|
|
|
479 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
EPM |
|
|
136 |
|
|
|
1.4 |
|
|
|
436 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
|
|
|
1,102 |
|
|
|
10.5 |
|
Dicel |
|
|
222 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
225 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Essa |
|
|
206 |
|
|
|
2.1 |
|
|
|
7 |
|
|
|
0.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cens |
|
|
221 |
|
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
5 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Meta |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
649 |
|
|
|
6.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total sales to
our largest
distribution
companies |
|
|
6,285 |
|
|
|
64.1 |
|
|
|
5,521 |
|
|
|
57.0 |
|
|
|
6,355 |
|
|
|
60.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Subsidiary of Enersis. |
38
Our most important competitors in Colombia include the following state-owned companies, each
with installed capacities as described: Empresas Públicas de Medellín with 2,597 MW, Isagen with
2,106 MW, and Gecelca with 1,354 MW. We also compete with the following privately owned companies
in Colombia: EPSA (Unión Fenosa) with 832 MW and Chivor, which is owned by AESGener, with 1,000 MW,
all as of December 2007.
Operations in Brazil
Installed capacity as of December 31, 2005 is shown in the following table. Installed
generation capacity was consolidated until September 30, 2005.
INSTALLED GENERATION CAPACITY IN BRAZIL (MW)(1)(2)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
(MW) |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
Cachoeira Dourada |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Total installed capacity defined as the maximum MW capacity of generation units, under
specific technical conditions and characteristics. |
| |
| (2) |
|
As of October 1, 2005 the total participation interest Endesa Chile held in Cachoeira Dourada
was transferred to Endesa Brasil. |
The following table sets forth the physical energy production and purchases of Cachoeira
Dourada. The figure is from January through September 30, 2005:
PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES IN BRAZIL (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
January-September |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
Electricity generation |
|
|
2,645 |
|
|
|
91.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Electricity purchases |
|
|
253 |
|
|
|
8.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total(1) |
|
|
2,898 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Energy production plus energy purchases may differ from electricity sales due to transmission
losses. |
The distribution of physical sales for Cachoeira Douradas, in terms of customer segment, is
shown in the following table. The figure is from January through September 30, 2005:
PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER SEGMENT IN BRAZIL (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
January-September |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2006 |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
% of Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
Contracted sales |
|
|
2,592.9 |
|
|
|
89.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-contracted sales |
|
|
304.6 |
|
|
|
10.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
2,897.5 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Since September 2005, Endesa Chiles participation in the Brazilian electricity market can be
accounted for by its minority share of Endesa Brasil, which consolidates operations of several
generation companies: Central Geradora Termeléctrica Endesa Fortaleza S.A.,(Endesa Fortaleza),
and Cachoeira Dourada; CIEN, which traded with the use of two transmission lines between Argentina
and Brazil; CTM and TESA, subsidiaries of CIEN which owns the Argentine side of the lines; a
distribution company, Ampla Energía e Servicos S.A.,(Ampla), which is the
second largest electricity distribution company in the State of Rio de Janeiro; and Coelce,
which is the sole electricity distributor in the State of Ceará. For more details on Endesa Brasil
see C. Organizational Structure and Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects for
impact of Endesa Brasil on Financial Statements for the periods covered by this report.
39
Operations in Peru
Through our subsidiary Edegel, we operate a total of nine generation plants in Peru, with a
total installed capacity as of December 2007, of 1,468 MW. Edegel owns seven hydroelectric power
plants, with a total installed capacity of 745 MW, two of which are located 280 kilometers from
Lima and five of which are located at an average distance of 50 kilometers from Lima. The company
has two thermal plants which represent the remaining 723 MW of total installed capacity. Our
hydroelectric and thermal generation plants in Peru represent 28.5% of the countrys total
electricity generation capacity according to the information reported in December 2007 by the
Organismo Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y
Minería (Osinergmin).
The following chart sets forth the installed capacity of Edegel:
INSTALLED CAPACITY IN PERU (MW)(1)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year Ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(MW) |
|
Edegel S.A. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Huinco (hydroelectric) |
|
|
247 |
|
|
|
247 |
|
|
|
247 |
|
Matucana (hydroelectric) |
|
|
129 |
|
|
|
129 |
|
|
|
129 |
|
Callahuanca (hydroelectric) |
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
80 |
|
Moyopampa (hydroelectric) |
|
|
65 |
|
|
|
65 |
|
|
|
65 |
|
Huampani (hydroelectric) |
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
Yanango (hydroelectric) |
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
Chimay (hydroelectric) |
|
|
151 |
|
|
|
151 |
|
|
|
151 |
|
Santa Rosa (thermal) |
|
|
229 |
|
|
|
229 |
|
|
|
231 |
|
Ventanilla (thermal)(2) |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
457 |
|
|
|
493 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
969 |
|
|
|
1,426 |
|
|
|
1,469 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
The installed capacity was certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas. |
| |
| (2) |
|
During 2007 Ventanilla increased its installed capacity by 36 MW due to the control of
the energy losses. |
In 2006, the increase in thermal electricity generation was of 805 GWh due to the increase in
the installed capacity in Ventanilla completed in November 2006 (from open cycle to combined
cycle); the increase in hydro-electric generation was of 188 GWh. Our generation market share was
approximately 28% of total electricity production in Peru in 2007 and 27% for 2006.
HYDRO/THERMAL GENERATION IN PERU (GWh)(1)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006(2) |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
Hydroelectric generation |
|
|
4,095 |
|
|
|
90.7 |
|
|
|
4,197 |
|
|
|
63.0 |
|
|
|
4,385 |
|
|
|
57.3 |
|
Thermal generation |
|
|
422 |
|
|
|
9.3 |
|
|
|
2,465 |
|
|
|
37.0 |
|
|
|
3,270 |
|
|
|
42.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total generation |
|
|
4,516 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
6,662 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
7,654 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Generation minus power plant own consumption and technical losses. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Thermal generation includes Ventanillas generation since January 2006. |
40
Hydrological generation represented 57.3% of Edegels total production in 2007. The portion of
electricity supplied by Edegels own generation was 93.9% of total physical sales, requiring only a
small amount of purchases to satisfy contractual obligations to customers.
For the gas supply for Etevensa and Santa Rosa, Edegel has supply, transportation and
distribution contracts. During 2007, the gas pipeline Camisea-Lima, owned by TGP, reached its full
capacity. In order to preserve the transportation capacity for its natural gas demand, Edegel
modified its agreements, shifting from interruptible to firm modality, with a capacity of 1.5
MMm3/d (from August 2008 to July 2009) and 2.2 MMm3/d (from August 2009 to July 2019), keeping 2
Mmm3/d under interruptible modality.
PHYSICAL GENERATION AND PURCHASES IN PERU (GWh) (1)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006(2) |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
% |
|
Electricity generation |
|
|
4,516 |
|
|
|
94.8 |
|
|
|
6,662 |
|
|
|
96.1 |
|
|
|
7,654 |
|
|
|
93.9 |
|
Electricity purchases |
|
|
246 |
|
|
|
5.2 |
|
|
|
274 |
|
|
|
3.9 |
|
|
|
499 |
|
|
|
6.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total(1) |
|
|
4,762 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
6,935 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
8,153 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Total GWh production plus purchases differs from GWh sales due to transmission losses,
given that our own power plant consumption and technical losses have already been deducted. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Figures for 2006 include Ventanillas generation and purchases since January 2006. |
In Peru there is only one interconnected system, Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Nacional, or
the SEIN. Electricity generation in the SEIN increased 10.1% during 2007 when compared to 2006,
reaching a total yearly generation of 27,255 GWh. Increased demand in Peru is partially a
consequence of larger electricity demand by the mining industry whose growth in electricity demand
has been driven by increasing copper and gold production due to higher international prices for
these products.
The distribution of Edegels physical sales, in terms of customer segment, is shown in the
following table:
PHYSICAL SALES PER CUSTOMER SEGMENT IN PERU (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 (2) |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
Sales |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Volume |
|
Contracted sales (1) |
|
|
3,766 |
|
|
|
81.9 |
|
|
|
6,145 |
|
|
|
90.8 |
|
|
|
7,569 |
|
|
|
94.7 |
|
Non-contracted sales |
|
|
834 |
|
|
|
18.1 |
|
|
|
621 |
|
|
|
9.2 |
|
|
|
424 |
|
|
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total electricity sales |
|
|
4,600 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
6,766 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
7,994 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Includes the sales to distributors without contracts. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Figures for 2006 include Ventanillas sales since January 2006. |
Edegels physical sales in 2007 increased nearly 18.1% compared to sales in 2006. Sales in
the spot market decreased nearly 31.7% and contracted sales increased 23.2%. The increase in
contracted sales is primarily due to the increase in Ventanillas energy generation which it sold
to ElectroPerú, the increase in sales to distributors without contracts and the increase in sales
to distributors for the bids realized during 2006 and 2007. During 2007, Edegel had six regulated
customers. Edegel has had contracts since 1997 with Luz del Sur and Edelnor. For the other
distributors, Edegel won the bids realized during 2006 and 2007. The company has eleven
non-regulated customers. Sales to non-regulated customers represented 56.0% of Edegels total
contracted sales in 2007, compared to 55.7% in 2005.
41
The following table sets forth our sales by volume to our largest customers in Peru for each
of the periods indicated:
MAIN CUSTOMERS IN PERU (GWh)
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
|
|
|
|
|
% of |
|
| |
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
contract |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
Sales |
|
Distribution companies: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Edelnor (Regulated) (1) |
|
|
1,000 |
|
|
|
26.6 |
|
|
|
957 |
|
|
|
15.6 |
|
|
|
1,039 |
|
|
|
13.7 |
|
Luz del Sur (Regulated) (1). |
|
|
440 |
|
|
|
11.7 |
|
|
|
441 |
|
|
|
7.2 |
|
|
|
1,222 |
|
|
|
16.1 |
|
Hidrandina |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
52 |
|
|
|
0.7 |
|
Electronoroeste |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
46 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
Electronorte |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
45 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
Electrosur |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
27 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total sales to our largest
distribution companies |
|
|
1,440 |
|
|
|
38.2 |
|
|
|
1,398 |
|
|
|
22.8 |
|
|
|
2,431 |
|
|
|
32.1 |
|
Unregulated costumers: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
ElectroPerú (2) |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
1,620 |
|
|
|
26.4 |
|
|
|
2,427 |
|
|
|
32.1 |
|
Antamina |
|
|
676 |
|
|
|
18.0 |
|
|
|
683 |
|
|
|
11.1 |
|
|
|
682 |
|
|
|
9.0 |
|
Refinería |
|
|
507 |
|
|
|
13.5 |
|
|
|
569 |
|
|
|
9.3 |
|
|
|
516 |
|
|
|
6.8 |
|
Siderperú |
|
|
303 |
|
|
|
8.0 |
|
|
|
330 |
|
|
|
5.4 |
|
|
|
362 |
|
|
|
4.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total sales to our largest
unregulated companies |
|
|
1,486 |
|
|
|
39.5 |
|
|
|
3,202 |
|
|
|
52.1 |
|
|
|
3,987 |
|
|
|
52.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total sales to our
largest costumers |
|
|
2,926 |
|
|
|
77.8 |
|
|
|
4,600 |
|
|
|
75.0 |
|
|
|
6,418 |
|
|
|
84.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
For 2006 and 2007, the energy sold by Edegel to Edelnor and Luz del Sur includes only the
energy associated with bilateral contracts with Edegel. The amount assigned to Edegel for non
contract-related consumption of these distributors is not included. For 2007, the energy sold
to these distributors includes the amount won by Edegel in the bids realized during 2006 and
2007. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Since 2006, ElectroPerú has been a customer of Edegel due to a merger with Etevensa. The
value reported is from January to December 2006, the increase in 2007 is due to the increase
in Ventanillas generation which sells the energy to ElectroPerú. |
Because the SEIN is the only interconnected transmission system in Peru, all generation
companies connected there may be considered competitors. However, our most important competitors
in Peru are ElectroPerú, Enersur and Egenor, whose capacity is approximately 909 MW, 676 MW and
508 MW, respectively.
ELECTRICITY INDUSTRY REGULATORY FRAMEWORK
Chile
Industry Structure
The electricity industry in Chile is divided into three business segments: generation,
transmission and distribution. The generation segment consists of companies that produce
electricity; they sell their production to distribution companies, unregulated customers through
private contracts or to other generation companies through the spot market. The transmission
segment consists of companies that transmit at high voltage the electricity produced by generation
companies. Finally, the distribution segment is defined for regulatory purposes to include all
electricity supply to end users at a voltage up to and including 23 kV.
The electricity sector in Chile is regulated pursuant to Decree with Force of Law No. 1, as
amended, which was first enacted in 1982, and the regulations under Decree No. 327 of 1998, as
amended, collectively known as the Chilean Electricity Law.
42
In Chile there are four separate interconnected electricity systems. The main systems that
cover the most populated areas of Chile are the Sistema Inteconectado Central, or SIC, that covers
the central and south central part of the territory, where 93% of Chilean population live, and the
Sistema Interconectado del Norte Grande, or SING, which operates in the northern part of the
country, covering 25% of Chilean continental territory. In addition to the SIC and the SING, there
are two other isolated systems in southern Chile that provide electricity in remote areas. The
operation of electricity generation companies in each of the two major interconnected electricity
systems is coordinated by its respective dispatch center, Centro de Despacho Económico de Carga,
(CDEC), an autonomous entity that involves industry groups and transmission companies. CDECs are
asked to coordinate the operation of their system as efficient markets for the sale of electricity
in which the lowest marginal cost producer is used to satisfy demand. As a result, at any specific
level of demand, the appropriate supply will be provided at the lowest possible cost of production
available in the system at any moment. Certain major industrial companies own and operate
generation systems to satisfy their own needs.
Chilean Electricity Law
General
The goal of the Chilean Electricity Law is to provide incentives to maximize efficiency, and
to provide a simplified regulatory scheme and tariff-setting process which limits the discretionary
role of the government by establishing objective criteria for setting prices. The expected result
is an economically efficient allocation of resources. The regulatory system is designed to provide
a competitive rate of return on investment to stimulate private investment, while ensuring the
availability of electricity service to all who request it.
Three governmental entities have primary responsibility for the implementation and enforcement
of the Chilean Electricity Law. The CNE calculates retail tariffs and wholesale, or node prices,
which require the final approval of the Ministry of Economy, and prepares the indicative plan, a
ten-year guide for the expansion of the system that must be consistent with the calculated node
prices. The SEF sets and enforces the technical standards of the system and the proper compliance
with the law. In addition, the Ministry of Economy grants final approval of tariffs and node
prices set by the CNE and regulates the granting of concessions to electricity generation,
transmission and distribution companies.
Companies engaged in generation must coordinate their operations through the CDECs to minimize
the operating costs of the electricity system and monitor the quality of service provided by the
generation and transmission companies. Generation companies meet their contractual sales
requirements with dispatched electricity, whether produced by them or purchased from other
generation companies in the spot market. The principal purpose of a CDEC in operating the dispatch
system is to ensure that only the most efficiently produced electricity is dispatched to customers.
However, the CDEC also seeks to ensure that every generation company has enough installed capacity
and can produce enough electricity to meet the demand of its customers. Because Endesa Chiles
production in the SIC is primarily hydroelectric, and therefore its marginal cost of production is
generally the lowest in that interconnected system, its electricity capacity in the SIC is
generally dispatched under normal or abundant hydrological conditions. Generation companies
balance their contractual obligations with their dispatch by buying electricity at the spot market
price, which is set hourly by the CDECs, based on the marginal cost of production of the next kWh
to be dispatched. This is known as the spot marginal cost.
Sales by Generation Companies
Sales may be made to final customers pursuant to contracts or, to other generation companies,
on a spot basis. Generation companies may also be engaged in contracted sales among each other at
negotiated prices. Contract terms are freely determined.
Sales to Distribution Companies and Certain Regulated Customers
Historically, sales to distribution companies for resale to regulated customers have been made
through contracts at regulated prices (node prices) in effect at the relevant locations (nodes)
on the interconnected system through which such electricity is supplied. Nevertheless, since 2005
all new contracts between generation and distribution companies for the supply to regulated
customers must be the result of international auctions which have a maximum regulated offer price
equal to 120% of the node price. If a first auction is unsuccessful, authorities may increase this
maximum price by an additional 15%. The auctions are awarded on a minimum price basis. The price
associated
with these auctions will be transferred directly to final users, replacing the current
regulated price regime. Beginning in 2010, the distribution companies must contract 100% of their
demand.
43
Regulated customers are those with a maximum consumption capacity not exceeding 0.5 MW.
Customers between 0.5 and 2 MW may choose their status as regulated or unregulated. Customers with
capacity needs over 2 MW are unregulated. Two node prices are paid by distribution companies: one
for capacity and the other for energy consumption. Node prices for capacity are calculated based
on the marginal cost of increasing the existing capacity of the electricity system with the least
expensive dispatch by any generating facility. Node prices for energy consumption are calculated
based on the projected marginal cost of satisfying the demand for energy at a given point in the
interconnected system, during the next 48 months in the SIC and during the next 24 months in the
SING. The determination of such marginal cost takes into account the principal variables in the
cost of energy over the ten-year period, including projected growth in demand, reservoir levels,
fuel costs for thermal electricity generation facilities, planned maintenance schedules and other
factors that would affect the availability of existing generation capacity and scheduled additions
to generation capacity during the ten-year indicative electricity development plan. The same
general principles are used to determine marginal cost in the SING.
Node prices for capacity and energy consumption are established every six months, in April and
October. Although node prices are quoted in pesos, the calculations are made in dollars. Node
prices may be adjusted during such period depending on the fluctuations of the average prices on
sales by generators to their unregulated clients.
Sales to Other Generation Companies
To accomplish its objective of operating the dispatch system to ensure that only the most
efficiently produced electricity reaches customers, each CDEC annually determines Firm Capacity,
which is the total probable capacity of all generating units in an interconnected system at any
given time, calculated using historical data, statistical analyses and certain assumptions
regarding hydrology. Each CDEC compares Firm Capacity to the maximum anticipated peak demand for
capacity at peak hours on the system. The amount by which the system-wide probable capacity
exceeds the maximum anticipated demand at peak hours is prorated for each generating unit in the
system based on the installed capacity of such unit. Installed capacity of each unit is reduced by
such pro rata amount to determine Allocated Firm Capacity. If the Allocated Firm Capacity of any
generation company exceeds its peak hour contracted commitments to customers, such generation
company will be paid for its excess Allocated Firm Capacity by generation companies with peak hour
commitments to customers in excess of their Allocated Firm Capacity, based on the prevailing node
price for capacity.
A generation company may be required to purchase or sell energy or capacity in the spot market
at any time, depending upon its contractual requirements in relation to the amount of electricity
to be dispatched from such company.
Transmission
Since transmission assets are built pursuant to concessions granted by the government, the Law
requires a company to operate on an open access basis in which users may obtain access to the
system by contributing towards the costs of operating, maintaining and, if necessary, expanding the
system. Transmission companies recover their investment in transmission assets through tolls, or
wheeling rates, which are charged to generation companies and final customers in the proportion
80% to generators and 20% to customers. Transmission companies tariffs are determined every four
years by decree of the Ministry of Economy.
Concessions
The law permits generation activity without a concession. However, companies may apply for a
concession to facilitate access to third-party properties. Third-party property owners are
entitled to compensation, which may be agreed to by the parties or, if there is no agreement, may
be determined by an administrative proceeding that may be appealed in the Chilean courts.
Fines and Compensations
If a rationing decree is enacted in response to prolonged periods of electricity shortages,
severe penalties may be imposed on generation companies that contravene the decree. Severe drought
is not considered a force majeure event.
44
Generation companies may also be required to pay fines to the regulatory authorities, related
to system blackouts due to any generators operational mistake, including failures related to the
coordination duty of all system agents, and to make compensatory payments to electricity consumers
affected by the shortage of electricity. If generation companies cannot meet their contractual
commitments to deliver electricity during periods when a rationing decree is in effect and there is
no energy available to purchase in the system, the generation company must pay compensation to the
customers at the failure cost determined by the authority in each tariff setting. Failure costs
correspond to the average cost incurred by final users in providing a kWh by their own means.
The Short Laws
Some recent amendments on the Chilean Electricity Law are the Short Law I (Law No. 19,940,
enacted in 2004) and the Short Law II, (Law No. 20,018, enacted in 2005). Their aim was to solve
several omissions in the prior law, to resolve some disputes and to improve conditions for
long-term investments in the sector. Some changes include a new definition of unregulated
customer, with a new capacity threshold lowered from 2 MW to 0.5 MW and the obligation for
distribution companies to permanently cover future electricity requirements of their regulated
clients for the following three years beginning in 2010. According to Short Law II, the generators
sale prices to distribution companies will be those resulting from auctions where distribution
companies bid, supervised by the authority and awarded on a minimum price basis. The auctions
prices will be transferred to final consumers, replacing the current regulated price regime. During
the life of the contract, the energy and capacity prices will be indexed according to formulas set
on the auction documentation, associated with fuel, investment and other relevant costs of the
energy generation.
Law No. 20,220
On September 14, 2007 Law No. 20,220 was enacted. It governs cases of bankruptcy in electrical
companies in the electricity sector and early termination of contracts between a generating company
and a distribution company for the supply of customers subject to regulated price by a judicial
sentence.
Environmental Regulation
The Chilean Constitution grants all citizens the right to live in a pollution-free
environment. It further provides that other constitutional rights may be limited in order to
protect the environment. Chile has numerous laws, regulations, decrees and municipal ordinances
that may raise environmental considerations. Among them are regulations relating to waste disposal
(including the discharge of liquid industrial wastes), the establishment of industries in areas in
which they may affect public health and the protection of water for human consumption.
Environmental Law No. 19,300, was enacted in 1994, and implemented by Reglamento 30, issued
in 1997. This law requires companies to conduct environmental impact studies of any future
generation or transmission projects and to arrange for the review of such studies by the Chilean
Environmental Commission, or CONAMA. It also requires an evaluation of environmental impact by the
Chilean government or the posting of an environmental insurance policy insuring compliance with
standards for emissions, noise, waste and disposal, and authorizes the relevant ministries to
establish emission standards. Endesa Chile applies the guidelines set out in Reglamento 30 when
analyzing the development of future projects.
On April 1, 2008, Law 20,257, was enacted, which is an amendment to the (General Services
Law) Ley de Servicios Generales. The purpose of the amendment is to promote the use of
Nonconventional Renewable Energy, or NCRE. This law defines the different types of technologies
considered as NCRE, and establishes the obligation of generators between 2010 and 2014, to supply
5% of the total energy contracted from August 31, 2007, to be nonconventional renewable sources,
and to progressively increase this percentage from 0.5% on that date up to 10% in 2024. Our power
plants recognized as NCRE generators are: Palmucho, Canela Wind Farm and Ojos de Agua (to be
commissioned during the first half of 2008). Additionally, the law determines fines for those
generators that do not comply with this obligation. Endesa Chile estimates that it will be able to
fully comply with this obligation in 2010; and to generate excess energy with NCRE, being able to
sell the surplus to other generators. The additional cost of generating with NCRE will be charged
to the new contracts, thus eliminating the impact on revenues.
45
Water rights
Endesa Chile owns unlimited duration, unconditional and absolute property water rights granted
by the Chilean Water Authority. Chilean generation companies must pay an annual fee for unused
water rights. Endesa Chile
continuously analyzes which water rights it will maintain or disregard. We estimate that
during 2007 we paid license fees for the previous year in the amount of 70,732 UTM ($ 4.9 million
using the 2007 year-end exchange rate). This amount may vary in the future according to the actual
water rights we may hold each year. We estimate that if we do not abandon any water rights in the
SIC, we will have to pay license fees aggregating to no more than $ 4.9 million per year. License
fee payments carried out during the eight years before the commencement of any project, or the use
of such water rights, may be recovered through a tax credit that is applied monthly until the
license fee payments are recovered in full. In the case of water rights located in the extreme
south of Chile, the Eleventh and Twelfth Regions, outside the area comprised by the SIC, the
license fees will be paid starting as of January 1, 2012, using the same tax refund regime
mentioned above for the SIC.
Argentina
Ley Nacional 24,065 of 1992 (the Argentine Electricity Act) divides the electricity industry
into three business segments: generation, transmission, trading and distribution. The objective of
this law is to enable the electric market development under conditions of free competition,
avoiding the concentration of the companies conducting those activities into one unique controlling
group.
Law 24,065 defines the four categories of agents: generators, transmission companies,
distribution companies and large users; created the Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista, (Wholesale Power
Market) or MEM, where these agents interact with the Secretariat of Energy; created the Compañía
Administradora del Mercado Eléctrico Mayorista, (Administrative Company for the Wholesale
Electricity Market) or Cammesa, in which such agents and the Secretariat of Energy have equal
share, and also created the Ente Nacional Regulatorio de la Energía, (Electric Power National
Regulatory Agency) or ENRE.
Cammesas responsibilities are dispatch coordination, setting of wholesale prices and the
management of economic transactions in the MEM. ENRE was created to protect users and to promote
electricity production, competition and investments to assure long-term supply.
The generation sector is organized on a competitive basis, with independent generators selling
their output on the MEM or through private contracts to distribution companies.
Transmission is a public service that works under conditions of monopoly by private companies
to whom the National Government grants electrical energy concessions from generation centers to the
reception places by distribution companies and/or large consumers. Transmission companies are
authorized to charge a toll for the transmission services. Transmission companies are prohibited
from generating or distributing electricity.
Distribution is also a public service that works under conditions of monopoly, and is provided
by companies who have been granted concessions. Distribution companies have the obligation to
supply final users within a specific concession area. Accordingly, these companies are regulated
with respect to rates and are subject to service quality specifications. Distribution companies
may obtain the electricity either in the MEM, at seasonal prices, or through contracts with
generation companies. Costs of electricity bought in the MEM can be passed through to end-users.
There are three electricity distribution and trading areas subject to national concession:
Edelap, Edesur and Edenor. The local distribution areas are subject to concession granted
exclusively by the regional and/or municipal authorities. Notwithstanding this division, all
distribution facilities operate under the rules of the MEM.
Emergency Measures
Law 25,561 was enacted in 2002. To manage the economic crisis it authorized the forced
renegotiation of public service contracts, imposed the conversion of dollar denominated obligations
into Argentine pesos at a rate of Ar$ 1 per $ 1 and empowered the Federal Executive Power to
implement additional monetary, financial and exchange measures to overcome the economic crisis in
the medium term. On December 2007, the effects of Law 25,561 and the emergency measures have been
extended until December 31, 2008.
Following this law, the Secretariat of Energy introduced several measures aimed to correct
inconsistencies produced by the devaluation and to seek normal activities performance.
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The mandatory conversion of prices from dollars to local currency, and the regulatory measures
issued by the Government, hindered the transfer of variable costs of generation into the seasonal
prices. This discouraged savings in electricity consumption as well as investments to satisfy the
increase in demand, including the transmission capacity. In addition, there was a shortage of
natural gas supply power plants. As a result, regulations to set prices pursuant to Law 24,065
have not been set enforced.
Resolution 240, enacted in 2003, changed the way to fix spot price, considering that the
availability of natural gas is the most important factor affecting system operations, with respect
to costs and supply risks. The price fixed by the Secretariat of Energy for sales to the regulated
demand was different from the marginal cost. Although dispatch is still made based on actual used
fuels, the calculation of the spot price is defined as if all dispatched generation units had
adequate natural gas supply, and the water value is not considered if its alternative cost is
higher than the cost of generating with natural gas.
This situation has generated credits for generators against the MEM, which lead authorities to
the creation of a fund to invest in new capacity within the MEM, called Foninvemem, managed by
Cammesa. Consequently, two combined cycle generation plants of 800 MW each, are under construction.
Export and Import of Electricity
In order to give priority to the internal market supply, the Secretariat of Energy adopted
additional measures that restricted electricity exports. To that end, Resolution 949/2004
established measures that allowed agents to export and import energy under very restricted
measures. These restrictions impeded generators from meeting their export commitments under prior
conditions. On December 9, 2005, the Argentine and Brazilian governments signed an agreement to
facilitate the operation of export contracts without the imposition of fines for any non-compliance
through a transitional period ending December 31, 2008 (MOU). Under the MOU, both countries agreed
to take all possible actions to adjust the regulation of electricity exports from Argentina to
Brazil for the transition period. In accordance with this agreement, on February 7, 2006, the
Secretariat of Energy issued Resolution 161, which established the Transition Regulation for the
amendment of the import and export contracts of electricity entered into between Argentina and
Brazil.
Foninvemem
The Secretariat of Energy enacted several resolutions to adjust the MEMs operation to the
emergency situation, which, in many cases, modified the criteria and methodology used to determine
prices and payment of electricity within the MEM. The Secretariat of Energy Resolution 712/2004
created a fund, called Foninvemem, to generate the necessary investment to increase electricity
capacity/generation within the MEM. Foninvemem would receive the credits accrued by the private
Generator Agents from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2006. Cammesa was appointed to manage the
fund.
On October 2005 Resolution 1,193 was issued pursuant to which all private Generator Agents of
the MEM were called to express their irrevocable commitment to manage the construction, operation
and maintenance of the electric energy generation plants to be built with the Foninvemem,
consisting of two combined cycle generation plants of 800 MW capacity each and an overall
consumption of 1600 Kcal/kWh. These power plants will be powered by natural gas or alternative
fuels.
Because of the insufficient resources to conclude the construction of the plants, in May 2007
Resolution 564 gathered all private Generator Agents to express their irrevocable commitment to
Foninvemem by extending the credits accrued period to December 31, 2007.
Energy Plus Service
The Resolution 1,281/2006 established that the electricity traded in the spot market by
generators should be entitled to supply the consumption of distribution company clients.
Furthermore, this resolution created the Energy Plus Service, which is the offer of new electricity
capacity to supply the growth of electricity demand. The increase in electricity demand is
calculated upon the Base Demand, which is the demand for electricity in 2005. The Energy Plus
Service will be supplied by generators that install new capacity or that offer generation capacity
that existed but was not connected to the NIS. All large consumers that, as of November 1, 2006,
have a higher demand than their Base Demand, must contract excess demand with the Energy Plus
Service. The price of the contracts for Energy Plus Service should be approved by the authorities.
The demands that cannot secure an Energy Plus Service
contract, may request Cammesa to conduct an auction to satisfy such demand.
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The Argentine Federal Government has adopted several measures to promote new investments and
to modernize the electricity sector. These measures include carrying out actions to expand natural
gas and electric power transport capacity, the implementation of certain projects to the
construction of several power plants, and the creation of fiduciary funds to finance these
expansions. Law 26,095 of 2006 created specific charges that must be paid by the final users and
used to finance of new electricity and gas infrastructure projects.
The Argentine Federal Government enacted some regulations to promote the rational and
efficient use of electric power. These measures are: Rational and Efficient Electric Power Use
Program, which promotes the need to make rational and efficient use of electric power, and the Hour
Adjustment, though the modification of the official time zone for the summer between
December 30, 2007 through March 16, 2008.
Trends
The lack of investment in the energy sector, and mainly in electricity power generation, the
fixing of transportation and distribution tariffs, and the intervention of the Argentine Federal
Government in fixing the electric energy price by way of a subsidy, created a market distortion and
a lack of electricity offerings against the constant increase of the demand. Additionally, the
growth of electricity generation will still be restricted in 2008 due to the delay in the
construction of the Foninvemem plants and in the execution of the natural gas transportation
expansions.
Dispatch and Pricing
Law 24,065 defined the electricity dispatch system, which establishes a marginal cost
principle, in order to provide electricity supply at the lowest cost. The coordination of dispatch
operations, the wholesale prices fixation, and the administration of the economic transactions in
the MEM are controlled by Cammesa. All generators that are in the pool called Sistema
Interconectado de Argentina, Argentine Interconnected System, or SADI, which operates in the MEM.
Distribution companies, power traders and large users that have entered into private supply
contracts with generation companies pay the contractual price. Large users who contract directly
with generators must also pay a toll to distribution companies for the use of their networks.
Electricity prices must be determined under a marginal cost principle analogous to the
Chilean model to secure electricity supply at the lowest production cost.
Seasonal price is the price paid by distributors for electricity from the pool market and is a
fixed price determined every six months by the Secretariat of Energy upon Cammesas recommendation,
which is based on an evaluation of the supply, demand and available capacity, among other factors.
The seasonal price is maintained for at least 90 days.
The spot price is the price paid to generators, or by power traders marketing generation
capacity, for energy dispatched under Cammesas direction.
The natural gas shortage and the need to secure the internal supply, combined with the thermal
electric generators difficulties in obtaining financing for acquiring alternative fuels, forced
Argentina to enter into an agreement with the Republic of Venezuela on April, 2004, whereby
Venezuela agreed to supply fuel to Argentina for a three-year period, which was extended for an
additional three-year period. Cammesa executed the corresponding agreements with Petróleos de
Venezuela S.A. and was in charge of distributing the imported fuel oil among the generators.
Although the fuel oil used was a resource of last resort, the national regulatory policy supported
the acquisition of liquid fuel by the electricity energy generators by providing financing from the
Stabilization Fund, established by Law 24,064. Notwithstanding the foregoing, the parties also
agreed to purchase a fixed volume of fuel oil of instant availability in order to cover any
generators eventual stock shortages. This is the reason why generators are generally able to buy
diesel and fuel at subsidized prices.
Since 2004, the Federal Government has imported natural gas from Bolivia to supply the
internal market. On June 29, 2006, Argentina and Bolivia executed an agreement for the Sale of
Natural Gas and the Execution of Energy Integration Projects. The agreement has a 20-year term, and
Argentina will receive 28 million cubic meters per day of natural gas. Until December 31, 2006 the
price was $ 5 per million BTU. The parties have not agreed upon a price for 2007.
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One of the measures relating to natural gas in recent years was the creation of the Electronic
Gas Market (MEG) in February 2004. Through the MEG, the regulatory authorities intend to increase
the transparency of physical and commercial operations of the spot market. Supply and the demand
natural gas agents trade in the MEG under a spot modality.
Environmental Regulation
The operations of electricity facilities are subject to federal and local environmental laws
and regulations, including Ley Nacional No. 24,051, or the Hazardous Waste Law, and its ancillary
regulations.
We must comply with certain reporting and monitoring obligations and emission standards.
Failure to meet these requirements entitles the government to impose penalties, and in certain
cases, cancel our concession agreement or order the suspension of our operations.
Brazil
Industry Structure
Brazils electricity industry is organized into one large interconnected electricity system,
which is known as the Sistema Interligado Nacional (the Brazilian NIS), which comprises most of
the regions of Brazil, and several other small, isolated systems.
Generation, transmission and distribution are legally separated activities in Brazil.
Non-regulated customers in Brazil are currently those customers who demand 3,000 kWh and choose not
to contract with distribution companies.
The electricity industry in Brazil is regulated by the União (Federal Government), acting
through the Ministry of Mines and Energy, or MME, which has exclusive authority over the
electricity sector. Regulatory policies are implemented by the Agencia Nacional de Energía
Elétrica, National Agency of Electric, or Energy, or ANEEL, established pursuant to Law No.
9,427/96.
ANEEL is responsible, on behalf of the União, for among other things: granting and supervising
concessions for electricity generation, transmission, trading and distribution, including approval
of applications for the setting of tariff rates; supervising, executing and auditing the
concessionaire companies; issuing regulations for the electricity sector; granting decisions in
order to solve, as an administrative matter, the differences among concessionaires, independent
producers, consumers and other industry participants; establishing the criteria to calculate
transmission prices; imposing contractual and regulatory penalties; implementing public policies
(such as low-income programs) set by the Federal Government; establishing the tariff rate for
consumers; managing the process of tariff adjustments; managing the bidding process for the
wholesale of energy; managing the concession contracts; and terminating concessions.
Law No. 9,648/98 assigned coordination and supervisory role over the generation and
transmission of energy in the system to the Operador Nacional do Sistema Elétrico, or the ONS,
which is a nonprofit private entity in which concession holders, unregulated consumers, the
Ministry of Mines and Energy and the board of consumers participate. The ONS is responsible for
planning and coordination of the operations and dispatch of electricity in order to optimize the
electricity produced in the interconnected systems, supervision and coordination of the operation
centers of the electricity systems and definition of rules for the transmission of energy in the
interconnected systems.
Law No. 8,631 (1993) establishes that electricity tariffs are expected to reflect operating
costs of each company plus a certain return on capital, determined through financial/economic
equilibrium. Prices are reviewed and corrected on an annual basis.
Deregulation and Privatization
The Concessions Law (No. 8,987) and the Power Sector Law (No. 9,074), both enacted in 1995,
intend to inject competition and to attract private capital into the electricity sector. Since
then, several assets owned by the Federal Government of Brazil were privatized.
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Independent Power Producers and Self-Producers
The Power Sector Law also introduced the concept of independent power producers, or IPP, in
order to open the electricity sector to private investment. IPPs contribute or exchange energy
with other self-producers within a consortium, sell excess energy to the local distribution
concessionaire, or exchange energy with the local distribution concessionaire.
As part of the former federal governments attempt to abolish the monopolies enjoyed by most
power companies, the Concessions Law also provides that, upon receiving a concession, IPPs,
self-producers, suppliers and consumers will be permitted access to the distribution and
transmission systems of all concessionaires, provided that the concessionaires are reimbursed for
their related costs, as determined by ANEEL.
The power industry was reviewed by the Cardoso administration and underwent additional
significant changes, including, but not limited to, restructuring and privatization of assets owned
by the Federal Government of Brazil in addition to those which were already privatized (mostly in
the distribution area). Such changes resulted in the creation of a more competitive electricity
industry.
The prior Federal Government requested recommendations from independent consultants for a
restructuring regime in anticipation of the privatization of the Brazilian electricity sector.
Such recommendations were contemplated by Law No. 9,648/98 whereby the federal government
determined the creation of a Wholesale Energy Market formed by the generation and distribution
companies. The price offered at the Wholesale Energy Market for energy contracts is determined
according to market conditions, and therefore the spot price derived from the operation of the
market system is independent of the contractual relationships of the agents. According to this
model, the purchase and sale of electricity was negotiated freely. However, in order to facilitate
the transition to this competitive model, the contracts already in effect at the time of the
creation of the Wholesale Energy Market (called Initial Contracts) were to remain in effect until
2002 and afterward be reduced annually at the rate of 25%. The first bundle of energy was
liberalized in January 1, 2003, previously having been auctioned among generation companies in
September 2002. The auction had little success, with only 33% of the energy offered successfully
auctioned. The lack of interest was due in part to the decline in energy demand in Brazil and in
part to consumption pattern changes after rationing, whereby consumers continue to save energy as
they were legally required to do during the rationing period.
Former President Cardoso announced a significant restructuring of the Brazilian power
industry. Pursuant to Law No. 10,433, enacted in 2002, the Wholesale Energy Market structure
changed to be closely regulated and monitored by ANEEL. As a result, ANEEL is now responsible for
setting Wholesale Energy Market governance rules. This restructuring seeks to reorganize the
electricity system model to allow for continued external investment.
The main objectives of Law No. 10,848/04 are the following: to maintain public service for the
production and distribution of electricity to consumers within our concession area, to restructure
planning system, to guarantee transparency in the auction and bidding process for public projects,
to mitigate the systemic risks, to maintain centralized and coordinated operations of the energy
system, to grant universal use and access to electricity throughout Brazil, and to modify the
bidding process of public service concessions. According to this law, the Wholesale of Energy
Market the Chamber of Commercialization of Energy (CCEE) is responsible for the activities of the
wholesale of energy market. ANEEL is responsible for setting governance rules to CCEE.
Distribution companies are required to timely contract all their energy demand.
Structure of the New Electricity Sector
The model established pursuant to Laws No. 10,847 and 10,848 seeks to provide cheaper tariffs
for consumers and guarantee the expansion of the system, with the Empresa de Pesquisa Energética
(Power Research Company), or EPE, a governmental body, as responsible for the planning of
generation and transmission activities. This model has defined a free contracting environment and
a regulated environment.
In the free contracting environment the conditions for purchasing energy are negotiable
between suppliers and their customers. In relation to the regulated environment, where
distribution companies operate, the purchase of energy must be executed pursuant to bidding process
coordinated by ANEEL.
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Pursuant to the model, 100% of the energy demand from distributors must be satisfied through
long-term contracts in advance of the expiration of current contracts in the regulated environment.
Another change imposed on the electricity sector is the separation of the bidding process for
existing power and new project power. Power plants that were in existence prior to 2000 are
considered existing power and those that were developed after 2000 are considered new power
project. Cachoeira Dourada and CIEN are considered existing power plants. The government
believes that existing power plants are able to provide power at more competitive prices, and
therefore it should give priority in the bidding process to power generated by new project power
companies. Under the new electricity sector, this priority will be in the form of more favorable
contractual terms. For example, a generator considered new project power is guaranteed a power
purchase agreement with a 20-year term if it wins the bidding process, while an existing power is
not necessarily even guaranteed participation in the bidding process. Brazil has an excess supply
of energy, and therefore existing power generators are adversely affected by the priority given to
the new project power.
Additionally, the new model forces the creation of new sector agents, like EPE, bound to the
Ministry of Mines and Energy. EPE will have the objective of researching the Brazilian Power
Sector Planning. Other new sector agents will be the CCEE, which will be the Wholesale Energy
Markets substitute in contract administration and monitoring contractual warranties; and Comitê de
Monitoramento do Setor Elétrico Monitoring Committee of the Electricity Sector or CMSE, which
will monitor and evaluate the safety and security in the energy supply industry.
Concessions
Concessions are exclusive with respect to generation, transmission and distribution assets.
Trading is permitted subject to payment of tolls. Concessions are limited to 35 years in the case
of generation and 30 years in the case of transmission or distribution. Concessions may be renewed
at the discretion of ANEEL for a period equal to their initial term.
Environmental Regulation
The Brazilian Constitution gives both the federal and state governments power to enact laws
designed to protect the environment and to issue regulations under such laws. While the federal
government has power to promulgate environmental regulations, state governments have the power to
enact more stringent environmental regulations. Most of the environmental regulations in Brazil
are thus at the state and local level rather than at the level of the federal government.
Hydroelectric facilities are required to obtain concessions for water use and environmental
approvals. Thermal electricity generation, transmission and distribution companies are required to
obtain environmental approvals from ANEEL and the environmental regulatory authorities.
Colombia
Two pieces of legislation, both enacted in 1994, regulate the electricity business in
Colombia: Law 142 sets the regulatory framework for the supply of public residential
services, including electricity, and Law 143 (the Colombian Electricity Law) establishes
the framework for the generation, commercialization, transmission and distribution of
electricity. Law 142 states that the provision of electricity is an essential public service
that must be provided by government and private sector entities.
Utility companies are required to ensure continuous and efficient service, facilitate
the access of low-income users to subsidies granted by the government, inform users
regarding efficient and safe use of the services, protect the environment, allow access and
interconnection to other public service companies and large users, cooperate with the
authorities in the event of an emergency to prevent damage to users, and report initiation
of activities to the proper regulatory commission and the Superintendence of Public
Services.
The Colombian Electricity Act sets out the principles for the electricity industry, which are
implemented through the resolutions enacted by the Colombian Commission for the Regulation of
Energy and Gas (the CREG), among other regulatory bodies governing the electricity sector. Such
principles are: efficiency the correct allocation and use of resources and the supply of
electricity at minimum cost; quality compliance with technical requirements; continuity -
continuous electricity supply without unjustified interruptions; adaptability the incorporation
of modern technology and administrative systems to promote quality and efficiency; neutrality
impartial treatment to all electricity consumers; solidarity the provision of funds by
higher-income consumers to subsidize the subsistence consumption of lower income consumers; and
equity an adequate and nondiscriminatory supply of electricity to all regions and sectors of the
country.
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The Colombian Electricity Act regulates the generation, transmission, distribution, and
trading (the Activities) of electricity. Under the law, any company, domestic or foreign, may
undertake any of the Activities. New companies, however, must engage exclusively in one of the
Activities. Trading can be combined with either generation or distribution.
The market share for generators and traders is limited. The limit for generators is 25% of
its Firm Energy eligible to receive the reliability charge. The Reliability Charge pays the
ability of a plant to deliver its Firm Energy, i.e., the amount of energy in a single year, as
defined by the generator, with a 100% certainty. If the plant is actually unable to provide the
Firm Energy, the generator is penalized. A generator is allowed to have more than 25% of market
share, as long as it grows by ways other than mergers and acquisitions.
Similarly, a trader may not account for more than 25% of the trading activity in the
Colombian National Interconnected System (Colombian NIS). Limitations for traders take into
account international energy sales.
Such limits are applied to economic groups, including companies that are controlled by, or
under common control with, other companies. In addition, generators may not own more than a 25%
interest in a distributor, and vice versa. However, this limitation only applies to individual
companies and does not preclude cross-ownership by companies of the same corporate group.
A generator, distributor, trader or an integrated company, i.e. a firm combining generation,
transmission and distribution activities, cannot own more than 15% of the equity in a transmission
company if the latter represents more than 2% of the national transmission business in terms of
revenues. A distribution company can have more than 25% of an integrated companys equity if the
market share of the last company is less than 2% of the national generation business. A company
created before enactment of Law 143 is banned from merging with another company created after Law
143.
The Ministry of Mines and Energy defines the governments policy for the energy sector. Other
government entities which play an important role in the electricity industry are: Superintendencia
de Servicios Públicos Domiciliarios, which is in charge of overseeing and inspecting the utility
companies; CREG, which is in charge of regulating the energy and gas sectors; and Unidad de
Planeación Minera y Energética (Mining and Energy Planning Agency), which is in charge of planning
the expansion of the generation and transmission network.
CREG is empowered to issue regulations to govern technical and commercial operations and to
set charges for regulated activities. CREGs main functions are to establish conditions for gradual
deregulation of the electricity sector toward an open and competitive market, approve charges for
transmission and distribution networks and charges for retailing to regulated customers, establish
the methodology for calculating and establishing maximum tariffs for supplying the regulated
market, establish regulations for planning and coordination of operations of the Colombian NIS and
establish technical requirements for quality, reliability and security of supply and the protection
of customers rights.
Generation
The generation sector is organized on a competitive basis with companies selling their
production on the electricity pool market in a pool known as the Bolsa de Energía or Energy
Exchange (the Bolsa) at the spot price or by long-term private contracts with other participants
and non-regulated users at freely negotiated prices. The Colombian NIS is the system formed by
generation plants, the interconnection grid, regional and inter regional transmission lines,
distribution lines and electrical loads of users. The spot price is the price paid by the
participant in the wholesale market for energy dispatched under the direction of the Dispatch
National Center (CND). The hourly spot price paid for energy reflects prices offered by
generators in the Bolsa and the respective supply and demand conditions.
Generators connected to the Colombian NIS can also receive reliability payments which are a
result of the firm energy that they provide to the system. The total firm energy requirement of the
system is defined by CREG. To receive reliability payments, generators have to participate in firm
energy auctions by declaring and certifying their firm energy. Until November 2012, the transition
period, the firm energy supply for reliability purposes will be
assigned proportionally to the declared firm energy of each generator. Beyond the transition
period, the additional firm energy required by the system will be allocated by auctions. The first
auction for this period took place in May 6, 2008, where existing generators participated with new
generation projects while meeting the established market share limits.
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Dispatch and Pricing
The purchase and sale of electricity can take place between generators, distributors acting
in their capacity as traders, traders (who do not generate or distribute electricity) and
unregulated consumers. There are no restrictions for new entrants into the market as long as the
participants comply with the applicable laws and regulations.
The Bolsa facilitates the sale of excess energy that has not been committed under contracts or
in spot sales of electricity. In the Bolsa, an hourly spot price for all dispatched units is
established based on the offer price of the highest priced generating dispatched unit for that
period. The CND receives price bids each day from all the generators participating in the Bolsa.
These bids indicate prices and the hourly available capacity for the following day. Based on this
information, the CND guided optimal dispatch principle (which assumes an infinite transmission
capacity through the network), ranks the generators according to their offer price, starting with
the lowest bid, and establishing the merit order, on an hourly basis, determining which generator
will be dispatched the following day to meet expected demand. The price for all generators is set
by the less expensive generator dispatched in each hourly period under the optimal dispatch. This
price-ranking system is intended to ensure that national demand, increased by the total amount of
energy exported to other countries will be satisfied by the lowest cost combination of available
generating units in the country. Additionally, the CND performs the planned dispatch, which takes
into account the limitations of the network as well as every other condition necessary to meet the
energy demands expected for the following day, in a secure, reliable and cost-efficient manner.
If a generator delivers less energy than that assigned by the optimal dispatch, it is
charged with the average of the market price and their offer prices. On the other hand, those
generators that deliver energy in excess are credited with the difference. The net value of
these restrictions is assigned proportionally to all the traders within the Colombian NIS,
according to their demands of energy. Some generators have initiated legal proceedings arguing
that recognized prices do not cover the costs associated with these restrictions.
Transmission
Transmission companies which operate at least at 220 kV make up the National Transmission
System, or NTS. They are required to provide access to third parties on equal conditions and are
authorized to collect a tariff for their services. The transmission tariff includes a connection
charge that underwrites the cost of operating the facilities, and a usage charge, which applies
only to traders.
CREG guarantees an annual fixed income to transmission companies. Income is determined by the
new replacement value of the networks and equipment, and by the resulting value of bidding
processes awarding new projects for the expansion of the NTS. This value is allocated among the
traders of the NTS in proportion to their energy demand.
The expansion of the NTS is conducted according to model expansion plans designed by the
Unidad de Planeación Minero Energética (Mining and Energy Planning Agency) and pursuant to
bidding processes opened to existing transmission companies and new companies, which are handled
by the Ministry of Mines and Energy in accordance with the guidelines set by CREG. Accordingly,
the construction, operation and maintenance of new projects is awarded to the company that offers
the lowest present value of cash flows needed for carrying out the project. Transmission charges
are expected to be updated by CREG in 2008.
Distribution
Distribution is defined as the operation of local networks below 220 kV. Any user may have
access to a distribution network for which it pays a connection charge. CREG regulates
distribution prices that should permit distribution companies to recover costs, including
operating, maintenance and capital costs operating efficiently. Distribution charges are set by
CREG for each company based on the replacement cost of the existing distribution assets, cost of
capital, as well as operational and maintenance costs that vary depending on the voltage level.
Distribution charges for the 2008-2012 period are expected to be updated in 2008.
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The distribution market is divided into regulated and unregulated customers. Customers in the
unregulated market may freely contract for electricity supply directly from a generator or
distributor, acting as traders, or from a pure trader. The unregulated customer market consists of
customers with a peak demand of more than 0.1 MW or a minimum monthly consumption of 55 MWh, which
currently represents about 32% of the market.
Trading
Trading is the resale to end users of electricity purchased in the wholesale market. It may
be conducted by generators, distributors or independent agents, which comply with certain
requirements. Parties freely agree upon trading prices for unregulated users.
Trading to regulated users is subject to the regulated freedom regime under which tariffs
are set by each trader using tariff options established by CREG. Tariffs are determined pursuant
to a combination of general cost formulas given by CREG and individual trading costs approved by
CREG for each trader. Since CREG approves limits on costs, traders in the regulated market may
set lower tariffs for economic reasons. Tariffs include, among other things, energy procurement
costs, transmission charges, distribution charges and a trading margin that covers the risks of
the activity and the return on the investment.
A new tariff formula became effective on February 1, 2008. The main changes in the new
formula are the establishment of a fixed monthly charge, and the introduction of reduction costs
of non-technical energy losses in the trading charges.
Aiming to improve wholesale price formation, CREG is designing a new energy procurement scheme
based on energy auctions called MOR (Organized Regulated Market). The schedule for the beginning
of auctions is unknown.
Environmental Regulation
Law 99 of 1993 provides the framework for environmental regulation and established the
Ministry of the Environment as the authority for determining environmental policies. The Ministry
defines issues and executes policies and regulations that focus on the recuperation,
conservation, protection, organization, administration and use of renewable resources. Therefore,
the use of natural resources or any impact to them as a result of any activity or project will
require the issuance of permits and environmental licenses and the establishment of environmental
management plans. The law particularly seeks to prevent environmental damage by entities in the
energy sector. Any entity planning to undertake projects or activities relating to generation,
interconnection, transmission or distribution of electricity which may result in environmental
deterioration, must first obtain an environmental license.
According to Law 99, generators are required to contribute to the conservation of the
environment by means of a payment for their activities. Hydroelectric power plants which have a
total installed nominal capacity above 10,000 kW must pay 6% of their energy sales; thermoelectric
plants which have a total installed nominal capacity above 10,000 kW must pay 4% of their energy
sales. This payment is made to the municipalities and environmental corporations where these
facilities are located.
Peru
Industry Structure
The main regulations of the Peruvian electricity industry are: the Law of Electricity
Concessions (Decree Law 25,844) and its ancillary regulations, the Law to Secure the Efficient
Development of Electricity Generation (Law 28,832), the Technical Regulation on the Quality of the
Electricity Supply (Supreme Decree 020-97), the Electricity Import and Export Regulation (Supreme
Decree 049-2005), the Antitrust Law on the Electricity Sector (Law 26,876), the Law 26,734, which
regulates the Investments in Energy, in addition to the supplementary Law 27,699 of Organismo
Supervisor de la Inversión en Energía y Minería (Energy and Mining Investment Supervisor Authority)
or the OSINERGMIN, the Peruvian regulatory electricity authority, and the regulation for resolution
of controversies that arise within this institution. The changes made to the Law of Electricity
Concessions by the Law to Secure the Efficient Development of Electricity Generation issued in
2006 (hereinafter the Efficient Development Law) are mainly related to the implementation of a
bids regime for the purchase of energy and capacity by distributors, changes of the transmission
legal regime, changes in the structure of the system operator
and a change in the regime for access to the spot market.
54
Some of the characteristics of the regulatory framework are (i) the separation of the three
main activities: generation, transmission and distribution; (ii) freedom of prices for the supply
of energy in a competitive market conditions; (iii) a system of regulated prices based on the
principle of efficiency shared with a bids regime; and (iv) private operation of the interconnected
electricity systems subject to the principles of efficiency and quality of service.
There is one interconnected system, the Sistema Eléctrico Interconectado Nacional, or the
SEIN, and several isolated regional and smaller systems that provide electricity to specific areas.
The main interconnected system is prepared to supply energy across an interconnection
transmission line (TIE) to Ecuador, but the commercial and operative agreements are still under
negotiation.
The Ministerio de Energía y Minas (Ministry of Energy and Mining) or the MINEM, defines the
energy policies, regulates environment matters, and oversees the granting, supervision, maturity
and termination of licenses, authorizations and concessions for generation, transmission, and
distribution activities.
OSINERGMIN is an autonomous public regulatory entity established in 1996 that controls
compliance with legal and technical regulations related to electrical and hydrocarbon activities,
compliance of the obligations stated in the concession contracts, as well as the preservation of
the environment in connection with the development of these activities. OSINERGMINs Tariff
Regulatory Bureau (Gerencia Adjunta de Regulación Tarifaria) has the authority to publish the
regulated tariffs. The Comité de Operación Económica del Sistema (Committee of the Economic
Operation of the System) or the COES, coordinates the operation and dispatch of electricity of the
SEIN and prepares the technical and financial study that serves as a basis for the annual busbar
tariff calculations. With the enactment of Law 28,832, COES includes as members the generation,
transmission and distribution companies, as well as users with a capacity need higher than 1 MW,
the threshold for non-regulated customers. Before this law was enacted, only generation and
transmission companies were part of it.
In October 1997, technical standards were established in order to compare the quality and
conditions of the service provided by electricity companies. In October 1999, companies which did
not meet the minimum quality standards were subject to fines and penalties imposed by OSINERGMIN,
as well as compensation to customers who had received deficient service.
To manage the congestion in a certain sector of the SEIN, the government has adopted
extraordinary measures. Urgency Decree 046-2007 of November 2007, established that until
December 31, 2010, if the transmission facilities are saturated, the COES should order the
operation of any unit, regardless of the principle of efficiency. Operation costs of such units of
generation will not be considered to determine the marginal costs.
Dispatch and Pricing
Customers with a capacity demand of less than 1 MW are considered regulated customers, and the
supply of their energy is defined as a public service. Nevertheless, according to the First
Complementary Disposition of Law 28,832, regulated customers whose annual demand is within the
demand limits to be defined by the Complementary Disposition, will be able to choose to be
unregulated customers. Since 1999, capacity payment is determined in relation to a fixed guaranteed
component based on the efficiency of each plant and a variable component dependent on the level of
dispatch of each plant.
Law 28,832 approved a change in the access to the spot market, which was previously only
limited to generation and distribution companies. In addition, large-volume unregulated users with
a contracted capacity in excess of 10 MW will have access to the spot market. The terms of such
access will be defined in a regulation that is expected to be enacted during 2008.
In December 2006, Urgency Decree 035 established specific legal provisions to solve
contingencies caused by the lack of electricity supply contracts. Generators were not billing
distributors without supply contracts for their withdrawals because they assumed that the amounts
were not being correctly assigned by the COES. This Decree 035 allowed Edegel to collect the debt
originated during 2006 for the non-contracted withdrawal of energy. In addition, Edegel was
assigned with less energy than was originally allocated by COES at busbar prices. The balance was
measured at marginal cost.
55
As explained before, on January 3, 2008, Law No. 29,179 was enacted to regulate the mechanism
to ensure the supply of electricity to the regulated market described in the Efficient Development
Law.
Transmission
Transmission lines are divided into principal and secondary systems. The principal system
lines are accessible to all generators and allow electricity to be delivered to all customers. The
transmission concessionaire receives an annual fixed income and receives tariff revenues and
connection tolls reflecting a charge per kW. The secondary system lines are accessible to all
generators, but are used to serve only certain customers who are responsible for making payments
related to their use of the system.
The Efficient Development Law contains important changes to the transmission framework. The
objective of this new regulation is to encourage new investments in transmission. Taking into
account the increase in energy demand in Peru and the new investments in generation, new
investments in transmission will be necessary to allow the transmission of energy throughout the
SEIN.
Distribution Pricing
The Efficient Development Law establishes a bidding regime for the acquisition of energy and
capacity by distributors establishing a mechanism to determine prices during the life of a
contract. The approval of this mechanism is important to generators, because it establishes a
mechanism for determining price for the duration of a contract that is not fixed by the regulator.
Consequently, sales to distribution companies for resale to regulated customers must be made
at busbar prices (analogous to node prices in Chile) set by OSINERGMIN or at fixed prices
determined by the auctions. Since 2005, the busbar prices for capacity and energy are published
annually. Busbar prices are the maximum prices for electricity purchased by distribution companies
that can be transferred to regulated customers, except in the case of contracts entered into as a
result of a public bid, where the prices that will be transferred to regulated customers will be
the price defined in the auction.
The electricity tariff for a customer of the electricity public service (regulated clients)
includes charges for capacity and energy for generation and transmission (busbar prices) and for
the VAD (value added by distribution), which considers a regulated return over capital investments,
operating and maintenance fixed charges and a standard percentage for energy distribution losses.
The first auctions took place in December 2006. As a result, almost all of the demand for 2007
was successfully covered by supply contracts. The demand for 2008, 2009 and 2010 has been partially
covered by such bids. Therefore, new bids must be carried out by distribution companies in order to
cover the corresponding balance for such years and not be subject to the penalties stated by the
new regulations.
Concessions
A concession for electricity generation activity is required when a power plant has an
installed capacity in excess of 20 MW.
An authorization for electricity generation activity is required when either a thermoelectric
power plant has an installed capacity of 500 kW or a hydroelectric or geothermal power plant has an
installed capacity between 500 kW and 20 MW.
A concession for electricity generation activity is an agreement between the generator and
MINEM, while an authorization is merely a unilateral permit granted by the Ministry. Authorizations
and concessions are granted by the Ministry for an unlimited period of time, although its
termination is subject to the same considerations and requirements as the termination of a
concession under the procedures set forth in the Law of Electrical Concessions and its regulations
and amendments.
56
Cogeneration Regulation
Supreme Decree 037/2006 establishes the basic rules for the use of the energy produced as a
result of any industrial activity, i.e., cogeneration plants. They are eligible to be part of the
COES and commercialize their energy in the SEIN. Cogeneration is the simultaneous generation of
heat and power, in a single thermodynamic process.
Environmental Regulation
The environmental legal framework applicable to energy related activities in Peru is set forth
in the Environmental Law (Law 28,611) and in the Regulation for Environmental Protection regarding
Electricity Activities (Supreme Decree 029-94-EM). The MINEM dictates the specific environmental
legal dispositions for the activities within the electricity industry, and the OSINERGMIN is in
charge of supervising their application and implementation. According to the Environmental Law, the
National Environment Council is the government agency in charge of (i) designing the general
environmental policies to every productive activity and (ii) establishing the main guidelines of
the different government agencies on their specific environmental sector regulations.
C. Organizational structure
The following information sets out a brief description of Endesa Chiles most important
subsidiaries for the period covered by this report.
Endesa Costanera (Argentina)
Endesa Costanera is a publicly traded electricity generation company in Buenos Aires,
Argentina, with 2,324 MW of total installed capacity in Buenos Aires, including two turbines with
an aggregate of 1,465 MW capacity in oil- and gas-fired plants, and a 859 MW capacity natural gas
combined-cycle facility. The company was acquired from the Argentine government after the
privatization of Servicios Eléctricos del Gran Buenos Aires S.A. in 1992, when Endesa Chile
acquired a 24% interest. Endesa Chile subsequently increased its total ownership at different
moments, and recently increased its beneficial interest from 64.3% to 69.8% in February 2007.
El Chocón (Argentina)
El Chocón is an electricity generation company, incorporated in Argentina, located between
the Neuquén and Río Negro provinces in southern Argentina (the Comahue Zone). It has two
hydroelectric power stations with an aggregate installed capacity of 1,320 MW. A 30-year
concession was granted by the Argentine government to our subsidiary, Hidroinvest S.A., which
bought 59.0% of the shares in July 1993 during the privatization process. Endesa Chile operates El
Chocón for a fee pursuant to an operating agreement with a term equal to the duration of the
concession, which expires in 2023. In March 2007, Endesa Chile increased its ownership interest
from 44.8% to 65.37%.
Endesa Eco (Chile)
On April 18, 2005, Endesa Chile created a subsidiary called Endesa Eco S.A., whose objectives
are to promote and development of renewable energy projects such as mini-hydro, eolic,
geo-thermal, solar and biomass power plants and to act as the depositary and trader of emission
reduction certificates obtained by these projects. Endesa Eco is a wholly-owned subsidiary of
Endesa Chile.
Pehuenche (Chile)
Pehuenche, a generation company connected to the SIC, owns three hydroelectric facilities
south of Santiago in the high-rainfall hydrological basin of the Maule River, with a total
installed capacity of 699 MW. The 570 MW Pehuenche plant started operations in 1991; the 89 MW
Curillinque plant started in 1993; and the 40 MW Loma Alta plant started operating in 1997. Endesa
Chile holds 92.7% of the share capital.
57
Pangue (Chile)
Pangue was incorporated to build and operate the 467 MW installed capacity hydroelectric
power station in the Bío-Bío River. The first unit started operations in 1996, while the second
unit started operations in 1997. Endesa Chile holds 95% of Pangues share capital.
Celta (Chile)
Celta is incorporated in Chile and was formed in 1995 to build and operate the 158 MW
coal-fired and the 24 MW gas/fuel thermal plants in the SING. Celta is wholly-owned by Endesa
Chile.
San Isidro (Chile)
San Isidro was incorporated in Chile in 1996 to build and operate a 379 MW combined-cycle
thermal plant in Quillota, in the Fifth Region. The plant began commercial operations in 1998. A
220 kV transmission line of 9 kilometers was built to connect this thermal plant to the SIC. This
transmission system is owned by Transquillota Ltda., in which San Isidro has a 50% interest. In
April 2007 the expansion of San Isidro (San Isidro II) started operations with 248 MW capacity in
open cycle. In January 2008 the combined cycle of San Isidro II was finished with 353 MW. By
July 2009 the project is expected to operate at 379 MW using LNG. San Isidro is wholly-owned by
Endesa Chile.
Ingendesa (Chile)
Ingendesa is a multi-disciplinary engineering company founded in 1990. Its purpose is to
provide engineering services, project management and related services in Chile and abroad. The
company offers civil, mechanical and electrical engineering, metallurgy, architecture and
environmental services. Ingendesa is wholly-owned by Endesa Chile.
Emgesa (Colombia)
Emgesa has a total installed generating capacity of 2,829 MW. On September 1, 2007 Central
Hidroeléctrica Betania S.A. E.S.P. and EMGESA S.A. E.S.P. were merged into Betania, and then
Betania changed its name to EMGESA S.A. E.S.P.
On March 2, 2006, Emgesa purchased the assets of Termocartagena (202 MW), through a public
tender process. On September 15, 1997, Central Hidroeléctrica Betania, through its subsidiary
Inversiones Betania S.A. and in association with Endesa Desarrollo S.A. of Spain, was awarded
control of the generation company Emgesa through the company Capital de Energía S.A. (CESA), with
48.5% of the shares. On January 30, 2006, due to a company restructuring, the company CESA ceased
to exist. Empresa de Energía de Bogotá S.A. has a direct participation in Emgesa of 51.5%. Endesa
Chiles indirect ownership in Emgesa is 26.9%.
Edegel (Peru)
Edegel is an electricity generation company, acquired by Endesa Chile in 1995. It currently
owns seven hydroelectric plants (Huinco, Matucana, Callahuanca, Moyopampa, Huampani, Yanango and
Chimay) and two thermal plants (Santa Rosa and Ventanilla), with a combined installed capacity of
1,468 MW. In 2000, Edegel completed the construction of two hydroelectric plants, Yanango (43 MW)
and Chimay (151 MW), and a 220 kV transmission line linking both plants to the Peruvian system. In
June 2006, Endesa Chile in Peru concluded the merger of Edegel and Empresa de Generación
Termoelectrica Ventanilla S.A. (Etevensa), a 493 MW thermoelectric generation company. As a
result of the merger, Endesa Chiles beneficial ownership in Edegel decreased from 37.9% to 33.1%.
Endesa Chile has a 55.4% economic interest in Edegel through its subsidiary Generandes Peru S.A.
58
Selected Related Companies
CEMSA (Argentina)
CEMSA is responsible for trading electricity. As of the date of this report, Endesa Chile has
an indirect ownership holding in CEMSA of 45%. CEMSAs other shareholder is Endesa Spain CEMSA is
incorporated in Argentina.
Electrogas (Chile)
Electrogas was constituted in 1996. This company offers natural gas transportation services to
the Fifth Region in Chile, especially to the San Isidro and Nehuenco combined-cycle plants at
Quillota. Endesa Chile has a beneficial interest of 42.5% share in this company. The other
shareholders are Colbún S.A. and ENAP.
GasAtacama (Chile)
Endesa Chile has a 50% total ownership interest in GasAtacama. As of 2007, Southern Cross
Latin America Private Equity Fund III, L.P. had the remaining 50% ownership interest. Subsidiaries
of this holding company are Gasoducto Atacama Chile S.A., Gasoducto Atacama Argentina S.A. and
GasAtacama Generación, which are involved in electricity generation and natural gas
transportation.
Gasoducto Atacama (Chile)
Gasoducto Atacama was constituted in Chile, with the purpose of transporting natural gas both
within Chile and abroad, including the construction and placement of pipelines and any other
related activities. The company owns the Chilean side of a natural gas pipeline that can transport
up to 8.5 million cubic meters of gas daily from northern Argentina to Mejillones in Chile, which
started supplying gas to the SING in July 1999, and also owns an extension of this pipeline from
Mejillones to Taltal in Chile, which was added in 2000, allowing Endesa Chiles 245 MW Taltal
thermal power plant to be commissioned the same year, supplying electricity to the SIC.
The company Gasoducto Atacama Compañía Limitada changed its name to Gasoducto Atacama Chile
Limitada in 2002, and changed again in 2003 to Gasoducto Atacama Chile S.A. Endesa Chile has a 50%
indirect ownership share in Gasoducto Atacama, and accounts for it as an equity investee.
GasAtacama Generación (Chile)
The purpose of this company, incorporated in Chile, is to generate, transmit, purchase,
distribute and sell electric energy in the SING. It owns and operates two combined-cycle power
plants that together have 780 MW of installed generation capacity.
Endesa Brasil (Brazil)
Jointly with Endesa Internacional, a subsidiary of Endesa Spain, Enersis and Chilectra, which
have contributed their respective assets in Brazil, we have formed a holding company called Endesa
Brasil, creating one of the largest private electricity entities in the Brazilian market. Endesa
Brasil was incorporated in Brazil in 2005 to capitalize on the growing opportunities in the
Brazilian market. Endesa Chile held 37.9% of Endesa Brasil at the time of incorporation, through
which its subsidiaries Edegel and Compañía Eléctrica Cono Sur contributed their assets in
Cachoeira Dourada (92.5%), CIEN (45%), CTM (45%) and TESA (45%). As a consequence of the merger
between Edegel and Etevensa, Endesa Chiles share in Edegel decreased from 37.9% to 33.1%,
reducing Endesa Chiles ownership in Endesa Brasil through Edegel and consequently reducing total
beneficial interest of Endesa Chile in Endesa Brasil to 37.7%.
The purpose of this company is to generate, transmit, purchase, distribute and sell
electricity energy in Brazil. It owns and operates a 322 MW combined cycle generating plant,
Fortaleza, which is located 50 kilometers from the capital of the Brazilian State of Ceará and
which began commercial operations in 2003. It also owns a run-of-the-river hydraulic power plant,
Cachoeira Dourada, with 665 MW of installed generation capacity, located in the state of Goias,
south of Brasilia. In the transmission sector, Endesa Brasil owns two transmission lines which
operate in Brazil in the transportation of electricity between Argentina and Brazil through two
1,000 MW interconnection lines.
59
Additionally, it owns two distribution companies: Ampla and Coelce. Ampla, one of the largest
electricity distribution companies in the State of Rio de Janeiro, is principally engaged in the
distribution of electricity to 66 municipalities of the State of Rio de Janeiro and serves
2.4 million customers in a concession area of 32,054 square kilometers, where an estimated
8.0 million people live. Coelce is the sole electricity distributor in the State of Ceará in
northeastern Brazil and serves over 2.7 million customers within a concession area of 148,825
square kilometers.
The following table sets forth the main subsidiaries and affiliates of Endesa Chile and the
percentage of each subsidiary and affiliates owned by Endesa Chile:
Percentage of Economic Interest in each Operational Subsidiary and Related Company per Country
SUBSIDIARIES (as of December 31, 2007)
| |
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| |
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|
|
|
ENGINEERING |
|
|
| GENERATION |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SERVICES |
|
INFRASTRUCTURE |
| Argentina |
|
Brazil |
|
Chile |
|
Colombia |
|
Peru |
|
Chile |
|
Chile |
Endesa
Costanera
69.76%
El Chocón
65.37%
|
|
|
|
Pehuenche
92.65%
Pangue
94.99% (1)
Celta
100%
San Isidro
100%
Endesa Eco
100%
|
|
Emgesa
26.87% (4)
|
|
Edegel
33.06% (3)
|
|
Ingendesa 100%
|
|
Túnel El Melón 100% |
|
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Related Companies |
|
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|
|
|
CEMSA
45%
|
|
Endesa
Brasil (2)
37.65%
|
|
GasAtacama 50%
Electrogas 42.5%
Gasoducto Atacama
Chile 50%
Gasoducto Atacama
Argentina 50%
Gasoducto Taltal 50%
Transquillota 50%
HidroAysén 51% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Endesa Internacional, a subsidiary of Endesa Spain, has a 5.01% shareholding in Pangue. |
| |
| (2) |
|
The economic interest in Endesa Brasil decreased from 37.85% as of December 2005 to 37.65%
at December 2006 as a consequence of the reduction in the indirect share of Endesa Chile in
Edegel due to the merger of Edegel and Etevensa. |
| |
| (3) |
|
In June 2006, Edegel and Empresa de Generacion Termoelectrica Ventanilla S.A. (Etevensa),
a 493 MW thermoelectric generation company, merged. |
| |
| (4) |
|
On September 1, 2007 Central Hidroeléctrica Betania S.A. E.S.P. and EMGESA S.A. E.S.P merged
into Betania and then Betania changed its name to EMGESA S.A. E.S.P. |
We constantly evaluate potential asset reorganizations with the purpose of optimizing
operating, financing and tax considerations. This was the purpose of the recent transaction in
Colombia. The goal of the Colombian reorganization was to achieve generation and financial
synergies through the merger of Emgesa and Betania, which had 2,239 MW and 541 MW of installed
capacity, respectively.
60
The following table shows, as of December 31, 2007, Endesa Chiles direct and indirect
economic interests in all its companies:
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| |
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|
ENDESA CHILE
As of DECEMBER 31, 2007
|
|
 |
61
D. Property, Plant and Equipment
Endesa Chiles main properties in Chile are its 25 electricity generation facilities detailed
below, in addition to its 27,793 square meter headquarters in Santiago.
A substantial portion of Endesa Chiles cash flow and net income is derived from the sale of
electricity produced by its electricity generation facilities. Significant damage to one or more of
Endesa Chiles main electricity generation facilities or interruption in the production of
electricity, whether as a result of an earthquake, flood, volcanic activity or other cause, would
have a material adverse effect on Endesa Chiles operations. Endesa Chile insures all of its
electricity generation facilities against damage due to earthquakes, fires, floods and other
similar occurrences and from damage due to third-party actions, based on the appraised value of the
facilities as determined from time to time by an independent appraiser. Based on geological,
hydrological and engineering studies, Endesa Chiles management believes that the risk of an event
with a material adverse effect is remote. Claims under Endesa Chiles insurance policies are
subject to customary deductibles and other conditions. Endesa Chile also maintains business
interruption insurance providing for coverage for failure of any of its facilities for a period of
up to 18 months, commencing after the deductible period.
Endesa Chile also consolidates revenues from generating companies in Argentina, Colombia and
Peru, which involve a total of 25 generation power plants detailed below, which together with the
plants in Chile aggregate to a total of 50 power plants. The insurance coverage taken abroad is
approved by the management of each company, taking into account the quality of the insurance
companies and the needs, conditions and risk evaluations of each generating facility, and is based
on general corporate guidelines.
All insurance policies are purchased from reputable international insurers. The Company
continuously monitors the insurance industry market in order to obtain what it believes to be the
most commercially reasonable coverage and premiums available on the market.
The following table identifies the power plants that Endesa Chile owns, at the end of each
year, and their basic characteristics:
| |
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|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Country/Company |
|
Power Plant Name |
|
Power Plant Type (1) |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MW(2) |
|
|
|
|
Argentina |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Endesa Costanera |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
2,304 |
|
|
|
2,319 |
|
|
|
2,324 |
|
|
|
Costanera Steam |
|
Steam Turbine/Natural |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Turbine |
|
Gas+ Fuel Oil |
|
|
1,131 |
|
|
|
1,138 |
(3) |
|
|
1,138 |
|
|
|
Costanera Combined |
|
Combined Cycle/Natural |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cycle II |
|
Gas+Diesel Oil |
|
|
851 |
|
|
|
859 |
(3) |
|
|
859 |
|
|
|
Central Buenos Aires |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
(CBA) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Combined Cycle I |
|
Combined Cycle/Natural Gas |
|
|
322 |
|
|
|
322 |
|
|
|
327(4 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
El Chocón |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
1,320 |
|
|
|
1,320 |
|
|
|
1,320 |
|
|
|
Chocón |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
1,200 |
|
|
|
1,200 |
|
|
|
1,200 |
|
|
|
Arroyito |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
120 |
|
|
|
120 |
|
|
|
120 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
Capacity in
Argentina |
|
|
|
|
|
|
3,624 |
|
|
|
3,639 |
|
|
|
3,644 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Brazil (5) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cachoeira Dourada |
|
Cachoeira Dourada |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total
Capacity in
Brazil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Endesa Chile |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
2,754 |
|
|
|
2,754 |
|
|
|
3,034 |
|
|
|
Total Hydroelectric |
|
|
|
|
2,254 |
|
|
|
2,254 |
|
|
|
2,286 |
|
|
|
Rapel |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
377 |
|
|
|
377 |
|
|
|
377 |
|
|
|
Cipreses |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
106 |
|
|
|
106 |
|
|
|
106 |
|
|
|
El Toro |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
450 |
|
|
|
450 |
|
|
|
450 |
|
|
|
Los Molles |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
18 |
|
|
|
18 |
|
|
|
18 |
|
62
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Country/Company |
|
Power Plant Name |
|
Power Plant Type (1) |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
MW(2) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
Sauzal |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
77 |
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
|
77 |
|
|
|
Sauzalito |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
12 |
|
|
|
Isla |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
68 |
|
|
|
Antuco |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
320 |
|
|
|
320 |
|
|
|
320 |
|
|
|
Abanico |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
136 |
|
|
|
136 |
|
|
|
136 |
|
|
|
Ralco |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
690 |
|
|
|
690 |
|
|
|
690 |
|
|
|
Palmucho |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
32 |
(6) |
|
|
Total Thermal |
|
|
|
|
500 |
|
|
|
500 |
|
|
|
748 |
|
|
|
Huasco |
|
Steam Turbine/Coal |
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
16 |
|
|
|
Bocamina |
|
Steam Turbine/Coal |
|
|
128 |
|
|
|
128 |
|
|
|
128 |
|
|
|
Diego de Almagro (7) |
Gas Turbine/ Diesel Oil |
47 |
|
|
|
47 |
|
|
|
47 |
|
|
|
Huasco |
|
Gas Turbine/IFO 180 Oil |
64 |
|
|
|
64 |
|
|
|
64 |
|
|
|
Taltal |
|
Gas Turbine/Natural Gas/ Diesel Oil (8) |
|
|
245 |
|
|
|
245 |
|
|
|
245 |
|
|
|
San Isidro II |
|
Gas Turbine/ Diesel Oil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
248 |
(9) |
Pehuenche |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
695 |
|
|
|
695 |
|
|
|
699 |
|
|
|
Pehuenche |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
566 |
|
|
|
566 |
|
|
|
570 |
(4) |
|
|
Curillinque |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
89 |
|
|
|
89 |
|
|
|
89 |
|
|
|
Loma Alta |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
|
|
40 |
|
Pangue |
|
Pangue |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
467 |
|
|
|
467 |
|
|
|
467 |
|
San Isidro |
|
San Isidro |
|
Combined Cycle /Natural Gas+Diesel Oil |
|
|
379 |
|
|
|
379 |
|
|
|
379 |
|
Celta |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
182 |
|
|
|
182 |
|
|
|
182 |
|
|
|
Tarapacá |
|
Steam Turbine/Coal |
|
|
158 |
|
|
|
158 |
|
|
|
158 |
|
|
|
Tarapacá |
|
Gas Turbine/Diesel Oil |
24 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
|
|
24 |
|
Endesa Eco |
|
Canela |
|
Wind Farm |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
18 |
(10) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Capacity in
Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
4,477 |
|
|
|
4,477 |
|
|
|
4,779 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Colombia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Emgesa |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
2,116 |
|
|
|
2,238 |
|
|
|
2,829 |
(11) |
|
|
Guavio |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
1,164 |
|
|
|
1,163 |
|
|
|
1,213 |
(12) |
|
|
Paraíso |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
276 |
|
|
|
276 |
|
|
|
276 |
|
|
|
La Guaca |
|
Pass Through (13) |
|
|
325 |
|
|
|
325 |
|
|
|
325 |
|
|
|
Termozipa |
|
Steam Turbine/Coal |
|
|
235 |
|
|
|
236 |
|
|
|
236 |
|
|
|
Cartagena (14) |
|
Steam Turbine/ Natural Gas + Diesel Oil |
|
|
|
|
|
|
142 |
|
|
|
142 |
|
|
|
Minor plants (15) |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
116 |
|
|
|
96 |
|
|
|
96 |
|
|
|
Betania (11) |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
541 |
|
Betania (11) |
|
Betania |
|
Reservoir |
|
|
541 |
|
|
|
541 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Capacity in
Colombia |
|
|
|
|
|
|
2,657 |
|
|
|
2,779 |
|
|
|
2,829 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Edegel |
|
Total |
|
|
|
|
969 |
|
|
|
1,426 |
|
|
|
1,469 |
|
|
|
Huinco |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
247 |
|
|
|
247 |
|
|
|
247 |
|
|
|
Matucana |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
129 |
|
|
|
129 |
|
|
|
129 |
|
|
|
Callahuanca |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
75 |
|
|
|
80 |
(16) |
|
|
Moyopampa |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
65 |
|
|
|
65 |
|
|
|
65 |
|
|
|
Huampani |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
30 |
|
|
|
Yanango |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
43 |
|
|
|
Chimay |
|
Pass Through |
|
|
151 |
|
|
|
151 |
|
|
|
151 |
|
|
|
Santa Rosa |
|
Gas Turbine/Diesel Oil |
229 |
|
|
|
229 |
|
|
|
231 |
(4) |
|
|
Ventanilla (17) |
|
Combined Cycle/Natural Gas |
|
|
|
|
|
|
457 |
|
|
|
493 |
(18) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Capacity in
Peru |
|
|
|
|
|
|
969 |
|
|
|
1,426 |
|
|
|
1,469 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Endesa Chile |
|
|
|
|
|
|
11,727 |
|
|
|
12,320 |
|
|
|
12,721 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Reservoir and pass-through refer to a hydroelectric plant that uses a dam or a river,
respectively, to move the turbines which generate electricity.
|
| |
|
|
Steam refers to the technology of a thermal power plant that uses either natural gas, coal,
diesel or fuel oil to produce steam which moves the turbines to
generate the electricity. |
| |
|
|
Gas Turbine (GT) or Open Cycle refers to the technology of a thermal power plant that uses
either diesel or natural gas to produce gas that moves the turbines to generate the
electricity. |
| |
|
|
Combined Cycle refers to the technology of a thermal power plant that uses either natural
gas, diesel oil or fuel oil to generate gas that moves the turbines to generate electricity
then recuperates the gas that escapes from that process to generate steam to move another
turbine. |
| |
|
|
Wind Farm refers to the technology that transforms the kinetic energy of wind into
electricity. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Installed capacity defined as the maximum MW capacity of generation units, under specific
technical conditions and characteristics, in most cases confirmed by satisfaction guarantee
tests performed by equipment suppliers certified during 2006 and 2007 by Bureau Veritas.
Figures may differ from installed capacity declared to regulating authorities and customers in
each country, according to criteria defined by each authority and corresponding contractual
frameworks. |
63
| |
|
|
| (3) |
|
Certified by Bureau Veritas in 2006. |
| |
| (4) |
|
Certified by Bureau Veritas in 2007. |
| |
| (5) |
|
Cachoeira Dourada was a subsidiary of Endesa Chile until September 30, 2005, when it became a
subsidiary of Endesa Brasil. |
| |
| (6) |
|
The Palmucho plant began commercial operations on November 28, 2007. |
| |
| (7) |
|
Includes one additional unit of Diego de Almagro (23 MW), which Endesa Chile has rented from
Codelco since 2001. |
| |
| (8) |
|
One of two generation units of Tal Tal may use diesel as an alternative to natural gas. |
| |
| (9) |
|
San Isidro II plant began commercial operations in open cycle on April 23, 2007. |
| |
| (10) |
|
Canela plant (wind farm) began its commercial operation on December 27, 2007 |
| |
| (11) |
|
During 2007, Emgesa and Betania merged and Emgesa added Betania to its generation assets. |
| |
| (12) |
|
On February 12, 2007, the five units of the Guavio plant were repowered (240 MW each). |
| |
| (13) |
|
Operates in series with Paraíso. |
| |
| (14) |
|
Purchased in 2006. Figure represents capacity value for units 1 and 3. Unit 2 is under
overhaul and recovery of capacity. |
| |
| (15) |
|
Minor plants are registered with a total capacity of 96.1 MW. At December 31, 2007 Emgesa
owned and operated five minor plants: Charquito, El Limonar, La Tinta, Tequendama and La
Junta. On January 1, 2006, the minor plant San Antonio (19.5 MW) was withdrawn from the NIS. |
| |
| (16) |
|
On February 13, 2007, the Callahuanca plant was repowered. |
| |
| (17) |
|
During 2006, Edegel and Etevensa merged and Edegel added Ventanilla to its generation assets. |
| |
| (18) |
|
On October 31, 2007, the regulator notified maximum capacity with additional fire of the
Ventanilla plant. |
In addition to generation power plants, Endesa Chile owns other assets whose amount is not
significant, such as transmission assets in Peru and Túnel El Melón in Chile. These assets
altogether represent less than 1% of the value of Endesa Chiles total consolidated assets.
Environmental Issues
The electricity industry is subject to extensive environmental regulations that require
environmental impact studies before future projects can be approved. Endesa Chiles subsidiaries
have always included the environmental regulations of the various jurisdictions in which they
operate when planning their investment projects. During 2007, the Company received the
environmental approval of the Chilean projects Canela Wind Farm Expansion (8.3 MW), Bocamina II
Thermoelectric Power Plant (370 MW) and Diesel Use in Unit 1 of Taltal Thermoelectric Power Plant.
During 2000, Endesa Chile defined, within its environmental strategy, specific goals for
generation assets under the international standard ISO 14,001. By December 2007, the Company has
received certification of 97% of its installed capacity in South America.
64
During 2007, Endesa Chile advanced in the achievement of this objective, certifying one power
plant installation in Perú (Ventanilla thermoelectric power plant, 492.7 MW), receiving
certifications for 88% of total generation assets, representing 44 of its 50 generation facilities,
which produced 93% of the Companys total annual electricity generation in 2007.
For 2008, the Company plans to certify under ISO 14,001 four additional plants located in
Chile, which would place us at 94% of total asset generation certification equal to 99% of the
Companys total installed capacity. There is an operating expense associated with these
certifications. For additional details, see Note 31 to our audited consolidated financial
statements included herein.
Investment Projects Completed during 2007
Chile. Palmucho Hydroelectric Power Plant
This project consists of a pass-through power plant of 32 MW, which benefits from the
ecological flow imposed to the Ralco Dam (27 m3/s) and is immediately released under the wall of
the dam. It started operations in November 2007.
Chile. San Isidro Power Plant Expansion Project
This project consists of the installation of a CCGT (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine) of 379 MW
located next to San Isidro, Valparaíso Region. The Project has three stages of development:
| |
|
|
Stage 1: Operation of gas turbine as an open cycle using diesel (248 MW).
Commercial operations started on April 23, 2007. |
| |
| |
|
|
Stage 2: Operation of gas turbine as a combined cycle using diesel, reaching
353 MW. In December 2007 San Isidro 2 synchronized as combined-cycle. The steam
unit began commercial operations in January 2008. |
| |
| |
|
|
Stage 3 (2009, depending on the arrival of LNG): Operation of gas turbine as a
combined-cycle using LNG. |
Chile. Canela Wind Generation Project
The Canela project, developed by Sociedad Generadora Eólica Canela S.A., is the first
wind-turbine generating farm connected to the Chilean SIC. It is located in the Canela Baja
district, province of Choapa, Coquimbo Region, and has 11 wind generators, totaling 18 MW.
Operation started in November 2007.
Chile. Concón Lo Venecia Oil Pipeline.
This project, developed by Electrogas, involved the installation of an oil pipeline to
transport diesel fuel from the Concón Refinery to the electricity power plants of Colbún , San
Isidro and Endesa Chile (nearly 1,600 MW) located in Lo Venecia, district of Quillota. It started
operation in June 2007.
Projects under Construction
Chile. Ojos de Agua Project
This project consists of the construction of a mini-hydro plant in Chiles Maule Region, which
benefits from water leaks from lake La Invernada to power a turbogenerator of approximately 9 MW.
This project is being developed by Endesa Eco.
During 2007, the excavation of the adduction tunnel was completed and the assembly of the
electrical-mechanical equipment began. Start-up is planned for the first half of 2008.
Chile. Bocamina Plant Expansion, Second Unit
Located in the district of Coronel, Bío-Bío Region. This project benefits from the existing
harbor services, as well as some auxiliary facilities of the present unit, built for coal storing
and ashes disposal. This second unit will use pulverized coal and its installed capacity is
estimated to be 370 MW.
65
On June 2007, Endesa Chile issued the notice to proceed for the turnkey supply contract to the
Maire-SES-Tecnimont consortium. On September, excavations began for the platform construction and
in December the placement of platform piles began in addition to the manufacture of structures for
the boiler.
In December, an agreement was signed with Transelec for the construction of the connection
line to the SIC, from Bocamina to the Hualpén substation.
Start-up of the project is planned for 2010.
Chile. Conversion to diesel TG Taltal
On June 28, 2007, the board of Endesa Chile approved the conversion to diesel of Taltal power
plant unit 1, capable of operating only on natural gas.
During 2007, a turnkey purchase order was delivered to General Electric, and the Enviromental
Impact Declaration was approved, starting the civil works.
As of December 31, 2007, all the purchase orders were in place and the aspects in connection
with reception and oil feeding were resolved, as well as the civil works for piping installation
and improvements in the cooling water system as a consequence of additional heat release
requirements.
The modification works were performed during January and February 2008, and the unit started
using diesel in March 2008.
Chile. LNG Receiving Terminal at Quintero, Región de Valparaíso
The private company GNL Quintero S.A. owned by British Gas, or BG, (40%), ENAP (20%), Metrogas
(20%) and Endesa Chile (20%) was incorporated on March 9, 2007 under the laws of the Republic of
Chile. GNL Quintero intends to develop, build, finance, own and operate an LNG regasification
facility at Quintero Bay whereby LNG will be unloaded, stored and regasified.
On May 31, 2007, the shareholders of GNL Quintero executed the Final Investment Decision
agreement for the project, subscribing all necessary commercial agreements at the same act. These
agreements included, among others: shareholders agreement for the company; LNG supply agreement
with BG as seller; regasified gas agreements with ENAP, Metrogas and Endesa Chile as buyers; and
terminal use agreement with GNL Quintero as provider of the service.
Currently, the project is under construction by Chicago Bridge & Iron, acting as EPC
contractor. The commercial operation of the facility is guaranteed by the EPC contractor, with a
first stage of 6 million m3/d in 2009 and final LNG send out capacity of 9.6 million m3/d (2.5
mtpa) and two 160,000 m3 full containment LNG tanks in 2010.
Argentina. Manuel Belgrano Power Plant Project
Power plant project being developed by Termoeléctrica Manuel Belgrano S.A., related to Endesa
Chile through its subsidiaries, Endesa Costanera and El Chocón.
This project consists of the installation of a CCGT (Combined Cycle Gas Turbine) of 823 MW
located next to Campana, 80 km from Buenos Aires.
During 2007, the gas turbine foundations and the manufacturing of the main equipment were
completed. As of December 31, 2007 the two gas turbines were on the site, as well as their
generation units and the transformer.
The start-up date for the first machine was March 2008. Commercial operations for the combined
cycle are expected in the first half of 2009.
66
Argentina. José de San Martín Power Plant Project
This power plant project is developed by Termoeléctrica José de San Martín S.A., related to
Endesa Chile through its subsidiaries, Endesa Costanera and El Chocón.
This project consists of the installation of a CCGT of 823 MW located in Timbúes, 35 km north
of Rosario.
During 2007, the project progressed with an 11% delay in relation to the initial schedule.
The start-up date for the first gas turbine is expected to be in the first half of 2008. The
start-up date for the second gas turbine is expected for the second half of 2008. The commercial
starting of the combined cycle is expected for the second half of 2009.
Peru. Santa Rosa Thermal Plant Expansion Project
This project consists of the expansion of the Santa Rosa 227 MW thermal plant in the city of
Lima by the construction of a gas turbine in open cycle. The new unit will have a capacity of
approximately 188 MW and will use natural gas from Camisea as its fuel. In 2007, the tender process
was begun for the EPC construction contract and the environmental impact assessment was submitted
for approval. Start-up is planned for December 2009.
Projects under Development
Endesa Chile continuously analyzes different growth opportunities in the countries in which it
participates, including the following:
Chile. Quintero Power Plant
The construction of a thermal plant consisting of two gas turbines of approximately 125 MW
each, capable of operating with diesel and natural gas. For its connection to the SIC, a 1x220 kV
line approximately 40 km long will be built between Quintero and the San Luis de Transquillota
substation.
During July 2007 the projects environmental impact assessment was submitted to the
environmental impact evaluation system together with a request for provisional authorization. On
September 28, the contract was signed for the supply, assembly, testing and start-up of the plants
electrical-mechanical equipment with GE Power. Start-up is planned for the first half of 2009.
Chile. Los Cóndores Project
The project is located in the Maule river basin, in Chiles Seventh Region. The project
consists of the construction of a hydroelectric power station of 150 MW that would directly receive
the water flows from the Maule Lake, using existing intake and new concrete pipe 4 km long and 9 km
long tunnels. On June 5, 2007 the project was submitted to the environmental impact evaluation
system, and was approved on April 16, 2008.
Chile. Piruquina Mini Hydro Project
Developed by Endesa Eco, the project is located in the island of Chiloé, 17 km from Castro.
The project consists of the construction of a 6 MW to 8 MW run-of-river hydro plant which will take
water flow from the Carihueico River. In October 2007, a feasibility study was finalized defining
the plants technical characteristics. The capacity to be installed is 7.6 MW. In November, the
projects basic engineering and the preparation of environmental studies were begun.
Chile. Neltume-Choshuenco Hydroelectric Project
The Neltume and Choshuenco projects are located in Chiles 14th Region of Los Ríos, on the
upper part of the river Valdivia basin. The Neltume project consists of the construction of a
473 MW hydro plant with regulation in Lake Pirehueico. The Choshuenco project uses the flows of the
river Llanquihue at its source, at
the junction with the rivers Fui and Neltume, with the possibility of building a run-of-river
hydro plant of 128 MW. The connection to the SIC will be by way of a line between the Neltume plant
and either the Ciruelos or Loncoche substation. Project studies progressed in 2007 and a
feasibility study was completed, in order to define the capacity to be installed at each of the
plants.
67
Chile. Canela 2 Wind Farm Project
Canela 2 wind farm proyect is being developed by Sociedad Generadora Eólica Canela S.A., a
subsidiary of Endesa Eco. This project contemplates the expansion of the existing 18 MW wind farm
with the installation of additional wind generators on an adjoining site. It is feasible to install
up to an additional 60 MW, to be defined during 2008.
Chile. Quintero Quillota Pipeline
Developed by Electrogás, this project involves the installation of a 28.1 km pipeline to
transport the natural gas that will be obtained in the LNG Receiving Terminal at Quintero.
Electrogás has a government concession to transport natural gas granted by the Chilean State. The
approval of the environmental authority has been obtained.
On July 9, 2007, a contract was signed with GNL Quintero S.A. for the firm transport service
of 15 million cubic standard daily meters of natural gas for the period from 2009 to 2029. On
November 15, 2007 an agreement was signed with the same company for interconnection between the
natural gas production and transport installations.
During 2007, the basic engineering was completed, most of the detailed engineering was carried
out, easements were granted for 82% of the land where the works will be built, purchase orders were
placed for the supply of all the pipeline pipes and the tender processes were begun for the supply
of the projects principal equipment. The pipeline will start operations in the first half of 2009.
Chile. HidroAysén Project
The HidroAysén hydropower project consists of the construction of five hydroelectric power
stations, with an aggregate capacity of 2,750 MW, two of them in the Baker River (660 MW and
360 MW) and the other three in the Pascua River (500 MW, 770 MW and 460 MW). Connection to the SIC
electric grid consists of a nearly 2,000 km, 500 kV high-voltage direct current transmission line.
The project is on schedule, and as of the date of this report, has been primarily focused on field
engineering studies and environmental analysis.
Progress with the environmental and social base line (LBAS) for the project as of
December 31, 2007 is 100% and that of the LBAS complementary studies is estimated at 42%. The
environmental impact assessment is expected to be submitted to the authority in the first half of
2008.
Colombia. Quimbo Hydroelectric Project
The Quimbo hydroelectric plant, located in the department of Huila, will have an installed
capacity of 400 MW. The feasibility study and the environmental impact studies began in 2007.
Major Encumbrances
Endesa Costaneras debt with Mitsubishi Corporation was used to finance the purchase of
equipment. As of December 31, 2007, the value of the assets pledged as a guarantee of this debt
was Ch$ 75 billion. Additionally, Endesa Costanera has executed liens in favor of Credit Suisse
First Boston in order to guarantee a loan in the amount of Ch$ 27 billion as of December 31, 2006.
Pangue executed the following liens and mortgages: (1) a first mortgage on the water rights
and real estate on which the power plant is located; (2) a lien on the electricity lines, machinery
and equipment of the power plant; and (3) a prohibition on selling, transfering or encumbering such
assets, including the definitive concession to establish the Pangue power plant. The value of the
pledged assets was Ch$ 98 billion as of
December 31, 2007. These encumbrances and prohibitions guarantee the obligations of Pangue
with the project lenders: Export Development Corporation and Kreditanstalt für Wiederaufbau.
68
Edegel, as the result of the merger with Etevensa, has a debt which Etevensa used to finance
the construction of the power plant Ventanilla. As of December 31, 2007, the value of the assets
pledged as a guarantee of this debt was Ch$ 121 billion.
Item 4A. Unresolved Staff Comments
None.
Item 5. Operating and Financial Review and Prospects
A. Operating results
General
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial
statements, included in Item 18 in this annual report, and Selected financial data, included in
Item 3 herein. Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with Chilean GAAP,
which differs in some important respects from U.S. GAAP. See Note 32 to our audited consolidated
financial statements, included in Item 18 herein.
| 1. |
|
Discussion of Main Factors Affecting Operating Results and Financial Condition of the Company |
Until October 2005, we owned and operated electricity generation companies in Chile,
Argentina, Colombia, Peru and also Brazil. Since then, Endesa Chile ceased to consolidate
Cachoeira Dourada, the power plant in Brazil, contributing this asset to Endesa Brasil (See Item
4. Information on the Company A. History and Development of the Company for details on Endesa
Brasil). Revenues, cash flow and equity income primarily come from the electricity generation
business of Endesa Chile itself and of our subsidiaries and affiliates, which operate in these five
countries. For the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, nongeneration revenues, related
to engineering consulting services and third-party sales, represented 3%, 5% and 5%, respectively,
of total consolidated revenues in each of those three years.
Factors such as hydrological conditions, regulatory developments, extraordinary actions
adopted by government authorities and economic conditions, including growth rate, and exchange
rates in each country in which we operate are important in determining our financial results.
Also, our reported results of operations and financial position are significantly affected by BT
64, which relates to the consolidation of the results of our companies outside of Chile, as well as
other critical accounting policies.
Our portfolio strategy, with operations in different countries within South America, allows
the impact of significant changes in one country to be offset by opposing changes in other
countries, leading to nonmaterial impacts on consolidated figures. The impact of these factors on
us, for the years covered by this report, is discussed below.
a. Hydrological Conditions
In terms of installed capacity, in 2005, 2006 and 2007, approximately 67%, 64% and 63% of
Endesa Chiles total installed capacity, respectively, has been hydroelectric. Consolidated
hydroelectric capacity was 7,898 MW as of December 31, 2005, 7,876 MW as of December 31, 2006 and
7,968 MW as of December 31, 2007. Hydro capacity in 2005 considers the deconsolidation of Cachoeira
Dourada in October 2005. In 2007, total hydro capacity was increased by 92 MW mainly coming from
Emgesa and Endesa Chile. (See Item 4. Information on the Company A. History and Development of
the Company). As of December 31, 2007, 63% of our consolidated generation capacity is dependent
upon the hydrological conditions prevailing in the countries in which we operate, although only
extreme hydrological conditions materially affect the Companys operating results and financial
condition.
69
Hydrological conditions for the period between 2005 and 2007 have not led to material changes
in the financial condition and results of operations of Endesa Chile. Hydroelectric generation was
38,068 GWh in 2005, 38,617 GWh in 2006 and 32,688 GWh in 2007. The generation decrease in 2007 is
associated with dryer conditions in Chile, Argentina and Colombia. Total operating income was
Ch$ 433.0 billion in 2005, Ch$ 541.8 billion in 2006 and Ch$ 570.8 billion in 2007.
In Endesa Chile, we may compensate for the effect on physical and monetary sales of low
hydrology (reservoir levels, rainfall and snow), in the geographical areas where our power plants
are located, with thermal generation and electricity purchases. The thermal capacity owned by the
company and the ability to purchase electricity from other generators, given the regulatory
framework of the industry in the countries in which we operate, enables Endesa Chile to increase
thermal generation and/or purchase electricity from other industry players in order to maintain the
level of physical sales when hydrological conditions lead to a reduction in hydroelectric
generation. Additionally, when hydrology is low, given the industry structure and the percentage
of hydroelectric generation capacity in the countries in which we operate, the market price of
electricity generally increases. Low hydrology may therefore lead to greater revenues (depending
on the weight of all the effects), and sometimes, greater operating income.
In terms of expenses, operating costs of thermal generation and energy purchases are greater
than the Companys corresponding variable cost of hydroelectric generation. The cost of thermal
generation does not directly depend on the level of hydrology. However, the cost of electricity
purchases in the spot market does depend on the hydrology.
The impact of low hydrology on operating results depends on the sensitivity or reaction to
electricity prices in the market, the severity of the impact of hydrological conditions on the
Companys hydroelectric generation, the Companys cost of thermal generation and the need for
energy purchases. The effect on market prices may either partially or completely compensate
(depending on the conditions of all relevant market factors) for the higher cost of sales, leading
to an insignificant impact on operating results. Thermal generation was 12,054 GWh in 2005,
14,332 GWh in 2006 and 17,796 GWh in 2007. Total fuel expenses reached Ch$ 168.2 billion in 2005,
Ch$ 251.5 billion in 2006 and Ch$ 494.9 billion in 2007. Energy purchases reached 6,396 GWh in
2005, 4,730 GWh in 2006 and 5,722 GWh in 2007. The cost of energy purchases was Ch$ 139.2 billion
in 2005, Ch$ 130.9 billion in 2006 and Ch$ 127.4 billion in 2007.
b. Regulatory Developments
The regulatory frameworks governing our business in the five countries where Endesa operates
have a material effect on our results from operations. In particular, regulators in the countries
in which we operate set generation tariffs taking into consideration mainly the costs of fuels,
level of reservoirs, exchange rate, future investment in installed capacity and growth in demand,
all of which are intended to allow such companies to earn a regulated level of return on their
investment, and guarantee quality service and reliability. Accordingly, the earnings of our
subsidiaries are determined in significant part by the actions of government regulators, mainly
through the tariff fixation process. For additional information relating to the regulatory
frameworks in the countries in which we operate, and developments, if applicable, please see Item
4. Information on the Company B. Business Overview Electricity Industry Regulatory Framework.
c. Economic Conditions
Macroeconomic conditions in the countries in which we operate may have a significant effect on
our operating results. The most significant economic variables include economic growth, mainly due
to its impact on electricity demand, and the local currency exchange rate against the dollar, which
affects revenues and expenses, as well as assets and liabilities, depending on the percentage
denominated in dollars. As a result, devaluation of local currencies against the dollar shrinks our
operating margins and increases the cost of capital expenditure plans. See Item 3. Key Information
D. Risk Factors Foreign exchange risks may adversely affect our results from operations and
financial condition.
70
Economic Growth and Electricity Demand
The economies of each of the countries in which we operate continued to improve in 2007, which
has positively affected the Companys operating results as a consequence of an increase in
electricity demand.
The GDP and electricity growth rate for the years covered by this report are included in the
following table:
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|
|
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
Electricity |
|
|
GDP |
|
|
Electricity |
|
|
GDP |
|
|
Electricity |
|
| |
|
GDP |
|
|
Demand |
|
|
Growth |
|
|
Demand |
|
|
Growth (1) |
|
|
Demand |
|
| |
|
Growth (%) |
|
|
Growth (%) |
|
|
(%) |
|
|
Growth (%) |
|
|
(%) |
|
|
Growth (%) |
|
Chile |
|
|
6.3 |
|
|
|
4.0 |
|
|
|
4.2 |
|
|
|
6.0 |
|
|
|
5.2 |
|
|
|
4.5 |
(2) |
Argentina |
|
|
8.5 |
|
|
|
5.8 |
|
|
|
8.0 |
|
|
|
5.9 |
|
|
|
7.5 |
|
|
|
5.2 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
5.3 |
|
|
|
3.8 |
|
|
|
4.8 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
|
|
6.6 |
|
|
|
4.0 |
|
Brazil |
|
|
2.3 |
|
|
|
4.3 |
|
|
|
3.6 |
|
|
|
3.9 |
|
|
|
4.4 |
|
|
|
4.8 |
|
Peru |
|
|
6.4 |
|
|
|
5.0 |
|
|
|
6.0 |
|
|
|
7.7 |
|
|
|
7.0 |
|
|
|
10.7 |
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Sources: For Chile, Central Bank of Chile. For Argentina, Colombia, Brazil and Peru, World
Economic Outlook (October 2007) estimate of the International Monetary Fund, and internal Company physical
energy data for 2005-2007. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Electricity Demand Growth in the Central Interconnected System (SIC). |
Local Currency Exchange Rate
The value of the local currency in the countries in which we operate may have a significant
impact on our operating results and overall financial position depending on the percentage of
dollar-denominated assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, including depreciation and interest
expense. A devaluation or depreciation of local currencies against the dollar affects our operating
margins by increasing the value of sales denominated in dollars and the value of operating
expenses, such as fuel priced in dollars, and depreciation of assets valued in dollars when
expressed in local currency. Interest expense fixed in dollars and the value of dollar-denominated
debt on the balance sheet increase as well. Conversely, the appreciation of local currencies
against the dollar affects operating margins by reducing revenues denominated in dollars when
expressed in local currencies, and reduces the value of operating expenses denominated in dollars.
Interest expense of dollar-denominated debt also declines.
As of December 31, 2007, Endesa Chile had total consolidated indebtedness of $ 4,076 million,
of which $ 2,570 million, or approximately 63%, was denominated in dollars, and $ 509 million was
denominated in Chilean pesos. In addition to the dollar and the peso, as of December 31, 2007, our
foreign-currency denominated consolidated indebtedness included the equivalent of $ 747 million in
Colombian pesos, and $ 216 million in soles and $ 34 million in Argentine pesos.
The following table includes year-end and average local currency dollar exchanges for the
period covered by this report.
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| |
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Local Currency U.S. Dollar Exchange Rates |
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2005 |
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2006 |
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2007 |
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Average |
|
|
Year End |
|
|
Average |
|
|
Year End |
|
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Average |
|
|
Year End |
|
Chile (peso per dollar) |
|
|
558.06 |
|
|
|
512.50 |
|
|
|
529.64 |
|
|
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532.39 |
|
|
|
521.7 |
|
|
|
496.89 |
|
Argentina (peso per dollar) |
|
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2.94 |
|
|
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3.02 |
|
|
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3.08 |
|
|
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3.061 |
|
|
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3.14 |
|
|
|
3.149 |
|
Colombia (peso per dollar) |
|
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2,321.6 |
|
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2,285.0 |
|
|
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2,358.3 |
|
|
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2,239.0 |
|
|
|
2,074 |
|
|
|
2,014 |
|
Brazil (reais per dollar) |
|
|
2.44 |
|
|
|
2.34 |
|
|
|
2.17 |
|
|
|
2.14 |
|
|
|
1.94 |
|
|
|
1.77 |
|
Peru (sol per dollar) |
|
|
3.30 |
|
|
|
3.42 |
|
|
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3.27 |
|
|
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3.20 |
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3.13 |
|
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|
2.99 |
|
For the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, our revenues amounted to $ 3,476 million
of which approximately 19% were denominated in dollars, and approximately 47% were linked in some
way to the dollar. On the other hand, the equivalent of $ 183 million were revenues in pesos,
$ 359 million in Colombian pesos, $ 525 million in Argentine pesos and $ 113 million in soles.
71
d. Technical Bulletin 64 and Other Critical Accounting Policies
Technical Bulletin 64
Our consolidation of the results of our non-Chilean subsidiaries is governed by Technical
Bulletin 64 (BT 64). BT 64 establishes a mechanism to consolidate the financial results of a
non-Chilean company, which are prepared in local GAAP and denominated in local currency, with the
financial results of its Chilean parent company, which are prepared in Chilean GAAP and denominated
in pesos. The implementation of BT 64 affects the reporting of our operating results. In
particular, exchange rate variations, if significant, can materially affect the amounts of
operating revenues and expenses reported in the Companys consolidated financial statements in
Chilean GAAP, as well as generate material non-operating gains and losses.
BT 64-Conversion Effect. BT 64 requires Endesa Chile to convert the financial statements of
its non-Chilean subsidiaries from local currency to dollars and to restate these financial
statements into Chilean GAAP. A restatement could convert the dollar amounts into pesos. The gain
or loss resulting from this balance sheet conversion is referred to as the conversion effect. To
convert monetary assets and liabilities of its non-Chilean subsidiaries to dollars, Endesa Chile
must use the dollar/local currency exchange rate applicable at period-end. In order to convert
Endesa Chiles equity interests in such subsidiaries, as well as such subsidiaries nonmonetary
assets and liabilities, to dollars, Endesa Chile must use the dollar/local currency exchange rate
applicable at the time when such equity interests or nonmonetary assets or liabilities were
acquired or incurred.
In addition, BT 64 requires income and expense accounts (except for the expenses incurred in
connection with depreciation and amortization) of foreign subsidiaries to be converted into dollars
at the average exchange rate of the month during which such results or expenses were recorded. All
amounts converted from local currency to dollars are then converted from dollars to pesos at the
exchange rate applicable at the end of the reporting period. The currency conversion can have
different effects on results when consolidating these figures in Chilean GAAP depending on the
behavior of the peso in regards to the dollar. For example, an appreciation of the peso over the
dollar will result in the reduction of revenues and expenses of foreign subsidiaries when
consolidating. This effect can be compensated or aggravated depending on whether the local exchange
rate, in the markets where our international subsidiaries operate, devalued or appreciated against
the dollar.
BT 64 may exclude from our reported financial position the effect of devaluation on
nonmonetary assets of devaluation in the countries in which our subsidiaries and investments are
located. The currency conversion from local currencies to dollars can have different effects
depending on a foreign subsidiarys structure of monetary and nonmonetary assets and liabilities.
For example, when a foreign subsidiary has more monetary assets than monetary liabilities, a
devaluation of the applicable local currency against the dollar may result in a loss due to the
effects of the currency conversion. On the other hand, the appreciation of the applicable local
currency results in a gain. The reverse is also true for foreign subsidiaries with more monetary
liabilities than monetary assets, where a devaluation of the applicable local currency against the
dollar may result in a gain, whereas an appreciation may result in a loss. The recent fluctuations
of the exchange rates between the currencies of the countries where we operate and the dollar, as
well as in the exchange rate between the peso and the dollar, have materially affected the
comparability of our results of operations during the periods discussed because of this conversion
effect.
BT 64-Equity Hedge. BT 64 allows dollar-denominated debt incurred in connection with the
acquisition of equity in non-Chilean subsidiaries located in unstable countries to be hedged by the
investing company against and limited to the book value of such equity investments. For purposes
of BT 64, all the countries where we have investments Argentina, Brazil, Colombia and Peru are
considered unstable countries. This hedge results in the elimination of the effects of exchange
rate variations on the debt incurred in connection with such investments. If the book value of an
equity investment is lower than the dollar-denominated debt incurred in connection with its
acquisition, the results of the exchange rate fluctuations affecting the amount of
dollar-denominated debt that is not hedged are included in determining net income. On the other
hand, if the book value of an equity investment is higher than the dollar-denominated debt incurred
in connection with its acquisition, then the results of the exchange rate fluctuations affecting
the book value of the equity that is not hedged are recorded in cumulative translation adjustment
in a reserve account as part of shareholders equity referred to as cumulative translation
adjustment for GAAP purposes.
72
U.S. GAAP Reconciliation
Our audited consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with Chilean
GAAP, which differs in certain significant respects from U.S. GAAP. See Note 32 to our audited
Consolidated Financial Statements for a description of the principal differences between Chilean
GAAP and U.S. GAAP, as well as the reconciliation to U.S. GAAP of net income and total
shareholders equity.
The principal differences between Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP as they relate to the Company are
(i) the effects on goodwill and negative goodwill from the application of fair value purchase
accounting, (ii) the effects of accounting for derivatives at fair value, (iii) the effects of
adjustments to U.S. GAAP in equity method investments, (iv) the effects of eliminating capitalized
exchange rate differences and general and administrative expenses capitalized in fixed assets, (v)
the effects of recording a liability related to minimum dividends payable and (vi) the elimination
of complementary accounts in deferred taxes as well as the tax impact of other reconciling
differences.
The following table sets out the differences between consolidated net income (loss) and
Shareholders Equity as reported under Chilean GAAP and U.S. GAAP:
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Chilean GAAP |
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U.S. GAAP |
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(in millions of constant Ch$ as of December 31, 2007) |
|
Net income for the year ended December 31: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2005 |
|
|
121,304 |
|
|
|
109,958 |
|
2006 |
|
|
203,567 |
|
|
|
227,574 |
|
2007 |
|
|
192,439 |
|
|
|
181,442 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Shareholders equity as of December 31: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
2005 |
|
|
1,800,825 |
|
|
|
1,406,038 |
|
2006 |
|
|
1,927,089 |
|
|
|
1,550,839 |
|
2007 |
|
|
1,884,227 |
|
|
|
1,596,838 |
|
Critical Accounting Policies Affecting Operating Results
Financial Reporting Release 60 encourages all companies to include a discussion of critical
accounting policies or methods used in the preparation of the financial statements. Critical
accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and
uncertainties, which would potentially result in materially different results under different
assumptions and conditions. We believe that our critical accounting policies in the preparation of
our Chilean GAAP financial statements are limited to the policies described below. In many cases,
Chilean GAAP specifically dictates the accounting treatment of a particular transaction and does
not allow for managements judgment in its application. For a summary of significant accounting
policies and methods used in the preparation of the financial statements, see note 2 to our
consolidated financial statements.
Impairment of Long-lived Assets
In accordance with Chilean GAAP, the Company evaluates the recoverability of the carrying
amount of property, plant and equipment and other long-lived assets in relation to its recoverable
value (calculated based on the operating performance and future undiscounted cash flows of the
underlying business), evaluated on an entity-by-entity basis, in order to determine whether there
is an indication of impairment. These standards require that an impairment loss be recognized in
the event that facts and circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of an asset may not be
fully recoverable. Impairment is recorded based on useful value (useful value is the present
value of estimated future cash flows) compared with current carrying amounts. The factors
considered in determining the recoverability of long-lived assets depend on the Companys business
plan expectations, including a macroeconomic framework with considerations regarding GDP growth,
inflation, interest and exchange rates, estimations of expected growth for energy demand,
forecasted installed capacity, hydrology, regulation and tariff frameworks, and variable and fixed
costs, among others, all of which have a significant impact on the calculation.
73
Impairment of our property, plant and equipment, and other long-lived assets could have a
materially adverse impact on our operating income in any given period depending on the results of
impairment tests. For the years ending December 31, 2007, 2006 and 2005, management determined
that the book value of our assets did not exceed their recoverable value. Given that certain key
economic factors, weather conditions and worldwide prices for the fuels used in the production of
energy are subject to fluctuations, it is probable that forecasted operating conditions could
change from one period to another.
Impairment of Goodwill
Under Chilean GAAP, accounting for goodwill requires management to estimate the appropriate
amortization period and evaluate the recoverability of the carrying value of goodwill in those
cases where there may be an indication of a loss. The maximum goodwill amortization period under
Chilean GAAP is 20 years. Factors that are considered in estimating the appropriate amortization
period of goodwill include:
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the foreseeable life of the business, and the expectation of future benefits
associated with the business or with unidentifiable assets; |
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expected actions by competitors and potential competitors; and |
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legal, regulatory or contractual provisions affecting the useful life. |
The recoverability analysis for goodwill is carried out systematically at the end of every
year, or more frequently if such analysis is deemed necessary.
In the calculation of goodwill recoverability, we have used useful value. The preparation
of forecasts of future cash flows before taxes is carried out under budgets which are based on a
macroeconomic framework with considerations regarding estimations for GDP growth, inflation,
interest rates and exchange rates, expected growth for energy demand, forecasted installed
capacity, hydrology, regulation and tariff frameworks, variable and fixed costs, among others, all
of which have a significant impact on the calculation. Therefore, they include the best available
estimations for revenues and costs for the different companies using industry projections, past
experience, and future expectations for the next five years, and reasonable growth rates for years
thereon.
Based on the results of these estimations for the different cash generating units, management
considers that as of December 31, 2007, recorded goodwill will be fully recoverable in the future.
Estimation of Fair Value of Certain Energy Contracts under U.S. GAAP
Certain of our generation commodity contracts that are considered as derivatives are required
to be accounted for at fair value under U.S. GAAP. Fair value estimates for these contracts, for
which no quoted prices or secondary market exists, are made using valuation techniques such as
forward pricing models, present value of estimated future cash flows and other modeling techniques.
These estimates of fair value include assumptions made by the Company about market variables that
may change in the future. The internal variables used in the model are historic hydrology, energy
demand, fuel and coal prices, and installed capacity, among others. External variables are foreign
exchange rate, inflation and the appropriate interest rate for discounting future cash flows.
Changes in assumptions could have a significant impact on our estimate of fair values
disclosed. As a result, such fair value amounts are subject to a significant volatility and are
highly dependent on the quality of the assumptions used.
74
As of December 31, 2006 and 2007, the amounts of energy contracts accounted at fair value are:
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Year ended December 31, |
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2006 |
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2007 |
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(in million of Ch$) |
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Model using internal data (1) |
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1,299.5 |
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2,081.8 |
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Model using external data only |
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0 |
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0 |
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|
| (1) |
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The model using internal data also relies on external data. |
Litigation and Contingencies
The Company is currently involved in certain legal and tax proceedings. As discussed in note
26 of our consolidated financial statements, as of December 31, 2007, we have accrued an estimate
of the probable costs for the resolution of these claims. We arrived at this estimate in
consultation with legal and tax counsel handling our defense in these matters and an analysis of
potential results, assuming a combination of litigation and settlement strategies.
Except for material proceedings described in note 26 of our consolidated financial statements
as of December 31, 2007, we are not aware as of the date of this filing of any material legal or
tax proceedings.
Pension and Post-Retirement Benefits Liabilities
We have significant pension and post-retirement benefit plan liabilities, which are developed
using actuarial valuations. Inherent in these valuations are key assumptions, including, for
example, discount rates. We are required to consider current market conditions, including changes
in interest rates, in selecting these assumptions. Changes in the related pension and
post-retirement benefit liabilities may occur in the future due to changes resulting from
fluctuations in our related headcount or to changes in the assumptions. The net pension and
post-retirement liability recorded under U.S. GAAP was Ch$ 31.0 billion, Ch$ 32.2 billion and
Ch$ 29.8 billion as of December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007, respectively.
The following table shows the effect of a 1% reduction in discount rate on our projected
benefit obligation for the periods indicated.
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Year ended December 31, |
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2006 |
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2007 |
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| |
|
(increase in millions of Ch$) |
|
Projected benefit obligation |
|
|
1,920 |
|
|
|
1,798 |
|
The following table shows the effect of a 1% reduction in the discount rate on our accumulated
post-retirement benefit obligation for the periods indicated.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(increase in millions of Ch$) |
|
Accumulated postretirement benefit obligation |
|
|
713 |
|
|
|
741 |
|
Introduction of International Financial Reporting Standards
On August 28, 2007, the SVS issued an official announcement ruling the adoption of
International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) in Chile, starting on January 1, 2009. The
Company will have to adopt IFRS as of this date. According to the convergence plan defined by the
Company, it is currently evaluating the impacts that the application of IFRS will have on the
financial statements.
75
SAB 74 Disclosures Recent Accounting Pronouncements
Fair Value Measurement
In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurement. SFAS No. 157 which
standardizes the measurement of fair value for companies who are required to use a fair value
measure for recognition or disclosure purposes. The FASB defines fair value as the price that
would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction
between market participants at the measurement date. SFAS No. 157 is effective for financial
statements issued for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007 for financial assets and
financial liabilities and November 15, 2008 for nonfinancial assets and nonfinancial-liabilities
and interim periods within those fiscal years. The Company is currently evaluating the impact, if
any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 157.
The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities
In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Options for Financial Assets
and Financial Liabilities. SFAS No. 159 permits an entity, on a contract-by-contract basis, to
make an irrevocable election to account for certain types of financial instruments and warranty and
insurance contracts at fair value, rather than historical cost, with changes in the fair value,
whether realized or unrealized, recognized in earnings. SFAS No. 159 is effective as of the
beginning of the entitys first fiscal year that begins after November 15, 2007. The Company is
evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 159.
Business Combinations
In December 2007, FASB issued SFAS No. 141 (revised 2007), Business Combinations (SFAS No.
141(R)). The objective of SFAS No. 141(R) is to improve the relevance, representational
faithfulness, and comparability of the information that a reporting entity provides in its
financial reports about a business combination and its effects. To accomplish that, this statement
establishes principles and requirements for how the acquirer (1) recognizes and measures in its
financial statements the identifiable assets acquired, the liabilities assumed and any
non-controlling interest in the acquiree, (2) recognizes and measures the goodwill acquired in the
business combination or a gain from a bargain purchase and (3) determines what information to
disclose to enable users of the financial statements to evaluate the nature and financial effects
of the business combination. SFAS No. 141(R) shall be applied prospectively to business
combinations for which the acquisition date is on or after the beginning of the first annual
reporting period beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The Company is evaluating the impact, if
any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 141(R).
Non-controlling Interest in Consolidated Financial Statements
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Non-controlling Interest in Consolidated
Financial Statements. SFAS No. 160 amends Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51, Consolidated
Financial Statements, to establish accounting and reporting standards for the non-controlling
interest in a subsidiary and for the deconsolidation of a subsidiary. According to SFAS No. 160, a
non-controlling interest, sometimes called a minority interest, is the portion of equity in a
subsidiary not attributable, directly or indirectly, to a parent. The objective of SFAS No. 160 is
to improve the relevance, comparability and transparency of the financial information that a
reporting entity provides in its consolidated financial statements. SFAS No. 160 is effective for
fiscal years and interim periods within those fiscal years beginning on or after December 15, 2008.
The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 160.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities
In March 2008, the FASB issued FASB Statement No. 161, Disclosures about Derivative
Instruments and Hedging Activities. The new standard is intended to improve financial reporting
about derivative instruments and hedging activities by requiring enhanced disclosure to better
explain their effects on an entitys financial position, financial performance and cash flows. It
is effective for financial statements issued
for fiscal years and interim periods beginning after November 15, 2008, with early application
encouraged. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, of the adoption of SFAS No. 161.
76
| 2. |
|
Country by Country Comparative Analysis of Operating Results and Details of Non-Operating
Figures 2006 vs. 2007 |
Revenues from operations
During 2007, the year end appreciation of the peso against the dollar was 7.1%, negatively
affecting revenues from foreign operations when compared to 2006, while the Sol and the Colombian
peso appreciated 6.9% and 11.4%, respectively in 2007. It is important to note this exchange
difference when comparing annual figures in pesos. This treatment is in accordance with the
accounting rules governing foreign currency results as required in BT 64.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| Revenues from sales |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(as a % of total) |
|
Chile |
|
|
49.3 |
|
|
|
56.5 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
17.6 |
|
|
|
15.3 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
20.5 |
|
|
|
18.4 |
|
Peru |
|
|
12.6 |
|
|
|
9.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Consolidated Revenues |
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
100.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Other non-core business revenues accounted for 4.8% of total consolidated revenues in both
2007 and 2006. These businesses are engineering consulting services and third-party sales. The
tables below sets forth the breakdown by country of Endesa Chiles total revenues from operations
and volume of GWh sales for 2006 and 2007, and the percentages change from year to year:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% |
|
| Revenues |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Chile |
|
|
708,516 |
|
|
|
976,559 |
|
|
|
37.8 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
252,837 |
|
|
|
264,941 |
|
|
|
4.8 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
294,088 |
|
|
|
318,085 |
|
|
|
8.2 |
|
Peru |
|
|
180,628 |
|
|
|
167,379 |
|
|
|
(7.3 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Revenues |
|
|
1,436,068 |
|
|
|
1,726,964 |
|
|
|
20.3 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% |
|
| Energy Sales |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
Change |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
Chile |
|
|
20,923 |
|
|
|
19,212 |
|
|
|
(8.2 |
) |
Argentina |
|
|
13,926 |
|
|
|
12,406 |
|
|
|
(10.9 |
) |
Colombia |
|
|
15,327 |
|
|
|
15,613 |
|
|
|
1.9 |
|
Peru |
|
|
6,767 |
|
|
|
7,994 |
|
|
|
18.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
56,943 |
|
|
|
55,225 |
|
|
|
(3.0 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total revenues in Chile in 2007 increased by 37.8% from Ch$ 708.5 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 976.6 billion in 2007, as a result of higher regulated prices and spot prices, on average.
Endesa Chile and its Chilean subsidiaries sold 2,430 GWh on the spot market, where the average
energy market price was $ 172.5 per MWh. The decline in physical sales was 8.2%, mainly explained
by a 51.3% decrease in energy sales to the spot market to 2,430 GWh, partially compensated by a
6.9% increase of energy sales to regulated customers to 11,502 GWh, at a node price which is the
result of a price-setting system that reflects the new energy matrix in Chile. The prices for
non-regulated customers, during 2007 compared with 2006, showed an increase in value, which
positively affected the companys revenues, reflecting the higher costs of generation
of the system. The total average sales price of Endesa Chile in Chile increased by 58.3%, from
Ch$ 30.6 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 48.5 per kWh in 2007.
77
Total revenues in Argentina increased by 4.8% in 2007, from Ch$ 252.8 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 264.9 billion in 2007. This improvement was the result of higher average prices during 2007,
which offset the 10.9% decrease in physical sales. Physical energy sales from El Chocón amounted to
3,956 GWh, a 23.8% decrease from 2006. The effect of the BT 64 conversion decreased revenues by
Ch$ 9.4 billion. Energy volume sold by Endesa Costanera decreased by 3.3% to 8,450 GWh compared to
8,736 GWh in 2006, due to lower generation. There was also an increase in energy prices following
the higher reference price of natural gas determined by the local regulator. In Argentina, the
sales mix at spot and non-regulated prices was 80.9% and 19.1%, respectively. For additional
information of Main Distribution and Trading Customers in Argentina see Item 4. Information on the
Company B. Business Overview.
The average sale price for our Argentine subsidiaries, expressed in pesos, increased by 17.6%,
from Ch$ 18.2 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 21.4 per kWh in 2007. However, when expressed in Argentine
local currency, the average energy sale price increased by 37.5% in 2007. The increase in the
average sale price is mainly due to an increase in the wholesale market spot price.
Total revenues in Colombia (Emgesa) increased by 8.2%, from Ch$ 294.1 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 318.1 billion in 2007, primarily due to the new reliability charge, which started to apply in
2007 and positively affected revenues by approximately $ 40 million. The sales mix in 2007 at
regulated, spot and non-regulated prices was 51.5%, 32.5% and 16.0%, respectively. For additional
information of Main Distribution and Trading Customers in Colombia see Item 4. Information on the
Company B. Business Overview. Our Colombian subsidiaries average price, expressed in pesos,
rose by 6.2%, from Ch$ 19.1 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 20.3 per kWh in 2007. When expressed in
Colombian local currency, the nominal average sales price increase was 13.8% in 2007.
Revenues of our electricity generator in Peru (Edegel) decreased by 7.3%, from
Ch$ 180.6 billion in 2006 to Ch$ 167.4 billion in 2007, primarily due to a 21.6% lower average
sales price, which offset the 18.1% increase of physical energy sales. The drop in average prices
is a consequence of the good hydrology and the reduction of the regulated price due to the
indexation to the local exchange rate and to the lower price of natural gas. The sales mix at
non-regulated, regulated and spot prices was 53%, 41.7% and 5.3%, respectively. For additional
information of Main Distribution and Trading Customers in Peru see Item 4. Information on the
Company B. Business Overview. The companys average sales price, expressed in pesos, declined
from Ch$ 26.5 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 20.8 per kWh in 2007, as a result of the 15.1% appreciation of
the Chilean peso against the dollar in real terms, partially compensated by the 4.6% appreciation
of the sol against the dollar. When expressed in Peruvian local currency, the nominal average
sales price decreased by 13.1% in 2007.
Operating Expenses
The table below sets forth the breakdown by country of operating expenses for 2006 and 2007
and the percentage change from year to year:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Operating Expenses (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile (2) |
|
|
374,671 |
|
|
|
619,364 |
|
|
|
65.3 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
211,514 |
|
|
|
235,519 |
|
|
|
11.3 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
158,854 |
|
|
|
152,793 |
|
|
|
(3.8 |
) |
Peru |
|
|
108,263 |
|
|
|
112,328 |
|
|
|
3.8 |
|
Consolidated Adjustments Foreign Subs |
|
|
1,341 |
|
|
|
951 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
851,961 |
|
|
|
1,119,053 |
|
|
|
31.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Excludes SG&A expenses. |
| |
| (2) |
|
Includes all subsidiaries and investment vehicles in Chile. |
78
Operating costs in Chile increased by 65.3% in 2007 compared to 2006, given lower
hydroelectric generation and higher thermal generation using diesel instead of natural gas, as
natural gas restrictions from Argentina continued during 2007. This situation led fuel costs in
Chile to increase by Ch$ 223.3 billion during the year. The average variable cost of generation,
excluding the cost of energy purchases, rose by 139.4%, from Ch$ 9.4 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 22.5
per kWh in 2007, as a result of the 97.9% increase in thermal electric generation. The cost of
electricity purchases, including energy and capacity, increased from Ch$ 57.8 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 59.8 billion in 2007, despite a 20.9% decrease in physical energy purchases. The average price
of purchases increased from Ch$ 43.9 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 57.4 per kWh in 2007.
Operating expenses in Argentina increased by Ch$ 24.0 billion, from Ch$ 211.5 billion in 2006
to Ch$ 235.5 billion in 2007. Hydro and thermoelectric generation decreased by 26.7% and 3.3%,
respectively. The cost of fuel increased by Ch$ 24.0 billion in 2007, due to higher prices of fuel
in the generation of electricity when compared to the price of fuels in 2006. The average variable
generating cost increased from Ch$ 11.4 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 14.7 per kWh in 2007. Electricity
purchases, including energy and capacity, rose by Ch$ 708 million in 2007, due to an increase in
physical energy purchases in the spot market, which led the average purchase price decrease from
Ch$ 23.2 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 18.1 per kWh in 2007. The combined effect of the appreciation of
the peso against the dollar and the depreciation of the Argentine peso against the dollar decreased
total operating expenses in 2007 when compared to 2006 by Ch$ 30.3 billion.
Colombias operating expenses decreased by 3.8%, from Ch$ 158.9 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 152.8 billion in 2007. The average variable generation cost, excluding the cost of energy
purchases, increased from Ch$ 4.1 per kWh in 2006 to Ch$ 9.2 per kWh in 2007. Tolls and energy
transportation costs increased by Ch$ 8.7 billion. The 54.2% increase in thermal generation caused
fuel costs to increase by Ch$ 2.7 billion. Electricity purchases, including energy and capacity,
decreased by Ch$ 13.8 billion in 2007, due to lower energy costs in certain periods of the year and
to energy trading operations. Average purchase price dropped from Ch$ 19.5 per kWh in 2006 to
Ch$ 11.1 per kWh in 2007. The combination of the appreciation of the peso and the appreciation of
the Colombian peso against the dollar in 2007, led to a net increase of Ch$ 6.4 billion.
Operating expenses in Peru increased by 3.8% from Ch$ 108.3 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 112.3 billion in 2007. This was primarily due to an increase of Ch$ 7.5 billion of energy
purchases as a consequence of higher physical energy purchases in the spot market due to a capacity
constraint in the transmission line in the northern region of the country. This was offset by
lower fuel costs of Ch$ 6.4 billion due to lower cost of natural gas, despite the fact that thermal
generation increased by 32.7% in 2007. The average variable generating cost, excluding the cost of
electricity purchases, was Ch$ 8.2 per kWh in 2006 compared to Ch$ 6.2 per kWh in 2007. The
combination of the appreciation of the peso and the appreciation of the sol against the dollar in
2007 led to a net decrease in operating expenses of Ch$ 10.6 billion.
Administrative and Selling Expenses
Administrative and selling expenses relate to compensation, administrative expenses,
depreciation and amortization, and office materials and supplies. These expenses decreased by
Ch$ 5.2 billion in 2007.
The table below sets forth the breakdown of selling and administrative expenses for 2006 and
2007 and the percentage change from year to year:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007 except percentages) |
|
Administrative and Selling Expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
21,251 |
|
|
|
19,556 |
|
|
|
(8.0 |
) |
Argentina |
|
|
3,516 |
|
|
|
3,729 |
|
|
|
6.1 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
4,925 |
|
|
|
5,021 |
|
|
|
1.9 |
|
Peru |
|
|
12,719 |
|
|
|
8,898 |
|
|
|
(30.0 |
) |
Consolidated Adjustment Foreign Subs |
|
|
111 |
|
|
|
123 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Selling and Administrative Expense |
|
|
42,300 |
|
|
|
37,081 |
|
|
|
(12.3 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
79
The decrease in Selling and Administrative expenses of 12.3% mainly comes from Peru and Chile.
In Peru, the 30% decrease is due to lower compensation to employees and taxes that as of
December 2006 were included in Selling and Administrative Expenses, but in December 2007 were
accounted to Generation Costs and the increase in financial advisory fees accounted in 2006 for the
Etevensa merger with Edegel. In Chile, the 8.0% lower Selling and Administrative Expenses is
explained by a decrease in general expenses and lower compensation to employees.
Operating Margin and Operating Income
Our operating margin, which is operating income as a percentage of revenues, decreased from
37.7% in 2006 to 33.1% in 2007. This decrease is due to lower operating margins reported in Chile,
Argentina and Peru, partially offset by the higher operating margin in Colombia. The following is
our operating margin by country:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(percentage based on figures in |
|
| |
|
Chilean GAAP in millions of Ch$ as |
|
| |
|
of December 31, 2007) |
|
Operating Margin |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
44.1 |
% |
|
|
34.6 |
% |
Argentina |
|
|
15.5 |
% |
|
|
9.7 |
% |
Colombia |
|
|
44.3 |
% |
|
|
50.4 |
% |
Peru |
|
|
33.0 |
% |
|
|
27.6 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Operating Margin |
|
|
37.7 |
% |
|
|
33.1 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Endesa Chiles consolidated operating income reached Ch$ 570.8 billion in 2007 compared to
Ch$ 541.8 billion in 2006. The following table breaks down operating income by country for the
years ended December 31, 2006 and 2007:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% |
|
| |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Operating Income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
312,594 |
|
|
|
337,639 |
|
|
|
8.0 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
37,807 |
|
|
|
25,693 |
|
|
|
(32.0 |
) |
Colombia |
|
|
130,308 |
|
|
|
160,271 |
|
|
|
23.0 |
|
Peru |
|
|
59,645 |
|
|
|
46,153 |
|
|
|
(22.6 |
) |
Consolidated Adjustment Foreign Subs |
|
|
1,452 |
|
|
|
1,074 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Operating Income |
|
|
541,806 |
|
|
|
570,830 |
|
|
|
5.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
In Chile, operating income was Ch$ 337.6 billion for 2007, an 8.0% increase over 2006, mainly
the result of higher energy sale prices. Physical energy sales by 8.2% over the same period,
explained by 23.1%
reduced hydroelectric generation and a 98% increase in thermal production, as the hydrology in
2007 was dryer than normal. The natural gas restrictions from Argentina forced our thermal
facilities to burn diesel, boosting fuel costs up by Ch$ 223.6 billion which in turn made total
operating costs increase by 65.3% in 2007. This situation explains the decrease of the operating
margin to 34.6% in 2007 compared to 44.1% in 2006.
80
The low hydrology near El Chocóns facilities, the lack of natural gas and high fuel prices
for Endesa Costanera led 2007s operating income in Argentina to decrease to Ch$ 25.7 billion,
compared to Ch$ 37.8 billion in the previous year, a fall of 32%. These effects also explain the
drop in Argentinas operating margin from 15.5% in 2006 to 9.7% in 2007. On the other hand, sales
increased by 4.8% as a result of higher average sale prices. The operating income of Endesa
Costanera declined from Ch$ 5.3 billion to Ch$ 0.4 billion, reflecting an increase in the
consumption and cost of fuels and higher maintenance costs, which exceeded the 12.1% increase in
its energy sales. Operating income of El Chocón dropped from Ch$ 32.6 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 25.3 billion in 2007, with a 15.9% drop in sales volume due to reduced hydrology.
Operating income in Colombia was Ch$ 160.3 billion in 2007, Ch$ 30.0 billion more than that
for 2006. This improvement is mainly explained by higher revenues due to the new reliability charge
and lower costs of energy purchases; both elements explain the increase in Emgesas operating
margin from 44.3% in 2006 to 50.4% in 2007.
The Peruvian subsidiary of Endesa Chile, Edegel, accounted for operating income of
Ch$ 46.2 billion in 2007, a decrease of 22.6% from 2006, basically due to a 21.6% fall in average
energy sale prices as a result of better hydrology and a reduction in the regulated price due to
the indexation of the exchange rate and the lower cost of fuels in Peru. The latter, plus the
higher variable cost of energy purchases, made Edegels operating margin drop from 33.0% in 2006 to
27.6% in 2007.
Non-operating Results
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our non-operating results for
each of the periods indicated:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Non-operating income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest income |
|
|
15,914 |
|
|
|
23,275 |
|
|
|
46.3 |
|
Equity income of non-consolidated affiliates |
|
|
45,613 |
|
|
|
46,947 |
|
|
|
2.9 |
|
Other non-operating income |
|
|
32,185 |
|
|
|
17,916 |
|
|
|
(44.3 |
) |
Non-operating expenses: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest expense |
|
|
184,641 |
|
|
|
177,529 |
|
|
|
(3.9 |
) |
Equity losses of non-consolidated affiliates |
|
|
134 |
|
|
|
57,400 |
|
|
|
42,585.1 |
|
Goodwill amortization |
|
|
1,013 |
|
|
|
910 |
|
|
|
(10.1 |
) |
Other non-operating expenses |
|
|
46,792 |
|
|
|
85,251 |
|
|
|
82.2 |
|
Monetary correction: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Price level restatement |
|
|
1,598 |
|
|
|
8,854 |
|
|
|
454.2 |
|
Foreign Exchange translation |
|
|
3,875 |
|
|
|
16,612 |
|
|
|
328.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-operating results |
|
|
(133,395 |
) |
|
|
(207,485 |
) |
|
|
55.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-operating results for 2007 amounted to a loss of Ch$ 207.5 billion, compared to a loss of
Ch$ 133.4 billion in 2006, adversely affecting the Companys net income for the year. The most
important factors leading to this higher loss include:
The net result of investments in related companies declined by Ch$ 55.9 billion in 2007
compared to 2006, a charge largely explained by the Ch$ 48.9 billion provision due to the
investment impairment as a consequence of the lack of gas supply from Argentina and the
Ch$ 10.2 billion operating loss of Inversiones
GasAtacama Holding Limitada. This was partially offset by an improved result of
Ch$ 4.0 billion by the affiliate, Endesa Brasil S.A.
81
Other non-operating income and expenses resulted in a lower net result of Ch$ 52.7 billion in
2007, basically due to: Ch$ 23.9 billion of reduced income from the conversion adjustment, under BT
64, with respect to our foreign subsidiaries, principally Colombia and Peru; Ch$ 10.8 billion of
increased tax payment over the equity of the Colombian subsidiaries, partially offset by
Ch$ 7.4 billion in reduced indemnities and commissions received; and Ch$ 11.8 billion of lower
reversals of provisions for contingencies and litigation in previous years and a higher provision
for contingencies in Chile. The negative result of the conversion adjustment in accordance with BT
64 for our Colombian subsidiaries is mainly due to the 10% appreciation of the Colombian peso
against the dollar, which adversely affected Colombian liabilities in local currency translated
into dollars, and then to Chilean pesos for consolidation purposes under Chilean GAAP. This
accounting adjustment has no effect on the Companys cash flow.
Price-level restatements and exchange differences showed a net positive change of
Ch$ 22.1 billion in 2007 compared to 2006, from a gain of Ch$ 5.5 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 27.5 billion in 2007. This is mainly explained by exchange rate fluctuations. During 2007, the
Chilean peso appreciated 7.1% against the dollar, compared to a depreciation of 3.9% in 2006.
Consolidated interest expense declined by Ch$ 7.1 billion in 2007, from Ch$ 184.6 billion in
2006 to Ch$ 177.5 billion in 2007, a decrease of 3.9%, deriving from higher capitalized interest
expenses, a lower average interest rate and a reduced exchange rate. On the other hand, higher
average cash balances, mainly in Colombia, and higher interest rates in Chile and Argentina,
increased interest income by Ch$ 7.4 billion in 2007, from Ch$ 15.9 billion in 2006 to
Ch$ 23.3 billion in 2007.
Net Income
The following table sets forth our net income for the periods indicated:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% |
|
| |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
|
Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Operating income |
|
|
541,806 |
|
|
|
570,830 |
|
|
|
5.4 |
|
Non-operating expense |
|
|
(133,395 |
) |
|
|
(207,485 |
) |
|
|
55.5 |
|
Income before taxes, minority
interest and negative goodwill
amortization |
|
|
408,411 |
|
|
|
363,345 |
|
|
|
(11.0 |
) |
Current income taxes |
|
|
(106,771 |
) |
|
|
(80,005 |
) |
|
|
(25.1 |
) |
Deferred income taxes |
|
|
(33,769 |
) |
|
|
(33,408 |
) |
|
|
(1.1 |
) |
Total income taxes |
|
|
(140,540 |
) |
|
|
(113,413 |
) |
|
|
(19.3 |
) |
Minority interest |
|
|
(70,788 |
) |
|
|
(61,874 |
) |
|
|
(12.6 |
) |
Amortization of negative goodwill |
|
|
6,484 |
|
|
|
4,382 |
|
|
|
(32.4 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income |
|
|
203,567 |
|
|
|
192,439 |
|
|
|
(5.5 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income Taxes. Income taxes decreased by Ch$ 27.1 billion in 2007 compared to 2006.
Consolidated accumulated income tax amounted to Ch$ 113.4 billion in 2007, comprising a charge for
income tax of Ch$ 80.0 billion and Ch$ 33.4 billion of deferred taxes. Accumulated income tax was
Ch$ 26.8 billion lower than in 2006, related to a reduced taxable income, mainly in Endesa Chile
and Emgesa in Colombia. The Companys effective tax rate (the ratio of total income taxes to income
before taxes) declined from 34% in 2006 to 27.5% in 2007, due to the decrease of our income that is
taxed at the Chilean rate, which is lower than the tax rate in other countries.
Minority Interest. Minority interest expenses decreased Ch$ 8.9 billion in 2007, primarily
due to lower net income of our subsidiaries in Peru, Argentina and Colombia.
82
| 3. |
|
Country by Country Comparative Analysis of Operating Results and Details of Non-operating
Figures 2006 vs. 2005 |
Revenues from Operations
Revenues from sales in Chile accounted for 49.3% and 48.8% of our consolidated revenues in
2006 and 2005, respectively. Revenues from sales of electricity in Argentina accounted for 17.6%
of our consolidated revenues in 2006 as compared to 14.0% in 2005. Revenues from sales of
electricity in Colombia accounted for 20.5% of our consolidated revenues in 2006 as compared to
23.0% in 2005 and revenues from sales of electricity in Peru accounted for 12.6% of our
consolidated revenues in 2006 as compared to 10.5% in 2005. Other, non-core business revenues
accounted for less than 5% of total consolidated revenues in both 2006 and 2005. The tables below
sets forth the breakdown by country of Endesa Chiles total revenues from operations and volume of
GWh sales for 2005 and 2006, and the percentage change from year to year:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| Revenues |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Chile |
|
|
600,943 |
|
|
|
708,516 |
|
|
|
17.9 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
171,933 |
|
|
|
252,837 |
|
|
|
47.1 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
283,741 |
|
|
|
294,088 |
|
|
|
3.6 |
|
Brazil (1) |
|
|
45,831 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peru |
|
|
129,024 |
|
|
|
180,627 |
|
|
|
40.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Revenues |
|
|
1,231,472 |
|
|
|
1,436,068 |
|
|
|
16.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Tables include figures for Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when
Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See Item 4.
Information on the Company A. History and Development of the Company for details. |
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| Energy Sales |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
|
(GWh) |
|
Chile |
|
|
20,731 |
|
|
|
20,923 |
|
|
|
0.9 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
12,579 |
|
|
|
13,926 |
|
|
|
10.7 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
15,077 |
|
|
|
15,327 |
|
|
|
3.6 |
|
Brazil (1) |
|
|
2,897 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peru |
|
|
4,600 |
|
|
|
6,767 |
|
|
|
47.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
55,884 |
|
|
|
56,943 |
|
|
|
1.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Tables include figures for Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when
Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See Item 4.
Information on the Company A. History and Development of the Company for details. |
Total revenues in Chile in 2006 increased by 17.9%, from Ch$ 600.9 billion in 2005 to
Ch$ 708.5 billion in 2006, as a result of a 6.4% increase in energy production, driven by greater
hydroelectric generation and an improved price scenario during the year. Endesa Chile and its
Chilean subsidiaries sold 4,991 GWh on the spot market, where the energy average market price was
$ 44.8 per MWh according to CDEC-SIC. Physical sales of energy to regulated customers rose by 1.7%
to 10,756 GWh, at a node price which is the result of a price-setting system that reflects the new
energy matrix in Chile. The non-regulated customer prices showed, during 2006 as compared to 2005,
an increase in value, which positively affected the companys revenues, reflecting the higher costs
of generation of the system. The total average sales price of Endesa Chile in Chile increased
12.7%, from Ch$ 25.3 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 28.5 per kWh in 2006.
83
Total revenues in Argentina increased by 47.1% in 2006, from Ch$ 171.9 billion in 2005 to
Ch$ 252.8 billion. This improvement was the result of better hydrology that permitted an increase
in hydroelectric production of 1,110 GWh over the previous year. The physical energy sales of El
Chocón amounted to 5,191 GWh, a 26.2 % increase over 2005. The energy volumes sold by Endesa
Costanera increased by 3.2 % to 8,736 GWh compared to 8,466 GWh in 2005, due to the higher demand
for electricity and its ability to generate with liquid fuels, considering the current scarcity of
natural gas in Argentina. There was also an increase in energy prices following the recognition of
higher natural gas prices. The sales mix at regulated, non-regulated and spot price was 0%, 15.2%
and 84.8%, respectively. The companys average sales price in Argentina, expressed in pesos in
accordance with BT 64, increased by 32.8%, from Ch$ 12.7 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 16.9 per kWh in
2006. However, when expressed in Argentine local currency, the average sales price increased 37.3%
in 2006. The increase in the average sales price is mainly due to an increase in the wholesale
market spot price.
Total revenues in Colombia increased by 3.6%, from Ch$ 283.7 billion in 2005 to
Ch$ 294.1 billion in 2006. Emgesas sales increased by Ch$ 13.7 billion in 2006 compared to 2005,
primarily due to an increase in hydro production of 6.1% due to good hydrology. The sales mix at
regulated, non-regulated and spot prices was 43.5%, 19.7% and 36.8%, respectively. Emgesas
average sales price increased by 6.3%. This better result was partially offset by a decline of
Ch$ 3.46 billion in Betanias sales, due to a fall in the companys average sales price of 17.6% as
a result of better hydrology, partially offset by the 11.6% increase in physical sales. Endesa
Chiles average price in total sales in Colombia rose by 1.9%, from Ch$ 17.5 per kWh in 2005 to
Ch$ 17.8 per kWh in 2006, expressed in pesos, in accordance with BT 64. When expressed in local
currency, the nominal average sales price increase was 2.5% in 2006.
Revenues of our electricity generator in Peru, Edegel, increased by 40.0%, from
Ch$ 129.0 billion to Ch$ 180.6 billion, primarily due to a 47.1% increase in physical energy sales
of 2,166 GWh, explained by the incorporation of Ventanilla thermal plant figures as of
January 2006, despite the average sales price decrease of 4.2% as a consequence of the reduction in
the local price of natural gas recognized by the countrys pricing system. The sales mix at
regulated, non-regulated and spot prices are 40.2%, 50.6% and 9.1%, respectively. The companys
average sales price declined from Ch$ 25.8 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 24.7 per kWh in 2006, expressed
in pesos according to the convention of BT 64. When expressed in local currency, the nominal
average sales price decrease was 10.0% in 2006.
Operating Expenses
The table below sets forth the breakdown by country of operating expenses for 2005 and 2006
and the percentage change from year to year:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Operating Expenses (1) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
373,151 |
|
|
|
374,671 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
154,892 |
|
|
|
210,172 |
|
|
|
35.7 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
145,873 |
|
|
|
158,854 |
|
|
|
8.9 |
|
Brazil (2) |
|
|
21,512 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peru |
|
|
60,755 |
|
|
|
108,263 |
|
|
|
78.2 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total |
|
|
756,183 |
|
|
|
851,961 |
|
|
|
12.7 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Excludes SG&A expenses |
| |
| (2) |
|
Tables include figures of Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005,
when Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See Item
4. Information on the CompanyA. History and Development of the Company for details. |
Operating costs in Chile increased by 0.4% in 2006 compared to 2005. The greater thermal
generation in the last quarter of 2006, caused by sharp cuts in natural gas supplies from
Argentina, led the cost of fuels and other fixed costs to increase by Ch$ 13.4 billion despite the
good hydrology during the year. This, however, was offset by Ch$ 13.9 billion of lower energy and
power purchase costs. The average variable cost of generation, excluding the cost of electricity
purchases, declined by 2.1%, from Ch$ 9.0 per kWh to Ch$ 8.8 per kWh in 2006, as a result of the
8.8% increase in hydroelectric generation. The cost of electricity
purchases, both of energy and capacity, decreased from Ch$ 71.7 billion in 2005 to
Ch$ 57.8 billion in 2006, due to the 41.9% fall in physical energy purchases as a result of
improved hydrology, while the average price of purchases increased from Ch$ 29.4 per kWh in 2005 to
Ch$ 40.9 per kWh in 2006.
84
Operating expenses in Argentina increased by Ch$ 55.3 billion, from Ch$ 154.9 billion in 2005
to Ch$ 210.2 billion in 2006. Thermal and hydroelectric generation increased by 3.7% and 28.3%,
respectively. The cost of fuel increased by Ch$ 48.7 billion, due to use of more expensive fuels
in the generation of electricity when compared to the price of fuels in 2005. The greater
generation using liquid fuels was the result of the shortage of natural gas in Argentina. The
average variable generating cost, excluding the cost of electricity purchases, increased from
Ch$ 7.9 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 10.6 per kWh in 2006. Electricity purchases of both energy and
capacity rose by Ch$ 960 million in 2006, due to an increase in the average purchase price, which
rose from Ch$ 15.1 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 21.6 per kWh in 2006, while the volume of purchases
decreased. Asset depreciation increased 3.5%. The depreciation of the peso against the dollar
increased total operating expenses in 2006 when compared to 2005 by Ch$ 2.77 billion. The average
Argentine peso-dollar exchange rate remained stable in 2006, not significantly impacting operating
expenses.
Operating expenses in Colombia increased by 8.9%, from Ch$ 145.9 billion in 2005 to
Ch$ 158.9 billion in 2006. The average variable generation cost, excluding the cost of electricity
purchases, rose from Ch$ 3.3 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 3.9 per kWh in 2006. Tolls and energy
transportation costs increased by Ch$ 6.6 billion. The 46.1% increase in thermal generation caused
fuel costs to increase by Ch$ 1.6 billion. Electricity purchases, both of energy and power,
increased slightly by Ch$ 198 million in 2006, because of the higher average purchase price, which
moved from Ch$ 15.7 per kWh in 2005 to Ch$ 18.1 per kWh in 2006, despite physical purchases of
energy falling by 13.2%. Asset depreciation increased 2.1%. The depreciation of the peso in terms
of the dollar increased total operating expenses by Ch$ 2.7 billion in 2006 when compared to 2005.
Operating expenses in Peru increased by 78.2%, from Ch$ 60.8 billion in 2005 to
Ch$ 108.3 billion in 2006. This was primarily due to an increase of Ch$ 26.9 billion in fuel costs
through the operation in open cycle of the Ventanilla thermal plant, which was added to Edegel
assets in June 2006. The average variable generating cost, excluding the cost of electricity
purchases, was Ch$ 5.9 per GWh in 2005 compared to Ch$ 7.6 per GWh in 2006. Electricity purchases,
both of energy and capacity, increased by Ch$ 4.9 billion in 2006, due to the rise in the average
price of purchases from Ch$ 22.7 per GWh in 2005 to Ch$ 37.3 per GWh. Asset depreciation increased
by 55.5%, mainly because the incorporation of Etevensa into Edegels assets, and other fixed costs
increased Ch$ 5.5 billion. The depreciation of the peso in relation to the dollar increased total
operating expenses by Ch$ 1.1 billion in 2006 when compared to 2005, while the 6.3% appreciation of
the sol against the dollar in 2006 increased expenses.
Administrative and Selling Expenses
Administrative and selling expenses remained stable in Ch$ 42.3 billion in 2006.
The table below sets forth the breakdown of selling and administrative expenses for 2005 and
2006 and the percentage change from year to year:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007 except percentages) |
|
Administrative and Selling Expenses |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Chile |
|
|
20,534 |
|
|
|
21,251 |
|
|
|
3.5 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
2,882 |
|
|
|
3,405 |
|
|
|
18.2 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
5,681 |
|
|
|
4,925 |
|
|
|
(13.3 |
) |
Brazil (1) |
|
|
3,957 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peru |
|
|
9,248 |
|
|
|
12,719 |
|
|
|
37.5 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Selling and Administrative Expense |
|
|
42,302 |
|
|
|
42,301 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Tables include figures of Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when Endesa
Chile transferred its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See Item 4. Information
on the Company A. History and Development of the Company for details. |
85
The increase in selling and administrative expenses of 37.5% in Peru was due to the
incorporation of Etevensa into Edegel. This was offset by lower selling and administrative expenses
of 13.3% in Colombia and the deconsolidation of Cachoeira Dourada, as Endesa Chile contributed its
investments in this company to Endesa Brasil in 2005. See Item 4. Information on the CompanyA.
History and Development of the Company for details.
Operating Margin and Operating Income
Our operating margin, which is operating income as a percentage of revenues, increased from
35.2% in 2005 to 37.7% in 2006. This increase is due to higher operating margins in Argentina and
Chile, offset in part by a lower operating margin in Colombia and by the deconsolidation of
Cachoeira Dourada in Brazil, as its operating margin was greater than the consolidated figure in
2005. The following is our operating margin by country:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
| |
|
(percentage based on figures in Chilean |
|
| |
|
GAAP in millions of Ch$ as of |
|
| Operating Margin |
|
December 31, 2007) |
|
Chile |
|
|
34.5 |
% |
|
|
44.1 |
% |
Argentina |
|
|
8.2 |
% |
|
|
15.5 |
% |
Colombia |
|
|
46.6 |
% |
|
|
44.3 |
% |
Brazil (1) |
|
|
44.4 |
% |
|
|
|
|
Peru |
|
|
45.7 |
% |
|
|
33.0 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Operating Margin |
|
|
35.2 |
% |
|
|
37.7 |
% |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Tables include figures of Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when Endesa
Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See Item 4. Information
on the CompanyA. History and Development of the Company for details. |
Endesa Chiles consolidated operating income, the result of subtracting total operating
expenses, including selling and administrative expenses (SG&A), from operating revenues, reached
Ch$ 541.8 billion for 2006 compared to Ch$ 433.0 billion for 2005. The following table breaks down
operating income by country for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2006:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| Operating Income |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Chile |
|
|
207,257 |
|
|
|
312,593 |
|
|
|
50.8 |
|
Argentina |
|
|
14,160 |
|
|
|
39,259 |
|
|
|
177.3 |
|
Colombia |
|
|
132,188 |
|
|
|
130,308 |
|
|
|
(1.4 |
) |
Brazil (1) |
|
|
20,363 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Peru |
|
|
59,021 |
|
|
|
59,646 |
|
|
|
1.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Total Operating Income |
|
|
432,988 |
|
|
|
541,806 |
|
|
|
25.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Tables include figures for Cachoeira Dourada from January 1 to September 30, 2005, when
Endesa Chile contributed its investments in this company to Endesa Brasil. See Item 4.
Information on the CompanyA. History and Development of the Company for details. |
The favorable hydrological conditions in Chile, particularly during the period June to
September 2006, a good snow melting process and greater customer demand allowed sales to increase.
Lower variable cost due to less thermal generation and lower purchases from other generators, and
stable costs of depreciation led to a reduction in the total cost of operations. This lower cost
of generation, along with the increase in the average sales price, explains the increase of
operating income from Chilean operations by 50.8% and operating margin from 34.5% in 2005 to 44.1%
in 2006.
86
Argentinas operating income benefited from higher energy sales during 2006 from Endesa
Costanera and El Chocón in view of higher demand. Endesa Costanera experienced higher average
prices, while El Chocón enjoyed better hydrological conditions during 2006. This positive effect
exceeded the increase in operating costs, which essentially were driven by higher prices of fuel
from Endesa Costanera. With this, operating income in Argentina increased by Ch$ 25.1 billion,
while operating margin increased from 8.2% in 2005 to 15.5% in 2006.
In Colombia, operating income declined slightly by 1.4%, mainly due to a decrease of
Ch$ 5.3 billion in Betanias power plant operating income as a result of its lower average sale
price and higher cost of energy purchases, despite the 11.6% increase of physical sales.
Additionally, Emgesa registered higher operating costs in tolls and energy transportation. Emgesas
operating margin remained fairly flat in 2006 compared to 2005, while Betanias operating margin
dropped from 43% in 2005 to 33% in 2006, mainly due to the reasons mentioned previously. The
latter is what primarily led to a decline in Colombias overall operating income and operating
margin.
Edegel, in Peru, produced an operating income of Ch$ 59.6 billion during 2006, which compares
favorably with the Ch$ 59.0 billion reached in 2005, an increase of 1.1%. Nevertheless, operating
margin dropped to 33% in 2006 from 46% in 2005, primarily due to a reduction in the companys
average sale price of electricity and an increase in the variable cost of purchases and of
electricity generation. The latter was strongly impacted by the consolidation of fuel costs arising
from the Ventanilla thermal plant.
Non-operating Results
The following table sets forth certain information regarding our non-operating results for
each of the periods indicated:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
% Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Non-operating income: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest earned |
|
|
17,053 |
|
|
|
15,915 |
|
|
|
(6.7 |
) |
Equity income of non-consolidated affiliates |
|
|
23,438 |
|
|
|
45,613 |
|
|
|
94.6 |
|
Other non-operating income |
|
|
36,493 |
|
|
|
32,186 |
|
|
|
(11.8 |
) |
Non-operating expenses: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Interest expense |
|
|
196,058 |
|
|
|
184,641 |
|
|
|
(5.8 |
) |
Equity losses of non-consolidated affiliates |
|
|
8,559 |
|
|
|
134 |
|
|
|
(98.4 |
) |
Goodwill amortization |
|
|
1,498 |
|
|
|
1,013 |
|
|
|
(32.4 |
) |
Other non-operating expenses |
|
|
58,760 |
|
|
|
46,792 |
|
|
|
(20.4 |
) |
Monetary correction: |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Price level restatement |
|
|
1,446 |
|
|
|
1,597 |
|
|
|
10.5 |
|
Foreign Exchange translation |
|
|
16,340 |
|
|
|
3,875 |
|
|
|
(76.3 |
) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-operating results |
|
|
(170,104 |
) |
|
|
(133,395 |
) |
|
|
21.6 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Non-operating results amounted to a loss of Ch$ 133.4 billion in 2006 compared to a loss of
Ch$ 170.1 billion in 2005, a Ch$ 36.7 billion reduction in losses. The most important factors
leading to this reduction include:
Consolidated interest expense decreased by Ch$ 11.4 billion, from Ch$ 196.1 billion in 2005 to
Ch$ 184.6 billion in 2006, or 5.8%, primarily due to reduced financial debt, average exchange rate
appreciation and the higher capitalization of financial expenses related to investment projects.
The deconsolidation of Cachoeira Dourada, partially offset by increases in average cash balances,
was the primary factor behind the reduction in consolidated interest income of Ch$ 1.1 billion,
from Ch$ 17.1 billion to Ch$ 15.9 billion in 2006.
The net result of investments in related companies increased by Ch$ 30.6 billion in 2006,
primarily due to Ch$ 26.0 billion of higher results for Endesa Brasil and the accrued negative
result of Ch$ 8.5 billion for our affiliate company CIEN in 2005, offset in part by a Ch$ 3.8 billion reduction in the result
for our affiliate company GasAtacama in 2006 as compared to 2005.
87
Other net non-operating income and expenses produced a better result of Ch$ 7.6 billion,
primarily due to Ch$ 16.9 billion of lower provisions for contingencies, litigations and other
provisions; Ch$ 6.6 million of indemnities and compensations, essentially from the Chilean public
works ministry related to El Melón, offset by Ch$ 13.9 billion of reduced result from the
conversion adjustment in accordance with BT 64 arising from our foreign subsidiaries, principally
Betania and Edegel; Ch$ 6.6 billion due to the effect of the deconsolidation of Cachoeira Dourada;
and Ch$ 1.8 billion of reduced recoveries of costs and customer debts.
Net non-operating income and expense were offset by a net negative change of Ch$ 12.4 billion
in 2006 compared to the previous year in price-level restatements and exchange differences, due
mainly to the effect of 3.7% depreciation of the peso against the dollar during 2006, against a
8.8% appreciation during 2005.
Net Income
The following table sets forth our net income for the periods indicated:
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
Year ended December 31, |
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
% |
|
| |
|
2005 |
|
|
2006 |
|
|
Change |
|
| |
|
(in millions of constant Ch$ as of |
|
| |
|
December 31, 2007, except percentages) |
|
Operating income |
|
|
432,987 |
|
|
|
541,806 |
|
|
|
25.1 |
|
Non-operating income |
|
|
(170,104 |
) |
|
|
(133,395 |
) |
|
|
21.6 |
|
Income before taxes, minority
interest and negative goodwill
amortization |
|
|
262,883 |
|
|
|
408,411 |
|
|
|
55.4 |
|
Current income taxes |
|
|
(65,947 |
) |
|
|
(106,771 |
) |
|
|
61.9 |
|
Deferred income taxes |
|
|
(34,886 |
) |
|
|
(33,770 |
) |
|
|
(3.2 |
) |
Total income taxes |
|
|
(100,832 |
) |
|
|
(140,540 |
) |
|
|
39.4 |
|
Minority interest |
|
|
(57,534 |
) |
|
|
(70,788 |
) |
|
|
23.0 |
|
Amortization of negative goodwill |
|
|
16,789 |
|
|
|
6,484 |
|
|
|
(61.4 |
) |
Extraordinary items |
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
0 |
|
|
|
n.a. |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Net income |
|
|
121,304 |
|
|
|
203,566 |
|
|
|
67.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Income Taxes. Current income taxes and deferred income taxes increased by Ch$ 39.7 billion
during 2006 as compared to 2005. Consolidated income tax amounted to Ch$ 140.5 billion, consisting
of a charge of Ch$ 106.8 billion for income tax, an increase of Ch$ 40.8 billion over 2005 related
to the improved taxable results, primarily from Endesa Chile and its Chilean subsidiaries, and
Ch$ 33.8 billion in deferred taxes which fell by Ch$ 1.1 billion compared to 2005. The Companys
effective tax rate (the ratio of total income taxes to income before taxes) was 38% in 2005 and 34%
in 2006 due to the increase in the portion of our income that is taxed at the Chilean rate, which
is lower than the tax rate in the other countries.
Minority Interest. Minority interest expenses increased Ch$ 13.3 billion in 2006, primarily
due to higher net income of our subsidiaries in Colombia and Argentina, partially offset by lower
net income in Peru.
B. Liquidity and capital resources.
The following discussion of cash sources and uses reflects the key drivers of cash flow for
Endesa Chile, as they are regularly described to the holders of Endesa Chiles debt and included in
the calculation of financial covenants ratios. This discussion is relevant to holders of Endesa
Chile debt because it presents the financial effects, which vary regarding the accounting effects
as a consequence of time lag between certain cash flows and actual accounting effects. For
information on cash flows from the accounting rather than financial perspective, please see
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended December 31, 2005, 2006 and 2007 in
Item 18.
Endesa Chile receives cash inflows from its own operational assets and from its subsidiaries,
as well as from related companies in Chile and abroad.
88
Cash flows generated by Endesa Chile and subsidiaries in which Endesa Chile has 100% economic
participation (that is, San Isidro, Conosur and Endesa Chile Internacional, which was absorbed by
Conosur in 2007) are included in the analysis as inflows and outflows from operating activities.
Inflows and outflows of all other subsidiaries (Pehuenche, Pangue, Celta, Endesa Eco, Canela,
Ingendesa, Enigesa, Túnel El Melón, Endesa Costanera, El Chocón, Emgesa and Edegel) and related
companies (Electrogas, Gas Atacama, Hidroaysén, GNL Quintero, GNL Chile and Endesa Brasil) are
included in the analysis primarily as dividends and capital reductions, and also as interest income
and intercompany debt amortization.
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
|
2006 |
|
|
2007 |
|
| |
|
(figures in $ million) |
|
INITIAL CASH (A) |
|
|
23.4 |
|
|
|
103.1 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
SOURCES (B) + (C) |
|
|
1,622.2 |
|
|
|
1,928.0 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash Inflows from Chile (B) |
|
|
1,238.4 |
|
|
|
1,765.4 |
|
Cash Inflows from Operations |
|
|
960.2 |
|
|
|
1,384.5 |
|
Interest Income from Chilean Subs |
|
|
2.1 |
|
|
|
6.3 |
|
Dividend from Chilean Subs |
|
|
143.5 |
|
|
|
220.7 |
|
Amortization of Intercompany Loans from Chilean Subs |
|
|
92.9 |
|
|
|
25.9 |
|
Other Income from non-operating Activities |
|
|
39.7 |
|
|
|
23.7 |
|
Net New Financing |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
104.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash Inflows from Foreign subsidiaries (C) |
|
|
383.8 |
|
|
|
162.6 |
|
Interest Income from foreign Subs |
|
|
44.8 |
|
|
|
0.6 |
|
Dividends from Foreign Subs. and Foreign Related Companies |
|
|
43.7 |
|
|
|
143.9 |
|
Capital Reductions |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
4.8 |
|
Amortization of Intercompany Loans from Foreign Subs |
|
|
293.3 |
|
|
|
10.4 |
|
Management Fee and Others |
|
|
2.0 |
|
|
|
2.9 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
USES (D) + (E) |
|
|
1,542.4 |
|
|
|
1,923.8 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
Cash Outflows from Operations (D) |
|
|
786.9 |
|
|
|
1,533.8 |
|
Cash Outflows from Operations (1) |
|
|
723.6 |
|
|
|
1,404.9 |
|
Taxes |
|
|
63.3 |
|
|
|
128.9 |
|
Cash Outflows from non-operating Activities (E) |
|
|
755.5 |
|
|
|
390.0 |
|
Intercompany Loans |
|
|
0.0 |
|
|
|
4.1 |
|
Interest Expenses and Derivative Contracts |
|
|
204.5 |
|
|
|
182.7 |
|
Dividend Payment |
|
|
131.3 |
|
|
|
202.8 |
|
Net Financial Debt Amortization |
|
|
411.4 |
|
|
|
0.0 |
|
Others |
|
|
8.4 |
|
|
|
0.4 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
FINAL CASH (A)+(B)+(C)-(D)-(E) |
|
|
103.1 |
|
|
|
107.3 |
|
| |
|
|
| (1) |
|
Includes cash flows from investment and operations. |
For the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, Endesa Chiles principal sources of funds
were:
| |
|
|
$ 1,384.5 million cash inflows from the operating revenues, before taxes and
interest expense, of Endesa Chile and its wholly-owned subsidiaries; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 252.9 million from interest income, dividends and amortization of intercompany
loans from its other Chilean subsidiaries; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 23.7 million from non-operating activities, mainly from the sale of shares of
Emgesa S.A to Empresa Eléctrica de Bogotá (as agreed to in the Emgesa S.A. Betania
S.A. merger agreement) for $ 16.7 million; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 104.4 million from net financing operations, which mainly included four
borrowings of Endesa Chiles Revolving Credit Facilities for an aggregate amount of
$ 116 million; and |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 162.6 million from foreign subsidiaries and foreign-related companies, mainly
Endesa Brasil S.A. (approx. $ 74 million), Emgesa S.A. (approx. $ 50 million) and
Edegel S.A. (approx. $ 19 million). |
89
The aggregate inflows of cash from these sources amounted to $ 1,928 million.
For the same twelve-month period ended December 31, 2007, Endesa Chiles principal cash
outflows totaled an amount of $ 1,923.8 million, through the following:
| |
|
|
$ 1,404.9 million in investments, including capital expenditure and operating
expenses of Endesa Chile and its wholly-owned subsidiaries; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 128.9 million in taxes paid by Endesa Chile and its 100% wholly-owned
subsidiaries; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 182.7 million in interest expense (net of derivative contracts). In 2007,
derivative instruments resulted in additional interest expenses of $ 0.3 million; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 202.8 million in dividend payments by Endesa Chile and dividends paid by Endesa
Chiles wholly-owned subsidiaries to third parties; and |
As of December 2007, Endesa Chile including its wholly-owned subsidiaries, had final cash of
$ 107.3 million.
For the twelve-month period ended December 31, 2006, Endesa Chiles principal sources of funds
were:
| |
|
|
$ 960.2 million cash inflows from operating revenues, before taxes and interest
expenses, of Endesa Chile and its wholly-owned subsidiaries; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 244.4 million from interest income, dividends and amortization of intercompany
loans from its other Chilean subsidiaries; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 39.7 million from non-operating activities, including $ 19.4 million from the
sales of water rights to Hidroaysén, $ 19.1 million from intercompany debt amortization
from related companies and interest income from related companies and third parties,
and dividends of $ 1.2 million from Chilean-related companies; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 44.8 million on interest income from intercompany debt with its Colombian and
Argentine subsidiaries; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 43.7 million from dividends from foreign subsidiaries and foreign-related
companies, which included $ 24.7 million from Brazil (related company) and
$ 19.0 million from Peru; and |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 293.3 million from intercompany debt amortization by Colombian and Argentine
subsidiaries. |
The aggregate inflows of cash from these sources amounted to $ 1,622.2 million.
For the same twelve-month period ended December 31, 2006, Endesa Chiles principal cash
outflows totaled an amount of $ 1,542.4 million, through the following:
| |
|
|
$ 723.6 million in operating expenses of Endesa Chile and its wholly-owned
subsidiaries, including investments and capital expenditure; |
| |
| |
|
|
$ 63.3 million in net sale taxes paid by Endesa Chile |