UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

 

 

Form 10-K

 

 

Commission file number 000-23993

 

 

Broadcom Corporation

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)

 

5300 California Avenue

Irvine, California 92617-3038

(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

 

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (949) 926-5000

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: Class A common stock

(Title of class)                                                                   

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of “accelerated filer and large accelerated filer” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Exchange Act Rule 12b-2).  Yes o     No þ

 

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock, $0.0001 par value per share, held by non-affiliates of the registrant on June 30, 2007, the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, was approximately $13.7 billion (based on the closing sales price of the registrant’s common stock on that date). Shares of the registrant’s common stock held by each officer and director and each person known to the registrant to own 10% or more of the outstanding voting power of the registrant have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not a determination for other purposes.

 

The registrant has two classes of common stock authorized, Class A common stock and Class B common stock. The rights, preferences and privileges of each class of common stock are substantially identical except for voting rights. Shares of Class B common stock are not publicly traded but are convertible at any time into shares of Class A common stock on a one-for-one basis. As of December 31, 2007 there were 468.9 million shares of Class A common stock and 68.4 million shares of Class B common stock outstanding.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Part III incorporates by reference certain information from the registrant’s definitive proxy statement (the “Proxy Statement”) for the 2008 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be filed on or before March 31, 2008.

 

 

 

Broadcom^®, the pulse logo, 54g^®, Air Force^®, Blutonium^®, BroadVoice^®, CryptoNetX^®, FASTPATH^®, InConcert^®, NetLink^®, NetXtreme^®, QAMLink^®, QuadSquad^®, SecureEasySetup^®, SiByte^®, StrataSwitch^®, StrataXGS^®, V-thernet^®, Videocore^®, 125 High Speed Mode^tm, BladeRunner^tm, BroadRange^tm, BroadR-Reach^tm, CableChecker^tm, CellAirity^tm, FirePath^tm, Intensi-fi^tm, LoopDTech^tm, NetXtreme II^tm, PhyR^tm, ROBOSwitch^tm, ROBOswitch-plus^tm, ROBO-HS^tm, SmartPATH^tm, StrataSwitch II^tm, StrataXGS III^tm, SystemI/O^tm and WebSuperSmart^tm are among the trademarks of Broadcom Corporation and/or its affiliates in the United States, certain other countries and/or the EU. Any other trademarks or trade names mentioned are the property of their respective owners.

 

 

BROADCOM CORPORATION

 

 

ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K

 

 

FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007

 

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT

 

All statements included or incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, other than statements or characterizations of historical fact, are forward-looking statements. Examples of forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements concerning projected net revenue, costs and expenses and gross margin; our accounting estimates, assumptions and judgments; the impact of the January 2007 restatement of our financial statements for prior periods; estimates related to the amount and/or timing of the expensing of unearned stock-based compensation expense; our success in pending litigation; the demand for our products; the effect that seasonality and volume fluctuations in the demand for our customers’ consumer-oriented products will have on our quarterly operating results; our dependence on a few key customers for a substantial portion of our revenue; our ability to scale operations in response to changes in demand for existing products and services or the demand for new products requested by our customers; the competitive nature of and anticipated growth in our markets; our ability to migrate to smaller process geometries; manufacturing, assembly and test capacity; our ability to consummate acquisitions and integrate their operations successfully; our potential needs for additional capital; inventory and accounts receivable levels; and the level of accrued rebates. These forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections about our industry and business, management’s beliefs, and certain assumptions made by us, all of which are subject to change. Forward-looking statements can often be identified by words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “predicts,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “may,” “will,” “should,” “would,” “could,” “potential,” “continue,” “ongoing,” similar expressions, and variations or negatives of these words. These statements are not guarantees of future performance and are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict. Therefore, our actual results could differ materially and adversely from those expressed in any forward-looking statements as a result of various factors, some of which are listed under “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Report. These forward-looking statements speak only as of the date of this Report. We undertake no obligation to revise or update publicly any forward-looking statement for any reason, except as otherwise required by law.

 

 

 

Overview

 

Broadcom Corporation (including our subsidiaries, referred to collectively in this Report as “Broadcom”, “we”, “our” and “us”) is a major technology innovator and global leader in semiconductors for wired and wireless communications. Our products enable the delivery of voice, video, data and multimedia to and throughout the home, the office and the mobile environment. Broadcom provides the industry’s broadest portfolio of state-of-the-art system-on-a-chip (SoC) and software solutions to manufacturers of computing and networking equipment, digital entertainment and broadband access products, and mobile devices. Our diverse product portfolio includes solutions for digital cable, satellite and Internet Protocol (IP) set-top boxes and media servers; high definition television (HDTV); high definition DVD players and personal video recording (PVR) devices; cable and DSL modems and residential gateways; high-speed transmission and switching for local, metropolitan, wide area and storage networking; SystemI/O^tm server solutions; broadband network and security processors; wireless and personal area networking; cellular communications; global positioning system (GPS) applications; mobile multimedia and applications processors; mobile power management; and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) gateway and telephony systems.

 

Broadcom was incorporated in California in August 1991. Our principal executive offices are located at 5300 California Avenue, Irvine, California 92617-3038, and our telephone number at that location is 949.926.5000. Our Internet address is www.broadcom.com. The inclusion of our website address in this Report does not include or incorporate by reference into this Report any information on our website. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, amendments to those reports and other SEC filings are available free of charge through our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. Please note that financial information included in our reports on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q and Form 8-K, the related opinions of our independent registered public accounting firm, and all earnings press releases and similar communications issued by us, for all periods ended on or before March 31, 2006 should not be relied upon and have been superseded in their entirety by the information in our amended

Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2005, or the 2005 Form 10-K/A, and our amended Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the three months ended March 31, 2006, each filed January 23, 2007. All references in this Report to financial information for the year 2005 or prior years are to the information contained in the 2005 Form 10-K/A.

 

Our Class A common stock trades on the Nasdaq Global Select Market^sm under the symbol BRCM.

 

Industry Environment and Our Business

 

Over the past two decades communications technologies have evolved dramatically in response to the proliferation of the Internet, ubiquitous wireless and mobile networks, and the emergence of new data-intensive computing and communications applications. These applications include, among others, high-speed Internet web browsing, wireless networking, high definition television and DVD players, VoIP-enabled products, sophisticated Gigabit Ethernet corporate networks, portable media players that are able to play both audio and video, cellular handsets that act as a camera or camcorder, handle email and surf the Internet, and mobile TV and game platforms and other wireless-enabled consumer electronics and peripherals. This evolution has also changed the ways in which we communicate. Consumers and businesses continue to seek faster, more cost-effective ways to receive and transmit voice, video, data and multimedia to and throughout the home, the office and the mobile environment. We can now access and communicate information via wired and wireless networks through a variety of electronic devices, including personal desktop and laptop computers, digital cable and satellite set-top boxes, high definition televisions, handheld computing devices such as personal digital assistants, or PDAs, and cellular phones. These applications and devices require increasingly higher processing speeds and information transfer rates within the computing systems and the data storage devices that support them and across the network communication infrastructures that serve them.

 

This evolution has inspired equipment manufacturers and service providers to develop and expand existing wired and wireless communications markets, and has created the need for new generations of integrated circuits. Integrated circuits, or chips, are made using semiconductor wafers imprinted with a network of electronic components. They are designed to perform various functions such as processing electronic signals, controlling electronic system functions, and processing and storing data. Today all electronic products use integrated circuits, which are essential components of personal computers, wired and wireless voice and data communications devices, networking products and home entertainment equipment.

 

The broadband transmission of digital information over existing wired and wireless infrastructures requires very sophisticated semiconductor solutions to perform critical systems functions such as complex signal processing, converting digital data to and from analog signals, and switching and routing of packets of information over Internet Protocol, or IP, -based networks. Solutions that are based on multiple discrete analog and digital chips generally cannot achieve the cost-effectiveness, performance and reliability required by today’s communications markets. These requirements are best addressed by new generations of highly integrated mixed-signal devices that combine complex analog, digital, and in many cases, radio frequency functions onto a single integrated circuit, and can be manufactured in high volumes using cost-effective process technologies.

 

Target Markets and Broadcom^® Products

 

We design, develop and supply a diverse portfolio of products targeted to a variety of wired and wireless communications markets. Our semiconductor and software solutions are ubiquitous, embedded in cable and DSL modems and digital set-top boxes, digital televisions, high definition DVD players, networking equipment, wireless-enabled laptop and desktop computers, and advanced PDAs and cellular phones, among other wired and wireless equipment. As described in greater detail in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, we operate in one reportable operating segment, wired and wireless broadband communications.

 

In 2007 we introduced a number of products designed in the 65 nanometer complementary metal oxide semiconductor, or CMOS, process, which is currently the most advanced lithographic node for manufacturing semiconductors in large volumes. It provides significant benefits over the 90 nanometer and 130 nanometer processes by enabling lower power consumption, smaller size, higher yields and higher levels of integration. With

the depth and breadth of our advanced portfolio of market proven IP, we are able to drive innovative new products to market and differentiate our solutions from the competition using the advanced 65 nanometer process.

 

The following is a brief description of each of our target markets and the SoC and software solutions that we provide for each market.

 

  Broadband Communications

 

Broadcom offers manufacturers a range of broadband communications and consumer electronics SoCs that enable voice, video and data services over residential wired and wireless networks. These highly integrated silicon solutions continue to enable advanced system solutions, which include broadband modems and residential gateways, digital cable, satellite and IP set-top boxes and media servers, high definition and digital television, universal, HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc^® players and personal video recorders, and media PC technology. Net revenue from our broadband communications target market represented 37.4%, 37.8% and 34.4% of our total net revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

 

Cable Modems

 

Unlike traditional dial-up modems that provide online access through the telephone system, cable modems provide users high-speed Internet access through a cable television network. Although cable networks were originally established to deliver television programming to subscribers’ homes, cable television operators have generally upgraded their systems to support two-way communications, high-speed Internet access and telecommuting through the use of cable modems. These modems are designed to achieve downstream transmission speeds of up to 43 megabits per second, or Mbps (North American standard), or 56 Mbps (international standard), and upstream transmission to the network at speeds of up to 30 Mbps. The speeds achieved by cable modems are nearly 1,000 times faster than the fastest analog telephone modems, which transmit downstream at up to 56 kilobits per second, or Kbps, and upstream at up to 28.8 Kbps. Cable modems typically connect to a user’s PC through a standard 10/100BASE-T Ethernet card or universal serial bus, also known as a USB, connection. A device called a cable modem termination system, or CMTS, located at a local cable provider’s network hub, communicates through television channels to cable modems in subscribers’ homes and controls access to cable modems on the network.

 

The cable industry’s adoption of an open standard, the Data Over Cable Service Interface Specification, commonly known as DOCSIS^®, has made possible interoperability among various manufacturers’ cable modems and CMTS equipment used by different cable networks. The first specification, DOCSIS 1.0, was adopted in 1997 and enabled the cost-effective deployment of cable modems. In 1998 the DOCSIS 1.1 specification, which enhanced DOCSIS 1.0 to include support for cable telephony using VoIP technology, streaming video and managed data services, was announced. In 2002 DOCSIS 2.0 was announced and adds support for higher upstream transmission speeds of up to 30 Mbps and more symmetric IP services, and provides extra capacity for cable telephony. In 2007 the DOCSIS 3.0 specification was announced and provides enhanced data rates and security and is backwards compatible with prior standards.

 

The high speeds of today’s cable modems can enable an entirely new generation of multimedia-rich content over the Internet and allow cable operators to expand their traditional video product offerings to include data and telephone services. The adoption of cable modem services and the continued proliferation of homes with multiple PCs have also generated the need for residential networking. Cable television operators have recognized the opportunity to include this feature in the equipment they utilize for cable modem services through either home telephone line or wireless solutions, and the cable industry has created a specification called CableHome^tm that defines how a home intranet interoperates with a cable provider’s Internet service.

 

We offer integrated semiconductor solutions for cable modems and cable modem termination systems. We currently have a leading market position in both equipment areas, with an extensive product offering for the high-speed, two-way transmission of voice, video and data services to residential customers. Our complete system-level solutions include integrated circuits, reference design hardware and a full software suite to support our customers’ needs and accelerate their time to market.

Cable Modem Solutions.  All of our cable modem SoCs are built around our QAMLink^® DOCSIS-compliant transceiver and media access controller, or MAC, technologies. These technologies enable downstream data rates up to 56 Mbps and upstream data rates up to 30 Mbps and are compliant with DOCSIS versions 1.0, 1.1 and 2.0. These devices provide a complete DOCSIS system solution in silicon, enabling quality of service, or QoS, to support constant bit rate services such as VoIP and video streaming.

 

Residential Broadband Gateway Solutions.  The levels of integration and performance that we continue to achieve in our cable modem SoCs are reducing the cost and size of the cable modems themselves, while providing consumers with easy to use features and seamless integration to other transmission media. As a result, cable modem functionality is evolving into a small silicon core that can be incorporated into other consumer devices for broader distribution of IP-based services throughout the home. Broadcom offers residential broadband gateway solutions that bring together a range of capabilities, including those for cable modems, digital set-top boxes, home networking, VoIP and Ethernet connectivity. These products allow cable operators worldwide to provide residential broadband gateways capable of delivering digital telephone service via the PacketCable^tm specification, IP video, and cable modem Internet services, as well as data over in-home Ethernet or wireless networks.

 

CMTS Solutions.  We have a complete end-to-end DOCSIS 1.0, 1.1, 2.0 and 3.0 compliant cable modem SoC for both head-end and subscriber locations. Our CMTS solution consists of downstream and upstream physical layer, or PHY, devices and a DOCSIS media access controller. This cable modem termination system enables the exchange of information to and from the subscriber location, making it a key element in the delivery of broadband access over cable.

 

DSL

 

Digital subscriber line technologies, commonly known as DSL, represent a family of broadband solutions that use a greater range of frequencies over existing telephone lines than traditional telephone services. This provides greater bandwidth to send and receive information. DSL speeds range from 128 Kbps to 52 Mbps depending upon the particular DSL standard and the distance between the central office and the subscriber. These data rates allow local exchange carriers to provide, and end users to receive, a wide range of new broadband services.

 

DSL technology has a number of standards or line codes used worldwide and we support all of them, such as asymmetric DSL, or ADSL, ADSL2, ADSL2+ and very-high-speed DSL, or VDSL, including the standard Annexes used in North America, Europe, Japan and China. In addition, we provide end-to-end technology, with solutions designed for both customer premises equipment, or CPE, and central office applications. Our DSL technologies enable local exchange carriers and enterprise networking vendors to deliver bundled broadband services, such as digital video, high-speed Internet access, VoIP, video teleconferencing and IP data business services, over existing telephone lines.

 

In 2007 we introduced a communications upgrade technology called PhyR^tm, which provides innovative impulse noise protection. This firmware is included in our industry leading ADSL2+/VDSL firmware and enables service providers to deliver a ten-fold improvement in noise resilience resulting in more advanced triple-play services for ADSL and VDSL networks. From a user’s perspective, the improved performance provides better service coverage, fewer errors and a better viewing experience when watching IPTV systems equipped with PhyR.

 

DSL Modem and Residential Gateway Solutions.  For DSL CPE applications, we provide products that address the wide variety of local area network, or LAN, connectivity options, including Ethernet, USB-powered solutions, VoIP-enabled access devices and IEEE 802.11 wireless access points with multiple Ethernet ports. These solutions also provide a fully scalable architecture to address emerging value-added services such as in-home voice and video distribution. Wide area network connectivity is provided using integrated, standards-compliant PHY technology.

 

DSL Central Office Solutions.  We also provide highly integrated SoC solutions for DSL central office applications. Our BladeRunner^tm high-density central office DSL chipset supports all worldwide DSL standards using our proprietary Firepath^tm 64-bit digital signal processor. We believe these solutions will enable equipment manufacturers of digital subscriber line access multiplexers, or DSLAMs, and next generation digital loop carriers to offer a significant increase in the number of DSL connections that can be supported within telecommunication

companies’ tight heat, power and space constraints. We also provide the inter-networking software that is enabling DSLAM technology to transition from Asynchronous Transfer Mode to Internet Protocol.

 

Digital Cable, Direct Broadcast Satellite and IP Set-Top Boxes and Digital Television

 

The last decade has seen rapid growth in the quantity and diversity of television programming. Despite ongoing efforts to upgrade the existing cable infrastructure, an inadequate number of channels exists to provide the content demanded by consumers. In an effort to increase the number of channels and provide higher picture quality, cable service providers began offering digital programming in 1996 through the use of new digital cable set-top boxes, or STBs. These digital cable STBs facilitate high-speed digital communications between a subscriber’s television and the cable network. Digital cable set-top boxes are currently able to support downstream transmission speeds to the subscriber up to 43 Mbps (North American standard) or 56 Mbps (international standard), as well as several hundred MPEG-2 or MPEG-4 advanced video coding compressed digital television channels.

 

Direct broadcast satellite, or DBS, is the primary alternative to cable for providing digital television programming. DBS broadcasts video and audio data from satellites directly to digital STBs in the home via dish antennas. Due to the ability of DBS to provide television programming where no cable infrastructure is in place, we believe that the global market for DBS set-top boxes will outpace the market for cable set-top boxes.

 

The Federal Communications Commission has stated that traditional terrestrial broadcast stations will be required to broadcast in digital format. Currently, the FCC is targeting 2009 for this mandated digital conversion that will ultimately require all television sets that are 13 inches or larger, DVD players and video cassette recorders to incorporate an HDTV receiver. We believe this conversion to digital broadcasting will create demand for new digital cable and satellite set-top boxes and digital television receivers. In addition, manufacturers can continue to develop and introduce new generations of digital cable and satellite set-top boxes that incorporate enhanced functionalities, such as Internet access, personal video recording, or PVR, video on demand, interactive television, HDTV, 3-D gaming, audio players and various forms of home networking.

 

TV manufacturers also plan to incorporate digital cable-ready capabilities into television sets for the North American market by integrating today’s cable set-top box functionality directly into TV sets. The manufacturers of TVs, through their trade association, the Consumer Electronics Association, and in cooperation with North American cable operators, have created an industry specification called the “plug-n-play” agreement. This agreement and its associated specification define how to design digital cable-ready TVs for connection into the North American cable infrastructure.

 

Cable-TV Set-Top Box Solutions.  We offer a complete silicon platform for the digital cable-TV set-top box market. These highly integrated SoCs give manufacturers a broad range of features and capabilities for building standard digital cable-TV STBs for digital video broadcasting, as well as high-end interactive set-top boxes. These high-end set-top boxes merge high-speed cable modem functionality with studio-quality graphics, text and video for both standard definition television, or SDTV, and HDTV formats.

 

Our cable-TV set-top box silicon consists of front-end transceivers with downstream, upstream and MAC functions, single-chip cable modems, advanced 2D/3D video-graphics encoders and decoders, radio frequency television tuners based on CMOS process technology, and digital visual interface chipsets. These cable-TV set-top box chips support most industry transmission and television standards, enabling universal interoperability and easy retail channel distribution. Peripheral modules incorporated into front-end devices also provide support for common set-top box peripheral devices, such as infrared remotes and keyboards, LED displays and keypads.

 

Our chips provide a comprehensive silicon platform for high-end interactive set-top boxes, supporting the simultaneous viewing of television programming with Internet content capability in either HDTV or SDTV format. This capability offers consumers a true interactive environment, allowing them to access Internet content while watching television. By adding our home networking and VoIP technologies, these set-top boxes can also support the functions of a residential broadband gateway for receiving and distributing digital voice and data services throughout the home, over either Ethernet or wireless networks. In addition, our set-top box SoCs incorporate PVR functionality that allows viewers to watch and record multiple programs and enables additional

features such as selective viewing, fast forward, fast reverse, skip forward, skip back, and slow motion and frame-by-frame viewing.

 

In 2007 we announced several 65 nanometer products including a new dual-channel AVC/VC-1/MPEG-2 video decoder SoC that enables cable, satellite and IP-network STB manufacturers to develop extremely high performance media centers that integrate the most advanced features and functionality to securely access, store and share multiple types of media including HDTV programs, video-on-demand, or VoD, Internet content and digital music. In addition, we announced two fully integrated single- and dual-channel, multi-format satellite receivers that support DVB-S, DVB-S2 and 8PSK advanced modulation satellite applications; a new set-top box SoC that provides advanced high definition video compression for next generation cable, satellite and IP STBs; and a single-channel, multi-format high definition satellite receiver SoC that enables manufacturers to develop low cost satellite STBs that also support the DVB-S, DVB-S2 and 8PSK standards.

 

DBS Solutions.  By leveraging our extensive investment and expertise in the cable-TV set-top box market, we have also developed comprehensive DBS solutions. These products include an advanced, high definition video graphics subsystem, which drives the audio, video and graphic interfaces in DBS set-top boxes and provides multi-stream control to support PVR capabilities; a CMOS satellite tuner, which allows our customers to provide additional channel offerings; front-end receiver chips for set-top boxes, including an advanced modulation system to increase satellite capacity; and a digital visual interface transmitter. In addition, we offer a complete end-to-end chipset for receiving and displaying HDTV. This chipset provides television and set-top box manufacturers with a high performance vestigial side band receiver and a 2D/3D video-graphics subsystem for SDTV and HDTV displays.

 

To meet the needs of the expanding broadband satellite market, we have also developed a complete satellite system solution that enables DBS providers to cost effectively deploy two-way broadband satellite services, enabling Internet access via satellite. This solution includes an advanced modulation digital satellite receiver, a digital satellite tuner/receiver and a high performance broadband gateway modem, combining the functionality of a satellite modem, a firewall router and home networking into a single chip.

 

IP Set-Top Box Solutions.  Broadcom also provides a family of next generation advanced video compression, high definition SoC solutions for IP set-top boxes. These solutions include high definition video decoder/audio processor chips and a dual channel high definition and personal video recorder chip.

 

Digital TV Solutions.  We were an early developer of advanced television systems committee, or ATSC, demodulators used for the reception of terrestrial HDTV signals broadcast in North America. Capitalizing on the FCC HDTV mandate and the “plug-n-play” agreement, as well as on our extensive cable-TV set-top box technology portfolio, we have developed a highly integrated digital TV SoC that, when combined with our existing satellite, cable or terrestrial demodulators, forms a complete semiconductor solution for HDTV delivery platforms, including satellite, cable or terrestrial set-top boxes and integrated high definition televisions. Our integrated HDTV solution will allow television manufacturers to develop digital cable-ready televisions that connect directly to the North American cable infrastructure without the need for an external set-top box.

 

In late 2006 Broadcom announced a high definition DTV solution that supports full 1080p display resolution. This “television-on-a-chip” enables TV and other consumer equipment manufacturers to cost effectively build TVs and displays with the industry’s highest quality HD resolution that features superior picture, sound and graphics support, whether the content is analog or digital. In addition, our 65 nanometer process allows for the integration of substantially more features, improved performance and reduced overall power consumption, resulting in a lower total system cost for equipment manufacturers.

 

In 2007 we introduced a complete digital television receiver system targeted at the National Telecommunications and Information Administration’s digital-to-analog converter box program. The program, which is part of the FCC initiative, includes a budget that will be used to assist U.S. households in making an affordable transition from existing analog television sets to digital by providing coupons to households to defray the cost of digital TV converter boxes. As a result, we have introduced a turnkey digital television-on-a-chip and associated software to enable these digital-to-analog converter boxes, extending the lives of analog-only TVs.

High Definition DVD Players

 

The DVD player market is currently undergoing a transition as a result of the increased adoption of HDTV sets by consumers and the advent of advanced video compression technologies, such as H.264 (also known as MPEG-4 Part 10/advanced video coding, or AVC) and VC-1 (SMPTE 421M), the SMPTE standard based on Microsoft^® Windows Media^® Video 9. These trends have led television broadcasters and movie studios to begin offering more high definition video content. In turn, consumer electronics manufacturers have begun offering high definition DVD players and recorders, with substantially greater storage capacity and the ability to effectively handle the significantly higher bit rates associated with high resolution HDTV content. However, similar to the battle between VHS versus Betamax in the 1970’s and 1980’s, two competing optical disc formats have emerged: the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD formats. Both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD disc formats offer significantly greater storage capacity than the current DVD standard, but they differ in the depth of the recording layer inside the disc; like a standard DVD, the recoding layer in an HD DVD is midway through the disc, while in a Blu-ray Disc it can be found much closer to the surface. This difference makes the two formats incompatible.

 

Broadcom entered the high definition DVD player market through our acquisition of Sand Video, a developer of advanced video compression technology, in April 2004. Our initial product for this market is a high definition video decoder/audio processor chip that is fully compliant with both the Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD disc formats. This single-chip solution also provides backwards compatibility for current DVD video titles as well as new HD DVD titles that may be authored in an MPEG-2 format. In addition, we offer a reference design for the development of Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD media players that includes our HD audio/video decoder chip, as well as an HD digital video system chip and a software platform that afford our customers a wide range of integration options. In 2007 we introduced a universal optical disc platform that has an advanced feature set and a flexible optical disc software stack that is compliant with both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD specifications, providing customers with a complete platform for next generation media players that support both disc formats, as well as other home entertainment and network applications. The new platform incorporates the decoding, processing and memory functions for both Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD media players, eliminating the need for manufacturers to build two hardware platforms. The platform supports a wide variety of mandatory audio and video compression standards required for Blu-ray Disc and HD DVD optical disc formats, and also provides full backwards compatibility for current DVD video titles as well as DVD-R, DVD-VR and audio CDs.

 

Media PC Technology

 

In 2007 we introduced new media PC solutions that enable flawless playback of high definition video content across a wide range of PCs. By lowering CPU utilization, and integrating seamlessly into Microsoft Windows Vista^® and Windows^® XP environments, our media PC solutions enable mainstream PCs featuring integrated graphics to play high definition content from either a Blu-ray Disc or HD DVD, as well as from HD downloaded or broadcast content. Our new media PC solutions are available in three add-in card formats, including desktop PCI Express^®, PCI Express mini-card or ExpressCard^tm 34, and as a chipset solution for PC motherboard applications.

 

  Enterprise Networking

 

Broadcom designs and develops complete SoC and software solutions that enable a robust, scalable, secure and easy-to-manage network infrastructure for the carrier/service provider, data center, enterprise and small-to-medium-sized business, or SMB, markets. Our solutions enable these networks to offer higher capacities and faster, more cost-efficient transport and management of voice, data and video traffic across wired and wireless networks. Broadcom’s technology can be found in a wide range of applications including switches and routers, gateways, security appliances, DSLAMs, 3G/4G wireless infrastructures, passive optical networks, cable and VoIP hardware, desktop and notebook computers, servers and network-attached printers. Net revenue from our enterprise networking target market represented 30.2%, 32.2 and 39.8% of our total net revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

Local Area Networking

 

Local area networks, or LANs, consist of various types of equipment, such as servers, workstations and desktop and notebook computers, interconnected by copper, fiber or coaxial cables utilizing a common networking protocol, generally the Ethernet protocol. Ethernet scales in speed from 10 Mbps to 10 Gigabits per second, or Gbps, providing both the bandwidth and scalability required in today’s dynamic networking environment. As the volume and complexity of network traffic continues to increase, communications bottlenecks have developed in corporate LANs. As a result, technologies such as Gigabit Ethernet, a networking standard that supports data transfer rates of up to one Gbps, and the 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard, which supports data transfer rates of up to 10 Gbps, are replacing older technologies such as Fast Ethernet, which supports data transfer rates of up to 100 Mbps, and 10BASE-T Ethernet, which supports data transfer rates of 10 Mbps.

 

Gigabit Ethernet has emerged as the predominant networking technology for desktop and notebook computers, and we expect server and backbone connections to continue to migrate to the newer 10 Gigabit Ethernet standard. We further expect the continued use of switch connections in place of legacy repeater connections. Switches not only have the ability to provide dedicated bandwidth to each connection, but also provide routing functionality and possess the capability to deal with differentiated traffic such as voice, video and data. As a result, we anticipate that a significant portion of the installed base of 10/100BASE-T Ethernet switches as well as network interface cards, or NICs, will be upgraded to faster technologies.

 

We have a complete line of Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet transceivers, controllers and switches that are highly integrated, low power SoC solutions for servers, workstations, desktop and notebook computers, VoIP phones and wireless access points that enable the high-speed transmission of voice, video and data services over the Category 5 unshielded twisted-pair copper wiring widely deployed in enterprise and small office networks. In 2007 we completed our 10 Gigabit Ethernet end-to-end networking portfolio with high speed network infrastructure products that enable users to share Internet access, exchange graphics and video presentations, receive VoIP and video conferencing services, and share peripheral equipment, such as printers and scanners. In addition, we incorporate intelligent networking functionality into our devices, enabling system vendors to deploy QoS features and applications, typically found only in the core of the network, to every corporate desktop.

 

Digital Signal Processing Communication Architecture.  Our complex Ethernet transceivers are built upon a proprietary digital signal processing, or DSP, communication architecture optimized for high-speed enterprise network connections. Our DSP silicon core enables interoperability and robust performance over a wide range of cable lengths and operating conditions, and delivers performance of greater than 250 billion operations per second. This proprietary DSP architecture facilitates use in Fast Ethernet, Gigabit Ethernet and 10 Gigabit Ethernet, as well as the migration path to smaller process geometries and minimizes the development schedule and cost of our transceivers.

 

Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet Transceivers.  Our 10/100 Fast Ethernet transceiver product line ranges from single-chip 10/100 Ethernet transceivers to single-chip octal 10/100 Ethernet transceivers. These devices allow information to travel over standard Category 5 copper cable at rates of 10 Mbps and 100 Mbps. Our Gigabit Ethernet transceivers are enabling manufacturers to make equipment that delivers data at Gigabit speeds over existing Category 5 cabling. We believe this equipment can significantly upgrade the performance of existing networks without the need to rewire the network infrastructure with fiber or enhanced copper cabling. Additionally, we have developed a family of semiconductor solutions incorporating four transceivers in a single chip, which is optimized for high-port-density Gigabit Ethernet switches and routers.

 

With an emphasis on eight-port Gigabit Ethernet transceivers, we offer one of the industry’s lowest power and smallest sized eight-port physical layer transceiver chips. This octal Gigabit Ethernet PHY device is manufactured in a 90 nanometer process technology, dissipating less than 500 milliWatts of power per port while reducing printed circuit board space by up to 40 percent in high density metro and enterprise switch designs. The octal PHY features a high level of peripheral component integration that enables significant bill-of-materials cost savings for low-end and high-end switches, servers and data center applications. The move to the more advanced 90 nanometer process technology (versus .13 micron) provides for a higher level of integration that results in further reductions in power, package size and overall system cost for higher density enterprise and metro networking designs.

Our Gigabit transceivers are driving the market toward lower power and smaller footprints, making it easier and less expensive to build 10/100/1000 Ethernet NICs, switches, hubs and routers and to put networking chips directly on computer motherboards in LAN on motherboard, or LOM, configurations. We plan to continue to incorporate additional functionality into all of our transceivers, providing customers with advanced networking features, higher performance, and on-chip and cable diagnostic capabilities.

 

In 2007 we introduced a new eight-port octal transceiver that extends the reach of Ethernet over twisted pair cables. The new 65 nanometer CMOS octal PHY features our BroadR-Reach^tm technology that enables 10/100 Fast Ethernet to operate over extended distances, up to 500 meters, on one, two or four pairs of Category 5 or even telephone grade cables.

 

10 Gigabit Ethernet Transceivers.  We have developed a family of 10 Gigabit Ethernet CMOS transceivers. When combined with serial 10 Gigabit optics, these devices can simultaneously transmit and receive at 10 Gbps data rates over 100 kilometers of existing single mode optical fiber. A 10 Gigabit Ethernet link over such distances extends the reach of Ethernet into local, regional and metropolitan fiber optic networks. We believe that significant cost, performance and latency advantages can be realized when the Ethernet protocol and other associated quality of service capabilities are available in these network domains. We anticipate that convergence around 10 Gigabit Ethernet will allow massive data flow from remote storage sites across the country over the metropolitan area network, or MAN, and into the corporate LAN, without unnecessary delays, costly buffering for speed mismatches or latency, or breaks in the quality of service protocol.

 

SerDes Technology and Products.  We have developed an extensive library of serializer/deserializer, or SerDes, cores for Ethernet, storage and telecommunications network infrastructures. The technology is available in stand- alone SerDes devices or integrated with our standard and custom products. New generations of SerDes architectures provide advanced on-chip diagnostic intelligence to allow system designers to monitor, test and control high-speed serial links for signal integrity and bit error rate performance to reduce development cycles and costly field maintenance support.

 

Gigabit Ethernet Controllers.  Built upon multiple generations of Gigabit Ethernet MAC technology, our NetXtreme^® family of Gigabit Ethernet controllers supports peripheral component interconnect, or PCI^®, PCI-X^® and PCI Express local bus interfaces for use in NICs and LOM implementations. The NetXtreme family includes comprehensive solutions for servers, workstations, and desktop and notebook computers. These devices incorporate an integrated Gigabit Ethernet PHY transceiver and are provided with an advanced software suite available for a variety of operating systems. The NetXtreme architecture also features a processor-based design that enables advanced management software to run in firmware so it can be remotely upgraded through simple downloads. The entire NetXtreme controller family incorporates security features, including integrated Trusted Platform Module 1.2 functionality, to enable PC manufacturers to offer hardware-based security as a standard feature on enterprise client personal computers. In 2007 we introduced new controllers, including our first 65 nanometer product, that support desktop and mobile architecture for system hardware, or DASH, client manageability initiatives developed by the Distributed Management Task Force. DASH is a web services-based client management technology that enables IT professionals to efficiently and securely manage their desktop and mobile systems while being in an in-band, out-of-band and/or out of service state.

 

Our NetXtreme II^tm family of Ethernet controllers consists of converged network interface controllers, or C-NICs, that are designed to improve server performance by integrating a TCP/IP offload engine, remote direct memory access, iSCSI storage and remote management. NetXtreme II controllers simultaneously perform storage networking, high-performance clustering, accelerated data networking and remote system management pass-through functions. The entire NetXtreme II product family incorporates security features, including integrated Trusted Platform Module 1.2 functionality, and is fabricated in a .13 micron or .18 micron CMOS process. In 2007 we expanded our NetXtreme II controller portfolio from 1 Gigabit Ethernet solutions to 10 Gigabit Ethernet, with a true single-chip, dual-port 10 Gigabit Ethernet C-NIC specifically developed for high volume server designs. Leveraging two field proven generations of NetXtreme II C-NIC technology, we successfully delivered a fully functional, single-chip C-NIC at 10Gbps rates, with no external memory required. This new device completes our portfolio of 10 Gigabit Ethernet end-to-end solutions featuring market leading C-NICs, switches and PHYs,

enabling OEM partners to enhance next generation servers with a complete portfolio of our 10 Gigabit Ethernet network infrastructure solutions.

 

Our NetLink^® family of Gigabit Ethernet controllers is based on the PCI Express bus architecture and optimized for small-to-medium-sized businesses. Designed for use in personal computers, NetLink controllers enable applications such as video editing and file transfer, LAN gaming, video conferencing, multimedia data sharing and desktop management, while at the same time offering very low power consumption.

 

Ethernet Switches.  We now offer a broad switch-on-a-chip product line ranging from low cost, unmanaged and managed, OSI Layer 2 eight-port switch chips to high-end managed, Layer 3 through Layer 7 enterprise class switch chips. With our acquisition of Sandburst Corporation in 2006, we added high growth metro Ethernet scalable switch solutions to our portfolio. The applications supported by metro Ethernet solutions include carrier Ethernet switches and routers, next generation transport equipment, SONET/SDH telecommunications equipment and Ethernet access equipment. Our carrier Ethernet switch portfolio offers a broad feature set that enables carrier/service provider networks to support a large number of high value services such as VoIP, IPTV, video-on-demand, HDTV and internet gaming.

 

With the completion of our acquisition of LVL7 Systems, Inc. in early 2007, we added networking software to our portfolio of Ethernet switch solutions. This software enables communications system manufacturers to reduce development costs and deliver IP/Ethernet products to market faster. Our latest version of FASTPATH^® software, version 5.0, was introduced in October 2007 and features two new products: FASTPATH SMB and SmartPATH^tm. These new software solutions enable high quality, next generation networking solutions for the SMB market with significantly improved time-to-market, reduced development costs and minimized risk.

 

For SMB applications, our ROBOswitch-plus^tm product family consists of Layer 2+ switch chips supporting five, eight, 16 and 24 port 10/100 Ethernet switches, and our ROBO-HS^tm product family supports single-chip networking solutions for Layer 2+ Gigabit Ethernet configurations of four, five, eight, 16 and 24 ports. We believe our switch chips make it economical for the remote office/business office and small office/home office network markets to have the same high-speed local connectivity as the large corporate office market. Our highly integrated family of switch products combines the switching fabric, MACs, Fast Ethernet and Gigabit Ethernet transceivers, media independent interface and packet buffer memory in single-chip solutions. These chips enable manufacturers to develop multiple switch design options that combine plug-and-play ease-of-use, scalability, network management features and non-blocking switching performance at optimal price points for the remote office and branch office user. Our ROBOSwitch^tm products include CableChecker^tm technology, which finds the location of wiring faults without disrupting live network traffic, and LoopDTech^tm technology, which provides an immediate warning when a loop is introduced in the network, allowing the problem to be identified and remedied quickly. In 2006 we introduced a new family of ROBOswitch Gigabit Ethernet products, ranging from 16 to 48 Gigabit Ethernet ports, that features an integrated MIPS^® processor, which reduces overall system cost. The ROBOswitch family includes products for unmanaged, smart and managed solutions.

 

For enterprise applications, our StrataXGS^® product family provides the multi-layer switching capabilities of our earlier StrataSwitch^® II technology with wire-speed Gigabit and 10 Gigabit Ethernet switching performance for enterprise business networks. These devices, in combination with our quad and octal Gigabit Ethernet transceivers, enable system vendors to build 12, 24 and 48 port multi-layer Gigabit Ethernet stackable switches, supporting systems with up to 1,536 Gigabit Ethernet ports. These multi-layer switches are capable of receiving, prioritizing and forwarding packets of voice, video and data at high speeds over existing corporate networks. The StrataXGS family also enables advanced network management capabilities in the switching infrastructure to track data flows and monitor or control bandwidth on any one of these flows. This results in a more intelligent use of network resources and enables a whole new set of network service applications that require high bandwidth, reliable data transmission, low latency and advanced quality service features such as streaming video and VoIP. The most recent generation of our StrataXGS product family incorporates advanced features such as IPv6 routing, unified wired and wireless switch management, advanced security and intrusion detection features, sophisticated traffic management, and scalable buffer and routing tables for high-end applications.

 

In 2007 Broadcom introduced a new 10 Gigabit Ethernet switch that provides 240 Gigabits of multi-layer switching capacity on a single chip. The new chip uses 65 nanometer process technology to achieve extremely low

power consumption, ultimately enabling “greener” data centers. The new 10 Gigabit Ethernet switch provides data centers with greater density at a lower power, enabling cooler operations that better support a fluctuating volume of users due to the rich multimedia content associated with Web 2.0, online video-on-demand, social networking and interactive gaming.

 

Our StrataXGS family is based on previous StrataSwitch II technology. The family of high-end StrataSwitch products consists of wire-speed, multi-layer chips that combine multiservice provisioning capabilities with switching, routing and traffic classification functionality in single-chip solutions. Replacing as many as 10 chips with one, our StrataSwitch II family of chips incorporates 24 Fast Ethernet and two Gigabit Ethernet ports with advanced Layer 3 switching and multi-layer packet classification.

 

In 2007 we expanded our applications for Ethernet switches by enhancing the wattage available for such high power applications as 802.11n wireless access points, video and security technologies, and introduced our first power over Ethernet products. Featuring two highly integrated power sourcing equipment controllers, the new four-port controllers provide power to networked devices in enterprise, SMB or residential environments using the Ethernet cable infrastructure that is already in place for transferring voice, video and data.

 

Servers, Storage and Workstations

 

With the proliferation of data being accessed and sorted by the Internet and corporate intranets, the demand for servers has increased substantially. As integral pieces of the overall communications infrastructure, servers are multiprocessor-based computers that are used to support users’ PCs over networks and to perform data intensive PC functions such as accessing, maintaining and updating databases.

 

Unlike mobile and desktop PCs, which are dominated by central processing units, or CPUs, server, storage and workstation platforms require highly-tuned core logic to provide high bandwidth, high performance and the reliability, availability and scalability that customers demand. The Internet has created a new market for servers, storage and workstation platforms as users access data and entertainment stored on servers from their PCs, handheld computers and wireless handsets.

 

Our SystemI/O semiconductor solutions act as the essential conduits for delivering high-bandwidth data in and out of servers, and coordinating all input/output, or I/O, transactions within server, storage and workstation platforms, including among external I/O devices, the main system memory and multiple CPUs.

 

We provide core logic technology that manages the flow of data to and from a system’s processors, memory and peripheral I/O devices. Our SystemI/O products are used to design low-end and mid-range servers with two to four CPUs, as well as storage, workstation, blades and networking platforms. These products also provide reliability, availability and serviceability features. Our HyperTransport^tm-based server I/O controller incorporates PCI Express, PCI-X, HyperTransport tunnel and Gigabit Ethernet interfaces, while our current generation of SystemI/O products supports the AMD Opteron^® product line and IBM PowerPC processors.

 

Metropolitan and Wide Area Networking

 

To address the increasing volume of data traffic emanating from the growing number of broadband connections in homes and businesses, MANs and wide area networks, or WANs, will have to evolve at both the transport and switching layers. We believe that the CMOS fabrication process will be a key technology in this evolution by enabling the development of smaller optical modules and system components that cost less, consume less power and integrate greater functionality.

 

Electronic components for optical communications are a natural extension of our large portfolio of high-speed LAN chips, one that will allow us to provide end-to-end semiconductor solutions across the WAN, MAN and LAN that increase the performance, intelligence and cost-effectiveness of broadband communications networks.

 

We offer a portfolio of CMOS OC-48 and OC-192 transceiver and forward error correction solutions, chips for Synchronous Optical Networks and dense wave division multiplexing, or DWDM, applications, as well as a serial CMOS transceiver for 10 Gigabit Ethernet applications. Our use of the CMOS process allows substantially higher levels of integration and lower power consumption than competitive gallium arsenide, bipolar or silicon

germanium solutions. Our DWDM transport processor combines an OC-192 transceiver, forward error correction, performance monitoring logic and G.709 digital wrapper into a single-chip CMOS solution, occupying less than one half the space and consuming one-third the power of non-integrated solutions.

 

In addition, our latest generation of switch devices is designed for the Metro access and edge markets. These devices feature support for IPv4 and IPv6, MPLS, Ethernet over MPLS, advanced quality of service, and sophisticated packet classification and traffic management. They are also scalable to large systems with external memory.

 

Security Processors and Adapters

 

Most corporations use the Internet for the transmission of data among corporate offices and remote sites and for a variety of ecommerce and business-to-business applications. To secure corporate networks from intrusive attacks and provide for secure communications among corporate sites and remote users, an increasing amount of networking equipment will include technology to establish virtual private networks, or VPNs, which use the Internet Protocol security, or IPSec, protocol. In addition to VPNs, secure socket layer, commonly referred to as SSL, is used to secure sensitive information among users and service providers for ecommerce applications. Personal authentication has also become a part of daily life — people present “credentials” to prove their identity and gain access to a place or thing, such as a corporate network, or to engage in financial transactions. Our identities have increasingly become a collection of electronic bits. While enabling unprecedented levels of convenience, digital transactions inherently expose individuals and companies to a greater risk of identity theft and invasion of privacy.

 

Our SSL family of CryptoNetX^® high-speed security processors and adapters for enterprise networks is enabling companies to guard against Internet attacks without compromising the speed and performance of their networks. Our PCI 2.2-compliant adapters provide a range of performance from 800 to 10,000 SSL transactions per second. Our current generation of CryptoNetX processors combine IP security, SSL protocol processing, cryptographic acceleration and hardware-based identity management and authentication into a single chip. These processors are built upon a proprietary, scalable silicon architecture that performs standards-compliant cryptographic functions at data rates ranging from a few Mbps to 10 Gbps full duplex. This architecture is being deployed across all of our product lines, addressing the entire broadband security network spectrum from residential applications to enterprise networking equipment. This scalable architecture allows us to develop standalone security products for very high-speed networking applications and to integrate the IP security processor core into lower speed solutions for consumer products, such as cable and DSL modem applications.

 

In 2006 Broadcom introduced a secure applications processor with integrated radio frequency identification technology that is designed to facilitate secure personal authentication transactions associated with physical access, logical access (into a PC or network) and contactless payment applications.

 

Broadband Processors

 

Broadband processors are high performance devices enabling high-speed computations that help identify, optimize and control the flow of data within the broadband network. The continued growth of IP traffic, coupled with the increasing demand for new and improved services and applications such as security, high-speed access and quality of service, is placing additional processing demands on next generation networking and communications infrastructures. From the enterprise to access network to the service provider edge, networking equipment must be able to deliver wire-speed performance from the OC-3 standard, which transmits data at 155 Mbps, through the OC-192 standard, which transmits data at 10 Gbps, as well as the scalability and flexibility required to support next generation services and features. In the enterprise and data center markets, server and storage applications require high computational performance to support complex protocol conversions and services such as virtualization. With the migration from second generation cellular mobile systems, or 2G, to the third generation cellular mobile systems, or 3G, networks and mobile infrastructure equipment must be able to support higher bandwidth rates utilizing low power resource levels.

 

Leveraging our expertise in large scale integration design, we have developed a family of high performance, low power processor solutions designed specifically to meet the needs of next generation networks. Our SiByte^® family of processors delivers four key features essential for today’s embedded broadband network processors: very

high performance, low power dissipation, high integration of network-centric functions, and programmability based on an industry-standard instruction set architecture. At the heart of the SiByte family of processors is the SB-1 core, a MIPS 64-bit superscalar CPU capable of operating at frequencies of 400 MHz to 1.2 GHz. These processors provide customers with a solution for high-speed network processing, including packet classification, queuing, forwarding and exception processing for wired and wireless networks. They enable complex applications such as deep content switching, routing and load balancing to be performed at wire speed. Our devices are also being designed for utilization in the fast growing network storage market, including network attached storage, storage area networking and RAID applications. Our general purpose processors are ideal for the complex protocol conversions, virtualization and proxy computations that storage applications require.

 

Custom Silicon Products

 

Custom silicon products are devices for applications that customers are able to semi-customize by integrating their own intellectual property with our proprietary intellectual property cores. We have successfully deployed such devices into the LAN, WAN and PC markets. Our typical semi-custom devices are complex mixed-signal designs that leverage our advanced design processes.

 

  Mobile & Wireless Networking

 

Broadcom’s mobile and wireless products allow manufacturers to develop leading edge mobile devices, enabling end-to-end wireless opportunities for the home, business and mobile markets. Products in this area include solutions in major wireless market segments, including wireless local area networking, cellular and wide area networking, and personal area networking, as well as a comprehensive range of emerging next generation mobile technologies. Our portfolio of mobile and wireless products is enabling a new generation of portable devices including cellular handsets, gaming platforms and other wireless-enabled consumer electronics and peripherals, such as home gateways, printers, VoIP phones, PC cards and notebook computers. Net revenue from our mobile and wireless target market represented 32.4%, 30.0% and 25.8% of our total net revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

 

Wireless Local Area Networking

 

Wireless local area networking, also known as wireless LAN, WLAN or Wi-Fi^® networking, allows equipment on a local area network to connect without the use of any cables or wires. It adds the convenience of mobility to the powerful utility provided by high-speed data networks, and is a natural extension of broadband connectivity in the home and office.

 

The first widely adopted standard for Wi-Fi technology was the IEEE 802.11b specification (the wireless equivalent of 10 Mbps Ethernet), which allowed transfer speeds up to 11 Mbps and spanning distances of up to 100 meters. However, the 802.11g specification (which provides almost five times the data rate of 802.11b networks), has replaced 802.11b as the mainstream wireless technology for both business and consumer applications. A third standard, 802.11a, applies to wireless LANs that operate in the 5 GHz frequency range with a maximum data rate of 54 Mbps. In 2007 a fourth Wi-Fi standard was ratified called 802.11n, which promises to deliver up to eight times the throughput and up to four times the range of 802.11g. Broadcom is already shipping WLAN solutions to conform to the 802.11n standard and has solutions covering all four of the Wi-Fi standards.

 

Wi-Fi technology was first utilized in applications such as computers and routers, and is now being embedded into a number of other electronic devices such as printers, digital cameras, gaming devices, PDAs, cellular phones and broadband modems. Our 54g^® chipsets represent our implementation of the IEEE 802.11g wireless LAN standard that preserves full interoperability with 802.11b but provides connectivity at speeds of up to 54 Mbps. We offer a family of low power Wi-Fi chipsets that are specifically designed to allow PDAs, portable music players, cellular phones, and handheld games to connect to wireless home or enterprise networks using 802.11b, 802.11g or 802.11a/g dual-band technology. Our Intensi-fi^tm chipsets, introduced in 2006, are built to support the 802.11n standard, and are backwards compatible to all previous WLAN standards: 802.11a, 802.11b, and 802.11g. These chipsets enable us to serve a new demand for video distribution in the home.

Continuous software and hardware performance enhancements have refined our wireless LAN product family, which includes 125 High Speed Mode^tm technology (which increases the speed of wireless transmissions), BroadRange^tm technology (which extends Wi-Fi coverage range), and SecureEasySetup^® (an advanced software that enables simple setup of a secure wireless network). All of these AirForce^® products also offer advanced security features, including certified support for Wi-Fi Protected Access^tm, or WPA versions 1 and 2, the Cisco Compatible Extensions, and hardware accelerated Advanced Encryption Standard, or AES, encryption. Our entire family of wireless LAN chips consists of all-CMOS solutions that are capable of self-calibration based on usage temperatures and other environmental conditions.

 

Cellular Technology

 

The cellular handset market is transitioning from pure voice to broadband multimedia and data, transforming the traditional cellular phone from a voice-only device into a multimedia gateway. Products emerging from this transition will allow end-users to wirelessly download email, view web pages, stream audio and video, play games and conduct videoconferences with cellular phones, smartphones, notebook computers and other mobile devices.

 

The international Global System for Mobile Communication, or GSM, is currently the dominant standard for cellular mobile communications. Enhanced data communications standards derived from GSM include General Packet Radio Services, or GPRS, Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution, or EDGE, and Universal Mobile Telecommunications System, or UMTS. UMTS technologies, including Wideband Code Division Multiple Access, or WCDMA, High Speed Downlink Packet Access, or HSDPA, and High Speed Uplink Packet Access, or HSUPA, are typically referred to as 3G technologies. These standards have extended GSM to enable packet-based “always on” Internet applications and more efficient data transport with higher transmission rates and better network utilization for a new generation of data services such as Internet browsing, 3D gaming and multimedia messaging with rich graphics and audio content.

 

We develop and market GSM, GPRS, EDGE and UMTS chipsets and reference designs with complete software and terminal solutions for use in cellular phones, cellular modem cards and smartphones. Our CellAirity^tm cellular products include baseband processor solutions, which integrate both mixed signal and digital functions on a single chip, a cellular software suite that includes enhanced communications and multimedia functionality, and pre-integrated cellular phone reference designs that assist our customers in achieving easier and faster transitions from initial prototype designs to final production releases.

 

Wireless Personal Area Networking

 

The Bluetooth^® short-range wireless networking standard is a low cost wire replacement technology that enables connectivity among a wide variety of mainstream consumer electronic devices including PCs, mobile phones, smartphones, headsets and automotive electronics. Bluetooth short-range wireless connectivity enables personal area networking, or PAN, at speeds up to 3 Mbps, and can cover distances up to 30 feet. Bluetooth technology allows devices to automatically synchronize and exchange data with other Bluetooth-enabled devices without the need for wires, and enables wireless headset connections to cellular phones and wireless mouse and keyboard applications.

 

Our Blutonium^® family of single-chip Bluetooth devices and software profiles and stacks provides a complete solution that enables manufacturers to add Bluetooth functionality to almost any electronic device with a minimal amount of development time and resources. Our Bluetooth solutions have been qualified by the Bluetooth Qualification Board to meet version 1.2, 2.0 and 2.1 of the Bluetooth specification, and are incorporated in PCs, PDAs, wireless mice and keyboards, GSM/GPRS/UMTS and CDMA mobile phones, and other end products.

 

Our Bluetooth solutions are designed in standard CMOS process technology and offer the industry’s highest levels of performance and integration, allowing them to be highly reliable while reducing manufacturing costs. In addition, we have developed InConcert^® coexistence technology to allow products enabled with our AirForce Wi-Fi and Blutonium Bluetooth chips to collaboratively coexist within the same radio frequency.

 

Broadcom added several new and enhanced products to its Bluetooth product line in 2007, including two new devices optimized for high-end and basic headsets. These new solutions for Bluetooth wireless headsets

integrate our new SmartAudio^tm voice clarity technology and a special version of our BTE software that improves the audio performance of wireless mono and stereo headsets. Targeting the greater than 80 million unit Bluetooth headset market, these two chips enable the development of complete lines of high- and low-end headsets with sleek form factors, longer battery life and an improved audio experience.

 

Global Positioning Systems Applications

 

In 2007 Broadcom acquired Global Locate, Inc., an industry leading provider of global positioning system and assisted GPS, or A-GPS, semiconductor products and software. With the demand for GPS devices increasing dramatically as the deployment of GPS in mobile phones and personal navigation devices increases, combining Global Locate’s GPS technology with our leading Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, cellular and other mobile technologies will provide leading handset makers with wireless connectivity solutions that add significant value to mobile devices and smartphone products.

 

Global Locate focused on GPS chip and navigation technology since it was founded in 1999 and has developed a worldwide GPS reference network that provides assistance data to its A-GPS-equipped chips via cellular data channels (GPRS or 3G), boosting performance and reducing the time required to determine a location by up to 100 times. As a result of this acquisition, we believe that we currently are the only supplier with top-tier customers in Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, FM radio and GPS, which represent four of the key wireless technologies currently being added to next generation mobile phones.

 

Mobile Multimedia Processors

 

Multimedia is becoming increasingly prevalent in handheld devices such as cellular phones. To support new multimedia features including imaging, graphics, camera image capture, audio capture, music playback, music streaming, video streaming, video capture, gaming, mobile TV, and more, Broadcom offers a line of video and multimedia processors based on a low power, high performance architecture referred to as Videocore^®.

 

Unlike hard-wired processor cores, Videocore devices are built to provide customers the benefit of software flexibility and programmability. Videocore supports a wide variety of standard and non-standard software and codecs including, but not limited to, extremely low power implementations of MPEG-4 and H.264 for video, MP3 and AAC for audio, and MIDI. Providing the base codecs to our key customers allows them to rapidly develop next generation products while maintaining backwards compatibility with applications software. Because the programmable architecture of our mobile multimedia processors enables a complete range of multimedia functions to be executed in software, the system designer can quickly move to production without the costly overhead and time-to-market uncertainty of hardware accelerators. The scalability of the architecture allows features or new industry standard codecs to be added shortly before product release or through firmware upgrades in the field.

 

Our Videocore products can be used either as standalone multimedia processors or as co-processors in conjunction with a host processor such as a cellular baseband. Videocore-enabled video and multimedia processors for advanced handheld multimedia products are designed and optimized for video record/playback, still image capture and processing, mobile TV and 3-D mobile gaming. Videocore technology is designed to create power efficient, high performance processors focused on multimedia for cellular handsets, but we are also deploying Videocore processors into a number of other portable applications, such as portable media players where battery life and performance are important.

 

Mobile Application Processors

 

The increasing popularity of multimedia features in cellular phones and other portable devices, such as mobile televisions and portable audio, video and gaming devices, is generating a demand for high-end applications processors optimized to work with video and camera capabilities at prices affordable to consumers. Our family of mobile application processors, which integrate our Videocore multimedia processor and an ARM11^® applications processor, software, and reference designs, enable an array of multimedia features, including support for an 8 megapixel digital camera, MPEG-4/H.264 VGA video decoding at 30 frames per second, video encoding at 30 frames per second, and NTSC/PAL TV signal output via composite, component and S-video connections, and to

support advanced mobile device applications such as email, web browsing, file management and graphical user interfaces.

 

Mobile Power Management

 

As cellular networks evolve to so-called 2.5G and 3G technologies, increasingly sophisticated functionality and applications are becoming available in new cellular handsets and other portable devices. The convergence of complex multimedia functionality, including high-resolution digital still camera capabilities, mobile gaming, MP3 and video playback, Internet access, GPS receivers and mobile television, is becoming standard on many portable devices. However, each of these applications adds to the power management complexity of the overall system, creating a need for more sophisticated battery charging, monitoring, and system power supply and management. Portable device makers are seeking advanced power management solutions that reduce total system cost, occupy very little board space and are flexible and scalable enough to manage even the most demanding power requirements. Broadcom provides a family of power management devices that intelligently manage power consumption in mobile devices to optimize system operation and maximize battery life in cellular phones, MP3 players, portable navigation products, portable media and game players and security applications.

 

Voice over IP

 

Voice over Internet Protocol refers to the transmission of voice over any IP packet-based network. VoIP is stimulating dramatic changes in the traditional public switched and enterprise telephone networks since packet-based networks provide significant economic advantages over traditional circuit-switched voice networks. The trend to IP networks for voice has been driven by the significant build-out of the Internet and deregulation of long distance and local phone services.

 

The enterprise equipment market is being radically affected by the convergence of corporate data networks and voice communications. A host of new enterprise services can be enabled when a LAN-based Ethernet switching infrastructure is used to carry both data and voice. We provide both silicon and software to enable our enterprise equipment customers to provide cost-effective IP phones.

 

Within residential markets, VoIP is gaining momentum as a viable alternative to traditional public telephone networks. In addition to enabling cost savings for long distance calls, VoIP creates a number of consumer product opportunities and applications for equipment vendors and service providers.

 

IP Phone Processors.  Our IP phone silicon and software solutions integrate packet processing, voice processing and switching technologies to provide the quality of service, high fidelity and reliability necessary for enterprise telephony applications. Our processors have enabled the development of new XML-based IP phones that can perform a wide variety of functions that traditional phones cannot support. Originally focused on Fast Ethernet, these processors now include support for Gigabit Ethernet as well to address the growing deployment of Gigabit Ethernet throughout enterprises.

 

Residential Terminal Adapter Processors.  Our terminal adapter VoIP solutions enable existing analog phones to be connected to broadband modems via Ethernet. These products support residential VoIP services that are now being offered by a variety of broadband service providers.

 

Wi-Fi Phone Processors.  Our Wi-Fi phone processor enables the development of next generation, cordless phone replacement devices. These Wi-Fi phones are beginning to be deployed in both enterprises and homes as the use of broadband and Wi-Fi applications increases in these markets.

 

All of our VoIP processors support our BroadVoice^® technology, which features a wideband high fidelity mode that significantly improves the clarity and quality of telephony voice service.

 

Mobile Digital TV

 

Mobile digital TV refers to a series of new broadcast technology standards targeted specifically at mobile platforms. As incorporation of video into mobile devices becomes more prevalent, broadcast technologies offer improved viewing quality and lower network loading as compared to video over 3G IP transfers. Of these

standards, the digital video broadcasting-handheld, or DVB-H, standard currently offers broad geographic coverage worldwide. DVB-H is based on the DVB-T standard with lower power features.

 

Our tuner, which supports both the DVB-T and DVB-H standards, can be combined with off-the-shelf demodulators from third parties to provide a complete mobile digital TV solution for DVB-H and DVB-T.

 

Reference Platforms

 

We develop reference platforms designed around our integrated circuit products that represent prototypical system-level applications for incorporation into our customers’ equipment. These reference platforms generally include an extensive suite of software drivers as well as protocol and application layer software to assist our customers in developing their own end products. By providing these reference platforms, we assist our customers in achieving easier and faster transitions from initial prototype designs to final production releases. These reference platforms also enhance the customer’s confidence that our products will meet its market requirements and product introduction schedules.

 

Customers and Strategic Relationships

 

We sell our products to leading manufacturers of wired and wireless communications equipment in each of our target markets. Because we leverage our technologies across different markets, certain of our integrated circuits may be incorporated into equipment used in several markets.

 

Customers currently shipping wired and wireless communications equipment incorporating our products include Alcatel, Apple, Cisco, Dell, EchoStar, Hewlett-Packard, IBM, LG, Motorola, Netgear, Nintendo, Nokia, Nortel Networks, Pace, Samsung, and Thomson CE, among others. To meet the current and future technical needs in our target markets, we have also established strategic relationships with multiservice operators that provide wired and wireless communications services to consumers and businesses.

 

A small number of customers have historically accounted for a substantial portion of our net revenue. Sales to our five largest customers represented 39.7%, 46.5% and 48.5%% of our net revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. See Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report.

 

We expect that our key customers will continue to account for a substantial portion of our net revenue in 2008 and in the foreseeable future. These customers and their respective contributions to our net revenue have varied and will likely continue to vary from period to period. We typically sell products pursuant to purchase orders that customers can generally cancel, change or defer on short notice without incurring a significant penalty.

 

Core Technologies

 

Using proprietary technologies and advanced design methodologies, we design, develop and supply complete SoC solutions and system-level software, together with related hardware and software applications for our target markets. Our proven SoC design methodology has enabled us to be first to market with advanced chips that are highly integrated and cost-effective, and that facilitate the easy integration of our customers’ intellectual property. Our design methodology leverages industry-standard, state-of-the-art electronic design automation tools, and generally migrates easily to new silicon processes and technology platforms. It also allows for the easy integration of acquired or licensed technology, providing customers with a broad range of silicon options with differentiated networking and performance features.

 

We believe our key competitive advantages include superior engineering execution and our broad base of core technologies encompassing the complete design space from systems to silicon. We have developed and continue to build on the following technology foundations:

 

 

Research and Development

 

We have assembled a large team of experienced engineers and technologists, many of whom are leaders in their particular field or discipline. As of December 31, 2007 we had 4,676 research and development employees, the majority of whom hold advanced degrees, including 501 employees with Ph.Ds. These key employees are involved in advancing our core technologies, as well as applying them to our product development activities. Because the SoC solutions for many of our target markets benefit from the same underlying core technologies, we are able to address a wide range of wired and wireless communications markets with a relatively focused investment in research and development.

 

We believe that the achievement of higher levels of integration and the timely introduction of new products in our target markets is essential to our growth. Our current plans are to maintain our significant research and development staffing levels in 2008 and for the foreseeable future. In addition to our principal design facilities in Irvine, California and Santa Clara County, California, we have design centers in Tempe, Arizona; San Diego County, California; Colorado Springs, Fort Collins and Longmont, Colorado; Duluth, Georgia; Germantown, Maryland; Andover, Massachusetts; Bloomington, Minnesota; Matawan and Glen Rock, New Jersey; Morrisville, North Carolina; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Austin, Texas and Seattle, Washington, among other locations. Internationally, we have design facilities in Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Greece, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Singapore, Taiwan and the United Kingdom, among other locations. We anticipate establishing additional design centers in the United States and in other countries.

 

Our research and development expense was $1.349 billion, $1.117 billion and $681.0 million in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. These amounts included stock-based compensation expense for employees engaged in research and development of $353.6 million, $307.1 million and $68.6 million in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

 

Manufacturing

 

Wafer Fabrication

 

Most of our products are manufactured using standard CMOS process techniques. The standard nature of these processes permits us to engage independent silicon foundries to fabricate our integrated circuits. By subcontracting our manufacturing requirements, we are able to focus our resources on design and test applications where we believe we have greater competitive advantages. This strategy also eliminates the high cost of owning and operating semiconductor wafer fabrication facilities.

 

Our operations and quality engineering teams closely manage the interface between manufacturing and design engineering. While our design methodology typically creates a smaller than average die for a given function, it also generates full-custom integrated circuit designs. As a result, we are responsible for the complete functional and parametric performance testing of our devices, including quality. We employ a fully staffed operations and quality organization similar to that of a vertically integrated semiconductor manufacturer. We also arrange with our foundries to have online work-in-progress control. Our approach makes the manufacturing subcontracting process transparent to our customers.

 

We depend on five independent foundry subcontractors located in Asia to manufacture substantially all of our products. Our key silicon foundries are Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Corporation in Taiwan, Chartered Semiconductor Manufacturing in Singapore, Semiconductor Manufacturing International Corporation in China, Silterra Malaysia Sdn. Bhd. in Malaysia and United Microelectronics Corporation in Singapore and Taiwan, several of which maintain multiple fabrication facilities in various locations. Limitation of any of our five independent foundry subcontractors to provide the necessary capacity or output for our products could result in significant

production delays and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. While we currently believe we have adequate capacity to support our current sales levels, we continue to work with our existing foundries to obtain more production capacity, and we intend to qualify new foundries to provide additional production capacity. It is possible that from time to time adequate foundry capacity may not be available on acceptable terms, if at all. In the event a foundry experiences financial difficulties, or if a foundry suffers any damage to or destruction of its facilities, or in the event of any other disruption of foundry capacity, we may not be able to qualify alternative manufacturing sources for existing or new products in a timely manner.

 

Our products are currently fabricated with .35 micron, quad layer metal; .22 micron, five layer metal; .18 micron, five and six layer metal; .13 micron, six and seven layer metal; 90 nanometer, six and seven layer metal structures; and 65 nanometer, six and seven layer metal structures. We continuously evaluate the benefits, on a product-by-product basis, of migrating to smaller geometry process technologies, and are designing most new products in 65 nanometer process technology, seven to eight layer metal, feature sizes. Although our experience to date with the migration of products to smaller processes geometries has been predominantly favorable, the transition to 65 nanometer geometry process technology has resulted in significantly higher mask and prototyping costs, as well as additional expenditures for engineering design tools and related computer hardware. We may face similar expenses and difficulties or delays as we continue to transition our products to smaller geometry processes. Other companies in our industry have experienced difficulty transitioning to new manufacturing processes and, consequently, have suffered reduced yields or delays in product deliveries. We believe that the transition of our products to smaller geometries will be important for us to remain competitive. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected if any such transition is substantially delayed or inefficiently implemented.

 

Assembly and Test

 

Our wafer probe testing is conducted by either our independent foundries or independent wafer probe test subcontractors. Following completion of the wafer probe tests, the die are assembled into packages and the finished products are tested by one of our eight key subcontractors: Advanced Semiconductor Engineering in China and Taiwan; Amkor in Korea, Philippines and China; ASAT in Hong Kong; EEMS Test Singapore in Singapore; Signetics in Korea; Siliconware Precision in Taiwan; STATS ChipPAC in Singapore, Korea, Malaysia and China; and United Test and Assembly Center in Singapore. While we have not experienced material disruptions in supply from assembly subcontractors to date, we and others in our industry have experienced shortages in the supply of packaging materials from time to time, and we could experience shortages or assembly problems in the future. The availability of assembly and testing services from these subcontractors could be materially and adversely affected in the event a subcontractor experiences financial difficulties, or if a subcontractor suffers any damage to or destruction of its facilities, or in the event of any other disruption of assembly and testing capacity.

 

Quality Assurance

 

Manufacturers of wired and wireless communications equipment demand high quality and reliable semiconductors for incorporation into their products. We focus on product reliability from the initial stage of the design cycle through each specific design process, including layout and production test design. In addition, we subject our designs to in-depth circuit simulation at temperature, voltage and processing extremes before initiating the manufacturing process.

 

We prequalify each assembly and foundry subcontractor. This prequalification process consists of a series of industry standard environmental product stress tests, as well as an audit and analysis of the subcontractor’s quality system and manufacturing capability. We also participate in quality and reliability monitoring through each stage of the production cycle by reviewing electrical and parametric data from our wafer foundry and assembly subcontractors. We closely monitor wafer foundry production to ensure consistent overall quality, reliability and yield levels. In cases where we purchase wafers on a fixed price basis, any improvement in yields can reduce our cost per chip.

As part of our total quality program, we received ISO 9002 certification, a comprehensive International Standards Organization specified quality system acknowledgement, for our Singapore facility. All of our principal independent foundries and package assembly facilities are currently ISO 9001 certified.

 

While every effort is made to monitor and meet the quality requirements of our customers, including the use of industry standard procedures and other methods, it is possible that an unanticipated quality problem may result in interruptions or delays in product shipments. In that event, our reputation may be damaged and customers may be reluctant to buy our products, and we may be required to apply significant capital and other resources to remedy any quality problem with our products.

 

Environmental Management

 

We monitor the environmental impact of our products. Our manufacturing flow is registered to ISO 14000, the international standard related to environmental management, by our subcontractors. Due to environmental concerns, the need for lead-free solutions in electronic components and systems is receiving increasing attention within the semiconductor industry and many companies are moving towards becoming compliant with the Restriction of Hazardous Substances Directive, or RoHS, the European legislation that restricts the use of a number of substances, including lead, effective July 2006. We believe that our products are compliant with the RoHS Directive. However, it is possible that unanticipated supply shortages or delays may occur as a result of the application of ISO 14000, the RoHS Directive or other standards or regulations.

 

Product Distribution

 

Initially we distributed products to our customers through an operations and distribution center located in Irvine, California. In 1999 we established an international distribution center in Singapore. This facility put us closer to our suppliers and many key customers and improved our ability to meet customers’ needs. Our Irvine facility continues to ship products to U.S. destinations, while our Singapore facility distributes products to international destinations. Net revenue derived from actual shipments to international destinations, primarily in Asia (including foreign subsidiaries or manufacturing subcontractors of customers that are headquartered in the United States), represented 87.4%, 86.5% and 84.5% of our net revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

 

Sales and Marketing

 

Our sales and marketing strategy is to achieve design wins with technology leaders in each of our targeted wired and wireless communications markets by providing quality, state-of-the-art products, superior engineering execution, and superior sales, field application and engineering support. We market and sell our products in the United States through a direct sales force, distributors and manufacturers’ representatives. The majority of our sales occur through our direct sales force, which is based in offices located in California, Colorado, Florida, Georgia, Illinois, Maine, Maryland, Massachusetts, Michigan, New York, New Jersey, North Carolina, Ohio, Texas and Virginia. We have also engaged independent distributors, Arrow Electronics and Avnet, Inc., to service the North American and South American markets.

 

We market and sell our products internationally through regional offices located in Canada, China, Finland, France, Germany, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Taiwan and the United Kingdom, among other locations, as well as through a network of independent distributors and representatives in Australia, Canada, Germany, Hong Kong, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, Singapore and Taiwan. We select these independent entities based on their ability to provide effective field sales, marketing communications and technical support to our customers. All international sales to date have been denominated in U.S. dollars. For information regarding revenue from independent customers by geographic area, see Note 12 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report.

 

We dedicate sales managers to principal customers to promote close cooperation and communication. We also provide our customers with reference platform designs for most products. We believe this enables our customers to achieve easier and faster transitions from the initial prototype designs through final production releases. We believe these reference platform designs also significantly enhance customers’ confidence that our products will meet their market requirements and product introduction schedules.

Backlog

 

Our sales are made primarily pursuant to standard purchase orders for delivery of products. Due to industry practice that allows customers to cancel, change or defer orders with limited advance notice prior to shipment, we do not believe that backlog is a reliable indicator of future revenue levels.

 

Competition

 

Wired and wireless communications markets and the semiconductor industry are intensely competitive and are characterized by rapid change, evolving standards, short product life cycles and price erosion. We believe that the principal factors of competition for integrated circuit providers in our target markets include:

 

 

We believe that we compete favorably with respect to each of these factors.

 

We compete with a number of major domestic and international suppliers of integrated circuits and related applications in our target markets. We also compete with suppliers of system-level and motherboard-level solutions incorporating integrated circuits that are proprietary or sourced from manufacturers other than Broadcom. This competition has resulted and will continue to result in declining average selling prices for our products. In all of our target markets, we also may face competition from newly established competitors, suppliers of products based on new or emerging technologies, and customers that choose to develop their own silicon solutions. We also expect to encounter further consolidation in the markets in which we compete.

 

Many of our competitors operate their own fabrication facilities and have longer operating histories and presence in key markets, greater name recognition, larger customer bases and significantly greater financial, sales and marketing, manufacturing, distribution, technical and other resources than we do. As a result, these competitors may be able to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements or to devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products. Current and potential competitors have established or may establish financial or strategic relationships among themselves or with existing or potential customers, resellers or other third parties, and may refuse to provide us with information necessary to permit the interoperability of our products with theirs. Accordingly, it is possible that new competitors or alliances among competitors could emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share. In addition, competitors may develop technologies that more effectively address our markets with products that offer enhanced features, lower power requirements or lower costs. Increased competition could result in pricing pressures, decreased gross margins and loss of market share and may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Intellectual Property

 

Our success and future revenue growth depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We rely primarily on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as nondisclosure agreements and other methods, to protect our proprietary technologies and processes. However, these measures may not provide meaningful protection for our intellectual property.

We currently hold over 2,500 U.S. and 1,000 foreign patents and have filed more than 7,400 additional U.S. and foreign patent applications. We may not receive any additional patents as a result of these applications or future applications. Even if additional patents are issued, any claims allowed may not be sufficiently broad to protect our technology. In addition, any existing or future patents could be challenged, invalidated or circumvented, and any rights granted under such patents may not provide us with meaningful protection. We may not have foreign patents or pending applications corresponding to our U.S. patents and applications. Even if foreign patents are granted, effective enforcement in foreign countries may not be available. The failure of any patents to adequately protect our technology would make it easier for our competitors to offer similar products. In connection with our participation in the development of various industry standards, we may be required to license certain of our patents to other parties, including competitors, that develop products based upon the adopted industry standards.

 

We also generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees and strategic partners, and typically control access to and distribution of our documentation and other proprietary information. Despite these precautions, it may be possible for a third party to copy or otherwise obtain and use our products, services or technology without authorization, to develop similar technology independently, or to design around our patents. In addition, effective copyright, trademark and trade secret protection may not be available or may be limited in certain foreign countries. We have also entered into agreements with certain of our customers and granted these customers the right to use our proprietary technology in the event we default in our contractual obligations, including product supply obligations, and fail to cure the default within a specified time period. In addition, we often incorporate the intellectual property of our strategic customers into our designs, and therefore have certain obligations with respect to the non-use and non-disclosure of their intellectual property. It is possible that the steps taken by us to prevent misappropriation or infringement of our intellectual property or our customers’ intellectual property may not be successful. Moreover, we are currently engaged in litigation and may need to engage in additional litigation to enforce our intellectual property rights or the rights of our customers, to protect our trade secrets, or to determine the validity and scope of proprietary rights of others, including our customers. Such litigation will result in substantial costs and diversion of our resources and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Companies in and related to the semiconductor industry and the wired and wireless communications markets often aggressively protect and pursue their intellectual property rights. From time to time, we have received, and may continue to receive, notices that claim we have infringed upon, misappropriated or misused other parties’ proprietary rights. Moreover, we have in the past and continue to be engaged in litigation with parties who claim that we have infringed their patents or misappropriated or misused their trade secrets. We may also be sued by parties who may seek to invalidate one or more of our patents. Intellectual property claims and litigation may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in a patent or trade secret action, a court could issue a preliminary or permanent injunction that would require us to withdraw or recall certain products from the market or to redesign certain products offered for sale or under development. In addition, we may be liable for damages for past infringement and royalties for future use of the technology. We may also have to indemnify certain customers and strategic partners under our agreements with such parties if a third party alleges or if a court finds that our products or activities have infringed upon, misappropriated or misused another party’s proprietary rights. We have received requests from certain customers and strategic partners to include increasingly broad indemnification provisions in our agreements with them. These indemnification provisions may, in some circumstances, extend our liability beyond the products we provide to include liability for combinations of components or system level designs and for consequential damages and/or lost profits. Even if claims or litigation against us are not valid or successfully asserted, the defense of these claims could result in significant costs and a diversion of management and personnel resources. In any of these events, our business, financial condition and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, we have sought and may in the future seek to obtain licenses under other parties’ intellectual property rights and have granted and may in the future grant licenses to certain of our intellectual property rights to others in connection with cross-license agreements or settlements of claims or actions asserted against us. However, we may not be able to obtain licenses under another’s intellectual property rights on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

Employees

 

As of December 31, 2007 we had 6,347 full-time, contract and temporary employees, including 4,676 individuals engaged in research and development, 654 engaged in sales and marketing, 437 engaged in manufacturing operations, and 580 engaged in finance, legal and general administrative activities. Our employees are not represented by any collective bargaining agreement, and we have never experienced a work stoppage. We believe our employee relations are good.

 

 

Before deciding to purchase, hold or sell our common stock, you should carefully consider the risks described below in addition to the other cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere, and the other information contained, in this Report and in our other filings with the SEC, including our subsequent reports on Forms 10-Q and 8-K. The risks and uncertainties described below are not the only ones we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not presently known to us or that we currently deem immaterial may also affect our business. If any of these known or unknown risks or uncertainties actually occurs with material adverse effects on Broadcom, our business, financial condition, results of operations and/or liquidity could be seriously harmed. In that event, the market price for our Class A common stock will likely decline, and you may lose all or part of your investment.

 

Our quarterly operating results may fluctuate significantly. As a result, we may fail to meet the expectations of securities analysts and investors, which could cause our stock price to decline.

 

Our quarterly net revenue and operating results have fluctuated significantly in the past and are likely to continue to vary from quarter to quarter due to a number of factors, many of which are not within our control. If our operating results do not meet the expectations of securities analysts or investors, who may derive their expectations by extrapolating data from recent historical operating results, the market price of our Class A common stock will likely decline. Fluctuations in our operating results may be due to a number of factors, including, but not limited to, those listed below and those identified throughout this “Risk Factors” section:

 

 

We expect new product lines to continue to account for a high percentage of our future sales. Some of these markets are immature and/or unpredictable or are new markets for Broadcom, and we cannot assure you that these markets will develop into significant opportunities or that we will continue to derive significant revenue from these markets. Based on the limited amount of historical data available to us, it is difficult to anticipate our future revenue streams from, or the sustainability of, such newer markets. Typically our new products have lower gross margins until we commence volume production and launch lower cost revisions of such products, enabling us to benefit from economies of scale and more efficient designs.

 

Additionally, as an increasing number of our chips are being incorporated into consumer products, such as desktop and notebook computers, cellular phones and other mobile communication devices, other wireless-enabled consumer electronics, and satellite and digital cable set-top boxes, we anticipate greater seasonality and fluctuations in the demand for our products, which may result in greater variations in our quarterly operating results.

 

We have recently entered into arrangements that include multiple deliverables, such as the sale of semiconductor products and related data services. Under these arrangements, the services may be provided without having a separate “fair value” under Emerging Issues Task Force, or EITF, Issue No. 00-21, Revenue Arrangements with Multiple Deliverables, or EITF 00-21. In that event, we will only recognize a portion of the total revenue we receive from the customer during a quarter, and will recognize the remaining revenue on a ratable basis over the expected life of the service being provided. There are also other scenarios under EITF 00-21 whereby revenue may be deferred for even longer periods or ratable recognition over the service period may not be permitted and all of the revenue may be required to be recognized in later periods or at the end of the arrangement. As we enter into future multiple element arrangements in which the fair value of each deliverable is not known, the portion of revenue we recognize on a deferred basis may vary significantly in any given quarter, which could cause even greater fluctuations in our quarterly operating results.

 

Our operating results may be adversely impacted by worldwide political and economic uncertainties and specific conditions in the markets we address, including the cyclical nature of and volatility in the semiconductor industry. As a result, the market price of our Class A common stock may decline.

 

We operate primarily in the semiconductor industry, which is cyclical and subject to rapid change and evolving industry standards. From time to time, the semiconductor industry has experienced significant downturns. These downturns are characterized by decreases in product demand, excess customer inventories, and accelerated erosion of prices. These factors could cause substantial fluctuations in our revenue and in our results of operations. Any downturns in the semiconductor industry may be severe and prolonged, and any failure of the industry or wired and wireless communications markets to fully recover from downturns could seriously impact our revenue and harm our business, financial condition and results of operations. The semiconductor industry also periodically experiences increased demand and production capacity constraints, which may affect our ability to ship products. Accordingly, our operating results may vary significantly as a result of the general conditions in the semiconductor industry, which could cause large fluctuations in our stock price.

 

Additionally, in the recent past, general worldwide economic conditions have experienced a downturn due to slower economic activity, concerns about inflation and deflation, increased energy costs, decreased consumer confidence, reduced corporate profits and capital spending, adverse business conditions and liquidity concerns in the wired and wireless communications markets, the ongoing effects of the war in Iraq, recent international conflicts and terrorist and military activity, and the impact of natural disasters and public health emergencies. These conditions make it extremely difficult for our customers, our vendors and us to accurately forecast and plan future business activities, and they could cause U.S. and foreign businesses to slow spending on our products and services, which would delay and lengthen sales cycles. We experienced slowdowns in orders in the second half of 2006 and in the fourth quarter of 2004 that we believe were attributable in substantial part to excess inventory held by certain of our customers, and we may experience a similar slowdown in the future. We cannot predict the timing, strength or duration of any economic slowdown or subsequent economic recovery, worldwide, or in the

semiconductor industry or the wired and wireless communications markets. If the economy or markets in which we operate do not continue at their present levels, our business, financial condition and results of operations will likely be materially and adversely affected.

 

We are subject to order and shipment uncertainties, and our ability to accurately forecast customer demand may be impaired by our lengthy sales cycle. If we are unable to accurately predict customer demand, we may hold excess or obsolete inventory, which would reduce our profit margin. Conversely, we may have insufficient inventory, which would result in lost revenue opportunities and potentially in loss of market share and damaged customer relationships.

 

We typically sell products pursuant to purchase orders rather than long-term purchase commitments. Customers can generally cancel, change or defer purchase orders on short notice without incurring a significant penalty. In the recent past, some of our customers have developed excess inventories of their own products and have, as a consequence, deferred purchase orders for our products. We currently do not have the ability to accurately predict what or how many products our customers will need in the future. Anticipating demand is difficult because our customers face volatile pricing and unpredictable demand for their own products, are increasingly focused on cash preservation and tighter inventory management, and may be involved in legal proceedings that could affect their ability to buy our products. Our ability to accurately forecast customer demand may also be impaired by the delays inherent in our lengthy sales cycle. After we have developed and delivered a product to a customer, the customer will usually test and evaluate our product prior to designing its own equipment to incorporate our product. Our customers may need three to more than nine months to test, evaluate and adopt our product and an additional three to more than twelve months to begin volume production of equipment that incorporates our products. Due to this lengthy sales cycle, we may experience significant delays from the time we increase our operating expenses and make investments in inventory until the time that we generate revenue from these products. It is possible that we may never generate any revenue from these products after incurring such expenditures. Even if a customer selects our product to incorporate into its equipment, we have no assurance that the customer will ultimately bring its product to market or that such effort by our customer will be successful. The delays inherent in our lengthy sales cycle increase the risk that a customer will decide to cancel or curtail, reduce or delay its product plans. If we incur significant research and development expenses, marketing expenses and investments in inventory in the future that we are not able to recover, and we are not able to compensate for those expenses, our operating results could be adversely affected. In addition, as an increasing number of our chips are being incorporated into consumer products, we anticipate greater fluctuations in demand for our products, which makes it even more difficult to forecast customer demand.

 

We place orders with our suppliers based on forecasts of customer demand and, in some instances, may establish buffer inventories to accommodate anticipated demand. Our forecasts are based on multiple assumptions, each of which may introduce error into our estimates. If we overestimate customer demand, we may allocate resources to manufacturing products that we may not be able to sell when we expect to, if at all. As a result, we would hold excess or obsolete inventory, which would reduce our profit margins and adversely affect our financial results. Conversely, if we underestimate customer demand or if insufficient manufacturing capacity is available, we would forego revenue opportunities and potentially lose market share and damage our customer relationships. In addition, any future significant cancellations or deferrals of product orders or the return of previously sold products could materially and adversely affect our profit margins, increase product obsolescence and restrict our ability to fund our operations. Furthermore, we generally recognize revenue upon shipment of products to a customer. If a customer refuses to accept shipped products or does not timely pay for these products, our revenue and financial results could be materially and adversely impacted.

 

We maintain inventory, or hubbing, arrangements with certain of our customers. Pursuant to these arrangements, we deliver products to a customer or a designated third party warehouse based upon the customer’s projected needs, but do not recognize product revenue unless and until the customer reports that it has removed our product from the warehouse to incorporate into its end products. Historically we have had good visibility into customer requirements and shipments within a quarter. However, if a customer does not take our products under a hubbing arrangement in accordance with the schedule it originally provided us, our predicted future revenue stream could vary substantially from our forecasts and our results of operations could be materially and adversely

affected. In addition, distributors and/or customers with hubbing arrangements provide us periodic reports regarding the product, price, quantity, and when products are shipped to their customer as well as the quantities of our products they still have in stock. For specialized shipping terms we may also rely on data provided by our freight forwarding providers. For our royalty revenue we also rely on data provided by our customers. Any error in the data provided to us by customers, distributors or other third parties could lead to inaccurate reporting of our revenue, gross profit and net income. Additionally, since we own inventory that is physically located in a third party’s warehouse, our ability to effectively manage inventory levels may be impaired, causing our total inventory turns to decrease, which could increase expenses associated with excess and obsolete product and negatively impact our cash flow.

 

If we fail to appropriately scale our operations in response to changes in demand for our existing products and services or to the demand for new products requested by our customers, our business could be materially and adversely affected.

 

To achieve our business objectives, we anticipate that we will need to continue to expand. Through internal growth and acquisitions, we significantly increased the scope of our operations and expanded our workforce from 2,580 full-time, contract and temporary employees as of December 31, 2002 to 6,347 full-time, contract and temporary employees as of December 31, 2007. Nonetheless, we may not be able to expand our workforce and operations in a sufficiently timely manner to respond effectively to changes in demand for our existing products and services or to the demand for new products requested by our customers. In that event, we may be unable to meet competitive challenges or exploit potential market opportunities, and our current or future business could be materially and adversely affected.

 

Conversely, if we expand our operations and workforce too rapidly in anticipation of increased demand for our products, and such demand does not materialize at the pace at which we expect, our business could be materially and adversely affected. We expect new product lines, which often require substantial research and development expenses to develop, to continue to account for a high percentage of our future revenue. However, some of the markets for these new products are immature and/or unpredictable or are new markets for Broadcom, and if these markets do not develop at the rates we originally anticipated, the rate of increase in our operating expenses may exceed the rate of increase, if any, in our revenue. Moreover, we may intentionally choose to increase the rate of our research and development expenses more rapidly than the increase in the rate of our revenue in the short term in anticipation of the longer term benefits we would derive from such investment. However, such benefits may never materialize or may not be as significant as we originally believed they would be. Also, if we experience a slowdown in the semiconductor industry or the wired and wireless communications markets in which we operate, we may not be able to scale back our operating expenses in a sufficiently timely or effective manner. In any such event, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be materially and adversely affected.

 

Our past growth has placed, and any future growth is expected to continue to place, a significant strain on our management personnel, systems and resources. To implement our current business and product plans, we will need to continue to expand, train, manage and motivate our workforce. All of these endeavors will require substantial management effort. In the past we have implemented an enterprise resource planning system to help us improve our planning and management processes, and more recently we have implemented a new equity administration system to support our more complex equity programs as well as the adoption of Statement of Financial Accounting Standards, or SFAS, No. 123 (revised 2004), Share-Based Payment, or SFAS 123R. We anticipate that we will also need to continue to implement a variety of new and upgraded operational and financial systems, including enhanced human resources management systems and a business-to-business solution, as well as additional procedures and other internal management systems. In general, the accuracy of information delivered by these systems may be subject to inherent programming quality. In addition, to support our growth, in March 2007 we relocated our headquarters and Irvine operations to new, larger facilities that have enabled us to centralize all of our Irvine employees and operations on one campus. We may also engage in other relocations of our employees or operations from time to time. Such relocations could result in temporary disruptions of our operations or a diversion of management’s attention and resources. If we are unable to effectively manage our expanding operations, we may be unable to scale our business quickly enough to meet competitive challenges or exploit

potential market opportunities, or conversely, we may scale our business too quickly and the rate of increase in our expenses may exceed the rate of increase in our revenue, either of which would materially and adversely affect our current or future business.

 

If we are unable to develop and introduce new products successfully and in a cost-effective and timely manner or to achieve market acceptance of our new products, our operating results would be adversely affected.

 

Our future success is dependent upon our ability to develop new semiconductor products for existing and new markets, introduce these products in a cost-effective and timely manner, and convince leading equipment manufacturers to select these products for design into their own new products. Our products are generally incorporated into our customers’ products at the design stage. We often incur significant expenditures on the development of a new product without any assurance that an equipment manufacturer will select our product for design into its own product. Once an equipment manufacturer designs a competitor’s product into its product offering, it becomes significantly more difficult for us to sell our products to that customer because changing suppliers involves significant cost, time, effort and risk for the customer.

 

Even if an equipment manufacturer designs one of our products into its product offering, we have no assurances that its product will be commercially successful or that we will receive any revenue from sales of that product. Sales of our products largely depend on the commercial success of our customers’ products. Our customers are typically not obligated to purchase our products and can choose at any time to stop using our products if their own products are not commercially successful or for any other reason.

 

Our historical results have been, and we expect that our future results will continue to be, dependent on the introduction of a relatively small number of new products and the timely completion and delivery of those products to customers. The development of new silicon devices is highly complex, and from time to time we have experienced delays in completing the development and introduction of new products or lower than anticipated manufacturing yields in the early production of such products. If we were to experience any similar delays in the successful completion of a new product or similar reductions in our manufacturing yields for a new product in the future, our customer relationships, reputation and business could be seriously harmed.

 

In addition, the development and introduction of new products often requires substantial research and development resources. As a result, we may choose to discontinue one or more products or product development programs to dedicate more resources to new products. The discontinuation of an existing or planned product may materially and adversely affect our relationship with our customers, including customers who may purchase more than one product from us.

 

Our ability to develop and deliver new products successfully will depend on various factors, including our ability to:

 

 

In some of our businesses, our ability to develop and deliver next-generation products successfully and in a timely manner may depend in part on access to information, or licenses of technology or intellectual property

rights, from companies that are our competitors. We cannot assure you that such information or licenses will be made available to us on a timely basis, if at all, or at reasonable cost and on commercially reasonable terms.

 

If we are not able to develop and introduce new products successfully and in a cost-effective and timely manner, we will be unable to attract new customers or to retain our existing customers, as these customers may transition to other companies that can meet their product development needs, which would materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

 

Because we depend on a few significant customers for a substantial portion of our revenue, the loss of a key customer could seriously impact our revenue and harm our business. In addition, if we are unable to continue to sell existing and new products to our key customers in significant quantities or to attract new significant customers, our future operating results could be adversely affected.

 

We have derived a substantial portion of our past revenue from sales to a relatively small number of customers. As a result, the loss of any significant customer could materially and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.

 

Sales to our five largest customers represented 39.7%, 46.5% and 48.5% of our net revenue in 2007, 2006, and 2005, respectively. We expect that our largest customers will continue to account for a substantial portion of our net revenue in 2008 and for the foreseeable future. The identities of our largest customers and their respective contributions to our net revenue have varied and will likely continue to vary from period to period.

 

We may not be able to maintain or increase sales to certain of our key customers for a variety of reasons, including the following:

 

 

These relationships often require us to develop new products that may involve significant technological challenges. Our customers frequently place considerable pressure on us to meet their tight development schedules. Accordingly, we may have to devote a substantial amount of resources to strategic relationships, which could detract from or delay our completion of other important development projects or the development of next generation products and technologies. Delays in development could impair our relationships with strategic customers and negatively impact sales of the products under development.

 

In addition, our longstanding relationships with some larger customers may also deter other potential customers who compete with these customers from buying our products. To attract new customers or retain existing customers, we may offer certain customers favorable prices on our products. We may have to offer the same lower prices to certain of our customers who have contractual “most favored nation” pricing arrangements. In that event, our average selling prices and gross margins would decline. The loss of a key customer, a reduction in sales to any key customer, or our inability to attract new significant customers could seriously impact our revenue and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

 

We may not be able to adequately protect or enforce our intellectual property rights, which could harm our competitive position.

 

Our success and future revenue growth will depend, in part, on our ability to protect our intellectual property. We primarily rely on patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws, as well as nondisclosure agreements and other methods, to protect our proprietary technologies and processes. Despite our efforts to protect our proprietary technologies and processes, it is possible that competitors or other unauthorized third parties may obtain, copy, use or disclose our technologies and processes. We currently hold more than 2,500 U.S. and 1,000 foreign patents and

have filed more than 7,400 additional U.S. and foreign patent applications. However, we cannot assure you that any additional patents will be issued. Even if a new patent is issued, the claims allowed may not be sufficiently broad to protect our technology. In addition, any of our existing or future patents may be challenged, invalidated or circumvented. As such, any rights granted under these patents may not provide us with meaningful protection. We may not be able to obtain foreign patents or file pending applications corresponding to our U.S. patents and patent applications. Even if foreign patents are granted, effective enforcement in foreign countries may not be available. If our patents do not adequately protect our technology, our competitors may be able to offer products similar to ours. Our competitors may also be able to develop similar technology independently or design around our patents. Some or all of our patents have in the past been licensed and likely will in the future be licensed to certain of our competitors through cross-license agreements. Moreover, because we have participated and continue to participate in developing various industry standards, we may be required to license some of our patents to others, including competitors, who develop products based on those standards.

 

Certain of our software (as well as that of our customers) may be derived from so-called “open source” software that is generally made available to the public by its authors and/or other third parties. Such open source software is often made available under licenses, such as the GNU General Public License, or GPL, which impose certain obligations on us in the event we were to distribute derivative works of the open source software. These obligations may require us to make source code for the derivative works available to the public, and/or license such derivative works under a particular type of license, rather than the forms of license customarily used to protect our intellectual property. In addition, there is little or no legal precedent for interpreting the terms of certain of these open source licenses, including the determination of which works are subject to the terms of such licenses. While we believe we have complied with our obligations under the various applicable licenses for open source software, in the event that the copyright holder of any open source software were to successfully establish in court that we had not complied with the terms of a license for a particular work, we could be required to release the source code of that work to the public and/or stop distribution of that work. With respect to our proprietary software, we generally license such software under terms that prohibit combining it with open source software as described above. Despite these restrictions, parties may combine Broadcom proprietary software with open source software without our authorization, in which case we might nonetheless be required to release the source code of our proprietary software.

 

We generally enter into confidentiality agreements with our employees, consultants and strategic partners. We also try to control access to and distribution of our technologies, documentation and other proprietary information. Despite these efforts, internal or external parties may attempt to copy, disclose, obtain or use our products, services or technology without our authorization. Also, current or former employees may seek employment with our business partners, customers or competitors, and we cannot assure you that the confidential nature of our proprietary information will be maintained in the course of such future employment. Additionally, current, departing or former employees or third parties could attempt to penetrate our computer systems and networks to misappropriate our proprietary information and technology or interrupt our business. Because the techniques used by computer hackers and others to access or sabotage networks change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate, counter or ameliorate these techniques. As a result, our technologies and processes may be misappropriated, particularly in countries where laws may not protect our proprietary rights as fully as in the United States.

 

In addition, some of our customers have entered into agreements with us that grant them the right to use our proprietary technology if we fail to fulfill our obligations, including product supply obligations, under those agreements, and if we do not correct the failure within a specified time period. Also, some customers may require that we make certain intellectual property available to our competitors so that the customer has a choice among semiconductor vendors for solutions to be incorporated into the customer’s products. Moreover, we often incorporate the intellectual property of strategic customers into our own designs, and have certain obligations not to use or disclose their intellectual property without their authorization.

 

We cannot assure you that our efforts to prevent the misappropriation or infringement of our intellectual property or the intellectual property of our customers will succeed. We have in the past been and currently are engaged in litigation to enforce or defend our intellectual property rights, protect our trade secrets, or determine the validity and scope of the proprietary rights of others, including our customers. It is possible that the advent of

or developments in such litigation may adversely affect our relationships and agreements with certain customers that are either involved in such litigation or also have business relationships with the party with whom we are engaged in litigation. Such litigation (and the settlement thereof) has been and will likely continue to be very expensive and time consuming. Additionally, any litigation can divert the attention of management and other key employees from the operation of the business, which could negatively impact our business and results of operations.

 

Intellectual property risks and third party claims of infringement, misappropriation of proprietary rights or other claims against us could adversely affect our ability to market our products, require us to redesign our products or seek licenses from third parties, and seriously harm our operating results. In addition, the defense of such claims could result in significant costs and divert the attention of our management or other key employees.

 

Companies in and related to the semiconductor industry and the wired and wireless communications markets often aggressively protect and pursue their intellectual property rights. There are various intellectual property risks associated with developing and producing new products and entering new markets, and we may not be able to obtain, at reasonable cost and upon commercially reasonable terms, licenses to intellectual property of others that is alleged to read on such new or existing products. From time to time, we have received, and may continue to receive, notices that claim we have infringed upon, misappropriated or misused other parties’ proprietary rights. Moreover, in the past we have been and we currently are engaged in litigation with parties that claim that we infringed their patents or misappropriated or misused their trade secrets. In addition, we or our customers may be sued by other parties that claim that our products have infringed their patents or misappropriated or misused their trade secrets, or which may seek to invalidate one or more of our patents. An adverse determination in any of these types of disputes could prevent us from manufacturing or selling some of our products, limit or restrict the type of work that employees involved in such litigation may perform for Broadcom, increase our costs of revenue, and expose us to significant liability. Any of these claims or litigation may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, in a patent or trade secret action, a court could issue a preliminary or permanent injunction that would require us to withdraw or recall certain products from the market, redesign certain products offered for sale or under development, or restrict employees from performing work in their areas of expertise. We may also be liable for damages for past infringement and royalties for future use of the technology, and we may be liable for treble damages if infringement is found to have been willful. In addition, governmental agencies may commence investigations or criminal proceedings against our employees, former employees and/or the company relating to claims of misappropriation or misuse of another party’s proprietary rights. We may also have to indemnify some customers and strategic partners under our agreements with such parties if a third party alleges or if a court finds that our products or activities have infringed upon, misappropriated or misused another party’s proprietary rights. We have received requests from certain customers and strategic partners to include increasingly broad indemnification provisions in our agreements with them. These indemnification provisions may, in some circumstances, extend our liability beyond the products we provide to include liability for combinations of components or system level designs and for consequential damages and/or lost profits. Even if claims or litigation against us are not valid or successfully asserted, these claims could result in significant costs and diversion of the attention of management and other key employees to defend. Additionally, we have sought and may in the future seek to obtain licenses under other parties’ intellectual property rights and have granted and may in the future grant licenses to certain of our intellectual property rights to others in connection with cross-license agreements or settlements of claims or actions asserted against us. However, we may not be able to obtain licenses under another’s intellectual property rights on commercially reasonable terms, if at all.

 

Our products may contain technology provided to us by other parties such as contractors, suppliers or customers. We may have little or no ability to determine in advance whether such technology infringes the intellectual property rights of a third party. Our contractors, suppliers and licensors may not be required to indemnify us in the event that a claim of infringement is asserted against us, or they may be required to indemnify us only up to a maximum amount, above which we would be responsible for any further costs or damages. In addition, we may have little or no ability to correct errors in the technology provided by such contractors, suppliers and licensors, or to continue to develop new generations of such technology. Accordingly, we may be dependent on

their ability and willingness to do so. In the event of a problem with such technology, or in the event that our rights to use such technology become impaired, we may be unable to ship our products containing such technology, and may be unable to replace the technology with a suitable alternative within the time frame needed by our customers.

 

Our operating results for 2006 and prior periods have been materially and adversely impacted as a result of the voluntary review of our past equity award practices reported in January 2007. Any related action by a governmental agency could result in civil or criminal sanctions against certain of our former officers, directors and/or employees and might result in such sanctions against us and/or certain of our current officers, directors and/or employees. Such matters, and the civil litigation relating to our past equity award practices or the January 2007 restatement of our financial statements for periods ended on or before March 31, 2006, could result in significant costs and the diversion of attention of our management and other key employees.

 

In connection with the equity award review, we restated our financial statements for each of the years ended December 31, 1998 through December 31, 2005, and for the three months ended March 31, 2006. Accordingly, you should not rely on financial information included in the reports on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q and Form 8-K previously filed by Broadcom, the related opinions of our independent registered public accounting firm, or earnings press releases and similar communications issued by us, for periods ended on or before March 31, 2006, all of which have been superseded in their entirety by the information contained in our amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2005 and our amended Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the three months ended March 31, 2006, each filed January 23, 2007.

 

In June 2006 we received an informal request for information from the staff of the Los Angeles regional office of the SEC regarding our option granting practices. In December 2006 we were informed that the SEC had issued a formal order of investigation in the matter. On July 19, 2007 we received a “Wells Notice” from the SEC in connection with this investigation. Our Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Technical Officer, Dr. Henry Samueli, also received a Wells Notice on that date. On August 8, 2007 our Senior Vice President, Business Affairs and General Counsel, David A. Dull, also received a Wells Notice. The Wells Notices provide notification that the staff of the SEC intends to recommend to the Commission that it bring a civil action against the recipients for possible violations of the securities laws. Based on discussions with the SEC staff, we believe that the issues the staff intends to pursue relate to our historical option granting processes and the accounting relating to those option grants. Under the process established by the SEC, recipients have the opportunity to respond in writing to a Wells Notice before the SEC staff makes any formal recommendation to the Commission regarding what action, if any, should be brought by the SEC. Dr. Samueli and Mr. Dull have provided written submissions to the SEC in response to the Wells Notices and may seek meetings with the SEC staff. In response to our Wells Notice, we have communicated with the SEC staff in an effort to explore possible resolution and are awaiting further communication. We are continuing to cooperate with the SEC investigation, but do not know when or how the investigation will be resolved or what, if any, actions the SEC may require us, Dr. Samueli and/or Mr. Dull to take as part of that resolution. Any resolution of this investigation could result in civil sanctions and/or fines against Broadcom and/or certain of our current or former officers, directors and/or employees, as well as potential bars against certain of our current or former officers, directors and/or employees serving as officers or directors of public companies.

 

Broadcom has also been informally contacted by the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Central District of California and has been asked to produce on a voluntary basis documents, many of which we previously provided to the SEC. In addition, we have produced documents pursuant to grand jury subpoenas. We are cooperating with the U.S. Attorney’s Office in its investigation. The U.S. Attorney’s Office continues to interview present and former Broadcom employees, officers and directors as part of the investigation. Any action by the U.S. Attorney’s Office or other governmental agency could result in criminal sanctions and/or fines against Broadcom and/or certain of our current or former officers, directors and/or employees.

 

Additionally, as discussed in Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report, we currently are engaged in civil litigation with parties that claim, among other allegations, that certain of our current and former directors and officers improperly dated stock option grants to enhance their own profits on the exercise of such options or for other improper purposes. Although we and the other defendants intend to defend these claims vigorously, there are many uncertainties associated with any litigation, and we cannot

assure you that these actions will be resolved without substantial costs and/or settlement charges. We have indemnification agreements with each of our present and former directors and officers, under which Broadcom is generally required to indemnify them against expenses, including attorneys’ fees, judgments, fines and settlements, arising from the pending litigation (subject to certain exceptions, including liabilities arising from willful misconduct, from conduct knowingly contrary to the best interests of Broadcom, or conduct that is knowingly fraudulent or deliberately dishonest or results in improper personal benefit).

 

The resolution of the pending investigations by the SEC and U.S. Attorney’s Office, the defense of our pending civil litigation, and the defense of any additional litigation that may arise relating to our past equity award practices or the January 2007 restatement of our prior financial statements could result in significant costs and diversion of the attention of management and other key employees. Although we maintain various insurance policies related to the risks associated with our business, including directors’ and officers’ insurance, we cannot assure you that the amount of our insurance coverage will be sufficient, that our insurance policies will provide coverage for the matters and circumstances described above or that portions of payments by our insurance companies previously made to us will not be required to be repaid to the insurance companies as the results of these matters reach conclusion. Our business, financial position and results of operations may be materially and adversely affected to the extent that our insurance coverage fails to pay or reimburse all of the expenses and any judgments, fines or settlement costs that we may incur in connection with these matters or in the event we are required to repay amounts that were previously made by our insurance companies.

 

We may be unable to attract, retain or motivate key senior management and technical personnel, which could seriously harm our business.

 

Our future success depends to a significant extent upon the continued service of our key senior management personnel, including our co-founder, Chairman of the Board and Chief Technical Officer, Henry Samueli, Ph.D., our Chief Executive Officer, Scott A. McGregor, and other senior executives. We have employment agreements with Mr. McGregor and Eric K. Brandt, our Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer; however the agreements do not govern the length of their service. We do not have employment agreements with any other executives, or any other key employees, although we do have limited retention arrangements in place with certain executives. The loss of the services of Dr. Samueli, Mr. McGregor or certain other key senior management or technical personnel could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. For instance, if certain of these individuals were to leave our company unexpectedly, or if they were to be barred from serving as an officer or director as part of any resolution of the SEC proceedings, we could face substantial difficulty in hiring qualified successors and could experience a loss in productivity during the search for and while any such successor is integrated into our business and operations.

 

Furthermore, our future success depends on our ability to continue to attract, retain and motivate senior management and qualified technical personnel, particularly software engineers, digital circuit designers, RF and mixed-signal circuit designers and systems applications engineers. Competition for these employees is intense. If we are unable to attract, retain and motivate such personnel in sufficient numbers and on a timely basis, we will experience difficulty in implementing our current business and product plans. In that event, we may be unable to successfully meet competitive challenges or to exploit potential market opportunities, which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

 

Equity awards generally comprise a significant portion of our compensation packages for all employees. During the time that our periodic filings with the SEC were not current, as a result of the voluntary review of our equity award practices, we were not able to issue shares of our common stock pursuant to equity awards. We cannot be certain that we will be able to continue to attract, retain and motivate employees if we are unable to issue shares of our common stock pursuant to equity awards for a sustained period or in the event of substantial declines in the price of our Class A common stock, such as the decline that commenced in the second half of 2007.

 

We have also modified our compensation policies by increasing cash compensation to certain employees and instituting awards of restricted stock units, while simultaneously reducing awards of stock options. This modification of our compensation policies and the applicability of the SFAS 123R requirement to expense the fair value of

equity awards to employees have increased our operating expenses. We cannot be certain that the changes in our compensation policies will improve our ability to attract, retain and motivate employees. Our inability to attract and retain additional key employees and the increase in stock-based compensation expense could each have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We depend on five independent foundry subcontractors to manufacture substantially all of our current products, and any failure to secure and maintain sufficient foundry capacity could materially and adversely affect our business.

 

We do not own or operate a fabrication facility. Five third-party foundry subcontractors located in Asia manufacture substantially all of our semiconductor devices in current production. Availability of foundry capacity has at times in the past been reduced due to strong demand. In addition, a recurrence of severe acute respiratory syndrome, or SARS, the occurrence of a significant outbreak of avian influenza among humans, or another public health emergency in Asia could further affect the production capabilities of our manufacturers by resulting in quarantines or closures. If we are unable to secure sufficient capacity at our existing foundries, or in the event of a quarantine or closure at any of these foundries, our revenues, cost of revenues and results of operations would be negatively impacted.

 

In September 1999 two of our third-party foundries’ principal facilities were affected by a significant earthquake in Taiwan. As a consequence of this earthquake, they suffered power outages and equipment damage that impaired their wafer deliveries, which, together with strong demand, resulted in wafer shortages and higher wafer pricing industrywide. If any of our foundries experiences a shortage in capacity, suffers any damage to its facilities, experiences power outages, suffers an adverse outcome in pending or future litigation, or encounters financial difficulties or any other disruption of foundry capacity, we may encounter supply delays or disruptions, and we may need to qualify an alternative foundry. Even our current foundries need to have new manufacturing processes qualified if there is a disruption in an existing process. We typically require several months to qualify a new foundry or process before we can begin shipping products from it. If we cannot accomplish this qualification in a timely manner, we may experience a significant interruption in supply of the affected products.

 

Because we rely on outside foundries with limited capacity, we face several significant risks in addition to those discussed above, including:

 

 

The manufacture of integrated circuits is a highly complex and technologically demanding process. Although we work closely with our foundries to minimize the likelihood of reduced manufacturing yields, our foundries have from time to time experienced lower than anticipated manufacturing yields. This often occurs during the production of new products or the installation and start-up of new process technologies. Poor yields from our foundries could result in product shortages or delays in product shipments, which could seriously harm our relationships with our customers and materially and adversely affect our results of operations.

 

The ability of each foundry to provide us with semiconductor devices is limited by its available capacity and existing obligations. Although we have entered into contractual commitments to supply specified levels of products to some of our customers, we do not have a long-term volume purchase agreement or a significant guaranteed level of production capacity with any of our foundries. Foundry capacity may not be available when we need it or at reasonable prices. Availability of foundry capacity has in the past been reduced from time to time due to strong demand. Foundries can allocate capacity to the production of other companies’ products and reduce deliveries to us on short notice. It is possible that foundry customers that are larger and better financed than we are, or that have long-term agreements with our main foundries, may induce our foundries to reallocate capacity to them. This reallocation could impair our ability to secure the supply of components that we need. Although we use five independent foundries to manufacture substantially all of our semiconductor products, each component is typically manufactured at only one or two foundries at any given time, and if any of our foundries is unable to provide us with components as needed and under acceptable terms, we could experience significant delays in securing

sufficient supplies of those components. Also, our third party foundries typically migrate capacity to newer, state-of-the-art manufacturing processes on a regular basis, which may create capacity shortages for our products designed to be manufactured on an older process. We cannot assure you that any of our existing or new foundries will be able to produce integrated circuits with acceptable manufacturing yields, or that our foundries will be able to deliver enough semiconductor devices to us on a timely basis, or on reasonable terms or at reasonable prices. These and other related factors could impair our ability to meet our customers’ needs and have a material and adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Although we may utilize new foundries for other products in the future, in using any new foundries we will be subject to all of the risks described in the foregoing paragraphs with respect to our current foundries.

 

The complexity of our products could result in unforeseen delays or expenses and in undetected defects, or bugs, which could damage our reputation with current or prospective customers, result in significant costs and claims, and adversely affect the market acceptance of new products.

 

Highly complex products such as the products that we offer frequently contain hardware or software defects or bugs when they are first introduced or as new versions are released. Our products have previously experienced, and may in the future experience, these defects and bugs. If any of our products contains defects or bugs, or has reliability, quality or compatibility problems, our reputation may be damaged and customers may be reluctant to buy our products, which could materially and adversely affect our ability to retain existing customers and attract new customers. In addition, these defects or bugs could interrupt or delay sales or shipment of our products to customers. To alleviate these problems, we may have to invest significant capital and other resources. Although our products are tested by us, our subcontractors, suppliers and customers, it is possible that new products will contain defects or bugs. If any of these problems are not found until after we have commenced commercial production of a new product, we may be required to incur additional development costs and product recall, repair or field replacement costs. These problems may divert our technical and other resources from other development efforts and could result in claims against us by our customers or others, including possible claims for consequential damages and/or lost profits. Moreover, we may lose, or experience a delay in, market acceptance of the affected product or products, and we could lose credibility with our current and prospective customers. In addition, system and handset providers that purchase components may require that we assume liability for defects associated with products produced by their manufacturing subcontractors and require that we provide a warranty for defects or other problems which may arise at the system level.

 

To remain competitive, we must keep pace with rapid technological change and evolving industry standards in the semiconductor industry and the wired and wireless communications markets.

 

Our future success will depend on our ability to anticipate and adapt to changes in technology and industry standards and our customers’ changing demands. We sell products in markets that are characterized by rapid technological change, evolving industry standards, frequent new product introductions, short product life cycles and increasing demand for higher levels of integration and smaller process geometries. Our past sales and profitability have resulted, to a large extent, from our ability to anticipate changes in technology and industry standards and to develop and introduce new and enhanced products incorporating the new standards and technologies. Our ability to adapt to these changes and to anticipate future standards, and the rate of adoption and acceptance of those standards, will be a significant factor in maintaining or improving our competitive position and prospects for growth. If new industry standards emerge, our products or our customers’ products could become unmarketable or obsolete, and we could lose market share. We may also have to incur substantial unanticipated costs to comply with these new standards. In addition, our target markets continue to undergo rapid growth and consolidation. A significant slowdown in any of these wired and wireless communications markets could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. These rapid technological changes and evolving industry standards make it difficult to formulate a long-term growth strategy because the semiconductor industry and the wired and wireless communications markets may not continue to develop to the extent or in the time periods that we anticipate. We have invested substantial resources in emerging technologies that did not achieve the market acceptance that we had expected. If new markets do not develop as

and when we anticipate, or if our products do not gain widespread acceptance in those markets, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

 

We may experience difficulties in transitioning to smaller geometry process technologies or in achieving higher levels of design integration, which may result in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased expenses.

 

To remain competitive, we expect to continue to transition our semiconductor products to increasingly smaller line width geometries. This transition requires us to modify the manufacturing processes for our products and to redesign some products as well as standard cells and other integrated circuit designs that we may use in multiple products. We periodically evaluate the benefits, on a product-by-product basis, of migrating to smaller geometry process technologies to reduce our costs. Currently most of our products are manufactured in .35 micron, .22 micron, .18 micron, .13 micron, 90 nanometer or 65 nanometer geometry processes. We are now designing most new products in 65 nanometer process technology and planning for the transition to smaller process geometries. In the past, we have experienced some difficulties in shifting to smaller geometry process technologies or new manufacturing processes, which resulted in reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased expenses. The transition to 65 nanometer geometry process technology has resulted in significantly higher mask and prototyping costs, as well as additional expenditures for engineering design tools and related computer hardware. We may face similar difficulties, delays and expenses as we continue to transition our products to smaller geometry processes.

 

We are dependent on our relationships with our foundry subcontractors to transition to smaller geometry processes successfully. We cannot assure you that the foundries that we use will be able to effectively manage the transition in a timely manner, or at all, or that we will be able to maintain our existing foundry relationships or develop new ones. If any of our foundry subcontractors or we experience significant delays in this transition or fail to efficiently implement this transition, we could experience reduced manufacturing yields, delays in product deliveries and increased expenses, all of which could harm our relationships with our customers and our results of operations.

 

As smaller geometry processes become more prevalent, we expect to continue to integrate greater levels of functionality, as well as customer and third party intellectual property, into our products. However, we may not be able to achieve higher levels of design integration or deliver new integrated products on a timely basis, if at all. Moreover, even if we are able to achieve higher levels of design integration, such integration may have an adverse impact on our operating results, as a result of increasing costs and expenditures as described above as well as the risk that we may reduce our revenue by integrating the functionality of multiple chips into a single chip.

 

Our acquisition strategy may result in unanticipated accounting charges or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations, and result in difficulties in assimilating and integrating the operations, personnel, technologies, products and information systems of acquired companies or businesses, or be dilutive to existing shareholders.

 

A key element of our business strategy involves expansion through the acquisitions of businesses, assets, products or technologies that allow us to complement our existing product offerings, expand our market coverage, increase our engineering workforce or enhance our technological capabilities. Between January 1, 1999 and December 31, 2007, we acquired 37 companies and certain assets of three other businesses. We continually evaluate and explore strategic opportunities as they arise, including business combination transactions, strategic partnerships, and the purchase or sale of assets, including tangible and intangible assets such as intellectual property.

 

Acquisitions may require significant capital infusions, typically entail many risks, and could result in difficulties in assimilating and integrating the operations, personnel, technologies, products and information systems of acquired companies or businesses. We have in the past and may in the future experience delays in the timing and successful integration of an acquired company’s technologies and product development through volume production, unanticipated costs and expenditures, changing relationships with customers, suppliers and strategic partners, or contractual, intellectual property or employment issues. In addition, key personnel of an acquired

company may decide not to work for us. The acquisition of another company or its products and technologies may also require us to enter into a geographic or business market in which we have little or no prior experience. These challenges could disrupt our ongoing business, distract our management and employees, harm our reputation and increase our expenses. These challenges are magnified as the size of the acquisition increases. Furthermore, these challenges would be even greater if we acquired a business or entered into a business combination transaction with a company that was larger and more difficult to integrate than the companies we have historically acquired.

 

Acquisitions may require large one-time charges and can result in increased debt or contingent liabilities, adverse tax consequences, additional stock-based compensation expense, and the recording and later amortization of amounts related to certain purchased intangible assets, any of which items could negatively impact our results of operations. In addition, we may record goodwill in connection with an acquisition and incur goodwill impairment charges in the future. Any of these charges could cause the price of our Class A common stock to decline. Beginning January 1, 2009, the accounting for future business combinations will change. We expect that the new requirements will have an impact on our consolidated financial statements when effective, but the nature and magnitude of the specific effects will depend upon the nature, terms and size of the acquisitions we consummate after the effective date.

 

Acquisitions or asset purchases made entirely or partially for cash may reduce our cash reserves. We may seek to obtain additional cash to fund an acquisition by selling equity or debt securities. Any issuance of equity or convertible debt securities may be dilutive to our existing shareholders. In addition, the equity or debt securities that we may issue could have rights, preferences or privileges senior to those of our common stock. For example, as a consequence of the prior pooling-of-interests accounting rules, the securities issued in nine of our acquisitions were shares of Class B common stock, which have voting rights superior to those of our publicly traded Class A common stock.

 

We cannot assure you that we will be able to consummate any pending or future acquisitions or that we will realize any anticipated benefits from these acquisitions. We may not be able to find suitable acquisition opportunities that are available at attractive valuations, if at all. Even if we do find suitable acquisition opportunities, we may not be able to consummate the acquisitions on commercially acceptable terms, and any decline in the price of our Class A common stock may make it significantly more difficult and expensive to initiate or consummate additional acquisitions.

 

As our international business expands, we are increasingly exposed to various legal, business, political and economic risks associated with our international operations.

 

We currently obtain substantially all of our manufacturing, assembly and testing services from suppliers located outside the United States. In addition, 35.5%, 28.2% and 25.8% of our net revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively, was derived from sales to independent customers outside the United States, excluding foreign subsidiaries or manufacturing subcontractors of customers that are headquartered in the United States. We also frequently ship products to our domestic customers’ international manufacturing divisions and subcontractors. Products shipped to international destinations, primarily in Asia, represented 87.4%, 86.5% and 84.5% of our net revenue in 2007, 2006 and 2005, respectively. We also undertake design and development activities in Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Greece, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Spain, Taiwan and the United Kingdom, among other locations. In addition, we undertake various sales and marketing activities through regional offices in a number of countries. We intend to continue to expand our international business activities and to open other design and operational centers abroad. The continuing effects of the war in Iraq and terrorist attacks in the United States and abroad, the resulting heightened security, and the increasing risk of extended international military conflicts may adversely impact our international sales and could make our international operations more expensive. International operations are subject to many other inherent risks, including but not limited to:

 

 

Any of the factors described above may have a material adverse effect on our ability to increase or maintain our foreign sales.

 

We currently operate under tax holidays and favorable tax incentives in certain foreign jurisdictions. For instance, in Singapore we operate under tax holidays that reduce our taxes in that country on certain non- investment income. Such tax holidays and incentives often require us to meet specified employment and investment criteria in such jurisdictions. However, we cannot assure you that we will continue to meet such criteria or enjoy such tax holidays and incentives, or realize any net tax benefits from tax holidays or incentives. If any of our tax holidays or incentives are terminated, our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected.

 

Economic conditions in our primary overseas markets, particularly in Asia, may negatively impact the demand for our products abroad. All of our international sales to date have been denominated in U.S. dollars. Accordingly, an increase in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to foreign currencies could make our products less competitive in international markets or require us to assume the risk of denominating certain sales in foreign currencies. We anticipate that these factors will impact our business to a greater degree as we further expand our international business activities.

 

In addition, a significant portion of our cash and marketable securities are held in non-U.S. domiciled countries.

 

We had a material weakness in internal control over financial reporting prior to 2007 and cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. If our internal control over financial reporting or disclosure controls and procedures are not effective, there may be errors in our financial statements that could require a restatement or our filings may not be timely and investors may lose confidence in our reported financial information, which could lead to a decline in our stock price.

 

Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 requires us to evaluate the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of the end of each year, and to include a management report assessing the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting in each Annual Report on Form 10-K. Section 404 also requires our independent registered public accounting firm to attest to, and report on, management’s assessment of Broadcom’s internal control over financial reporting.

 

In assessing the findings of the voluntary equity award review as well as the restatement of our consolidated financial statements for periods ended on or before March 31, 2006, our management concluded that there was a material weakness, as defined in Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Auditing Standard No. 2, in our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2005. Management believes this material weakness was remediated September 19, 2006 and, accordingly, no longer exists as of the date of this filing.

 

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our internal control over financial reporting will prevent all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system’s objectives will be met. Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Controls can be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. Over time,

controls may become inadequate because changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures may occur. In addition, we may reassess the implementation or testing of certain of our current controls as a result of the recent release of Public Company Accounting Oversight Board Auditing Standard No. 5, which may lead to modifications in such controls. These modifications could affect the overall effectiveness or evaluation of the control system in the future by us or our independent registered public accounting firm. Because of the inherent limitations in a cost-effective control system, misstatements due to error or fraud may occur and not be detected.

 

As a result, we cannot assure you that significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future. Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in significant deficiencies or material weaknesses, cause us to fail to timely meet our periodic reporting obligations, or result in material misstatements in our financial statements. Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports regarding disclosure controls and the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated thereunder. The existence of a material weakness could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of financial statements, cause us to fail to timely meet our reporting obligations and cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our stock price.

 

We face intense competition in the semiconductor industry and the wired and wireless communications markets, which could reduce our market share in existing markets and affect our entry into new markets.

 

The semiconductor industry and the wired and wireless communications markets are intensely competitive. We expect competition to continue to increase as industry standards become well known and as other competitors enter our target markets. We currently compete with a number of major domestic and international suppliers of integrated circuits and related applications in our target markets. We also compete with suppliers of system-level and motherboard-level solutions incorporating integrated circuits that are proprietary or sourced from manufacturers other than Broadcom. In all of our target markets we also may face competition from newly established competitors, suppliers of products based on new or emerging technologies, and customers who choose to develop their own semiconductor solutions. We expect to encounter further consolidation in the markets in which we compete.

 

Many of our competitors operate their own fabrication facilities and have longer operating histories and presence in key markets, greater name recognition, larger customer bases, and significantly greater financial, sales and marketing, manufacturing, distribution, technical and other resources than we do. These competitors may be able to adapt more quickly to new or emerging technologies and changes in customer requirements. They may also be able to devote greater resources to the promotion and sale of their products. In addition, current and potential competitors have established or may establish financial or strategic relationships among themselves or with existing or potential customers, resellers or other third parties. Accordingly, new competitors or alliances among competitors could emerge and rapidly acquire significant market share. Existing or new competitors may also develop technologies that more effectively address our markets with products that offer enhanced features and functionality, lower power requirements, greater levels of integration or lower cost. Increased competition has resulted in and is likely to continue to result in declining average selling prices, reduced gross margins and loss of market share in certain markets. We cannot assure you that we will be able to continue to compete successfully against current or new competitors. If we do not compete successfully, we may lose market share in our existing markets and our revenues may fail to increase or may decline.

 

We depend on third-party subcontractors to assemble, obtain packaging materials for, and test substantially all of our current products. If we lose the services of any of our subcontractors or if these subcontractors are unable to obtain sufficient packaging materials, shipments of our products may be disrupted, which could harm our customer relationships and adversely affect our net sales.

 

We do not own or operate an assembly or test facility. Seven third-party subcontractors located in Asia assemble, obtain packaging materials for, and test substantially all of our current products. Because we rely on

third-party subcontractors to perform these functions, we cannot directly control our product delivery schedules and quality assurance. This lack of control has resulted, and could in the future result, in product shortages or quality assurance problems that could delay shipments of our products or increase our manufacturing, assembly or testing costs.

 

In the past we and others in our industry experienced a shortage in the supply of packaging substrates that we use for our products. If our third-party subcontractors are unable to obtain sufficient packaging materials for our products in a timely manner, we may experience a significant product shortage or delay in product shipments, which could seriously harm our customer relationships and materially and adversely affect our net sales.

 

We do not have long-term agreements with any of our assembly or test subcontractors and typically procure services from these suppliers on a per order basis. If any of these subcontractors experiences capacity constraints or financial difficulties, suffers any damage to its facilities, experiences power outages or any other disruption of assembly or testing capacity, or is unable to obtain sufficient packaging materials for our products, we may not be able to obtain alternative assembly and testing services in a timely manner. Due to the amount of time that it usually takes us to qualify assemblers and testers, we could experience significant delays in product shipments if we are required to find alternative assemblers or testers for our components. Any problems that we may encounter with the delivery, quality or cost of our products could damage our customer relationships and materially and adversely affect our results of operations. We are continuing to develop relationships with additional third-party subcontractors to assemble and test our products. However, even if we use these new subcontractors, we will continue to be subject to all of the risks described above.

 

Our stock price is highly volatile. Accordingly, you may not be able to resell your shares of common stock at or above the price you paid for them.

 

The market price of our Class A common stock has fluctuated substantially in the past and is likely to continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. Since January 1, 2002 our Class A common stock has traded at prices as low as $6.35 and as high as $50.00 per share. Fluctuations have occurred and may continue to occur in response to various factors, many of which we cannot control, including:

 

 

In addition, the market prices of securities of Internet-related, semiconductor and other technology companies have been and remain volatile. This volatility has significantly affected the market prices of securities of many technology companies for reasons frequently unrelated to the operating performance of the specific companies. Accordingly, you may not be able to resell your shares of common stock at or above the price you paid. In the past, we and other companies that have experienced volatility in the market price of their securities have been, and in the future we may be, the subject of securities class action litigation.

Due to the nature of our compensation packages, most of our executive officers regularly sell shares of our common stock each quarter or otherwise periodically, often pursuant to trading plans established under Rule 10b5-1 promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. As a result, sales of shares by our executive officers may not be indicative of their opinion of Broadcom’s performance at the time of sale or of our potential future performance. Nonetheless, the market price of our stock may be affected by sales of shares by our executive officers.

 

Our co-founders, directors, executive officers and their affiliates can control the outcome of matters that require the approval of our shareholders, and accordingly we will not be able to engage in certain transactions without their approval.

 

As of December 31, 2007 our co-founders, directors, executive officers and their respective affiliates beneficially owned 13.5% of our outstanding common stock and held 58.5% of the total voting power held by our shareholders. Accordingly, these shareholders currently have enough voting power to control the outcome of matters that require the approval of our shareholders. These matters include the election of our Board of Directors, the issuance of additional shares of Class B common stock, and the approval of most significant corporate transactions, including certain mergers and consolidations and the sale of substantially all of our assets. In particular, as of December 31, 2007 our two founders, Dr. Henry T. Nicholas III, who is no longer an officer or director of Broadcom, and Dr. Henry Samueli, our Chairman of the Board and Chief Technical Officer, beneficially owned a total of 12.6% of our outstanding common stock and held 57.9% of the total voting power held by our shareholders. Because of their significant voting stock ownership, we will not be able to engage in certain transactions, and our shareholders will not be able to effect certain actions or transactions, without the approval of one or both of these shareholders. These actions and transactions include changes in the composition of our Board of Directors, certain mergers, and the sale of control of our company by means of a tender offer, open market purchases or other purchases of our Class A common stock, or otherwise. Repurchases of shares of our Class A common stock under our share repurchase program will result in an increase in the total voting power of our co-founders, directors, executive officers and their affiliates, as well as other continuing shareholders.

 

Some of the independent foundries upon which we rely to manufacture our products, as well as our own California and Singapore facilities, are located in regions that are subject to earthquakes and other natural disasters.

 

One of the third-party foundries upon which we rely to manufacture substantially all of our semiconductor devices is located in Taiwan. Taiwan has experienced significant earthquakes in the past and could be subject to additional earthquakes. Any earthquake or other natural disaster, such as a tsunami, in a country in which any of our foundries is located could significantly disrupt our foundries’ production capabilities and could result in our experiencing a significant delay in delivery, or substantial shortage, of wafers and possibly in higher wafer prices.

 

Our California facilities, including our principal executive offices and major design centers, are located near major earthquake fault lines. Our international distribution center and some of our third-party foundries are located in Singapore, which could also be subject to an earthquake, tsunami or other natural disaster. If there is a major earthquake or any other natural disaster in a region where one or more of our facilities are located, our operations could be significantly disrupted. Although we have established business interruption plans to prepare for any such event, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to effectively address all interruptions that such an event could cause.

 

Any supply disruption or business interruption could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Changes in current or future laws or regulations or accounting rules or the imposition of new laws or regulations by federal or state agencies or foreign governments could impede the sale of our products or otherwise harm our business.

 

Changes in current laws or regulations or accounting rules (including the possible adoption at some undetermined future date of International Financial Reporting Standards in lieu of U.S. GAAP) applicable to us or

the imposition of new laws and regulations in the United States or elsewhere could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

The effects of regulation on our customers or the industries in which they operate may materially and adversely impact our business. For example, the Federal Communications Commission has broad jurisdiction over each of our target markets in the United States. Although current FCC regulations and the laws and regulations of other federal or state agencies are not directly applicable to our products, they do apply to much of the equipment into which our products are incorporated. FCC regulatory policies that affect the ability of cable or satellite operators or telephone companies to offer certain services to their customers or other aspects of their business may impede sales of our products in the United States. For example, in the past we have experienced delays when products incorporating our chips failed to comply with FCC emissions specifications.

 

In addition, we and our customers are subject to various import and export regulations of the United States government. Changes in or violations of such regulations could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations. Additionally, various government export regulations apply to the encryption or other features contained in some of our products. We have made numerous filings and applied for and received a number of export licenses under these regulations. However, if we fail to continue to receive licenses or otherwise comply with these regulations, we may be unable to manufacture the affected products at our foreign foundries or to ship these products to certain customers located outside of the United States.

 

We and our customers may also be subject to regulation by countries other than the United States. Foreign governments may impose tariffs, duties and other import restrictions on components that we obtain from non-domestic suppliers and may impose export restrictions on products that we sell internationally. These tariffs, duties or restrictions could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Due to environmental concerns, the use of lead and other hazardous substances in electronic components and systems is receiving increased attention. In response, the European Union passed the Restriction on Hazardous Substances, or RoHS, Directive, legislation that limits the use of lead and other hazardous substances in electrical equipment. The RoHS Directive became effective July 1, 2006. We believe that our current product designs and material supply chains are in compliance with the RoHS Directive. However, it is possible that unanticipated supply shortages or delays may occur as a result of these recent regulations.

 

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain anti-takeover provisions that could prevent or discourage a third party from acquiring us.

 

Our articles of incorporation and bylaws contain provisions that may prevent or discourage a third party from acquiring us, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders. In addition, we have in the past issued and may in the future issue shares of Class B common stock in connection with certain acquisitions, upon exercise of certain stock options, and for other purposes. Class B shares have superior voting rights entitling the holder to ten votes for each share held on matters that we submit to a shareholder vote (as compared to one vote per share in the case of our Class A common stock) as well as the right to vote separately as a class (i) as required by law and (ii) in the case of a proposed issuance of additional shares of Class B common stock, unless such issuance is approved by at least two-thirds of the members of the Board of Directors then in office. Our Board of Directors also has the authority to fix the rights and preferences of shares of our preferred stock and to issue shares of common or preferred stock without a shareholder vote. It is possible that the provisions in our charter documents, the exercise of supervoting rights by holders of our Class B common stock, our co-founders’, directors’ and officers’ ownership of a majority of the Class B common stock, or the ability of our Board of Directors to issue preferred stock or additional shares of Class B common stock may prevent or discourage third parties from acquiring us, even if the acquisition would be beneficial to our shareholders. In addition, these factors may discourage third parties from bidding for our Class A common stock at a premium over the market price for our stock. These factors may also materially and adversely affect voting and other rights of the holders of our common stock and the market price of our Class A common stock.

 

 

None.

 

We lease facilities in Irvine (our corporate headquarters) and Santa Clara County, California. Each of these facilities includes administration, sales and marketing, research and development and operations functions. In addition to our principal design facilities in Irvine and Santa Clara County, we lease additional design facilities in Tempe, Arizona; San Diego County, California; Colorado Springs, Fort Collins and Longmont, Colorado; Duluth, Georgia; Germantown, Maryland; Andover, Massachusetts; Bloomington, Minnesota; Matawan and Glen Rock, New Jersey; Morrisville, North Carolina; Lancaster, Pennsylvania; Austin, Texas and Seattle, Washington, among other locations.

 

Internationally, we lease a distribution center that includes engineering design and administrative facilities in Singapore as well as engineering design and administrative facilities in Belgium, Canada, China, Denmark, France, Greece, India, Israel, Japan, Korea, the Netherlands, Taiwan and the United Kingdom, among other locations.

 

In addition, we lease various sales and marketing facilities in the United States and several other countries.

 

The leased facilities comprise an aggregate of approximately 2.3 million square feet. Our principal facilities have lease terms that expire at various dates through 2017. In March 2007 we relocated our corporate headquarters to a new, larger facility in Irvine, which consists of eight buildings with an aggregate of approximately 0.69 million square feet. The lease agreement provides a term of ten years and two months, through May 2017. In April 2008 we will occupy a ninth building under this lease, bringing the total leased space to approximately 0.75 million square feet.

 

We believe that the facilities under lease will be adequate for at least the next 12 months. For additional information regarding our obligations under property leases, see Note 6 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report.

 

 

The information set forth under Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report, is incorporated herein by reference. For an additional discussion of certain risks associated with legal proceedings, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of this Report.

 

 

No matters were submitted to a vote of security holders, through the solicitation of proxies or otherwise, in the three months ended December 31, 2007.

 

 

Market Information and Holders

 

Our Class A common stock is traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol BRCM. The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, the high and low sale prices for our Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market:

 

 

As of December 31, 2007 and 2006 there were 1,280 and 1,448 record holders of our Class A common stock and 202 and 213 record holders of our Class B common stock, respectively. On January 25, 2008 the last reported sale price of our Class A common stock on the Nasdaq Global Select Market was $23.04 per share.

 

Our Class B common stock is not publicly traded. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time at the option of the holder into one share of Class A common stock and in most instances automatically converts upon sale or other transfer.

Stock Performance Graph

 

The graph below shows a comparison of the cumulative total shareholder return on our Class A common stock with the cumulative total return on the S&P 500 Index, the NASDAQ Composite Index and the Philadelphia Semiconductor Index over the five year period ended December 31, 2007. The graph assumes $100 invested at the indicated starting date in our Class A common stock and in each of the market indices, with the reinvestment of all dividends. We have not paid or declared any cash dividends on our Class A common stock and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future. Prices and shareholder returns over the indicated periods should not be considered indicative of future stock prices or shareholder returns.

 

COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN FOR
THE FIVE YEAR PERIOD ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2007

 

 

Dividend Policy

 

We have never declared or paid cash dividends on shares of our capital stock. We currently intend to retain all of our earnings, if any, for use in our business and in acquisitions of other businesses, assets, products or technologies, and for purchases of our common stock from time to time. We do not anticipate paying cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

 

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

 

In 2007 we issued an aggregate of 8.2 million shares of Class A common stock upon conversion of a like number of shares of Class B common stock. Each share of Class B common stock is convertible at any time into one share of Class A common stock at the option of the holder. The offers and sales of those securities were effected without registration in reliance on the exemption from registration provided by Section 3(a)(9) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Act.

 

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 

In February 2005 our Board of Directors authorized a program to repurchase shares of our Class A common stock. The Board approved the repurchase of shares having an aggregate value of up to $250 million from time to time over a period of one year, depending on market conditions and other factors. In January 2006 the Board

approved an amendment to the share repurchase program extending the program through January 26, 2007 and authorizing the repurchase of additional shares of our Class A common stock having a total market value of up to $500 million. On July 24, 2006 the Board decided to suspend purchasing shares of our Class A common stock under the share repurchase program as a result of the then-pending voluntary review of our equity award practices. From the time the program was first implemented through July 24, 2006, we repurchased a total of 12.8 million shares of Class A common stock at a weighted average price of $33.47 per share. The program expired, without further repurchases, in January 2007.

 

In February 2007 the Board authorized a new program to repurchase shares of our Class A common stock, or the February 2007 Repurchase Program. The Board approved the repurchase of shares having an aggregate market value of up to $1.0 billion, depending on market conditions and other factors. Repurchases under the program were to be made at any time and from time to time during the 12 to 18 month period that commenced February 12, 2007. The February 2007 Repurchase Program was completed November 1, 2007, at which time we had repurchased 30.1 million shares of Class A common stock at a weighted average price of $33.25 per share.

 

In November 2007 the Board authorized a new program to repurchase shares of our Class A common stock having an aggregate value of up to $1.0 billion depending on market conditions and other factors, or the November 2007 Repurchase Program. Repurchases under this program may be made at any time and from time to time during the period commencing November 19, 2007 and continuing through and including December 31, 2008.

 

Repurchases under our share repurchase programs were and will be made in open market or privately negotiated transactions in compliance with Rule 10b-18 promulgated under the Exchange Act.

 

The following table presents details of our various repurchases under the February and November 2007 Repurchase Programs during the three months ended December 31, 2007:

 

 

From the time the November 2007 program was implemented through December 31, 2007, we repurchased a total of 5.7 million shares of Class A common stock at a weighted average price of $27.34 per share, of which $140.2 million was settled in cash during the three months ended December 31, 2007 and the remaining $16.1 million was included in accrued liabilities at December 31, 2007.

 

 

 

 

 

The following table presents details of total stock-based compensation expense that is included in each functional line item in the consolidated statements of operations data above:

 

 

 

 

The tables above set forth our selected consolidated financial data. We prepared this information using the consolidated financial statements of Broadcom for the five years ended December 31, 2007. Certain amounts in the selected consolidated financial data above have been reclassified to conform to the 2007 presentation. The consolidated financial statements include the results of operations of acquisitions commencing on their respective acquisition dates. See Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report.

 

You should read this selected consolidated financial data together with the Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes contained in this Report and in our prior and subsequent reports filed with the SEC, as well as the section of this Report and our other reports entitled “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.”

 

Share and per share information presented in this Report has been adjusted to reflect all splits and dividends of our common stock subsequent to April 16, 1998, including the three-for-two stock split effected February 21, 2006 through the payment of a stock dividend.

 

You should read the following discussion and analysis in conjunction with our Consolidated Financial Statements and related Notes thereto included in Part IV, Item 15 of this Report and the “Risk Factors” included in Part I, Item 1A of this Report, as well as other cautionary statements and risks described elsewhere in this Report, before deciding to purchase, hold or sell our common stock.

 

As a reminder, you should not rely on financial information included in the reports on Form 10-K, Form 10-Q and Form 8-K previously filed by Broadcom, the related opinions of our independent registered public accounting firm, or earnings press releases and similar communications issued by us, for periods ended on or before March 31, 2006, all of which have been superseded in their entirety by the information contained in our amended Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2005 and our amended Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q/A for the three months ended March 31, 2006, each filed January 23, 2007. For a discussion of the restated financial information contained in the amended Reports, see “Equity Award Review,” below.

 

Overview

 

Broadcom Corporation is a major technology innovator and global leader in semiconductors for wired and wireless communications. Our products enable the delivery of voice, video, data and multimedia to and throughout the home, the office and the mobile environment. Broadcom provides the industry’s broadest portfolio of state-of-the-art system-on-a-chip and software solutions to manufacturers of computing and networking equipment, digital entertainment and broadband access products, and mobile devices. Our diverse product portfolio includes solutions for digital cable, satellite and Internet Protocol (IP) set-top boxes and media servers; high definition television (HDTV); high definition DVD players and personal video recording (PVR) devices; cable and DSL modems and residential gateways; high-speed transmission and switching for local, metropolitan, wide area and storage networking; SystemI/O server solutions; broadband network and security processors; wireless and personal area networking; cellular communications; global positioning system (GPS) applications; mobile multimedia and applications processors; mobile power management; and Voice over Internet Protocol (VoIP) gateway and telephony systems.

 

Net Revenue.  Our net revenue is generated principally by sales of our semiconductor products. We derive the remainder of our net revenue predominantly from royalty revenue from a patent license agreement, software licenses, development agreements, support and maintenance agreements, data services and cancellation fees. The majority of our sales occur through the efforts of our direct sales force. The remaining balance of our sales occurs through distributors.

 

We sell our products to leading manufacturers of wired and wireless communications equipment in each of our target markets. Because we leverage our technologies across different markets, certain of our integrated circuits may be incorporated into equipment used in multiple markets. We utilize independent foundries and third-party subcontractors to manufacture, assemble and test all of our semiconductor products.

 

The following table presents details of our net revenue:

 

 

The demand for our products has been affected in the past, and may continue to be affected in the future, by various factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

 

 

For these and other reasons, our net revenue and results of operations in 2007 and prior periods may not necessarily be indicative of future net revenue and results of operations.

 

From time to time, our key customers place large orders causing our quarterly net revenue to fluctuate significantly. We expect that these fluctuations will continue and that they may be exaggerated by the increasing volume of our products that are incorporated into consumer products, sales of which are typically subject to greater seasonality and greater volume fluctuations than non-consumer OEM products. We also maintain inventory, or hubbing, arrangements with certain of our customers. Pursuant to these arrangements we deliver products to a customer or a designated third party warehouse based upon the customer’s projected needs, but do not recognize product revenue unless and until the customer reports that it has removed our product from the warehouse to incorporate into its end products. Historically we have had good visibility into customer requirements and shipments within a quarter. However, if a customer does not take our products under a hubbing arrangement in accordance with the schedule it originally provided to us, our predicted future revenue stream could vary substantially from our forecasts and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. Additionally, since we own inventory that is physically located in a third party’s warehouse, our ability to effectively manage inventory levels may be impaired, causing our total inventory turns to decrease, which could increase expenses associated with excess and obsolete product and negatively impact our cash flow.

 

Sales to our significant customers, including sales to their manufacturing subcontractors, as a percentage of net revenue were as follows:

 

 

 

 

The identities of our largest customers and their respective contributions to our net revenue have varied and will likely continue to vary from period to period. We expect that our largest customers will continue to account for a substantial portion of our net revenue in 2008 and for the foreseeable future.

Net revenue derived from all independent customers located outside the United States, excluding foreign subsidiaries or manufacturing subcontractors of customers that are headquartered in the United States even though such subsidiaries or manufacturing subcontractors are located outside of the United States, as a percentage of total net revenue was as follows:

 

 

Net revenue derived from shipments to international destinations, as a percentage of total net revenue was as follows:

 

 

We have recently entered into arrangements that include multiple deliverables, such as the sale of semiconductor products and related data services. Under these arrangements, the services may be provided without having a separate “fair value” under EITF 00-21. In that event, we will only recognize a portion of the total revenue we receive from the customer during a quarter, and will recognize the remaining revenue on a ratable basis over the expected life of the service being provided. As we enter into future multiple element arrangements in which the fair value of each deliverable is not known, the portion of revenue we recognize on a deferred basis may vary significantly in any given quarter, which could cause even greater fluctuations in our quarterly operating results.

 

All of our revenue to date has been denominated in U.S. dollars.

 

Gross Margin.  Our gross margin, or gross profit as a percentage of net revenue, has been affected in the past, and may continue to be affected in the future, by various factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

 

 

Net Income (Loss).  Our net income (loss) has been affected in the past, and may continue to be affected in the future, by various factors, including, but not limited to, the following:

 

 

In 2007 our net income was $213.3 million (including royalty revenue in the amount of $31.8 million in the fourth quarter) as compared to $379.0 million in 2006, a difference of $165.7 million. Although our net revenue increased by $108.6 million or 3.0% to $3.776 billion with gross margin of 51.5%, our profitability decreased as a direct result of an increase in operating expenses of $230.7 million, primarily research and development costs. Research and development costs have and will continue to increase in 2008 as we increase the number of employees engaged in research and development activities and ready a number of design wins to go into production. Research and development costs will also increase over the long term as a result of growth in, and the diversification of, the markets we serve, new product opportunities, changes in our compensation policies, and any expansion into new markets and technologies.

 

Product Cycles.  The cycle for test, evaluation and adoption of our products by customers can range from three to more than nine months, with an additional three to more than twelve months before a customer commences volume production of equipment incorporating our products. Due to this lengthy sales cycle, we may experience significant delays from the time we incur expenses for research and development, selling, general and administrative efforts, and investments in inventory, to the time we generate corresponding revenue, if any. The rate of new orders may vary significantly from month to month and quarter to quarter. If anticipated sales or shipments in any quarter do not occur when expected, expenses and inventory levels could be disproportionately high, and our results of operations for that quarter, and potentially for future quarters, would be materially and adversely affected.

 

Acquisition Strategy.  An element of our business strategy involves the acquisition of businesses, assets, products or technologies that allow us to reduce the time required to develop new technologies and products and bring them to market, incorporate enhanced functionality into and complement our existing product offerings, augment our engineering workforce, and enhance our technological capabilities. We plan to continue to evaluate strategic opportunities as they arise, including acquisitions and other business combination transactions, strategic relationships, capital infusions and the purchase or sale of assets.

 

In 2007, 2006 and 2005 we completed nine acquisitions for original total equity consideration of $15.3 million and cash consideration of $430.4 million.

 

 

Because each of these acquisitions was accounted for as a purchase transaction, the accompanying consolidated financial statements include the results of operations of the acquired companies commencing on their respective acquisition dates. See Note 3 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for information related to these acquisitions.

 

Business Enterprise Segments.  We operate in one reportable operating segment, wired and wireless broadband communications. SFAS No. 131, Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information, or SFAS 131, establishes standards for the way public business enterprises report information about operating segments in annual consolidated financial statements and requires that those enterprises report selected information about operating segments in interim financial reports. SFAS 131 also establishes standards for related disclosures about products and services, geographic areas and major customers. Although we had four operating segments at December 31, 2007, under the aggregation criteria set forth in SFAS 131 we operate in only one reportable operating segment, wired and wireless broadband communications.

 

Under SFAS 131, two or more operating segments may be aggregated into a single operating segment for financial reporting purposes if aggregation is consistent with the objective and basic principles of SFAS 131, if the segments have similar economic characteristics, and if the segments are similar in each of the following areas:

 

 

We meet each of the aggregation criteria for the following reasons:

 

 

All of our operating segments share similar economic characteristics as they have a similar long term business model, operate at gross margins similar to our consolidated gross margin, and have similar research and development expenses and similar selling, general and administrative expenses. The causes for variation among our operating segments are the same and include factors such as (i) life cycle and price and cost fluctuations, (ii) number of competitors, (iii) product differentiation and (iv) size of market opportunity. Additionally, each operating segment is subject to the overall cyclical nature of the semiconductor industry. The number and composition of employees and the amounts and types of tools and materials required are similar for each operating segment. Finally, even though we periodically reorganize our operating segments based upon changes in customers, end markets or products, acquisitions, long- term growth strategies, and the experience and bandwidth of the senior executives in charge, the common financial goals for each operating segment remain constant.

 

Because we meet each of the criteria set forth in SFAS 131 and our four operating segments as of December 31, 2007 share similar economic characteristics, we have aggregated our results of operations into one reportable operating segment.

 

Equity Award Review

 

In January 2007 we reported the results of a voluntary review of our equity award practices. The voluntary review, which commenced in May 2006 and covered all grants of options and other equity awards made since our initial public offering in April 1998, was directed by the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors. Based on the results of the equity award review, the Audit Committee concluded that, pursuant to APB 25 and related interpretations, the accounting measurement dates for most of the stock option grants awarded between June 1998 and May 2003, covering options to purchase 232.9 million shares of our Class A or Class B common stock,

differed from the measurement dates previously used for such awards. As a result, revised measurement dates were applied to the affected option grants and Broadcom recorded a total of $2.259 billion in additional stock-based compensation expense for the years 1998 through 2005. After related tax adjustments of $38.7 million, the restatement resulted in total net adjustments of $2.220 billion for the years 1998 through 2005. This amount was net of forfeitures related to employee terminations. The additional stock-based compensation expense was amortized over the service period relating to each option, typically four years, with approximately 95% of the total expense recorded in years prior to 2004. In addition, $17.2 million of net adjustments was recorded in connection with our equity award review in the three months ended March 31, 2006.

 

None of the grants requiring measurement date adjustment was made to our co-founders or to any current or former member of our Board of Directors.

 

As a consequence of these adjustments, our audited consolidated financial statements and related disclosures for the three years ended December 31, 2005 and our consolidated statements of operations and consolidated balance sheet data for the five years ended December 31, 2005 were restated. We also restated the stock-based compensation expense footnote information calculated under SFAS 123 and SFAS No. 148, Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation — Transition and Disclosure, under the disclosure-only alternatives of those pronouncements for the years 2003 through 2005. The restated information was contained in our Annual Report on Form 10-K/A for the year ended December 31, 2005, filed on January 23, 2007.

 

The adjustments did not affect Broadcom’s previously-reported revenue, cash, cash equivalents or marketable securities balances in any of the restated periods.

 

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

 

The preparation of financial statements in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles requires us to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of net revenue and expenses in the reporting period. We regularly evaluate our estimates and assumptions related to revenue recognition, allowances for doubtful accounts, sales returns and allowances, warranty reserves, inventory reserves, stock-based compensation expense, goodwill and purchased intangible asset valuations, strategic investments, deferred income tax asset valuation allowances and uncertain tax positions, self-insurance, restructuring costs, litigation and other loss contingencies. We base our estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities and the recording of revenue, costs and expenses that are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual results experienced by us may differ materially and adversely from our estimates. To the extent there are material differences between our estimates and the actual results, our future results of operations will be affected.

 

We believe the following are either (i) critical accounting policies that require us to make significant judgments and estimates in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements or (ii) other key accounting policies that generally do not require us to make estimates or judgments but may be difficult or subjective:

 

 

For a limited number of arrangements that include multiple deliverables, such as sales of semiconductor products and services, we allocate revenue based on the relative fair values of the individual components. If there is no established fair value for an undelivered element, the arrangement is accounted for as a single unit of accounting, resulting in a deferral of revenue and costs for the delivered element until the undelivered element has been fulfilled. In the case that the undelivered element is a service, the revenue and costs applicable to both the delivered and undelivered elements are recorded ratably over the respective service period. If the undelivered element is essential to the functionality of the delivered element, no revenue or costs are recognized until the undelivered element is delivered.

 

A portion of our sales are made through distributors under agreements allowing for pricing credits and/or rights of return. Product revenue on sales made through these distributors is not recognized until the distributors ship the product to their customers. We also maintain inventory, or hubbing, arrangements with certain of our customers. Pursuant to these arrangements we deliver products to a customer or a designated third party warehouse based upon the customer’s projected needs, but do not recognize product revenue unless and until the customer reports that it has removed our product from the warehouse to incorporate into its end products. Historically we have had good visibility into customer requirements and shipments within a quarter. However, if a customer does not take our products under a hubbing arrangement in accordance with the schedule it originally provided to us, our future revenue stream could vary substantially from our forecasts and our results of operations could be materially and adversely affected. In addition, distributors and customers with hubbing arrangements provide us periodic data regarding the product, price, quantity, and the end customer when products are shipped to their customer as well as the quantities of our products they still have in stock. For specialized shipping terms we may rely on data provided by our freight forwarding providers. For our royalty revenue we rely on data provided by our customers. Any error in the data provided to us by customers, distributors or other third parties could lead to inaccurate reporting of our revenue, gross profit and net income.

 

 

 

 

 

 

Results of Operations

 

The following table sets forth certain Consolidated Statements of Income data expressed as a percentage of net revenue for the periods indicated:

 

 

The following table presents details of total stock-based compensation expense as a percentage of net revenue included in each functional line item in the consolidated statements of income data above:

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31, 2007 and 2006

 

Net Revenue, Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit

 

The following table presents net revenue, cost of revenue and gross profit for 2007 and 2006:

 

 

 

 

Net Revenue.  Our revenue is generated principally by sales of our semiconductor products. Our broadband communications products include solutions for cable modems, DSL applications, digital cable, direct broadcast satellite and IP set-top boxes, digital TVs and high definition DVD and personal video recording devices. Our mobile and wireless products include wireless LAN, cellular, GPS, Bluetooth, mobile multimedia and applications processors, mobile power management and VoIP solutions. Our enterprise networking products include Ethernet transceivers, controllers, switches, broadband network and security processors and server chipsets.

 

Net revenue is revenue less reductions for rebates and provisions for returns and allowances.

 

The following table presents net revenue from each of our major target markets and its respective contribution to net revenue in 2007 as compared to 2006:

 

 

 

 

The 2007 increase in net revenue in our broadband communications target market resulted from an increase in net revenue for our products for digital TVs, offset by a decrease in net revenue from our products for digital cable set-top boxes. The 2007 increase in net revenue from our mobile and wireless target market resulted primarily from an increase in demand for our Bluetooth and wireless LAN product offerings, offset in part by a decrease in demand for our mobile multimedia and cellular product offerings. In addition, fourth quarter 2007 net revenue in our mobile and wireless target market included royalty revenue in the amount of $31.8 million from a patent license agreement entered into in July 2007. The 2007 decrease in net revenue from our enterprise networking target market resulted primarily from a decrease in net revenue from our controller products, offset in part by an increase in net revenue attributable to our Ethernet switch products.

The following table presents net revenue from each of our major target markets and its respective contribution to net revenue in the fourth quarter of 2007 as compared to the third quarter of 2007:

 

 

 

 

The decrease in net revenue in our broadband communications target market resulted primarily from a decrease in net revenue for our products for direct broadcast satellite set-top boxes, offset in part by an increase in net revenue from our products for digital cable set-top boxes and broadband modems. The increase in net revenue from our mobile and wireless target market resulted primarily from strong growth driven by new products and customer ramps for our Bluetooth solutions, as well as royalty revenue in the amount of $31.8 million from a patent license agreement entered into in July 2007.

 

We recorded rebates to certain customers of $222.3 million and $251.2 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively. We account for rebates in accordance with EITF Issue No. 01-9, Accounting for Consideration Given by a Vendor to a Customer (Including a Reseller of the Vendor’s Products), and, accordingly, at the time of the sale we accrue 100% of the potential rebate as a reduction to revenue and do not apply a breakage factor. The amount of these reductions is based upon the terms included in our various rebate agreements. We anticipate that accrued rebates will vary in future periods based upon the level of overall sales to customers that participate in our rebate programs. We reverse the accrual of unclaimed rebate amounts as specific rebate programs contractually end or when we believe unclaimed rebates are no longer subject to payment and will not be paid. We reversed accrued rebates in the amount of $22.4 million and $7.1 million in 2007 and 2006, respectively.

 

We currently anticipate that total net revenue in the first quarter of 2008 will be approximately $975.0 million to $1.005 billion, as compared to $1.027 billion achieved in the fourth quarter of 2007, in each case including royalty revenue at similar levels as reported in the fourth quarter of 2007 from a patent licensing agreement entered into in July 2007. This decrease is primarily the result of the seasonal decline in revenue in our consumer-oriented businesses.

 

Cost of Revenue and Gross Profit.  Cost of revenue includes the cost of purchasing finished silicon wafers manufactured by independent foundries, costs associated with our purchase of assembly, test and quality assurance services and packaging materials for semiconductor products, amortization of purchased technology, and manufacturing overhead, including costs of personnel and equipment associated with manufacturing support, product warranty costs, provisions for excess and obsolete inventories, and stock-based compensation expense for personnel engaged in manufacturing support.

 

The 2007 increase in absolute dollars of gross profit resulted primarily from the 3.0% increase in net revenue. Gross margin increased from 51.0% in 2006 to 51.5% in 2007. The primary factors that contributed to the increase in gross margin were: (i) an increase in product margin due to a decrease in product costs, (ii) a shift in product mix, (iii) royalty revenue in the amount of $31.8 million, and (iv) an increase in the reversal of rebates in the amount of $15.3 million related to unclaimed rebates. For a discussion of stock-based compensation included in cost of revenue, see “Stock-Based Compensation Expense,” below.

 

Gross margin has been and will likely continue to be impacted by our product mix and volume of product sales, including sales to high volume customers, royalty revenue, competitive pricing programs, fluctuations in silicon wafer costs and assembly, packaging and testing costs, competitive pricing requirements, product warranty costs, provisions for excess and obsolete inventories, the position of our products in their respective life cycles, and

the introduction of products with lower margins, among other factors. We anticipate that our gross margin in the first quarter of 2008 will slightly decrease as compared to the fourth quarter of 2007 as we continue to ramp a number of new products to new and existing customers. Typically our newly introduced products have lower gross margins until we commence volume production and launch lower cost revisions of such products enabling us to benefit from economies of scale and more efficient designs. Our gross margin may also be impacted by additional stock-based compensation expense and changes therein, as discussed below, and the amortization of purchased intangible assets related to future acquisitions.

 

Research and Development and Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

 

The following table presents research and development and selling, general and administrative expenses for 2007 and 2006:

 

 

 

 

Research and Development Expense.  Research and development expense consists primarily of salaries and related costs of employees engaged in research, design and development activities, including stock-based compensation expense. Research and development expense also includes costs related to engineering design tools and computer hardware, mask and prototyping costs, subcontracting costs and facilities expenses.

 

The 2007 increase in research and development expense resulted primarily from an increase of $131.0 million in personnel-related expenses and an increase of $46.6 million in stock-based compensation expense. These increases are primarily attributable to an increase in the number of employees engaged in research and development activities since the end of 2006, resulting from both direct hiring and acquisitions. Employees engaged in research and development activities at December 31, 2007 increased to 4,676, or by 22.8% over the previous year. We also had increases in costs related to engineering design tools and computer hardware that were attributable to the increase in headcount. In addition, facilities costs increased due to the 2007 build-out and relocation of our Irvine facilities. There were increased mask and prototyping costs during 2007 due to the transition of certain products to 65 nanometer process technology. These costs vary from period to period depending on the timing of development and tape-out of various products.

 

For a further discussion of stock-based compensation included in research and development expense, see “Stock-Based Compensation Expense,” below.

 

We anticipate that research and development expense will continue to increase in 2008 as we ready a number of design wins to go into production and over the long term as a result of growth in, and the diversification of, the markets we serve, new product opportunities, and any expansion into new markets and technologies. We anticipate that research and development expense in the first quarter of 2008 will increase from the $363.3 million incurred in the fourth quarter of 2007, but at a slower rate than we experienced in 2007, due to our continued investment in new products and the migration to 65 nanometer process technology, as well as additional expenses related to the hiring of additional personnel.

 

We remain committed to significant research and development efforts to extend our technology leadership in the wired and wireless communications markets in which we operate. We currently hold more than 2,500 U.S. and 1,000 foreign patents, and we maintain an active program of filing for and acquiring additional U.S. and foreign patents in wired and wireless communications and other fields.

Selling, General and Administrative Expense.  Selling, general and administrative expense consists primarily of personnel-related expenses, including stock-based compensation expense, legal and other professional fees, facilities expenses and communications expenses.

 

The 2007 decrease in selling, general and administrative expense resulted primarily from a decrease of $25.6 million in legal fees, offset by an increase of $26.4 million in personnel-related expenses. The increase in personnel-related expenses is primarily attributable to an increase in the number of employees engaged in selling, general and administrative activities since the end of 2006, resulting from both direct hiring and acquisitions. Employees engaged in selling, general and administrative activities increased to 1,234, or by 16.3% over the previous year. In addition, facilities costs increased due to the 2007 build-out and relocation of our Irvine facilities. Legal fees fluctuate from period to period due to the timing and costs of our ongoing litigation matters. We maintain insurance polices that limit our exposure and enable us to recover a portion of our legal fees paid related to our equity award review. In 2007 we received or recorded receivables for reimbursements in the amount of $17.2 million related to costs recoverable under these insurance policies, which are reflected as an offset to legal expense. In certain limited circumstances, portions of these amounts recovered from our insurance carriers may be required to be repaid. We regularly evaluate the need to record a liability for potential future repayments in accordance with SFAS 5, and as of December 31, 2007 we have not recorded a liability in connection with these potential insurance recovery provisions. For a discussion of stock-based compensation included in selling, general and administrative expense, see “Stock-Based Compensation Expense,” below. For further discussion of litigation matters, see Note 11 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

We anticipate that selling, general and administrative expense will increase over the long term resulting from any expansion of our operations through periodic changes in our infrastructure, acquisition and integration activities, international operations, and current and future litigation. We anticipate that selling, general and administrative expense in the first quarter of 2008 will be higher as compared to the $119.3 million incurred in the fourth quarter of 2007, due primarily to expected increased legal fees.

 

Stock-Based Compensation Expense

 

The following table presents details of total stock-based compensation expense that is included in each functional line item in our consolidated statements of income:

 

 

The amount of unearned stock-based compensation currently estimated to be expensed from 2008 through 2011 related to unvested share-based payment awards at December 31, 2007 is $948.3 million. Of this amount, $415.5 million, $302.7 million, $175.6 million and $54.5 million are currently estimated to be recorded in 2008, 2009, 2010 and 2011, respectively. The weighted-average period over which the unearned stock-based compensation is expected to be recognized is approximately 1.5 years. Approximately 94.2% of the total unearned stock-based compensation at December 31, 2007 will be expensed by the end of 2010.

 

The increase in unearned stock-based compensation of $118.4 million at December 31, 2007 from the $829.9 million balance at December 31, 2006 was primarily the result of share-based awards granted during 2007 including the grant of employee stock options to purchase 21.9 million shares of our common stock, the award of 12.2 million restricted stock units, and the accumulation of rights to purchase 6.7 million shares of our common stock by employees participating in our employee stock purchase program, offset in part by stock-based compensation of $519.7 million expensed during 2007. If there are any modifications or cancellations of the underlying unvested awards, we may be required to accelerate, increase or cancel any remaining unearned stock-

based compensation expense. Future stock-based compensation expense and unearned stock-based compensation will increase to the extent that we grant additional equity awards to employees or assume unvested equity awards in connection with acquisitions.

 

Charges Related to the Voluntary Review of our Equity Award Practices

 

In connection with our equity award review, the results of which were reported in January 2007, we determined the accounting measurement dates for most of our options granted between June 1998 and May 2003 covering options to purchase 232.9 million shares of our Class A or Class B common stock, differed from the measurement dates previously used for such awards. As a result, there are potential adverse tax consequences that may apply to holders of affected options. By amending or replacing those options, the potential adverse tax consequences could be eliminated.

 

In March 2007 we offered to amend or replace options affected by the choice of measurement dates by adjusting the exercise price of each such option to the lower of (i) the fair market value per share of our Class A common stock on the revised measurement date applied to that option as a result of our equity award review or (ii) the closing selling price per share of our Class A common stock on the date on which the option would be amended. If the adjusted exercise price for an affected option was lower than the original exercise price, that option was not amended but instead was replaced with a new option that had the same exercise price, vesting schedule and expiration date as the affected option, but a new grant date. The offer expired April 20, 2007. Participants whose options were amended pursuant to the offer were paid a special cash payment with respect to those options. The amount paid was determined by multiplying (i) the amount of the increase in exercise price by (ii) the number of shares for which options were amended. We made payments of $29.6 million in January 2008 to reimburse the affected optionholders for the increases in their exercise prices. A liability was recorded for these payments and included in wages and related benefits as of December 31, 2007.

 

In accordance with SFAS 123R, we recorded total estimated charges of $3.4 million in 2007 and a reduction of additional paid-in capital in the amount of $26.2 million in connection with the offer. Charges of $0.1 million, $1.5 million and $1.8 million are included in cost of revenue, research and development expense and selling, general and administrative expense, respectively.

 

We also recorded total charges of $61.5 million in 2006 in connection with payments we made to or on behalf of certain current and former employees related to consequences of the voluntary review of our equity award practices, as well as non-cash stock-based compensation expense we incurred related to the extension of the post-service stock option exercise period for certain former employees. The payments were (i) to remunerate participants in our employee stock purchase plan who were unable to purchase shares thereunder during the period in which we were not current in our SEC reporting obligations, (ii) to remediate adverse tax consequences, if any, to individuals that resulted from the review, and (iii) to compensate individuals for the value of stock options that expired or would have expired during the period in which we were not current in our SEC reporting obligations. A total of $2.5 million, $30.1 million and $28.9 million was included in cost of revenue, research and development expense and selling, general and administrative expense, respectively, for such charges in 2006, of which $6.5 million and $5.1 million included in research and development expense and selling, general and administrative expense, respectively, was stock-based compensation expense.

 

Amortization of Purchased Intangible Assets

 

The following table presents details of the amortization of purchased intangible assets included in each expense category:

 

The following table presents details of future amortization of purchased intangible assets. If we acquire additional purchased intangible assets in the future, our cost of revenue or operating expenses will be increased by the amortization of those assets.

 

 

In-Process Research and Development

 

In-process research and development, or IPR&D, totaled $15.5 million and $5.2 million for acquisitions completed in 2007 and 2006, respectively. The amounts allocated to IPR&D were determined through established valuation techniques used in the high technology industry and were expensed upon acquisition as it was determined that the underlying projects had not reached technological feasibility and no alternative future uses existed. In accordance with SFAS No. 2, Accounting for Research and Development Costs, as clarified by FIN No. 4, Applicability of FASB Statement No. 2 to Business Combinations Accounted for by the Purchase Method, an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 2, amounts assigned to IPR&D meeting the above-stated criteria were charged to expense as part of the allocation of the purchase price.

 

The fair value of the IPR&D for each of the acquisitions was determined using the income approach. Under the income approach, the expected future cash flows from each project under development are estimated and discounted to their net present values at an appropriate risk-adjusted rate of return. Significant factors considered in the calculation of the rate of return are the weighted average cost of capital and return on assets, as well as the risks inherent in the development process, including the likelihood of achieving technological success and market acceptance. Each project was analyzed to determine the unique technological innovations, the existence and reliance on core technology, the existence of any alternative future use or current technological feasibility, and the complexity, cost and time to complete the remaining development. Future cash flows for each project were estimated based on forecasted revenue and costs, taking into account product life cycles, and market penetration and growth rates.

 

The IPR&D charges include only the fair value of IPR&D performed as of the respective acquisition dates. The fair value of developed technology is included in identifiable purchased intangible assets. We believe the amounts recorded as IPR&D, as well as developed technology, represent the fair values and approximate the amounts an independent party would pay for these projects as of the respective acquisition dates.

 

The following table summarizes the significant assumptions at the acquisition dates underlying the valuations of IPR&D for acquisitions completed in 2007 and 2006:

 

 

As of the respective acquisition dates of the 2007 and 2006 acquisitions, certain ongoing development projects were in process. Research and development costs to bring the products of the acquired companies to technological

feasibility are not expected to have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition. At December 31, 2007 all of the above development projects were still in process.

 

Actual results to date have been consistent, in all material respects, with our assumptions at the time of the acquisitions. The assumptions consist primarily of expected completion dates for the IPR&D projects, estimated costs to complete the projects, and revenue and expense projections for the products once they have entered the market.

 

Restructuring Costs

 

For a discussion of activity and liability balances related to our past restructuring plans, see Note 2 of Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

Impairment of Intangible Assets

 

We performed annual impairment assessments of the carrying value of goodwill recorded in connection with various acquisitions as required under SFAS No. 142, Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets, or SFAS 142, in October 2007 and 2006. Upon completion of the 2007 and 2006 annual impairment assessments, we determined no impairment was indicated as the estimated fair value of each of our four reporting units, determined and identified in accordance with SFAS 142, exceeded its respective carrying value.

 

We estimated the fair values of our reporting units primarily using the income approach valuation methodology that includes the discounted cash flow method, taking into consideration the market approach and certain market multiples as a validation of the values derived using the discounted cash flow methodology. The discounted cash flows for each reporting unit were based on discrete four year financial forecasts developed by management for planning purposes and consistent with those distributed to our Board of Directors. Cash flows beyond the four year discrete forecasts were estimated using a terminal value calculation, which incorporated historical and forecasted financial trends for each identified reporting unit and considered long-term earnings growth rates for publicly traded peer companies. Future cash flows were discounted to present value by incorporating the present value techniques discussed in FASB Concepts Statement 7, Using Cash Flow Information and Present Value in Accounting Measurements, or Concepts Statement 7. Specifically, the income approach valuations included reporting unit cash flow discount rates ranging from 13% to 19%, and terminal value growth rates ranging from 5% to 10%. Publicly available information regarding the market capitalization of our company was also considered in assessing the reasonableness of the cumulative fair values of our reporting units estimated using the discounted cash flow methodology.

 

Interest and Other Income, Net

 

The following table presents interest and other income, net, for 2007 and 2006: