UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

(Mark One)

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

For the transition period from             to             

Commission file number 001-16174

TEVA PHARMACEUTICAL INDUSTRIES LIMITED

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

5 Basel Street, Petach Tikva, ISRAEL, 4951033

(Address of principal executive offices and Zip Code)

+972 (3) 914-8171

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232-405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files.)    Yes  ☒    No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒

The aggregate market value of the voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant, computed by reference to the closing price at which the American Depositary Shares were last sold on the New York Stock Exchange, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter (June 30, 2018), was approximately $20.7 billion. Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited has no non-voting common equity. For purpose of this calculation only, this amount excludes ordinary shares and American Depositary Shares held by directors and executive officers and by each person who owns or may be deemed to own 10% or more of the registrant’s common equity at June 30, 2018.

As of December 31, 2018, the registrant had 1,089,388,686 ordinary shares outstanding.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION AND USE OF CERTAIN TERMS

Unless otherwise indicated, all references to the “Company,” “we,” “our” and “Teva” refer to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Limited and its subsidiaries, and references to “revenues” refer to net revenues. References to “U.S. dollars,” “dollars,” “U.S. $” and “$” are to the lawful currency of the United States of America, and references to “NIS” are to new Israeli shekels. References to “MS” are to multiple sclerosis. Market data, including both sales and share data, is based on information provided by IQVIA (formerly IMS Health Inc.), a provider of market research to the pharmaceutical industry (“IQVIA”), unless otherwise stated. References to “Actavis Generics” are to the generic pharmaceuticals business we purchased from Allergan plc (“Allergan”) on August 2, 2016. References to “R&D” are to Research and Development, references to “IPR&D” are to in-process R&D, references to “S&M” are to Selling and Marketing and references to “G&A” are to General and Administrative. Some amounts in this report may not add up due to rounding. All percentages have been calculated using unrounded amounts. Some amounts in this report may not add up due to rounding. All percentages have been calculated using unrounded amounts.

FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

In addition to historical information, this Annual Report on Form 10-K, and the reports and documents incorporated by reference in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, may contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, which are based on management’s current beliefs and expectations and are subject to substantial risks and uncertainties, both known and unknown, that could cause our future results, performance or achievements to differ significantly from that expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. You can identify these forward-looking statements by the use of words such as “should,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “estimate,” “target,” “may,” “project,” “guidance,” “intend,” “plan,” “believe” and other words and terms of similar meaning and expression in connection with any discussion of future operating or financial performance. Important factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include risks relating to:

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and other factors discussed in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, including in the sections captioned “Risk Factors.” Forward-looking statements speak only as of the date on which they are made, and we assume no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements or other information contained herein, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. You are cautioned not to put undue reliance on these forward-looking statements.

PART I

ITEM 1. BUSINESS

Business Overview

We are a global pharmaceutical company, committed to helping patients around the world to access affordable medicines and benefit from innovations to improve their health. Our mission is to be a global leader in generics, specialty medicines and biopharmaceuticals, improving the lives of patients.

We operate worldwide, with headquarters in Israel and a significant presence in the United States, Europe and many other markets around the world. Our key strengths include our world-leading generic medicines expertise and portfolio, focused specialty medicines portfolio and global infrastructure and scale.

Teva was incorporated in Israel on February 13, 1944 and is the successor to a number of Israeli corporations, the oldest of which was established in 1901.

Our Business Segments

We operate our business through three segments: North America, Europe and International Markets. Each business segment manages our entire product portfolio in its region, including generics, specialty and over-the-counter (“OTC”) products. This structure enables strong alignment and integration between operations, commercial regions, R&D and our global marketing and portfolio function, optimizing our product lifecycle across therapeutic areas.

In addition to these three segments, we have other activities, primarily the sale of active pharmaceutical ingredients (“API”) to third parties and certain contract manufacturing services.

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In December 2017, we announced a comprehensive restructuring plan intended to significantly reduce our cost base, unify and simplify our organization and improve business performance, profitability, cash flow generation and productivity. This plan is intended to reduce our total cost base by $3 billion by the end of 2019.

For information regarding our major customers, see note 20 to our consolidated financial statements.

For information regarding certain business transactions completed during 2018, see “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Transactions.”

Below is an overview of our three business segments.

North America

Our North America segment includes the United States and Canada.

We are the leading generic drug company in the United States. We market over 500 generic prescription and OTC products in more than 2,000 dosage strengths and packaging sizes, including oral solid dosage forms, injectable products, inhaled products, liquids, ointments and creams. Most of our generic sales in the United States are made to retail drug chains, mail order distributors and wholesalers.

Our wholesale and retail selling efforts are supported by participation in key pharmaceutical conferences as well as focused advertising in professional journals and on leading pharmacy websites. We continue to strengthen consumer awareness of the benefits of generic medicines through partnerships and digital marketing programs.

During 2018, our generics business in the United States continued to be negatively impacted by certain developments, including: (i) pricing pressure as a result of customer consolidation into larger buying groups capable of extracting greater price reductions, (ii) an accelerated FDA approval process for generic versions of off-patent medicines, resulting in increased competition for these products, and (iii) delays in the launch of some of our new generic products. We have also experienced supply discontinuities due to regulatory actions and approval delays, which also had an impact on our ability to timely meet demand in certain instances.

Our specialty portfolio in North America has an established presence in central nervous system (“CNS”) medicines with our leading product COPAXONE^®, which is among the leading products for the treatment of multiple sclerosis (“MS”) in North America. In addition, we continue to strengthen our specialty portfolio with the recent launch of AJOVY^® for the treatment of migraine and the continued growth of our neurodegenerative and movement disorder treatment medicine AUSTEDO^®. We are committed to maintaining a leading presence in the respiratory market by delivering a range of medicines for the treatment of asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (“COPD”). We also maintain a meaningful presence in oncology medicines.

Anda, our distribution business in the United States, distributes generic, specialty and OTC pharmaceutical products from various third party manufacturers to independent retail pharmacies, pharmacy retail chains, hospitals and physician offices in the United States. Anda is able to compete in the secondary distribution market by maintaining high inventory levels for a broad offering of products, competitive pricing and offering next day delivery throughout the United States.

Europe

Our Europe segment includes the European Union and certain other European countries.

We are the leading generic pharmaceutical company in Europe. We are among the top three companies in more than 20 markets across Europe. No single market in Europe represents more than 25% of our total

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European generic revenues, and therefore we are not dependent on any single market that could be affected by pricing reforms or changes in public policy. In Europe, we also out-license certain generic pharmaceutical products to third parties.

Despite their diversity and highly fragmented nature, the European markets share many characteristics that allow us to leverage our pan-European presence and broad portfolio. Global customers are crucial partners in our generic business and are expanding across Europe, although customer consolidation is lower than in the United States. We are one of a few generic pharmaceutical companies with a pan-European footprint. Most competitors focus on a select few markets or business lines.

Our OTC portfolio in Europe includes global brands such as SUDOCREM^® as well as local and regional brands like FLUX^® in the Nordic countries.

Our specialty portfolio in Europe focuses on three main areas: CNS and pain, respiratory and oncology. Our leading product is COPAXONE, which is among the leading products for the treatment of MS in the European Union.

International Markets

Our International Markets segment includes all countries in which we operate other than those in our North America and Europe segments. These markets comprise more than 35 countries, covering a substantial portion of the global pharmaceutical market.

Our key international markets are Japan, Russia and Israel. In Japan, we operate our business through a business venture with Takeda Pharmaceutical Companies Limited (“Takeda”), in which we own a 51% stake and Takeda owns the remaining 49%. The countries in our International Markets segment range from highly regulated, pure generic markets, such as Israel, to hybrid markets, such as Japan, to branded generics oriented markets, such as Russia and certain Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Latin American and Asia Pacific markets.

Each market’s strategy is built upon differentiation and filling the unmet needs of that market. Our integrated sales force enables us to extract synergies across our branded generic, OTC and specialty medicines product offerings and across various channels (e.g., retail, institutional).

Our specialty portfolio in International Markets focuses on three main areas: CNS and pain, respiratory and oncology.

Our Product Portfolio and Business Offering

Our product and service portfolio includes generic medicines, specialty medicines, OTC products, a distribution business, API and contract manufacturing. Each region manages the entire range of products and services offered in its region and our global marketing and portfolio function optimizes our pipeline and product lifecycle across therapeutic areas. In most markets in which we operate, we use an integrated and comprehensive marketing model, offering a portfolio of generic, specialty and OTC products.

Generic Medicines

Generic medicines are the chemical and therapeutic equivalents of originator medicines and are typically more affordable in comparison to the originator’s products. Generics are required to meet similar governmental requirements as their brand-name equivalents, such as those relating to manufacturing processes and health authorities’ inspections, and must receive regulatory approval prior to their sale in any given country. Generic medicines may be manufactured and marketed if relevant patents on their brand-name equivalents (and any additional government-mandated market exclusivity periods) have expired or have been challenged or otherwise circumvented.

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We develop, manufacture and sell generic medicines in a variety of dosage forms, including tablets, capsules, injectables, inhalants, liquids, ointments and creams. We offer a broad range of basic chemical entities, as well as specialized product families, such as sterile products, hormones, high-potency drugs and cytotoxic substances, in both parenteral and solid dosage forms.

Our generic business has a wide-reaching commercial presence. We are the market leader in the United States and have a top three leadership position in over 30 countries, including some of our key European markets. We have a robust product portfolio, comprehensive R&D capabilities and product pipeline and a global operational network, which enables us to execute key generic launches to further expand our product pipeline and diversify our revenue stream. We use these capabilities to mitigate price erosion in our generics business.

When considering whether to develop a generic medicine, we take into account a number of factors, including our overall strategy, regional and local patient and customer needs, R&D and manufacturing capabilities, regulatory considerations, commercial factors and the intellectual property landscape. We will challenge patents when appropriate if we believe they are either invalid or would not be infringed by our generic version. We may seek alliances to acquire rights to products we do not have in our portfolio, to share development costs or litigation risks, or to resolve patent and regulatory barriers to entry.

As part of our comprehensive restructuring plan, we have substantially optimized our generics portfolio globally, particularly in the United States, through product discontinuation and price adjustments, with a focus on increasing profitability. This will enable us to accelerate the restructuring and optimization of our manufacturing and supply network, including the closure or divestment of a significant number of manufacturing plants in the United States, Europe and International Markets.

In markets such as the United States, the United Kingdom, Canada, the Netherlands and Israel, generic medicines may be substituted by the pharmacist for their brand name equivalent or prescribed by International Nonproprietary Name (“INN”). In these so-called “pure generic” markets, physicians and patients have little control over the choice of generic manufacturer, and consequently generic medicines are not actively marketed or promoted to physicians or consumers. Instead, the relationship between the manufacturer and pharmacy chains and distributors, health funds and other health insurers is critical. Many of these markets have automatic substitution models when generics are available as alternatives to brands. In Russia, Turkey, Ukraine, Kazakhstan, certain Asia Pacific, Latin American and European countries, generic medicines are generally sold under brand names alongside the originator brand. These markets are referred to as “branded generic” markets and are generally “out of pocket” markets in which consumers can pay for a particular branded generic medicine (as opposed to government or privately funded medical health insurance), often at the recommendation of their physician. Branded generic products are actively promoted and a sales force is necessary to create and maintain brand awareness. Other markets, such as Germany, Japan, France, Italy and Spain, are hybrid markets with elements of both approaches.

Our position in the generics market is supported by our global R&D function, as well as our API R&D and manufacturing activities, which provide significant vertical integration for our products.

For information about our product launches and pipeline of generic medicines in North America and Europe, see “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Segment Information—North America Segment” and “Item 7—Management’s Discussions and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Segment Information—Europe Segment.”

Specialty Medicines

Our specialty medicines business, which is focused on delivering innovative solutions to patients and providers via medicines, devices and services in key regions and markets around the world, includes our core therapeutic areas of CNS (with a strong emphasis on MS, neurodegenerative disorders, movement disorders and

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pain care including migraine) and respiratory medicines (with a focus on asthma and COPD). We also have specialty products in oncology and selected other areas.

We deploy medical and sales and marketing professionals within each therapeutic area who seek to address the needs of patients and healthcare professionals. We tailor our patient support, payer relations and medical affairs activities to the distinct characteristics of each therapeutic area and medicine.

The U.S. market is the most significant market in our specialty business. In Europe and International Markets, we leverage existing synergies between our specialty business and our generics and OTC businesses. Our specialty presence in International Markets is mainly built on our CNS franchise, with gradual development in other therapeutic areas closely related to our branded generics portfolios in those countries.

We have built specialized “Patient Support Programs” to help patients adhere to their treatments, improve patient outcomes and, in certain markets, to ensure timely delivery of medicines and assist in securing reimbursement. These programs reflect the importance we place on supporting patients and ensuring better medical outcomes for them. As part of our restructuring plan, we outsourced certain of these services to external vendors. Patient Support Programs are currently operated in many countries around the world in multiple therapeutic areas. We believe that it is important to provide a range of services and solutions tailored to meet the needs of patients according to their specific condition and local market requirements. We believe this capability provides an important competitive advantage in the specialty medicines market.

Below is a description of our key products:

CNS and Pain

Our CNS and pain portfolio includes COPAXONE for the treatment of relapsing forms of MS, AJOVY for the treatment of migraine (launched in the United States in September 2018) and AUSTEDO for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia and chorea associated with Huntington disease (launched in the United States in 2017).

COPAXONE

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AJOVY (anti CGRP)

AUSTEDO

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Oncology

Our oncology portfolio includes BENDEKA^® / TREANDA^®, GRANIX^® and TRISENOX^®in the United States and LONQUEX^®, TEVAGRASTIM^®/RATIOGRASTIM^® and TRISENOX^® outside the United States.

BENDEKA and TREANDA

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Truxima^®

Herzuma^®

Respiratory

Our respiratory portfolio includes ProAir^®, QVAR^®, DuoResp Spiromax^®, AirDuo RespiClick^®/ ArmonAir RespiClick^® and CINQAIR^®/CINQAERO^®.

We are committed to maintaining a leading presence in the respiratory market by delivering a range of medicines for the treatment of asthma and COPD. Our portfolio is centered on optimizing respiratory treatment for patients and healthcare providers through the development and commercialization of innovative delivery systems and therapies that help address unmet needs.

Our respiratory pipeline is based on drug molecules delivered in our proprietary dry powder formulations and breath-actuated device technologies and targeted biologics. With this portfolio, we are targeting high value markets in the respiratory area such as inhaled short-acting beta agonists, inhaled corticosteroids, fixed-dose corticosteroid and beta2 agonist combinations, long-acting muscarinic antagonist products and biologics.

The key areas of focus for our respiratory R&D include development of differentiated respiratory therapies for patients using innovative delivery systems to deliver chemical and biological therapies. Our device strategy is intended to result in “device consistency,” allowing physicians to choose the device that best matches a patient’s needs both in terms of ease of use and effectiveness of delivery of the prescribed molecule.

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Our innovative delivery systems include:

ProAir

QVAR

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CINQAIR/CINQAERO

AirDuo RespiClick / ArmonAir RespiClick

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BRALTUS^®

Below is a description of key products in our specialty pipeline:

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During 2018, development of the following projects was either discontinued or transferred:

Other Activities

We have other sources of revenues, primarily the sale of APIs to third parties, certain contract manufacturing services and an out-licensing platform offering a portfolio of products to other pharmaceutical companies through our affiliate Medis.

We produce approximately 300 APIs for our own use and for sale to third parties in many therapeutic areas. APIs used in pharmaceutical products are subject to regulatory oversight by national health authorities. We utilize a variety of production technologies, including chemical synthesis, semi-synthetic fermentation, enzymatic synthesis, high potency manufacturing, plant extract technology and peptide synthesis. Our advanced technology and expertise in the field of solid state particle technology enable us to meet specifications for particle size distribution, bulk density, specific surface area and polymorphism, as well as other characteristics.

We sell medical devices and provide contract manufacturing services related to products divested in connection with the sale of certain business lines in the past, as well as other miscellaneous items. Our other activities are not included in our North America, Europe and International Markets segments described above.

Research and Development

Our R&D activities span the breadth of our business, including generic medicines (finished goods and API), specialty pharmaceuticals, biopharmaceuticals and OTC medicines.

All of our R&D activities are concentrated under one global group with overall responsibility for generics, specialty and biologics, enabling better focus and efficiency. We recently closed and sold a significant number of R&D facilities across all geographies, delivering efficiencies and substantial cost savings. During the past year, we conducted a thorough review of all R&D programs across the entire company, in generics and specialty, prioritizing core projects and terminating others, while maintaining a substantial pipeline.

A strong focus for Teva is the development of new generic medicines. We develop generic products for the United States, Europe and our International Markets segment. Our focus is on developing complex formulations with complex technologies, which have higher barriers to entry. Generic R&D activities, which are carried out in development centers located around the world, include product formulation, analytical method development, stability testing, management of bioequivalence, bio-analytical studies, other clinical studies and registration of

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generic drugs in all of the markets where we operate. We also operate several clinics where most of our bioequivalent studies are performed. We have more than 1,550 generic products in our pre-approved global pipeline, which includes products in all stages of the approval process: pre-submission, post-submission and after tentative approval.

In addition, our generic R&D supports our OTC business in developing OTC products, as well as in overseeing the work performed by contract developers.

Current R&D capabilities include solid oral dosage forms (such as tablets and capsules), inhalation, semi-solid and liquid formulations (such as ointments and creams), sterile formulations and other dosage forms, and delivery systems, such as matrix systems, special coating systems for sustained release products, orally disintegrating systems, sterile systems, such as vials, syringes and blow-fill-seal systems, and more recently, capability build-up in long-acting release injectable, transdermal patches, oral thin film, drug device combinations and nasal delivery systems. In addition, we are in the process of developing multiple AB-rated respiratory programs and devices for our long active injectable pipeline.

Our API R&D division focuses on the development of processes for the manufacturing of APIs, including intermediates, chemicals and fermentation products, for both our generic and proprietary drugs. Our facilities include two large development centers in India and Croatia, focusing on synthetic products, and three centers with specific expertise: a center in Hungary specializing in fermentation and semi-synthetic products, a center in Israel for oligonucleotides and a center in the Czech Republic for high-potency APIs. Our substantial investment in API R&D generates a steady flow of API products, supporting the timely introduction of generic products to market. The API R&D division also seeks methods to continuously reduce API production costs, enabling us to improve our cost structure.

Our specialty R&D product pipeline is focused on biologic products, biosimilar products and discovery of new biologic candidates. Specialty development activities include preclinical assessment (including toxicology, pharmacokinetics, pharmacodynamics and pharmacology studies), clinical development (including pharmacology and the design, execution and analysis of global safety and efficacy trials), as well as regulatory strategy to deliver registration of our pipeline products.

Our specialty R&D develops novel specialty products in our core therapeutic and disease focus areas. We have CNS projects in areas such as migraine, pain, movement disorders/neurodegeneration and neuropsychiatry. Our respiratory projects are focused on asthma and COPD and include both novel compounds and delivery systems designed to address unmet patient needs. We also pursue select pipeline projects (e.g., biosimilars) in other therapeutic and disease areas that leverage our global R&D and commercial areas of expertise.

While our focus is on internal growth that leverages our R&D capabilities, we have entered into, and expect to pursue, in-licensing, acquisition and partnership opportunities to supplement and expand our existing specialty pipeline (e.g., the transactions with Celltrion, Eagle and Regeneron). In parallel, we evaluate and expand the development scope of our existing R&D pipeline products as well as our existing products for submission in additional markets.

Operations

We operate our business globally and believe that our global infrastructure provides us with the following capabilities and advantages:

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These capabilities provide us with the means to respond on a global scale to a wide range of therapeutic and commercial requirements of patients, customers and healthcare providers.

Pharmaceutical Production

We operate 55 finished dosage and packaging pharmaceutical plants in 22 countries. These plants manufacture solid dosage forms, sterile injectables, liquids, semi-solids, inhalers, transdermal patches and medical devices. In 2018, we produced approximately 80 billion tablets and capsules and approximately 650 million sterile units. The FDA and EMA have approved 32 and 29 of our finished dosage manufacturing facilities, respectively.

Our primary manufacturing technologies, solid dosage forms, injectables and blow-fill-seal, are available in North America, Europe, Latin America and Israel. The manufacturing sites located in Israel, Germany, Hungary, Croatia, Bulgaria, India, Spain, Poland and the Czech Republic make up the majority of our production capacity.

We use several external contract manufacturers to achieve operational and cost benefits. We continue to strengthen our third party operations unit to strategically work with our supplier base in order to meet cost, supply security and quality targets on a sustainable base in alignment with our global procurement organization.

Our policy is to maintain multiple supply sources for our strategic products and APIs to appropriately mitigate risk in our supply chain to the extent possible. However, our ability to do so may be limited by regulatory and other requirements.

In 2018, we closed or divested a significant number of manufacturing plants in Latin America, Europe, Israel and other markets in connection with implementation of our comprehensive restructuring plan announced in December 2017.

Raw Materials for Pharmaceutical Production

In general, we purchase our raw materials and supplies required for the production of our products in the open market. For some products, we purchase such raw materials and supplies from one source (the only source available to us) or a single source (the only approved source among many available to us), thereby requiring us to obtain such raw materials and supplies from that particular source. We attempt, if possible, to mitigate our raw material supply risks through inventory management and alternative sourcing strategies.

We source a large portion of our APIs from our own manufacturing facilities. Additional APIs are purchased from suppliers located in Europe, Asia and the United States. We have implemented a supplier audit program to ensure that our suppliers meet our high standards and are able to fulfill the requirements of our global operations.

We currently have 18 API production facilities, producing approximately 300 APIs in various therapeutic areas. Our API intellectual property portfolio includes approximately 650 granted patents and pending applications worldwide.

We have expertise in a variety of production technologies, including chemical synthesis, semi-synthetic fermentation, enzymatic synthesis, high-potency manufacturing, plant extract technology, peptides synthesis, vitamin D derivatives synthesis and prostaglandins synthesis. Our advanced technology and expertise in the field of solid state particle technology enable us to meet specifications for particle size distribution, bulk density, specific surface area and polymorphism, as well as other characteristics.

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Our API facilities are required to comply with applicable current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”) requirements under U.S., European, Japanese and other applicable quality standards. Our API plants are regularly inspected by the FDA, European agencies and other authorities, as applicable.

Patents and Other Intellectual Property Rights

We rely on a combination of patents, trademarks, copyrights, trade secrets and other proprietary know-how and regulatory exclusivities, as well as contractual protections, to establish and protect our intellectual property rights. We own or license numerous patents covering our products in the United States and other countries. We have also developed many brand names and own many trademarks covering our products. We consider the overall protection of our intellectual property rights to be of material value and act to protect these rights from infringement. We license or assign certain intellectual property rights to third parties in connection with certain business transactions.

Environment, Health and Safety

We are committed to business practices that promote socially and environmentally responsible economic growth. During 2018, we continued to make significant progress on our multi-year plan towards our long-term environment, health and safety (“EHS”) goal referred to as “Target Zero”: zero incidents, zero injuries and zero releases. Among other things, in 2018, we:

Quality

We are committed not only to complying with quality requirements but to developing and leveraging quality as a competitive advantage. In 2018, we successfully completed numerous inspections by various regulatory agencies of our finished dosage pharmaceutical plants and our pharmacovigilance function, continued discussions with authorities about drug shortages and participated in several industry-wide task forces. We continue to focus on maintaining a solid and sustainable quality compliance foundation, as well as making quality a priority beyond compliance. We seek to ensure that quality remains part of our corporate culture and is reflected in all of our operations, resulting in reliable and high quality products.

In 2018, we successfully resolved issues raised in an FDA warning letter in 2016 for our API production facility in China, following corrective actions addressing both the specific concerns raised by investigators as well as the underlying causes of those concerns. We resumed shipments from this facility in May 2017.

In January 2018, Celltrion received an FDA warning letter for its facility in Incheon, South Korea, our sole API source for AJOVY. All issues were resolved successfully and, in September 2018, we received FDA approval and launched AJOVY in the United States.

In July 2018, the FDA completed an inspection of our manufacturing plant in Davie, Florida in the United States, and issued a Form FDA-483 to the site. In October 2018, the FDA notified us that the inspection of the site is classified as “official action indicated” (OAI). On February 5, 2019, we received a warning letter from the FDA that contains four enumerated concerns related to production, quality control, and investigations at this site. We are working diligently to investigate the FDA’s concerns in a manner consistent with current good

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manufacturing practice (CGMP) requirements, and to address those concerns as quickly and as thoroughly as possible. If we are unable to remediate the warning letter findings to the FDA’s satisfaction, we may face additional consequences, including delays in FDA approval for future products from the site, financial implications due to loss of revenues, impairments, inventory write offs, customer penalties, idle capacity charges, costs of additional remediation and possible FDA enforcement action. We expect to generate approximately $255 million in revenues from this site in 2019, assuming remediation or enforcement does not cause any unscheduled slowdown or stoppage at the facility.

In July 2018, we announced the voluntary recall of valsartan and certain combination valsartan medicines in various countries due to the detection of trace amounts of a previously unknown impurity called NDMA found in valsartan API supplied to us by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical. Since July 2018, we have been actively engaged with regulatory agencies around the world in reviewing our valsartan and other sartan products for NDMA and other related impurities and, where necessary, have initiated additional voluntary recalls. The impact of this recall on our 2018 financial statements was $51 million, primarily related to inventory reserves. We expect to continue to experience loss of revenues and profits in connection with this matter. In addition, multiple lawsuits have been filed in connection with this matter. We may also incur customer penalties, impairments and litigation costs going forward.

Geographic Areas

Our business is conducted in many countries around the world and a significant portion of our revenues is generated from operations outside the United States. We operate our business through three segments: North America, Europe and International Markets. Each region manages our entire product portfolio, including generics, specialty and OTC products. The products we manufacture and sell around the world include many of those described above under “—Our Product Portfolio and Business Offering.”

Investments and activities in some countries outside the Unites States are subject to higher risks than comparable U.S. activities because the investment and commercial climate in such countries may be influenced by financial instability in international economies, restrictive economic policies and political and legal system uncertainties. Changes in the relative value of international currencies may also materially affect our results of operations. For a discussion of these risks, see “Item 1A—Risk Factors.”

Competition

Sales of generic medicines have benefitted from increasing awareness and acceptance on the part of healthcare insurers and institutions, consumers, physicians and pharmacists around the world. Factors contributing to this increased awareness are the passage of legislation permitting or encouraging generic substitution and the publication by regulatory authorities of lists of equivalent pharmaceuticals, which provide physicians and pharmacists with generic alternatives. In addition, various government agencies and many private managed care or insurance programs encourage the substitution of brand-name pharmaceuticals with generic products as a cost-savings measure in the purchase of, or reimbursement for, prescription pharmaceuticals.

In the United States, we are subject to competition in the generic drug market from domestic and international generic drug manufacturers and brand-name pharmaceutical companies through lifecycle management initiatives, authorized generics, existing brand equivalents and manufacturers of therapeutically similar drugs. An increase in FDA approvals for generic products is increasing the competition on our base generic products. Price competition from additional generic versions of the same product typically results in margin pressures, which is causing some generics companies to refocus their portfolio.

The European market continues to be ever more competitive, especially in terms of pricing, higher quality standards, customer service and portfolio relevance. We are one of only a few companies with a pan-European footprint, while most of our European competitors focus on a limited number of selected markets or business lines. Our leadership position in Europe allows us to be a reliable partner to fulfill the needs of patients, physicians, pharmacies, customers and payers.

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In our International Markets, our global scale and broad portfolio give us a significant competitive advantage over local competitors, allowing us to optimize our offerings through a combination of high quality medicines and unique go-to-market approaches.

Furthermore, in significant markets such as France, Japan and Russia, governments have issued or are in process of issuing regulations designed to increase generic penetration. Specifically, in Japan, ongoing regulatory pricing reductions and generic competition to off-patented products have negatively affected our sales in Japan. These conditions result in intense competition in the generic market, with generic companies competing for advantage based on pricing, time to market, reputation and customer service.

Our specialty medicines business faces intense competition from both specialty and generic pharmaceutical companies. The specialty business may continue to be affected by price reforms and changes in the political landscape, following recent public debate in the United States. We believe that our primary competitive advantages include our commercial marketing teams, global R&D capabilities, the body of scientific evidence substantiating the safety and efficacy of our various medicines, our patient-centric solutions, physician and patient experience with our medicines and our medical capabilities, which are tailored to our product offerings, regional and local markets and the needs of our stakeholders.

Regulation

United States

Food and Drug Administration and the Drug Enforcement Administration

All pharmaceutical manufacturers selling products in the United States are subject to extensive regulation by the United States federal government, principally by the FDA and the Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”), and, to a lesser extent, by state and local governments. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the Controlled Substances Act (“CSA”) and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern or influence the development, manufacture, testing, safety, efficacy, labeling, approval, storage, distribution, recordkeeping, advertising, promotion, sale, import and export of our products. Our facilities are periodically inspected by the FDA, which has extensive enforcement powers over the activities of pharmaceutical manufacturers. Noncompliance with applicable requirements may result in fines, criminal penalties, civil injunction against shipment of products, recall and seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production, sale or import of products, refusal of the government to enter into supply contracts or to approve NDAs, ANDAs or biologics license applications (“BLAs”) and criminal prosecution by the Department of Justice. The FDA also has the authority to deny or revoke approvals of marketing applications and the power to halt the operations of non-complying manufacturers. Any failure to comply with applicable FDA policies and regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operations.

FDA approval is required before any “new drug” (including generic versions of previously approved drugs) may be marketed, including new strengths, dosage forms and formulations of previously approved drugs. Applications for FDA approval must contain information relating to bioequivalence (for generics), safety, toxicity and efficacy (for new drugs), product formulation, raw material suppliers, stability, manufacturing processes, packaging, labeling and quality control. FDA procedures generally require that commercial manufacturing equipment be used to produce test batches for FDA approval. The FDA also requires validation of manufacturing processes so that a company may market new products. The FDA conducts pre-approval and post-approval reviews and plant inspections to implement these requirements.

The federal CSA and its implementing regulations establish a closed system of controlled substance distribution for legitimate handlers. The CSA imposes registration, security, recordkeeping and reporting, storage, manufacturing, distribution, importation and other requirements upon legitimate handlers under the oversight of the DEA. The DEA categorizes controlled substances into one of five schedules—Schedule I, II, III, IV, or V—with varying qualifications for listing in each schedule. Facilities that manufacture, distribute, conduct

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chemical analysis, import or export any controlled substance must register annually with the DEA. The DEA inspects manufacturing facilities to review security, record keeping and reporting and handling prior to issuing a controlled substance registration and periodically thereafter. Failure to maintain compliance with applicable requirements, particularly as manifested in the loss or diversion of controlled substances, can result in enforcement action, such as civil penalties, refusal to renew necessary registrations or the initiation of proceedings to revoke those registrations. In certain circumstances, violations could lead to criminal prosecution.

The Drug Price Competition and Patent Term Restoration Act (the “Hatch-Waxman Act”) established the procedures for obtaining FDA approval for generic forms of brand-name drugs. This act also provides market exclusivity provisions that can delay the approval of certain NDAs and ANDAs. One such provision allows a five-year period of data exclusivity for NDAs containing new chemical entities and a three-year period of market exclusivity for NDAs (including different dosage forms) containing new clinical trial(s) essential to the approval of the application. The Orphan Drug Act grants seven years of exclusive marketing rights to a specific drug for a specific orphan indication. The term “orphan drug” refers, generally, to a drug that treats a rare disease affecting fewer than 200,000 Americans. Market exclusivity provisions are distinct from patent protections and apply equally to patented and non-patented drug products. Another provision of the Hatch-Waxman Act extends certain patents for up to five years as compensation for the reduction of effective life of the patent which resulted from time spent in clinical trials and time spent by the FDA reviewing a drug application.

Under the Hatch-Waxman Act, any company submitting an ANDA or an NDA under Section 505(b)(2) of the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (i.e., an NDA that, similar to an ANDA, relies, in whole or in part, on FDA’s prior approval of another company’s drug product; also known as a “505(b)(2) application”) must make certain certifications with respect to the patent status of the drug for which it is seeking approval. In the event that such applicant plans to challenge the validity or enforceability of an existing listed patent or asserts that the proposed product does not infringe an existing listed patent, it files a “Paragraph IV” certification. In the case of ANDAs, the Hatch-Waxman Act provides for a potential 180-day period of generic exclusivity for the first company to submit an ANDA with a Paragraph IV certification. This filing triggers a regulatory process in which the FDA is required to delay the final approval of subsequently filed ANDAs containing Paragraph IV certifications until 180 days after the first commercial marketing. For both ANDAs and 505(b)(2) applications, when litigation is brought by the patent holder, in response to this Paragraph IV certification, the FDA generally may not approve the ANDA or 505(b)(2) application until the earlier of 30 months or a court decision finding the patent invalid, not infringed or unenforceable. Submission of an ANDA or a 505(b)(2) application with a Paragraph IV certification can result in protracted and expensive patent litigation.

Products manufactured outside the United States and marketed in the United States are subject to all of the above regulations, as well as to FDA, DEA and United States customs regulations at the port of entry. Products marketed outside the United States that are manufactured in the United States are additionally subject to various export statutes and regulations, as well as regulation by the country in which the products are to be sold.

Our products also include biopharmaceutical products that are comparable to brand-name biologics, but that are not approved as biosimilar versions of such brand-name products. While regulations are still being developed by the FDA relating to the Biologics Price Competition and Innovation Act of 2009, which created a statutory pathway for the approval of biosimilar versions of brand-name biological products and a process to resolve patent disputes, the FDA has issued guidance to provide a roadmap for development of biosimilar products.

In August 2017, the FDA user fee reauthorization legislation, known as the FDA Reauthorization Act of 2017 (“FDARA”) was enacted in the United States. The agreements for pharmaceuticals, biosimilars and medical devices were negotiated with industry representatives over the course of 2016 to establish the amounts regulated companies would pay the FDA to support the product review process at the agency. Various fees must be paid by these manufacturers at different times, such as annually and with the submission of different types of applications. In return for this additional funding, the FDA has entered into agreements with each of the affected industries (known as the “user fee agreements”) that commit the agency to interacting with manufacturers and

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reviewing applications such as NDAs, ANDAs and BLAs in certain ways, and taking action on those applications at certain times. The agency is obligated to set specific timelines to communicate with companies, meet with company product sponsors during the review process and take action on their applications. On the generics side, FDARA established a new 180-day exclusivity for generic drugs that are no longer protected by exclusivity or patents, as well as new programs for enhanced and priority review of certain generic drug applications. On the branded side, this was the sixth agreement between the industry and the FDA. The user fee agreement for biosimilars was reauthorized for the second time as well.

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act and Certain Government Programs

The Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”) from 2010 represented the most significant health care reform in the United States in over thirty years. It was passed to require individuals to have health insurance and to control the rate of growth in healthcare spending through, among other things, stronger prevention and wellness measures, increased access to primary care, changes in healthcare delivery systems and the creation of health insurance exchanges. Enrollment in the health insurance exchanges began in October 2013. However, the individual mandate was subsequently repealed by Congress in the tax reform bill signed into law in December 2017. The Joint Committee on Taxation estimates that the repeal will result in over 13 million Americans losing their health insurance coverage over the next ten years and is likely to lead to increases in insurance premiums. In December 2018, a U.S. federal district court ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional, but such decision has been stayed and will not take effect while such decision is on appeal.

The ACA requires the pharmaceutical industry to share in the costs of reform, by, among other things, increasing Medicaid rebates and expanding Medicaid rebates to cover Medicaid managed care programs. The ACA also included funding of pharmaceutical costs for Medicare patients in excess of the prescription drug coverage limit and below the catastrophic coverage threshold. Under the ACA, pharmaceutical companies are obligated to fund 50% of the patient obligation for branded prescription pharmaceuticals in this gap, or “donut hole.” Additionally, an excise tax was levied against certain branded pharmaceutical products. The tax is specified by statute to be approximately $3.5 billion in 2017, $4.2 billion in 2018 and $2.8 billion each year thereafter. The tax is to be apportioned to qualifying pharmaceutical companies based on an allocation of their governmental programs as a portion of total pharmaceutical government programs.

The Centers for Medicare & Medicaid Services (“CMS”) administer the Medicaid drug rebate program, in which pharmaceutical manufacturers pay quarterly rebates to each state Medicaid agency. Generally, for generic drugs marketed under ANDAs, manufacturers (including Teva) are required to rebate 13% of the average manufacturer price, and for products marketed under NDAs or BLAs, manufacturers are required to rebate the greater of 23.1% of the average manufacturer price or the difference between such price and the best price during a specified period. An additional rebate for products marketed under NDAs or BLAs is payable if the average manufacturer price increases at a rate higher than inflation and other methodologies apply to new formulations of existing drugs. This provision was extended at the end of 2015 to cover generic drugs marketed under ANDAs as well. The Association for Accessible Medicines, the generic drug manufacturers’ trade association, is working to undo this policy as penalty on the industry and will continue to lobby for its abolishment.

In addition, the ACA revised certain definitions used for purposes of calculating the rebates, including the definition of “average manufacturer price.” The Comprehensive Addiction and Recovery Act of 2016 contains language intended to exempt certain abuse-deterrent formulations of a drug from the definition of line extension for purposes of the program.

Various state Medicaid programs have implemented voluntary supplemental drug rebate programs that may provide states with additional manufacturer rebates in exchange for preferred status on a state’s formulary or for patient populations that are not included in the traditional Medicaid drug benefit coverage.

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Europe

General

In Europe, marketing authorizations for pharmaceutical products may be obtained either through a centralized procedure involving the EMA, a mutual recognition procedure which requires submission of applications in other member states following approval by a so-called reference member state, a decentralized procedure that entails simultaneous submission of applications to chosen member states or occasionally through a local national procedure.

During 2018, we continued to register products in the European Union, primarily using the decentralized procedure (simultaneous submission of applications to chosen member states). We continue to use, on occasion, the mutual recognition and centralized procedures.

The European pharmaceutical industry is highly regulated and much of the legislative and regulatory framework is driven by the European Parliament and the European Commission. This has many benefits, including the potential to harmonize standards across the complex European market, but it also has the potential to create complexities affecting the entire European market.

In November 2017, the last part of the 2012 European Union regulation regarding pharmacovigilance was implemented, requiring centralized reporting in the European Union instead of individual country reporting. Under this regulation, all adverse events need to be reported regardless of severity.

European Union

The medicines regulatory framework of the European Union requires that medicinal products, including generic versions of previously approved products and new strengths, dosage forms and formulations of previously approved products, receive a marketing authorization before they can be placed on the market in the European Union. Authorizations are granted after a favorable assessment of quality, safety and efficacy by the respective health authorities. In order to obtain authorization, application must be made to the EMA or to the competent authority of the member state concerned. Besides various formal requirements, the application must contain the results of pharmaceutical (physico-chemical, biological or microbiological) tests, pre-clinical (toxicological and pharmacological) tests and clinical trials. All of these tests must have been conducted in accordance with relevant European regulations and must allow the reviewer to evaluate the quality, safety and efficacy of the medicinal product.

In order to control expenditures on pharmaceuticals, most member states of the European Union regulate the pricing of such products and in some cases limit the range of different forms of a drug available for prescription by national health services. These controls can result in considerable price differences among member states.

In addition to patent protection, exclusivity provisions in the European Union may prevent companies from applying for marketing approval for a generic product for eight years (or ten years for orphan medicinal products) from the date of the first marketing authorization of the original product in the European Union. Further, the generic product will be barred from market entry (marketing exclusivity) for a further two years, with the possibility of extending the market exclusivity by one additional year under certain circumstances.

The term of certain pharmaceutical patents may be extended in the European Union by up to five years upon grant of Supplementary Patent Certificates (“SPC”). The purpose of this extension is to increase effective patent life (i.e., the period between grant of a marketing authorization and patent expiry) to 15 years.

Subject to the respective pediatric regulation, the holder of an SPC may obtain a further patent term extension of up to six months under certain conditions. This six-month period cannot be claimed if the license holder claims a one-year extension of the period of marketing exclusivity based on the grounds that a new pediatric indication brings a significant clinical benefit in comparison with other existing therapies.

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Orphan designated products, which receive, under certain conditions, a blanket period of ten years of market exclusivity, may receive an additional two years of exclusivity instead of an extension of the SPC if the requirements of the pediatric regulation are met.

The legislation also allows for R&D work during the patent term for the purpose of developing and submitting registration dossiers.

In 2016, the United Kingdom conducted a referendum and voted to leave the European Union, also known as “Brexit.” On March 29, 2017, the British government invoked Article 50 of the Treaty on the European Union and, as a result, the United Kingdom is scheduled to leave the European Union on March 29, 2019. The United Kingdom and European Union are currently in the process of defining their future relationship, but as pharmaceutical legislation in the United Kingdom is largely derived from European Union law and relies on mutual recognition of decision making, implementation of a number of practical steps is required before the United Kingdom exits the European Union. We are working on processes to ensure a smooth transition irrespective of the future relationship between the European Union and the United Kingdom.

International Markets

In addition to regulations in the United States and Europe, we, and our partners, are subject to a variety of regulations in other jurisdictions governing, among other things, clinical trials and any commercial sales, marketing and distribution of our products. Such regulations may be similar or, in some cases, more stringent than those applicable in the United States and Europe.

Whether or not we, or our partners, obtain FDA approval for a product, we must obtain the requisite approvals from regulatory authorities in foreign countries prior to the commencement of clinical trials or marketing of such product in those countries. The requirements and processes governing the conduct of clinical trials, product licensing, pricing and reimbursement vary from country to country. In addition, we, and our partners, may be subject to foreign laws and regulations and other compliance requirements, including, without limitation, anti kickback laws, false claims laws and other fraud and abuse laws, as well as laws and regulations requiring transparency of pricing and marketing information and governing the privacy and security of health information.

If we, or our partners, fail to comply with applicable foreign regulatory requirements, we may be subject to, among other things, fines, suspension or withdrawal of regulatory approvals, product recalls, seizure of products, operating restrictions and criminal prosecution.

Miscellaneous Regulatory Matters

We are subject to various national, regional and local laws of general applicability, such as laws regulating working conditions. We are also subject to country specific data protection laws and regulations applicable to the storage and processing of personal data around the world. In addition, we are subject to various national, regional and local environmental protection laws and regulations, including those governing the emission of material into the environment. We are also subject to various national, regional and local laws regulating how we interact with healthcare professionals and representatives of government that impact our promotional activities.

Data exclusivity provisions exist in many countries around the world and may be introduced in additional countries in the future, although their application is not uniform. In general, these exclusivity provisions prevent the approval and/or submission of generic drug applications to the health authorities for a fixed period of time following the first approval of the brand-name product in that country. As these exclusivity provisions operate independently of patent exclusivity, they may prevent the submission of generic drug applications for some products even after the patent protection has expired.

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In October 2015, the European Commission adopted regulations providing detailed rules for the safety features appearing on the packaging of medicinal products for human use. This legislation, part of the Falsified Medicines Directive (“FMD”), is intended to prevent counterfeit medicines entering into the supply chain and will allow wholesale distributors and others who supply medicines to the public to verify the authenticity of the medicine at the level of the individual pack. The safety features comprise a unique identifier and a tamper-evident seal on the outer packaging, which are to be applied to certain categories of medicines. FMD is effective as of February 2019. Teva’s packing sites for the European market comply with this new requirement.

In November 2017, the federal Drug Supply Chain Security Act became effective in the United States, mandating an industry-wide, national serialization system for pharmaceutical packaging with a ten-year phase-in process. By November 2018, all manufacturers and re-packagers were required to mark each prescription drug package with a unique serialized code. We believe that Teva’s packing sites for the U.S. market comply with this new requirement. Other countries are following suit with variations of two main requirements: (i) to be able to associate the unit data with the uniquely-identified shipping package, or (ii) to report the data for tracking and tracing of products, reimbursements and other purposes. Certain countries, such as Russia, China, Korea, Turkey, Argentina, Brazil and India (for exported products), already have laws mandating serialization and we are working to comply with these requirements. Other countries, including India (domestic market), Indonesia, Malaysia, Taiwan and other Latin American countries are currently considering mandating similar requirements.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, Teva’s work force consisted of 42,535 full-time-equivalent employees. In certain countries, we are party to collective bargaining agreements with certain groups of employees.

The following table presents our work force by geographic area:

As part of our restructuring plan announced in December 2017, we are reducing approximately 25% of Teva’s total work force by the end of 2019. The majority of these reductions occurred in 2018. Since the announcement of the restructuring plan, we reduced our global headcount by approximately 10,300 full-time-equivalent employees. Restructuring efforts are being conducted in accordance with applicable local requirements.

Available Information

Our main corporate website address is http://www.tevapharm.com. Copies of our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Annual Report on Form 10-K and Current Reports on Form 8-K filed or furnished to the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (the “SEC”), and any amendments to the foregoing, will be provided without charge to any shareholder submitting a written request to our company secretary at our principal executive offices or by calling 1-800-950-5089. All of our SEC filings are also available on our website at http://www.tevapharm.com, as soon as reasonably practicable after having been electronically filed or furnished to the SEC. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC at www.sec.gov. The information on our website is not, and will not be deemed, a part of this Report or incorporated into any other filings we make with the SEC. We also file our annual reports and other information with the Israeli Securities Authority through its

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fair disclosure electronic system called MAGNA. You may review these filings on the website of the MAGNA system operated by the Israeli Securities Authority at www.magna.isa.gov.il or on the website of the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (the “TASE”) at www.tase.co.il.

Our business faces significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this annual report and in our other filings with the SEC, including the following risk factors which we face and which are faced by our industry. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected by any of these risks. This report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our results could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of certain factors including the risks described below and elsewhere in this report and our other SEC filings. See “Forward-Looking Statements” on page 1.

Risks related to our ability to successfully compete in the marketplace

Sales of our generic medicines comprise a significant portion of our business, and we are therefore increasingly subject to the significant risks associated with the generic pharmaceutical business.

In 2018, revenues from sales of our generic medicines in all our business segments were $9,671 million, or 51.3% of our total revenues. Generic pharmaceuticals are, as a general matter, less profitable than specialty pharmaceuticals, and have faced regular and increasing price erosion each year, placing even greater importance on our ability to continually introduce new products. We expect to be more dependent on sales of our generics medicines and increasingly subject to market and regulatory factors and other risks affecting generic pharmaceuticals worldwide.

Furthermore, our generics business in the United States has been, and we expect will continue to be, negatively impacted by certain developments, including: (i) pricing pressure as a result of customer consolidation into larger buying groups capable of extracting greater price reductions, (ii) an accelerated FDA approval process for generic versions of off-patent medicines, resulting in increased competition for these products and (iii) delays in the launch of some of our new generic products. We have also experienced supply disruptions due to regulatory actions and approval delays, which also had an impact on our ability to timely meet demand for certain products in particular markets.

We have also experienced, and expect to continue to experience, significant adverse challenges in the U.S. generics market deriving from limitations on our ability to influence generic medicine pricing in the long term and a decrease in value from future launches and growth. The developments in the U.S. generics market were the cause of goodwill impairments of $17.1 billion in 2017. If these trends continue or worsen, or if we experience further difficulty in this market, this may continue to adversely affect our revenues and profits from our North America business segment.

In 2018, we experienced certain challenges in our International Markets business segment, particularly in Japan and Russia, and with our Medis reporting unit. These developments were the cause of goodwill impairments of $3,027 million in 2018. If these trends continue or worsen, or if we experience further difficulty in International Markets, this may continue to adversely affect our revenues and profits from our International Markets business segment.

Sales of our generic products may be adversely affected by the continuing consolidation of our customer base and commercial alliances among our customers.

A significant portion of our sales are made to relatively few U.S. retail drug chains, wholesalers, managed care purchasing organizations, mail order distributors and hospitals. These customers have undergone significant

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consolidation and formed various commercial alliances in recent years, which may continue to increase the pricing pressures that we face in the United States. Additionally, the emergence of large buying groups, and the prevalence and influence of managed care organizations and similar institutions, have increased pressure on price, as well as terms and conditions required to do business. During 2017, certain of these Group Purchasing Organizations (“GPOs”) made aggressive requests for pricing proposals and established commercial alliances resulting in greater bargaining power. Due to such consolidation and commercial alliances, there are three large GPOs that account for approximately 85% of generics purchases in the United States. We expect the trend of increased pricing pressures from our customers and price erosion in the U.S. generics market to continue.

The traditional model for distribution of pharmaceutical products is also undergoing disruption as a result of the entry or potential entry of new competitors and significant mergers among key industry participants. For example, Amazon.com has made initial moves to develop a pharmaceutical distribution business. Also, the consolidation resulting from the merger between CVS Health and Aetna in November 2018 created a vertically integrated organization with increased control over the physician and pharmacy networks and, ultimately, over which medicines are sold to patients. In addition, several major hospital systems in the United States announced a plan to form a nonprofit company that will provide U.S. hospitals with a number of generic drugs. In January 2018, Amazon Inc., Berkshire Hathaway Inc. and JPMorgan Chase & Co., announced that they plan to join forces by forming an independent health care company for their combined one million U.S. employees. This initiative is expected to further increase competition and enhance price erosion. These changes to the traditional supply chain could lead to our customers having increased negotiation leverage and to additional pricing pressure and price erosion.

Our net sales may also be affected by fluctuations in the buying patterns of retail chains, mail order distributors, wholesalers and other trade buyers, whether resulting from seasonality, pricing, wholesaler buying decisions or other factors. In addition, since a significant portion of our U.S. revenues is derived from relatively few key customers, any financial difficulties experienced by a single key customer, or any delay in receiving payments from such a customer, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The increase in the number of competitors targeting generic opportunities and seeking U.S. market exclusivity for generic versions of significant products may adversely affect our revenues and profits.

Our ability to achieve continued growth and profitability through sales of generic pharmaceuticals is dependent on our continued success in challenging patents, developing non-infringing products or developing products with increased complexity to provide opportunities with U.S. market exclusivity or limited competition.

To the extent that we succeed in being the first to market a generic version of a product, and particularly if we are the only company authorized to sell during the 180-day period of exclusivity in the U.S. market, as provided under the Hatch-Waxman Act, our sales, profits and profitability can be substantially increased in the period following the introduction of such product and prior to a competitor’s introduction of an equivalent product. Even after the exclusivity period ends, there is often continuing benefit from having the first generic product in the market.

However, the number of generic manufacturers targeting significant new generic opportunities with exclusivity under the Hatch-Waxman Act, or which are complex to develop, continues to increase. Additionally, many of the smaller generic manufacturers have increased their capabilities, level of sophistication and development resources in recent years. The FDA has also been limiting the availability of exclusivity periods for new products, which reduces the economic benefit from being first-to-file for generic approvals. The failure to maintain our industry-leading performance in the United States on first-to-file opportunities and to develop and commercialize high complexity generic products could adversely affect our sales and profitability.

The 180-day market exclusivity period is triggered by commercial marketing of the generic product. However, the exclusivity period can be forfeited by our failure to obtain tentative or final approval of our product

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within a specified statutory period or to launch a product following final court decisions that are no longer subject to appeal holding the applicable patents to be invalid, unenforceable or not infringed. The Hatch-Waxman Act also contains other forfeiture provisions that may deprive the first “Paragraph IV” filer of exclusivity if certain conditions are met, some of which may be outside our control. Accordingly, we may face the risk that our exclusivity period is forfeited before we are able to commercialize a product.

Our revenues and profits from generic products will decline as a result of competition from other pharmaceutical companies and changes in policy.

Our generic drugs face intense competition. Prices of generic drugs may, and often do, decline, sometimes dramatically, especially as additional generic pharmaceutical companies (including low-cost generic producers based in China and India) receive approvals and enter the market for a given product and competition intensifies. Consequently, our ability to sustain our sales and profitability on any given product over time is affected by the number of companies selling such product, including new market entrants, and the timing of their approvals. The goals established under the Generic Drug User Fee Act, and increased funding of the FDA’s Office of Generic Drugs, have led to more and faster generic approvals, and consequently increased competition for some of our products. The FDA has stated that it has established new steps to enhance competition, promote access and lower drug prices and is approving record-breaking numbers of generic applications. While these FDA improvements are expected to benefit Teva’s generic product pipeline, they will also benefit competitors that seek to launch products in established generic markets where Teva currently offers products.

Furthermore, brand pharmaceutical companies continue to defend their products vigorously through life cycle management and marketing agreements with payers, pharmacy benefits managers and generic manufacturers. For example, brand companies often sell or license their own generic versions of their products, either directly or through other generic pharmaceutical companies (so-called “authorized generics”). No significant regulatory approvals are required for authorized generics, and brand companies do not face any other significant barriers to entry into such market. Brand companies may seek to delay introductions of generic equivalents through a variety of commercial and regulatory tactics. These actions may increase the costs and risks of our efforts to introduce generic products and may delay or prevent such introduction altogether.

Our leading specialty medicine, COPAXONE, faces increasing competition, including from two generic versions of our 20 mg/mL product and two generic versions of our 40 mg/mL product in the United States, as well as from orally-administered therapies.

The FDA approved generic versions of COPAXONE 40 mg/mL in October 2017 and February 2018 and a second generic version of COPAXONE 20 mg/mL in October 2017. Hybrid versions of COPAXONE 20 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL were also approved in the European Union. Competitors have launched and may launch additional generic products in the U.S. market and these launches have reduced, and we expect will continue to reduce, our revenues from COPAXONE and our MS market share.

The market for MS treatments continues to develop, particularly with the recent approvals of generic versions of COPAXONE, as well as additional generic versions expected to be approved in the future. Oral treatments for MS, such as Tecfidera^®, Gilenya^® and Aubagio^®, continue to present significant and increasing competition. COPAXONE also continues to face competition from existing injectable products, as well as from monoclonal antibodies.

Our COPAXONE revenues were $2,365 million, $3,801 million and $4,223 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Following the approval of generic competition, COPAXONE’s revenues and profitability have decreased and we expect will continue to decrease in the future, which is expected to have a material adverse effect on our financial results and cash flow.

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If generic products that compete with any of our specialty products are approved and sold, sales of our specialty products will be adversely affected.

In addition to COPAXONE, certain of our other leading specialty medicines also face patent challenges and impending patent expirations. For example, our ProAir HFA product is expected to face generic competition in 2019 due to patent expiration in 2018 and TREANDA is expected to face generic competition prior to patent expiration in 2019.

Generic equivalents for branded pharmaceutical products are typically sold at lower costs than the branded products. After the introduction of a competing generic product, a significant percentage of the prescriptions previously written for the branded product are often written for the generic version. Legislation enacted in most U.S. states allows or, in some instances mandates, that a pharmacist dispense an available generic equivalent when filling a prescription for a branded product in the absence of specific instructions from the prescribing physician. Pursuant to the provisions of the Hatch Waxman Act, manufacturers of branded products often bring lawsuits to enforce their patent rights against generic products released prior to the expiration of branded products’ patents, but it is possible for generic manufacturers to offer generic products while such litigation is pending. As a result, branded products typically experience a significant loss in revenues following the introduction of a competing generic product, even if subject to an existing patent. Our specialty products are or may become subject to competition from generic equivalents because our patent protection expired or may expire soon. In addition, we may not be successful in our efforts to extend the proprietary protection afforded our specialty products through the development and commercialization of proprietary product improvements and new and enhanced dosage forms.

Our specialty pharmaceutical products face intense competition from companies that have greater resources and capabilities.

We face intense competition to our specialty pharmaceutical products. Many of our competitors are larger and/or have substantially longer experience in the development, acquisition and marketing of branded, innovative and consumer-oriented products. They may be able to respond more quickly to new or emerging market preferences or to devote greater resources to the development and marketing of new products and/or technologies than we can. As a result, any products and/or innovations that we develop may become obsolete or noncompetitive before we can recover the expenses incurred in connection with their development. In addition, we must demonstrate the benefits of our products relative to competing products that are often more familiar or otherwise better established to physicians, patients and third-party payers. If competitors introduce new products or new variations on their existing products, our marketed products, even those protected by patents, may be replaced in the marketplace or we may be required to lower our prices. For example, AJOVY, which was launched in the United States in September 2018, faces competition from two products that were introduced into the market around the same time and are competing for market share in the same space.    

In addition, our specialty pharmaceutical products require much greater use of a direct sales force than does our core generics business. Our ability to realize significant revenues from direct marketing and sales activities depends on our ability to attract and retain qualified sales personnel. Competition for qualified sales personnel is intense. We may also need to enter into co-promotion, contract sales force or other such arrangements with third parties, for example, where our own direct sales force is not large enough or sufficiently well-aligned to achieve maximum market penetration. Any failure to attract or retain qualified sales personnel or to enter into third-party arrangements on favorable terms could prevent us from successfully maintaining current sales levels or commercializing new innovative and specialty products.

We have experienced, and may continue to experience, delays in launches of our new generic products.

Although we believe we have one of the most extensive pipelines of generic products in the industry, we were unable to successfully execute a number of key generic launches in 2017 and 2018. Certain launches

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planned for 2019 may also be delayed due to unforeseen circumstances. As a result of these delays, we may not realize the economic benefits previously anticipated in connection with these launches due to increased competition in the market for such products or otherwise. If we cannot execute timely launches of new products, we may not be able to offset the increasing price erosion on existing products in the United States resulting from pricing pressures and accelerated generics approvals for competing products. Such delays can be caused by many factors, including delays in regulatory approvals, lack of operational readiness or patent litigation. Delays in launches of new generic products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investments in our pipeline of specialty and other products may not achieve expected results.

We must invest significant resources to develop specialty medicines, both through our own efforts and through collaborations and in-licensing or acquisition of products from or with third parties. In particular, in light of the recent approvals of generic versions of COPAXONE and the patent challenges and impending patent expirations facing certain of our other specialty medicines, we have in recent years increased our investments in the acquisition and development of products to build our specialty pipeline, including through our acquisitions of Auspex Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Labrys Biologics, Inc. and in-licensing transactions with Celltrion, Eagle and Regeneron.

The development of specialty medicines involves processes and expertise different from those used in the development of generic medicines, which increase the risk of failure. For example, the time from discovery to commercial launch of a specialty medicine can be 15 years or more and involves multiple stages, including intensive preclinical and clinical testing and highly complex, lengthy and expensive approval processes, which vary from country to country. The longer it takes to develop a new product, the less time that remains to recover development costs and generate profits.

During each stage, we may encounter obstacles that delay the development process and increase expenses, potentially forcing us to abandon a potential product in which we may have invested substantial amounts of time and money. These obstacles may include preclinical failures, difficulty enrolling patients in clinical trials, delays in completing formulation and other work needed to support an application for approval, adverse reactions or other safety concerns arising during clinical testing, insufficient clinical trial data to support the safety or efficacy of the product candidate and delays or failure to obtain the required regulatory approvals for the product candidate or the facilities in which it is manufactured. For example, results of the phase 2 clinical trial evaluating the safety and efficacy of laquinimod as a treatment for Huntington’s disease were reported in July 2018, and the product candidate did not meet its primary endpoint. We discontinued and returned the development and commercialization rights for this product to Active Biotech in September 2018. Also, in June 2018, we announced the discontinuation of the fremanezumab trial for chronic cluster headache following a pre-specified futility analysis that revealed that the primary endpoint of mean change from baseline in the monthly average number of cluster headache attacks during the 12-week treatment period is unlikely to be met.

Because of the amounts required to be invested in strengthening our pipeline of specialty and other products, we are increasingly reliant on partnerships and joint ventures with third parties, such as our collaborations with Celltrion, Eagle, Otsuka, Nuvelution and Regeneron, and consequently face the risk that some of these third parties may fail to perform their obligations or fail to reach the levels of success that we are relying on to meet our revenue and profit goals. For example, in January 2018, Celltrion received an FDA warning letter for its facility in Incheon, South Korea, which caused a delay for the approval and launch of AJOVY until September 2018, as well as delays in approval of Truxima and Herzuma. There is a trend in the specialty pharmaceutical industry of seeking to “outsource” drug development by acquiring companies with promising drug candidates and we face substantial competition from historically innovative companies, as well as companies with greater financial resources than us, for such acquisition targets.

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We may be unable to take advantage of the increasing number of high-value biosimilar opportunities.

We aim to be a global leader in biopharmaceuticals and in November and December 2018 we received FDA approvals for Truxima and Herzuma, biosimilar candidates to Herceptin^® and Rituxan^®, respectively, through our exclusive partnership with Celltrion. We intend to develop a product pipeline and manufacturing capabilities for biosimilar products. Biosimilar products are expected to make up an increasing proportion of the high-value generic opportunities in upcoming years. The development, manufacture and commercialization of biosimilar products require specialized expertise and are very costly and subject to complex regulation, which is still evolving. We are behind many of our competitors in developing biosimilars and will require significant investments and collaborations with third parties to take advantage of these opportunities. Failure to develop and commercialize biosimilars could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and prospects.

If pharmaceutical companies are successful in limiting the use of generic products through their legislative, regulatory and other efforts, our sales of generic products may suffer.

Many pharmaceutical companies increasingly have used state and federal legislative and regulatory means to delay generic competition. These efforts have included:

If pharmaceutical companies or other third parties are successful in limiting the use of generic products through these or other means, our sales of generic products may decline. A material decline in generic product sales could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

From time to time we may need to rely on licenses to proprietary technologies, which may be difficult or expensive to obtain.

We may need to obtain licenses to patents and other proprietary rights held by third parties to develop, manufacture and market products. If we are unable to timely obtain these licenses on commercially reasonable

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terms, our ability to commercially market our products may be inhibited or prevented, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. For example, because we license significant intellectual property with respect to certain of our products, any loss or suspension of our rights to licensed intellectual property could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We depend on the effectiveness of our patents, confidentiality agreements and other measures to protect our intellectual property rights.

The success of our specialty medicines business depends substantially on our ability to obtain patents and to defend our intellectual property rights. If we fail to protect our intellectual property adequately, competitors may manufacture and market products identical or similar to ours. We have been issued numerous patents covering our specialty medicines, and have filed, and expect to continue to file, patent applications seeking to protect newly developed technologies and products in various countries, including the United States. Currently pending patent applications may not result in issued patents or be approved on a timely basis or at all. Any existing or future patents issued to or licensed by us may not provide us with any competitive advantages for our products or may be challenged or circumvented by competitors or governments.

During 2017 and 2018, generic versions were approved for COPAXONE, and we suffered an adverse court ruling and unfavorable appeal board decisions in lawsuits and proceedings challenging the validity and/or enforceability of the U.S. patents covering COPAXONE 40 mg/mL, which is our most significant single contributor to revenues and profits. Efforts to defend the validity of our patents are expensive and time-consuming, and there can be no assurance that such efforts will be successful. Our ability to enforce our patents also depends on the laws of individual countries and each country’s practices regarding the enforcement of intellectual property rights. The loss of patent protection or regulatory exclusivity on specialty medicines could materially impact our business, results of operations, financial condition and prospects.

We also rely on trade secrets, unpatented proprietary know-how, trademarks, regulatory exclusivity and continuing technological innovation that we seek to protect, in part by confidentiality agreements with licensees, suppliers, employees and consultants. These measures may not provide adequate protection for our unpatented technology. If these agreements are breached, it is possible that we will not have adequate remedies. Disputes may arise concerning the ownership of intellectual property or the applicability of confidentiality agreements. Furthermore, our trade secrets and proprietary technology may otherwise become known or be independently developed by our competitors or we may not be able to maintain the confidentiality of information relating to such products. If we are unable to adequately protect our technology, trade secrets or proprietary know-how, or enforce our intellectual property rights, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could suffer.

Risks related to our substantial indebtedness

We have substantial debt of $28,916 million as of December 31, 2018, which has increased our expenses and restricts our ability to incur additional indebtedness or engage in other transactions.

Our consolidated debt was $28,916 million at December 31, 2018, compared to $32,475 million at December 31, 2017. If we are unable to meet our debt service obligations and other financial obligations, we could be forced to restructure or refinance our indebtedness and other financial transactions, seek additional debt or equity capital or sell our assets. We might then be unable to obtain such financing or capital or sell our assets on satisfactory terms, if at all. Any refinancing of our indebtedness could be at significantly higher interest rates, incur significant transaction fees or include more restrictive covenants. See “Item 7—Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity” and note 11 to our consolidated financial statements for a detailed discussion of our outstanding indebtedness.

We may have lower-than-anticipated cash flows in the future, which could further reduce our available cash. Although we believe that we will have access to cash sufficient to meet our business objectives and capital needs,

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this reduced availability of cash could constrain our ability to grow our business. We may have lower-than-anticipated net income in the future. Our revolving credit facility includes certain restrictive covenants, including the requirement to maintain compliance with a net debt to EBITDA ratio, which becomes more restrictive over time. As of December 31, 2018, we did not have any outstanding debt under the revolving credit facility. Assuming utilization of the revolving credit facility and under specified circumstances, including non-compliance with such covenants and the unavailability of any waiver, amendment or other modification thereto and the expiration of any applicable grace period thereto, substantially all of our other debt could be negatively impacted by non-compliance with such covenants.

As of December 31, 2018, we were in compliance with all applicable financial ratios. We continue to take steps to reduce our debt levels and improve profitability to ensure continual compliance with the financial maintenance covenants. If such covenant will not be met, we believe we will be able to renegotiate and amend the covenants, or refinance the debt with different repayment terms to address such situation as circumstances warrant. We have amended such covenants in the past, including the net debt to EBITDA ratio covenant to permit a higher ratio, most recently on February 1, 2018. Although we have successfully negotiated amendments to our loan agreements in the past, we cannot guarantee that we will be able to amend such agreements on terms satisfactory to us, or at all, if required to maintain compliance in the future. If we experience lower than required earnings and cash flows to continue to maintain compliance and efforts could not be successfully completed on commercially acceptable terms, we may curtail additional planned spending, may divest additional assets in order to generate enough cash to meet our debt requirements and all other financial obligations.

This substantial level of debt and lower levels of cash flow and earnings have severely impacted our business and resulted in the restructuring plan announced in December 2017, including: (i) a substantial reduction in our global workforce; (ii) substantial optimization of our generics medicines portfolio; (iii) the restructuring and optimization of our manufacturing and supply network, including the closure or divestment of a significant number of manufacturing plants around the world; (iv) a thorough review of R&D programs in preparation of the closure or divestment of a significant number of R&D facilities, headquarters and other office locations across all geographies; (v) a review of additional potential divestments of non-core assets; and (vi) the suspension of dividend payments to holders of ordinary shares.

Our substantial net debt could also have other important consequences to our business, including, but not limited to:

We may need to raise additional funds in the future, which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.

We may consider issuing additional debt or equity securities in the future to refinance existing debt or for general corporate purposes, including to fund potential acquisitions or investments. If we issue ordinary equity, convertible preferred equity or convertible debt securities to raise additional funds, our existing shareholders may experience dilution, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to

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those of our existing shareholders. If we incur additional debt, it may increase our leverage relative to our earnings or to our equity capitalization, requiring us to pay additional interest and potentially lowering our credit ratings. We may not be able to market such issuances on favorable terms, or at all, in which case, we may not be able to develop or enhance our products, execute our business plan, take advantage of future opportunities or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated customer requirements.

If our credit ratings are further downgraded by leading rating agencies, we may not be able to raise debt or borrow funds in amounts or on terms that are favorable to us, if at all.

Our credit ratings impact the cost and availability of future borrowings and, accordingly, our cost of capital. Our ratings at any time will reflect each rating organization’s then opinion of our financial strength, operating performance and ability to meet our debt obligations. Following the completion of the Actavis Generics acquisition, Standard and Poor’s Financial Services LLC (“Standard and Poor’s”) and Moody’s Investor Service, Inc. (“Moody’s”) downgraded our ratings to BBB and Baa2, respectively, compared to A- and A2, respectively, prior to the announcement of the acquisition in July 2015. In February 2017, following the court ruling invalidating our COPAXONE 40 mg/mL patents, both Standard and Poor’s and Moody’s changed our ratings outlook from stable to negative. In August 2017, following our release of revised 2017 guidance, both Standard and Poor’s and Moody’s downgraded our rating to BBB- and Baa3, respectively. In November 2017, Fitch Ratings Inc. (“Fitch”) downgraded our rating to non-investment grade, from BBB- to BB, with a negative outlook. On January 12, 2018, Moody’s downgraded our rating to non-investment grade from Baa3 to Ba2, with a stable outlook. On February 8, 2018, Standard and Poor’s downgraded our rating to non-investment grade from BBB- to BB, with a stable outlook.

The downgrade of our ratings to non-investment grade by Fitch, Moody’s and Standard & Poor’s limits our ability to borrow at interest rates consistent with the interest rates that were available to us prior to such downgrades. This may limit our ability to sell additional debt securities or borrow money in the amounts, at the times or interest rates, or upon the terms and conditions that would have been available to us if our previous credit ratings had been maintained.

Additional risks related to our business and operations

Failure to effectively execute our restructuring plan may adversely affect our business, financial condition and results of operations.

In December 2017, we announced a comprehensive restructuring plan aimed at restoring our financial security and stabilizing our business by realizing operational efficiencies and reducing our total cost base by $3 billion by the end of 2019. The restructuring plan includes:

The restructuring plan is expected to result in the reduction of approximately 25% of Teva’s total workforce by the end of 2019. We recorded restructuring charges of approximately $488 million in 2018 due to the implementation of the restructuring plan.

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We may not be able to achieve the level of benefit that we expect to realize from the restructuring plan within the expected time frame, or at all, due to unforeseen difficulties, delays or costs.

We may face wrongful termination, discrimination or other legal claims from employees affected by the workforce reduction. We may incur substantial costs defending against such claims, regardless of their merits, and such claims may significantly increase our severance costs. Additionally, we may see variances in the estimated severance costs depending on the category of employees and locations in which severance is incurred.

As part of plant closures and the transfer of production of pharmaceutical products to other sites, we are required to obtain the consent of customers and the relevant regulatory agencies. Delay or failure in obtaining such consents may have a material negative impact on our ability to effectively execute the restructuring plan. Withdrawal of business and operations from a market may result in claims for breach of contract from third parties, such as vendors, suppliers, contractors and customers that may materially impact the financial benefits of such move.

Upon the proposed divestiture of any facility in connection with our restructuring plan, we may not be able to divest such facility at a favorable price or in a timely manner. Any divestiture that we are unable to complete may cause additional costs associated with retaining the facility or closing and disposing of the impacted businesses.

The restructuring and streamlining of our manufacturing network and resulting announcements of the sale or closure of a significant number of manufacturing sites around the world could trigger labor unrest or strikes, potentially resulting in significant product supply disruptions.

The restructuring plan may lead to the loss of certain tax benefits we currently receive in Israel, which may have a material impact on our overall financial results.

The workforce reduction and site consolidation in connection with the restructuring plan, specifically the site consolidation in the United States, including the relocation of our principal U.S. headquarters from North Wales, Pennsylvania to Parsippany, New Jersey, may result in the loss of numerous long-term employees, the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, the reallocation of certain job responsibilities and the disruption of business continuity, all of which could negatively affect operational efficiencies and increase our operating expenses in the short term.

Our failure to effectively execute the restructuring plan may lead to significant volatility, and a decline, in the price of our securities. This may expose us to securities class action and shareholder derivative litigation, potentially resulting in substantial costs and expenses.

We cannot guarantee that the restructuring plan will be successful and we may need to take additional restructuring steps in the future to achieve the goals announced in December 2017.

Uncertainties related to, and failure to achieve, the potential benefits and success of our senior management team and organizational structure may adversely affect our business, strategy, financial condition and results of operations.

Effective November 1, 2017, Kåre Schultz joined Teva as President and Chief Executive Officer. Mr. Schultz is our seventh CEO since 2007 and sixth since 2012. In November 2017, we announced a new organizational and leadership structure, including:

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Any significant leadership change or executive management transition involves risks. If there was a failure to effectively transfer knowledge or information as part of the leadership transition process, it may hinder our strategic planning, execution and anticipated performance.

The expected cost savings and operational efficiencies from the organizational structure introduced in November 2017 are based on assumptions and expectations, which are reasonable in our judgment, but may not be accurate due to unforeseen difficulties and challenges that are beyond our control. If these assumptions and expectations are incorrect, our business operations and financial results may be harmed.

The establishment of a new management team following the relatively frequent senior management transitions in recent years may result in difficulty in recruiting, hiring, motivating and retaining talented and skilled personnel and difficulty in negotiating, maintaining or consummating business or strategic relationships or transactions. If we are unable to mitigate these or other potential risks, our business and operating results may be adversely impacted.

The ongoing review of our R&D programs may harm our pipeline of future products.

During 2018, we closed or sold a significant number of R&D facilities across all geographies after conducting a thorough review of R&D programs across the company. This review led to termination of R&D programs that were in advanced stages, which has caused disruptions to our R&D programs and product pipeline. In addition, we may not realize the anticipated benefits of such closures and divestments, including the efficiencies and substantial cost savings expected, and such closures and divestments may result in difficulty maintaining a substantial pipeline of future generic and specialty products.

Our success depends on our ability to develop and commercialize additional pharmaceutical products.

Our financial results depend upon our ability to develop and commercialize additional generic, specialty and biopharmaceutical products in a timely manner, particularly in light of the launch of generic competitors to the 40 mg/mL version of our leading specialty medicine, COPAXONE, and patent challenges and impending patent expirations facing certain of our other specialty medicines. Commercialization requires that we successfully develop, test and manufacture pharmaceutical products. All of our products must receive regulatory approval and meet (and continue to comply with) regulatory and safety standards; if health or safety concerns arise with respect to a product, we may be forced to withdraw it from the market. Developing and commercializing additional pharmaceutical products is also subject to difficulties relating to the availability, on commercially reasonable terms, of raw materials, including API and other key ingredients; preclusion from commercialization by the proprietary rights of others; the costs of manufacture and commercialization; costly legal actions brought by our competitors that may delay or prevent development or commercialization of a new product; and delays and costs associated with the approval process of the FDA and other U.S. and international regulatory agencies.

The development and commercialization process, particularly with respect to specialty and biosimilar medicines, as well as the complex generic medicines that we increasingly focus on, is both time-consuming and costly, and involves a high degree of business risk. Our products currently under development, if and when fully developed and tested, may not perform as we expect. Necessary regulatory approvals may not be obtained in a

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timely manner, if at all, and we may not be able to produce and market such products successfully and profitably. Delays in any part of the process or our inability to obtain regulatory approval of our products could adversely affect our operating results by restricting or delaying our introduction of new products.

We may be subject to further adverse consequences following our resolution with the United States government of our FCPA investigations and related matters.

We are required to comply with the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act (the “FCPA”) and similar anti-corruption laws in other jurisdictions around the world where we do business. Compliance with these laws has been the subject of increasing focus and activity by regulatory authorities, both in the United States and elsewhere, in recent years. Actions by our employees, or by third-party intermediaries acting on our behalf, in violation of such laws, whether carried out in the United States or elsewhere in connection with the conduct of our business (including the conduct described below) have exposed us, and may further expose us, to significant liability for violations of the FCPA or other anti-corruption laws and accordingly may have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

For several years, we conducted a voluntary worldwide investigation into business practices that may have implications under the FCPA, following the receipt, beginning in 2012, of subpoenas and informal document requests from the SEC and the Department of Justice (“DOJ”) with respect to compliance with the FCPA in certain countries. In December 2016, we reached a resolution with the SEC and DOJ to fully resolve these FCPA matters. The resolution, which relates to conduct in Russia, Mexico and Ukraine during 2007-2013, provides for: penalties of approximately $519 million, which include a fine, disgorgement and prejudgment interest; a three-year deferred prosecution agreement (“DPA”); a guilty plea by our Russian subsidiary to criminal charges of violations of the anti-bribery provisions of the FCPA; consent to entry of a final judgment against us settling civil claims of violations of the anti-bribery, internal controls and books and records provisions of the FCPA; and the retention of an independent compliance monitor for a period of three years. The SEC civil consent and DOJ deferred prosecution agreement have each obtained court approval. A court has also accepted the guilty plea entered by our Russian subsidiary and the negotiated settlement.

Under our DPA with the DOJ, we admitted to the conduct that violated the FCPA described in the statement of facts attached to the DPA and the DOJ agreed to defer the prosecution of certain FCPA-related charges against us and not to bring any further criminal or civil charges against us or any of our subsidiaries related to such conduct. We agreed, among other things, to continue to cooperate with the DOJ, review and maintain our anti-bribery compliance program and retain an independent compliance monitor. If, during the term of the DPA (approximately three years, unless extended), the DOJ determines that we have committed a felony under federal law, provided deliberately false or misleading information or otherwise breached the DPA, we could be subject to prosecution and additional fines or penalties, including the deferred charges.

As a result of the settlement and the underlying conduct, our sales and operations in the affected countries may be negatively impacted, and we may be subject to additional criminal or civil penalties or adverse impacts, including lawsuits by private litigants or investigations and fines imposed by authorities other than the U.S. government. We have received inquiries from governmental authorities in certain of the countries referenced in our resolution with the SEC and DOJ and we entered into a contingent cessation of proceedings arrangement with Israeli authorities regarding an investigation into the conduct that was the subject of the FCPA investigation and resulted in the above-mentioned resolution with the SEC and DOJ, requiring us to pay approximately $22 million. In addition, there can be no assurance that the remedial measures we have taken and will take in the future will be effective or that there will not be a finding of a material weakness in our internal controls. Any one or more of the foregoing, including any violation of the DPA, could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Sanctions and other trade control laws create the potential for significant liabilities, penalties and reputational harm.

As a company with global operations, we may be subject to national laws as well as international treaties and conventions controlling imports, exports, re-export and diversion of goods (including finished goods, materials, APIs, packaging materials, other products and machines), services and technology. These include import and customs laws, export controls, trade embargoes and economic sanctions, denied party watch lists and anti-boycott measures (collectively “Customs and Trade Controls”). Applicable Customs and Trade Controls are administered by Israel’s Ministry of Finance, the U.S. Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (OFAC), other U.S. agencies and multiple other agencies of other jurisdictions around the world where we do business. Customs and Trade Controls relate to a number of aspects of our business, including most notably the sales of finished goods and API as well as the licensing of our intellectual property. Compliance with Customs and Trade Controls has been the subject of increasing focus and activity by regulatory authorities, both in the United States and elsewhere, in recent years. Although we have policies and procedures designed to address compliance with Customs and Trade Controls, actions by our employees, by third-party intermediaries (such as distributors and wholesalers) or others acting on our behalf in violation of relevant laws and regulations may expose us to liability and penalties for violations of Customs and Trade Controls and accordingly may have a material adverse effect on our reputation and our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Manufacturing or quality control problems may damage our reputation for quality production, demand costly remedial activities and negatively impact our financial results.

As a pharmaceutical company, we are subject to substantial regulation by various governmental authorities. For instance, we must comply with requirements of the FDA, EMA and other healthcare regulators with respect to the manufacture, labeling, sale, distribution, marketing, advertising, promotion and development of pharmaceutical products. Failure to strictly comply with these regulations and requirements may damage our reputation and lead to financial penalties, compliance expenditures, the recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production and/or distribution, suspension of the applicable regulator’s review of our submissions, enforcement actions, injunctions and criminal prosecution. We must register our facilities, whether located in the United States or elsewhere, with the FDA as well as regulators outside the United States, and our products must be made in a manner consistent with cGMP, or similar standards in each territory in which we manufacture. In addition, the FDA and other agencies periodically inspect our manufacturing facilities. Following an inspection, an agency may issue a notice listing conditions that are believed to violate cGMP or other regulations, or a warning letter for violations of “regulatory significance” that may result in enforcement action if not promptly and adequately corrected.

In recent years, there has been increasing regulatory scrutiny of pharmaceutical manufacturers, resulting in product recalls, plant shutdowns and other required remedial actions. We have been subject to increasing scrutiny of our manufacturing operations and in previous years several of our own facilities and those of our vendors and manufacturing partners have been the subject of significant regulatory actions requiring substantial expenditures of resources to ensure compliance with more stringently applied production and quality control regulations. For example:

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These regulatory actions also adversely affected our ability to supply various products worldwide and to obtain new product approvals at such facilities. If any regulatory body were to require one or more of our significant manufacturing facilities to cease or limit production, our business and reputation could be adversely affected. In addition, because regulatory approval to manufacture a drug is site-specific, the delay and cost of remedial actions or obtaining approval to manufacture at a different facility could also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

The manufacture of our products is highly complex, and an interruption in our supply chain or problems with internal or third party information technology systems could adversely affect our results of operations.

Our products are either manufactured at our own facilities or obtained through supply agreements with third parties. Many of our products are the result of complex manufacturing processes, and some require highly specialized raw materials. Problems may arise during manufacturing for a variety of reasons, including equipment malfunction, failure to follow specific protocols and procedures, problems with raw materials, natural disasters, and environmental factors. For some of our key raw materials, we have only a single, external source of supply, and alternate sources of supply may not be readily available. For instance, AJOVY is currently manufactured solely by Celltrion. If our supply of certain raw materials or finished products is interrupted from time to time, or proves insufficient to meet demand, our cash flows and results of operations could be adversely impacted. Moreover, as we accelerate the streamlining of our manufacturing network, as part of the restructuring plan announced in December 2017, we may become more dependent on certain plants and operations for our supply. Our inability to timely manufacture any of our significant products could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We also rely on complex shipping arrangements to and from the various facilities of our supply chain. Customs clearance and shipping by land, air or sea routes rely on and may be affected by factors that are not in our full control or are hard to predict.

The workforce reduction and site consolidation in connection with the restructuring plan may result in the loss of numerous long-term employees, the loss of institutional knowledge and expertise, and the reallocation of certain job responsibilities, all of which could negatively affect operational efficiencies.

In addition, we rely on complex information technology systems, including Internet-based systems, to support our supply-chain processes as well as internal and external communications. The size and complexity of our systems make them potentially vulnerable to breakdown or interruption, whether due to computer viruses or other causes that may result in the loss of key information or the impairment of production and other supply chain processes. Such disruptions and breaches of security could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Significant disruptions of our information technology systems or breaches of our data security could adversely affect our business.

A significant invasion, interruption, destruction or breakdown of our information technology systems and/or infrastructure by persons with authorized or unauthorized access could negatively impact our business and operations. In the ordinary course of our business, we collect and store sensitive data in our data centers and on

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our networks, including intellectual property, proprietary business information (both ours and that of our customers, suppliers and business partners) and personally identifiable information of our employees. We are subject to laws and regulations governing the collection, use and transmission of personal information, including health information. As the legislative and regulatory landscape for data privacy and protection continues to evolve around the world, there has been an increasing focus on privacy and data protection issues that may affect our business, including the U.S.’s federal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, as amended (“HIPAA”), the EU’s General Data Protection Regulation (“GDPR”), and other laws and regulations governing the collection, use, disclosure and transmission of data. We could also experience business interruption, information theft, legal claims and liability, regulatory penalties and/or reputational damage from cyber-attacks, which may compromise our systems and lead to data leakage either internally or at our third party providers. Our systems have been, and are expected to continue to be, the target of malware and other cyber-attacks. Although we have invested in measures to reduce these risks, we cannot guarantee that these measures will be successful in preventing compromise and/or disruption of our information technology systems and related data.

The failure to recruit or retain key personnel, or to attract additional executive and managerial talent, could adversely affect our business.

Given the size, complexity and global reach of our business and our multiple areas of focus, we are especially reliant upon our ability to recruit and retain highly qualified management and other employees. Our ability to retain key employees may be diminished by the recent restructuring announcements and financial challenges we face. In addition, the success of our R&D activities depends on our ability to attract and retain sufficient numbers of skilled scientific personnel, which may be limited by the streamlining and reduction of our R&D programs as part of our restructuring announced in December 2017. Any loss of service of key members of our organization, or any diminution in our ability to continue to attract high-quality employees, may delay or prevent the achievement of major business objectives.

Our President and CEO, Kåre Schultz, who was appointed after a thorough global search process, initiated the restructuring plan for our business in December 2017. If we cannot retain our CEO, we may have difficulty finding a replacement in a timely manner. This may impact our ability to effect our restructuring plan and business strategy and may also have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operation.

Because our facilities are located throughout the world, we are subject to varying intellectual property laws that may adversely affect our ability to manufacture our products.

We are subject to intellectual property laws in all countries where we have manufacturing facilities. Modifications of such laws or court decisions regarding such laws may adversely affect us and may impact our ability to produce and export products manufactured in any such country in a timely fashion. Additionally, the existence of third-party patents in such countries, with the attendant risk of litigation, may cause us to move production to a different country (potentially leading to significant production delays) or otherwise adversely affect our ability to export certain products from such countries.

We have significant operations globally, including in countries that may be adversely affected by political or economic instability, major hostilities or acts of terrorism, which exposes us to risks and challenges associated with conducting business internationally.

We are a global pharmaceutical company with worldwide operations. Although approximately 49% of our sales are in the United States and Western Europe, an increasing portion of our sales and operational network are located in other regions, such as Latin America, Central and Eastern Europe and Asia, which may be more susceptible to political and economic instability. Other countries and regions, such as the United States and Western Europe, also face potential instability due to political and other developments. In the United States,

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although the reforms in the U.S. tax code did not include a “border adjustment tax” or other restrictions on trade, if such tax or restriction were to be implemented in the future, this could interfere with international trade in pharmaceuticals. In addition, in the United States, the executive administration has discussed, and in some cases implemented, changes with respect to certain trade policies, tariffs and other government regulations affecting trade between the United States and other countries. As a company that manufactures most of its products outside the United States, a “border adjustment tax” or other restriction on trade, if enacted, may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. In addition, given that a significant portion of our business is conducted in the European Union, including the U.K., the formal change in the relationship between the U.K. and the European Union caused by the U.K. referendum to leave the European Union, referred to as “Brexit,” may pose certain implications to our research, commercial and general business operations in the U.K. and the European Union, including the approval and supply of our products. Details on how Brexit will be executed and the impact on the remaining European Union countries will dictate how and whether the broader European Union will be impacted and what the resulting impact on our business may be.

Significant portions of our operations are conducted outside the markets in which our products are sold, and accordingly we often import a substantial number of products into such markets. We may, therefore, be denied access to our customers or suppliers or denied the ability to ship products from any of our sites as a result of a closing of the borders of the countries in which we sell our products, or in which our operations are located, due to economic, legislative, political and military conditions, including hostilities and acts of terror, in such countries. In addition, certain countries have put regulations in place requiring local manufacturing of goods, while foreign-made products are subject to pricing penalties or even bans from participation in public procurement auctions.

We face additional risks inherent in conducting business internationally, including compliance with laws and regulations of many jurisdictions that apply to our international operations. These laws and regulations include data privacy requirements, labor relations laws, tax laws, competition regulations, import and trade restrictions, economic sanctions, export requirements, the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, the UK Bribery Act 2010 and other local laws that prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials or certain payments or remunerations to customers. Given the high level of complexity of these laws, there is a risk that some provisions may be breached by us, for example through fraudulent or negligent behavior of individual employees (or third parties acting on our behalf), our failure to comply with certain formal documentation requirements, or otherwise. Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, requirements to obtain export licenses, cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, implementation of compliance programs and prohibitions on the conduct of our business. Any such violation could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business, our financial condition and our results of operations.

Our corporate headquarters and a sizable portion of our manufacturing activities are located in Israel. Our Israeli operations are dependent upon materials imported from outside Israel. Accordingly, our operations could be materially and adversely affected by acts of terrorism or if major hostilities were to occur in the Middle East or trade between Israel and its present trading partners were materially impaired, including as a result of acts of terrorism in the United States or elsewhere.

A significant portion of our revenues is derived from sales to a limited number of customers.

A significant portion of our revenues are derived from sales to a limited number of customers. If we were to experience a significant reduction in or loss of business with one or more such customers, or if one or more such customers were to experience difficulty in paying us on a timely basis, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, McKesson Corporation represented 12%, 16% and 15% of our revenues, respectively, and AmerisourceBergen Corporation represented 14%, 15% and 19% of our revenues, respectively.

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We may not be able to find or successfully bid for suitable acquisition targets or licensing opportunities, or consummate and integrate future acquisitions.

We may evaluate or pursue potential acquisitions, collaborations and licenses, among other transactions. Relying on acquisitions and other transactions as sources of new specialty, biosimilar and other products, or a means of growth, involves risks that could adversely affect our future revenues and operating results. For example:

We may decide to sell assets, which could adversely affect our prospects and opportunities for growth.

We may from time to time consider selling certain assets if we determine that such assets are not critical to our strategy or we believe the opportunity to monetize the asset is attractive or for various other reasons, including for the reduction of indebtedness. In connection with our restructuring plan announced in December 2017, we closed or divested a significant number of manufacturing plants and R&D facilities, and may close or divest additional plants and facilities. We have explored and may continue to explore the sale of certain non-core assets. We may fail to identify appropriate opportunities to divest assets on terms acceptable to us. If divestiture opportunities are found, consummation of any such divestiture may be subject to closing conditions, including obtaining necessary regulatory approvals, including those of competition authorities, and as a result, or for other reasons, we may fail to consummate an announced divestiture. Although our expectation is to engage in asset sales only if they advance or otherwise support our overall strategy, any such sale could reduce the size or scope of our business, our market share in particular markets or our opportunities with respect to certain markets.

Compliance, regulatory and litigation risks

We are subject to extensive governmental regulation, which can be costly and subject our business to disruption, delays and potential penalties.

We are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA and various other U.S. federal and state authorities and the EMA and other foreign regulatory authorities. The process of obtaining regulatory approvals to market a drug

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or medical device can be costly and time-consuming, and approvals might not be granted for future products, or additional indications or uses of existing products, on a timely basis, if at all. Delays in the receipt of, or failure to obtain approvals for, future products, or new indications and uses, could result in delayed realization of product revenues, reduction in revenues and substantial additional costs. For example, in 2017 and 2018 we experienced delays in obtaining anticipated approvals for various generic and specialty products, and we may continue to experience similar delays.

In addition, no assurance can be given that we will remain in compliance with applicable FDA and other regulatory requirements once approval or marketing authorization has been obtained for a product. These requirements include, among other things, regulations regarding manufacturing practices, product labeling, and advertising and post marketing reporting, including adverse event reports and field alerts due to manufacturing quality concerns. Our facilities are subject to ongoing regulation, including periodic inspection by the FDA and other regulatory authorities, and we must incur expense and expend effort to ensure compliance with these complex regulations. In addition, we are subject to regulations in various jurisdictions, including the Federal Drug Supply Chain Security Act in the U.S., the Falsified Medicines Directive in the EU and many other such regulations in other countries that require us to develop electronic systems to serialize, track, trace and authenticate units of our products through the supply chain and distribution system. Compliance with these regulations may result in increased expenses for us or impose greater administrative burdens on our organization, and failure to meet these requirements could result in fines or other penalties.

Failure to comply with all applicable regulatory requirements may subject us to operating restrictions and criminal prosecution, monetary penalties and other disciplinary actions, including, sanctions, warning letters, product seizures, recalls, fines, injunctions, suspension, shutdown of production, revocation of approvals or the inability to obtain future approvals, or exclusion from future participation in government healthcare programs. Any of these events could disrupt our business and have a material adverse effect on our revenues, profitability and financial condition.

Healthcare reforms, and related reductions in pharmaceutical pricing, reimbursement and coverage, by governmental authorities and third-party payers may adversely affect our business.

The continuing increase in expenditures for healthcare has been the subject of considerable government attention almost everywhere we conduct business. Both private health insurance funds and government health authorities continue to seek ways to reduce or contain healthcare costs, including by reducing or eliminating coverage for certain products and lowering reimbursement levels. The focus on reducing or containing healthcare costs has been increased by controversies, political debate and publicity about prices for pharmaceutical products that some consider excessive, including Congressional and other inquiries into drug pricing, including with respect to our specialty medicines, which could have a material adverse effect on our reputation. In most of the countries and regions where we operate, including the United States, Western Europe, Israel, Russia, certain countries in Central and Eastern Europe and several countries in Latin America, pharmaceutical prices are subject to new government policies designed to reduce healthcare costs, and may be subject to additional regulatory efforts, funding restrictions, legislative proposals, policy interpretations, investigations and legal proceedings regarding pricing practices. These changes frequently adversely affect pricing and profitability and may cause delays in market entry. Public scrutiny has increased political and other pressures on pharmaceutical pricing, further inhibiting the raising of prices, which, in many cases, had become routine. Certain U.S. states have implemented, and other states are considering, pharmaceutical price controls or patient access constraints under the Medicaid program, and some jurisdictions are considering price-control regimes that would apply to broader segments of their populations that are not Medicaid-eligible. Private third-party payers, such as health plans, increasingly challenge pharmaceutical product pricing, which could result in lower prices, lower reimbursement rates and a reduction in demand for our products. We cannot predict which additional measures may be adopted or the impact of current and additional measures on the marketing, pricing and demand for our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

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Significant developments that may adversely affect pricing in the United States include (i) the enactment of federal healthcare reform laws and regulations, including the Medicare Prescription Drug Improvement and Modernization Act of 2003 and the ACA and (ii) trends in the practices of managed care groups and institutional and governmental purchasers, including the impact of consolidation of our customers. Changes to the healthcare system enacted as part of healthcare reform in the United States, as well as the increased purchasing power of entities that negotiate on behalf of Medicare, Medicaid, and private sector beneficiaries, may result in increased pricing pressure by influencing, for instance, the reimbursement policies of third-party payers. Healthcare reform legislation has increased the number of patients who have insurance coverage for our products, but provisions such as the assessment of a branded pharmaceutical manufacturer fee and an increase in the amount of rebates that manufacturers pay for coverage of their drugs by Medicaid programs may have an adverse effect on us. It is uncertain how current and future reforms in these areas will influence the future of our business operations and financial condition. In 2017, a new executive administration, which had promised to repeal and replace the ACA, took office in the United States. In December 2018, a U.S. federal district court ruled that the ACA is unconstitutional, but such decision has been stayed and will not take effect while such decision is on appeal. We cannot predict the outcome of litigation regarding the constitutionality of the ACA or the form any replacement of the ACA may take, if any, although it may have the impact of reducing the number of insured individuals as well as coverage for pharmaceutical products.

In addition, “tender systems” for generic pharmaceuticals have been implemented (by both public and private entities) in a number of significant markets in which we operate, including Germany and Russia, in an effort to lower prices. Under such tender systems, manufacturers submit bids that establish prices for generic pharmaceutical products. These measures impact marketing practices and reimbursement of drugs and may further increase pressure on reimbursement margins. Certain other countries may consider the implementation of a tender system. Failing to win tenders or our withdrawal from participating in tenders, or the implementation of similar systems in other markets leading to further price declines, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial position and results of operations.

Public concern over the abuse of opioid medications in the United States, including increased legal and regulatory action, could negatively affect our business.

Certain governmental and regulatory agencies are focused on the abuse of opioid medications in the United States. Federal, state and local governmental and regulatory agencies are conducting investigations of us, other pharmaceutical manufacturers and other supply chain participants with regard to the manufacture, sale, marketing and distribution of opioid medications. A number of state attorneys general, including a coordinated multistate effort, are investigating our sales and marketing of opioids and we have received subpoena requests from the DOJ seeking documents relating to the manufacture, marketing and sale of opioid medications. In addition, we are currently litigating civil claims brought by various states and political subdivisions as well as private claimants, against various manufacturers, distributors and retail pharmacies throughout the United States. These claims are brought against Teva in connection with our manufacture, sale and distribution of opioids. Responding to governmental investigations and managing legal proceedings is costly and involves a significant diversion of management attention. Such proceedings are unpredictable and may develop over lengthy periods of time. An adverse resolution of any of these lawsuits or investigations may involve substantial monetary penalties and could have a material and adverse effect on our reputation, business, results of operations and cash flows. See “Government Investigations and Litigation Relating to Pricing and Marketing” in note 13 to our consolidated financial statements.

Governmental investigations into sales and marketing practices may result in substantial penalties.

We operate around the world in complex legal and regulatory environments, and any failure to comply with applicable laws, rules and regulations may result in civil and/or criminal legal proceedings. As those rules and regulations change or as interpretations of those rules and regulations evolve, our prior conduct or that of companies we have acquired may be called into question. In the United States, we are currently responding to

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federal investigations into our marketing practices with regard to several of our specialty pharmaceutical products, which could result in civil litigation brought on behalf of the federal government. Responding to such investigations is costly and involves a significant diversion of management attention. Such proceedings are unpredictable and may develop over lengthy periods of time. Future settlements may involve large monetary penalties. In addition, government authorities have significant leverage to persuade pharmaceutical companies to enter into corporate integrity agreements, which can be expensive and disruptive to operations. See “Government Investigations and Litigation Relating to Pricing and Marketing” in note 13 to our consolidated financial statements. Following calls in recent years from policy makers and other stakeholders in many countries for governmental intervention against the high prices of certain pharmaceutical products, we may be subject to governmental investigations, claims or other legal action or regulatory action regarding our pricing. It is not possible to predict the ultimate outcome of any such investigations or claims or what other investigations or lawsuits or regulatory responses may result from such assertions, and could have a material adverse effect on our reputation, business, financial condition and results of operations.

Investigations of the calculation of wholesale prices may adversely affect our business.

Many government and third-party payers, including Medicare, Medicaid, Health Maintenance Organization (“HMOs”) and Managed Care Organization (“MCOs”), have historically reimbursed doctors, pharmacies and others for the purchase of certain prescription drugs based on a drug’s average wholesale price (“AWP”) or wholesale acquisition cost (“WAC”). In the past several years, U.S. state and federal government agencies have conducted ongoing investigations of manufacturers’ reporting practices with respect to AWP and WAC, in which they have suggested that reporting of inflated AWP’s or WAC’s has led to excessive payments for prescription drugs. These investigations, if leading to successful proceedings or settlements, could adversely affect us and may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Third parties may claim that we infringe their proprietary rights and may prevent us from manufacturing and selling some of our products, and we have sold and may in the future elect to sell products prior to the final resolution of outstanding patent litigation, and, as a result, we could be subject to liability for damages in the United States, Europe and other markets where we do business.

Our ability to introduce new products depends in large part upon the success of our challenges to patent rights held by third parties or our ability to develop non-infringing products. Based upon a variety of legal and commercial factors, we may elect to sell a product even though patent litigation is still pending, either before any court decision is rendered or while an appeal of a lower court decision is pending. The outcome of such patent litigation could, in certain cases, materially adversely affect our business. For example, we launched a generic version of Protonix^® (pantoprazole) despite pending litigation with the company that sells the brand versions, which we eventually settled in 2013 for $1.6 billion.

If we sell products prior to a final court decision, whether in the United States, Europe or elsewhere, and such decision is adverse to us, we could be required to cease selling the infringing products, causing us to lose future sales revenue from such products and to face substantial liabilities for patent infringement, in the form of either payment for the innovator’s lost profits or a royalty on our sales of the infringing products. These damages may be significant, and could materially adversely affect our business. In the United States, in the event of a finding of willful infringement, the damages assessed may be up to three times the profits lost by the patent owner. Because of the discount pricing typically involved with generic pharmaceutical products, patented brand products generally realize a significantly higher profit margin than generic pharmaceutical products. As a result, the damages assessed may be significantly higher than our profits. In addition, even if we do not suffer damages, we may incur significant legal and related expenses in the course of successfully defending against infringement claims.

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We may be susceptible to significant product liability claims that are not covered by insurance.

Our business inherently exposes us to claims for injuries allegedly resulting from the use of our products. As our portfolio of available products expands, particularly with new specialty products, we may experience increases in product liability claims asserted against us. The potential for product liability claims may increase further upon the implementation of proposed regulations in the United States that would permit companies to change the labeling of their generic products.

With respect to product liability exposure for products we sell outside of the United States, we have limited insurance coverage, which is subject to varying levels of deductibles and/or self-insured retentions. For product liability exposure in the United States, although in the past we have had limited coverage, with very high deductibles and/or self-insured retentions, we are no longer buying coverage for product liability claims arising in the United States. Product liability coverage for pharmaceutical companies, including us, is increasingly expensive and difficult to obtain on reasonable terms. In addition, where claims are made under insurance policies, insurers may reserve the right to deny coverage on various grounds.

Our patent settlement agreements, which are important to our business, face increased government scrutiny in both the United States and Europe, and may expose us to significant damages.

We have been involved in numerous litigations involving challenges to the validity or enforceability of listed patents (including our own), and therefore settling patent litigations has been and will likely continue to be an important part of our business. Parties to such settlement agreements in the United States, including us, are required by law to file them with the Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and the Antitrust Division of the DOJ for review. In June 2013, the United States Supreme Court held, in Federal Trade Commission v. Actavis, Inc. (the “AndroGel case”), that a rule of reason test – analyzing settlements in their entirety – should be applied to determine whether such settlements violate the federal antitrust laws. This test has resulted in increased scrutiny of Teva’s patent settlements, including by the FTC and state and local authorities, and an increased risk of liability in Teva’s currently pending antitrust litigations. Accordingly, we may receive formal or informal requests from the FTC for information about a particular settlement agreement, and there is a risk that the FTC, customers, other downstream purchasers or others, may commence an action against us alleging violations of antitrust laws. We are currently defendants in private antitrust actions, as well as actions brought by the FTC, involving numerous settlement agreements.

The European Commission (“EU Commission”) is also placing intense scrutiny on the European pharmaceutical sector in general, including on patent settlement agreements, and has found that several patent settlement agreements had the goal of infringing competition. Such findings were confirmed by the European General Court. The increased scrutiny of the European pharmaceutical sector by the European Commission or other national authorities may also have an adverse impact on our results of operations in Europe. See “Competition Matters” in note 13 to our consolidated financial statements.

Any failure to comply with the complex reporting and payment obligations under the Medicare and Medicaid programs may result in further litigation or sanctions, in addition to those that we have announced in previous years.

The U.S. laws and regulations regarding Medicare and/or Medicaid reimbursement and rebates and other governmental programs are complex. Some of the applicable laws may impose liability even in the absence of specific intent to defraud. The subjective decisions and complex methodologies used in making calculations under these programs are subject to review and challenge, and it is possible that such reviews could result in material changes. A number of state attorney generals and others have filed lawsuits alleging that we and other pharmaceutical companies reported inflated average wholesale prices, leading to excessive payments by Medicare and/or Medicaid for prescription drugs. Such allegations could, if proven or settled, result in additional monetary penalties (beyond the lawsuits we have already settled) and possible exclusion from Medicare,

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Medicaid and other programs. In addition, we are notified from time to time of governmental investigations regarding drug reimbursement or pricing issues. See “Government Investigations and Litigation Relating to Pricing and Marketing” in note 13 to our consolidated financial statements. Certain parts of Medicare benefits are under scrutiny, as the U.S. Congress looks for ways to reduce government spending on prescription medicines.

Our failure to comply with applicable environmental laws and regulations worldwide could adversely impact our business and results of operations.

We are subject to laws and regulations concerning the environment, safety matters, regulation of chemicals and product safety in the countries where we manufacture and sell our products or otherwise operate our business. These requirements include regulation of the handling, manufacture, transportation, storage, use and disposal of materials, including the discharge of pollutants into the environment. If we fail to comply with these laws and regulations, we may be subject to enforcement proceedings including fines and penalties. In the normal course of our business, we are also exposed to risks relating to possible releases of hazardous substances into the environment, which could cause environmental or property damage or personal injuries, and which could require remediation of contaminated soil and groundwater. Under certain laws, we may be required to remediate contamination at certain of our properties, regardless of whether the contamination was caused by us or by previous occupants or users of the property.

Additional financial risks

Because we have substantial international operations, our sales and profits may be adversely affected by currency fluctuations and restrictions as well as credit risks.

In 2018, approximately 48% of revenues were denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar. As a result, we are subject to significant foreign currency risks, including repatriation restrictions in certain countries, and may face heightened risks as we enter new markets. An increasing proportion of our sales, particularly in Latin America, Central and Eastern European countries and Asia, are recorded in local currencies, which exposes us to the direct risk of devaluations, hyperinflation or exchange rate fluctuations. Exchange rate movements during 2018 in comparison with 2017 positively impacted overall revenues by $152 million and positively impacted our operating income by $4 million. The imposition of price controls or restrictions on the conversion of foreign currencies could also have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

In particular, although the majority of our net sales and operating costs is recorded in, or linked to, the U.S. dollar, our reporting currency, in 2018 we incurred a substantial amount of operating costs in currencies other than the U.S. dollar.

As a result, fluctuations in exchange rates between the currencies in which such costs are incurred and the U.S. dollar may have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, the value of balance sheet items denominated in foreign currencies and our financial condition.

We use derivative financial instruments and “hedging” techniques to manage some of our net exposure to currency exchange rate fluctuations in the major foreign currencies in which we operate. However, not all of our potential exposure is covered, and some elements of our consolidated financial statements, such as our equity position or operating profit, are not fully protected against foreign currency exposures. Therefore, our exposure to exchange rate fluctuations could have a material adverse effect on our financial results.

Our intangible assets may continue to lead to significant impairments in the future.

We regularly review our long-lived assets, including identifiable intangible assets, goodwill and property, plant and equipment, for impairment. Goodwill and acquired indefinite life intangible assets are subject to impairment review on an annual basis and whenever potential impairment indicators are present. Other long-

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lived assets are reviewed when there is an indication that impairment may have occurred. The amount of goodwill, identifiable intangible assets and property, plant and equipment on our consolidated balance sheet has increased significantly in the past five years mainly as a result of our acquisitions. In 2017, we recorded goodwill impairments of $17.1 billion and impairments of intangible assets of $3.2 billion. In 2018, we recorded goodwill impairments of $3,027 million and impairments of intangible assets of $1,991 million. Changes in market conditions or other changes in the future outlook of value may lead to further impairments in the future. In addition, the potential divestment of certain assets, including the closure or divestment of a significant number of manufacturing plants and R&D facilities, headquarters and other office locations as part of our restructuring plan announced in December 2017, may lead to additional impairments. Future events or decisions may lead to asset impairments and/or related charges. For assets that are not impaired, we may adjust the remaining useful lives. Certain non-cash impairments may result from a change in our strategic goals, business direction or other factors relating to the overall business environment. Any significant impairment could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

Our tax liabilities could be larger than anticipated.

We are subject to tax in many jurisdictions, and significant judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes. Likewise, we are subject to audit by tax authorities in many jurisdictions. In such audits, our interpretation of tax legislation may be challenged and tax authorities in various jurisdictions may disagree with, and subsequently challenge, the amount of profits taxed in such jurisdictions under our inter-company agreements.

Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate outcome of such audits and related litigation could be different from our provision for taxes and may have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements and cash flows.

The base erosion and profit shifting (“BEPS”) project undertaken by the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (“OECD”) may have adverse consequences to our tax liabilities. The BEPS project contemplates changes to numerous international tax principles, as well as national tax incentives, and these changes, when adopted by individual countries, could adversely affect our provision for income taxes. Countries have only recently begun to translate the BEPS recommendations into specific national tax laws, and it remains difficult to predict the magnitude of the effect of such new rules on our financial results.

The termination or expiration of governmental programs or tax benefits, or a change in our business, could adversely affect our overall effective tax rate.

Our tax expenses and the resulting effective tax rate reflected in our consolidated financial statements may increase over time as a result of changes in corporate income tax rates, other changes in the tax laws of the various countries in which we operate or changes in our product mix or the mix of countries where we generate profit. We have benefited, and currently benefit, from a variety of Israeli and other government programs and tax benefits that generally carry conditions that we must meet in order to be eligible to obtain such benefits. If we fail to meet the conditions upon which certain favorable tax treatment is based, we would not be able to claim future tax benefits and could be required to refund tax benefits already received. Additionally, some of these programs and the related tax benefits are available to us for a limited number of years, and these benefits expire from time to time.

Any of the following could have a material effect on our overall effective tax rate:

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Equity ownership risks

Shareholder rights and responsibilities as a shareholder are governed by Israeli law, which differs in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. companies.

The rights and responsibilities of the holders of our ordinary shares are governed by our articles of association and by Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some material respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of U.S. corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising his or her rights and performing his or her obligations towards the company and other shareholders, and to refrain from abusing his or her power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at a general meeting of shareholders on matters such as amendments to a company’s articles of association, increases in a company’s authorized share capital, mergers and acquisitions and related party transactions requiring shareholder approval. In addition, a shareholder who is aware that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholder vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of a director or executive officer in the company has a duty of fairness toward the company. There is limited case law available to assist in understanding the nature of this duty or the implications of these provisions. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on holders of our ordinary shares that are not typically imposed on shareholders of U.S. corporations.

Provisions of Israeli law and our articles of association may delay, prevent or make difficult an acquisition of us, prevent a change of control and negatively impact our share price.

Israeli corporate law regulates acquisitions of shares through tender offers and mergers, requires special approvals for transactions involving directors, officers or significant shareholders, and regulates other matters that may be relevant to these types of transactions. Furthermore, Israeli tax considerations may make potential acquisition transactions unappealing to us or to some of our shareholders. For example, Israeli tax law may subject a shareholder who exchanges his or her ordinary shares for shares in a foreign corporation to taxation before disposition of the investment in the foreign corporation. These provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or make difficult an acquisition of our company, which could prevent a change of control and, therefore, depress the price of our shares.

In addition, our articles of association contain certain provisions that may make it more difficult to acquire us, such as provisions that provide for a classified Board of Directors and that our Board of Directors may issue preferred shares. These provisions may have the effect of delaying or deterring a change in control of us, thereby limiting the opportunity for shareholders to receive a premium for their shares and possibly affecting the price that some investors are willing to pay for our securities.

We do not expect to pay dividends in the near future.

Although we have paid dividends in the past, we do not expect to pay dividends in the near future. Any decision to declare and pay dividends in the future will be made by our Board of Directors, and will depend on, among other things, our results of operations, financial condition, future prospects, contractual restrictions, restrictions imposed by applicable law and other factors our Board of Directors may deem relevant. Accordingly, investors cannot rely on dividend income from our ordinary shares, and any returns in the near future on an investment in our ordinary shares will likely depend entirely upon any future appreciation in the price of our ordinary shares.

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Our ADSs and ordinary shares are traded on different markets and this may result in price variations.

Our ADSs have been traded in the United States since 1982, and since 2012 on the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”), and our ordinary shares have been listed on the TASE since 1951. Trading in our securities on these markets takes place in different currencies (our ADSs are traded in U.S. dollars and our ordinary shares are traded in New Israeli Shekels), and at different times (resulting from different time zones, different trading days and different public holidays in the United States and Israel). As a result, the trading prices of our securities on these two markets may differ due to these factors. In addition, any decrease in the price of our securities on one of these markets could cause a decrease in the trading price of our securities on the other market.

It may be difficult to enforce a non-Israeli judgment against us, our officers and our directors.

We are incorporated in Israel. Certain of our executive officers and directors and our outside auditors are not residents of the United States, and a substantial portion of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. Therefore, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to enforce against us or any of those persons in an Israeli court a U.S. court judgment based on the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws. It may also be difficult to effect service of process on these persons in the United States. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to enforce civil liabilities under U.S. federal securities laws in original actions filed in Israel.

Substantial future sales or the perception of sales of our ADSs or ordinary shares, or securities convertible into our ADSs or ordinary shares, could cause the price of our ADSs or ordinary shares to decline.

Sales of substantial amounts of our ADSs or ordinary shares, or securities convertible into our ADSs or ordinary shares, in the public market, or the perception that these sales could occur, could adversely affect the price of our ADSs and ordinary shares, and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of such securities.

ITEM 1B. UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS

Not applicable.

ITEM 2. PROPERTIES

We own or lease 90 manufacturing and R&D facilities, occupying approximately 32.3 million square feet. As of December 31, 2018, our manufacturing and R&D facilities are used by our business segments as follows:

In addition to the manufacturing facilities discussed above, we maintain numerous office, distribution and warehouse facilities around the world.

We generally seek to own our manufacturing and R&D facilities, although some, principally in non-U.S. locations, are leased. Office, distribution and warehouse facilities are often leased.

We are committed to maintaining all of our properties in good operating condition and repair, and the facilities are well utilized.

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In Israel, our principal executive offices and corporate headquarters in Petach-Tikva are leased until December 2021. We expect to move our corporate headquarters to a consolidated site in Tel-Aviv in 2020.

In the United States, our principal leased properties are our North American headquarters, warehousing and distribution centers and offices in North Wales and Frazer, Pennsylvania. We are currently in the process of relocating our principal U.S. headquarters to Parsippany, New Jersey.

Following implementation of our comprehensive restructuring plan announced in December 2017, we intend to accelerate the optimization of our manufacturing and supply network, including the closure or divestment of a significant number of manufacturing plants around the world.

ITEM 3. LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

Information pertaining to legal proceedings can be found in “Item 8—Financial Statements—Note  13b. Contingencies” and is incorporated by reference herein.

ITEM 4. MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.

PART II

ITEM 5. MARKET FOR THE COMPANY’S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES

American Depositary Shares (“ADSs”)

Our ADSs, which have been traded in the United States since 1982, were admitted to trade on the Nasdaq National Market in October 1987 and were subsequently traded on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. On May 30, 2012, we transferred the listing of our ADSs to the New York Stock Exchange (the “NYSE”). The ADSs are quoted under the symbol “TEVA.” Citibank, N.A. serves as depositary for the ADSs. Each ADS represents one ordinary share.

Various other stock exchanges quote derivatives and options on our ADSs under the symbol “TEVA.”

Ordinary Shares

Our ordinary shares have been listed on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange (“TASE”) since 1951.

Holders

The number of record holders of ADSs at December 31, 2018 was 2,906.

The number of record holders of ordinary shares at December 31, 2018 was 200.

The number of record holders is based upon the actual number of holders registered on our books at such date and does not include holders of shares in “street names” or persons, partnerships, associations, corporations or other entities identified in security position listings maintained by depository trust companies.

Dividends

In December 2017, we announced an immediate suspension of dividends on our ordinary shares and ADSs.

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We suspended cash dividends on our mandatory convertible preferred shares in the fourth quarter of 2017, due to our accumulated deficit. The mandatory conversion date of the mandatory convertible preferred shares was December 17, 2018. All of the accumulated and unpaid dividends on the mandatory convertible preferred shares were paid in ADSs, at a ratio of 3.0262 ADSs per mandatory convertible preferred share, according to the conversion mechanism set forth in the terms of the mandatory convertible preferred shares.

Our dividend policy is regularly reviewed by our Board of Directors based upon conditions then existing, including our earnings, financial condition, capital requirements and other factors. Our ability to pay cash dividends in the future may be restricted by instruments governing our debt obligations. When paid, dividends are declared in U.S. dollars and are paid by the depositary of our ADSs for the benefit of owners of ADSs.

Dividends paid by an Israeli company to non-Israeli residents are generally subject to withholding of Israeli income tax at a rate of up to 25%. Such tax rates apply unless a lower rate is provided in a treaty between Israel and the shareholder’s country of residence. In our case, the applicable withholding tax rate will depend on the particular Israeli production facilities that have generated the earnings that are the source of the specific dividend and, accordingly, the applicable rate may change from time to time. A 20% tax is generally withheld on dividends declared and distributed.

Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

None.

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Performance Graph

Set forth below is a performance graph comparing the cumulative total return (assuming reinvestment of dividends), in U.S. dollars, for the calendar years ended December 31, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018, of $100 invested on December 31, 2013 in the Company’s ADSs, the Standard & Poor’s 500 Index and the Dow Jones U.S. Pharmaceuticals Index.

Repurchase of shares

In December 2011, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase up to an aggregate amount of $3.0 billion of our ordinary shares or ADSs, of which $1.3 billion remained available for purchase, when in October 2014, the Board of Directors authorized us to increase our share repurchase program by $1.7 billion to $3.0 billion, of which $2.1 billion remained available as of December 31, 2018.

We did not repurchase any of our shares during 2018 and currently cannot do so due to our accumulated deficit. The repurchase program has no time limit. Repurchases may be commenced or suspended at any time, subject to applicable law.

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ITEM 6. SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA

Operating Data

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Balance Sheet Data

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ITEM 7. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

Business Overview

We are a global pharmaceutical company, committed to helping patients around the world to access affordable medicines and benefit from innovations to improve their health. Our mission is to be a global leader in generics, specialty medicines and biopharmaceuticals, improving the lives of patients.

We operate worldwide, with headquarters in Israel and a significant presence in the United States, Europe and many other markets around the world. Our key strengths include our world-leading generic medicines expertise and portfolio, focused specialty medicines portfolio and global infrastructure and scale.

Teva was incorporated in Israel on February 13, 1944 and is the successor to a number of Israeli corporations, the oldest of which was established in 1901.

Our Business Segments

We operate our business through three segments: North America, Europe and International Markets. Each business segment manages our entire product portfolio in its region, including generics, specialty medicines and OTC products. This structure enables strong alignment and integration between operations, commercial regions, R&D and our global marketing and portfolio function, optimizing our product lifecycle across therapeutic areas.

In addition to these three segments, we have other activities, primarily the sale of APIs to third parties and certain contract manufacturing services.

In December 2017, we announced a comprehensive restructuring plan intended to significantly reduce our cost base, unify and simplify our organization and improve business performance, profitability, cash flow generation and productivity. This plan is intended to reduce our total cost base by $3 billion by the end of 2019.

The data presented in this report for prior periods have been conformed to reflect our current segment reporting, which commenced in the first quarter of 2018.

Highlights

Significant highlights of 2018 included:

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Transactions

Certain Women’s Health and Other Specialty Products

On January 31, 2018, we completed the sale of a portfolio of products to CVC Capital Partners Fund VI for $703 million in cash. The portfolio of products, which is marketed and sold outside of the United States, includes the women’s health products OVALEAP^®, ZOELY^®, SEASONIQUE^®, COLPOTROPHINE^® and other specialty products such as ACTONEL^®.

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PGT Healthcare

On July 1, 2018, our PGT Healthcare joint venture with P&G was dissolved. As part of the separation, we transferred shares we held in New Chapter Inc. and ownership rights in an OTC plant located in India to P&G. We will continue to maintain our OTC business on an independent basis. We continue to provide certain services to P&G after the separation for a transition period.

Results of Operations

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain financial data derived from our financial statements, presented according to generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”), presented as percentages of net revenues, and the percentage change for each item as compared to the previous year.

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Segment Information

North America Segment

The following table presents revenues, expenses and profit for our North America segment for the past three years:

North America Revenues

Our North America segment includes the United States and Canada. Revenues from our North America segment in 2018 were $9,297 million, a decrease of $2,844 million, or 23%, compared to 2017, mainly due to a decline in revenues of COPAXONE, our U.S. generics business, ProAir and QVAR and the loss of revenues from the sale of our women’s health business, partially offset by higher revenues from AUSTEDO and our Anda business.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Revenues from our North America segment in 2017 were $12,141 million, compared to $11,778 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to the inclusion of Actavis Generics revenues for the full year of 2017, compared to five months in 2016.

Revenues by Major Products and Activities

The following table presents revenues for our North America segment by major products and activities for the past three years:

Generic products revenues in our North America segment in 2018 decreased by 22% to $4,056 million, compared to 2017, mainly due to additional competition to methylphenidate extended-release tablets (Concerta^®

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authorized generic), portfolio optimization primarily as part of the restructuring plan, as well as market dynamics and price erosion in our U.S. generics business, partially offset by new generic product launches.

Among the most significant generic products we sold in North America in 2018 were methylphenidate extended-release tablets (Concerta^® authorized generic), daptomycin injection (the generic equivalent of Cubicin^®) and tadalafil tablets (the generic equivalent of Cialis^®).

In 2018, we led the U.S. generics market in total prescriptions and new prescriptions, with approximately 504 million total prescriptions (based on trailing twelve months), representing 13% of total U.S. generic prescriptions according to IQVIA data.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Revenues from generic products in our North America segment in 2017 were $5,203 million, compared to $4,654 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to the inclusion of Actavis Generics revenues for the full year of 2017, compared to five months in 2016.

COPAXONE revenues in our North America segment in 2018 decreased by 44% to $1,759 million, compared to 2017, mainly due to generic competition in the United States.

COPAXONE revenues in the United States were $1,697 million in 2018.

Revenues of COPAXONE in our North America segment were 74% of global COPAXONE revenues in 2018, compared to 82% in 2017.

COPAXONE global sales accounted for approximately 13% of our global revenues in 2018 and a significantly higher percentage of our profits and cash flow from operations during this period.

For more information on COPAXONE, see “Item 1—Business—Our Product Portfolio and Business Offering—Specialty Medicines—COPAXONE.”

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. COPAXONE revenues in our North America segment in 2017 were $3,116 million, compared to $3,543 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to generic competition, which resulted in higher rebates and lower volumes, partially offset by a price increase of 7.9% in January 2017 for both the 20 mg/mL and 40 mg/mL versions.

BENDEKA and TREANDA combined revenues in our North America segment in 2018 decreased by 2% to $642 million, compared to 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. BENDEKA and TREANDA combined revenues in our North America segment in 2017 were $656 million, compared to $661 million in 2016.

ProAir revenues in our North America segment in 2018 decreased by 21% to $397 million, compared to 2017, mainly due to higher sales reserves recorded in the fourth quarter of 2018 in anticipation of generic competition to the short-acting beta-agonist class of drugs, including an approved generic version of Ventolin HFA. In the albuterol inhaler category, approximately 40% of prescriptions are written as “generic albuterol,” which means that the launch of any generic inhaler may cause patient migration to such generic products. We launched our own ProAir authorized generic in the United States in January 2019. ProAir is the second-largest short-acting beta-agonist in the market, with an exit market share of 46.1% in terms of total number of prescriptions during 2018, compared to 47% in 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. ProAir revenues in our North America segment in 2017 were $501 million, compared to $565 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to negative net pricing effects.

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QVAR revenues in our North America segment in 2018 decreased by 42% to $182 million, compared to 2017. The decrease in sales in 2018 was mainly due to lower volumes in connection with the launch of QVAR^® RediHaler™ and lower net pricing. QVAR maintained its second-place position in the inhaled corticosteroids category in the United States, with an exit market share of 21.5% in terms of total number of prescriptions during 2018, compared to 35.3% in 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. QVAR revenues in our North America segment in 2017 were $313 million, compared to $409 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to net pricing effects.

AUSTEDO revenues in our North America segment in 2018 were $204 million. AUSTEDO was approved by the FDA and launched in April 2017 in the United States for the treatment of chorea associated with Huntington disease. In August 2017, the FDA approved AUSTEDO for the treatment of tardive dyskinesia.

Anda revenues in our North America segment in 2018 increased by 17% to $1,347 million, compared to 2017, mainly due to higher volumes.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Anda revenues in our North America segment in 2017 were $1,153 million, compared to $301 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to the inclusion of Anda’s revenues commencing in the fourth quarter of 2016.

Product Launches and Pipeline

In 2018, we launched the generic version of the following branded products in North America:

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Our generic products pipeline in the United States includes, as of December 31, 2018, 297 product applications awaiting FDA approval, including 92 tentative approvals. This total reflects all pending ANDAs, supplements for product line extensions and tentatively approved applications and includes some instances where more than one application was submitted for the same reference product. Excluding overlaps, the branded products underlying these pending applications had U.S. sales for the twelve months ended September 30, 2018 exceeding $114 billion, according to IQVIA. Approximately 70% of pending applications include a paragraph IV patent challenge and we believe we are first to file with respect to 107 of these products, or 132 products including final approvals where launch is pending a settlement agreement or court decision. Collectively, these first to file opportunities represent over $74 billion in U.S. brand sales for the twelve months ended September 30, 2018, according to IQVIA.

IQVIA reported brand sales are one of the many indicators of future potential value of a launch, but equally important are the mix and timing of competition, as well as cost effectiveness. The potential advantages of being the first filer with respect to some of these products may be subject to forfeiture, shared exclusivity or competition from so-called “authorized generics,” which may ultimately affect the value derived.

In 2018, we received tentative approvals for generic equivalents of the products listed in the table below, excluding overlapping applications. A “tentative approval” indicates that the FDA has substantially completed its review of an application and final approval is expected once the relevant patent expires, a court decision is reached, a 30-month regulatory stay lapses or a 180-day exclusivity period awarded to another manufacturer either expires or is forfeited.

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For a description of our specialty product pipeline, see “Item 1—Business—Our Product Portfolio and Business Offering—Specialty Medicines” above.

North America Gross Profit

Gross profit from our North America segment in 2018 was $4,979 million, a decrease of 32% compared to $7,322 million in 2017. The decrease was mainly due to lower revenues from COPAXONE and a decline in sales of generic and other specialty products.

Gross profit margin for our North America segment in 2018 decreased to 53.6% from 60.3% in 2017. This decrease was mainly due to lower COPAXONE revenues (3.5 points), lower revenues of our generic products (2.5 points) and other specialty products (1.0 point).

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Gross profit from our North America segment in 2017 was $7,322 million, compared to $8,404 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to loss of exclusivity for COPAXONE and other specialty products, as well as price erosion in the U.S. generics market.

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North America R&D Expenses

R&D expenses relating to our North America segment in 2018 were $713 million, a decrease of 26% compared to $969 million in 2017.

For a description of our R&D expenses in 2018, see “—Teva Consolidated Results—Research and Development (R&D) Expenses” below.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. R&D expenses relating to our North America segment in 2017 were $969 million, compared to $1,040 million in 2016.

North America S&M Expenses

S&M expenses relating to our North America segment in 2018 were $1,154 million, a decrease of 10% compared to $1,288 million in 2017. The decrease was mainly due to cost reductions and efficiency measures as part of the restructuring plan.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. S&M expenses relating to our North America segment in 2017 were $1,288 million, compared to $1,362 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to generic competition to COPAXONE and loss of exclusivity of other key specialty products.

North America G&A Expenses

G&A expenses relating to our North America segment in 2018 were $484 million, a decrease of 9% compared to $533 million in 2017. The decrease was mainly due to cost reductions and efficiency measures as part of the restructuring plan.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. G&A expenses relating to our North America segment in 2017 were $533 million, compared to $496 million in 2016.

North America Other Income

Other income from our North America segment in 2018 was $209 million, compared to $92 million in 2017. This increase was mainly due to higher Section 8 recoveries from multiple cases in Canada and recovery of lost profits in cases in which U.S. patent infringement litigation had previously prevented the sale of certain products.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Other income from our North America segment in 2017 was $92 million, compared to $30 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to higher Section 8 recoveries in Canada.

North America Profit

Profit from our North America segment consists of gross profit less R&D expenses, S&M expenses, G&A expenses and any other income related to this segment. Segment profit does not include amortization and certain other items. The data presented for prior periods have been conformed to reflect the changes to our segment reporting commencing in the first quarter of 2018. See note 20 to our consolidated financial statements and “—Teva Consolidated Results—Operating Income” below.

Profit from our North America segment in 2018 was $2,837 million, a decrease of 39% compared to $4,624 million in 2017. The decrease was mainly due to lower revenues from COPAXONE and a decline in sales of generic and other specialty products, partially offset by cost reductions and efficiency measures as part of the restructuring plan.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Profit from our North America segment in 2017 was $4,624 million, compared to $5,536 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to lower gross profit.

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Europe Segment

The following table presents revenues, expenses and profit for our Europe segment for the past three years:

Europe Revenues

Our Europe segment includes the European Union and certain other European countries. Revenues from our Europe segment in 2018 were $5,186 million, a decrease of $280 million, or 5%, compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues decreased by 9%, mainly due to the loss of revenues from the closure of our distribution business in Hungary, the sale of our women’s health business and a decline in COPAXONE revenues due to the entry of competing glatiramer acetate products, partially offset by new generic product launches.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Revenues from our Europe segment in 2017 were $5,466 million, compared to $4,969 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to the acquisition of Actavis Generics, the launch of BRALTUS in 2017 and new generic product launches.

Revenues by Major Products and Activities

The following table presents revenues for our Europe segment by major products and activities for the past three years:

Generic products revenues in our Europe segment in 2018, including OTC products, increased by 4% to $3,593 million, compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues decreased by 1%, mainly due to the loss of revenues from the termination of the PGT joint venture and the impact of the valsartan voluntary recall, partially offset by new generic product launches.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Generic products revenues in our Europe segment in 2017 were $3,471 million, compared to $3,155 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to the acquisition of Actavis Generics.

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COPAXONE revenues in our Europe segment in 2018 decreased by 10% to $535 million, compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues decreased by 14%, mainly due to price reductions resulting from the entry of competing glatiramer acetate products.

Revenues of COPAXONE in our Europe segment were 23% of global COPAXONE revenues in 2018, compared to 16% in 2017.

For more information on COPAXONE, see “Item 1—Business—Our Product Portfolio and Business Offering—Specialty Medicines—COPAXONE.”

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. COPAXONE revenues in our Europe segment in 2017 were $595 million, compared to $585 million in 2016. In local currency terms, revenues were flat compared to 2016.

Respiratory products revenues in our Europe segment in 2018 increased by 9% to $402 million, compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues increased by 5%, mainly due to the launch of BRALTUS in 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Respiratory products revenues from our Europe segment in 2017 were $368 million, compared to $239 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to the launch of BRALTUS in 2017.

Product Launches and Pipeline

As of December 31, 2018, our generic products pipeline in Europe included 734 generic approvals relating to 98 compounds in 195 formulations, and approximately 1,267 marketing authorization applications pending approval in 37 European countries, relating to 157 compounds in 323 formulations, including two applications pending with the EMA for one strength in 30 countries.

For a description of our specialty product pipeline, see “Item 1—Business—Our Product Portfolio and Business Offering—Specialty Medicines” above.

Europe Gross Profit

Gross profit from our Europe segment in 2018 was $2,884 million, flat compared to 2017. Gross profit was affected by the loss of revenues from the sale of our women’s health business and a decline in COPAXONE revenues, offset by new generic product launches and lower cost of goods sold.

Gross profit margin for our Europe segment in 2018 increased to 55.6% from 52.8% in 2017. This increase was mainly due to lower cost of goods sold (1.0 points) and the closure of our distribution business in Hungary (1.6 points).

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Gross profit from our Europe segment in 2017 was $2,887 million, compared to $2,685 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to the acquisition of Actavis Generics and the BRALTUS launch.

Europe R&D Expenses

R&D expenses relating to our Europe segment in 2018 were $283 million, a decrease of 27% compared to $390 million in 2017.

For a description of our R&D expenses in 2018, see “—Teva Consolidated Results—Research and Development (R&D) Expenses” below.

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Comparison of 2017 to 2016. R&D expenses relating to our Europe segment in 2017 were $390 million, compared to $383 million in 2016.

Europe S&M Expenses

S&M expenses relating to our Europe segment in 2018 were $1,003 million, a decrease of 11% compared to $1,130 million in 2017. This decrease was mainly due to cost reductions as part of the restructuring plan.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. S&M expenses relating to our Europe segment in 2017 were $1,130 million, compared to $1,267 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to lower promotional and medical spend.

Europe G&A Expenses

G&A expenses relating to our Europe segment in 2018 were $325 million, a decrease of 8% compared to $354 million in 2017. This decrease was mainly due to cost reductions and efficiency measures as part of the restructuring plan.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. G&A expenses relating to our Europe segment in 2017 were $354 million, compared to $377 million in 2016.

Europe Profit

Profit of our Europe segment consists of gross profit less R&D expenses, S&M expenses, G&A expenses and any other income related to this segment. Segment profit does not include amortization and certain other items. The data presented for prior periods have been conformed to reflect the changes to our segment reporting commencing in the first quarter of 2018. See note 20 to our consolidated financial statements and “—Teva Consolidated Results—Operating Income” below.

Profit from our Europe segment in 2018 was $1,273 million, an increase of 24% compared to $1,029 million in 2017. This increase was mainly due to cost reductions and efficiency measures as part of the restructuring plan.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Profit from our Europe segment in 2017 was $1,029 million, compared to $667 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to the inclusion of the Actavis Generics business and cost efficiency measures.

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International Markets Segment

The following table presents revenues, expenses and profit for our International Markets segment for the past three years:

International Markets Revenues

Our International Markets segment includes all countries other than those in our North America and Europe segments. Our key international markets are Japan, Israel and Russia. The countries in this category range from highly regulated, pure generic markets, such as Israel, to hybrid markets, such as Japan, to branded generics oriented markets, such as Russia and certain Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), Latin American and Asia Pacific markets.

Revenues from our International Markets segment in 2018 were $3,005 million, a decrease of $390 million, or 11%, compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues decreased by 9%, compared to 2017, mainly due to lower sales in Russia and Japan, the effect of the deconsolidation of our subsidiaries in Venezuela and loss of revenues from the sale of our women’s health business.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Revenues from our International Markets segment in 2017 were $3,395 million, compared to $4,015 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to adjustments made to the exchange rate we utilized for Venezuela.

Revenues by Major Products and Activities

The following table presents revenues for our International Markets segment by major products and activities for the past three years:

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Generic products revenues in our International Markets segment in 2018, which include OTC products, decreased by 15% to $2,022 million, compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues decreased by 12%, mainly due to lower revenues in Russia, lower sales in Japan resulting from regulatory pricing reductions and generic competition to off-patented products, loss of revenues from the termination of the PGT joint venture and the effect of the deconsolidation of our subsidiaries in Venezuela.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Generic products revenues in our International Markets segment in 2017 were $2,370 million, compared to $3,129 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to adjustments made to the exchange rate we utilized for Venezuela.

COPAXONE revenues in our International Markets segment in 2018 decreased by 21% to $72 million, compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues decreased by 8%.

For more information on COPAXONE, see “Item 1—Business—Our Product Portfolio and Business Offering—Specialty Medicines—COPAXONE.”

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. COPAXONE revenues in our International Markets segment in 2017 were $91 million, compared to $95 million in 2016.

Distribution revenues in our International Markets segment in 2018 increased by 9% to $602 million, compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues increased by 11%, mainly due to agreements with new distribution partners.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Distribution revenues in our International Markets segment in 2017 were $550 million, compared to $458 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to agreements with new distribution partners.

International Markets Gross Profit

Gross profit from our International Markets segment in 2018 was $1,254 million, a decrease of 12% compared to $1,433 million in 2017.

Gross profit margin for our International Markets segment in 2018 decreased to 41.7% from 42.2% in 2017. This decrease was mainly due to the Venezuela deconsolidation (1.8 points) and lower gross profit resulting from changes in product mix in certain countries, mainly Russia (1.2 points) and Japan (0.7 points), partially offset by Israel (1.2 points), Chile (0.4 points) and Mexico (0.3 points), as well as cost reductions and efficiency measures as part of the restructuring plan (1.3 points).

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Gross profit from our International Markets segment in 2017 was $1,433 million, compared to $1,811 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to adjustments made to the exchange rate we utilized for Venezuela.

International Markets R&D Expenses

R&D expenses relating to our International Markets segment in 2018 were $96 million, a decrease of 38% compared to $154 million in 2017.

For a description of our R&D expenses in 2018, see “—Teva Consolidated Results—Research and Development (R&D) Expenses” below.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. R&D expenses relating to our International Markets segment in 2017 were $154 million, compared to $205 million in 2016.

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International Markets S&M Expenses

S&M expenses relating to our International Markets segment in 2018 were $518 million, a decrease of 23% compared to $672 million in 2017. The decrease was mainly due to cost reductions and efficiency measures as part of the restructuring plan.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. S&M expenses relating to our International Markets segment in 2017 were $672 million, compared to $754 million in 2016.

International Markets G&A Expenses

G&A expenses relating to our International Markets segment in 2018 were $153 million, a decrease of 19% compared to $189 million in 2017. The decrease was mainly due to cost reductions as part of the restructuring plan.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. G&A expenses relating to our International Markets segment in 2017 were $189 million, compared to $226 million in 2016.

International Markets Profit

Profit of our International Markets segment consists of gross profit less R&D expenses, S&M expenses, G&A expenses and any other income related to this segment. Segment profit does not include amortization and certain other items. The data presented for prior periods have been conformed to reflect the changes to our segment reporting commencing in the first quarter of 2018. See note 20 to our consolidated financial statements and “—Teva Consolidated Results—Operating Income” below.

Profit from our International Markets segment in 2018 was $498 million, an increase of 17% compared to $426 million in 2017. The increase was mainly due to cost reductions and efficiency measures as part of the restructuring plan.

During the fourth quarter of 2017, we deconsolidated our subsidiaries in Venezuela from our financial results after concluding that we did not meet the accounting criteria for control over our wholly-owned subsidiaries in Venezuela and that we no longer had significant influence over such subsidiaries. Consequently, results of operations of our subsidiaries in Venezuela are not included in our financial results for 2018. We recorded $99 million in revenues and $40 million in operating income in 2017 with respect to our subsidiaries in Venezuela. We exclude these changes in revenues and operating profit in Venezuela from any discussion of local currency results.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Profit from our International Markets segment in 2017 was $426 million, compared to $636 million in 2016. This decrease was mainly due to adjustments made to the exchange rate we utilized for Venezuela.

Other Activities

We have other sources of revenues, primarily the sale of APIs to third parties, certain contract manufacturing services and an out-licensing platform offering a portfolio of products to other pharmaceutical companies through our affiliate Medis. Our other activities are not included in our North America, Europe or International Markets segments described above.

Our revenues from other activities in 2018 decreased by 1% to $1,366 million compared to 2017. In local currency terms, revenues decreased by 3%.

API sales to third parties in 2018 decreased by 1% to $746 million, in both U.S. dollar and local currency terms.

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Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Revenues from other activities in 2017 were $1,383 million, compared to $1,141 million in 2016. This increase was mainly due to higher revenues from our contract manufacturing services.

Teva Consolidated Results

Revenues

Revenues in 2018 were $18,854 million, a decrease of 16% in both U.S. dollar and local currency terms, compared to 2017, mainly due to generic competition to COPAXONE, a decline in revenues in our U.S. generics business and loss of revenues following the divestment of certain products and discontinuation of certain activities. See “—North America Revenues,” “—Europe Revenues,” “—International Markets Revenues” and “—Other Activities” above.

Exchange rate movements during 2018 positively impacted revenues by $152 million, compared to 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Revenues in 2017 were $22,385 million, an increase of 2% compared to 2016. The increase was primarily due to (i) an increase in our generic medicines segment from the inclusion of Actavis Generics revenues for the full year of 2017, compared to five months in 2016, partially offset by the adverse market dynamics in the United States and (ii) the acquisition of Anda in the fourth quarter of 2016, partially offset by a decrease in our specialty medicines segment due to generic competition to certain of our key products.

Gross Profit

Gross profit in 2018 was $8,296 million, a decrease of 22% compared to 2017.

The decrease was mainly a result of the factors discussed above under “—North America Gross Profit,” “—Europe Gross Profit” and “—International Markets Gross Profit.”

Gross profit as a percentage of revenues was 44.0% in 2018, compared to 47.4% in 2017.

The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of revenues was mainly due to lower profitability in North America resulting from a decline in COPAXONE revenues due to generic competition and a decline in revenues in our U.S. generics business (5.1 points), higher accelerated depreciation (0.3 points) and higher divestment expenses (0.2 points), partially offset by lower amortization expenses (1.3 points) and higher profitability in Europe (0.7 points).

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Gross profit in 2017 was $10,615 million, a decrease of 9% compared to 2016. Gross profit as a percentage of revenues was 47.4% in 2017, compared to 53.2% in 2016. The decrease in gross profit as a percentage of revenues primarily reflects lower profitability of our generic segment, higher amortization of purchased intangible assets, lower profitability of our specialty medicines segment, the inclusion of Anda and lower profitability of our other activities, partially offset by lower inventory step-up expenses, inventory related expenses in connection with the devaluation in Venezuela and lower costs related to regulatory actions taken in certain facilities.

Research and Development (R&D) Expenses

Net R&D expenses for 2018 were $1,213 million, a decrease of 32% compared to 2017.

Our R&D activities for generic products in each of our segments include both (i) direct expenses relating to product formulation, analytical method development, stability testing, management of bioequivalence and other clinical studies and regulatory filings; and (ii) indirect expenses, such as costs of internal administration, infrastructure and personnel.

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Our R&D activities for specialty products in each of our segments include costs of discovery research, preclinical development, early- and late-clinical development and drug formulation, clinical trials and product registration costs. These expenditures are reported net of contributions received from collaboration partners. Our spending takes place throughout the development process, including (i) early-stage projects in both discovery and preclinical phases; (ii) middle-stage projects in clinical programs up to phase 3; (iii) late-stage projects in phase 3 programs, including where a new drug application is currently pending approval; (iv) life cycle management and post-approval studies for marketed products; and (v) indirect expenses that support our overall specialty R&D efforts but are not allocated by product or to specific R&D projects, such as the costs of internal administration, infrastructure and personnel.

In 2018, our R&D expenses were primarily related to generic products in our North America segment, as well as specialty product candidates in the pain, migraine, headache and respiratory therapeutic areas, with additional activities in selected other areas.

Our lower R&D expenses in 2018 compared to 2017 primarily resulted from pipeline optimization and project terminations, phase 3 studies that have ended and related headcount reductions.

R&D expenses as a percentage of revenues were 6.4% in 2018, compared to 7.9% in 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. In 2017, R&D expenses were $1,778 million, a decrease of 14% compared to 2016. R&D expenses as a percentage of revenues were 7.9% in 2017, compared to 9.5% in 2016.

Selling and Marketing (S&M) Expenses

S&M expenses in 2018 were $2,916 million, a decrease of 14% compared to 2017. Our S&M expenses were primarily the result of the factors discussed above under “—North America Segment—S&M Expenses,” “—Europe Segment— S&M Expenses” and “—International Markets Segment—S&M Expenses.”

S&M expenses as a percentage of revenues were 15.5% in 2018, compared to 15.2% in 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. S&M expenses in 2017 were $3,395 million, a decrease of 5% compared to 2016. S&M expenses as a percentage of revenues were 15.2% in 2017, compared to 16.4% in 2016.

General and Administrative (G&A) Expenses

G&A expenses in 2018 were $1,298 million, a decrease of 11% compared to 2017. Our G&A expenses were primarily the result of the factors discussed above under “—North America Segment—G&A Expenses,” “—Europe Segment— G&A Expenses” and “—International Markets Segment— G&A Expenses,” as well as cost reductions in certain corporate functions as part of the restructuring plan.

G&A expenses as a percentage of revenues were 6.9% in 2018, compared to 6.5% in 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. G&A expenses in 2017 were $1,451 million, an increase of 4% compared to 2016. G&A expenses as a percentage of revenues were 6.5% in 2017, compared to 6.3% in 2016.

Identifiable Intangible Asset Impairments

We recorded expenses of $1,991 million for identifiable intangible asset impairments in 2018, compared to expenses of $3,238 million in 2017. See note 8 to our consolidated financial statements.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Identifiable intangible asset impairments in 2017 were $3,238 million, an increase of $2,649 million compared to 2016.

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Goodwill Impairment

We recognized goodwill impairments of $3,027 million and $17,100 million in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The goodwill impairment in 2018 was mainly attributable to goodwill associated with our International Markets reporting unit and Medis reporting unit. See note 7 to our consolidated financial statements.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Goodwill impairments in 2017 were $17,100 million, an increase of $16,200 million compared to 2016. The goodwill impairment in 2017 was mainly in connection with our U.S. generics reporting unit.

Other Asset Impairments, Restructuring and Other Items

We recorded expenses of $987 million for other asset impairments, restructuring and other items in 2018, compared to expenses of $1,836 million in 2017. See note 18 to our consolidated financial statements.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. We recorded expenses of $1,836 million for other asset impairments, restructuring and other items in 2017, compared to $830 million in 2016.

Significant regulatory events

In July 2018, the FDA completed an inspection of our manufacturing plant in Davie, Florida in the United States, and issued a Form FDA-483 to the site. In October 2018, the FDA notified us that the inspection of the site is classified as “official action indicated” (OAI). On February 5, 2019, we received a warning letter from the FDA that contains four enumerated concerns related to production, quality control, and investigations at this site. We are working diligently to investigate the FDA’s concerns in a manner consistent with current good manufacturing practice (CGMP) requirements, and to address those concerns as quickly and as thoroughly as possible. If we are unable to remediate the warning letter findings to the FDA’s satisfaction, we may face additional consequences, including delays in FDA approval for future products from the site, financial implications due to loss of revenues, impairments, inventory write offs, customer penalties, idle capacity charges, costs of additional remediation and possible FDA enforcement action. We expect to generate approximately $255 million in revenues from this site in 2019, assuming remediation or enforcement does not cause any unscheduled slowdown or stoppage at the facility.

In July 2018, we announced the voluntary recall of valsartan and certain combination valsartan medicines in various countries due to the detection of trace amounts of a previously unknown impurity called NDMA found in valsartan API supplied to us by Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical. Since July 2018, we have been actively engaged with regulatory agencies around the world in reviewing our valsartan and other sartan products for NDMA and other related impurities and, where necessary, have initiated additional voluntary recalls. The impact of this recall on our 2018 financial statements was $51 million, primarily related to inventory reserves. We expect to continue to experience loss of revenues and profits in connection with this matter. In addition, multiple lawsuits have been filed in connection with this matter. We may also incur customer penalties, impairments and litigation costs going forward.

Restructuring

In 2018, we recorded $488 million of restructuring expenses, compared to $535 million in 2017. The expenses in 2018 were primarily related to headcount reductions across all functions, as part of the restructuring plan announced in 2017.

The two-year restructuring plan announced in 2017 is intended to reduce our total cost base by $3 billion by the end of 2019.

Since the announcement, we reduced our global headcount by approximately 10,300 full-time-equivalent employees.

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Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Restructuring expenses in 2017 were $535 million, compared to $245 million in 2016.

Legal Settlements and Loss Contingencies

In 2018, we recorded an income of $1,208 million in legal settlements and loss contingencies compared to an expense of $500 million in 2017. This income primarily consisted of the working capital adjustment with Allergan, the Rimsa settlement and reversal of the reserve recorded in the second quarter of 2017 with respect to the carvedilol patent litigation.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Legal settlements and loss contingencies in 2017 amounted to $500 million, compared to $899 million in 2016. The expenses in 2017 primarily consisted of a reserve for the carvedilol jury trial loss.

Other Income

Other income in 2018 was $291 million, compared to $1,199 million in 2017. The decline in other income was primarily the result of non-recurring income related to the sale of our women’s health business in 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Other income in 2017 was $1,199 million, compared to $769 million in 2016. This increase in 2017 was mainly due higher income from the sale of assets.

Operating Income (Loss)

Operating loss was $1,637 million in 2018, compared to $17,484 million in 2017, mainly due to higher impairment charges recorded in 2017.

Operating loss as a percentage of revenues was 8.7% in 2018, compared to 78.1% in 2017. The increase was mainly due higher goodwill impairment charges (60.3 points), higher intangible assets impairments (3.9 points) and other asset impairments, restructuring and other items (3.0 points) recorded in 2017.

Comparison of 2017 to 2016. Operating loss in 2017 was $17,484 million, compared to operating income of $2,154 in 2016. Operating loss as a percentage of revenues was 78.1% in 2017, compared to operating income as a percentage of revenues of 9.8% in 2016.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of our segment profits to Teva’s consolidated operating income (loss) and to consolidated income (loss) before income taxes for the past three years: