UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

 

Form 10-K

 

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

For the transition period from            to           

 

 

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

 

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files).

 

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

 

 

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).

 

The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting stock held by non-affiliates of Allergan plc as of June 30, 2018, based upon the last sale price reported for such date on the New York Stock Exchange, was $56.5 billion. The calculation of the aggregate market value of voting and non-voting stock excludes Class A ordinary shares of Allergan plc held by executive officers, directors, and stockholders that the registrant concluded were affiliates of Allergan plc on that date.

Number of shares of Allergan plc’s Ordinary Shares outstanding on February 8, 2019: 332,614,474

This Annual Report on Form 10-K is a combined report being filed separately by two different registrants: Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited. Warner Chilcott Limited is an indirect wholly owned subsidiary of Allergan plc. The information in this Annual Report on Form 10-K is equally applicable to Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited, except where otherwise indicated. Warner Chilcott Limited meets the conditions set forth in General Instruction H(1)(a) and (b) of Form 10-K and, to the extent applicable, is therefore filing this form with a reduced disclosure format.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain information required by Part III of this Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”) is incorporated by reference from the Allergan plc proxy statement to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A with respect to the Registrant’s Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 1, 2019.

 

 

 

 

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ALLERGAN PLC

WARNER CHILCOTT LIMITED

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORM 10-K FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018

 

 

 

 

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PART I

 

Explanatory Note

This Annual Report on Form 10-K is a combined annual report being filed separately by two registrants: Allergan plc and its indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, Warner Chilcott Limited. Each registrant hereto is filing on its own behalf all the information contained in this annual report that relates to such registrant. Each registrant hereto is not filing any information that does not relate to such registrant, and therefore makes no representations as to any such information.

Company History

Allergan plc was incorporated in Ireland on May 16, 2013 as a private limited company and re-registered effective September 20, 2013 as a public limited company.  Except where otherwise indicated, and excluding certain insignificant cash and non-cash transactions at the Allergan plc level, the consolidated financial statements and disclosures are for two separate registrants, Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited. The results of Warner Chilcott Limited are consolidated into the results of Allergan plc. Due to the deminimis activity between Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited, references throughout this document relate to both Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited. Refer to “Note 3 —Reconciliation of Warner Chilcott Limited results to Allergan plc results” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this document for a summary of the details on the differences between Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited.

Allergan plc ordinary shares are traded on the NYSE under the ticker symbol “AGN.”  Pursuant to Rule 12g-3(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), Allergan plc’s ordinary shares are deemed to be registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, and Allergan plc is subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

In August 2016 we completed the divestiture of our global generics business and certain other assets to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (“Teva”) (the “Teva Transaction”) for $33.3 billion in cash, net of cash acquired by Teva, which included estimated working capital and other contractual adjustments, and 100.3 million unregistered Teva ordinary shares (or American Depository Shares with respect thereto).  As part of the Teva Transaction, Teva acquired our global generics business, including the United States (“U.S.”) and international generic commercial units, our third-party supplier Medis, our global generic manufacturing operations, our global generic research and development (“R&D”) unit, our international over-the-counter (“OTC”) commercial unit (excluding OTC eye care products) and certain established international brands.

In October 2016, the Company completed the divestiture of the Anda Distribution business to Teva for $500.0 million. The Anda Distribution business distributed generic, branded, specialty and OTC pharmaceutical products from more than 300 manufacturers to retail independent and chain pharmacies, nursing homes, mail order pharmacies, hospitals, clinics and physician offices across the U.S. 

As a result of the Teva Transaction and the divestiture of the Company’s Anda Distribution business, and in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-08 “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity,” the financial results of the businesses held for sale were reclassified to discontinued operations for all periods presented in our consolidated financial statements. The results of our discontinued operations include the results of our generic product development, manufacturing and distribution of off-patent pharmaceutical products, certain established international brands marketed similarly to generic products and out-licensed generic pharmaceutical products primarily in Europe through our Medis third-party business through August 2016, as well as our Anda Distribution business through October 2016.

References throughout to “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company” or “Allergan” refer to financial information and transactions of Watson Pharmaceuticals, Inc. prior to January 23, 2013, Allergan Finance, LLC from January 23, 2013 until October 1, 2013 and Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited subsequent to October 1, 2013.

References throughout to “Ordinary Shares” refer to Allergan plc’s ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share.

This discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause our actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. These risks, uncertainties and other factors include, among others, those identified under “Risk Factors” in this Annual Report and in other reports we have filed with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

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Business Overview

Allergan plc is a global pharmaceutical leader. Allergan is focused on developing, manufacturing and commercializing branded pharmaceutical, device, biologic, surgical and regenerative medicine products for patients around the world.  Allergan markets a portfolio of leading brands and best-in-class products primarily focused on four key therapeutic areas including medical aesthetics, eye care, central nervous system and gastroenterology.  Allergan is an industry leader in Open Science, a model of research and development, which defines our approach to identifying and developing game-changing ideas and innovation for better patient care.  The Company has operations in more than 100 countries.  Warner Chilcott Limited is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Allergan plc and has the same principal business activities.

Allergan plc’s principal executive offices are located at Clonshaugh Business and Technology Park, Coolock, Dublin, Ireland and our administrative headquarters are located at 5 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940. Our Internet website address is www.allergan.com. We do not intend this website address to be an active link or to otherwise incorporate by reference the contents of the website into this report. Our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments thereto, are available free of charge on our Internet website. These reports are posted on our website as soon as reasonably practicable after such reports are electronically filed with the SEC. The public may read and copy any materials that we file with the SEC electronically through the SEC website (www.sec.gov). The information contained on the SEC’s website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K and should not be considered to be part of this Form 10-K. Within the Investors section of our website, we provide information concerning corporate governance, including our Corporate Governance Guidelines, Board Committee Charters and Composition, Code of Conduct and other information. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS-CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS” in this document.

Business Development

2018 Significant Business Developments

The following are the significant transactions that were completed or announced in the year ended December 31, 2018.

Licenses and Asset Acquisitions

Bonti, Inc.

On October 24, 2018, the Company acquired Bonti, Inc. (“Bonti”), a privately held clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of novel, fast-acting neurotoxin programs for aesthetic and therapeutic applications, for $195.0 million upfront plus contingent consideration of up to $90.0 million which may be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition as the purchase primarily related to one asset.  The aggregate upfront expense of $196.6 million was recorded as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2018.

Elastagen Pty Ltd

On April 6, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Elastagen Pty Ltd, a clinical stage medical company developing medical and cosmetic treatments including recombinant human tropoelastin, the precursor of elastin, which will be combined with Allergan's existing fillers product lines.  The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition as the purchase primarily related to one asset.  The aggregate upfront expense of $96.1 million was recorded as a component of R&D expense during the year ended December 31, 2018.  Under the terms of the agreement, Elastagen Pty Ltd is eligible to receive additional contingent consideration of up to $165.0 million which may be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Repros Therapeutics, Inc.

On January 31, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Repros Therapeutics, Inc., which was accounted for as an asset acquisition as the purchase primarily related to one asset.  The aggregate upfront expense of $33.2 million was recorded as a component of R&D expense during the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Divestitures

Anti-Infectives Business Classified as Held for Sale

As of December 31, 2018, Allergan concluded that its Anti-Infectives business met the criteria for held for sale based on management’s intent and ability to divest the business within the next twelve months.  As a result of this decision, Allergan impaired the business assets by $771.7 million, including goodwill of $622.0 million, based on the expected aggregate fair value to be received of approximately $885.0 million.  Upon the sale of the business, Allergan would only recognize the upfront proceeds received in exchange for the assets disposed, which may result in further potential write downs as of the date of sale.  If contingent consideration is part of the aggregate fair value received, the Company would recognize any future benefits in “other income / (expense)” as the contingent portion of the divestiture is earned.

Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc.

On November 30, 2018, the Company divested Rhofade^® to Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc.  Under the terms of the agreement, the purchase price included an upfront cash payment, a potential development milestone payment for an additional dermatology product, and tiered payments based on annual net sales of Rhofade^®, which have a fair value estimated to be $50.3 million.  As a result of this transaction, the Company recorded a net loss of $266.2 million which is included as a component of “Asset sales and impairments, net”.  

Almirall, S.A.

 

On September 20, 2018, the Company completed the sale of five medical dermatology products (Aczone^®, Tazorac^®, Azelex^®, Cordran^® Tape and Seysara^™) in the U.S. to Almirall, S.A.  Allergan concluded that these assets constituted a business.  As part of the sale, the Company received cash consideration of $550.0 million and is eligible to receive a contingent payment of up to an additional $100.0 million in the event that net sales of the divested products in a specified calendar year exceed a sales target, to which no fair value has been ascribed.  As a result of this transaction, the Company recorded a net gain of $129.6 million included as a component of “other income / (expense), net”.

 

2017 Significant Business Developments

The following are the significant transactions that were completed or announced in the year ended December 31, 2017.

Acquisitions

Keller Medical, Inc.

On June 23, 2017, the Company acquired Keller Medical, Inc. (“Keller”), a privately held medical device company and developer of the Keller Funnel^® (the “Keller Acquisition”).  The Keller Acquisition combined the Keller Funnel^® with the Company’s leading breast implants business.

Zeltiq^® Aesthetics, Inc.

On April 28, 2017, the Company acquired Zeltiq^® Aesthetics, Inc. (“Zeltiq”) for an acquisition accounting purchase price of $2,405.4 million (the “Zeltiq Acquisition”). Zeltiq was focused on developing and commercializing products utilizing its proprietary controlled-cooling technology platform (Coolsculpting^®). The Zeltiq Acquisition combined Zeltiq’s body contouring business with the Company’s leading portfolio of medical aesthetics.

LifeCell Corporation

On February 1, 2017, the Company acquired LifeCell Corporation (“LifeCell”), a regenerative medicine company, for an acquisition accounting price of $2,883.1 million (the “LifeCell Acquisition”). The LifeCell Acquisition combined LifeCell's novel, regenerative medicines business, including its high-quality and durable portfolio of dermal matrix products, with the Company’s leading portfolio of medical aesthetic products, breast implants and tissue expanders. The LifeCell Acquisition expanded the Company’s medical aesthetics portfolio by adding Alloderm^® and Strattice^®.

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Licenses and Other Transactions Accounted for as Asset Acquisitions

Lyndra, Inc.

On July 31, 2017, the Company entered into a collaboration, option and license agreement with Lyndra, Inc. (“Lyndra”) to develop orally administered ultra-long-acting (once-weekly) products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and an additional, unspecified indication. The total upfront payment of $15.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing, as well as the lack of certain other inputs and processes, that the transaction did not qualify as a business.  The future option exercise payments, if any, and any future success based milestones relating to the licensed products of up to $85.0 million will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Editas Medicine, Inc.

On March 14, 2017, the Company entered into a strategic alliance and option agreement with Editas Medicine, Inc. (“Editas”) for access to early stage, first-in-class eye care programs. Pursuant to the agreement, Allergan made an upfront payment of $90.0 million for the right to license up to five of Editas’ gene-editing programs in eye care, including its lead program for Leber Congenital Amaurosis (“LCA”). Under the terms of the agreement, if an option is exercised, Editas is eligible to receive contingent research and development and commercial milestones plus royalties based on net sales.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing, as well as the lack of certain other inputs and processes, that the transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront payment of $90.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2017.  The future option exercise payments, if any, and any future success based milestones relating to the licensed products will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company exercised a $15.0 million option to develop and commercialize EDIT-101 globally for the treatment of LCA10 which was included as a component of R&D expense.  Additionally, Editas has exercised its option to co-develop and share equally in the profits and losses from EDIT-101 in the United States.  Editas received an additional $25.0 million milestone, which was included as a component as R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2018, as the Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) accepted the Investigational New Drug Application (“IND”) for EDIT-101.  

Assembly Biosciences, Inc.

On January 9, 2017, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with Assembly Biosciences, Inc. (“Assembly”) for the worldwide rights to Assembly’s microbiome gastrointestinal development programs.  Under the terms of the agreement, the Company made an upfront payment to Assembly of $50.0 million for the exclusive, worldwide rights to develop and commercialize certain development compounds. Additionally, Assembly will be eligible to receive success-based development and commercial milestone payments plus royalties based on net sales. The Company and Assembly will generally share development costs through proof-of-concept (“POC”) studies, and Allergan will assume all post-POC development costs.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing, as well as the lack of certain other inputs and processes, that the transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront payment of $50.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2017 and the future success based milestone payments of up to $2,771.0 million, including amounts for additional development programs not committed to as of December 31, 2017, will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Lysosomal Therapeutics, Inc.

On January 9, 2017, the Company entered into a definitive agreement for the option to acquire Lysosomal Therapeutics, Inc. (“LTI”). LTI is focused on innovative small-molecule research and development in the field of neurodegeneration, yielding new treatment options for patients with severe neurological diseases. Under the agreement, Allergan acquired an option right directly from LTI shareholders to acquire LTI for $150.0 million plus future milestone payments following completion of a Phase Ib trial for LTI-291 as well as an upfront research and development payment. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing, as well as the lack of certain other inputs and processes, that the transaction did not qualify as a business.  The aggregate upfront payment of $145.0 million was recorded as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2017.  The Company did not exercise its option and on January 2, 2019, the option agreement with LTI was terminated.

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Other Transactions

Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe

On September 8, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, under which the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe obtained the rights to Orange Book-listed patents covering Restasis^® (Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion) 0.05%, and the Company was granted exclusive licenses under the patents related to the product. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company paid the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe an upfront payment of $13.8 million, which was recorded as a component of cost of sales in the year ended December 31, 2017.  Additionally, the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe will be eligible to receive up to $15.0 million in annual royalties starting in 2018, during the period that certain patent claims remain in effect.

 

 

2016 Significant Business Developments

The following are the significant transactions that were completed in the year ended December 31, 2016.

Acquisitions

Tobira Therapeutics, Inc.

On November 1, 2016, the Company acquired Tobira Therapeutics, Inc. (“Tobira”), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”) and other liver diseases for an acquisition accounting purchase price of $570.1 million, plus contingent consideration of up to $49.84 per share in contingent value rights (“CVR”), or up to $1,101.3 million, that may be payable based on the successful completion of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones (the “Tobira Acquisition”), of which $303.1 million was paid in the year ended December 31, 2017 for the initiation of Phase III clinical trials. The CVR had an acquisition date fair value of $479.0 million. The Tobira Acquisition added Cenicriviroc, a differentiated, complementary development program for the treatment of the multi-factorial elements of NASH, including inflammation, metabolic syndromes and fibrosis, to Allergan's global gastroenterology R&D pipeline.

Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

On October 25, 2016, the Company acquired Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Vitae”), a clinical-stage biotechnology company, for an acquisition accounting purchase price of $621.4 million (the “Vitae Acquisition”). At the time of the transaction, the Vitae Acquisition was anticipated to expand Allergan’s dermatology product pipeline with the addition of a Phase II orally active RORyt (retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma) inhibitor for the potential treatment of psoriasis and other autoimmune disorders, and a Phase II atopic dermatitis drug candidate.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded In-process Research and Development (“IPR&D”) impairments of $562.0 million relating to the acquired assets.    

ForSight VISION5, Inc.

On September 23, 2016, the Company acquired ForSight VISION5, Inc. (“ForSight”), a privately held, clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on eye care, in an all cash transaction of approximately $95.0 million (the “ForSight Acquisition”). Under the terms of the ForSight Acquisition, the Company acquired ForSight for an acquisition accounting purchase price of $74.5 million plus the payment of outstanding indebtedness of $14.8 million and other miscellaneous charges. ForSight shareholders are eligible to receive contingent consideration of up to $125.0 million, which had an initial estimated fair value of $79.8 million, relating to commercialization milestones.  The Company acquired ForSight for its lead development program, a peri-ocular ring designed for extended drug delivery and reducing elevated intraocular pressure (“IOP”) in glaucoma patients.

Licenses and Asset Acquisitions

Motus Therapeutics, Inc.

On December 15, 2016, the Company acquired Motus Therapeutics, Inc. (“Motus”) for an upfront payment of approximately $200.0 million (the “Motus Transaction”).  Motus has the worldwide rights to RM-131 (relamorelin), a peptide ghrelin agonist being developed for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis.  Under the terms of the Motus Transaction, Motus shareholders are eligible to receive contingent consideration in connection with the commercial launch of the product. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront net payment of $199.5 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestone will be recorded if the corresponding event becomes probable.

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Chase Pharmaceuticals Corporation

On November 22, 2016, the Company acquired Chase Pharmaceuticals Corporation (“Chase”), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of improved treatments for neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, for an upfront payment of approximately $125.0 million plus potential regulatory and commercial milestones of up to $875.0 million related to Chase's lead compound, CPC-201, and certain backup compounds (the “Chase Transaction”). The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the Chase Transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront net payment of $122.9 million was expensed as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, milestone payments of $75.0 million were included as a component of R&D expense.  

AstraZeneca plc License

On October 2, 2016, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with MedImmune, AstraZeneca plc's (“AstraZeneca”) global biologics research and development arm, for the global rights to brazikumab (the “AstraZeneca Transaction”). Brazikumab is an anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibody that as of the acquisition date was in Phase IIb clinical development for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease and was Phase II ready for ulcerative colitis and other conditions treated with anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies.  Under the terms of the AstraZeneca Transaction, AstraZeneca received $250.0 million for the exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize brazikumab and can receive contingent consideration of up to $1.27 billion (as of the time of the transaction), as well as tiered royalties on sales of the product. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing as well as certain other inputs and processes that the transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront payment of $250.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, milestones of $90.0 million, related to the probable initiation of clinical studies, were expensed as a component of R&D expense.  

RetroSense Therapeutics, LLC

On September 6, 2016, the Company acquired certain assets of RetroSense Therapeutics, LLC (“RetroSense”), a private, clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on novel gene therapy approaches to restore vision in patients suffering from blindness (the “RetroSense Transaction”). Under the terms of the RetroSense Transaction, RetroSense received approximately $60.0 million upfront, and is eligible to receive up to $495.0 million in contingent regulatory and commercialization milestone payments related to its lead development program, RST-001, a novel gene therapy for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the RetroSense Transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront net payment of $59.7 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Akarna Therapeutics, Ltd.

On August 26, 2016, the Company acquired Akarna Therapeutics, Ltd. (“Akarna”), a biopharmaceutical company developing novel small molecule therapeutics that target inflammatory and fibrotic diseases (the “Akarna Transaction”). Under the terms of the Akarna Transaction, Akarna shareholders received approximately $50.0 million upfront and were eligible to receive contingent development and commercialization milestones of up to $1,015.0 million.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets as well as a lack of certain other inputs and processes that the Akarna Transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront net payment of $48.2 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  In the year ended December 31, 2017, a milestone of $39.6 million, related to the initiation of a clinical study, was included as a component of R&D expense.  

Topokine Therapeutics, Inc.

On April 21, 2016, the Company acquired Topokine Therapeutics, Inc. (“Topokine”), a privately held, clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on development stage topical medicines for fat reduction (the “Topokine Transaction”). Under the terms of the Topokine Transaction, Topokine shareholders received an upfront payment of $85.8 million and are eligible to receive contingent development and commercialization milestones of up to $260.0 million for XAF5, a first-in-class topical agent in development for the treatment of steatoblepharon, also known as undereye bags.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the Topokine Transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront net payment of approximately $85.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

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Heptares Therapeutics, Ltd.

On April 6, 2016, the Company entered into an agreement with Heptares Therapeutics, Ltd. (“Heptares”), under which the Company licensed exclusive global rights to a portfolio of novel subtype-selective muscarinic receptor agonists in development for the treatment of major neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (the “Heptares Transaction”). Under the terms of the Heptares Transaction, Heptares received an upfront payment of $125.0 million and is eligible to receive contingent milestone payments of up to approximately $665.0 million upon successful Phase I, II and III clinical development and launch of the first three licensed compounds for multiple indications and up to approximately $2.575 billion associated with achieving certain annual sales thresholds during the several years following launch. In addition, Heptares was eligible to receive contingent tiered royalties on net sales of all products resulting from the partnership. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the Heptares Transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront payment of $125.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the events become probable.  In the year ended December 31, 2017, a milestone of $15.0 million, related to the initiation of a clinical study, was included as a component of R&D expense.

Anterios, Inc.

On January 6, 2016, the Company acquired Anterios, Inc. (“Anterios”), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing a next generation delivery system and botulinum toxin-based prescription products (the “Anterios Transaction”). Under the terms of the Anterios Transaction, Anterios shareholders received an upfront net payment of approximately $90.0 million and are eligible to receive contingent development and commercialization milestone payments up to $387.5 million related to an investigational topical formulation of botulinum toxin type A in development for the potential treatment of hyperhidrosis, acne, and crow’s feet lines and the related NDS™, Anterios' proprietary platform delivery technology that enables local, targeted delivery of neurotoxins through the skin without the need for injections.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the Anterios Transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront net payment of $89.2 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Business Description  

The Company markets brand pharmaceutical products and medical devices, including aesthetic products, under brand names through programs that are designed to generate physician and consumer loyalty.

As a result of the differences between the types of products we market and/or distribute, we operate and manage our business in three distinct operating segments: US Specialized Therapeutics, US General Medicine and International. The operating segments are organized as follows:

Business Strategy

We apply four key strategies to achieve growth for our US Specialized Therapeutics, US General Medicine and International businesses: (i) internal development of differentiated and high-demand products, (ii) investing behind key marketed brands, (iii) establishment of strategic alliances and collaborations and (iv) acquisition of products and companies that complement our current business.

Based upon business conditions, our financial strength and other factors, we regularly reexamine our business strategies and may change them at any time. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS —Risks Related to Our Business” in this document.

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As of December 31, 2018, our portfolio of products within the US Specialized Therapeutics, US General Medicine and International segments include the following products with sales in excess of $200.0 million:

 

Our portfolio of products also includes eye drops including Optive and Refresh with net sales in excess of $200.0 million in 2018.

Businesses

Our US Specialized Therapeutics business offers certain of our branded products within the U.S., including Medical Aesthetics, Medical Dermatology through September 20, 2018, Eye Care and Neuroscience and Urology therapeutic products.

Our US General Medicine business is focused on newly developed pharmaceutical products, which are normally patented or have market exclusivity. These patented and off-patent trademarked products are branded pharmaceutical products, and as a result of patents or other market exclusivity are generally offered by a single provider when first introduced to the market. We market a number of branded products to physicians, hospitals, and other customers that we serve as well as the end patient.

Our International segment offers a wide array of branded products, including aesthetics products, outside of the United States.

Net revenues in our segments, including % of total net revenues, consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

Included in segment revenues are product sales that were sold through the Anda Distribution business once the Anda Distribution business had sold the product to a third-party customer. These sales are included in segment results and are reclassified into revenues from discontinued operations through a reduction of Corporate revenues which eliminates the sales made by the Anda Distribution business through October 3, 2016 from results of continuing operations.

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Business Strategies

Our US Specialized Therapeutics business is focused on maintaining a leading position in the therapeutic areas in which we participate within the U.S. market. Our sales and marketing efforts focus on targeted activities, including direct-to-consumer advertising to increase consumer awareness of our products and also to engage specialty physicians and surgeons through our sales professionals and other programs to ensure they are fully informed about our product offerings. For reimbursed products, we also contract with payors to ensure that our products are widely available to patients.

In our US General Medicine business, we market our branded products through our active sales professionals in the United States. Our sales and marketing efforts focus on both general practitioners and specialty physicians who specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of particular medical conditions.  We also conduct targeted activities, including direct-to-consumer advertising to increase consumer awareness of our products. We believe that our current sales force structure gives us a competitive advantage in launching and promoting products due to our ability to reach a larger target audience of both general practitioners and specialists. For reimbursed products, we also contract with payors to ensure that our products are widely available to patients.

Our International business is focused on maintaining a leading position by offering a consistent and reliable supply of quality branded and aesthetic products in key markets. We have maintained an ongoing effort to enhance efficiencies and reduce costs in our manufacturing operations.

Research and Development

We devote significant resources to the R&D of branded products, biosimilars and proprietary drug delivery technologies. R&D activities are expensed as incurred and consist of self-funded R&D costs, the costs associated with work performed under collaborative R&D agreements, regulatory fees, and acquisition and license related milestone payments, if any.

 

Our R&D strategy focuses on the following product development areas:

As of December 31, 2018, we are developing a number of products, some of which utilize novel drug delivery systems, through a combination of internal and collaborative programs including but not limited to the following:

 

 

We also have a number of products in development as part of our life-cycle management strategy for our existing product portfolio.

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As of December 31, 2018, we conducted the majority of our branded drug delivery R&D activities in Irvine, California. We are presently developing a number of products through a combination of internal and collaborative programs.

 

Financial Information About Segments and Geographic Areas

The Company evaluates segment performance for its three operating segments based on segment contribution. Segment contribution for our segments represents net revenues less cost of sales (defined below), selling and marketing expenses, and select general and administrative expenses. Included in segment revenues for 2016 are product sales that were sold through our former Anda Distribution business once the Anda Distribution business had sold the product to a third-party customer. These sales are included in segment results and are reclassified into revenues from discontinued operations through a reduction of Corporate revenues which eliminates the sales made by our former Anda Distribution business through October 3, 2016 from results of continuing operations.  Cost of sales for these products in discontinued operations is equal to our average third-party cost of sales for third party branded products distributed by our former Anda Distribution business. The Company does not evaluate the following items at the segment level:

The Company defines segment net revenues as product sales and other revenue derived from our products or licensing agreements.

Cost of sales within segment contribution includes standard production and packaging costs for the products we manufacture, third-party acquisition costs for products manufactured by others, profit-sharing or royalty payments for products sold pursuant to licensing agreements and finished goods inventory reserve charges.  Cost of sales within segment contribution excludes non-standard production costs, such as non-finished goods inventory obsolescence charges, manufacturing variances and excess capacity utilization charges, where applicable. Cost of sales does not include amortization or impairment costs for acquired product rights or other acquired intangibles.

Selling and marketing expenses consist mainly of personnel-related costs, product promotion costs, distribution costs, professional service costs, insurance, depreciation and travel costs.

General and administrative expenses consist mainly of personnel-related costs, facilities costs, transaction costs, insurance, depreciation, litigation costs and professional services costs which are general in nature and attributable to the segment.

Customers

In US Specialized Therapeutics, US General Medicine and International operations, we sell our brand and aesthetic products primarily to drug wholesalers, retailers and distributors, including national retail drug and food store chains, hospitals, clinics, mail order retailers, government agencies and managed healthcare providers such as health maintenance organizations and other institutions.  Certain medical aesthetic products and devices are also sold directly to physicians.

Sales to certain of our customers within the U.S. and Canada accounted for 10% or more of our annual revenues during the past three years. The following table illustrates customers and the respective percentage of revenues which they comprised in each of the last three years:

 

 

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Our significant customers comprise a large part of the distribution network for pharmaceutical products in North America. As a result, a small number of large wholesaler distributors control a significant share of the market for our products. No other countries outside the U.S. and Canada had 10% or more of global sales.

The loss of any of these customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Competition

The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive. In our US Specialized Therapeutics, US General Medicine and International businesses, we compete with different companies to develop competitive products, in certain product categories, and within each applicable product category, upon dosage strengths and drug delivery systems. Our competitors include the major brand name manufacturers of pharmaceutical products. In addition to product development, other competitive factors in the pharmaceutical industry include product quality, price, reputation, service and access to proprietary and technical information. It is possible that developments by others will make our products or technologies noncompetitive or obsolete.

Competing in the brand and aesthetic product business requires us to identify and successfully bring to market new products embodying technological innovations. Successful marketing of brand and aesthetic products depends primarily on the ability to communicate the effectiveness, safety and value of these products to healthcare professionals in private practice and group practices and to receive formulary status from managed care organizations. We anticipate that our brand and aesthetic product offerings will support our existing areas of therapeutic focus. Based upon business conditions and other factors, we regularly reevaluate our business strategies and may from time to time reallocate our resources from one therapeutic area to another, withdraw from a therapeutic area or add an additional therapeutic area in order to maximize our overall growth opportunities.

Many of our competitors, except for those in the Medical Aesthetics business, have been in business for a longer period of time, have a greater number of products on the market and have greater financial and other resources than we do. When we directly compete with these companies for certain contracted business or for the same markets and/or products, their financial strength could prevent us from capturing a meaningful share of those markets.

Social Contract

In September 2016, we introduced our Social Contract with Patients, in which we pledged to invest in new and innovative treatments, make our treatments accessible and affordable to patients, provide enhanced patient assistance programs (including in some cases free medicine) to eligible patients and maintain safety reporting and quality standards.  Additionally, in our Social Contract with Patients, we committed to limit price increases.  If we increase prices on our products, we will limit increases to once per year, and only increase the list price of a product by single-digit percentages. Our expectation is that net price increases, which are price increases after discounts and rebates, would be in the low to mid- single digit range.

For the full-year 2018, our net price on U.S. products decreased by an average 0.1 percent, and list price increases averaged 6.4 percent.  The difference between the net price decreases and the list price increases is due to higher rebates and discounts.

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Manufacturing, Suppliers and Materials

As of December 31, 2018, we manufactured certain of our own finished products at our plants.  We also have development and manufacturing capabilities for raw material and active pharmaceutical ingredients (“API”) and intermediate ingredients to support our R&D internal product development efforts in our Campbell, California, Irvine, California and Liverpool, United Kingdom locations.

We have major manufacturing sites in:

 

 

Our manufacturing operations are subject to extensive regulatory oversight and could be interrupted at any time. Refer to Legal Matters in “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this document.

While we manufacture certain of our own finished products at our plants, we are dependent on third parties for the supply of many of our finished products.  In addition, we are dependent on third parties for the supply of the raw materials necessary to develop and manufacture our commercialized products, including the API and inactive pharmaceutical ingredients used in many of these products. We are required to identify the supplier(s) of all the raw materials for our products in the drug applications that we file with the FDA in the U.S. and other regulatory authorities outside the U.S. If raw materials for a particular product become unavailable from an approved supplier specified in a drug application, we would be required to qualify a substitute supplier with the FDA and with other regulatory authorities outside the U.S., which could interrupt manufacturing of the affected product. To the extent practicable, we attempt to identify more than one supplier in each drug application. However, some raw materials are available only from a single source and, in many of our drug applications, only one supplier of raw materials has been identified, even in instances where multiple sources exist.

Furthermore, we obtain a significant portion of our raw materials from foreign suppliers. Arrangements with international raw material suppliers are subject to, among other things, FDA regulation, customs clearance, various import duties, foreign currency risk and other government clearances. Acts of governments outside the U.S. may affect the price or availability of raw materials needed for the development or manufacture of our products. In addition, any changes in patent laws in jurisdictions outside the U.S. may make it increasingly difficult to obtain raw materials for R&D prior to the expiration of the applicable U.S. or foreign patents. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS — Risks Related to Our Business — If we are unable to obtain sufficient supplies of raw materials, our ability to deliver our products to the market may be impeded.” and — “The supply of APIs into Europe may be negatively affected by regulations promulgated by the European Union.” in this document.

Patents and Proprietary Rights

We believe patent protection of our proprietary products is important to our products. Our success with our branded products will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain, and successfully defend if challenged, patent or other proprietary protection for such products. We currently have a number of U.S. and foreign patents issued or pending. However, the issuance of a patent is not conclusive as to its validity or as to the enforceable scope of the claims of the patent. Accordingly, our patents may not prevent other companies from developing similar or functionally equivalent products or from successfully challenging the validity of our patents. If our patent applications are not allowed or, even if allowed, if such patents are circumvented or not upheld in a court of law or in administrative proceedings, including oppositions, re-examinations or inter partes review (“IPR”), our ability to competitively market our patented products and technologies may be significantly reduced. Also, such patents may or may not provide competitive advantages for their respective products or they may be challenged or circumvented by competitors, in which case our ability to

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commercially market these products may be diminished. For example, in October 2017, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issued an adverse trial decision finding that the four asserted patents covering our Restasis^® (Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion) 0.05% product are invalid, and on November 13, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed that ruling.  From time to time, we may need to obtain licenses to patents and other proprietary rights held by third parties to develop, manufacture and market our products. If we are unable to timely obtain these licenses on commercially reasonable terms, our ability to commercially market such products may be inhibited or prevented. In addition, patents covering, for example, Actonel^® (certain indications), Androderm^®, Carafate^®, Minastrin^®, Estrace^® Cream, Namenda XR^®, Femhrt^®, INFed^®, Namenda^® (IR), Pylera^® and Rapaflo^® products have expired and we have no further patent protection on these products.  Generic versions of our Minastrin^® product entered the market during 2017 pursuant to settlement agreements previously entered into.  Generic versions of our Estrace^® product entered the market in January 2018, generic versions of our Namenda XR^® product entered the market in March 2018, and generic versions of our Rapaflo^® product entered the market in December 2018.  

We also rely on trade secrets and proprietary know-how that we seek to protect, in part, through confidentiality agreements with our partners, customers, employees and consultants. It is possible that these agreements will be breached or will not be enforceable in every instance, and we will not have adequate remedies for any such breach. It is also possible that our trade secrets will otherwise become known or independently developed by competitors.

We may find it necessary to initiate litigation to enforce our patent and trademark rights, to protect our trade secrets or know-how or to determine the scope and validity of the proprietary rights of others. Litigation concerning patents, trademarks, copyrights and proprietary technologies can often be protracted and expensive and, as with litigation generally, the outcome is inherently uncertain.

Litigation alleging infringement of patents, trademarks, copyrights or other intellectual property rights may be costly and time consuming. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS — Risks Related to Our Business — Third parties may claim that we infringe their proprietary rights and may prevent us from manufacturing and selling some of our products.” and Legal Matters in “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this document.

Government Regulation and Regulatory Matters

The following discussion focuses on key markets to the Company’s overall business.

United States

All U.S. pharmaceutical manufacturers, including Allergan, are subject to extensive, complex and evolving regulation by the federal government, principally the FDA, and to a lesser extent, by the U.S. Drug Enforcement Administration (“DEA”), Occupational Safety and Health Administration and state government agencies, as well as by various regulatory agencies in foreign countries where our products or product candidates are being manufactured and/or marketed. The Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (“FFDCA”), the Controlled Substances Act and other federal statutes and regulations govern or influence the testing, manufacturing, packing, labeling, storing, record keeping, safety, approval, advertising, promotion, sale and distribution of our products. In our international markets, the approval, manufacture and sale of pharmaceutical products is similar to that of the United States with some variations dependent upon local market dynamics.

Specialty Pharmaceuticals

In the United States, FDA approval is required before any dosage form of any new drug, including an off-patent equivalent of a previously approved drug, can be marketed. The process for obtaining governmental approval to manufacture and market pharmaceutical products is rigorous, time-consuming and costly, and the extent to which it may be affected by legislative and regulatory developments cannot be predicted. We are dependent on receiving FDA and other governmental approvals prior to manufacturing, marketing and shipping new products. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS — Risks Related to Our Business — If we are unable to successfully develop or commercialize new products, our operating results will suffer.” and “— Extensive industry regulation has had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on our business, especially our product development, manufacturing and distribution capabilities.” in this document.

All applications for FDA approval must contain information relating to product formulation, raw material suppliers, stability, manufacturing processes, packaging, labeling and quality control. We file a New Drug Application (“NDA”) when we seek approval for drugs with active ingredients and/or with dosage strengths, dosage forms, delivery systems or pharmacokinetic profiles that have not been previously approved by the FDA. Generally, NDAs are filed for new chemical entities or for a new dosage form of previously approved drugs.

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For innovative or non-generic new drugs, an FDA-approved NDA is required before the drug may be marketed in the United States. The NDA must contain data to demonstrate that the drug is safe and effective for its intended uses and that it will be manufactured to appropriate quality standards. In order to demonstrate safety and effectiveness, an NDA generally must include or reference pre-clinical studies and clinical data from controlled trials in humans. For a new chemical entity, this generally means that lengthy, uncertain and rigorous pre-clinical and clinical testing must be conducted. For compounds that have a record of prior or current use, it may be possible to utilize existing data or medical literature and limited new testing to support an NDA. Any pre-clinical testing that we wish to rely upon for FDA action must comply with the FDA’s good laboratory practice and other requirements. Clinical testing in human subjects must be conducted in accordance with the FDA’s good clinical practice and other requirements. In order to initiate a clinical trial, the sponsor must submit an IND to the FDA or meet one of the narrow exemptions that exist from the IND requirement.

The FDA has the authority to either approve or not approve NDAs, and if an application is not approved, additional data (clinical, non-clinical, manufacturing or quality data, among other types of data) is generally required. In addition, the FDA may approve an NDA subject to post-approval studies or monitoring requirements, or require that other risk management measures be utilized when the product is commercialized. There are also requirements to conduct pediatric trials for all new NDAs and supplements to NDAs for pharmaceutical products that may be used in the pediatric patient population, unless a waiver or deferral applies.

Once approved, the NDA is subject to life-cycle management regulations (for example, annual reports) in order to maintain product registrations. A Supplemental New Drug Application (“sNDA”) is required for changes that require FDA evaluation and/or approval prior to implementation, including the transfer of certain products from one manufacturing site to another, a change in API supplier, or a new indication or dosage form. In addition, a change in the manufacturing site for certain products may only be approved once new bioequivalency studies are conducted or other requirements are satisfied. In addition, the FDA may require post-marketing studies.

To obtain FDA approval of NDAs and sNDAs, our manufacturing procedures and operations must conform to FDA quality system and control requirements generally referred to as current Good Manufacturing Practices (“cGMP”), as defined in Title 21 of the U.S. Code of Federal Regulations, and cGMP must be adhered to throughout the life cycle of a product, as these regulations encompass all aspects of the production process from receipt and qualification of components to distribution procedures for finished products. cGMP standards are evolving standards; thus, we must continue to expend substantial time, money and effort in all production and quality control areas to maintain compliance with these standards. The evolving and complex nature of regulatory requirements, the broad authority and discretion of the FDA, and the generally high level of regulatory oversight results in the continuing possibility that we may be adversely affected by regulatory actions despite our efforts to maintain compliance with regulatory requirements.

We are subject to the periodic inspection of our facilities, procedures and operations and/or the testing of our products by the FDA, the DEA and other health authorities, which conduct periodic inspections to assess compliance with applicable regulations. In addition, in connection with its review of our applications for new products, the FDA conducts pre-approval and post-approval reviews and plant inspections to determine whether our systems and processes comply with cGMP and other FDA regulations. Among other things, the FDA may withhold approval of NDAs, sNDAs, or other product applications of a facility if deficiencies are found at that facility. Vendors that supply finished products or components to us that we use to manufacture, package and label products are subject to similar regulation and periodic inspections.

Following such inspections, the FDA may issue notices on Form 483 and Warning Letters that may require us to modify certain activities identified during the inspection. A Form 483 notice may be issued at the conclusion of an FDA inspection and lists issues the FDA investigators believe may violate cGMP or other FDA regulations. FDA guidelines specify that a Warning Letter be issued only for violations of “regulatory significance” for which the failure to adequately and promptly address the correction to the satisfaction of the FDA may be expected to result in an enforcement action.  

Additionally, FDA reviews promotional and marketing materials for compliance with the FFDCA and FDA regulations.  FDA may issue letters or take other enforcement action if FDA believes promotional and marketing materials do not comply with the law and regulations.

Failure to comply with FDA and other governmental regulations can result in fines, unanticipated compliance expenditures, recall or seizure of products, total or partial suspension of production and/or distribution, suspension of the FDA’s review of NDAs or sNDAs or other product application enforcement actions, injunctions and criminal prosecution. Under certain circumstances, the FDA also has the authority to revoke previously granted drug approvals. Although we have internal compliance programs, if these programs do not meet regulatory agency standards or if our compliance is deemed deficient in any significant way, it could have a material adverse effect on our business. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS — Risks Related to Our Business — Extensive industry

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regulation has had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on our business, especially our product development, manufacturing and distribution capabilities.” in this document. The FDA can also significantly delay the approval of any pending NDA or other regulatory submissions under the Fraud, Untrue Statements of Material Facts, Bribery and Illegal Gratuities Policy Act.

Medical Devices

Medical devices are subject to regulation by the FDA, state agencies and foreign government health. FDA regulations, as well as various U.S. federal and state laws, govern the development, clinical testing, manufacturing, labeling, record keeping and marketing of medical device products agencies in the United States.  Our medical device product candidates, including our breast implants, must undergo rigorous clinical testing and an extensive government regulatory clearance or approval process prior to sale in the United States and other countries. The lengthy process of clinical development and submissions for clearance or approval, and the continuing need for compliance with applicable laws and regulations, require the expenditure of substantial resources. Regulatory clearance or approval, when and if obtained, may be limited in scope, and may significantly limit the indicated uses for which a product may be marketed. Cleared or approved products and their manufacturers are subject to ongoing review, and discovery of previously unknown problems with products may result in restrictions on their manufacture, sale, and/or use or require their withdrawal from the market.

Our medical device products are subject to extensive regulation by the FDA in the United States. Unless an exemption applies, each medical device we market in the United States must have a 510(k) clearance or a Premarket Approval Application (“PMA”) in accordance with the FFDCA and its implementing regulations. The FDA classifies medical devices into one of three classes, depending on the degree of risk associated with each medical device and the extent of controls that are needed to ensure safety and effectiveness. Devices deemed to pose a lower risk are placed in either Class I or Class II, and devices deemed by the FDA to pose the greatest risk, such as life-sustaining, life-supporting or implantable devices, or a device deemed to be not substantially equivalent to a previously cleared 510(k) device, are placed in Class III.   In general, a Class III device cannot be marketed in the United States unless the FDA approves the device after submission of a PMA, and any changes to the device subsequent to initial FDA approval must also be reviewed and approved by the FDA. The majority of our medical device products, including our breast implants, are regulated as Class III medical devices.   A Class III device may have significant additional obligations imposed in its conditions of approval, and the time in which it takes to obtain approval can be long. Compliance with regulatory requirements is assured through periodic, unannounced facility inspections by the FDA and other regulatory authorities, and these inspections may include the manufacturing facilities of our subcontractors or other third-party manufacturers. Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements can result in enforcement action by the FDA, which may include any of the following sanctions: warning letters or untitled letters; fines, injunctions and civil penalties; recall or seizure of our products; operating restrictions, partial suspension or total shutdown of production; refusing our request for 510(k) clearance or PMA approval of new products; withdrawing 510(k) clearance or PMA approvals that are already granted; and criminal prosecution.

A clinical trial is almost always required to support a PMA application and is sometimes required for a 510(k) premarket notification. Clinical trials generally require submission of an application for an investigational device exemption (“IDE”), which must be supported by appropriate data, such as animal and laboratory testing results, showing that it is safe to test the device in humans and that the testing protocol is scientifically sound.  A study sponsor must obtain approval for its IDE from the FDA, and it must also obtain approval of its study from the Institutional Review Board (“IRB”) overseeing the trial. The results of clinical testing may not be sufficient to obtain approval of the investigational device.

Once a device is approved, the manufacture and distribution of the device remains subject to continuing regulation by the FDA, including Quality System Regulation requirements, which involve design, testing, control, documentation and other quality assurance procedures during the manufacturing process. Medical device manufacturers and their subcontractors are required to register their establishments and list their manufactured devices with the FDA and are subject to periodic unannounced inspections by the FDA and certain state agencies for compliance with regulatory requirements. Manufacturers must also report to the FDA if their devices may have caused or contributed to a death or serious injury or malfunctioned in a way that could likely cause or contribute to a death or serious injury, or if the manufacturer conducts a field correction or product recall or removal to reduce a risk to health posed by a device or to remedy a violation of the FFDCA that may present a health risk.  Further, the FDA continues to regulate device labeling, and prohibits the promotion of products for unapproved or “off-label” uses along with other labeling restrictions.  If a manufacturer or distributor fails to comply with any of these regulatory requirements, or if safety concerns with a device arise, the FDA may take legal or regulatory action, including civil or criminal penalties, suspension, withdrawal or delay in the issuance of clearances or approvals, or seizure or recall of products, any one or more of which could have a material adverse effect upon us.

Other Regulatory Requirements Applicable to Our Business

The FDA imposes a number of complex regulatory requirements on entities that advertise and promote pharmaceutical products and medical devices, including, but not limited to, standards and regulations for direct-to-consumer advertising, “off-label” promotion, industry-sponsored scientific and educational activities, and promotional activities including internet marketing. Pharmaceutical

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products and medical devices can only be marketed for indications approved or cleared by the FDA. Failure to comply with these regulations can result in penalties, the issuance of warning letters directing a company to correct deviations from FDA standards, a requirement that future advertising and promotional materials be pre-cleared by the FDA, and federal and state civil and criminal investigations and prosecutions.

U.S. government reimbursement programs include Medicare, Medicaid, TriCare, and State Pharmaceutical Assistance Programs established according to statute, government regulations and policy. Federal law requires all pharmaceutical manufacturers, as a condition of having their products receive federal reimbursement under Medicaid and Medicare Part B, to pay rebates to state Medicaid programs on units of their pharmaceuticals that are dispensed to Medicaid beneficiaries. With enactment of the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act (“ACA”), as amended, manufacturer rebate liability for brand drugs increased from 15.1% to 23.1% of the Average Manufacturer Price, or the difference between the Average Manufacturer Price and the drug’s Best Price (i.e., the lowest net sales price to a non-government customer during a specified period), whichever is greater. In some states, supplemental rebates are required as a condition of including the manufacturer’s drug on a state’s Preferred Drug List, which if agreed upon would generally permit access to a manufacturer’s product without utilization management (e.g., step therapy).

The ACA prescribed that the coverage gap phase of the Medicare Part D benefit be closed such that, by 2020, beneficiaries will pay co-insurance of 25% (or co-payment equivalents) of the cost of prescription drugs dispensed to them under their applicable Medicare Part D plans, until they reach the catastrophic phase of the Medicare Part D benefit.  As such, the coverage gap or “donut hole” will be effectively closed beginning in the 2020 plan year.  The cost of closing the donut hole is being borne in part by brand drug companies as well as Medicare Part D plan sponsors and the federal government. Beginning in 2011, brand drug manufacturers were required to provide a 50% discount on their drugs while beneficiaries are in the coverage gap; the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018, however, increased this discount to 70% beginning in 2019. Additionally, beginning in 2013, the government and Medicare Part D plan sponsors began providing additional subsidies for brand name drugs bought by seniors who enter the coverage gap. The government/sponsor share originally was designed to provide a 25% discount in the cost of drugs by 2020, however the Bipartisan Budget Act of 2018 revised this percentage down to 5%.  Consequently, the combined industry discounts and government subsidies still will add up to 75% of brand name drug costs by 2020, however pharmaceutical manufacturers are required to extend far greater discounts under this coverage gap program than originally was contemplated.  

On January 21, 2016, the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services (“CMS”) issued a final rule on the calculation of AMP, Best Price, and the Unit Rebate Amount for the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program; the final rule took effect in April 2016 (for most provisions).  Allergan has implemented required changes to its Medicaid rebate calculations and policies, effective for its Q2 2016 calculations and pricing submissions.  Notably, however, the Medicaid Drug Rebate Program requires compliance with complex statutory pricing formulas and requirements, and manufacturers frequently are required to adopt “reasonable assumptions,” as permitted by CMS guidance, where the regulations are silent or unclear.  Any changes in existing CMS guidance could affect our compliance efforts, existing reasonable assumptions, and rebate liability.  We are also required to discount products to authorized users of the Federal Supply Schedule, under which additional laws and requirements apply.

The ACA also expanded the government’s 340B drug discount program by adding new categories of covered entity types that are qualified to participate in the program and benefit from its deeply discounted drug pricing.  The ACA also obligated the Health Resources and Services Administration (HRSA), which administers the 340B program, to update the Pharmaceutical Pricing Agreement, which each manufacturer must sign to participate in the 340B program, to require each manufacturer to offer the 340B price to covered entities if the manufacturer makes its drugs available to any other purchaser at any price, and to report statutory ceiling prices for its drugs to the government.  HRSA issued this update in late 2016 and the Company subsequently signed and executed an amendment to our agreement.  In addition, on January 5, 2017, HRSA finalized regulations that, among other things, implement rules regarding civil monetary penalties for knowing and intentional overcharges of 340B covered entities by pharmaceutical manufacturers; these rules became effective on January 1, 2019.

In connection with the commercialization of our products, we often are required to negotiate and enter into discount and rebate agreements for our products with government and private health insurers, including Health Maintenance Organizations (“HMOs”) and Managed Care Organizations (“MCOs”).  These discount and rebate agreements commonly are required to ensure the accessibility of our drugs to beneficiaries of the individual health insurance plans, whether sponsored by the government or a commercial entity.  Indeed, the sale of our existing and any future products largely is dependent on the extent to which our products are covered by health insurance.  Any changes to product coverage requirements, including pursuant to federal law or regulation, or government or private drug cost containment measures could have an adverse effect on our business operations.

Additionally, we may in the future -- as we have in the past -- receive requests for information, sometimes in the form of civil investigative demands or subpoenas, from the U.S. Federal Trade Commission (“FTC”) and the European Commission - Competition.  Any adverse outcome of these types of investigations or actions could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS — Risks Related to Our Business—Federal regulation of arrangements between manufacturers of branded and generic products could adversely affect our business.” Also refer to

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Legal Matters in “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this document.

As part of the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003 (“MMA”), companies are required to file with the FTC and the Department of Justice certain types of agreements entered into between brand and generic pharmaceutical companies related to the manufacture, marketing and sale of generic versions of brand drugs. This requirement could affect the manner in which drug manufacturers resolve intellectual property litigation and other disputes with competitor pharmaceutical companies and could result generally in an increase in private-party litigation against pharmaceutical companies. The impact of this requirement, and the potential private-party lawsuits associated with arrangements between brand name and generic drug manufacturers, is uncertain and could adversely affect our business. For example, beginning in April 2013, private parties have filed lawsuits against us alleging that a settlement of a patent litigation between a subsidiary of the Company and potential generic competitor that had filed an Abbreviated New Drug Application (“ANDA”) for a generic version of Loestrin^® is unlawful. Those lawsuits, as well as additional suits challenging the validity of our settlements related to Asacol^® and Namenda^{® ®} remain pending.  Refer to Legal Matters in “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this document.

Federal, state, local and foreign laws of general applicability, such as laws regulating working conditions, also govern us. In addition, we are subject, as are all manufacturers generally, to numerous and increasingly stringent federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other things, the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous substances and the discharge of pollutants into the air and water. Environmental permits and controls are required for some of our operations, and these permits are subject to modification, renewal and revocation by the issuing authorities. Our environmental capital expenditures and costs for environmental compliance may increase in the future as a result of changes in environmental laws and regulations or increased manufacturing activities at any of our facilities. We could be adversely affected by any failure to comply with environmental laws, including the costs of undertaking a clean-up at a site to which our wastes were transported.

European Union

We encounter similar regulatory and legislative issues in most other countries, including countries that are members of the European Union (the “EU”). Pharmaceutical manufacturers are regulated in the EU by the European Medicines Agency (the “EMA”) and national health authorities. All manufacturers are required to submit medicinal products, including generic versions of previously approved products and new strengths, dosages and formulations of previously approved products, to the EMA and its member states for review and marketing authorization before such products are placed on the market in the EU.

Marketing authorizations are granted to applicants after the relevant health authority issues a positive assessment of quality, safety and efficacy of the product. In order to receive such assessment, applicants must submit applications, which must contain the results of pre-clinical tests, pharmaceutical tests, and clinical trials with respect to originator products. All of these tests or trials must be conducted in accordance within European regulations and must allow the reviewing body to evaluate the quality, safety and efficacy of the medicinal product.

In addition to obtaining marketing authorization for each product, all member states require that a manufacturer’s facilities obtain approval from the national authority. The EU has a code of good manufacturing practices that each manufacturer must follow and comply with. Regulatory authorities in the EU may conduct inspections of the manufacturing facilities to review procedures, operating systems and personnel qualifications. Refer to “ITEM 1A. — RISK FACTORS — Risks Related to Our Business — The supply of APIs into Europe may be negatively affected by regulations promulgated by the European Union.” in this document.

In the EU, member states regulate the pricing of pharmaceutical products, and in some cases, the formulation and dosing of products. This regulation is handled by individual member state national health services. These individual regulatory bodies can result in considerable price differences and product availability among member states. The implementation of tendering systems for the pricing of pharmaceuticals in several countries generally impacts drug pricing; generally “tendering” refers to a system that requires bids to be submitted to the relevant national health services organizations by competing manufacturers to be the exclusive, or one of a few, supplier(s) of a product for such tender.

Further, faced with major budget constraints, many European countries have resorted to price cuts or claim-back schemes that affect both innovative and generic pharmaceuticals. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS — Risks Related to Our Business—Global economic conditions could harm us.” in this document.

Medical device products that are marketed in the European Union must comply with the requirements of the Medical Device Directive (the “MDD”), as implemented in the national legislation of the European Union member states. The MDD, as implemented,

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provides for a regulatory regime with respect to the design, manufacture, clinical trials, labeling and adverse event reporting for medical devices to ensure that medical devices marketed in the European Union are safe and effective for their intended uses. Medical devices that comply with the MDD, as implemented, are entitled to bear a Conformité Européenne (“CE”) marking evidencing such compliance and may be marketed in the European Union. Failure to comply with these domestic and international regulatory requirements could affect our ability to market and sell our products in these countries.  For example, following the non-renewal of our textured breast implant CE Mark licenses in Europe pending the request for additional information by LNE-GMED, the notified body responsible for certification of our breast implants, Allergan suspended sales of textured breast implants in Europe and withdrew the remaining textured breast implants then on the market in Europe in the fourth quarter of 2018.

Canada

In Canada, pharmaceutical manufacturers are regulated by the Therapeutic Products Directorate (the “TPD”) which derives its authority from the Canadian federal government under the Food and Drugs Act and the Controlled Drug and Substances Act. The TPD evaluates and monitors the safety, effectiveness and quality of pharmaceutical products. Products are officially approved for marketing in Canada following receipt of a market authorization, or “Notice of Compliance” (a “NOC”), which is subject to the Food and Drug Regulations. Issuance of a NOC for generic drug products is also subject to the Patented Medicines (Notice of Compliance) Regulations (the “NOC Regulations”) under the Patent Act.

The NOC Regulations allow branded drug marketers to list patents that contain a claim for a medicinal ingredient, a claim for the formulation containing the medicinal ingredient, a claim for the dosage form, or a claim for the use of the medicinal ingredient in their branded drug on a patent register maintained by the TPD. In its abbreviated new drug submission, a generic applicant must address each patent listed against the reference product by making at least one statutory allowed allegation (for example, alleging that the patent is invalid or would not be infringed). If the generic applicant alleges invalidity or non-infringement, it must provide the branded manufacturer with an explanation of its allegations. Upon receipt of the explanation, the branded manufacturer may commence an action against the generic applicant in the Federal Court of Canada for a declaration that the making, constructing, using or selling of the generic applicant’s drug would infringe any patent that is subject of an allegation. The NOC Regulations prohibits the Minister of Health from issuing an NOC to the generic applicant that is a party to the action, for a 24-month period from the day on which the action is brought, until the action is determined by the court. The branded manufacturer who brought the action, may also renounce application of the 24-month period but this could allow for early market entry, subject to data protection and the generic applicant’s willingness to launch at risk.

Facilities, procedures, operations and/or testing of products are subject to periodic inspection by Health Canada and the Health Products and Food Branch Inspectorate. In addition, Health Canada conducts pre-approval and post-approval reviews and plant inspections to determine whether our systems are in compliance with the good manufacturing practices in Canada, Drug Establishment Licensing requirements and other provisions of the NOC Regulations. Competitors are subject to similar regulations and inspections.

Each Canadian province and territory also provides a comprehensive public drug program, which controls drug pricing and reimbursement and is responsible for ensuring eligible patients receive drugs through public funding. The provinces and territories in Canada operate drug benefit programs through which eligible recipients receive drugs through public funding; these drugs are listed on provincial or territorial Drug Benefit Formularies (“Formularies”). Eligible recipients include seniors, persons on social assistance, low-income earners, and those with certain specified conditions or diseases. Formulary listings are also used by private payors to reimburse generic products. To be listed in a Formulary, drug products must have been issued a NOC and must comply with each jurisdiction’s individual review process. Currently, Canada’s provinces and territories are looking at national competitive bidding processes/tendering of drugs, which may affect the sustainability of the industry and the supply of pharmaceuticals.

Finally, Canada has reached a trade agreement with the European Union (the “Comprehensive Economic and Trade Agreement”) in which it has implemented a form of patent term extensions and certain procedural amendments to the NOC Regulations. Canada is further involved in trade negotiations with ten Pacific countries (the “Comprehensive and Progressive Agreement for Trans-Pacific Partnership”), which could lead to further changes to Canada’s intellectual property framework and affect our business.

Environmental Matters

We are subject to federal, state, and local environmental laws and regulations in the United States and abroad. Our environment, health and safety group monitors our operations around the world, providing us with an overview of regulatory requirements and overseeing the implementation of our standards for compliance. We believe that our operations comply in all material respects with applicable environmental laws and regulations in each jurisdiction where we have a business presence, and we periodically audit our manufacturing and R&D facilities for compliance with all federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations. Although we continue to make capital expenditures for environmental protection, we do not anticipate any significant expenditure in order to

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comply with such laws and regulations that would have a material impact on our earnings or competitive position. We are not aware of any pending litigation or significant financial obligations arising from current or past environmental practices that are likely to have a material adverse effect on our financial position. We cannot assure, however, that environmental problems relating to facilities owned or operated by us will not develop in the future, and we cannot predict whether any such problems, if they were to develop, could require significant expenditures on our part.

Climate change presents risks to our operations, including the potential for additional regulatory requirements and associated costs, and the potential for more frequent and severe weather events and water availability challenges that may impact our facilities and those of our suppliers. These potential risks are integrated into the Company’s business planning including investment in reducing energy, water use and greenhouse gas emissions. We cannot provide assurance that physical risks to our facilities and supply chain due to climate change will not occur in the future; however we do not believe these risks are material to our business at this time.

In addition, we are unable to predict what legislation or regulations may be adopted or enacted in the future with respect to environmental protection and waste disposal. Refer to “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS — Risks Related to Our Business — Our business will continue to expose us to risks of environmental liabilities.” in this document.

Seasonality

Consistent with the United States pharmaceutical industry, our business experiences seasonality, with the first quarter of each year typically being the lowest revenue quarter for our products.  In addition, our aesthetics products, including our Botox^® cosmetic indications, have tended to be marginally higher during the second and fourth quarters, presumably in advance of the summer vacation and holiday seasons. Fluctuations of our sales are also impacted by the effect of promotional activity, which cause non-seasonal variability in sales trends.

Backlog

As a result of the extent of our supply chain, backlog of orders is not material to our business.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we had approximately 16,900 employees. Of our employees, approximately 2,150 were engaged to support R&D functions, 4,900 supported Cost of Goods Sold functions, 8,450 supported sales, marketing and distribution functions, and 1,400 supported administrative functions.  

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

Any statements made in this report that are not statements of historical fact or that refer to estimated or anticipated future events are forward‑looking statements, as contemplated in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995.  We have based our forward‑looking statements on management’s beliefs and assumptions based on information available to our management at the time these statements are made.  Such forward‑looking statements reflect our current perspective of our business, future performance, existing trends and information as of the date of this filing.  These include, but are not limited to, our beliefs about future revenue and expense levels and growth rates, prospects related to our strategic initiatives and business strategies, including the integration of, and synergies associated with, strategic acquisitions, express or implied assumptions about government regulatory action or inaction, anticipated product approvals and launches, business initiatives and product development activities, assessments related to clinical trial results, product performance and competitive environment, and anticipated financial performance.  

Without limiting the generality of the foregoing, words such as “may,” “will,” “expect,” “believe,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “intend,” “could,” “would,” “should,” “estimate,” “continue,” or “pursue,” or the negative or other variations thereof or comparable terminology, are intended to identify forward‑looking statements.  The statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict.  We caution the reader that these statements are based on certain assumptions, risks and uncertainties, many of which are beyond our control.  

In addition, certain important factors may affect our actual operating results and could cause such results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by forward‑looking statements.  We believe the risks and uncertainties discussed under the section entitled “Risks Related to Our Business,” and other risks and uncertainties detailed herein and from time to time in our SEC filings, may cause our actual results to vary materially from those anticipated in any forward‑looking statement.

We operate in a rapidly changing environment that involves a number of risks and uncertainties, some of which are beyond our control.  The following discussion highlights some of these risks and speaks as of the date of this document, including the assets held for sale.  These and other risks could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Risks Related to Our Business

Global economic conditions could harm us.  

While global economic conditions have been fairly stable as a whole in recent years, continued concerns about the systemic impact of potential geopolitical issues and economic policy uncertainty, particularly in areas in which we operate, could potentially cause economic and market instability in the future and could adversely affect the Company’s business, including the Company’s financial performance.  

Challenging economic conditions could result in tighter credit conditions. The cost and availability of credit may be adversely affected by illiquid credit markets and wider credit spreads, which could adversely affect the ability of third-party distributors, partners, manufacturers and suppliers to buy inventory or raw materials and to perform their obligations under agreements with us, which could disrupt our operations, and which could adversely affect the liquidity and financial conditions of our customers.

Global efforts towards health care cost containment continue to exert pressure on product pricing and market access. In many international markets, government-mandated pricing actions have reduced prices of patented drugs. Some countries may be subject to periods of financial instability or may have reduced resources to spend on healthcare or may be or will be in the future subject to economic sanctions, and our business in these countries may be disproportionately affected by these changes. In addition, the currencies of some countries may depreciate against the U.S. Dollar substantially and if the Company is unable to offset the impact of such depreciation, then the Company’s financial performance within such countries could be adversely affected.

If we are unable to successfully develop or commercialize new products, our operating results will suffer.

Our future results of operations depend to a significant extent upon our ability to successfully develop and commercialize new products in a timely manner.  There are numerous difficulties in developing and commercializing new products, including:  

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As a result of these and other difficulties, products currently in development by us may or may not receive timely regulatory approvals necessary for marketing by us or other third‑party partners, or approvals at all.  In addition, there are uncertainties, high costs and lengthy time frames associated with R&D of our proprietary products and the market acceptance of such products is inherently unproven.  Our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate as the amount we spend to research and develop, promote, acquire or license new products, technologies and businesses changes. If any of our products are not approved in a timely manner or, when approved, cannot be successfully manufactured or commercialized in a timely manner, our operating results could be adversely affected.  We cannot guarantee that any investment we make in developing products will be recouped, even if we are successful in commercializing those products.  Refer to “Our expenditures may not result in commercially successful products.”

Our expenditures may not result in commercially successful products.  

Developing and commercializing branded pharmaceutical products is generally more costly than developing and commercializing generic products.  In order to grow and achieve success in our business, we must continually identify, develop, acquire and license new products that we can ultimately market. In the future, we anticipate continuing and increasing our product development expenditures.  There are many difficulties and uncertainties inherent in pharmaceutical research and development, and there is a high rate of failure inherent in new drug discovery and development.  Failure can occur at any point in the process, including late in the process after substantial investment.  New product candidates that appear promising in development may fail to reach the market or may have only limited commercial success because of efficacy or safety concerns, inability to obtain necessary regulatory approvals and payer reimbursement, limited scope of approved uses, difficulty or excessive costs to manufacture, or infringement of the patents or intellectual property rights of others.  Products that do reach the market may ultimately be subject to recalls or other suspensions in sales.  Delays and uncertainties in the FDA approval process and the approval processes in other countries can result in delays in product launches and lost market opportunity.  Because there is a high rate of failure inherent in the research and development process of new products, there is a significant risk that funds invested by the Company in research and development will not generate financial returns.  The Company cannot be certain when or whether any of its products currently under development will be approved or launched or whether, once launched, such products will be commercially successful.  

We may be required to spend several years and incur substantial expense in completing certain clinical trials.  The length of time, number of trial sites and patients required for clinical trials vary substantially, and we may have difficulty finding a sufficient number of sites and subjects to participate in our trials.  Delays in planned clinical trials can result in increased development costs, delays in regulatory approvals and delays in product candidates reaching the market.  We rely on independent third‑party clinical investigators to recruit subjects and conduct clinical trials in accordance with applicable study protocols and laws and regulations.  If regulatory authorities determine that we have not complied with regulations in the R&D of a product candidate, they may refuse to accept trial data from the site and/or not approve the product candidate, and we would not be able to market and sell that product.  If we are not able to market and sell our products after significant expenditures to develop and test them, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.  

We currently have products in various stages of development, including new medical aesthetics, eye care, GI and CNS products, among others.  Such clinical trials are costly and may not result in successful outcomes.  The results of preclinical studies and early clinical studies may not be predictive of the results of later‑stage clinical studies.  Product candidates that have shown promising results in early‑stage clinical studies may still suffer significant setbacks in subsequent clinical studies.  There is a high rate of failure for products proceeding through clinical studies, and product candidates in later stages of clinical studies may fail to show the desired safety and efficacy traits despite having progressed through preclinical studies and initial clinical studies.  Clinical studies may not proceed as planned or be completed on schedule, if at all.  The rate of completion of clinical trials is significantly dependent upon a number of factors, including the rate of patient enrollment.  We may not be able to attract a sufficient number of sites or enroll a sufficient number of patients in a timely manner in order to complete clinical trials.  Moreover, nonclinical and clinical data are often susceptible to varying interpretations and analyses, and our data may not provide adequate efficacy and safety information to obtain

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regulatory approval of our candidates.  We cannot be sure that our business expenditures, including but not limited to our expenditures related to internally developed products, products acquired in past acquisitions, or products of our third‑party partners, among others, will result in the successful discovery, development or launch of branded products that will prove to be commercially successful or will improve the long‑term profitability of our business.  If such business expenditures do not result in successful discovery, development or launch of commercially successful branded products our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.  

If any of our major products become subject to problems, our business could be adversely affected.

We recorded direct product revenues of more than $500 million for the following pharmaceutical products:  Botox^®, the Juvederm Collection, Linzess^®/Constella^®, Lumigan^®/Ganfort^®, Bystolic^®/Byvalson^®, Alphagan^®/Combigan^®, Lo Loestrin^® and Restasis^®.  Those products and revenues accounted for 57.9% of our total revenues in 2018. These products, as well as our other major products, may become subject to problems such as loss of patent protection (if applicable), changes in prescription growth rates, material product liability litigation, unexpected side effects, regulatory proceedings, publicity affecting doctor or patient confidence, pressure from existing or new competitive products or changes in labeling, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.  For example, in October 2017, the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issued an adverse trial decision finding that the four asserted patents covering Restasis^® (Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion) 0.05% are invalid and on November 13, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed that ruling. 

If generic products that compete with any of our branded pharmaceutical products are approved and sold, sales of our products will be adversely affected.  

Generic equivalents for branded pharmaceutical products are typically sold at lower prices than the branded products. The regulatory approval process in the United States and European Union exempts generic products from costly and time-consuming clinical trials to demonstrate their safety and efficacy and rely instead on the safety and efficacy of prior products, manufacturers of generic products can invest far less in research and development.  After the introduction of a competing generic product, a significant percentage of the prescriptions previously written for the branded product are often written for the generic version.  In addition, legislation enacted in most U.S. states and Canadian provinces allows or, in some instances mandates, that a pharmacist dispense an available generic equivalent when filling a prescription for a branded product, in the absence of specific instructions from the prescribing physician.  Pursuant to the provisions of the Hatch‑Waxman Act, manufacturers of branded products often bring lawsuits to enforce their patent rights against generic products seeking approval prior to the expiration of branded products’ patents, but it is possible for generic manufacturers to offer generic products while such litigation is pending.  Refer to “If we are unable to adequately protect our technology or enforce our patents, our business could suffer.”  As a result, branded products typically experience a significant loss in revenues following the introduction of a competing generic product, even if subject to an existing patent.  Our branded pharmaceutical products are or may become subject to competition from generic equivalents because there is no proprietary protection for some of the branded pharmaceutical products we sell, because our patent protection expires or because our patent protection is not sufficiently broad or enforceable.  In addition, we may not be successful in our efforts to extend the proprietary protection afforded our branded products through the development and commercialization of proprietary product improvements.  

During the next few years, additional products of ours, including some of our large revenue drivers, like Bystolic^®, Delzicol^®, Gelnique^®, Saphris^® and Viibryd^®, will lose patent protection and/or likely become subject to generic or other competition.  Generic versions of our Canasa^® product entered the market in December 2018 pursuant to an agreement previously entered into and generic versions of our Rapaflo^® product entered the market in December 2018 upon patent expiration.  Some of our products may also become subject to generic competition prior to the expiration of patent protection in the event a generic competitor elects to launch its generic equivalent product “at‑risk.”  For example, before the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit has reviewed Allergan’s appeal of a district court judgment of patent invalidity, Sandoz launched “at risk” a generic version of Latisse^® in December 2016.  Competition from generic equivalents could result in a material impairment of our intangible assets or the acceleration of amortization on our non‑impaired intangible assets and may have a material adverse impact on our revenues, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

The pharmaceutical industry is highly competitive and our future revenue growth and profitability are dependent on our timely development and launches of new products ahead of our competitors.  

We face strong competition across our business.  The intensely competitive environment of the pharmaceutical industry requires an ongoing, extensive search for technological innovations and the ability to market and price products effectively, including the ability to communicate the effectiveness, safety and value of branded products to healthcare professionals in private practice, group practices and Managed Care Organizations.  Our competitors vary depending upon product categories, and within each product category, upon dosage strengths and drug‑delivery systems.  Based on total assets, annual revenues, and market capitalization, we are smaller than certain of our national and international competitors in the brand and distribution product arenas.  Furthermore, recent

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trends in this industry are toward further market consolidation of large drug companies into a smaller number of very large entities, further concentrating financial, technical and market strength and increasing competitive pressure in the industry.  If we directly compete with them for the same markets and/or products, their financial strength could prevent us from capturing a profitable share of those markets.  It is possible that developments by our competitors will make our products or technologies noncompetitive or obsolete.  In addition, competitive forces may result in changes to the mix of products that we sell during a given time period or lower demand for our products than expected.  

Some of our competitors have technical, competitive or other advantages over us for the development of technologies and processes.  These advantages may make it difficult for us to compete with them to successfully discover, develop and market new products and for our current products to compete with new products that these competitors may bring to market.  As a result, our products may compete against products that have lower prices, equivalent or superior performance, a better safety profile, are easier to administer, achieve earlier entry into the market or that are otherwise competitive with our products.  For example, in the past few years, a number of other companies have started to develop, have successfully developed and/or are currently marketing products that are being positioned as competitors to Botox^®.  While we believe that Botox^® is a product that is superior to and can be differentiated from its competitors, any commercial success of other toxin products could have an adverse impact on our revenues or results of operations.

If we are unable to adequately protect our technology or enforce our patents, our business could suffer.  

Our success with the branded products that we develop will depend, in part, on our ability to obtain patent protection for these products.  We currently have a number of U.S. and foreign patents issued and pending.  However, issuance of a patent is not conclusive evidence of its validity or enforceability.  We cannot be sure that we will receive patents for any of our pending patent applications or any patent applications we may file in the future, or that our issued patents will be upheld if challenged.  If our current and future patent applications are not approved or, if approved, our patents are not upheld in a court of law if challenged, it may reduce our ability to competitively utilize our patented products.  Also, such patents may or may not provide competitive advantages for their respective products or they may be challenged or circumvented by our competitors, in which case our ability to commercially market these products may be diminished.  Patent disputes may be lengthy and a potential violator of our patents may bring a potentially infringing product to market during the dispute, subjecting us to competition and damages due to infringement of the competitor product.  Further, patents covering Androderm^®, Carafate^®, Estrace^® Cream, Femhrt^®, INFed^®, Namenda^® (IR), Pylera®, and Rapaflo® products have expired and we have no further patent protection on these products.  As a result, generic versions of our Estrace® Cream product and Namenda XR^® entered the market in January and March 2018, respectively, and generic versions of our Rapaflo® product entered the market in December 2018.   During the next few years, additional products will lose patent protection and/or likely become subject to generic or other competition, including Bystolic^®, Delzicol^®, Gelnique^®, Saphris^® and Viibryd^®.  Therefore, it is possible that a competitor may launch a generic version of any of these products at any time, which would result in a significant decline in that product’s revenue and profit.  

Generic versions of our Minastrin^® product which entered the market during March 2017 pursuant to settlement agreements previously entered into; and generic versions of our Canasa^® product entered the market in December 2018 pursuant to a settlement agreement previously entered into.  Some of our products, e.g., Combigan^®, may also become subject to generic competition prior to the expiration of patent protection in the event a generic competitor is not enjoined and elects to launch its generic equivalent product “at risk.”

Generic competitors to our branded products may also challenge the validity or enforceability of the patents protecting our products or otherwise seek to circumvent them. Forest also recently brought actions against certain manufacturers of generic drugs for infringement of several patents covering our Byvalson^®, Canasa^®, Delzicol^®, Linzess^®, Fetzima^®, Namenda XR^®, Namzaric^®, Saphris^®, Savella^®, Teflaro^® and Viibryd^® products.  Allergan recently brought actions against manufacturers of generic drugs in the United States for infringement of several patents covering our Combigan^®, Lastacaft^®, Latisse^®, and Restasis^® products.  While we intend to vigorously defend these and other patents and pursue our legal rights, we can offer no assurance as to when the pending or any future litigation will be decided, whether such lawsuits will be successful or that a generic equivalent of one or more of our products will not be approved and enter the market.   In addition, patents covering our branded pharmaceutical products may be challenged in proceedings other than court proceedings, including IPR at the U.S. Patent Office.  In 2011, Congress amended the patent laws and created a new way to challenge the validity of patents:  the inter partes review.  IPR proceedings take place in the U.S. Patent Office and have both advantages and disadvantages when compared to district court proceedings.  Although IPR proceedings are limited to certain types of invalidity challenges, the U.S. Patent Office applies different standards that make it easier for challengers to invalidate patents.  Moreover, IPR proceedings generally take no more than 18 months, which means it is much faster than challenging a patent’s validity in a district court proceeding.  In addition, an IPR challenge can be mounted even after a patent has been upheld in court.  

In addition to patent protection, our business relies on our protection of other intellectual property rights, trade secrets, and other proprietary technologies.  We rely on trademark, copyright, trade‑secret protection, and confidentiality and/or license agreements with

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our employees, customers, partners and others to protect our proprietary rights.  The protection of our proprietary technology may require the expenditure of significant financial and managerial resources.  For example, in April 2017, Allergan brought an action for unfair competition, false advertising, dilution, conspiracy and infringement of Allergan’s JUVÉDERM trademarks in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California against Dermavita Limited Partnership, Dima Corp. S.A. and KBC Media Relations LLC.  However, we may not be able to discover or determine the extent of any unauthorized use of our proprietary rights, and we may not be able to prevent third parties from misappropriating or infringing upon our proprietary rights.  

We rely on certain information, processes, and know‑how that are not protected by patents or other intellectual property rights.  We seek to protect this information through trade secret or confidentiality agreements, as well as through other measures.  These measures may not provide adequate protection for our unpatented technology.  

If we are unable to adequately protect our technology, trade secrets or proprietary know‑how, or enforce our intellectual property rights, our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows could suffer.

The Company may not be able to identify, acquire or license products or proprietary technologies, and could lose rights to intellectual property after such intellectual property has been licensed.  

Like other pharmaceutical companies, in order to remain competitive, the Company must continue to launch new products. Expected declines in sales of products after the loss of market exclusivity mean that the Company’s future success is dependent on its pipeline of new products, including new products that, as part of its open science model, the Company obtains through acquisitions, licenses or collaborations. To accomplish this, the Company commits substantial effort, funds and other resources to the identification, acquisition or licensing of new products.  The Company may face competition from other companies in pursuing acquisitions, licenses or collaborations or may not be able to enter into such transactions on commercially reasonable terms.  Our ability to complete such transactions may also be limited by applicable antitrust and trade regulation or other laws and regulations in the United States and foreign jurisdictions in which we or the operations or assets we seek to acquire carry on business. Additionally, because we license significant intellectual property with respect to certain of our products, including Namzaric®, Linzess®, Teflaro® and Viibryd®, any loss or suspension of our rights to licensed intellectual property could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, cash flows and results of operations.  Failure to successfully identify, acquire or license new products or maintain licenses to products or proprietary technologies once acquired would have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, cash flow, financial position and prospects.  

Third parties may claim that we infringe their proprietary rights and may prevent us from manufacturing and selling some of our products.  

The manufacture, use and sale of new products that are the subject of conflicting patent rights have been the subject of substantial litigation in the pharmaceutical industry.  These lawsuits relate to the validity, enforceability and infringement of patents or proprietary rights of third parties.  We may have to defend ourselves against charges that we violated patents or proprietary rights of third parties.  This is especially true in the case of new branded products where a competitor has obtained patents for similar products.  Litigation may be costly, unpredictable, time‑consuming, often involves complex legal, scientific and factual questions, and could divert the attention of our management and technical personnel.  In addition, if it is determined that we infringe the rights of others, we could lose our right to develop, manufacture or market products, product launches could be delayed or we could be required to pay monetary damages or royalties to license proprietary rights from third parties. Furthermore, we cannot be certain that the necessary licenses would be available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or at all.  As a result, an adverse determination in a judicial or administrative proceeding or failure to obtain necessary licenses could result in substantial monetary damage awards and could prevent us from manufacturing and selling a number of our products, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Certain aspects of our operations are highly dependent upon third‑party service providers.  

We rely on suppliers, vendors and other third‑party service providers to research, develop, manufacture, commercialize, promote and sell our products.  Reliance on third‑party manufacturers reduces our oversight and control of the manufacturing process.  Some of these third‑party providers are subject to legal and regulatory requirements, privacy and security risks, and market risks of their own.  The failure of a critical third‑party service provider to meet its obligations could have a material adverse impact on our operations and results.  If any third‑party service providers have violated or are alleged to have violated any laws or regulations during the performance of their obligations to us, it is possible that we could suffer financial and reputation harm or other negative outcomes, including possible legal consequences.

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If we are unable to obtain sufficient supplies of raw materials, our ability to deliver our products to the market may be impeded.  

We are required to identify the supplier(s) of all the raw materials for our products in our applications with the FDA and regulatory agencies outside the United States.  To the extent practicable, we attempt to identify more than one API supplier in each drug application.  However, many raw materials, including API, are available only from a single source and, in many of our drug applications, only one supplier of raw materials has been identified, even in instances where multiple sources exist.  Some of these products have historically or may in the future account for a significant portion of our revenues, such as Botox^®, our Juvederm^® dermal filler family of products, Linzess^® and Bystolic^®.  Any failure by us to forecast demand for, or to maintain an adequate supply of, the raw materials could result in an interruption in the supply of certain products and a decline in sales of that product.  In addition, if our suppliers are unable to meet our manufacturing requirements, we may not be able to produce a sufficient amount of product in a timely manner, which could cause a decline in our sales.  From time to time, certain of our suppliers have experienced regulatory or supply‑related difficulties that have inhibited their ability to deliver raw materials to us, causing supply delays or interruptions.  The availability and prices of raw materials and supplies are subject to volatility and are influenced by worldwide economic conditions, speculative action, world supply and demand balances, inventory levels, availability of substitute materials, currency exchange rates, anticipated or perceived shortages, product contamination, among other factors.  To the extent any difficulties experienced by our suppliers cannot be resolved or extensions of our key supply agreements cannot be negotiated within a reasonable time and on commercially reasonable terms, or if raw materials for a particular product become unavailable from an approved supplier and we are required to qualify a new supplier with the FDA or other regulatory agency, or if we are unable to do so, our profit margins and market share for the affected product could decrease or be eliminated, as well as delay our development and sales and marketing efforts.  Such outcomes could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.  

Although we are developing and executing a global risk management framework designed to identify, prioritize, mitigate and continuously monitor potential risks to raw material suppliers, including mitigation strategies such as holding safety stock of raw materials and developing additional sources for sole- or single- sourced raw materials, there is no guarantee that these strategies will be successful and will be able to mitigate any material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In addition, our manufacturing sites outside of the United States and our arrangements with foreign suppliers are subject to certain additional risks, including the availability of government clearances, export duties, political instability, war, acts of terrorism, currency fluctuations and restrictions on the transfer of funds.  Arrangements with international raw material suppliers are subject to, among other things, FDA and foreign regulatory body regulation, customs clearances, various import duties and other government clearances, as well as potential shipping delays due to inclement weather, political instability, strikes or other matters outside of our control.  Acts of governments outside the U.S. may affect the price or availability of raw materials needed for the development or manufacture of our products.  In addition, changes in patent laws in jurisdictions outside the U.S. may make it increasingly difficult to obtain raw materials for R&D prior to the expiration of the applicable U.S. or foreign patents.  

Disruption in global trade could prevent us from getting our product to market.

Allergan relies on global trade channels to supply product to the United States and other countries around the world.    For example, manufacturing of Botox^®, Bystolic^® and Linzess^® is exclusively performed in Ireland, and manufacturing of our Juvederm^® dermal filler family of products is exclusively performed in France.  Global trade is subject to certain additional risks, including the availability of government clearances, export duties, political instability, war, acts of terrorism, currency fluctuations and restrictions on the transfer of funds.  For example, we obtain a significant portion of our raw materials from suppliers that are not in the same country as the manufacturing plant that uses them.  Arrangements with international raw material suppliers are subject to, among other things, FDA and other regulatory body regulation, customs clearances, various import duties and other government clearances, as well as potential shipping delays due to inclement weather, political instability, strikes or other matters outside of our control.  Acts of governments may affect the price or availability of raw materials needed for the development or manufacture of our products.  In addition, recent changes in patent laws in jurisdictions outside the U.S. may make it increasingly difficult to obtain raw materials for R&D prior to the expiration of the applicable U.S. or foreign patents.  

The design, development, manufacture and sale of our products involves the risk of product liability and other claims by consumers and other third parties, and insurance against such potential claims is expensive and may be difficult to obtain.  

The design, development, manufacture and sale of our products involves an inherent risk of product liability claims and the associated adverse publicity.  For example, the Company is subject to more than 100 legal actions asserting product liability claims relating to the use of Celexa® or Lexapro®.  These cases include claims that Celexa® or Lexapro® caused various birth defects. While we believe there is no merit to these cases, litigation is inherently subject to uncertainties and we may be required to expend substantial amounts in the defense or resolution of certain of these matters.  In addition, consumer groups and certain plaintiffs have alleged that certain uses of Botox®, including “off-label” uses, have caused patient injuries and death and have further failed to

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adequately warn patients of the risks relating to Botox® use.  From time to time reports related to the quality and safety of breast implant devices are published, including reports that have suggested a possible association between anaplastic large cell lymphoma and breast implants, and such reports may lead to actions being taken by regulatory authorities, such as the National Agency for the Safety of Medicines and Health Products in France.  We regularly monitor the use of our products for trends or increases in reports of adverse events or product complaints, and regularly report such matters to the FDA and other regulatory authorities as applicable.  In some, but not all cases, an increase in adverse event reports may be an indication that there has been a change in a product’s specifications or efficacy.  Such changes could lead to a recall of the product in question or, in some cases, increases in product liability claims related to the product in question.  If the coverage limits for product liability insurance policies are not adequate or if certain of our products are excluded from coverage, a claim brought against us, whether covered by insurance or not, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.  We also rely on self‑insurance to cover product liability claims, and these claims may exceed amounts we have reserved under our self‑insurance program. 

We are also subject to a variety of other types of claims, proceedings, investigations and litigation initiated by government agencies or third parties.  These include compliance matters, product regulation or safety, taxes, employee benefit plans, employment discrimination, health and safety, environmental, antitrust, customs, import/export, government contract compliance, financial controls or reporting, intellectual property, allegations of misrepresentation, false claims or false statements, commercial claims, claims regarding promotion of our products and services, shareholder derivative suits or other similar matters.  In addition, government investigations related to the use of products, but not the efficacy themselves, may cause reputational harm to the Company.  Negative publicity, whether accurate or inaccurate, about the efficacy, safety or side effects of our products or product categories, whether involving us or a competitor, could materially reduce market acceptance to our products, cause consumers to seek alternatives to our products, result in product withdrawals and cause our stock price to decline.  Negative publicity could also result in an increased number of product liability claims, whether or not these claims have a basis in scientific fact.  Any such claims, proceedings, investigations or litigation, regardless of the merits, might result in substantial costs, restrictions on product use or sales, or otherwise injure our business.  

Our business could suffer as a result of manufacturing difficulties or delays.  

The manufacture of our products and product candidates requires precise manufacturing process controls, API that conforms to very tight tolerances for specific characteristics and equipment that operates consistently within narrow performance ranges.  Manufacturing complexity, testing requirements, and safety processes combine to increase the overall difficulty of manufacturing these products and resolving manufacturing problems that we may encounter.  

Our manufacturing and other processes utilize sophisticated equipment, which sometimes require a significant amount of time to obtain and install.  Our business could suffer if certain manufacturing or other equipment, or a portion or all of our facilities were to become inoperable for a period of time.  This could occur for various reasons, including catastrophic events such as earthquake, monsoon, hurricane or explosion, unexpected equipment failures or delays in obtaining spare parts, contamination by microorganisms or viruses, labor disputes or shortages, contractual disputes with our suppliers and contract manufacturers, as well as construction delays or defects and other events, both within and outside of our control.  Certain products, including Botox^®, our Juvederm® dermal filler family of products, Linzess^® and Bystolic^®, are each manufactured at only one of the Allergan facilities.  Additionally, we expect to continue to rely on our third-party manufacturing partners, such as Teva for Lo Loestrin^® and Patheon for Viberzi^®, that utilize single manufacturing facilities.  Therefore, a significant disruptive event at certain manufacturing facilities or sites could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations, as noted with our supply interruption with Ozurdex^® in 2018. In the event of a disruption, we may need to build or locate replacement facilities as well as seek and obtain the necessary regulatory approvals for these facilities. Our inability to timely manufacture any of our significant products could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Manufacturing processes at Allergan-owned facilities and those of our third-party contract manufacturers must undergo a potentially lengthy regulatory approval process by the FDA and/or equivalent agencies in other countries.  It can take longer than five years to build, validate and license a new manufacturing plant and it can take longer than three years to qualify and license a new contract manufacturer.  If regulatory authorities determine that we or our third party contract manufacturers or certain of our third party service providers have violated regulations or if they restrict, suspend or revoke our prior approvals, they could prohibit us from manufacturing our products or conducting clinical trials or selling our marketed products until we or the affected third party contract manufacturers or third party service providers comply, or indefinitely.  Because our third-party contract manufacturers and certain of our third-party service providers are subject to the FDA and foreign regulatory authorities, alternative qualified third-party contract manufacturers and third-party service providers may not be available on a timely basis or at all.  Although we have launched a global manufacturing business continuity program to reduce the potential for manufacturing difficulties or delays and reduce the severity of a disruptive event, under which program manufacturing sites identify and develop temporary workarounds for manufacturing processes that may be disrupted with the aim of reducing the risk and severity of a disruptive event, there is no guarantee that this program will be successful, and if we or our third party contract manufacturers or third party service providers cease or interrupt production or if

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our third party contract manufacturers and third party service providers fail to supply materials, products or services to us, we may experience delayed shipments, supply constraints, stock outs and/or recalls of our products.    

Our business could suffer as a result of failure of our R&D program or the failure of our product pipeline to produce successful products.

The discovery and development of safe, effective new products, as well as the development of additional uses for existing products, are necessary for the continued strength of our businesses. Our product lines must be replenished over time in order to offset revenue losses when products lose their market exclusivity, as well as to provide for earnings growth. Our growth potential depends in large part on our ability to identify and develop new products or new indications for existing products that address unmet medical needs and receive reimbursement from payers, either through internal R&D or through collaborations, acquisitions, joint ventures or licensing or other arrangements with third parties. However, balancing current growth, investment for future growth and the delivery of shareholder return remains a major challenge. The average costs of product development continue to rise, as do the regulatory requirements in many therapeutic areas, which may affect the number of candidates funded as well as the sustainability of the R&D portfolio. Our ongoing investments in new product introductions and in R&D for new products and existing product extensions could exceed corresponding sales growth.

Additionally, our R&D investment plans and resources may not be correctly matched between science and markets, and failure to invest in the right technology platforms, therapeutic segments, product classes, geographic markets and/or in-licensing and out-licensing opportunities in order to deliver a robust pipeline could adversely impact the productivity of our pipeline. Further, even if the areas with the greatest market attractiveness are identified, the science may not work for any given program despite the significant investment required for R&D, and the commercial potential of the product may not be as competitive as expected because of the highly dynamic market environment and the hurdles in terms of access and reimbursement.

We are subject to U.S. federal and state healthcare fraud and abuse and health information privacy and security laws, and the failure to comply with such laws may adversely affect our business.  

In the United States, many of our products are reimbursed under federal and state health care programs such as Medicaid, Medicare, TriCare, and/or state pharmaceutical assistance programs, and as a result, certain federal and state healthcare laws and regulations pertaining to fraud and abuse and patients’ rights are and will be applicable to our business.  We are subject to healthcare fraud and abuse and patient privacy regulation by both the federal government and the states in which we conduct our business.  The laws that may affect our ability to operate include, but are not limited to:  (i) the U.S. Anti‑Kickback Statute, which applies to our marketing and research practices, educational programs, pricing policies and relationships with healthcare providers or other entities, by prohibiting, among other things, soliciting, receiving, offering or paying remuneration, directly or indirectly, to induce, or in return for, either the referral of an individual or the purchase or recommendation of an item or service reimbursable under a federal healthcare program, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs; (ii) federal civil and criminal false claims laws and civil monetary penalty laws, which prohibit, among other things, individuals or entities from knowingly presenting, or causing to be presented, claims for payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other third‑party payers that are false or fraudulent; (iii) the U.S. Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996, (“HIPAA”), which among other things created federal criminal statutes that prohibit executing a scheme to defraud any healthcare benefit program or making false statements relating to healthcare matters, and HIPAA, as amended by the Health Information Technology for Economic and Clinical Health Act of 2009, and its implementing regulations, which imposes certain requirements relating to the privacy, security and transmission of individually identifiable health information and places restrictions on the use of such information for marketing communications; (iv) the U.S. Physician Payments Sunshine Act, which among other things, requires manufacturers of drugs, devices, biologics and medical supplies for which payment is available under a federal healthcare program to report annually information related to “payments or other transfers of value” made to physicians and teaching hospitals, and ownership and investment interests held by certain healthcare professionals and their immediate family members and similar state laws; (v) the government pricing rules applicable to the Medicaid, Medicare Part B, 340B Drug Pricing Program, the U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs program, the TriCare program, and state price reporting laws; and (vi) state and foreign law equivalents of each of the above U.S. laws, such as anti‑kickback and false claims laws which may apply to items or services reimbursed by any third‑party payer, including commercial insurers, and state (e.g., the California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018 or “CCPA”) and foreign laws (e.g., the EU General Data Protection Regulation or “GDPR”) governing the privacy and security of health information in certain circumstances, many of which differ from each other in significant ways and often are not preempted by HIPAA, thus complicating compliance efforts.  Violations of the fraud and abuse and privacy laws may result in severe penalties against Allergan and/or its responsible employees, including jail sentences, large fines, and the exclusion of our products from reimbursement under federal and state programs.  Defense of litigation claims and government investigations can be costly, time‑consuming, and distract management, and it is possible that Allergan could incur judgments or enter into settlements that would require us to change the way we operate our business.  We are committed to conducting the sales and marketing of our products in compliance with the healthcare fraud and abuse and privacy laws, but certain applicable laws may impose liability even in the absence of specific intent to defraud or misuse health information.  Furthermore, should there be ambiguity, a governmental authority may take

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a position contrary to a position we have taken, or should an employee violate these laws without our knowledge, a governmental authority may impose civil and/or criminal sanctions.  

Any adverse outcome in these types of actions, or the imposition of penalties or sanctions for failing to comply with the fraud and abuse and privacy laws, could adversely affect us and may have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.  Some of the statutes and regulations that govern our activities, such as federal and state anti‑kickback and false claims and privacy laws, are broad in scope, and while exemptions and safe harbors protecting certain common activities exist, they are often narrowly drawn.  While we manage our business activities to comply with these statutory provisions, due to their breadth, complexity and, in certain cases, uncertainty of application, it is possible that our activities could be subject to challenge by various government agencies.  In particular, the FDA, the U.S. Department of Justice and other agencies are engaged in enforcement activities with respect to the sales, marketing, research and similar activities of pharmaceutical companies, and many pharmaceutical companies have been subject to government investigations related to these practices.  A determination that we are in violation of these and/or other government regulations and legal requirements may result in civil damages and penalties, criminal fines and prosecution, administrative remedies, the recall of products, the total or partial suspension of manufacture and/or distribution, seizure of products, injunctions, whistleblower lawsuits, failure to obtain approval of pending product applications, withdrawal of existing product approvals, exclusion from participation in government healthcare programs and other sanctions.  

Allergan is also currently responding to subpoenas seeking information relating to its sales and marketing activities, including payments to people who are in a position to recommend drugs and “off‑label” promotion and the Company is defending litigations based on similar allegations.  Refer to Legal Matters in “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” for more information.  We cannot predict or determine the impact of these inquiries on our future financial condition or results of operations.  These investigations and any other threatened or actual government enforcement action could also generate adverse publicity and require that we devote substantial resources that could be used productively on other aspects of our business.

Additionally, the Company has been named as a defendant in over 1,000 matters relating to the promotion and sale of prescription opioid pain relievers and additional suits may be filed. Refer to Legal Matters in “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” for more information.  We cannot predict or determine the impact of these suits on our future financial condition or results of operations.  These suits and any other threatened or actual suits could also generate adverse publicity and require that we devote substantial resources that could be used productively on other aspects of our business.

Any of these types of investigations, suits, or enforcement actions could affect our ability to commercially distribute our products and could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.  

Changes in privacy and data protection laws and regulations, particularly in Europe and California, or any failure to comply with such laws and regulations, could adversely affect our business and financial results.

We are subject to a variety of continuously evolving and developing laws and regulations globally regarding privacy, data protection, and data security, including those related to the collection, storage, handling, use, disclosure, transfer, and security of personal data. Significant uncertainty exists as privacy and data protection laws may be interpreted and applied differently from country to country and may create inconsistent or conflicting requirements. These laws apply to our uses of personal data, transfers of information among our affiliates, as well as to transactions we enter into with third party vendors. For example, the European Union adopted the GDPR, which became effective in May 2018, and California has enacted the CCPA, a broad state privacy law, that mandates compliance by 2020.  Both the GDPR and the CCPA require companies to satisfy requirements regarding the handling of personal and sensitive data, including its use, protection and the ability of persons whose data is stored to access and/or delete some types of data about themselves. Failure to comply with these laws could have a material adverse impact on our financial results. Additionally, complying with the enhanced obligations imposed by the GDPR and CCPA may result in significant costs to our business and require us to revise certain of our business practices. In addition, legislators and regulators globally are proposing new and more robust cybersecurity rules in light of the recent broad-based cyberattacks at a number of companies.

These and similar initiatives around the world could increase the cost of developing, implementing or securing our servers and require us to allocate more resources to improved technologies, adding to our IT and compliance costs. In addition, enforcement actions and investigations by regulatory authorities related to data security incidents and privacy violations continue to increase. The enactment of more restrictive laws, rules, regulations, or future enforcement actions or investigations could impact us through increased costs or restrictions on our business, and noncompliance could result in regulatory penalties and significant legal liability.

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Extensive industry regulation has had, and will continue to have, a significant impact on our business, especially our product development, manufacturing and distribution capabilities.  

All pharmaceutical companies, including Allergan, are subject to extensive, complex, costly and evolving government regulation.  For the U.S., this is principally administered by the FDA, but is also administered by the DEA and state government agencies, as well as by varying regulatory agencies in foreign countries where products or product candidates are being manufactured and/or marketed.  The Federal Food, Drug and Cosmetic Act, the Controlled Substances Act and other federal statutes and regulations, and similar foreign statutes and regulations, govern or influence the development, testing, manufacturing, packing, labeling, storing, record keeping, safety, approval, advertising, promotion, sale, distribution and import/ export of our drugs and medical devices.  Foreign regulatory authorities impose similar requirements focused on drug safety and effectiveness.  Obtaining and maintaining regulatory approval has been and will continue to be increasingly difficult, time‑consuming and costly.  In addition, changes in applicable federal, state and foreign laws and regulations or the implementation of new laws and regulations could affect our ability to obtain or maintain approval of our products and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business.  There is currently the potential for regulatory changes adverse to our business due to recent uncertainty related to the direction of U.S. regulatory policy related to the pharmaceutical industry.

Once regulatory approval has been obtained, agencies continue to have substantial authority to require additional testing, perform inspections, change product labeling based on post-marketing safety information or mandate withdrawals of our products.  Failure to comply with applicable regulatory requirements may subject us to administrative or judicially‑imposed sanctions.  These sanctions may include, among others, untitled letters, warning letters, fines, civil penalties, criminal penalties, injunctions, debarment, product seizure or detention, product recalls and total or partial suspension of production, sale and promotion.  In addition, we may voluntarily elect to recall or restrict the use of a product.  Any recall or restriction could divert managerial and financial resources and might harm our reputation.  

Under these statutes and regulations, we are subject to periodic inspection of our facilities, procedures and operations and/or the testing of our products by the FDA and similar ex‑U.S. authorities, the DEA and other authorities, which conduct periodic inspections to confirm that we are in compliance with all applicable requirements.  In addition, the FDA and foreign regulatory agencies conduct pre‑approval and post‑approval reviews and plant inspections to determine whether our systems and processes are in compliance with cGMP, quality systems regulations and other applicable regulations.  Following such inspections, the FDA or other agency may issue observations, notices, citations and/or warning letters that could cause us to modify certain activities identified during the inspection.  FDA guidelines specify that a warning letter is issued only for violations of “regulatory significance” for which the failure to adequately and promptly achieve correction may be expected to result in an enforcement action.  We are also required to report adverse events associated with our products to the FDA and other regulatory authorities.  Unexpected or serious health or safety concerns could result in product liability claims, labeling changes, recalls, market withdrawals or other regulatory actions, including withdrawal of product approvals.  Adverse events and safety concerns can arise as our product candidates are evaluated in clinical trials or as our marketed products are used in clinical practice.  We are required to communicate to regulatory agencies adverse events reported to us regarding our products.  

We cannot assure that the FDA inspections at any of our manufacturing sites will not result in inspectional observations at such sites, that approval or clearance of any of the pending or subsequently submitted NDAs or supplements to such applications, 510(k)s or PMAs by Allergan plc or our subsidiaries will be granted or that the FDA will not seek to impose additional sanctions against Allergan plc or any of its subsidiaries.  The range of possible sanctions includes, among others, FDA issuance of product recalls or seizures, fines, total or partial suspension of production and/or distribution, suspension of the FDA’s review of product applications, enforcement actions, injunctions, and civil or criminal prosecution.  Any such sanctions, if imposed, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results, financial condition and cash flows.  Under certain circumstances, the FDA also has the authority to revoke previously granted product approvals.  Similar sanctions as detailed above may be available to the FDA under a consent decree, depending upon the actual terms of such decree.  Although we have instituted internal compliance programs, if these programs do not meet regulatory agency standards or if compliance is deemed deficient in any significant way, it could materially harm our business.  Certain of our vendors are subject to similar regulation and periodic inspections and may be operating under consent decrees.  

In order to market our products in the United States and other jurisdictions, we must obtain separate regulatory approvals and comply with numerous and varying regulatory requirements required for approval as well as maintaining registrations post-approval in every country where our products are approved.  The process for obtaining governmental clearance or approval to manufacture and market pharmaceutical products and medical devices is rigorous, time‑consuming, uncertain and costly, and we cannot predict the extent to which we may be affected by legislative and regulatory requirement changes.  We are dependent on receiving FDA and other governmental or third‑party approvals prior to manufacturing, marketing and distributing our products.  There is always the chance that we will not obtain FDA or other necessary approvals, or that the rate, timing and cost of obtaining such approvals, will adversely affect our product introduction plans or impact operations.  Additionally, any regulatory approvals we receive may be subject to limitations on the approved indicated uses for which the product may be marketed or the conditions of approval may require costly additional studies and additional safety surveillance of the product.  We may only market or promote our products for their approved

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indications, and our labeling, promotional activities and advertising are subject to extensive regulation and oversight.  We carry inventories of certain product(s) in anticipation of launch, and if such product(s) are not subsequently launched, we may be required to write‑off the related inventory.  

Our customers are subject to various regulatory requirements, including requirements of the DEA, FDA, state boards of pharmacy and city and county health regulators, among others.  These include licensing, registration, recordkeeping, security and reporting requirements. Additionally, although physicians may prescribe FDA approved products for an “off label” indication, we are permitted to market our products only for the indications for which they have been approved.  Some of our products are prescribed “off label” and the FDA, the U.S. Department of Justice, the U.S. Attorney or other regulatory authorities could take enforcement actions if they conclude that we or our distributors have engaged in “off label” marketing.  In addition, historically a number of states and the federal government have enforced licensing and anti-counterfeit drug pedigree laws which require the tracking of all transactions involving prescription drugs beginning with the manufacturer, through the supply chain, and down to the pharmacy or other health care provider dispensing or administering prescription drug products.  Therefore, manufacturers and wholesale distributors have been required to maintain records documenting the chain of custody on distribution of prescription drugs.  On November 27, 2013, the federal government enacted the Drug Quality and Security Act (“DQSA”) amending federal requirements in regard to the licensing and tracking of prescription drugs.  Certain provisions in the law related to licensing and tracking and tracing specifically preempted prior state laws related to drug pedigrees that are inconsistent, more stringent, or in addition to the federal law.  Specifically, Title II of the DQSA, also known as the Drug Supply Chain Security Act (“DSCSA”), provides for creation of an electronic, interoperable system to identify and trace certain prescription drugs as they are distributed in the United States.   These amendments include requirements on licensing, tracking and tracing and other operations applicable to manufacturers and wholesale distributors of prescription drug products.  The full requirements of the DSCSA are being phased in over a ten-year period; however, in January 2015, specific product tracing requirements for manufacturers, wholesalers, repackagers and dispensers (e.g., pharmacies) of prescription drugs became effective.  Also, as of January 2015, the DSCSA required manufacturers and wholesale distributors to implement systems to identify potential “suspect” or “illegitimate” product, and take appropriate action.  The DSCSA also addresses product tracing using unique product identifiers on packaging, which requirement became effective for drug manufacturers on November 27, 2017.  FDA began enforcement of the law requiring product identifiers on November 27, 2018, for products packaged after that date after having exercised a year of enforcement discretion.  The DSCSA also sets forth requirements for the interoperable, electronic tracing of products, which are intended to take effect ten years after enactment of the DSCSA, or in 2023.

In addition to government agencies that promulgate regulations and guidelines directly applicable to us, other professional societies, practice management groups, insurance carriers, physicians, private health or science foundations and organizations involved in various diseases from time to time may also publish guidelines or recommendations to healthcare providers, administrators and payers, and patient communities.  For example, the treatment practices of physicians that currently prescribe our products may change.  Recommendations by government agencies or other groups and organizations may relate to such matters as usage, dosage, route of administration and use of related therapies, as well as reimbursement of our products by government and private payers.  Any recommendations or guidelines that result in decreased use, dosage or reimbursement of our products could materially and adversely affect our product sales, business and operating results.  

The supply of APIs into Europe may be negatively affected by regulations promulgated by the European Union.  

All APIs imported into the EU must be certified as complying with the good manufacturing practice standards established by the EU, as stipulated by the International Conference for Harmonization.  These regulations place the certification requirement on the regulatory bodies of the exporting countries.  Accordingly, the national regulatory authorities of each exporting country must: (i) ensure that all manufacturing plants within their borders that export API into the EU comply with EU manufacturing standards and; (ii) for each API exported, present a written document confirming that the exporting plant conforms to EU manufacturing standards.  The imposition of this responsibility on the governments of the nations exporting API may cause a shortage of API necessary to manufacture our products, as certain governments may not be willing or able to comply with the regulation in a timely fashion, or at all.  A shortage in API may cause us to have to cease manufacture of certain products, or to incur costs and delays to qualify other suppliers to substitute for those API manufacturers unable to export.  This could adversely affect the Company and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flow.  

Federal regulation of arrangements between manufacturers of branded and generic products could adversely affect our business.  

As part of the Medicare Prescription Drug and Modernization Act of 2003, companies are required to file with the FTC and the Department of Justice certain types of agreements entered into between branded and generic pharmaceutical companies related to the manufacture, marketing and sale of generic versions of branded drugs.  This requirement, as well as legislation pending in the U.S. Congress related to settlements between brand and generic drug manufacturers, could affect the manner in which brand drug manufacturers resolve intellectual property litigation and other disputes with generic pharmaceutical companies and could result generally in an increase or lengthening of litigation against pharmaceutical companies or additional investigations or proceedings by the FTC or other governmental authorities.  The impact of this requirement, the pending legislation and the potential private‑party

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lawsuits associated with arrangements between brand and generic drug manufacturers, is uncertain and could adversely affect our business.  For example, in April 2013, class actions were filed against certain subsidiaries of the Company alleging that certain 2009 patent lawsuit settlements with Watson Laboratories, Inc. and Lupin Pharmaceuticals, Inc. related to Loestrin^® 24 Fe (norethindrone acetate/ethinyl estradiol tablets and ferrous fumarate tablets, “Loestrin^® 24”) are unlawful.  The complaints generally allege that Watson and Lupin improperly delayed launching generic versions of Loestrin^® 24 in exchange for substantial payments from Warner Chilcott plc in violation of federal and state antitrust and consumer protection laws.  Similar lawsuits have been filed against the Company challenging the lawfulness of patent litigation settlements related to Asacol^® and Namenda^®.  We have also received requests for information and Statements of Objection in connection with investigations into settlements and other arrangements between competing pharmaceutical companies by the Federal Trade Commission and the European Competition Commission.  For example, in May 2014, Forest received a Civil Investigatory Demand from the FTC requesting information about Forest’s agreements with ANDA filers for Bystolic^®.  Any adverse outcome of these actions or investigations, or actions or investigations related to other settlements we have entered into, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.  Refer to Legal Matters in “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.” 

Healthcare reform and a reduction in the coverage and reimbursement levels by governmental authorities, HMOs, MCOs or other third‑party payers may adversely affect our business.  

Demand for our products depends in part on the extent to which coverage and reimbursement is available from third‑party payers, such as the Medicare and Medicaid programs and private payors.  In order to commercialize our products, we have obtained from government authorities and private health insurers and other organizations, such as HMOs and MCOs, recognition for coverage and reimbursement at varying levels for the cost of certain of our products and related treatments.  Third‑party payers and government entities increasingly continue to challenge the prices of pharmaceutical products.  Further, the trend toward managed healthcare in the U.S., the growth of organizations such as HMOs and MCOs, and legislative and regulatory proposals to reform healthcare and government insurance programs create uncertainties regarding the future levels of coverage and reimbursement for pharmaceutical products.  For example, the Trump Administration recently proposed a rule that would redefine the way Medicare Part B providers are paid for physician-administered drugs (to be based, in part, on international reference pricing).  Such cost containment measures and healthcare reform could reduce reimbursement of our pharmaceutical products, resulting in lower prices and a reduction in the product demand.  This could affect our ability to sell our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.  

There have been changes in reimbursement for pharmaceuticals under various government programs, including Medicaid, and there is uncertainty surrounding implementation of legislation and regulatory changes relating to reimbursement for pharmaceuticals under Medicaid and other government programs such as Medicare and TriCare.   Reimbursement changes under such government programs may impact demand for our products and may negatively affect the price.   In addition, any reimbursement granted may not be maintained or limits on reimbursement available from third-party payers may reduce demand for, or negatively affect the price of, those products.  Additionally, various legislative and regulatory initiatives in states, including proposed modifications to reimbursements and rebates, price transparency laws, product pedigree and tracking, pharmaceutical waste “take back” initiatives, restrictions on co-pay assistance programs and therapeutic category generic substitution carve out legislation may also have a negative impact on the Company.  We maintain a full-time government affairs department in Washington, D.C., which is responsible for coordinating state and federal legislative activities, and places a major emphasis in terms of management time and resources to ensure a fair and balanced legislative and regulatory arena.  

Although the ACA reforms have significantly impacted our business, in the coming years, it is likely that additional changes will be made to governmental healthcare and insurance reimbursement programs. On January 20, 2017, President Donald Trump signed an executive order, which stated that it is the policy of his Administration to seek the prompt repeal of the ACA and directed executive departments and federal agencies to waive, defer, grant exemptions from, or delay the implementation of the provisions of the ACA to the maximum extent permitted by law.  In addition, a federal court in Texas ruled in December 2018 that the ACA is unconstitutional.  That decision currently is being appealed and may result in an opinion by appellate courts, including potentially the Supreme Court of the United States, on the constitutionality of the ACA as revised.  We cannot predict the ultimate content, timing, or effect of any such reform activities, litigation, or court decisions on our business.  Additionally, the pricing and reimbursement of pharmaceutical products continues to receive significant attention from U.S. policymakers, the Trump Administration, and others. For example, on January 31, 2019, the Department of Health and Human Services issued a proposed rule that removes from existing anti-kickback statute safe harbor protection certain reductions in price paid by pharmaceutical manufacturers to Medicare Part D plan sponsors, Medicaid MCOs, and those entities’ pharmacy benefit managers (“PBMs”) and adds two new safe harbors that protect certain point-of-sale price reductions by pharmaceutical manufacturers as well as certain service fee payments from pharmaceutical manufacturer to PBMs.  At this time, we cannot predict the impact of this increased scrutiny on the pricing or reimbursement of our products or pharmaceutical products generally.  

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Sales of our products may continue to be adversely affected by the continuing consolidation of our distribution network and the concentration of our customer base.  

Our principal customers are wholesale drug distributors and major retail drug store chains.  These customers comprise a significant part of the distribution network for pharmaceutical products in the United States.  This distribution network is continuing to undergo significant consolidation marked by mergers and acquisitions among wholesale distributors and the growth of large retail drug store chains.  As a result, a small number of large wholesale distributors and large chain drug stores control a significant share of the market.  We expect that consolidation of drug wholesalers and retailers will increase pricing and other competitive pressures on drug manufacturers, including the Company.  

The loss of any of these customers could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.  In addition, none of our customers are party to any long‑term supply agreements with us, and thus are able to change suppliers freely should they wish to do so.  

Developments after a product reaches the market may adversely affect sales of our products.  

Even after regulatory approval, certain developments may decrease demand for our products, including the following:  

In the past, clinical trials, government, regulatory or other supervisory review and/or post‑marketing surveillance of certain marketed drugs of the Company and of competitors within the industry have raised concerns that have led to recalls, withdrawals or adverse labeling of marketed products, including the recent recall of our Ozurdex^® product.  If previously unknown side effects are discovered or if there is an increase in negative publicity regarding known side effects of any of our products, it could significantly reduce demand for the product or require us to take actions that could negatively affect sales, including removing the product from the market, restricting its distribution or applying for labeling changes.  

In addition, certain health authorities, regulators and agencies have increased their focus on safety when assessing the balance of benefits and risks of drugs.  Some health authorities appear to have become more cautious when making decisions about approvability of new products and are re‑reviewing select products that are already marketed, adding further to the uncertainties in the regulatory processes.  There is also greater regulatory scrutiny, especially in the U.S., on advertising, and promotion (in particular, direct‑to‑consumer advertising) and pricing of pharmaceutical products.  Certain regulatory changes or decisions could make it more difficult for us to sell our products and could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

If we do not successfully integrate newly acquired businesses into our business operations, our business could be adversely affected.

We will need to successfully integrate the operations of acquired businesses with our business operations. As a result of recent and future or pending acquisitions, we have undergone substantial changes in a short period of time and our business has changed and broadened in size and the scope of products we offer.  Integrating the operations of multiple new businesses with that of our own is a complex, costly and time‑consuming process, which requires significant management attention and resources to integrate the business practice and operations.  The integration process may disrupt the businesses and, if implemented ineffectively, would preclude realization of the full benefits expected by us.  Our failure to meet the challenges involved in integrating the businesses in order to realize the anticipated benefits of the acquisitions could cause an interruption of, or a loss of momentum in, our activities and could adversely affect our results of operations.  Prior to each acquisition, the acquired business operated independently, with its own business, corporate culture, locations, employees and systems.  There may be substantial difficulties, costs and delays involved in any integration of other businesses with that of our own.  

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These may include:  

These risks may be heightened in cases where the majority of the former businesses’ operations, employees and customers are located outside of the United States.  Any one or all of these factors may increase operating costs or lower anticipated financial performance.  Many of these factors are also outside of our control.  In addition, dispositions of certain key products, technologies and other rights may affect our business operations.

In addition, even if the operations of the businesses are integrated successfully, we may not realize the full benefits of the acquisitions, including the synergies, cost savings or sales or growth opportunities that we expect.  These benefits may not be achieved within the anticipated time frames, or at all.  Additional unanticipated costs may be incurred in the integration of the businesses.  All of these factors could cause a reduction to our earnings, decrease or delay the expected accretive effect of the transactions, and negatively impact the price of our ordinary shares.

The failure to integrate the business operations of the acquired businesses successfully would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we are unsuccessful in our joint ventures and other collaborations, our operating results could suffer.  

We have made substantial investments in joint ventures and other collaborations, including our collaborations for Linzess^® and LCA10, and may use these and other methods to develop or commercialize products in the future.  These arrangements typically involve other pharmaceutical companies as partners that may be competitors of ours in certain markets.  In many instances, we will not control these joint ventures or collaborations or the commercial exploitation of the licensed products, and cannot assure you that these ventures will be profitable.  Joint venture or collaboration agreements may place limitations or restrictions on marketing our products.  Any such marketing restrictions could affect future revenues and have a material adverse effect on our operations.  Our results of operations may suffer if existing joint venture or collaboration partners withdraw, or if these products are not timely developed, approved or successfully commercialized and we cannot guarantee the successful outcome of such efforts, nor that they will result in any intellectual property rights or products that inure to our benefit.  

We have incurred significant transaction, integration and restructuring costs in connection with recent transactions, including our acquisitions of Zeltiq, LifeCell, and the sale of our generics business and certain other assets to Teva.

We have incurred significant transaction costs related to our acquisitions such as Zeltiq, LifeCell, and the sale of our generics business and certain other assets to Teva and may continue to incur significant transaction costs related to past acquisitions.  In

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addition, we may incur integration costs and restructuring costs as we integrate new businesses.  While Allergan has assumed that a certain level of transaction and coordination expenses will be incurred, there are a number of factors beyond Allergan’s control that could affect the total amount or the timing of these transaction and coordination expenses.  Many of the expenses that will be incurred, by their nature, are difficult to estimate accurately.  Although we expect that the realization of benefits and efficiencies related to the integration of the businesses may offset these transaction costs, integration costs and restructuring costs over time, no assurances can be made that this net benefit will be achieved in the near term, or at all.  The failure to realize the expected benefits and efficiencies related to the integration of the businesses could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.  

In addition, as a result of acquiring businesses, technologies or products, or entering into other significant transactions, we may experience significant charges to earnings for merger and related expenses.  These costs may include substantial fees for investment bankers, attorneys, accountants, advisors, consultants and severance and other closure costs associated with regulator‑mandated divestitures and the elimination of duplicate or discontinued products, operations and facilities.  Charges that we may incur in connection with acquisitions could adversely affect our results of operations for particular quarterly or annual periods.

Our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate.

Our operating results and financial condition may fluctuate from quarter to quarter and year to year for a number of reasons.  As a result, we believe that period‑to‑period comparisons of our results of operations are not necessarily meaningful, and these comparisons should not be relied upon as an indication of future performance.  Our operating results and financial condition are also subject to fluctuation from all of the risks described throughout this section.  These fluctuations may adversely affect our results of operations and financial conditions.

Our debt and other financial obligations could impair our financial condition and our ability to fulfill our debt obligations.  Any refinancing of this debt could be at significantly higher interest rates.  

Our indebtedness and other financial obligations could:  

Additionally, certain of our financing agreements may contain cross‑default or other similar provisions whereby a default under one financing agreement could result in a default under our other financing agreements.  

If we are unable to meet our debt service obligations and other financial obligations such as planned dividends, we could be forced to restructure or refinance our indebtedness and other financial transactions, seek additional equity capital or sell our assets.  We might then be unable to obtain such financing or capital or sell our assets on satisfactory terms, if at all.  Any refinancing of our indebtedness could be at significantly higher interest rates, and/or incur significant transaction fees.  Refer to “NOTE 17 — Long-Term Debt and Capital Leases” for a detailed discussion of our outstanding indebtedness.  

Significant balances of intangible assets, including product rights and goodwill acquired, are subject to impairment testing and may result in impairment charges, which will adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.  

A significant amount of our total assets is related to acquired intangibles and goodwill.  As of December 31, 2018, the carrying value of our product rights and other intangible assets was $43,695.4 million and the carrying value of our goodwill was $45,913.3 million.

Our product rights are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization.  We determine original fair value and amortization periods for product rights based on our assessment of various factors impacting estimated useful lives and cash flows of the acquired products.  Such factors include the product’s position in its life cycle, the existence or absence of like products in the market, various other competitive and regulatory issues and contractual terms.  Significant adverse changes to any of these factors require us to perform an impairment test on the affected asset and, if evidence of impairment exists, require us to take an impairment charge with respect to the

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asset.  For assets that are not impaired, we may adjust the remaining useful lives.  Such a charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.  

Our other significant intangible assets include acquired core technology and customer relationships, which are intangible assets with definite lives, and our acquired IPR&D intangible products, acquired in recent business acquisitions, which are intangible assets with indefinite lives.  

Our acquired core technology and customer relationship intangible assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization.  We determined the original fair value of our other intangible assets by performing a discounted cash flow analysis, which is based on our assessment of various factors.  Such factors include existing operating margins, the number of existing and potential competitors, product pricing patterns, product market share analysis, product approval and launch dates, the effects of competition, customer attrition rates, consolidation within the industry and generic product lifecycle estimates.  Our other intangible assets with definite lives are tested for impairment when there are significant changes to any of these factors.  If evidence of impairment exists, we are required to take an impairment charge with respect to the impaired asset.  Such a charge could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.  

Goodwill and our IPR&D intangible assets are tested for impairment annually, or when events occur or circumstances change that could potentially reduce the fair value of the reporting unit or intangible asset.  Impairment testing compares the fair value of the reporting unit or intangible asset to its carrying amount.  A goodwill or IPR&D impairment, if any, would be recorded in operating income and could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.  For example, Allergan recorded a $2,841.1 million goodwill impairment relating to its General Medicine Reporting Unit in the twelve months ended December 31, 2018.

We may need to raise additional funds in the future which may not be available on acceptable terms or at all.  

We may consider issuing additional debt or equity securities in the future to fund potential acquisitions or investments, to refinance existing debt, or for general corporate purposes.  If we issue equity, convertible preferred equity or convertible debt securities to raise additional funds, our existing shareholders may experience dilution, and the new equity or debt securities may have rights, preferences and privileges senior to those of our existing shareholders.  If we incur additional debt, it may increase our leverage relative to our earnings or to our equity capitalization, requiring us to pay additional interest expenses and potentially lowering our credit ratings.  We may not be able to market such issuances on favorable terms, or at all, in which case, we may not be able to develop or enhance our products, execute our business plan, take advantage of future opportunities, or respond to competitive pressures or unanticipated customer requirements.  

The loss of our key personnel could cause our business to suffer.  

The success of our present and future operations will depend, to a significant extent, upon the experience, abilities and continued services of key personnel.  For example, although we have other senior management personnel, a significant loss of the services of Brent Saunders, our Chief Executive Officer, or other senior executive officers without having or hiring a suitable successor, could cause our business to suffer.  We cannot assure you that we will be able to attract and retain key personnel.  We have entered into employment agreements with certain of our senior executive officers but such agreements do not guarantee that our senior executive officers will remain employed by us for a significant period of time, or at all.  We do not carry key‑employee life insurance on any of our officers.  

Substantial amounts of our information concerning our products, customers, employees and ongoing business are stored digitally and are subject to threats of theft, exposure, tampering, or other intrusions.

We collect and maintain information in digital form that is necessary to conduct our business, and we are increasingly dependent upon information technology systems, devices, infrastructure and data.  This digital information includes, but is not limited to, confidential and proprietary information as well as personal information regarding our customers and employees.  We also rely to a large extent upon sophisticated information technology systems to operate our businesses. Data maintained in digital form is subject to the risk of intrusion, exposure, tampering and theft.  Cyber-attacks are increasing in frequency, sophistication and intensity.  Such attacks are made by groups and individuals with a wide range of motives (including, but not limited to, industrial espionage) and expertise, including organized criminal groups, “hacktivists,” nation-states and others.  Cyber attacks could include the deployment of harmful malware, denial of service attacks, worms, social engineering and other means to affect service reliability and threaten data confidentiality, integrity and availability.  We have established physical, electronic, and organizational measures to safeguard and secure our systems to prevent a data compromise, and rely on commercially available systems, software, tools, and monitoring to provide security for the processing, transmission and storage of digital information.  However, the development and maintenance of these systems is costly and requires ongoing monitoring and updating as technologies change and efforts to overcome security measures become increasingly more sophisticated.  While we continue to build and improve our systems and infrastructure and

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believe we have taken appropriate security measures to reduce these risks to our information technology systems, devices, infrastructure and data, the possibility of a future data compromise cannot be eliminated entirely, and risks associated with intrusion, exposure, tampering, and theft remain.  Although the aggregate impact on our operations and financial condition has not been material to date, we have been the target of events of this nature and expect them to continue.  We maintain cyber liability insurance; however, this insurance may not be sufficient to cover the financial, legal, business or reputational losses that may result from an interruption or breach of our systems. Data privacy or security breaches by employees or others may pose a risk that data, including intellectual property or personal information, may be exposed to unauthorized individuals or to the public.  In addition, we also have outsourced significant elements of our operations to third parties, including significant elements of our information technology infrastructure and, as a result, we are managing many independent vendor relationships with third parties who may or could have access to our confidential information, because we provide confidential, proprietary and personal information to third parties when it is necessary to pursue our business objectives.  While we obtain assurances that these third parties will protect this information and, where appropriate, monitor the protections employed by these third parties, there is a risk the confidentiality of data held by third parties may be compromised.  If our data systems are compromised, our business operations may be impaired, we may lose profitable opportunities, or the value of those opportunities may be diminished, and we may lose revenue because of unlicensed use of our intellectual property.  If personal information of our customers or employees is misappropriated, our reputation with our customers and employees may be injured resulting in loss of business and/or morale, and we may incur costs to remediate possible injury to our customers and employees or be required to pay fines or take other action with respect to judicial or regulatory actions arising out of such incidents.

Our business will continue to expose us to risks of environmental liabilities.  

Our product and API development programs, manufacturing processes and distribution logistics involve the controlled use of hazardous materials, chemicals and toxic compounds in our owned and leased facilities.  As a result, we are subject to numerous and increasingly stringent federal, state and local environmental laws and regulations concerning, among other things, the generation, handling, storage, transportation, treatment and disposal of toxic and hazardous materials and the discharge of pollutants into the air and water.  Our programs and processes expose us to risks that an accidental contamination could result in (i) our noncompliance with such environmental laws and regulations and (ii) regulatory enforcement actions or claims for personal injury and property damage against us.  If an accident or environmental discharge occurs, or if we discover contamination caused by prior operations, including by prior owners and operators of properties we acquire, we could be liable for cleanup obligations, damages and fines.  The substantial unexpected costs we may incur could have a material and adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.  In addition, environmental permits and controls are required for some of our operations, and these permits are subject to modification, renewal and revocation by the issuing authorities.  Any modification, revocation or non‑renewal of our environmental permits could have a material adverse effect on our ongoing operations, business and financial condition.  Our environmental capital expenditures and costs for environmental compliance may increase in the future as a result of changes in environmental laws and regulations or increased development or manufacturing activities at any of our facilities.  

Our foreign operations may become less attractive if political and diplomatic relations between the United States and any country where we conduct business operations deteriorates.  

The relationship between the United States and the foreign countries where we conduct business operations may weaken over time.  Changes in the state of the relations between any such country and the United States are difficult to predict and could adversely affect our future operations.  This could lead to a decline in our profitability.  Any meaningful deterioration of the political, economic and diplomatic relations between the United States and the relevant country could have a material adverse effect on our operations.  

Our global operations expose us to risks and challenges associated with conducting business internationally.  

We operate on a global basis with offices or activities in Europe, Africa, Asia, South America, Australia and North America.  We face several risks inherent in conducting business internationally, including compliance with international and U.S. laws and regulations that apply to our international operations.  These laws and regulations include data privacy requirements, including GDPR; advertising and promotion laws both for pharmaceutical and medical device products; labor relations laws; tax laws; competition regulations; import and trade restrictions; economic sanctions; export requirements; U.S. laws such as the Foreign Corrupt Practices Act; the UK Bribery Act 2010; and other local laws that prohibit corrupt payments to governmental officials or certain payments or remunerations to customers.  Given the high level of complexity of these laws there is a risk that some provisions may be breached by us, for example through fraudulent or negligent behavior of individual employees, our failure to comply with certain formal documentation requirements, or otherwise.  Violations of these laws and regulations could result in fines, criminal sanctions against us, our officers or our employees, requirements to obtain export licenses, cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries, implementation of compliance programs, and prohibitions on the conduct of our business.  Any such violations could include prohibitions on our ability to offer our products in one or more countries and could materially damage our reputation, our brand, our international expansion efforts, our ability to attract and retain employees, our business and our operating results.  Our success

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depends, in part, on our ability to anticipate these risks and manage these challenges.  Further, certain of our employees, including employees located in certain jurisdictions in Canada, Europe and Asia, are represented by collective bargaining or other labor agreements or arrangements that provide bargaining or other rights to employees.  Such employment rights require us to expend greater time and expense in making changes to employees’ terms of employment or carrying out staff reductions.  In addition, any national or other labor disputes in these regions could result in a work stoppage or strike by our employees that could delay or interrupt our ability to supply products and conduct operations.  Due to the nature of these collective bargaining agreements, we will have no control over such work stoppages or strikes by such employees, and a strike may occur even if the employees do not have any grievances against us.  Any interruption in manufacturing or operations could interfere with our business and could have a material adverse effect on our revenues.  

In addition to the foregoing, engaging in international business inherently involves a number of other difficulties and risks, including:  

These factors or any combination of these factors could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition.  

The U.S. government shutdown and lapse in appropriations could adversely affect our business.

The U.S. federal government began a partial government shut down due to a lapse in appropriations on December 22, 2018, which continued until January 25, 2019.  If there is a future lapse in appropriation or similar government shutdown the FDA may be unable to accept new regulatory submissions, including NDAs.  Delay in submisisons of NDAs and other regulatory submissions to the FDA could delay approvals of our products and adversely affect our business.

The United Kingdom’s impending departure from the European Union could adversely affect our business and financial results.

The United Kingdom held a referendum on June 23, 2016 in which a majority of voters voted to exit the European Union (“Brexit”) and on March 29, 2017, the United Kingdom submitted a formal notification of its intention to withdraw from the European Union pursuant to Article 50 of the Treaty of Lisbon. The United Kingdom has a period of a maximum of two years from the date of its formal notification (such period ending on March 29, 2019, unless an extension is agreed) to negotiate the terms of its withdrawal from, and future relationship with, the European Union, including the terms of trade between the United Kingdom and the European Union and potentially other countries. If no formal withdrawal agreement is reached between the United Kingdom and the European

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Union, then it is expected the United Kingdom’s membership of the European Union will automatically terminate two years after the submission of the notification of the United Kingdom’s intention to withdraw from the European Union, unless all remaining member states unanimously consent to an extension of this period. Discussions between the United Kingdom and the European Union focused on finalizing withdrawal issues and transition agreements are ongoing. However, limited progress to date in these negotiations and ongoing uncertainty within the UK Government and Parliament increases the possibility of the United Kingdom leaving the European Union on March 29, 2019 without a withdrawal agreement and associated transition period in place, which is likely to cause significant market and economic disruption. The effects of Brexit will depend on any agreements the United Kingdom makes to retain access to European Union markets either during a transitional period or more permanently. Brexit could adversely affect European and worldwide economic and market conditions and could contribute to instability in global financial and foreign exchange markets, including volatility in the value of the euro. In addition, Brexit could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations as the United Kingdom determines which European Union laws to replace or replicate. Any of these effects of Brexit, and others we cannot anticipate, could negatively affect our business and financial results.

Our ordinary share dividend policy is subject to change and could adversely affect the price of our ordinary shares.

Our ordinary share dividend policy is based upon our Board of Directors’ current assessment of our business and the environment in which we operate.  That assessment could change based on competitive or commercial developments (which could, for example, increase our need for capital expenditures), new growth opportunities, the terms of future debt instruments, legal risks, changes in Irish corporate or tax or federal tax law and challenges to our business model. Our Board of Directors may, in its discretion, amend or repeal our dividend policy to decrease the level of dividends on our ordinary shares or entirely discontinue the payment of dividends on our ordinary shares.  The reduction or elimination of our cash dividend could adversely affect the market price of our ordinary shares.

Our share repurchase program may not enhance shareholder value.

Repurchases by the Company of our ordinary shares reduce the number of outstanding shares of our ordinary shares. There can be no assurance that any share repurchases will enhance shareholder value because the market price of our ordinary shares may decline below the levels at which we repurchased ordinary shares. Although the Company’s repurchases of its shares are intended to enhance long-term shareholder value, short-term stock price fluctuations could reduce the effectiveness of these repurchases.

 

We have exposure to tax liabilities.  

As a multinational corporation, we are subject to income taxes as well as non‑income based taxes in various jurisdictions. Significant judgment is required in determining our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities. We are subject to costs and other potential outcomes from tax audits. The Company believes that its accrual for tax contingencies is adequate for all open years based on past experience, interpretations of tax law and judgments about potential actions by tax authorities; however, due to the complexity of tax contingencies, the ultimate resolution of any tax matters may result in payments greater or less than amounts accrued.

Changes in tax laws or tax rulings in the U.S. and abroad could have a significant adverse impact on our effective tax rate.

 

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), was enacted into law by President Trump. The TCJA makes significant changes to the U.S. taxation of our domestic and international operations. The TCJA contains a number of provisions that may adversely impact our effective tax rate or operating cash flows going forward, including:

 

 

Many countries in Europe where we conduct business have proposed or recently enacted changes to existing tax laws in order to limit base erosion and profit shifting. These changes could impact our effective tax rate or future tax obligations.  The European Commission has conducted investigations in multiple countries focusing on whether local country tax rulings or tax legislation provides preferential tax treatment that violates European Union state aid rules. If the Company’s effective tax rates were to increase, or if the ultimate determination of the Company’s taxes owed is for an amount in excess of amounts previously accrued, the Company’s operating results, cash flows and financial condition could be adversely affected.

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We would be adversely affected if, either based on current law or in the event of a change in law, the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) did not agree that Allergan is a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes. In addition, future changes to international tax laws not specifically related to inversions could adversely affect us.

Allergan believes that, under current law, it is treated as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes because it is an Irish incorporated entity. However, the IRS may assert that Allergan should be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes pursuant to Section 7874 of the U.S. Internal Revenue Code. Under Section 7874, a corporation created or organized outside the United States (i.e., a foreign corporation) will be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes when (i) the foreign corporation directly or indirectly acquires substantially all of the assets held directly or indirectly by a U.S. corporation (including the indirect acquisition of assets of the U.S. corporation by acquiring all the outstanding shares of the U.S. corporation), (ii) the shareholders of the acquired U.S. corporation hold at least 80% (by either vote or value) of the shares of the foreign acquiring corporation after the acquisition by reason of holding shares in the U.S. acquired corporation (including the receipt of the foreign corporation’s shares in exchange for the U.S. corporation’s shares) and (iii) the foreign corporation’s “expanded affiliated group” does not have substantial business activities in the foreign corporation’s country of organization or incorporation relative to such expanded affiliated group’s worldwide activities. For purposes of Section 7874, multiple acquisitions of U.S. corporations by a foreign corporation, if treated as part of a plan or series of related transactions, may be treated as a single acquisition. If multiple acquisitions of U.S. corporations are treated as a single acquisition, all shareholders of the acquired U.S. corporations would be aggregated for purposes of the test set forth above concerning such shareholders holding at least 80% (by either vote or value) of the shares of the foreign acquiring corporation after the acquisitions by reason of holding shares in the acquired U.S. corporations.

Allergan believes that the test set forth above to treat Allergan as a foreign corporation was satisfied in connection with the Warner Chilcott Acquisition, the Forest Acquisition and the Allergan Acquisition. However, the law and Treasury regulations promulgated under Section 7874 are somewhat unclear, and thus it cannot be assured that the IRS will agree that the ownership requirements to treat Allergan as a foreign corporation were met in the Warner Chilcott Acquisition, the Forest Acquisition and/or the Allergan Acquisition, and the IRS may assert that, even though the Allergan Acquisition is a separate transaction from the Warner Chilcott Acquisition and the Forest Acquisition, the Allergan Acquisition should be integrated with the Warner Chilcott Acquisition and the Forest Acquisition as a single transaction. In the event the IRS were to prevail with such assertion, Allergan would be treated as a U.S. corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes and significant adverse tax consequences would result for Allergan.

Even if Allergan is respected as a foreign corporation for U.S. federal tax purposes, Allergan might be adversely impacted by recent proposals that have aimed to make other changes in the taxation of multinational corporations. For example, the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development has created an agreed set of international rules for fighting base erosion and profit shifting. As a result, the tax laws in the United States, Ireland and other countries in which we and our affiliates do business could change on a prospective or retroactive basis, and any such changes could adversely affect Allergan and its affiliates (including Allergan Inc. (“Legacy Allergan”) and its affiliates).

Foreign currency fluctuations could adversely affect our business and financial results.  

We do business and generate sales in numerous countries outside the United States.  The Company has also entered and will from time to time enter into acquisition, licensing, borrowing, hedging or other financial transactions that may give rise to currency and interest rate exposure.  As such, foreign currency fluctuations may affect the costs that we incur in such international operations.  Some of our operating expenses are incurred in non‑U.S. dollar currencies.  The appreciation of non‑U.S. dollar currencies in those countries where we have operations against the U.S. dollar could increase our costs and could harm our results of operations and financial condition.  

A failure of our internal control over financial reporting could materially impact our business or share price.  

The Company’s management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting.  An internal control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the objectives of the control system are met.  Further, the design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs.  Because of the inherent limitations in all internal control systems, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements.  Any failure to maintain an effective system of internal control over financial reporting could limit our ability to report our financial results accurately and timely or to detect and prevent fraud, and could expose us to litigation or adversely affect the market price of the Allergan plc Ordinary Shares.  

For example, in the year ended December 31, 2016, management concluded that there was a material weakness in internal controls over financial reporting as it did not maintain effective controls to appropriately assess the tax implications of certain transactions between our subsidiaries. This control deficiency did not result in a material misstatement of our current or prior period

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consolidated financial statements. However, this control deficiency could have resulted in a misstatement to the income tax accounts and disclosures, which would have resulted in a material misstatement to the annual or interim consolidated financial statements that would not be prevented or detected. Accordingly, management previously concluded that this control deficiency constituted a material weakness, which has since been remediated. See Item 9A—CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES.

We are incorporated in Ireland, and Irish law differs from the laws in effect in the United States and may afford less protection to, or otherwise adversely affect, our shareholders.  

Our shareholders may have more difficulty protecting their interests than would shareholders of a corporation incorporated in a jurisdiction of the United States.  As an Irish company, we are governed by the Irish Companies Act 2014 (the “Companies Act”).  The Companies Act and other relevant aspects of Irish law differ in some material respects from laws generally applicable to U.S. corporations and shareholders, including the provisions relating to interested directors, mergers, amalgamations and acquisitions, takeovers, shareholder lawsuits and indemnification of directors.  For example, under Irish law, the duties of directors and officers of a company are generally owed to the company only.  As a result, shareholders of Irish companies do not have the right to bring an action against the directors or officers of a company, except in limited circumstances.  In addition, depending on the circumstances, you may be subject to different or additional tax consequences under Irish law as a result of your acquisition, ownership and/or disposition of our ordinary shares, including, but not limited to, Irish stamp duty, dividend withholding tax and capital acquisitions tax.  

As a result of different shareholder voting requirements in Ireland relative to laws in effect in certain states in the United States, we may have less flexibility with respect to certain aspects of capital management than companies organized in the United States.   

Under Irish law, our authorized share capital can be increased by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders and the directors may issue new ordinary or preferred shares up to a maximum amount equal to the authorized but unissued share capital, without shareholder approval, once authorized to do so by our articles of association or by an ordinary resolution of our shareholders.  Additionally, subject to specified exceptions, Irish law grants statutory preemption rights to existing shareholders where shares are being issued for cash consideration but allows shareholders to disapply such statutory preemption rights either in our articles of association or by way of special resolution. Such disapplication can either be generally applicable or be in respect of a particular allotment of shares.  Accordingly, our articles of association contain, as permitted by Irish company law, provisions authorizing the board to issue new shares, and to disapply statutory preemption rights.  The authorization of the directors to issue shares and the disapplication of statutory preemption rights is subject to approval by our shareholders annually, and we cannot provide any assurance that these authorizations will always be approved, which could limit our ability to issue equity and thereby adversely affect the holders of our securities.  

We are an Irish company and it may be difficult for you to enforce judgments against us or certain of our officers and directors.  

We are incorporated in Ireland and a substantial portion of our assets are located in jurisdictions outside the United States.  In addition, some of our officers and directors reside outside the United States, and some or all of their respective assets are or may be located in jurisdictions outside of the United States.  Therefore, it may be difficult for investors to effect service of process against us or such officers or directors or to enforce against us or them judgments of U.S. courts predicated upon civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws.  

There is no treaty between Ireland and the United States providing for the reciprocal enforcement of foreign judgments.  The following requirements must be met before the foreign judgment will be recognized and deemed enforceable in Ireland:  

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An Irish court will also refuse to recognize or enforce a foreign judgment obtained by fraud, or if to enforce the judgment would violate Irish public policy or breach natural or constitutional justice.  Further, an Irish court may not recognize or enforce a judgment that is irreconcilable with an earlier judgment, and may stay recognition and enforcement proceedings, if concurrent proceedings are in being elsewhere. Further, as a matter of public policy, an Irish Court will not recognize or enforce foreign revenue, penal or other public laws, either directly or through the recognition and enforcement of a foreign judgment. Judgments of U.S. courts of liabilities predicated upon U.S. federal securities laws may not be recognized or enforced by Irish courts if deemed to be contrary to public policy in Ireland.  

A transfer of our ordinary shares, other than by means of the transfer of book‑entry interests in the Depository Trust Company (“DTC”), may be subject to Irish stamp duty, as may a transfer of preference shares.  

Transfers of our ordinary shares effected by means of the transfer of book entry interests in DTC will not be subject to Irish stamp duty.  However, if you hold your ordinary shares directly rather than beneficially through DTC, any transfer of your ordinary shares could be subject to Irish stamp duty (currently at the rate of 1% of the higher of the price paid or the market value of the shares acquired).  Payment of Irish stamp duty is generally a legal obligation of the transferee. Transfers of preference shares, including our mandatory convertible preferred shares, may also be subject to Irish stamp duty at the same rate.  The potential for stamp duty could adversely affect the price of your shares.  

In certain limited circumstances, dividends we pay may be subject to Irish dividend withholding tax.  

In certain limited circumstances, dividend withholding tax (currently at a rate of 20%) may arise in respect of any dividends paid on our ordinary shares.  A number of exemptions from dividend withholding tax exist such that shareholders resident in the U.S. and shareholders resident in certain countries may be entitled to exemptions from dividend withholding tax.  

Shareholders resident in the U.S. that hold their shares through DTC will not be subject to dividend withholding tax provided the addresses of the beneficial owners of such shares in the records of the brokers holding such shares are recorded as being in the U.S. (and such brokers have further transmitted the relevant information to a qualifying intermediary appointed by us).  U.S. resident shareholders in Allergan that hold their shares outside of DTC and shareholders resident in certain other countries (irrespective of whether they hold their shares through DTC or outside DTC) will not be subject to dividend withholding tax provided the beneficial owners of such shares have furnished completed and valid dividend withholding tax forms or an IRS Form 6166, as appropriate, to our transfer agent or their brokers (and such brokers have further transmitted the relevant information to our transfer agent).  However, other shareholders may be subject to dividend withholding tax, which could adversely affect the price of your shares.

Dividends received by Irish residents and certain other shareholders may be subject to Irish income tax.  

Shareholders entitled to an exemption from Irish dividend withholding tax on dividends received from us will not be subject to Irish income tax in respect of those dividends, unless they have some connection with Ireland other than their shareholding in us (for example, they are resident in Ireland).  Shareholders who are not resident nor ordinarily resident in Ireland but who are not entitled to an exemption from Irish dividend withholding tax will generally have no further liability to Irish income tax on those dividends which suffer dividend withholding tax.  

Allergan’s Ordinary Shares received by means of a gift or inheritance could be subject to Irish capital acquisitions tax.  

 

Irish capital acquisitions tax (“CAT”) could apply to a gift or inheritance of ordinary shares, irrespective of the place of residence, ordinary residence or domicile of the parties.  This is because Company Ordinary Shares are regarded as property situated in Ireland.  The person who receives the gift or inheritance has primary liability for CAT.  Gifts and inheritances passing between spouses are exempt from CAT.  Children have a tax-free threshold of €320,000 in respect of taxable gifts or inheritances received from their parents.  Certain other tax-free thresholds may also apply.  

 

There are no unresolved staff comments.

We conduct our operations using a combination of owned and leased properties.

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Our owned and leased properties consist of facilities used for R&D, manufacturing, distribution (including warehousing and storage), sales and marketing and administrative functions and relate to our US Specialized Therapeutics, US General Medicine and International segments. The following table provides a summary of locations for our significant owned and leased properties as of December 31, 2018:

 

 

Our leased properties are subject to various lease terms and expirations.

We believe that we have sufficient facilities to conduct our operations during 2019. However, we continue to evaluate the purchase or lease of additional properties, or the consolidation of existing properties, as our business requires.

For information regarding legal proceedings, refer to Legal Matters in “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report.

Not applicable.

 

 

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PART II

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity

Allergan plc Ordinary Shares are traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol “AGN.” The following table sets forth the quarterly high and low closing share trading price information for the periods indicated:

 

 

As of February 8, 2019, there were approximately 3,176 registered holders of Allergan plc’s Ordinary Shares.

 

We have paid cash dividends on ordinary shares quarterly beginning with the 2017 fiscal year.

 

The Company paid a quarterly dividend on shares of its mandatory convertible preferred shares, which were converted to ordinary shares on March 1, 2018.

 

Warner Chilcott Limited is a wholly-owned subsidiary of Allergan and has no publicly traded equity securities.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

During the quarter ended December 31, 2018, we repurchased 32,168 of Allergan plc’s Ordinary Shares to satisfy tax withholding obligations in connection with the vesting of restricted stock issued to employees and directors.  On July 26, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a $2.0 billion share repurchase program, of which we repurchased $1,200.2 million of our Ordinary Shares in the year ended December 31, 2018.

On January 29, 2019, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a separate $2.0 billion share repurchase program.

 

 

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Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

For information regarding securities authorized for issuance under equity compensation plans, refer to “ITEM 12. SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS” and “NOTE 20 — Shareholders’ Equity” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this Annual Report.

Performance Graph

The information in this section of the Annual Report pertaining to Allergan plc’s performance relative to our peers is being furnished but not filed with the SEC, and as such, the information is neither subject to Regulation 14A or 14C or to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended.

Notwithstanding anything to the contrary set forth in our previous filings under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which might incorporate future filings made by us under those statutes, the following graph will not be deemed incorporated by reference into any future filings made by us under those statutes.

The following graph compares the cumulative 5-year total return of holders of Allergan plc’s Ordinary Shares (formerly Class A common shares of Actavis plc) with the cumulative total returns of the S&P 500 index and the Dow Jones U.S. Pharmaceuticals index. The graph tracks the performance of a $100 investment in our Ordinary Shares and in each of the indexes (with reinvestment of all dividends, if any) on December 31, 2013 with relative performance tracked through December 31, 2018.

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The stock price performance included in this graph is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.

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The following table sets forth our selected historical consolidated financial data. The selected consolidated financial data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 and for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 presented in this table have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Annual Report. The selected consolidated financial data as of December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 and for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 presented in this table are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements and related notes which are not included in this Annual Report.

The selected consolidated financial data set forth below should be read in conjunction with, and is qualified by reference to, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and the Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements included elsewhere in this Annual Report and in our previously filed Annual Reports on Form 10-K, as amended by Form 8-K, where applicable.

ALLERGAN PLC

FINANCIAL HIGHLIGHTS

($ in millions, except per share amounts)

 

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The following discussion contains forward-looking statements that are subject to known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those expressed or implied by such forward-looking statements. We discuss such risks, uncertainties and other factors throughout this report and specifically under the caption “Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” under “ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS” in this document. In addition, the following discussion of financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto included elsewhere in this document.

The results of Warner Chilcott Limited are consolidated into the results of Allergan plc. Due to the deminimis activity between Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited, references throughout this section relate to both Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited.

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Overview

Allergan plc is a global pharmaceutical leader. Allergan is focused on developing, manufacturing and commercializing branded pharmaceutical, device, biologic, surgical and regenerative medicine products for patients around the world.  Allergan markets a portfolio of leading brands and best-in-class products primarily focused on four key therapeutic areas including medical aesthetics, eye care, central nervous system and gastroenterology.  Allergan is an industry leader in Open Science, a model of research and development, which defines our approach to identifying and developing game-changing ideas and innovation for better patient care.  The Company has operations in more than 100 countries.  Warner Chilcott Limited is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Allergan plc and has the same principal business activities.

Discontinued Operations

On August 2, 2016 we completed the Teva Transaction for $38.3 billion of cash and Teva shares.  On October 3, 2016, the Company completed the divestiture of the Anda Distribution business to Teva for $500.0 million.  The Company recognized a combined gain on the sale of the Anda Distribution business and the Teva Transaction of $15,932.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2016.  

In October 2016, pursuant to our agreement with Teva, Teva provided the Company with its proposed estimated adjustment to the closing date working capital balance.  The Company disagreed with Teva’s proposed adjustment, and, pursuant to our agreement with Teva, each of the Company’s and Teva’s proposed adjustments were submitted to arbitration (the “Working Capital Arbitration”) to determine the working capital amount in accordance with GAAP as applied by the Company consistent with past practice.  On January 31, 2018, Allergan plc and Teva entered into an agreement pursuant to which the Company made a one-time payment of $700.0 million to Teva.  As a result, the Company recorded a pre-tax charge of $466.0 million as a component of other (expense) / income, net from discontinued operations relating to the settlement in the year ended December 31, 2017.  The one-time payment of $700.0 million, which represents a refund of purchase price, is shown in the Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows as both a cash outflow in investing activities of $466.0 million and a cash outflow in financing cash flows of $234.0 million for the portion of the payment which was outstanding greater than one year in the year ended December 31, 2018.

As a result of the Teva Transaction and the divestiture of the Company’s Anda Distribution business, and in accordance with FASB ASU No. 2014-08 “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity”, the financial results of the businesses held for sale were reclassified to discontinued operations for all periods presented in our consolidated financial statements. The results of our discontinued operations include the results of our generic product development, manufacturing and distribution of off-patent pharmaceutical products, certain established international brands marketed similarly to generic products and out-licensed generic pharmaceutical products primarily in Europe through our Medis third-party business through August 2, 2016, as well as our Anda Distribution business through October 3, 2016.

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Significant Business Developments

Refer to the Business Development section in ITEM 1. BUSINESS for the significant transactions that were completed or announced in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Segments

The Company’s businesses are organized into the following segments: US Specialized Therapeutics, US General Medicine and International. In addition, certain revenues and shared costs, and the results of corporate initiatives, are managed outside of the three segments.  

The operating segments are organized as follows:

The Company evaluates segment performance based on segment contribution.  Segment contribution for our segments represents net revenues less cost of sales (defined below), selling and marketing expenses, and select general and administrative expenses. Included in segment revenues for 2016 are product sales that were sold through our former Anda Distribution business once the Anda Distribution business had sold the product to a third-party customer. These sales are included in segment results and are reclassified into revenues from discontinued operations through a reduction of Corporate revenues which eliminates the sales made by our former Anda Distribution business through October 3, 2016 from results of continuing operations.  Cost of sales for these products in discontinued operations is equal to our average third-party cost of sales for third party branded products distributed by our former Anda Distribution business. The Company does not evaluate the following items at the segment level:

The Company defines segment net revenues as product sales and other revenue derived from our products or licensing agreements.

Cost of sales within segment contribution includes standard production and packaging costs for the products we manufacture, third party acquisition costs for products manufactured by others, profit-sharing or royalty payments for products sold pursuant to licensing agreements and finished goods inventory reserve charges.  Cost of sales within segment contribution excludes non-standard production costs, such as non-finished goods inventory obsolescence charges, manufacturing variances and excess capacity utilization charges, where applicable. Cost of sales does not include amortization or impairment costs for acquired product rights or other acquired intangibles.

Selling and marketing expenses consist mainly of personnel-related costs, product promotion costs, distribution costs, professional service costs, insurance, depreciation and travel costs.

General and administrative expenses consist mainly of personnel-related costs, facilities costs, transaction costs, insurance, depreciation, litigation costs and professional services costs which are general in nature and attributable to the segment.

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Operating Results for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Results of operations, including segment net revenues, segment operating expenses and segment contribution consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

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No country outside of the United States represents ten percent or more of net revenues. The US Specialized Therapeutics and US General Medicine segments are comprised solely of sales within the United States.

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US Specialized Therapeutics Segment

The following table presents top product sales and net contribution for the US Specialized Therapeutics segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

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The Zeltiq Acquisition and LifeCell Acquisition contributed the following to the segment in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 ($ in millions):

 

 

Net Revenues

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The increase in net revenues in the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily driven by the Zeltiq Acquisition and the LifeCell Acquisition and growth in Botox^® Therapeutics and Botox^® Cosmetics, partially offset by decreases in Restasis^® and the divestiture of our Medical Dermatology business.  Botox^® Therapeutics and Botox^® Cosmetics increased versus the prior year period primarily driven by demand growth.  The decline in Restasis^® revenues was due to both price declines and volume declines as a result of changes in promotional efforts ahead of an anticipated launch of a generic.  As a result of the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas issuing an adverse trial decision finding that the four asserted patents covering Restasis^® (Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion) 0.05% are invalid, there is a potential risk for future declines in Restasis^® revenues.  The decline in Aczone^® revenues prior to divestiture was due to genericization of the branded acne market, increased discounts to maintain formulary access and a generic launch of Aczone 5%.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The increase in net revenues in the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily driven by growth in Botox^® Therapeutics, Facial Aesthetics and the LifeCell Acquisition and Zeltiq Acquisition.  Botox^® Therapeutics increased versus the prior year period driven by demand growth.  The increase in Facial Aesthetics revenues was driven, in part, by Botox^® Cosmetics primarily due to demand growth.  Also contributing was an increase in Juvederm^® Collection revenues primarily due to demand and an increase in market share, offset, in part, by an increase in discounts.  The decline in Aczone revenues was due to genericization of the branded acne market.  

Cost of Sales

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The decrease in segment gross margin was due in part to the Zeltiq Acquisition and the LifeCell Acquisition.  Excluding Zeltiq Acquisition and the LifeCell Acquisition in both periods, segment gross margin decreased to 94.2% in the year ended December 31, 2018 versus 94.8% in the prior year period primarily due to product mix, including a decline in Restasis^® sales.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The decrease in segment gross margin was primarily the result of the LifeCell Acquisition and the Zeltiq Acquisition, which contributed lower margin products to the segment.  Excluding the LifeCell Acquisition and the Zeltiq Acquisition, segment gross margin was 94.8% in the year ended December 31, 2017, in line with 95.0% in the prior year period.  

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Selling and Marketing Expenses

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The decrease in selling and marketing expenses in the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily related to lower headcount in the Eye Care and Medical Dermatology field forces due to the Company’s restructuring initiatives, lower promotional costs and a decrease in the charge for the non-tax deductible Branded Prescription Drug Fee, offset in part by the impact of the Zeltiq Acquisition and the LifeCell Acquisition.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The increase in selling and marketing expenses was primarily related to increased costs from the LifeCell Acquisition and the Zeltiq Acquisition of $193.9 million as well as increased promotional costs for Rhofade^® and Xen.

General and Administrative Expenses

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

General and administrative expenses remained stable period over period.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The increase in general and administrative expenses was primarily due to the LifeCell Acquisition and Zeltiq Acquisition and additional bad debt write-offs of $7.9 million.

 

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US General Medicine Segment

The following table presents top product sales and net contribution for the US General Medicine segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

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Net Revenues

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The decrease in net revenues in the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to a decline in products that lost exclusivity, including Namenda XR^®, Estrace^® Cream, and Minastrin^® 24, as well as a decline in Other Diversified Brands, offset, in part, by growth in Vraylar^®, Lo Loestrin^® and Linzess^®.  CNS revenues declined primarily due to the decline in Namenda XR^® as a result of loss of exclusivity, offset, in part, by strong demand growth for Vraylar^®.   Women’s Health revenues declined primarily due to the loss of exclusivity on Estrace^® Cream and Minastrin^® 24, offset, in part, by growth for Lo Loestrin^® driven by higher average selling prices and increased demand.  GI revenues increased primarily due to growth for Linzess^® resulting from increased demand which more than offset negative pricing pressure on the product.  GI was negatively affected by the generic impact on Asacol^®.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The decrease in net revenues in the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to a decline in Diversified Brand revenues, Women’s Health revenues, and Gastrointestinal revenues versus the prior year period, offset, in part, by increases in Other Revenues and CNS revenues.  

Diversified Brand revenues decreased due to a decline in Other Diversified Brands and Bystolic^® / Byvalson^®.  Bystolic^® / Byvalson^® revenues declined as a result of decreased demand offset in part by higher average selling prices.  Other Diversified Brands declined due to demand declines and the impact of loss of exclusivity on certain products including Enablex^® as well as a decline in PacPharma revenues as the Company out licensed these product rights.  Included within “Other Revenues” for the year ended December 31, 2017 was an increase in royalty revenues related to these products of $30.3 million.    

Women’s Health revenues declined primarily due to the loss of exclusivity on Minastrin^® 24.  Offsetting this decline, in part, were an increase in Taytulla^® revenues of $72.4 million and increased sales of Lo Loestrin^® due primarily to strong demand growth and higher average selling prices.

Declines within our Gastrointestinal franchise were primarily driven by a reduction in demand for Asacol^® HD following the launch of an authorized generic in August 2016. Offsetting this decline, in part, was an increase in royalty revenue of $34.8 million relating to our authorized generic version of Asacol^® HD, which was included within “Other Revenues”.  Further offsetting this decline was growth in Linzess^® and newly launched Viberzi^®.   Linzess^® revenues increased primarily due to strong demand growth.

The increase in Central Nervous System revenues was driven by the launch of Vraylar^® and Namzaric^® offset, in part, by the continued decline in Namenda^® due to decreased demand and conversion to Namzaric^®.  

Cost of Sales

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The decrease in cost of sales in the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to lower product sales and product mix in addition to the favorable impact of a $29.9 million Linzess^® profit share true-up.  Segment gross margin was 85.0% in the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 85.4% in the prior year period as a result of product mix including the impact of generics on sales of Estrace^® Cream.

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Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The decrease in cost of sales was the result of lower product revenues and the impact of reacquiring rights on select licensed products in the year ended December 31, 2017 offset, in part, by unfavorable product mix. As a result of the reacquired rights, the Company is no longer obligated to pay royalties on the specific products, which increases the segment gross margin.  In the year ended December 31, 2016, royalties incurred relating to the reacquired product rights were $71.3 million.

Selling and Marketing Expenses

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The decrease in selling and marketing expenses in the year ended December 31, 2018 was related to headcount reductions from the Company’s restructuring initiatives, lower promotional costs, and a decrease in the charge for the non-tax deductible Branded Prescription Drug Fee.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The decrease in selling and marketing expenses related to headcount reductions and lower promotional costs.

General and Administrative Expenses

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

General and administrative expenses in the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased period-over-period due to cost savings initiatives.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

General and administrative expenses were in line period-over-period.

 

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International Segment

The following tables present top product sales and net contribution for the International segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

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The following tables present our revenue disaggregated by geography for our International segment ($ in millions):

 

 

 

The Zeltiq Acquisition contributed the following to the segment in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 ($ in millions):

 

.

Net Revenues

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The increase in net revenues in the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to the operational growth of total Facial Aesthetics and Botox^® Therapeutics, as well as the Zeltiq Acquisition.  Within Facial Aesthetics, the increase in sales of Botox^® Cosmetics was driven primarily by demand growth and higher average prices.  The increase in sales of Botox^® Therapeutics was driven primarily by demand growth.  Juvederm^® Collection revenues increased versus the prior year period, primarily resulting from demand growth.  Within total Eye Care, Ozurdex^® decreased versus the prior year period, primarily driven by the third quarter product recall and the temporary period of not shipping product.  Plastic Surgery decreased versus the prior year period, primarily driven by a fourth quarter suspension of sales and withdrawal of the remaining textured breast implants from the market in Europe. This suspension and withdrawal followed the non-renewal of our textured breast implant CE Mark licenses in Europe pending a request for additional information by LNE-GMED, the notified body responsible for certification of our breast implants.  Sales returns reserves recorded for the recalls totaled $56.7 million in the year ended December 31, 2018.   

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The increase in net revenues in the year ended December 31, 2017 was primarily due to the operational growth of total Facial Aesthetics, Eye Care and Botox^® Therapeutics, as well as the acquisition of Zeltiq, which contributed $73.7 million of net revenues during the year ended December 31, 2017.  Within Total Eye Care, Ozurdex^® increased primarily due to demand growth.  Within Facial Aesthetics, Juvederm^® Collection revenues increased primarily resulting from demand growth.  Botox^® Cosmetics sales grew due to demand growth.  Botox^® Therapeutics sales also grew due to demand growth.  International operational growth came from all regions primarily driven by Facial Aesthetics.  

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Cost of Sales

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The increase in cost of sales in the year ended December 31, 2018 was primarily due to the increase in net revenues and the Zeltiq Acquisition and the LifeCell Acquisition.  Excluding the Zeltiq Acquisition and the LifeCell Acquisition in both periods, segment gross margin was 85.5% in the year ended December 31, 2018 compared to 86.1% in the prior year period.  

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The increase in cost of sales was primarily due to the increase in net revenues.  Segment gross margins of 85.6% for the year ended December 31, 2017 remained consistent with the prior year.

Selling and Marketing Expenses

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The increase in selling and marketing expenses in the year ended December 31, 2018 was due in part to the Zeltiq Acquisition as well as increased promotional spending in Medical Aesthetics.

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The increase in selling and marketing expenses related to the addition of Zeltiq, which contributed spending of $39.0 million, as well as increased promotional spending associated with Ozurdex^®, Botox^® Cosmetics and the Juvederm^® Collection and recent product launches.

General and Administrative Expenses

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

General and administrative expenses increased due in part to $12.4 million of contract tender costs associated with the Ozurdex and textured breast implants recalls.

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

General and administrative expenses were in line period-over-period.

Corporate

Corporate represents the results of corporate initiatives as well as the impact of select revenues and shared costs.  The following represents the Corporate amounts for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

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Integration

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, integration and restructuring charges included costs related to the integration of LifeCell and Zeltiq.  In the year ended December 31, 2016, integration and restructuring charges primarily related to the integration of the Legacy Allergan business as well as charges incurred with the terminated merger with Pfizer, Inc. of $124.9 million.  

 

Non-Acquisition Related Restructuring

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred charges related to the restructuring of its internal infrastructure.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, the restructuring programs included charges associated with scaling our manufacturing plants and changes in the international commercial promotional focus in certain markets which include an anticipated reduction of approximately 200 sales representatives internationally.  In the year ended December 31, 2017, restructuring programs included a mid-year commercial initiative as well as a December 2017 program.  As part of these initiatives, the Company reduced its employee headcount within selling and marketing by approximately 350 as of December 31, 2017.  A reduction of approximately 900 employees within cost of sales, selling and marketing and general and administrative was reserved for in the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

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Fair Value Adjustments

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

Fair value adjustments primarily relate to changes in estimated contingent liabilities for future amounts to be paid based on achievement of sales levels for the respective products.  

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the income in cost of sales primarily reflects the reduction of the contingent liability for True Tear^® when the product did not achieve a milestone event, as well as a corresponding decrease in commercial forecasts.  The income recorded in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily related to reduced or delayed revenue forecasts for select products including Rhofade^® and Liletta^®.

 

Effect of Purchase Accounting

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

The Company incurred charges related to the purchase accounting impact on share-based compensation related to the Zeltiq Acquisition in the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the Allergan Acquisition and the Forest Acquisition in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, which increased cost of sales, selling and marketing and general and administrative expenses.  A cash stock-based compensation charge of $31.5 million associated with the Zeltiq Acquisition was also included in the year ended December 31, 2017.  

In the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company incurred purchase accounting effects of $131.7 million in cost of sales related to the fair value inventory step-up from the LifeCell Acquisition and the Zeltiq Acquisition as products were sold to the Company’s third-party customers.  In the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company incurred similar purchase accounting effects in cost of sales totaling $42.4 million related to the fair value inventory step-up from the Allergan Acquisition and the Forest Acquisition.  

Other

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

In the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, general and administrative costs included legal settlement charges of $56.8 million, $96.5 million and $117.3 million, respectively.

 

Revenues and Shared Costs

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Shared costs primarily include above site and unallocated costs associated with running our global manufacturing facilities and corporate general and administrative expenses.  

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded milestone revenue related to an on-going intellectual property agreement of $25.0 million.  

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the increase in cost of goods sold within revenues and shared costs was primarily due to unfavorable inventory variances due to third-party manufacturing delays, an increase in compensation costs and $15.8 million of inventory write-offs associated with the Ozurdex^® and textured breast implants product recalls versus the prior year.

In the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company incurred transactional foreign exchange losses of $28.8 million and $97.5 million, respectively, compared with transactional foreign exchange gains of $52.8 million, excluding mark-to-market unrealized losses for foreign currency option contracts, in the year ended December 31, 2016.

Research and Development Expenses

 

R&D expenses consist predominantly of personnel-related costs, active pharmaceutical ingredient costs, contract research, license and milestone fees, biostudy and facilities costs associated with product development.

 

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R&D expenses consisted of the following in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

Operating Expenses

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

The decrease in ongoing operating expenses in the year ended December 31, 2018 versus the year ended December 31, 2017, is mainly due to decreased product development spending in early stage development campaigns and the Eye Care therapeutic area as well as lower personnel costs offset, in part, by increased spending in the Central Nervous System and Gastrointestinal therapeutic areas.  

 

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

The increase in ongoing operating expenses in the year ended December 31, 2017 versus the year ended December 31, 2016 is primarily due to increased product development spending primarily in the Central Nervous System and Gastrointestinal therapeutic areas coupled with higher personnel costs.

 

Milestone Expenses and Upfront License Payments

The following represents milestone expenses, asset acquisitions and upfront license payments in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively ($ in millions):

 

 

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Acquisition, Integration, and Restructuring Charges

Year Ended December 31, 2017

Acquisition, integration and restructuring charges in the year ended December 31, 2017 included $37.1 million of severance and restructuring costs related to a planned internal reduction of approximately 200 R&D employees and reduction of headcount due to the integration of acquired businesses.

 

Contingent Consideration Adjustments, Net

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

 

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the net adjustment to contingent consideration primarily relates to the progression of R&D projects relating to the Tobira Acquisition offset by a reduction in ForSight Acquisition contingent consideration.  

 

In the year ended December 31, 2017, the adjustment to contingent consideration primarily related to the advancement of the Company’s True Tear^® product and products acquired as part of the Tobira Acquisition.  

 

In the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company had net contingent consideration income of $71.1 million primarily driven by ongoing R&D projects acquired in the Allergan Acquisition that were terminated based on clinical data, which was offset by additional contingent consideration expense relating to milestones achieved in connection with the AqueSys and Allergan acquisitions.

 

 

Amortization

Amortization in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Amortization for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily as a result of a decrease in amortization for Restasis^® due to a reduced book value and remaining life as a result of an anticipated launch of a generic.

 

Amortization for the year ended December 31, 2017 increased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2016 primarily as a result of amortization related to the acquired LifeCell and Zeltiq products of $172.0 million, an increase in amortization for Restasis^® based on a revised estimated useful life subsequent to the impairment charge taken in the quarter ended September 30, 2017, as well as amortization from approved products during the year ended December 31, 2016 and the year ended December 31, 2017.

Goodwill, IPR&D and Other Impairments and Asset Sales, Net

 

Goodwill, IPR&D and other impairments and asset sales, net consisted of the following in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

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Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

 

Refer to “NOTE 16 – Goodwill, Product Rights and Other Intangible Assets” for the description of the goodwill impairments, impairments of currently marketed products, IPR&D impairments and asset sales and impairments, net related to the Anti-Infectives business that the Company recorded in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

 

Refer to “NOTE 5 – Business Developments” for asset sales recorded in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Asset sales and impairments, net in the year ended December 31, 2016, included the gain on the sale of certain investments, offset in part by the impairment of intellectual property for Nuvessa^® based on revised cash flow forecasts.

Interest Income

Interest income in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

Interest income represents interest earned on cash and cash equivalents and marketable securities held during the respective periods.  Interest income for the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased as compared to the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily due to a decline in marketable securities.

Interest Expense

Interest expense consisted of the following in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

Interest expense in the year ended December 31, 2018 decreased versus the year ended December 31, 2017 due to scheduled maturities and early debt extinguishment of senior secured notes period-over-period, as well as the impact from debt refinancing in the year ended December 31, 2018 versus the year ended December 31, 2017.  

 

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

Interest expense in the year ended December 31, 2017 decreased versus the year ended December 31, 2016 due to the pay down of $6.3 billion term loan indebtedness with use of proceeds received in the Teva Transaction as well as scheduled maturities and early debt extinguishment of senior secured notes.

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Other Income / (Expense), Net

 

Other income / (expense), net consisted of the following in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

 

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

Refer to “NOTE 11 – Other Income / (Expense), Net” for further details regarding the components of other income / (expense), net.

(Benefit) for Income Taxes

(Benefit) for income taxes in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

The Company’s effective tax rate for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was a benefit of 25.8%, a benefit of 64.2% and a benefit of 67.0%, respectively. The reconciliations between the statutory Irish tax rates for Allergan plc and the effective income tax rates were as follows:

 

 

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The material drivers of the period-over-period tax rate movements are as follows:

Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017

 

Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016

 

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Discontinued Operations

On July 27, 2015, the Company announced that it entered into the Teva Transaction, which closed on August 2, 2016.  On October 3, 2016, the Company completed the divestiture of the Anda Distribution business to Teva for $500.0 million.  The Company recognized a combined gain on the sale of the Anda Distribution business and the sale of the global generics business of $15,932.2 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.

The Company notes the following reconciliation of the proceeds received in the combined transaction to the gain recognized in income from discontinued operations in 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

Financial results of the global generics business and the Anda Distribution business are presented as “(Loss) / income from discontinued operations, net of tax” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.  

The following table presents key financial results of the global generics business and the Anda Distribution business included in “(Loss) / income from discontinued operations, net of tax” for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

The operating income reflects approximately seven months of operating activity of the Company’s former generics business and approximately nine months of operating activity of the Anda Distribution business in the year ended December 31, 2016. “Other (expense) / income, net” includes the gain on sale of the businesses to Teva.

For the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recorded a deferred tax expense of $462.2 million to adjust its deferred tax assets related to investments in certain subsidiaries. The recognition of this expense has been reflected in “(Loss) / income from discontinued operations, net of tax.”  Upon the closing of the Teva Transaction, the Company recorded the reversal of the corresponding deferred tax assets of $5,276.6 million against the current income taxes payable in continuing operations.

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LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Working Capital Position

Working capital at December 31, 2018 and 2017 is summarized as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

Working capital movements were primarily due to the following:

Cash Flows

The Company’s cash flows are summarized as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

 

Cash flows from operations represent net income adjusted for certain non-cash items and changes in assets and liabilities. Cash provided by operating activities decreased $438.9 million in the year ended December 31, 2018 versus the prior year period due to cash taxes of $722.5 million offset by other working capital items.

 

Management expects that available cash balances will provide sufficient resources to fund our operating liquidity needs and expected capital expenditure funding requirements for at least the next twelve months.

 

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Investing cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018 reflect the net cash provided by the sale of businesses and assets including Medical Dermatology and Rhofade^® of $663.0 million and the net sale of investments of $3,124.6 million, offset, in part, by payments to settle Teva related matters of $466.0 million.  Investing cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017 reflect the net cash provided by the net sale of marketable securities of $5,369.5 million offset, in part, by the cash purchases of LifeCell for $2,874.4 million and Zeltiq of $2,346.7 million, net of cash acquired, and the purchase of intangible assets of $614.3 million.

 

Financing cash flows consist primarily of borrowings and repayments of debt, repurchases of ordinary shares, dividend payments and proceeds from the exercise of stock options.  Cash used in financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2018 primarily related to the repayment of indebtedness of $8,804.5 million, the repurchase of ordinary shares of $2,775.4 million, the payment of dividends of $1,049.8 million, and payments to settle Teva-related matters of $234.0 million, which was outstanding greater than one year, offset, in part, by borrowings under the revolving credit facility of $700.0 million, the Euro senior note issuance of $1,919.7 million and other borrowings and proceeds from the forward sale of Teva shares of $465.5 million.  

 

Cash used in financing activities in the year ended December 31, 2017 primarily related to the repayment of indebtedness of $6,413.6 million, which included debt repurchased under the tender offer completed on May 30, 2017 and the early redemption of certain debt securities, the payment of dividends of $1,218.2 million and payments relating to contingent consideration and other financing of $511.6 million, and $493.0 million repurchases of ordinary shares, offset, in part by long-term borrowings of $3,550.0 million.

 

Debt and Borrowing Capacity

Refer to “NOTE 17 – Long-Term Debt and Capital Leases” for further details regarding the components of debt.

Long-term Obligations

The following table lists certain of our enforceable and legally binding obligations as of December 31, 2018. Certain amounts included herein are based on management’s estimates and assumptions about these obligations, including their duration, the possibility of renewal, anticipated actions by third parties and other factors. Because these estimates and assumptions are necessarily subjective, the enforceable and legally binding obligation we will actually pay in future periods may vary from those reflected in the table ($ in millions):

 

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The following are contractual commitments relating to the R&D and approval related milestones and sales based milestones ($ in millions):

 

 

Such milestone payments will only be payable in the event that the Company achieves contractually defined, success-based milestones, such as:

 

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not have any material off-balance sheet arrangements that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, changes in financial condition, net revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING ESTIMATES

Our consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“GAAP”). These accounting principles require us to make certain estimates, judgments and assumptions. We believe that the estimates, judgments and assumptions are reasonable based upon information available to us at the time that these estimates, judgments and assumptions are made. These estimates, judgments and assumptions can affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, as well as the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the periods presented. To the extent there are material differences between these estimates, judgments or assumptions and actual results, our financial statements will be affected. The significant accounting estimates that we believe are important to aid in fully understanding and evaluating our reported financial results include the following:

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In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction is specifically dictated by GAAP and requires management’s best estimates of the underlying data in its application. There are also areas in which management’s judgment in selecting among available GAAP alternatives would not produce a materially different result.

Revenue Recognition

 

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (“Topic 606”), using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting practices.  The impact to revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 was not significant as a result of the adoption.  The adoption of this guidance does not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations as the Company’s sales primarily are governed by standard ship and bill terms of pharmaceutical products to customers.  

 

The Company applies the “practical expedient” as defined in Topic 606 to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs which are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses are consistent with the accounting prior to the adoption of Topic 606. The Company also elected to use the practical expedient to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of the time value of money for contracts in which the anticipated period between when the Company transfers the goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays is equal to one year or less.

 

General

Topic 606 provides that revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods under a contract is transferred to a customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods as specified in the underlying terms with the customer. The Company warrants products against defects and for specific quality standards, permitting the return of products under certain circumstances. Product sales are recorded net of all sales-related deductions including, but not limited to: chargebacks, trade discounts, commercial and government rebates, customer loyalty programs, fee-for-service arrangements with certain distributors, returns, and other allowances which we refer to in the aggregate as sales returns and allowances (“SRA”).

 

The Company’s performance obligations are primarily achieved when control of the products is transferred to the customer. Transfer of control is based on contractual performance obligations, but typically occurs upon receipt of the goods by the customer as that is when the customer has obtained control of significantly all of the economic benefits.

 

Prior to the achievement of performance obligations, shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight for a product to be transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in selling and marketing expenses.  When the Company sells a business and future royalties are considered as part of the consideration, the Company recognizes the royalties as a component of “other income / (expense), net”.

Other revenues earned are mainly comprised of royalty income from licensing of intellectual property. Royalty income is recognized when the licensee’s subsequent sale occurs.

Refer to “ITEM 7 – MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS” for our revenues disaggregated by product and segment and our revenues disaggregated by geography for our international segment.  We believe this level of disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Significant Payment Terms

 

A contract with a customer states the final terms of the sale, including the description, quantity, and price of each product purchased. The Company’s payment terms vary by the type and location of the customer and the products offered. A customer agrees to a stated rate and price in the contract and given that most of the products sold contain variable consideration, the amount of revenue recognized incorporates adjustments for SRAs as appropriate.

 

 

Determining the Transaction Price

The Company offers discounts and rebates to certain customers who participate in various programs that are referred to as SRA allowances as described further below in the section “Provisions for SRAs”. Such discounting and rebating activity is included as part of the Company’s estimate of the transaction price and is accounted for as a reduction to gross sales. At time of sale, the Company records the related SRA adjustments. The Company performs validation activities each period to assess the adequacy of the liability or contra receivable estimates recorded to reflect actual activity and will adjust the reserve balances accordingly.

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Provisions for SRAs

As is customary in the pharmaceutical industry, certain customers may receive cash-based incentives or credits, which are variable consideration accounted for as SRAs. The Company estimates SRA amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers, which reduces the revenues recognized. The Company believes that there will not be significant changes to our estimates of variable consideration. The Company uses a variety of methods to assess the adequacy of the SRA reserves to ensure that our financial statements are fairly stated.  These provisions are estimated based on historical payment experience, the historical relationship of the deductions to gross product revenues, government regulations, estimated utilization or redemption rates, estimated customer inventory levels and current contract sales terms. The estimation process used to determine our SRA provisions has been applied on a consistent basis and no material revenue adjustments to total reported revenues have been necessary to increase or decrease our reserves for SRA as a result of a significant change in underlying estimates.  

Chargebacks — A chargeback represents an amount payable in the future to a wholesaler for the difference between the invoice price paid by such wholesaler customer for a particular product and the negotiated contract price that the wholesaler’s customer pays for that product. The chargeback provision and related reserve varies with changes in product mix, changes in customer pricing and changes to estimated wholesaler inventories. The provision for chargebacks also takes into account an estimate of the expected wholesaler sell-through levels to indirect customers at certain contract prices. The Company validates the chargeback accrual quarterly through a review of the inventory reports obtained from our largest wholesale customers. This customer inventory information is used to verify the estimated liability for future chargeback claims based on historical chargeback and contract rates. These large wholesalers represent the vast majority of the recipients of the Company’s chargeback credits. We continually monitor current pricing trends and wholesaler inventory levels to ensure the contra-receivable for future chargebacks is fairly stated.

Rebates — Rebates include volume related incentives to direct and indirect customers, third-party managed care and Medicare Part D rebates, Medicaid rebates and other government rebates. Rebates are accrued based on an estimate of claims to be paid for product sold into trade by the Company. Volume rebates are generally contractually offered to customers as an incentive to use the Company’s products and to encourage greater product sales. These rebate programs include contracted rebates based on customers’ purchases made during an applicable monthly, quarterly or annual period. The provision for third-party rebates is estimated based on our customers’ contracted rebate programs and the Company’s historical experience of rebates paid. Any significant changes to our customer rebate programs are considered in establishing the provision for rebates. The provisions for government rebates are based, in part, upon historical experience of claims submitted by the various states and authorities, contractual terms and government regulations. We monitor legislative changes to determine what impact such legislation may have on our provision.

Cash Discounts — Cash discounts are provided to customers that pay within a specific time period. The provision for cash discounts is estimated based upon invoice billings and historical customer payment experience. The Company’s experience of payment history is fairly consistent and most customer payments qualify for a cash discount.

Returns and Other Allowances — The Company’s provision for returns and other allowances include returns, promotional allowances and loyalty cards.

Consistent with industry practice, the Company maintains a returns policy that allows customers to return product for a credit. In accordance with the Company’s policy, credits for customer returns of products are applied against outstanding account activity or are settled in cash. Product exchanges are generally not permitted. Customer returns of product are generally not resalable. The Company’s estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience and current trends of actual customer returns. Additionally, we consider other factors when estimating the current period returns provision, including levels of inventory in the distribution channel, as well as significant market changes which may impact future expected returns.

Promotional allowances are credits with no discernable benefit offered to Allergan that are issued in connection with a product launch or as an incentive for customers to carry our product. The Company establishes a reserve for promotional allowances based upon contractual terms.

Loyalty cards allow end-user patients a discount per prescription and are accrued based on historical experience, contract terms and the volume of product and cards in the distribution channel.

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The following table summarizes the activity from continuing operations in the Company’s major categories of SRA ($ in millions):

 

 

 

The following table summarizes the balance sheet classification of our SRA reserves ($ in millions):

 

 

The SRA provisions recorded to reduce gross product sales to net product sales, excluding discontinued operations, were as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

Collectability Assessment

At the time of contract inception or customer account set-up, the Company performs a collectability assessment on the creditworthiness of such customer. The Company assesses the probability that the Company will collect the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods sold. In evaluating collectability, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay consideration when it is due. On a recurring basis, the Company estimates the amount of receivables considered uncollectible after sale to the customer to reflect allowances for doubtful accounts.  Provision for bad debts, included in general and administrative expenses, were $18.5 million, $11.6 million and $3.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

 

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

 

The Company generally expenses sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period is one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling and marketing expenses.

 

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The Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of the time value of money for contracts in which the anticipated period between when the Company transfers the goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays is equal to one year or less.

 

The Company has chosen not to elect the remaining practical expedients.

Product Rights and Other Definite Lived Intangible Assets

Our product rights and other definite lived intangible assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization, and are amortized using the economic benefit model or the straight-line method, if results are materially aligned, over their estimated useful lives. We determine amortization periods for product rights and other definite lived intangible assets based on our assessment of various factors impacting estimated cash flows. Such factors include the product’s position in its life cycle, the existence or absence of like products in the market, various other competitive and regulatory issues, and contractual terms. Significant changes to any of these factors may result in an impairment, a reduction in the intangibles useful life or an acceleration of related amortization expense, which could cause our net results to decline.

Product rights and other definite lived intangible assets are tested periodically for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. The impairment testing involves comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the forecasted undiscounted pre-tax future cash flows over its useful life, including any salvage value. In the event the carrying value of the asset exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows, the carrying value is considered not recoverable and an impairment exists. An impairment loss is measured as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value, calculated using discounted future cash flows. The computed impairment loss is recognized in net (loss) / income in the period that the impairment occurs. Assets which are not impaired may require an adjustment to the remaining useful lives for which to amortize the asset. Our projections of discounted cash flows use a discount rate determined by our management to be commensurate with the risk inherent in our business model. Our estimates of future cash flows attributable to our other definite lived intangible assets require significant judgment based on our historical and anticipated results and are subject to many factors. Different assumptions and judgments could materially affect the calculation of the undiscounted cash flows of the other definite lived intangible assets which could trigger impairment.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets with Indefinite Lives

General

 

The Company tests goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually in the second quarter. Additionally, the Company may perform interim tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that could potentially reduce the fair value of a reporting unit or an indefinite lived intangible asset below its carrying amount such as those fourth quarter 2018 triggering events relating to the Company’s General Medicine Reporting Unit as discussed in “NOTE 16 — Goodwill, Product Rights and Other Intangible Assets”.  The carrying value of each reporting unit is determined by assigning the assets and liabilities, including the existing goodwill and intangible assets, to those reporting units.

The Company tests goodwill for impairment by either performing a qualitative evaluation or a quantitative test. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors, including Reporting Unit specific operating results as well as industry, market and general economic conditions, to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair values of a Reporting Unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company may elect to bypass this qualitative assessment for some or all of its Reporting Units and perform a quantitative test as of the measurement date of the test.

Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the net assets exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. Impairment, if any, would be recorded in operating income / (loss) and this could result in a material impact to net income / (loss) and income / (loss) per share.

Prior to Allergan’s 2018 annual impairment test, the Company adopted the new guidance under Accounting Standard Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment which eliminated step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which required a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment loss as of January 1, 2018.  A goodwill impairment loss under the new guidance is instead measured using a single step test based on the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.  

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Acquired IPR&D intangible assets represent the value assigned to research and development projects acquired in a business combination that, as of the date acquired, represent the right to develop, use, sell and/or offer for sale a product or other intellectual property that has not been completed or approved. The IPR&D intangible assets are subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of each project. Upon abandonment, the assets are impaired if there is no future alternative use or ability to sell the asset. Impairment testing requires the development of significant estimates and assumptions involving the determination of estimated net cash flows for each year for each project or product (including net revenues, cost of sales, R&D costs, selling and marketing costs and other costs which may be allocated), determination of the appropriate discount rate in order to measure the risk inherent in each future cash flow stream, assessment of each asset’s life cycle, potential regulatory and commercial success risks, and competitive trends impacting the asset and each cash flow stream as well as other factors. The major risks and uncertainties associated with the timely and successful completion of IPR&D projects include legal risk, market risk and regulatory risk. Changes in our assumptions could result in future impairment charges. No assurances can be given that the underlying assumptions used to prepare the discounted cash flow analysis will not change or the timely completion of each project and commercial success will occur. For these and other reasons, actual results may vary significantly from estimated results.

Upon successful completion of each project and approval of a product, we will make a separate determination of the useful life of the intangible asset, transfer the amount to currently marketed products (“CMP”) and amortization expense will be recorded over the estimated useful life.

Allocation of Acquisition Fair Values to Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values. The consolidated financial statements and results of operations reflect an acquired business after the completion of the acquisition. The fair value of the consideration paid, including contingent consideration, is assigned to the underlying net assets of the acquired business based on their respective fair values as determined using a market participant concept. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

The most material line items impacted by the allocation of acquisition fair values are:

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities at the applicable tax rates. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets by assessing its valuation allowance and by adjusting the amount of such allowance, if necessary. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include the Company’s forecast of future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income in applicable tax jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could result in an increase in the Company’s effective tax rate on future earnings.

Income tax positions must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold to be recognized. Income tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are recognized in the first financial reporting period in which that threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are derecognized in the first financial reporting period in which that threshold is no longer met. The Company recognizes potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the consolidated statements of operations as income tax expense.

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The TCJA introduced an additional U.S. tax on certain non-U.S. subsidiaries’ earnings which are considered to be Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (referred to as “GILTI”). Under this provision, the amount of GILTI included by a U.S. shareholder will be taxed at a rate of 10.5% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 (increasing to 13.125% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2025) with a partial offset for foreign tax credits. After consideration of the relevant guidance and completing the accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA, the Company has elected to treat GILTI as a period cost.

Contingent Consideration and Other Commitments

We determine the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration obligations for business acquisitions based on a probability-weighted income approach derived from revenue estimates, post-tax gross profit levels and a probability assessment with respect to the likelihood of achieving contingent obligations including contingent payments such as milestone obligations, royalty obligations and contract earn-out criteria, where applicable. The fair value measurement is based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement as defined using the fair value concepts defined in ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement,” (“ASC 820”). The resultant probability-weighted cash flows are discounted using an appropriate effective annual interest rate. At each reporting date, the contingent consideration obligation will be revalued to estimated fair value and changes in fair value will be reflected as income or expense in our consolidated statement of operations. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligations may result from changes in discount periods and rates, changes in the timing and amount of future revenue estimates and changes in probability assumptions with respect to the likelihood of achieving the various contingent payment obligations. Changes in assumptions utilized in our contingent consideration fair value estimates could result in an increase or decrease in our contingent consideration obligation and a corresponding charge or reduction to operating results.

We are involved in various legal proceedings in the normal course of our business, including product liability litigation, intellectual property litigation, employment litigation and other litigation. We record reserves related to these legal matters when losses related to such litigation or contingencies are both probable and reasonably estimable. Refer to “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this document for a description of our significant current legal proceedings.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-02, which states that a lessee should recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.  As of the January 1, 2019 transition date, the right of use (“ROU”) asset and liability were less than 1.0% and less than 2.0% of total Company assets and liabilities, respectively.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The ASU is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets including trade receivables held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for all organizations for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company evaluated the impact of this pronouncement and concluded that the guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations.

In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20), Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The ASU shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium and requires the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date, but does not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity.  The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. Entities are required to apply the amendments on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The entity is required to provide disclosures about a change in accounting principle in the period of adoption. The Company evaluated the impact of these amendments and the guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations.

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In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), relating to a customer's accounting for implementation, set-up, and other upfront costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is hosted by a vendor (i.e., a service contract). Under the new guidance, a customer will apply the same criteria for capitalizing implementation costs as it would for an arrangement that has a software license.  The new guidance also prescribes the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow classification of the capitalized implementation costs and related amortization expense, and requires additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application is permitted.  The Company can choose to adopt the new guidance (1) prospectively to eligible costs incurred on or after the date this guidance is first applied or (2) retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, that this pronouncement will have on our financial position and results of operations.  

 

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20) – Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, which amends ASC 715 to add, remove, and clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The revisions to the disclosure requirements affect only the year-end financial statements of plan sponsors, as there are no changes related to interim financial statements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application is permitted.  The ASU provisions will be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented.  

 

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which removes, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements in Topic 820. The Company will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and the valuation processes of Level 3 fair value measurements. However, the Company will be required to additionally disclose the changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements, and the range and weighted average of assumptions used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019.  The amendments relating to additional disclosure requirements will be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The Company is permitted to early adopt either the entire ASU or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements.

 

The following discussion provides forward-looking quantitative and qualitative information about our potential exposure to market risk. Market risk represents the potential loss arising from adverse changes in the value of financial instruments. The risk of loss is assessed based on the likelihood of adverse changes in fair values, cash flows or future earnings. We are exposed to market risk for changes in the market values of our investments (Investment Risk), the impact of interest rate changes (Interest Rate Risk) and the impact of foreign currency exchange changes (Foreign Currency Exchange Risk).

We maintain our portfolio of cash equivalents and short-term investments in a variety of securities, including both government and government agency obligations with ratings of A or better and money market funds. Our investments in marketable securities are governed by our investment policy which seeks to preserve the value of our principal, provide liquidity and maximize return on the Company’s investment against minimal interest rate risk. Consequently, our interest rate and principal risk are minimal on our non-equity investment portfolio. The quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk are set forth below.

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Investment Risk

As of December 31, 2018, our total investments in marketable and equity securities of other companies, including equity method investments, but excluding securities considered cash and cash equivalents, were $1,072.9 million (included in marketable securities and investments and other assets). The fair values of these investments are subject to significant fluctuations due to volatility of the stock market and changes in general economic conditions.

 

We regularly review the carrying value of our investments and identify and recognize losses for income statement purposes.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to interest rate risk relates primarily to our non-equity investment portfolio. Our cash is invested in money market securities.

Our permitted investments in marketable securities include highly liquid money market securities classified as available-for-sale securities.  No security as of December 31, 2018 has a maturity in excess of one year. These investments include floating rate securities that are exposed to interest rate fluctuations. Because of the short-term nature of these investments, we are subject to minimal interest rate risk and do not believe that an increase in market rates would have a significant negative impact on the value of our portfolio.

Floating Rate Debt

At December 31, 2018, borrowings outstanding under the floating rate notes were $2,105.4 million. Assuming a one percent increase in the applicable interest rate on the Company’s floating rates notes, annual interest expense would increase by approximately $21.1 million over the next twelve months.

In January 2019, Allergan entered into $500 million notional float to fixed interest rate swaps maturing on March 12, 2020 whereby it fixed the interest rates on $500.0 million floating rate notes due March 12, 2020 to an average interest rate of 3.98%.  The swaps are anticipated to be a highly effective cash flow hedge and qualify for hedge accounting treatment.

Fixed Rate Debt

The Company has outstanding borrowings under its fixed rate notes. Changes in market interest rates generally affect the fair value of fixed-rate debt, but do not impact earnings or cash flows.

Euro Denominated Debt

The Company has outstanding borrowings under its Euro denominated notes.  Changes in foreign exchange rates may impact cash flows for principal and interest.

Interest Rate

The Company may use interest rate swap contracts on certain investing and borrowing transactions to manage its net exposure to interest rate changes and its overall cost of borrowing. The Company does not use leveraged swaps and does not leverage any of its fixed income investments that would put principal capital at risk.

Foreign Currency Exchange Risk

Overall, we are a net recipient of currencies other than the U.S. dollar and, as such, benefit from a weaker dollar and are adversely affected by a stronger dollar relative to major currencies worldwide. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates, and in particular a strengthening of the U.S. dollar, may negatively affect our consolidated revenues or operating costs and expenses as expressed in U.S. dollars.

From time to time, we enter into foreign currency forward contracts which change in value as foreign exchange rates change to allow the Company to economically offset the effect of changes in the value of foreign currency assets and liabilities. We have entered into foreign currency forward contracts in amounts between minimum and maximum existing or anticipated foreign exchange exposures.

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The Company is subject to transactional items which are denominated in currencies other than the functional currency and therefore movements in exchange rates may impact the results of operations.  Net foreign currency losses / (gains) reflected in general and administrative expenses were $28.8 million, $97.5 million and $(52.8) million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

The currency for Argentina was deemed hyperinflationary in the third quarter of 2018 and is now being accounted for using the Company’s functional currency.  The impact is immaterial to the Company’s operations.

In November 2018, the Company entered into a 700 million Euro forward contract to buy Euros while selling USD.  The derivative has a maturity of May 31, 2019.  The derivative instrument will be marked-to-market to the P&L offsetting the revaluation (P&L) impact on the Euro 700 million variable interest debt. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a gain of $5.9 million relating to this instrument.

The Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk in its international operations from foreign currency purchases, net investments in foreign subsidiaries, and foreign currency assets and liabilities created in the normal course of business, including the Euro Denominated Notes. In the year ended December 31, 2018, we used effective net investment hedges to partially offset the effects of foreign currency on our investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries. The total notional amount of our instruments designated as net investment hedges was $5.1 billion as of December 31, 2018 and $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2017.  During the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, the impact of the net investment hedges recorded in other comprehensive (loss) / income was a gain of $144.5 million and a loss of $208.2 million, respectively.

Other

We do not believe that inflation has had a significant impact on our revenues or operations, nor do we have any material commodity price risks.

The information required by this Item is contained in the financial statements set forth in Item 15 (a) under the caption “Consolidated Financial Statements and Supplementary Data” as a part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

There have been no changes in or disagreements with accountants on accounting or financial disclosure matters.

 

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Allergan plc maintains “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the Allergan plc’s Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Allergan plc’s management, including its Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective.

As required by SEC Rule 13a-15(b), Allergan plc carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of Allergan plc’s management, including Allergan plc’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Allergan plc’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on this evaluation Allergan plc’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that Allergan plc’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2018.

Warner Chilcott Limited maintains “disclosure controls and procedures,” as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed in the Company’s Exchange Act reports is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to Warner Chilcott Limited’s management, including its Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and

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evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognizes that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objective.

As required by SEC Rule 13a-15(b), Warner Chilcott Limited carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of Warner Chilcott Limited’s management, including Warner Chilcott Limited’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of Warner Chilcott Limited’s disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this annual report. Based on this evaluation Warner Chilcott Limited’s Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer concluded that Warner Chilcott Limited’s disclosure controls and procedures were effective at the reasonable assurance level as of December 31, 2018.

Management’s Reports on Internal Control over Financial Reporting of Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited

Management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as such term is defined under Rule 13a-15(f) of the Exchange Act. We maintain internal control over financial reporting designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Management of Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited has assessed the effectiveness of Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria set forth in “Internal Control — Integrated Framework” (2013) issued by Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Based on its assessment of internal control over financial reporting, management concluded that Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited internal control over financial reporting was effective to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles as of December 31, 2018.

The effectiveness of Allergan plc’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, has been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report which appears herein.  The effectiveness of Warner Chilcott Limited’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, has not been audited by PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm.  

Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting of Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited

During the quarter ended December 31, 2018, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited’s internal control over financial reporting.

From time to time, we use our website, our Facebook, Instagram, LinkedIn and Twitter accounts and other social media channels as additional means of disclosing public information to investors, the media and others interested in the Company. Additionally, our Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer, Brent L. Saunders, and our Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer, Bill Meury, may use similar social media channels to disclose public information.  It is possible that certain information we post on our website and on social media could be deemed to be material information, and we encourage investors, the media and others interested in the Company to review the business and financial information we post on our website and on the social media channels identified above. The information on our website and those social media channels is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K.

 

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PART III

Directors

The information concerning directors of Allergan required under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the “Director Nominees For Election at the Annual Meeting” section of our definitive proxy statement, to be filed pursuant to Regulation 14A, related to our 2019 Annual General Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 1, 2019 (our “2019 Proxy Statement”).

The information concerning our Audit Committee and the independence of its members required by this Item, along with information about the financial expert(s) serving on the Audit Committee, is incorporated by reference to “Audit and Compliance Committee” section of our 2019 Proxy Statement.

Executive Officers of the Registrant

Below are our executive officers as of February 15, 2019:

 

Brenton L. Saunders

Mr. Saunders is Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Allergan and has served in the role of President and Chief Executive Officer since July 2014 and of Chairman since October 2016, having previously served as Chief Executive Officer and President, and as director, of Forest Laboratories, Inc. , prior to its acquisition by Allergan. Prior to that, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Bausch + Lomb Incorporated, a leading global eye health company, serving in this capacity from March 2010 until August 2013. Mr. Saunders also held a number of leadership positions at Schering-Plough, including the position of President of Global Consumer Health Care and was named head of integration for the company’s merger with Merck & Co. and for Schering-Plough’s acquisition of Organon BioSciences. Before joining Schering-Plough, Mr. Saunders was a Partner and Head of Compliance Business Advisory at PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP. Prior to that, he was Chief Risk Officer at Coventry Health Care and Senior Vice President, Compliance, Legal and Regulatory at Home Care Corporation of America. Mr. Saunders began his career as Chief Compliance Officer for the Thomas Jefferson University Health System. Mr. Saunders serves on the Board of Directors of Cisco Systems, Inc., RWJBarnabas Health and The Allergan Foundation, and is a member of the Business Council, the Business Roundtable and PhRMA.

William Meury

Mr. Meury is Executive Vice President and Chief Commercial Officer of Allergan and has served in this role since May 2016, having previously served as President, Branded Pharma from March 2015 and Executive Vice President, Commercial, North American Brands from July 2014. Mr. Meury served as Executive Vice President, Sales and Marketing at Forest prior to its acquisition by Allergan (then known as Actavis). He joined Forest in 1993 and held multiple roles of increasing responsibility in Marketing, New Products, Business Development, and Sales. Before joining Forest, Mr. Meury worked in public accounting for Reznick Fedder & Silverman and in financial reporting for MCI Communications. He received a B.S. in Economics from the University of Maryland. Mr. Meury serves on the Board of Directors of Syndax Pharmaceuticals, The Jed Foundation and the International Council of Ophthalmology Foundation.

Matthew M. Walsh

Mr. Walsh is Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Allergan and has served in this role since February 2018.  Prior to joining Allergan, Mr. Walsh served as EVP, CFO at Catalent for 10 years. Before Catalent, Mr. Walsh was President, CFO and Acting CEO at Escala Group, Inc. He previously held a variety of finance leadership roles at GenTek, Inc., including Vice

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President-Finance & Chief Financial Officer, Vice President & Treasurer and Group Controller. Mr. Walsh is a CFA® charterholder. He received an MBA from Cornell University, SC Johnson School of Management and a Bachelor of Science in Chemical Engineering from Cornell University, College of Engineering.

A. Robert D. Bailey

Mr. Bailey is Executive Vice President and Chief Legal Officer and Corporate Secretary of Allergan, and has served in this role since July 2014, having served as Senior Vice President, Chief Legal Officer, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary of Forest prior to its acquisition by Allergan, from November 2013 to June 2014. Prior to that, Mr. Bailey served as Executive Vice President, Law, Policy and Communications at Bausch + Lomb from 2007 to 2013. Before joining Bausch + Lomb in 1994, he was an attorney at Nixon Peabody (formerly Nixon, Hargrave, Devans & Doyle). Mr. Bailey received his J.D. from the University of Minnesota and his B.A. from St. Olaf College.

Karen Ling

Ms. Ling is Executive Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer of Allergan, and has served in this role since July 2014, having served as Senior Vice President and Chief Human Resources Officer at Forest from January 2014 to July 2014, prior to its acquisition by Allergan (then known as Actavis). Ms. Ling joined Forest from Merck & Co., where she served as Senior Vice President, Human Resources for the company’s Global Human Health and Consumer Care businesses worldwide beginning in November 2011. Previously, she served as Vice President, Compensation and Benefits at Merck and Group Vice President, Global Compensation & Benefits at Schering-Plough (which was acquired by Merck). Prior to joining Schering-Plough in 2008, Ms. Ling spent 14 years at Wyeth Pharmaceuticals in various positions of responsibility in human resources and in Wyeth’s Labour and Employment Department. Before joining Wyeth, Ms. Ling was an attorney at Goldstein and Manello, P.C. in Boston. She serves on the Board of Directors of the Glaucoma Foundation, Inc., The Jed Foundation and The Allergan Foundation. Ms. Ling received her J.D. from Boston University School of Law and a B.A. from Yale University.

Dr. C. David Nicholson

Dr. Nicholson is Executive Vice President and Chief R&D Officer of Allergan and has served in this role since March 2015. He joined Allergan (then known as Actavis) as Senior Vice President, Global Brands R&D in August 2014. Previously, he served as Chief Technology Officer and EVP, R&D for Bayer CropScience from March 2012 to August 2014; Vice President of Licensing and Knowledge Management at Merck from 2009 to December 2011; and Senior Vice President, responsible for Global Project Management and Drug Safety at Schering-Plough from 2007 to 2009. From 1988 to 2007, Dr. Nicholson held various leadership positions at Organon, where he most recently served as Executive Vice President, Research & Development and was a member of the company’s Executive Management Committee. Dr. Nicholson serves on the Board of Directors of Actinium Pharmaceuticals and Science Exchange.  He received a B.Sc. from the University of Manchester and his Ph.D. from the University of Wales.

Wayne R. Swanton

Mr. Swanton is Executive Vice President, Global Operations of Allergan plc. Prior to his current appointment, Mr. Swanton served as Senior Vice President Global Operations of Allergan. He joined the Company (then Watson) in March 2012 as Vice President, Global Supply Chain. Mr. Swanton brings expertise to all aspects of the end-to-end supply chain, including procurement, planning, manufacturing, external supply, quality and distribution.  He has extensive leadership experience in global pharmaceutical operations and managing significant business transformations. Prior to joining Allergan, Mr. Swanton held various roles at Abbott Laboratories in finance, supply chain, project management and manufacturing operations in both local and global capacities. Mr. Swanton is a Fellow of the Chartered Association of Certified Accountants, UK.

James C. D’Arecca

Mr. D’Arecca is the Chief Accounting Officer of Allergan, and has served in this role since August 2013. Prior to joining Allergan, he held a similar position at Bausch + Lomb. Prior to joining Bausch + Lomb, Mr. D’Arecca worked for Merck & Co. and Schering-Plough. He also spent 13 years with PricewaterhouseCoopers as a Certified Public Accountant. Mr. D’Arecca received his MBA from Columbia University and his B.S. in Accounting from Rutgers University.

Our executive officers are appointed annually by the Board of Directors, hold office until their successors are chosen and qualified and may be removed at any time by the affirmative vote of a majority of the Board of Directors. We have employment agreements with most of our executive officers. There are no family relationships between any director and executive officer of Allergan.

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Section 16(a) Compliance

The information concerning compliance with Section 16(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 required by this Item is incorporated by reference to the “Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance” section of our 2019 Proxy Statement.

Code of Ethics

We have adopted a Code of Conduct that applies to our employees, including our Principal Executive Officer, Principal Financial Officer and Principal Accounting Officer. The Code of Conduct is posted on our Internet website at www.Allergan.com. Any person may request a copy of our Code of Conduct by contacting us at our administrative address: 5 Giralda Farms, Madison, NJ 07940, Attn: Secretary. Any amendments to or waivers from the Code of Conduct will be posted on our website at www.Allergan.com under the caption “Corporate Governance” within the Investors section of our website.

 

 

The information concerning executive and director compensation, and concerning our compensation committee and the compensation committee report for Allergan required under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the “Compensation Discussion and Analysis” section of our 2019 Proxy Statement.

 

 

The information concerning security ownership of certain beneficial owners and management and related stockholder matters and the equity compensation plan information required under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the “Stock Ownership of Directors and Executive Officers” and “Equity Compensation Plan Information as of December 31, 2018” sections of our 2019 Proxy Statement.

 

 

The information concerning certain relationships and related transactions, and director independence required under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the “Certain Relationships and Related Transactions” and “Director Independence” sections of our 2019 Proxy Statement.

 

 

The information concerning principal accounting fees and services required under this Item is incorporated herein by reference to the “Audit Fees” section of our 2019 Proxy Statement.

 

 

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PART IV  

 

 

All other financial statement schedules have been omitted because they are not applicable or the required information is included in the Consolidated Financial Statements or Notes thereto.

 

 

 

 

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EXHIBIT INDEX

 

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90

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91

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92

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93

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Not applicable.

 

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SIGNATURES Registrant

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on the 15^th day of February, 2019.

 

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons and in the capacities indicated on the 15^th day of February, 2019.

 

 

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this Annual Report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized on the 15^th day of February, 2019.

 

 

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this Annual Report has been signed below by the following persons and in the capacities indicated on the 15^th day of February, 2019.

 

 

 

 

 

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INDEX TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

The following Consolidated Financial Statements of the Registrants and their subsidiaries are required to be included in Item 15:

 

 

F-1

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Allergan plc

 

Opinions on the Financial Statements and Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Allergan plc and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss)/income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15 (a) (2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). We also have audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).  

 

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. Also in our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the COSO.

 

Change in Accounting Principles

 

As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for income taxes and the manner in which it accounts for goodwill in 2018.

 

Basis for Opinions

 

The Company's management is responsible for these consolidated financial statements, for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting of Allergan plc appearing under Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express opinions on the Company’s consolidated financial statements and on the Company's internal control over financial reporting based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud, and whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects.  

 

Our audits of the consolidated financial statements included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audits also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinions.

 

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

 

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

F-2

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Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

 

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Florham Park, New Jersey

February 15, 2019

 

We have served as the Company's auditor since at least 1994. We have not been able to determine the specific year we began serving as auditor of the Company.

F-3

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Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

 

To the Board of Directors and Members of Warner Chilcott Limited

 

Opinion on the Financial Statements

 

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Warner Chilcott Limited and its subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive (loss)/income, equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, including the related notes and financial statement schedule listed in the index appearing under Item 15 (a)(2) (collectively referred to as the “consolidated financial statements”). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

 

Change in Accounting Principles

 

As discussed in Note 4 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company changed the manner in which it accounts for income taxes and the manner in which it accounts for goodwill in 2018.

 

Basis for Opinion

 

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB) and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

 

We conducted our audits of these consolidated financial statements in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. As part of our audits we are required to obtain an understanding of internal control over financial reporting but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion.

 

Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

 

/s/ PricewaterhouseCoopers LLP

Florham Park, New Jersey

February 15, 2019

 

We have served as the Company's auditor since 2014.

 

F-4

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ALLERGAN PLC

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In millions, except par value and share data)

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

F-5

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ALLERGAN PLC

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In millions, except per share amounts)

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-6

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ALLERGAN PLC

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) / INCOME

(In millions)

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-7

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ALLERGAN PLC

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In millions)

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

F-8

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ALLERGAN PLC

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(In millions)

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

F-9

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WARNER CHILCOTT LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In millions)

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-10

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WARNER CHILCOTT LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(In millions)

 

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-11

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WARNER CHILCOTT LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE (LOSS) / INCOME

(In millions)

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-12

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WARNER CHILCOTT LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In millions)

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

F-13

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WARNER CHILCOTT LIMITED

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY

(In millions, except share data)

 

 

See accompanying Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

 

F-14

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NOTES TO THE CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

 

NOTE 1 — Description of Business

Allergan plc is a global pharmaceutical leader. Allergan is focused on developing, manufacturing and commercializing branded pharmaceutical, device, biologic, surgical and regenerative medicine products for patients around the world.  Allergan markets a portfolio of leading brands and best-in-class products primarily focused on four key therapeutic areas including medical aesthetics, eye care, central nervous system and gastroenterology.  Allergan is an industry leader in Open Science, a model of research and development, which defines our approach to identifying and developing game-changing ideas and innovation for better patient care.  The Company has operations in more than 100 countries.  Warner Chilcott Limited is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Allergan plc and has the same principal business activities.

On August 2, 2016 we completed the divestiture of our global generics business and certain other assets to Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (“Teva”) (the “Teva Transaction”) for $33.3 billion in cash, net of cash acquired by Teva, which included estimated working capital and other contractual adjustments, and 100.3 million unregistered Teva ordinary shares (or American Depository Shares with respect thereto) (“Teva Shares”).  As part of the Teva Transaction, Teva acquired our global generics business, including the United States (“U.S.”) and international generic commercial units, our third-party supplier Medis, our global generic manufacturing operations, our global generic research and development (“R&D”) unit, our international over-the-counter (“OTC”) commercial unit (excluding OTC eye care products) and certain established international brands.

On October 3, 2016, the Company completed the divestiture of the Anda Distribution business to Teva for $500.0 million. The Anda Distribution business distributed generic, branded, specialty and OTC pharmaceutical products from more than 300 manufacturers to retail independent and chain pharmacies, nursing homes, mail order pharmacies, hospitals, clinics and physician offices across the U.S. 

The Company recognized a combined gain on the sale of the Anda Distribution business and the Teva Transaction of $15,932.2 million in the year ended December 31, 2016.  

As a result of the Teva Transaction and the divestiture of the Company’s Anda Distribution business, and in accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-08 “Presentation of Financial Statements (Topic 205) and Property, Plant and Equipment (Topic 360): Reporting Discontinued Operations and Disclosures of Disposals of Components of an Entity,” the financial results of the businesses held for sale were reclassified to discontinued operations for all periods presented in our consolidated financial statements. The results of our discontinued operations include the results of our generic product development, manufacturing and distribution of off-patent pharmaceutical products, certain established international brands marketed similarly to generic products and out-licensed generic pharmaceutical products primarily in Europe through our Medis third-party business through August 2, 2016, as well as our Anda Distribution business through October 3, 2016.

 

 

NOTE 2 — Formation of the Company

Allergan plc was incorporated in Ireland on May 16, 2013 as a private limited company and re-registered effective September 20, 2013 as a public limited company. It was established for the purpose of facilitating the business combination between Allergan Finance, LLC (formerly known as Actavis, Inc.) and Warner Chilcott plc (“Warner Chilcott”).  Following the consummation of the acquisition of Warner Chilcott on October 1, 2013 (the “Warner Chilcott Acquisition”), Allergan Finance, LLC and Warner Chilcott became wholly-owned subsidiaries of Allergan plc. Each of Allergan Finance, LLC’s common shares was converted into one Company ordinary share. Effective October 1, 2013, through a series of related-party transactions, Allergan plc contributed its indirect subsidiaries, including Allergan Finance, LLC, to its subsidiary Warner Chilcott Limited.

Except where otherwise indicated, and excluding certain insignificant cash and non-cash transactions at the Allergan plc level, the consolidated financial statements and disclosures are for two separate registrants, Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited. The results of Warner Chilcott Limited are consolidated into the results of Allergan plc. Due to the deminimis activity between Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited, references throughout this document relate to both Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited. Refer to “Note 3 —Reconciliation of Warner Chilcott Limited results to Allergan plc results” in the accompanying “Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements” in this document for a summary of the details on the differences between Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited.

F-15

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Pursuant to Rule 12g-3(c) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), Allergan plc “AGN” ordinary shares are deemed to be registered under Section 12(b) of the Exchange Act, are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, and the rules and regulations promulgated thereunder.

References throughout to “we,” “our,” “us,” the “Company” or “Allergan” refer to financial information and transactions of Allergan plc. References to “Warner Chilcott Limited” refer to Warner Chilcott Limited, the Company’s indirect wholly-owned subsidiary, and, unless the context otherwise requires, its subsidiaries.

References throughout to “Ordinary Shares” refer to Allergan plc’s ordinary shares, par value $0.0001 per share.

 

 

NOTE 3 — Reconciliation of Warner Chilcott Limited results to Allergan plc results

Warner Chilcott Limited is an indirect wholly-owned subsidiary of Allergan plc, the ultimate parent of the group (together with other direct or indirect parents of Warner Chilcott Limited, the “Parents”). The results of Warner Chilcott Limited are consolidated into the results of Allergan plc. Due to the deminimis activity between Warner Chilcott Limited and the Parents (including Allergan plc), content throughout this filing relates to both Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited. Warner Chilcott Limited disclosures relate only to itself and not to any other company.  Except where otherwise indicated, and excluding certain insignificant cash and non-cash transactions at the Allergan plc level, these notes relate to the consolidated financial statements for both separate registrants, Allergan plc and Warner Chilcott Limited. In addition to certain inter-company payable and receivable amounts between the entities, the following is a reconciliation of the financial position and results of operations of Warner Chilcott Limited to Allergan plc ($ in millions):

 

 

 

The differences between general and administrative expenses in the years ending December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 were due to corporate related expenses incurred at Allergan plc as well as non-recurring transaction costs, including the terminated transaction with Pfizer Inc. The differences in total equity were due to historical differences in the results of operations of the companies and differences in equity awards.

 

F-16

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As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Warner Chilcott Limited had $0.6 billion and $5.8 billion, respectively, in Receivables from the Parents.  As of December 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Warner Chilcott Limited had zero and $4.0 billion, respectively, in Non-current Receivables from the Parents.  These Receivables are related to intercompany loans between Allergan plc and subsidiaries of Warner Chilcott Limited.  The intercompany loans cause a difference in interest income between the two entities.  Based on planned changes in the expected method of settlement of the Parent company receivables arising during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company reclassified approximately $9.3 billion to equity.

 

 

NOTE 4 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation

The Company’s consolidated financial statements are prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States (“U.S.”) (“GAAP”). The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of wholly owned subsidiaries, after elimination of intercompany accounts and transactions. The consolidated financial information presented herein reflects all financial information that, in the opinion of management, is necessary for a fair statement of financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.

The Company’s consolidated financial statements include the financial results of all acquired companies subsequent to the acquisition date.

Implementation of New Guidance

 

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers" (“Topic 606”), using the modified retrospective method applied to those contracts which were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under Topic 606, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historical accounting practices.  The impact to revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018 was not significant as a result of the adoption.  The adoption of this guidance does not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position or results of operations as the Company’s sales primarily are governed by standard ship and bill terms of pharmaceutical products to customers.  

 

The Company applies the “practical expedient” as defined in Topic 606 to recognize the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets that the Company otherwise would have recognized is one year or less. These costs which are included in selling, general, and administrative expenses are consistent with the accounting prior to the adoption of Topic 606. The Company also elected to use the practical expedient to not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of the time value of money for contracts in which the anticipated period between when the Company transfers the goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays is equal to one year or less.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-01, which now requires equity securities (including other ownership interests, such as partnerships, unincorporated joint ventures, and limited liability companies) to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value recognized through net income.  Under the previous guidance, changes in the fair value of equity securities were recognized through other comprehensive income.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2016-16, Income Taxes (Topic 740): Intra-Entity Transfers of Assets Other Than Inventory. Previously, GAAP prohibited the recognition of current and deferred income taxes for an intra-entity asset transfer until the asset has been sold to an outside party. This prohibition on recognition was an exception to the principle of comprehensive recognition of current and deferred income taxes in GAAP. The amendment to the guidance eliminated the exception for an intra-entity transfer of an asset other than inventory and required an entity to recognize the income tax consequences when the transfer occurs.

F-17

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The following represents the impact on the Company's Consolidated Balance Sheet as a result of the adoption on January 1, 2018 of these accounting pronouncements ($ in millions):

 

 

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. This standard amends and adjusts how cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. As a result of the guidance, the Company retrospectively applied the standard which resulted in a reclassification of debt extinguishment costs from cash flows from operating activities to cash flows from financing activities.  As a result of the application of the guidance, cash flows from operating activities increased by $205.6 million and cash flows from financing activities decreased by $205.6 million in the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted ASU No. 2017-07, Compensation — Retirement Benefits (Topic 715): Improving the Presentation of Net Periodic Pension Cost and Net Periodic Postretirement Benefit Cost. This update requires that an employer disaggregate the service cost component from the other components of net periodic benefit cost.  Upon adoption, the Company recorded other components of the net periodic benefit cost with “other income / (expense), net.”

 

On July 1, 2018, the Company adopted Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2017-12, Derivatives and Hedging (Topic 815) — Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities, which now better aligns the Company’s risk management activities and financial reporting for hedging relationships through changes to both the designation and measurement guidance for qualifying hedging relationships and the presentation of hedge results. The amendments also make certain targeted improvements to simplify the application of hedge accounting guidance and ease the administrative burden of hedge documentation requirements and assessing hedge effectiveness on a prospective basis. After the adoption, the Company presents the entire change in fair value of a hedging instrument in the same income statement line item(s) as the earnings effect of the hedged item when that hedged item affects earnings.

Use of Estimates

Management is required to make certain estimates and assumptions in order to prepare consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP. Such estimates and assumptions affect the reported financial statements. The Company’s most significant estimates relate to the determination of SRAs (defined below) included within either accounts receivable or accrued liabilities, the valuation of inventory balances, the determination of useful lives for intangible assets, pension and other post-retirement benefit plan assumptions, the assessment of expected cash flows used in evaluating goodwill and other long-lived assets for impairment and recognition and measurement of assets acquired and liabilities assumed in business combinations at fair value. The estimation process required to prepare the Company’s consolidated financial statements requires assumptions to be made about future events and conditions, and as such, is inherently subjective and uncertain. The Company’s actual results could differ materially from those estimates.

F-18

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Foreign Currency Translation

For most of the Company’s international operations, the local currency has been determined to be the functional currency. The results of its non-U.S. dollar based operations are translated to U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on the balance sheet date. Equity is translated at the prevailing rate of exchange at the date of the equity transaction. Translation adjustments are reflected in shareholders’ equity and are included as a component of other comprehensive (loss) / income. The translational effects of revaluing non-functional currency assets and liabilities into the functional currency are recorded as general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

The Company realizes foreign currency gains / (losses) in the normal course of business based on movement in the applicable exchange rates. These transactional gains / (losses) are included as a component of general and administrative expenses.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company considers cash and cash equivalents to include cash in banks, commercial paper and deposits with financial institutions that can be liquidated without prior notice or penalty. The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity from the date acquired of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

Fair Value of Other Financial Instruments

The Company’s financial instruments consist primarily of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts and other receivables, investments, trade accounts payable, and long-term debt, including the current portion. The carrying amounts of cash and cash equivalents, marketable securities, accounts and other receivables and trade accounts payable are representative of their respective fair values due to their relatively short maturities. The fair values of investments in companies that are publicly traded are based on quoted market prices. The Company estimates the fair value of its fixed rate long-term obligations based on quoted market rates.

Inventories

Inventories consist of finished goods held for sale and distribution, raw materials and work in process. Inventory includes brand and aesthetic products which represent Food and Drug Administration (“FDA”) approved or likely to be approved indications. Inventory valuation reserves are established based on a number of factors/situations including, but not limited to, raw materials, work in process or finished goods not meeting product specifications, product obsolescence, or application of the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value concepts. The determination of events requiring the establishment of inventory valuation reserves, together with the calculation of the amount of such reserves may require judgment. Assumptions utilized in our quantification of inventory reserves include, but are not limited to, estimates of future product demand, consideration of current and future market conditions, product net selling price, anticipated product launch dates, competition and potential product obsolescence and other events relating to special circumstances surrounding certain products. No material adjustments have been required to our inventory reserve estimates for the periods presented. Adverse changes in assumptions utilized in our inventory reserve calculations could result in an increase to our inventory valuation reserves and higher cost of sales.

Property, Plant and Equipment

Property, plant and equipment are stated at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Major renewals and improvements are capitalized if they add functionality or extend the life of the asset, while routine maintenance and repairs are expensed as incurred. The Company capitalizes interest on qualified construction projects. At the time property, plant and equipment are retired from service, the cost and accumulated depreciation are removed from the respective accounts.

Depreciation expense is computed principally on the straight-line method, over the estimated useful lives of the related assets. The following table provides the range of estimated useful lives used for each asset type:

 

 

F-19

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The Company assesses property, plant and equipment for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset’s carrying amount may not be recoverable.

Investments

The Company’s equity investments are accounted for under the equity method of accounting when the Company can exert significant influence and the Company’s ownership interest does not exceed 50%. The Company records equity method investments at cost and adjusts for the appropriate share of investee net earnings or losses. Investments in which the Company owns less than a 20% interest and cannot exert significant influence are recorded at fair value and the Company recognizes any changes in fair value in net income. For equity investments without readily determinable fair values, the Company may make a separate election for each eligible investment to use a measurement alternative until the investment’s fair value becomes readily determinable. Under the alternative method, the equity investments are accounted for at cost, less any impairment, plus or minus changes resulting from observable price changes in an orderly transaction for an identical or similar investment of the same issuer.

Marketable Securities

The Company’s marketable securities consist of U.S. treasury and agency securities and debt and equity securities of publicly-held companies. The Company’s marketable securities are recorded at fair value, based upon quoted market prices with an offset to interest income.

Product Rights and Other Definite Lived Intangible Assets

Our product rights and other definite lived intangible assets are stated at cost, less accumulated amortization, and are amortized using the economic benefit model or the straight-line method, if results are materially aligned, over their estimated useful lives. We determine amortization periods for product rights and other definite lived intangible assets based on our assessment of various factors impacting estimated cash flows. Such factors include the product’s position in its life cycle, the existence or absence of like products in the market, various other competitive and regulatory issues, and contractual terms. Significant changes to any of these factors may result in an impairment, a reduction in the intangibles useful life or an acceleration of related amortization expense, which could cause our net results to decline.

Product rights and other definite lived intangible assets are tested periodically for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that an asset’s carrying value may not be recoverable. The impairment testing involves comparing the carrying amount of the asset to the forecasted undiscounted pre-tax future cash flows over its useful life, including any salvage value. In the event the carrying value of the asset exceeds the undiscounted future cash flows, the carrying value is considered not recoverable and an impairment exists. An impairment loss is measured as the excess of the asset’s carrying value over its fair value, calculated using discounted future cash flows. The computed impairment loss is recognized in net (loss) / income in the period that the impairment occurs. Assets which are not impaired may require an adjustment to the remaining useful lives for which to amortize the asset. Our projections of discounted cash flows use a discount rate determined by our management to be commensurate with the risk inherent in our business model. Our estimates of future cash flows attributable to our other definite lived intangible assets require significant judgment based on our historical and anticipated results and are subject to many factors. Different assumptions and judgments could materially affect the calculation of the undiscounted cash flows of the other definite lived intangible assets which could trigger impairment.

Goodwill and Intangible Assets with Indefinite Lives

The Company tests goodwill and intangible assets with indefinite lives for impairment annually in the second quarter. Additionally, the Company may perform interim tests if an event occurs or circumstances change that could potentially reduce the fair value of a reporting unit or an indefinite lived intangible asset below its carrying amount such as those fourth quarter 2018 triggering events relating to the Company’s General Medicine Reporting Unit as discussed in “NOTE 16 — Goodwill, Product Rights and Other Intangible Assets”. The carrying value of each reporting unit is determined by assigning the assets and liabilities, including the existing goodwill and intangible assets, to those reporting units.

The Company tests goodwill for impairment by either performing a qualitative evaluation or a quantitative test. The qualitative evaluation is an assessment of factors, including Reporting Unit specific operating results as well as industry, market and general economic conditions, to determine whether it is more likely than not that the fair values of a Reporting Unit is less than its carrying amount, including goodwill. The Company may elect to bypass this qualitative assessment for some or all of its Reporting Units and perform a quantitative test as of the measurement date of the test.

F-20

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Goodwill is considered impaired if the carrying amount of the net assets exceeds the fair value of the reporting unit. Impairment, if any, would be recorded in operating income / (loss) and this could result in a material impact to net income / (loss) and income / (loss) per share.

Prior to Allergan’s 2018 annual impairment test, the Company adopted the new guidance under Accounting Standard Update No. 2017-04, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other (Topic 350): Simplifying the Accounting for Goodwill Impairment which eliminated step 2 of the goodwill impairment test, which required a hypothetical purchase price allocation to measure goodwill impairment loss as of January 1, 2018.  A goodwill impairment loss under the new guidance is instead measured using a single step test based on the amount by which a reporting unit’s carrying amount exceeds its fair value, not to exceed the carrying amount of goodwill.  

Acquired in-process research and development (“IPR&D”) intangible assets represent the value assigned to research and development projects acquired in a business combination that, as of the date acquired, represent the right to develop, use, sell and/or offer for sale a product or other intellectual property that has not been completed or approved. The IPR&D intangible assets are subject to impairment testing until completion or abandonment of each project. Upon abandonment, the assets are impaired if there is no future alternative use or ability to sell the asset. Impairment testing requires the development of significant estimates and assumptions involving the determination of estimated net cash flows for each year for each project or product (including net revenues, cost of sales, R&D costs, selling and marketing costs and other costs which may be allocated), determination of the appropriate discount rate in order to measure the risk inherent in each future cash flow stream, assessment of each asset’s life cycle, potential regulatory and commercial success risks, and competitive trends impacting the asset and each cash flow stream as well as other factors. The major risks and uncertainties associated with the timely and successful completion of IPR&D projects include legal risk, market risk and regulatory risk. Changes in our assumptions could result in future impairment charges. No assurances can be given that the underlying assumptions used to prepare the discounted cash flow analysis will not change or the timely completion of each project and commercial success will occur. For these and other reasons, actual results may vary significantly from estimated results.

Upon successful completion of each project and approval of a product, we will make a separate determination of the useful life of the intangible asset, transfer the amount to currently marketed products (“CMP”) and amortization expense will be recorded over the estimated useful life.

Contingent Consideration

We determine the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration obligations for business acquisitions based on a probability-weighted income approach derived from revenue estimates, post-tax gross profit levels and a probability assessment with respect to the likelihood of achieving contingent obligations including contingent payments such as milestone obligations, royalty obligations and contract earn-out criteria, where applicable. The fair value measurement is based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement as defined using the fair value concepts defined in ASC Topic 820 “Fair Value Measurement,” (“ASC 820”). The resultant probability-weighted cash flows are discounted using an appropriate effective annual interest rate. At each reporting date, the contingent consideration obligation will be revalued to estimated fair value and changes in fair value will be reflected as income or expense in our consolidated statement of operations. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligations may result from changes in discount periods and rates, changes in the timing and amount of future revenue estimates and changes in probability assumptions with respect to the likelihood of achieving the various contingent payment obligations. Changes in assumptions utilized in our contingent consideration fair value estimates could result in an increase or decrease in our contingent consideration obligation and a corresponding charge or reduction to operating results.  Refer to “NOTE 24 — Fair Value Measurement” for additional details regarding the fair value of contingent consideration.

Revenue Recognition

General

Topic 606 provides that revenues are recognized when control of the promised goods under a contract is transferred to a customer, in an amount that reflects the consideration we expect to be entitled to in exchange for those goods as specified in the underlying terms with the customer. The Company warrants products against defects and for specific quality standards, permitting the return of products under certain circumstances. Product sales are recorded net of all sales-related deductions including, but not limited to: chargebacks, trade discounts, commercial and government rebates, customer loyalty programs, fee-for-service arrangements with certain distributors, returns, and other allowances which we refer to in the aggregate as sales returns and allowances (“SRA”).

 

The Company’s performance obligations are primarily achieved when control of the products is transferred to the customer. Transfer of control is based on contractual performance obligations, but typically occurs upon receipt of the goods by the customer as that is when the customer has obtained control of significantly all of the economic benefits.

 

F-21

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Prior to the achievement of performance obligations, shipping and handling costs associated with outbound freight for a product to be transferred to a customer are accounted for as a fulfillment cost and are included in selling and marketing expenses.  When the Company sells a business and future royalties are considered as part of the consideration, the Company recognizes the royalties as a component of “other income / (expense), net”.

Other revenues earned are mainly comprised of royalty income from licensing of intellectual property. Royalty income is recognized when the licensee’s subsequent sale occurs.

Refer to “NOTE 21 – Segments” for our revenues disaggregated by product and segment and our revenues disaggregated by geography for our international segment.  We believe this level of disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenue and cash flows are affected by economic factors.

Significant Payment Terms

 

A contract with a customer states the final terms of the sale, including the description, quantity, and price of each product purchased. The Company’s payment terms vary by the type and location of the customer and the products offered. A customer agrees to a stated rate and price in the contract and given that most of the products sold contain variable consideration, the amount of revenue recognized incorporates adjustments for SRAs as appropriate.

 

 

Determining the Transaction Price

The Company offers discounts and rebates to certain customers who participate in various programs that are referred to as SRA allowances as described further below in the section “Provisions for SRAs”. Such discounting and rebating activity is included as part of the Company’s estimate of the transaction price and is accounted for as a reduction to gross sales. At time of sale, the Company records the related SRA adjustments. The Company performs validation activities each period to assess the adequacy of the liability or contra receivable estimates recorded to reflect actual activity and will adjust the reserve balances accordingly.

Provisions for SRAs

As is customary in the pharmaceutical industry, certain customers may receive cash-based incentives or credits, which are variable consideration accounted for as SRAs. The Company estimates SRA amounts based on the expected amount to be provided to customers, which reduces the revenues recognized. The Company believes that there will not be significant changes to our estimates of variable consideration. The Company uses a variety of methods to assess the adequacy of the SRA reserves to ensure that our financial statements are fairly stated.  These provisions are estimated based on historical payment experience, the historical relationship of the deductions to gross product revenues, government regulations, estimated utilization or redemption rates, estimated customer inventory levels and current contract sales terms. The estimation process used to determine our SRA provisions has been applied on a consistent basis and no material revenue adjustments to total reported revenues have been necessary to increase or decrease our reserves for SRA as a result of a significant change in underlying estimates.  

Chargebacks — A chargeback represents an amount payable in the future to a wholesaler for the difference between the invoice price paid by such wholesaler customer for a particular product and the negotiated contract price that the wholesaler’s customer pays for that product. The chargeback provision and related reserve varies with changes in product mix, changes in customer pricing and changes to estimated wholesaler inventories. The provision for chargebacks also takes into account an estimate of the expected wholesaler sell-through levels to indirect customers at certain contract prices. The Company validates the chargeback accrual quarterly through a review of the inventory reports obtained from our largest wholesale customers. This customer inventory information is used to verify the estimated liability for future chargeback claims based on historical chargeback and contract rates. These large wholesalers represent the vast majority of the recipients of the Company’s chargeback credits. We continually monitor current pricing trends and wholesaler inventory levels to ensure the contra-receivable for future chargebacks is fairly stated.

Rebates — Rebates include volume related incentives to direct and indirect customers, third-party managed care and Medicare Part D rebates, Medicaid rebates and other government rebates. Rebates are accrued based on an estimate of claims to be paid for product sold into trade by the Company. Volume rebates are generally contractually offered to customers as an incentive to use the Company’s products and to encourage greater product sales. These rebate programs include contracted rebates based on customers’ purchases made during an applicable monthly, quarterly or annual period. The provision for third-party rebates is estimated based on our customers’ contracted rebate programs and the Company’s historical experience of rebates paid. Any significant changes to our customer rebate programs are considered in establishing the provision for rebates. The provisions for government rebates are based, in part, upon historical experience of claims submitted by the various states and authorities, contractual terms and government regulations. We monitor legislative changes to determine what impact such legislation may have on our provision.

Cash Discounts — Cash discounts are provided to customers that pay within a specific time period. The provision for cash discounts is estimated based upon invoice billings and historical customer payment experience. The Company’s experience of payment history is fairly consistent and most customer payments qualify for a cash discount.

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Returns and Other Allowances — The Company’s provision for returns and other allowances include returns, promotional allowances and loyalty cards.

Consistent with industry practice, the Company maintains a returns policy that allows customers to return product for a credit. In accordance with the Company’s policy, credits for customer returns of products are applied against outstanding account activity or are settled in cash. Product exchanges are generally not permitted. Customer returns of product are generally not resalable. The Company’s estimate of the provision for returns is based upon historical experience and current trends of actual customer returns. Additionally, we consider other factors when estimating the current period returns provision, including levels of inventory in the distribution channel, as well as significant market changes which may impact future expected returns.

Promotional allowances are credits with no discernable benefit offered to Allergan that are issued in connection with a product launch or as an incentive for customers to carry our product. The Company establishes a reserve for promotional allowances based upon contractual terms.

Loyalty cards allow end-user patients a discount per prescription and are accrued based on historical experience, contract terms and the volume of product and cards in the distribution channel.

The following table summarizes the activity from continuing operations in the Company’s major categories of SRA ($ in millions):

 

 

The following table summarizes the balance sheet classification of our SRA reserves ($ in millions):

 

 

 

The SRA provisions recorded to reduce gross product sales to net product sales, excluding discontinued operations, were as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

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Collectability Assessment

At the time of contract inception or customer account set-up, the Company performs a collectability assessment on the creditworthiness of such customer. The Company assesses the probability that the Company will collect the consideration to which it will be entitled in exchange for the goods sold. In evaluating collectability, the Company considers the customer’s ability and intention to pay consideration when it is due. On a recurring basis, the Company estimates the amount of receivables considered uncollectible after sale to the customer to reflect allowances for doubtful accounts.  Provision for bad debts, included in general and administrative expenses, were $18.5 million, $11.6 million and $3.5 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

 

Practical Expedients and Exemptions

 

The Company generally expenses sales commissions when incurred because the amortization period is one year or less. These costs are recorded within selling and marketing expenses.

 

The Company does not adjust the promised amount of consideration for the effects of the time value of money for contracts in which the anticipated period between when the Company transfers the goods or services to the customer and when the customer pays is equal to one year or less.

 

The Company has chosen not to elect the remaining practical expedients.

Litigation and Contingencies

The Company is involved in various legal proceedings in the normal course of its business, including product liability litigation, intellectual property litigation, employment litigation and other litigation. Additionally, the Company, in consultation with its counsel, assesses the need to record a liability for contingencies on a case-by-case basis in accordance with FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) Topic 450 “Contingencies” (“ASC 450”). Accruals are recorded when the Company determines that a loss related to a matter is both probable and reasonably estimable. These accruals are adjusted periodically as assessment efforts progress or as additional information becomes available. Refer to “NOTE 25 — Commitments and Contingencies” for more information.

R&D Activities

R&D activities are expensed as incurred and consist of self-funded R&D costs, the costs associated with work performed under collaborative R&D agreements, regulatory fees, and acquisition and license related milestone payments, if any.

As of December 31, 2018, we are developing a number of products, some of which utilize novel drug delivery systems, through a combination of internal and collaborative programs including but not limited to the following:

 

 

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We also have a number of products in development as part of our life-cycle management strategy for our existing product portfolio.

 

Allocation of Acquisition Fair Values to Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed

We account for acquired businesses using the acquisition method of accounting, which requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed be recorded at the date of acquisition at their respective fair values. The consolidated financial statements and results of operations reflect an acquired business after the completion of the acquisition. The fair value of the consideration paid, including contingent consideration, is assigned to the underlying net assets of the acquired business based on their respective fair values as determined using a market participant concept. Any excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill.

The most material line items impacted by the allocation of acquisition fair values are:

Income Taxes

Income taxes are accounted for using an asset and liability approach that requires the recognition of deferred tax assets and liabilities for the expected future tax consequences of temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities at the applicable tax rates. A valuation allowance is provided when it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The Company evaluates the realizability of its deferred tax assets by assessing its valuation allowance and by adjusting the amount of such allowance, if necessary. The factors used to assess the likelihood of realization include the Company’s forecast of future taxable income and available tax planning strategies that could be implemented to realize the net deferred tax assets. Failure to achieve forecasted taxable income in applicable tax jurisdictions could affect the ultimate realization of deferred tax assets and could result in an increase in the Company’s effective tax rate on future earnings.

Income tax positions must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold to be recognized. Income tax positions that previously failed to meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are recognized in the first financial reporting period in which that threshold is met. Previously recognized tax positions that no longer meet the more-likely-than-not threshold are derecognized in the first financial reporting period in which that threshold is no longer met. The Company recognizes potential accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits within the consolidated statements of operations as income tax expense.

The TCJA introduced an additional U.S. tax on certain non-U.S. subsidiaries’ earnings which are considered to be Global Intangible Low Taxed Income (referred to as “GILTI”). Under this provision, the amount of GILTI included by a U.S. shareholder will be taxed at a rate of 10.5% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 (increasing to 13.125% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2025) with a partial offset for foreign tax credits. After consideration of the relevant guidance and completing the accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA, the Company has elected to treat GILTI as a period cost.

Comprehensive Income / (Loss)

Comprehensive income / (loss) includes all changes in equity during a period except those that resulted from investments by or distributions to the Company’s stockholders. Other comprehensive income / (loss) refers to revenues, expenses, gains and losses that are included in comprehensive income / (loss), but excluded from net income / (loss) as these amounts are recorded directly as an adjustment to shareholders’ equity. The Company’s other comprehensive income / (loss) is primarily comprised of actuarial gains / (losses), the impact of hedging transactions, pension liabilities and foreign currency translation adjustments.

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Earnings Per Share (“EPS”)

The Company computes EPS in accordance with ASC Topic 260, “Earnings Per Share” (“ASC 260”) and related guidance, which requires two calculations of EPS to be disclosed: basic and diluted. Basic EPS is computed by dividing net (loss) / income by the weighted average ordinary shares outstanding during a period. Diluted EPS is based on the treasury stock method and includes the effect from potential issuance of ordinary shares, such as shares issuable pursuant to the exercise of stock options and restricted stock units. Diluted EPS also includes the impact of ordinary share equivalents issued (or issuable in 2017) upon the mandatory conversion of the Company’s preferred shares which occurred on March 1, 2018. Ordinary share equivalents have been excluded where their inclusion would be anti-dilutive to continuing operations.

A reconciliation of the numerators and denominators of basic and diluted EPS follows ($ in millions, except per share amounts):

 

 

Stock awards to purchase 2.3 million, 3.8 million, and 4.7 million ordinary shares for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, were outstanding, but not included in the computation of diluted EPS, because the awards were anti-dilutive for continuing operations and as such the treatment for discontinued operations was also anti-dilutive.

 

The Company’s preferred shares were converted to ordinary shares on March 1, 2018.  The weighted average impact of ordinary share equivalents of 2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2018, which would result from the mandatory conversion of the Company’s preferred shares at the beginning of the period, were not included in the calculation of diluted EPS as their impact would be anti-dilutive.  Similarly, the anti-diluted weighted average impact of ordinary share equivalents upon mandatory conversion of the preferred shares of 17.8 million and 17.6 million for years ended December 31, 2017, and 2016, respectively, were excluded from in the calculation of diluted EPS.

Refer to “NOTE 20 –Shareholders’ Equity” for further discussion on the Company’s share repurchase programs.

Employee Benefits

Defined Contribution Plans

The Company has defined contribution plans that are post-employment benefit plans under which the Company pays fixed contributions to a separate entity and has no legal or constructive obligation to pay further amounts. Obligations for contributions to the defined contribution plans are recognized as an employee benefit expense in the consolidated statement of operations in the periods during which the related services were rendered.

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Defined Benefit Plans

The Company recognizes the overfunded or underfunded status of each of its defined benefit plans as an asset or liability on its consolidated balance sheets. The obligations are generally measured at the actuarial present value of all benefits attributable to employee service rendered, as provided by the applicable benefit formula. The estimates of the obligation and related expense of these plans recorded in the financial statements are based on certain assumptions. The most significant assumptions relate to discount rate and expected return on plan assets. Other assumptions used may include employee demographic factors such as compensation rate increases, retirement patterns, expected employee turnover and participant mortality rates. The difference between these assumptions and actual experience results in the recognition of an asset or liability based upon a net actuarial (gain) / loss. If the total net actuarial (gain) / loss included in accumulated other comprehensive income / (loss) exceeds a threshold of 10% of the greater of the projected benefit obligation or the market related value of plan assets, it is subject to amortization and recorded as a component of net periodic pension cost over the average remaining service lives of the employees participating in the pension plan. Net periodic benefit costs are recognized in the consolidated statement of operations.

Share-Based Compensation

The Company has adopted several equity award plans which authorize the granting of options, restricted shares, restricted stock units and other forms of equity awards of the Company’s ordinary shares, subject to certain conditions.

The Company grants awards with the following features:

The Company recognizes share-based compensation expense for granted awards over the applicable vesting period.

Cash-settled performance-based awards are recorded as a liability. These cash-settled performance-based awards were measured against pre-established total shareholder returns metrics.

Restructuring Costs

The Company records liabilities for costs associated with exit or disposal activities in the period in which the liability is incurred. In accordance with existing benefit arrangements, employee severance costs are accrued when the restructuring actions are probable and estimable. Costs for one-time termination benefits in which the employee is required to render service until termination in order to receive the benefits are recognized ratably over the future service period. The Company also incurs costs with contract terminations and costs of transferring products as part of restructuring activities. Refer to “NOTE 22 — Business Restructuring Charges” for more information.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

 

In February 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued ASU No. 2016-02, which states that a lessee should recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from leases. This update is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years.  As of the January 1, 2019 transition date, the right of use (“ROU”) asset and liability were less than 1.0% and less than 2.0% of total Company assets and liabilities, respectively.

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The ASU is intended to improve financial reporting by requiring timelier recording of credit losses on loans and other financial instruments held by financial institutions and other organizations. The ASU requires the measurement of all expected credit losses for financial assets including trade receivables held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and reasonable and supportable forecasts. Financial institutions and other organizations will now use forward-looking information to better inform their credit loss estimates. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application will be permitted for all organizations for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company evaluated the impact of this pronouncement and concluded that the guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations.

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In March 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-08, Receivables—Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20), Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The ASU shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium and requires the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date, but does not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity.  The amendments are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those annual periods. Entities are required to apply the amendments on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The entity is required to provide disclosures about a change in accounting principle in the period of adoption. The Company evaluated the impact of these amendments and the guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-15, Intangibles – Goodwill and Other – Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40), relating to a customer's accounting for implementation, set-up, and other upfront costs incurred in a cloud computing arrangement that is hosted by a vendor (i.e., a service contract). Under the new guidance, a customer will apply the same criteria for capitalizing implementation costs as it would for an arrangement that has a software license.  The new guidance also prescribes the balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow classification of the capitalized implementation costs and related amortization expense, and requires additional quantitative and qualitative disclosures. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. Early application is permitted.  The Company can choose to adopt the new guidance (1) prospectively to eligible costs incurred on or after the date this guidance is first applied or (2) retrospectively. The Company is evaluating the impact, if any, that this pronouncement will have on our financial position and results of operations.  

 

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation - Retirement Benefits - Defined Benefit Plans - General (Subtopic 715-20) – Disclosure Framework - Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, which amends ASC 715 to add, remove, and clarify disclosure requirements related to defined benefit pension and other postretirement plans. The revisions to the disclosure requirements affect only the year-end financial statements of plan sponsors, as there are no changes related to interim financial statements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2020. Early application is permitted.  The ASU provisions will be applied on a retrospective basis to all periods presented.  

 

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Fair Value Measurement, which removes, adds and modifies certain disclosure requirements for fair value measurements in Topic 820. The Company will no longer be required to disclose the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, and the valuation processes of Level 3 fair value measurements. However, the Company will be required to additionally disclose the changes in unrealized gains and losses included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements, and the range and weighted average of assumptions used to develop significant unobservable inputs for Level 3 fair value measurements. The ASU is effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019.  The amendments relating to additional disclosure requirements will be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial year of adoption. All other amendments will be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. The Company is permitted to early adopt either the entire ASU or only the provisions that eliminate or modify the requirements.

 

NOTE 5 — Business Developments

 

2018 Significant Business Developments

The following are the significant transactions that were completed or announced in the year ended December 31, 2018.

Licenses and Asset Acquisitions

Bonti, Inc.

On October 24, 2018, the Company acquired Bonti, Inc. (“Bonti”), a privately held clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on the development and commercialization of novel, fast-acting neurotoxin programs for aesthetic and therapeutic applications, for $195.0 million upfront plus contingent consideration of up to $90.0 million which may be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition as the purchase primarily related to one asset.  The aggregate upfront expense of $196.6 million was recorded as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2018.

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Elastagen Pty Ltd

On April 6, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Elastagen Pty Ltd, a clinical stage medical company developing medical and cosmetic treatments including recombinant human tropoelastin, the precursor of elastin, which will be combined with Allergan's existing fillers product lines.  The transaction was accounted for as an asset acquisition as the purchase primarily related to one asset.  The aggregate upfront expense of $96.1 million was recorded as a component of R&D expense during the year ended December 31, 2018.  Under the terms of the agreement, Elastagen Pty Ltd is eligible to receive additional contingent consideration of up to $165.0 million which may be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Repros Therapeutics, Inc.

On January 31, 2018, the Company completed the acquisition of Repros Therapeutics, Inc., which was accounted for as an asset acquisition as the purchase primarily related to one asset.  The aggregate upfront expense of $33.2 million was recorded as a component of R&D expense during the year ended December 31, 2018.

Divestitures

Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc.

On November 30, 2018, the Company divested Rhofade^® to Aclaris Therapeutics, Inc.  Under the terms of the agreement, the purchase price included an upfront cash payment, a potential development milestone payment for an additional dermatology product, and tiered payments based on annual net sales of Rhofade^®, which have a fair value estimated to be $50.3 million.  As a result of this transaction, the Company recorded a net loss of $266.2 million which is included as a component of “Asset sales and impairments, net”.  

Almirall, S.A.

 

On September 20, 2018, the Company completed the sale of five medical dermatology products (Aczone^®, Tazorac^®, Azelex^®, Cordran^® Tape and Seysara^™) in the U.S. to Almirall, S.A.  Allergan concluded that these assets constituted a business.  As part of the sale, the Company received cash consideration of $550.0 million and is eligible to receive a contingent payment of up to an additional $100.0 million in the event that net sales of the divested products in a specified calendar year exceed a sales target, to which no fair value has been ascribed.  As a result of this transaction, the Company recorded the following ($ in millions):

 

 

2017 Significant Business Developments

The following are the significant transactions that were completed or announced in the year ended December 31, 2017.

Acquisitions

Keller Medical, Inc.

On June 23, 2017, the Company acquired Keller Medical, Inc. (“Keller”), a privately held medical device company and developer of the Keller Funnel^® (the “Keller Acquisition”).  The Keller Acquisition combined the Keller Funnel^®, a surgical device used in conjunction with breast implants, with the Company’s leading breast implants business.

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Zeltiq^® Aesthetics, Inc.

On April 28, 2017, the Company acquired Zeltiq^® Aesthetics, Inc. (“Zeltiq”) for an acquisition accounting purchase price of $2,405.4 million (the “Zeltiq Acquisition”). Zeltiq was focused on developing and commercializing products utilizing its proprietary controlled-cooling technology platform (Coolsculpting^®). The Zeltiq Acquisition combined Zeltiq’s body contouring business with the Company’s leading portfolio of medical aesthetics.

Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed at Fair Value

The Zeltiq Acquisition has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting. This method requires that assets acquired and liabilities assumed in a business combination be recognized at their fair values as of the acquisition date.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date and reflects purchase accounting adjustments subsequent to the acquisition date ($ in millions):

 

 

IPR&D and Intangible Assets

The estimated fair value of the intangible assets, including customer relationships, was determined using the “income approach,” which is a valuation technique that provides an estimate of the fair value of an asset based on market participant expectations of the cash flows an asset would generate over its remaining useful life. Some of the more significant assumptions inherent in the development of those asset valuations include the estimated net cash flows for each year for each asset or product (including net revenues, cost of sales, R&D costs, selling and marketing costs, other allocated costs, and working capital/contributory asset charges), the appropriate discount rate to select in order to measure the risk inherent in each future cash flow stream, the assessment of each asset’s life cycle, the potential regulatory and commercial success risks, competitive trends impacting the asset and each cash flow stream.  This technique is referred to herein as the “IPR&D and Intangible Asset Valuation Technique.”

The fair value of the intangible assets acquired in the Zeltiq Acquisition was determined using the IPR&D and Intangible Asset Valuation Technique. The discount rate used to arrive at the present value for these acquired intangible assets ranged from 10.0% to 11.0% to reflect the internal rate of return and incremental commercial uncertainty in the cash flow projections. The discount rate of the Zeltiq Acquisition was driven by the life-cycle stage of the products and the therapeutic indication. For these and other reasons, actual results may vary significantly from estimated results.

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The following table identifies the summarized amounts recognized and the weighted average useful lives using the economic benefit of intangible assets ($ in millions):

 

Goodwill

Among the reasons the Company acquired Zeltiq and the factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill was the expansion of the Company’s leading medical aesthetics portfolio.  Goodwill from the Zeltiq Acquisition of $954.7 million was assigned to the US Specialized Therapeutic segment and goodwill of $256.9 million was assigned to the International segment and is non-deductible for tax purposes.

Inventories

The fair value of inventories acquired included an acquisition accounting fair market value step-up of $22.9 million which was recognized as a component of cost of sales as the inventory acquired was sold to the Company’s customers in the year ended December 31, 2017.

Deferred Tax Liabilities

Deferred tax liabilities result from identifiable intangible assets’ fair value adjustments. These adjustments create excess book basis over tax basis which is tax-effected by the statutory tax rates of applicable jurisdictions.

LifeCell Corporation

On February 1, 2017, the Company acquired LifeCell Corporation (“LifeCell”), a regenerative medicine company, for an acquisition accounting price of $2,883.1 million (the “LifeCell Acquisition”). The LifeCell Acquisition combined LifeCell's novel, regenerative medicines business, including its high-quality and durable portfolio of dermal matrix products with the Company's leading portfolio of medical aesthetic products, breast implants and tissue expanders. The LifeCell Acquisition expanded the Company’s medical aesthetics portfolio by adding Alloderm^® and Strattice^®.

Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed at Fair Value

The LifeCell Acquisition has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.

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The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date and reflects purchase accounting adjustments subsequent to the acquisition date ($ in millions):

 

IPR&D and Intangible Assets

The fair value of the acquired intangible assets was determined using the IPR&D and Intangible Asset Valuation Technique. The discount rate used to arrive at the present value for these acquired intangible assets was 7.5% to reflect the internal rate of return and incremental commercial uncertainty in the cash flow projections in the LifeCell Acquisition. The discount rate of the LifeCell Acquisition was driven by the life-cycle stage of the products including, the advanced nature of IPR&D projects and the therapeutic indication. For these and other reasons, actual results may vary significantly from estimated results.  

The following table identifies the summarized amounts recognized and the weighted average useful lives using the economic benefit of intangible assets ($ in millions):

 

Goodwill

Among the reasons the Company acquired LifeCell and the factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill was the expansion of the Company’s leading medical aesthetic portfolio.  Goodwill from the LifeCell Acquisition of $1,449.1 million was assigned to the US Specialized Therapeutic segment and is non-deductible for tax purposes.

Inventories

The fair value of inventories acquired included an acquisition accounting fair market value step-up of $108.4 million which was recognized as a component of cost of sales as the inventory acquired was sold to the Company’s customers in the year ended December 31, 2017, excluding currency impact.

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Deferred Tax Liabilities

Deferred tax liabilities result from identifiable intangible assets’ fair value adjustments. These adjustments create excess book basis over tax basis which is tax-effected by the statutory tax rates of applicable jurisdictions.

Licenses and Other Transactions Accounted for as Asset Acquisitions

Lyndra, Inc.

On July 31, 2017, the Company entered into a collaboration, option and license agreement with Lyndra, Inc. (“Lyndra”) to develop orally administered ultra-long-acting (once-weekly) products for the treatment of Alzheimer’s disease and an additional, unspecified indication. The total upfront payment of $15.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2017. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing, as well as the lack of certain other inputs and processes, that the transaction did not qualify as a business.  The future option exercise payments, if any, and any future success based milestones relating to the licensed products of up to $85.0 million will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Editas Medicine, Inc.

On March 14, 2017, the Company entered into a strategic alliance and option agreement with Editas Medicine, Inc. (“Editas”) for access to early stage, first-in-class eye care programs. Pursuant to the agreement, Allergan made an upfront payment of $90.0 million for the right to license up to five of Editas’ gene-editing programs in eye care, including its lead program for Leber Congenital Amaurosis (“LCA”). Under the terms of the agreement, if an option is exercised, Editas is eligible to receive contingent research and development and commercial milestones plus royalties based on net sales.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing, as well as the lack of certain other inputs and processes, that the transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront payment of $90.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2017. The future option exercise payments, if any, and any future success based milestones relating to the licensed products will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company exercised a $15.0 million option to develop and commercialize EDIT-101 globally for the treatment of LCA10 which was included as a component of R&D expense.  Additionally, Editas has exercised its option to co-develop and share equally in the profits and losses from EDIT-101 in the United States.  Editas received an additional $25.0 million milestone, which was included as a component as R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2018, as the FDA accepted the investigational new drug application for EDIT-101.  

Assembly Biosciences, Inc.

On January 9, 2017, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with Assembly Biosciences, Inc. (“Assembly”) for the worldwide rights to Assembly’s microbiome gastrointestinal development programs. Under the terms of the agreement, the Company made an upfront payment to Assembly of $50.0 million for the exclusive, worldwide rights to develop and commercialize certain development compounds. Additionally, Assembly will be eligible to receive success-based development and commercial milestone payments plus royalties based on net sales. The Company and Assembly will generally share development costs through proof-of-concept (“POC”) studies, and Allergan will assume all post-POC development costs.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing as well as the lack of certain other inputs and processes that the transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront payment of $50.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2017 and the future success based milestone payments of up to $2,771.0 million, including amounts for additional development programs not committed to as of December 31, 2017, will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Lysosomal Therapeutics, Inc.

On January 9, 2017, the Company entered into a definitive agreement for the option to acquire Lysosomal Therapeutics, Inc. (“LTI”). LTI is focused on innovative small-molecule research and development in the field of neurodegeneration, yielding new treatment options for patients with severe neurological diseases. Under the agreement, Allergan acquired an option right directly from LTI shareholders to acquire LTI for $150.0 million plus future milestone payments following completion of a Phase Ib trial for LTI-291 as well as an upfront research and development payment. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing, as well as the lack of certain other inputs and processes, that the transaction did not qualify as a business. The aggregate upfront payment of $145.0 million was recorded as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2017.  The Company did not exercise its option and on January 2, 2019, the option agreement with LTI was terminated.

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Other Transactions

Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe

On September 8, 2017, the Company entered into an agreement with the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe, under which the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe obtained the rights to Orange Book-listed patents covering Restasis^® (Cyclosporine Ophthalmic Emulsion) 0.05%, and the Company was granted exclusive licenses under the patents related to the product. Pursuant to the agreement, the Company paid the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe an upfront payment of $13.8 million, which was recorded as a component of cost of sales in the year ended December 31, 2017.  Additionally, the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe will be eligible to receive up to $15.0 million in annual royalties starting in 2018, during the period that certain patent claims remain in effect.

2016 Significant Business Developments

The following are the significant transactions that were completed in the year ended December 31, 2016. Refer to “NOTE 8 — Discontinued Operations” for material divestitures that were completed into during the year ended December 31, 2016.

Acquisitions

Tobira Therapeutics, Inc.

On November 1, 2016, the Company acquired Tobira Therapeutics, Inc. (“Tobira”), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on developing and commercializing therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (“NASH”) and other liver diseases for an acquisition accounting purchase price of $570.1 million, plus contingent consideration of up to $49.84 per share in contingent value rights (“CVR”), or up to $1,101.3 million, that may be payable based on the successful completion of certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones (the “Tobira Acquisition”), of which $303.1 million was paid in the year ended December 31, 2017 for the initiation of Phase III clinical trials. The CVR had an acquisition date fair value of $479.0 million. The Tobira Acquisition added Cenicriviroc, a differentiated, complementary development program for the treatment of the multi-factorial elements of NASH, including inflammation, metabolic syndromes and fibrosis, to Allergan's global gastroenterology R&D pipeline.

Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed at Fair Value

The transaction has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date ($ in millions):

 

 

IPR&D and Intangible Assets

The fair value of the IPR&D intangible assets was determined using the IPR&D and Intangible Asset Valuation Technique. The discount rate used to arrive at the present value for IPR&D intangible assets was 11.5% to reflect the internal rate of return and incremental commercial uncertainty in the cash flow projections. The discount rate of the acquisition was driven by the stage of the product and the therapeutic indication. No assurances can be given that the underlying assumptions used to prepare the discounted cash flow analysis will not change. For these and other reasons, actual results may vary significantly from estimated results.  

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Goodwill

Among the reasons the Company acquired Tobira and the factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill was the expansion of the Company’s pipeline of NASH products.  Goodwill from the Tobira Acquisition of $98.6 million was assigned to the US General Medicine segment and is non-deductible for tax purposes.

Contingent Consideration

As part of the acquisition, the Company is required to pay the former shareholders of Tobira up to $1,101.3 million, of which $303.1 million was paid in the year ended December 31, 2017, based on the timing of the certain development, regulatory and commercial milestones, if any.  At the time of the acquisition, the Company estimated the fair value of the contingent consideration to be $479.0 million using a probability weighted average approach that considered the possible outcomes of scenarios related to the specified product.

Deferred Tax Liabilities

Deferred tax liabilities result from identifiable intangible assets’ fair value adjustments. These adjustments create excess book basis over tax basis which is tax-effected by the statutory tax rates of applicable jurisdictions.

Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc.

On October 25, 2016, the Company acquired Vitae Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“Vitae”), a clinical-stage biotechnology company, for an acquisition accounting purchase price of $621.4 million (the “Vitae Acquisition”). At the time of the transaction, the Vitae Acquisition was anticipated to expand Allergan’s dermatology product pipeline with the addition of a Phase II orally active RORyt (retinoic acid receptor-related orphan receptor gamma) inhibitor for the potential treatment of psoriasis and other autoimmune disorders, and a Phase II atopic dermatitis drug candidate. 

Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed at Fair Value

The transaction has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date ($ in millions):

 

 

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IPR&D and Intangible Assets

The fair value of the IPR&D intangible assets was determined using the IPR&D and Intangible Asset Valuation Technique. The discount rate used to arrive at the present value for IPR&D intangible assets was 9.5% to reflect the internal rate of return and incremental commercial uncertainty in the cash flow projections. The discount rate of the acquisition was driven by the stage of the product and the therapeutic indication.  Refer to “NOTE 16 – Goodwill, Product Rights and Other Intangible Assets” for impairments of the acquired assets.  

Goodwill

Among the reasons the Company acquired Vitae and the factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill was the expansion of the Company’s pipeline of dermatology products.  Goodwill from the Vitae Acquisition of $30.6 million was assigned to the US Specialized Therapeutic segment and is non-deductible for tax purposes.

Deferred Tax Liabilities

Deferred tax liabilities result from identifiable intangible assets’ fair value adjustments. These adjustments create excess book basis over tax basis which is tax-effected by the statutory tax rates of applicable jurisdictions.

Assets Held for Sale

The Company held for sale certain intangible assets acquired as part of the Vitae Acquisition.  These assets had an acquisition accounting value of $22.5 million. In the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company sold these assets for $22.5 million.

ForSight VISION5, Inc.

On September 23, 2016, the Company acquired ForSight VISION5, Inc. (“ForSight”), a privately held, clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on eye care, in an all cash transaction of approximately $95.0 million (the “ForSight Acquisition”). Under the terms of the ForSight Acquisition, the Company acquired ForSight for an acquisition accounting purchase price of $74.5 million plus the payment of outstanding indebtedness of $14.8 million and other miscellaneous charges. ForSight shareholders are eligible to receive contingent consideration of up to $125.0 million, which had an initial estimated fair value of $79.8 million, relating to commercialization milestones. The Company acquired ForSight for its lead development program, a peri-ocular ring designed for extended drug delivery and reducing elevated intraocular pressure (“IOP”) in glaucoma patients.

Assets Acquired and Liabilities Assumed at Fair Value

The transaction has been accounted for using the acquisition method of accounting.

The following table summarizes the fair values of the assets acquired and liabilities assumed at the acquisition date ($ in millions):

 

 

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IPR&D and Intangible Assets

The fair value of the IPR&D intangible assets was determined using the IPR&D and Intangible Asset Valuation Technique. The discount rate used to arrive at the present value for IPR&D intangible assets was 13.0% to reflect the internal rate of return and incremental commercial uncertainty in the cash flow projections. The discount rate of the acquisition was driven by the early stage of the product and the therapeutic indication. No assurances can be given that the underlying assumptions used to prepare the discounted cash flow analysis will not change. For these and other reasons, actual results may vary significantly from estimated results.  

Goodwill

Among the reasons the Company acquired ForSight and the factors that contributed to the recognition of goodwill was the expansion of the Company’s pipeline of eye care products.  Goodwill from the ForSight Acquisition of $50.5 million was assigned to the US Specialized Therapeutics segment and is non-deductible for tax purposes.

Contingent Consideration

As part of the acquisition, the Company is required to pay the former shareholders of ForSight up to $125.0 million based on the timing of the first commercial sale, if any.  The Company estimated the fair value of the contingent consideration to be $79.8 million using a probability weighted average approach that considered the possible outcomes of scenarios related to the specified product. In the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company recognized approximately $33.0 million in impairments of the acquired ForSight IPR&D asset as the Company anticipated a delay in potential launch timing, if any.  Offsetting this impairment was a corresponding reduction of acquired contingent consideration of $15.0 million, which reduced overall R&D expenses.

Deferred Tax Liabilities

Deferred tax liabilities result from identifiable intangible assets’ fair value adjustments. These adjustments create excess book basis over tax basis which is tax-effected by the statutory tax rates of applicable jurisdictions.

Licenses and Asset Acquisitions

Motus Therapeutics, Inc.

On December 15, 2016, the Company acquired Motus Therapeutics, Inc. (“Motus”) for an upfront payment of approximately $200.0 million (the “Motus Transaction”).  Motus has the worldwide rights to RM-131 (relamorelin), a peptide ghrelin agonist being developed for the treatment of diabetic gastroparesis.  Under the terms of the Motus Transaction, Motus shareholders are eligible to receive contingent consideration in connection with the commercial launch of the product. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront net payment of $199.5 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestone will be recorded if the corresponding event becomes probable.

Chase Pharmaceuticals Corporation

On November 22, 2016, the Company acquired Chase Pharmaceuticals Corporation (“Chase”), a clinical-stage biopharmaceutical company focused on the development of improved treatments for neurodegenerative disorders including Alzheimer's disease, for an upfront payment of approximately $125.0 million plus potential regulatory and commercial milestones of up to $875.0 million related to Chase's lead compound, CPC-201, and certain backup compounds (the “Chase Transaction”). The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the Chase Transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront net payment of $122.9 million was expensed as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, milestone payments of $75.0 million were included as a component of R&D expense.  

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AstraZeneca plc License

On October 2, 2016, the Company entered into a licensing agreement with MedImmune, AstraZeneca plc's (“AstraZeneca”) global biologics research and development arm, for the global rights to brazikumab (the “AstraZeneca Transaction”). Brazikumab is an anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibody for the treatment of patients with moderate-to-severe Crohn's disease and was Phase II ready for ulcerative colitis and other conditions treated with anti-IL-23 monoclonal antibodies.  Under the terms of the AstraZeneca Transaction, AstraZeneca received $250.0 million for the exclusive, worldwide license to develop and commercialize brazikumab and can receive contingent consideration of up to $1.27 billion (as of the time of the transaction), as well as tiered royalties on sales of the product. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees and manufacturing as well as certain other inputs and processes that the transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront payment of $250.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, milestones of $90.0 million, related to the probable initiation of clinical studies, were expensed as a component of R&D expense.  

RetroSense Therapeutics, LLC

On September 6, 2016, the Company acquired certain assets of RetroSense Therapeutics LLC (“RetroSense”), a private, clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on novel gene therapy approaches to restore vision in patients suffering from blindness (the “RetroSense Transaction”). Under the terms of the RetroSense Transaction, RetroSense received approximately $60.0 million upfront, and is eligible to receive up to $495.0 million in contingent regulatory and commercialization milestone payments related to its lead development program, RST-001, a novel gene therapy for the treatment of retinitis pigmentosa.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the RetroSense Transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront net payment of $59.7 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

 

Akarna Therapeutics, Ltd.

On August 26, 2016, the Company acquired Akarna Therapeutics, Ltd. (“Akarna”), a biopharmaceutical company developing novel small molecule therapeutics that target inflammatory and fibrotic diseases (the “Akarna Transaction”). Under the terms of the Akarna Transaction, Akarna shareholders received approximately $50.0 million upfront and were eligible to receive contingent development and commercialization milestones of up to $1,015.0 million. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets as well as a lack of certain other inputs and processes that the Akarna Transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront net payment of $48.2 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.  In the year ended December 31, 2017, a milestone of $39.6 million, related to the initiation of a clinical study, was included as a component of R&D expense.

 

Topokine Therapeutics, Inc.

On April 21, 2016, the Company acquired Topokine Therapeutics, Inc. (“Topokine”), a privately held, clinical-stage biotechnology company focused on development stage topical medicines for fat reduction (the “Topokine Transaction”). Under the terms of the Topokine Transaction, Topokine shareholders received an upfront payment of $85.8 million and are eligible to receive contingent development and commercialization milestones of up to $260.0 million for XAF5, a first-in-class topical agent in development for the treatment of steatoblepharon, also known as undereye bags.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the Topokine Transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront net payment of approximately $85.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

Heptares Therapeutics, Ltd.

On April 6, 2016, the Company entered into an agreement with Heptares Therapeutics, Ltd. (“Heptares”), under which the Company licensed exclusive global rights to a portfolio of novel subtype-selective muscarinic receptor agonists in development for the treatment of major neurological disorders, including Alzheimer's disease (the “Heptares Transaction”). Under the terms of the Heptares Transaction, Heptares received an upfront payment of $125.0 million and is eligible to receive contingent milestone payments of up to approximately $665.0 million upon successful Phase I, II and III clinical development and launch of the first three licensed compounds for multiple indications and up to approximately $2.575 billion associated with achieving certain annual sales thresholds during the several years following launch. In addition, Heptares was eligible to receive contingent tiered royalties on net sales of all products resulting from the partnership. The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the Heptares Transaction did not qualify as a business. The total upfront payment of $125.0 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the events become probable.  In the year ended December 31, 2017, a milestone of $15.0 million, related to the initiation of a clinical study, was included as a component of R&D expense.

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Anterios, Inc.

On January 6, 2016, the Company acquired Anterios, Inc. (“Anterios”), a clinical stage biopharmaceutical company developing a next generation delivery system and botulinum toxin-based prescription products (“the Anterios Transaction”). Under the terms of the Anterios Transaction, Anterios shareholders received an upfront net payment of approximately $90.0 million and are eligible to receive contingent development and commercialization milestone payments up to $387.5 million related to an investigational topical formulation of botulinum toxin type A in development for the potential treatment of hyperhidrosis, acne, and crow’s feet lines and the related NDS™, Anterios' proprietary platform delivery technology that enables local, targeted delivery of neurotoxins through the skin without the need for injections.  The Company concluded based on the stage of development of the assets, the lack of acquired employees as well as certain other inputs and processes that the Anterios Transaction did not qualify as a business.  The total upfront net payment of $89.2 million was included as a component of R&D expense in the year ended December 31, 2016 and the future milestones will be recorded if the corresponding events become probable.

 

 

 

NOTE 6 — Assets Held for Sale

The following represents the assets held for sale ($ in millions):

 

 

As of December 31, 2018, Allergan concluded that its Anti-Infectives business met the criteria for held for sale based on management’s intent and ability to divest the business within the next twelve months.  As a result of this decision, Allergan impaired the business assets by $771.7 million, including goodwill of $622.0 million, based on the expected aggregate fair value to be received of approximately $885.0 million.  Upon the sale of the business, Allergan would only recognize the upfront proceeds received in exchange for the assets disposed, which may result in further potential write downs as of the date of sale.  If contingent consideration is part of the aggregate fair value received, the Company would recognize any future benefits in “other income / (expense)” as the contingent portion of the divestiture is earned.

As of December 31, 2017, assets held for sale principally consisted of facilities no longer in use and certain product rights and other intangibles and goodwill.

 

 

NOTE 7 — Collaborations

The Company has ongoing transactions with other entities through collaboration agreements. The following represent the material collaboration agreements impacting the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

Ironwood Collaboration

In September 2007, Forest entered into a collaboration agreement with Ironwood Pharmaceuticals (“Ironwood”) to jointly develop and commercialize Linzess^® (linaclotide) for the treatment of irritable bowel syndrome with constipation (IBS-C) and chronic idiopathic constipation (CIC). Under the terms of the agreement, the Company shares equally with Ironwood all profits and losses (as defined) from the development and commercialization of Linzess in the U.S. In addition, the Company expanded this agreement to cover the acquired Constella rights internationally.  

The agreement included contingent milestone payments as well as a contingent equity investment based on the achievement of specific clinical and commercial milestones. The Company may be obligated to pay up to an additional $100.0 million if certain sales milestones are achieved.

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Based on the nature of the arrangement (including its contractual terms), the nature of the payments and applicable guidance, the Company records receipts from and payments to Ironwood in two pools: the “Development pool” which consists of R&D expenses, and the “Commercialization pool,” which consists of revenue, cost of sales and other operating expenses. The net payment to or receipt from Ironwood for the Development pool is recorded in R&D expense and the net payment to or receipt from Ironwood for the Commercialization pool is recorded in cost of goods sold.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a $29.9 million Linzess^® profit share true-up in cost of sales.

Amgen Collaboration

In December 2011, we entered into a collaboration agreement with Amgen Inc. (“Amgen”) to develop and commercialize, on a worldwide basis, biosimilar versions of Herceptin^®, Avastin^®, Rituxan/Mab Thera^®, and Erbitux^® (the “Amgen Collaboration Agreement”). Amgen has assumed primary responsibility for developing, manufacturing and initially commercializing the oncology antibody products.

In addition, we will contribute our significant expertise in the commercialization and marketing of products in highly competitive specialty markets, including helping effectively manage the lifecycle of the biosimilar products. The collaboration products are expected to be sold under a joint Amgen/Allergan label. We will initially receive royalties and sales milestones from product revenues. The collaboration will not pursue biosimilars of Amgen’s proprietary products.  In the year ended December 31, 2017, the FDA approved MVASI ™, a biosimilar of Avastin, for the treatment of five types of cancer.  As a result of the approval, the Company can achieve certain commercial and sales based milestones and receive royalties based on the net sales of the product.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded $25.0 million in milestone revenue as a result of the anticipated product launch of MVASI^™ during the 2019 fiscal year.  Additionally, in the year ended December 31, 2018, the European Commission granted marketing authorization for MVASI ^™ and KANJINTI^™, both biosimilars of Herceptin.  

 

 

NOTE 8 — Discontinued Operations

Global Generics Business

On July 27, 2015, the Company announced that it entered into the Teva Transaction, which closed on August 2, 2016.  On October 3, 2016, the Company completed the divestiture of the Anda Distribution business to Teva for $500.0 million.  The Company recognized a combined gain on the sale of the Anda Distribution business and the sale of the global generics business of $15,932.2 million in the twelve months ended December 31, 2016.

In October 2016, pursuant to our agreement with Teva, Teva provided the Company with its proposed estimated adjustment to the closing date working capital balance.  The Company disagreed with Teva’s proposed adjustment, and, pursuant to our agreement with Teva, each of the Company’s and Teva’s proposed adjustments were submitted to arbitration (“Working Capital Arbitration”) to determine the working capital amount in accordance with GAAP as applied by the Company consistent with past practice.  On January 31, 2018, Allergan plc and Teva entered into a Settlement Agreement and Mutual Releases (the “Agreement”).  The Agreement provides that the Company will make a one-time payment of $700.0 million to Teva which was paid in the year ended December 31, 2018; the Company and Teva will jointly dismiss their working capital dispute arbitration, and the Company and Teva will release all actual or potential claims under the Master Purchase Agreement, dated July 26, 2015, by and between the Company and Teva, for breach of any representation, warranty, or covenant (other than any breach of a post-closing covenant not known as of the date of the Agreement).  The Company recorded a pre-tax charge of $466.0 million as a component of other (expense) / income, net from discontinued operations relating to the settlement in the year ended December 31, 2017.  

The Company notes the following reconciliation of the proceeds received in the combined transaction to the gain recognized in income from discontinued operations in 2016 ($ in millions):

 

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The fair value of Teva Shares owned were recorded within “Marketable securities” on the Company’s Consolidated Balance Sheet. The closing August 2, 2016 Teva stock price discounted at a rate of 5.9 percent due to the lack of marketability was used to initially value the shares.

Teva Share Activity

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded the following movements in its investment in Teva securities ("Teva Share Activity") ($ in millions except per share information):

 

 

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During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded the following movements in its investment in Teva securities ($ in millions except per share information):

 

 

Financial results of the global generics business and the Anda Distribution business are presented as “(Loss) / income from discontinued operations, net of tax” on the Consolidated Statements of Operations for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.  

The following table presents key financial results of the global generics business and the Anda Distribution business included in “(Loss) / income from discontinued operations, net of tax” for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

The operating income reflects approximately seven months of operating activity of the Company’s former generics business and approximately nine months of operating activity of the Anda Distribution business in the year ended December 31, 2016. “Other (expense) / income, net” includes the gain on sale of the businesses to Teva. 

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Depreciation and amortization was ceased upon the determination that the held for sale criteria were met, which were the announcement dates of the Teva Transaction and the divestiture of the Anda Distribution business. The depreciation, amortization and significant operating and investing non-cash items of the discontinued operations were as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

 

NOTE 9 — Share-Based Compensation

The Company recognizes compensation expense for all share-based compensation awards made to employees and directors based on the fair value of the awards on the date of grant. A summary of the Company’s share-based compensation plans is presented below.

Option award plans require options to be granted at the fair market value of the shares underlying the options at the date of the grant and generally become exercisable over periods ranging from three to five years. Each option granted expires ten years from the date of the grant. Restricted stock awards are grants that entitle the holder to ordinary shares, subject to certain terms. Restricted stock unit awards are grants that entitle the holder the right to receive an ordinary share, subject to certain terms. Restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards (both time-based vesting and performance-based vesting) generally have restrictions that lapse over a one to four year vesting period. Restrictions generally lapse for non-employee directors after one year. Certain restricted stock units are performance-based awards issued at a target number with the actual number of ordinary shares issued ranging based on achievement of the performance criteria.  All restricted stock and restricted stock units which remain active under the Company’s equity award plans are eligible to receive cash dividend equivalent payments upon vesting.  

Fair Value Assumptions

All restricted stock and restricted stock units (whether time-based or performance-based) are granted and expensed using the fair value per share on the applicable grant date, over the applicable vesting period. Non-qualified options to purchase ordinary shares are granted to employees at exercise prices per share equal to the closing market price per share on the date of grant. The fair value of non-qualified options is determined on the applicable grant dates using the Black-Scholes method of valuation and that amount is recognized as an expense over the vesting period. Using the Black-Scholes valuation model, the fair value of options is based on the following assumptions:

 

 

Share-Based Compensation Expense

Share-based compensation expense recognized in the Company’s results of operations, including discontinued operations, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows ($ in millions):

 

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In the year ended December 31, 2016, share-based compensation expense included in discontinued operations was $12.9 million.  

 

In the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the related tax benefits were $53.5 million, $105.0 million and $131.8 million, respectively, relating to share-based compensation.

 

In the year ended December 31, 2017, the income in non-equity settled awards other was due to an actuarial reversal of $16.8 million based on the decline of the total shareholder return metrics.  These awards are cash-settled and fair valued based on a pre-determined total shareholder return metric.

Included in the share-based compensation awards for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 is the impact of accelerations and step-ups relating to the acquisition accounting treatment of outstanding awards acquired in the Zeltiq Acquisition, the acquisition of Allergan, Inc. (the “Allergan Acquisition”), and the acquisition of Forest Laboratories, Inc. (the “Forest Acquisition”) ($ in millions):

 

 

Unrecognized future share-based compensation expense was $312.4 million as of December 31, 2018. This amount will be recognized as an expense over a remaining weighted average period of 1.3 years. Share-based compensation is being amortized and charged to operations over the same period as the restrictions are eliminated for the participants, which is generally on a straight-line basis.

Share Activity

The following is a summary of equity award activity for unvested restricted stock and stock units in the period from December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2018 (in millions, except per share data):

 

 

 

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The following is a summary of equity award activity for non-qualified options to purchase ordinary shares in the period from December 31, 2017 through December 31, 2018 (in millions, except per share data):

 

 

 

 

The decrease in the aggregate intrinsic value of the options is primarily related to the decline in the Company’s stock from $163.58 as of December 31, 2017 to $133.66 as of December 31, 2018.

 

NOTE 10 — Pension and Other Postretirement Benefit Plans

Defined Benefit Plan Obligations

The Company has numerous defined benefit plans offered to employees around the world. For these plans, retirement benefits are generally based on an employee’s years of service and compensation. Funding requirements are determined on an individual country and plan basis and are subject to local country practices and market circumstances.  As of December 31, 2018, all of the Company’s plans were frozen for future enrollment.

The service and settlement costs captured as part of the net periodic (benefit) are recorded within general & administrative expenses and the interest costs and expected return on plan assets are recorded within “other income / (expense), net”.  The net periodic (benefit) of the defined benefit plans for continuing operations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

Obligations and Funded Status

Benefit obligation and asset data for the defined benefit plans for continuing operations, was as follows ($ in millions):

 

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The following table outlines the funded actuarial amounts ($ in millions):

 

 

The underfunding of pension benefits is primarily a function of the different funding incentives that exist outside of the United States. In certain countries, there are no legal requirements or financial incentives provided to companies to pre-fund pension obligations. In these instances, benefit payments are typically paid directly by the Company as they become due.

Plan Assets

Companies are required to use a fair value hierarchy as defined in ASC 820 which maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value (“Fair Value Leveling”). There are three levels of inputs used to measure fair value with Level 1 having the highest priority and Level 3 having the lowest:

Level 1 — Quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.

Level 2 — Observable inputs other than Level 1 prices, such as quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities, or other inputs that are observable or can be corroborated by observable market data for substantially the full term of the assets or liabilities.

Level 3 — Unobservable inputs that are supported by little or no market activity. The Level 3 assets are those whose values are determined using pricing models, discounted cash flow methodologies, or similar techniques with significant unobservable inputs, as well as instruments for which the determination of fair value requires significant judgment or estimation.

If the inputs used to measure the financial assets fall within more than one level described above, the categorization is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement of the instrument.

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The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2018 by asset category are as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

The fair values of the Company’s pension plan assets at December 31, 2017 by asset category are as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

The assets of the pension plan are held in separately administered trusts. The investment guidelines for the Company’s pension plans is to create an asset allocation that is expected to deliver a rate of return sufficient to meet the long-term obligation of the plan, given an acceptable level of risk. The target investment portfolio of the Company’s continuing operations pension plans is allocated as follows:

 

 

 

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Expected Contributions

Employer contributions to the pension plan during the year ending December 31, 2019 are expected to be $8.9 million for continuing operations.

Expected Benefit Payments

Total expected benefit payments for the Company’s pension plans are as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

 

Expected benefit payments are based on the same assumptions used to measure the benefit obligations and include estimated future employee service. The majority of the payments will be paid from plan assets and not Company assets.

 

Information for defined benefit plans with an accumulated benefit obligation in excess of plan assets is presented below ($ in millions):

 

 

Amounts Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss)

Net (loss) / gain amounts reflect experience differentials primarily relating to differences between expected and actual returns on plan assets as well as the effects of changes in actuarial assumptions. Net loss amounts in excess of certain thresholds are amortized into net pension cost over the average remaining service life of employees. Balances recognized within accumulated other comprehensive income/(loss) excluding the impact of taxes that have not been recognized as components of net periodic benefit costs are as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

 

Actuarial Assumptions

The weighted average assumptions used to calculate the projected benefit obligations of the Company’s defined benefit plans, including assets and liabilities held for sale, are as follows:

 

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The weighted average assumptions used to calculate the net periodic benefit cost of the Company’s defined benefit plans are as follows:

 

 

In order to select a discount rate for purposes of valuing the plan obligations the Company uses market returns and adjusts them as needed to fit the estimated duration of the plan liabilities.

The expected rate of return represents the average rate of return to be earned on plan assets over the period the benefits included in the benefit obligation are to be paid. In developing the expected rate of return, long-term historical returns data are considered as well as actual returns on the plan assets and other capital markets experience. Using this reference information, the long-term return expectations for each asset category and a weighted average expected return was developed, according to the allocation among those investment categories.

Other Post-Employment Benefit Plans

The Company has post-employment benefit plans.  Accumulated benefit obligation for the defined benefit plans, were as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

Savings Plans

The Company also maintains certain defined contribution savings plans covering substantially all U.S.-based employees. The Company contributes to the plans based upon the employee contributions. The Company’s expense for contributions to these retirement plans for amounts included in continuing operations was $128.9 million, $89.1 million and $75.6 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  

 

 

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NOTE 11 — Other Income / (Expense), Net

Other income / (expense), net consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

Teva Share Activity

Refer to “NOTE 8 — Discontinued Operations” for the movements that the Company recorded during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 in its investment in Teva securities.

Sale of Business

 

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net gain of $129.6 million as a result of the sale of five medical dermatology products to Almirall, S.A.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company completed the sale of a non-strategic asset group held for sale as of December 31, 2017, which was deemed a business based on the applicable guidance at the time, for $55.0 million in cash plus deferred consideration of $20.0 million.  As a result of this transaction, the Company recognized a gain of $53.0 million.

Debt Extinguishment Costs as Part of the Debt Tender Offer

On May 30, 2017, the Company completed the repurchase of certain debt securities issued for cash under a previously announced tender offer.  In the year ended December 31, 2017, as a result of the debt extinguishment,  the Company repaid $2,843.3 million of senior notes and recognized a loss of $161.6 million, within “other (expense) / income, net” for the early tender payment and non-cash write-off of premiums and debt fees related to the repurchased notes, including $170.5 million of a make-whole premium.

Debt Extinguishment Other

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company repurchased $3,939.1 million of senior notes in the open market.  As a result of the debt extinguishment, the Company recognized a net gain of $15.6 million within “other income / (expense), net” for the discount received upon repurchase of $45.6 million, offset by the non-cash write-off of premiums and debt fees related to the repaid notes of $30.0 million.

 

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During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company redeemed and retired the following senior notes ($ in millions):

 

 

In the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company repaid $750.0 million of senior notes due in the year ending December 31, 2019.  As a result of the extinguishment, the Company recognized a loss of $27.6 million, within “Other (expense) / income” for the early payment and non-cash write-off of premiums and debt fees related to the repaid notes, including $35.1 million of a make-whole premium.

Other-than-temporary Impairments

The Company recorded other-than-temporary impairment charges on other equity investments and cost method investments of $26.1 million in the year ended December 31, 2017.

Dividend Income

During the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, the Company received dividend income of $85.2 million and $68.2 million, respectively, on the 100.3 million Teva ordinary shares acquired as a result of the Teva Transaction.  On February 8, 2018, Teva suspended all dividends on ordinary shares.

Naurex Recovery

On August 28, 2015, the Company acquired certain products in early stage development of Naurex, Inc. (“Naurex”) in an all-cash transaction, which was accounted for as an asset acquisition.  The Company received a purchase price reduction of $20.0 million in the year ended December 31, 2017 based on the settlement of an open contract dispute.

Forward Sale of Teva Shares

Refer to “NOTE 8 — Discontinued Operations” for the movements in the Company’s investment in Teva securities.

Pfizer Termination Fee

On November 23, 2015, the Company announced that it entered into a definitive merger agreement (the “Pfizer Agreement”) under which Pfizer Inc. (“Pfizer”), a global innovative biopharmaceutical company, and Allergan plc would merge in a stock and cash transaction.  On April 6, 2016, the Company announced that its merger agreement with Pfizer was terminated by mutual agreement. In connection with the termination of the merger agreement, Pfizer paid Allergan plc $150.0 million for expenses associated with the transaction which was included as a component of other income / (expense), net during the year ended December 31, 2016.

 

 

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NOTE 12 — Inventories

Inventories consist of finished goods held for sale and distribution, raw materials and work-in-process. Inventories are stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. The Company writes down inventories to net realizable value based on forecasted demand, market conditions or other factors, which may differ from actual results.

Inventories consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

 

NOTE 13 — Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses

Accounts payable and accrued expenses consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

 

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NOTE 14 — Property, Plant and Equipment, Net

Property, plant and equipment, net consisted of the following as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 ($ in millions):

 

 

 

Depreciation expense for continuing operations was $196.3 million, $171.5 million and $153.7 million in the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

 

 

NOTE 15 — Prepaid Expenses, Investments and Other Assets

Prepaid expenses and other current assets consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

 

Investments in marketable securities, including those classified in cash and cash equivalents due to the maturity term of the instrument, other investments and other assets consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

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The Company’s marketable securities and other long-term investments are recorded at fair value based on quoted market prices using the specific identification method. These investments are classified as either current or non current, as appropriate, in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.

 

The $1.7 billion of taxes receivable primarily relates to a current tax benefit and reclassification of certain deferred tax assets to non-current taxes receivable for U.S. capital losses.

 

Other assets include security and equipment deposits and long-term receivables.

 

 

NOTE 16 — Goodwill, Product Rights and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill

Goodwill for the Company’s reporting segments consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

Annual Testing

The Company performed its annual goodwill impairment test during the second quarter of 2018 by evaluating its five Reporting Units.  In performing this test, the Company utilized long-term growth rates for its Reporting Units ranging from 1.0% to 2.0% in its estimation of fair value and discount rates ranging from 8.5% to 10.0%, which increased versus the prior year annual testing discount rates of 7.5% to 8.5% to reflect changes in market conditions.  The assumptions used in evaluating goodwill for impairment are subject to change and are tracked against historical performance by management.

Of the Reporting Units tested in the second quarter, the Company’s US Eye Care Reporting Unit, which is a component of its US Specialized Therapeutics Segment and has an allocated goodwill balance of $9,824.8 million, and its General Medicine Reporting Unit, were the most sensitive to a change in future valuation assumptions.  These Reporting Units had the lowest level of headroom between the carrying value of the Reporting Unit and the fair value of the Reporting Unit.  While management believes the assumptions used were reasonable and commensurate with the views of a market participant, changes in key assumptions for these Reporting Units, including increasing the discount rate, lowering revenue forecasts, lowering the operating margin or lowering the long-term growth rate, could result in a future impairment.

Fourth Quarter 2018 Testing

 

In the three months ended December 31, 2018 and subsequent to the Company’s annual impairment test, the Company identified several impairment indicators which led to the fourth quarter assessment of its General Medicine Reporting Unit for impairment.  The Company noted the following:

 

 

 

 

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As a result of the evaluation, the Company tested General Medicine’s goodwill for impairment and recorded a $2,841.1 million goodwill impairment charge to its General Medicine Reporting Unit. 

 

No impairment indicators were noted for the Company’s other Reporting Units subsequent to the annual impairment test.  The fair value of its General Medicine, US Eye Care and the Company’s other Reporting Units are, in part, comprised of anticipated product launches in the next three years.  Negative events regarding these pipeline assets including, but not limited to, Abicipar, Atogepant, Bimataprost SR, Cariprazine, Rapastinel, and Ubrogepant, as well as other next generation aesthetic products could lead to further goodwill impairment charges. Allergan’s General Medicine Reporting Unit’s asset value equals fair value as of December 31, 2018, while its US Eye Care Reporting Unit has headroom of less than 10%.

 

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the gross balance of goodwill, prior to the consideration of impairments, was $48,771.7 million and $49,880.2 million, respectively.

Product Rights and Other Intangible Assets

Product rights and other intangible assets consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 ($ in millions):

 

 

 

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company determined that the Anti-Infectives business was deemed held for sale.  Based on the anticipated future cash flows, the Company impaired certain Anti-Infective CMP by $149.7 million.  The remaining amount of net product rights and other intangibles which met the held for sale criteria is $849.4 million.

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Non-Annual Testing

In addition to the Company’s annual impairment test performed in the second quarter, the Company noted the following impairments based on triggering events during the year ended December 31, 2018:

Annual Testing

During the second quarter of 2018, the Company performed its annual IPR&D impairment test and based on events occurring or decisions made within the quarter ended June 30, 2018, the Company recorded the following impairments:

 

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Product rights and other intangible assets consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

Annual Testing

 

During the second quarter of 2017, the Company performed its annual IPR&D impairment test and recorded the following IPR&D impairments:

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Non Annual Testing

 

In addition to the Company’s annual IPR&D impairment test, the Company noted the following impairments based on triggering events during the year ended December 31, 2017:

 

Other

 

The following items also had a significant impact on net product rights and other intangibles in the year ended December 31, 2017:

 

In the year ended December 31, 2016 the Company recorded the following significant impairments:

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Assuming no additions, disposals or adjustments are made to the carrying values and/or useful lives of the intangible assets, annual amortization expense on product rights and other related intangibles as of December 31, 2018 over each of the next five years is estimated to be as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

 

The above amortization expense is an estimate. Actual amounts may change from such estimated amounts due to fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates, additional intangible asset acquisitions, finalization of preliminary fair value estimates, potential impairments, accelerated amortization or other events.  Additional amortization may occur as products are approved.  In addition, the Company has certain currently marketed products for which operating contribution performance has been below that which was originally assumed in the products’ initial valuations, and certain IPR&D projects which are subject to delays in timing or other events which may negatively impact the asset’s value.  The Company, on a quarterly basis, monitors the related intangible assets for these products for potential impairments.  It is reasonably possible that impairments may occur in future periods, which may have a material adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations and financial position.

 

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NOTE 17 — Long-Term Debt and Capital Leases

Debt consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

 

Fair market value in the table above is determined in accordance with Fair Value Leveling under Level 2 based upon quoted prices for similar items in active markets.

 

The following represents the significant activity during the year ended December 31, 2018 to the Company’s total indebtedness:

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The following represents the significant activity during the year ended December 31, 2017 to the Company’s total indebtedness:

Revolving Credit Facility

On June 14, 2017, Allergan plc and certain of its subsidiaries entered into a revolving credit and guaranty agreement (the “Revolver Agreement”) among Allergan Capital, as borrower, Allergan plc, as Ultimate Parent; Warner Chilcott Limited, Allergan Finance LLC, and Allergan Funding SCS, as guarantors; the lenders from time to time party thereto (the “Revolving Lenders”); J.P. Morgan Chase Bank as Administrative Agent; J.P. Morgan Europe Limited, as London Agent; and the other financial institutions party thereto. Under the Revolver Agreement, the Revolving Lenders have committed to provide an unsecured five-year revolving credit facility in an aggregate principal amount of up to $1.5 billion, with the ability to increase the revolving credit facility by $500.0 million to an aggregate principal amount of up to $2.0 billion.

The Revolver Agreement provides that loans thereunder would bear interest, at our choice, of a per annum rate equal to either (a) a base rate, plus an applicable margin per annum varying from 0.00% per annum to 1.00% per annum depending on the Debt Rating or (b) a Eurodollar rate, plus an applicable margin varying from 0.875% per annum to 2.00% per annum depending on the Debt Rating. Additionally, to maintain availability of funds, the Company pays an unused commitment fee varying from 0.070% to 0.250% per annum, depending on the Debt Rating, of the unused portion of the revolver.

The obligations under the Revolver Agreement are guaranteed by Warner Chilcott Limited, Allergan Finance, LLC and Allergan Funding SCS.

The Revolver Agreement contains customary affirmative covenants for facilities of this type, including, among others, covenants pertaining to the delivery of financial statements, notices of default, maintenance of corporate existence and compliance with laws, as well as customary negative covenants for facilities of this type, including, among others, limitations on secured indebtedness, non-guarantor subsidiary indebtedness, mergers and certain other fundamental changes and passive holding company status.  The Revolver Agreement also contains a financial covenant requiring maintenance of a maximum consolidated leverage ratio.

In addition, the Revolver Agreement also contains customary events of default (with customary grace periods and materiality thresholds).  

The Company was subject to, and as of December 31, 2018, was in compliance with all financial covenants under the terms of the Revolver Agreement. At December 31, 2018, there were $32.0 million of outstanding borrowings or letters of credit outstanding under the Revolver Agreement.

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Annual Debt Maturities

As of December 31, 2018, annual debt maturities of senior notes gross were as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

Amounts represent total anticipated cash payments assuming scheduled repayments.

Lease Commitments

The Company has operating leases for certain facilities, vehicles and equipment. The terms of the operating leases for the Company’s facility leases may require the Company to pay property taxes, normal maintenance expense and maintain minimum insurance coverage. Total property rental expense for operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $63.2 million, $72.0 million and $47.7 million, respectively. Total fleet rental expense for operating leases for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, and 2016 was $41.1 million, $40.5 million and $39.7 million, respectively.  The Company also has deminimis capital leases for certain facilities and equipment. The future anticipated property lease rental payments under both capital and operating leases that have remaining terms in excess of one year are ($ in millions):

 

 

The Company has entered into certain sub-lease agreements which will offset future lease commitments.

 

 

NOTE 18 — Other Long-Term Liabilities

Other long-term liabilities consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

 

NOTE 19 — Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (“TCJA”), was enacted into law, which made significant changes to the Internal Revenue Code and impacted the U.S. taxation of our domestic and international operations.  The estimated income tax effects

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of the TCJA on the Company’s financial statements were initially recorded on a provisional basis at December 31, 2017, pursuant to the guidance in Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) 118.  The guidance provided for a measurement period for up to one year from the enactment date of the TCJA for which adjustments to provisional amounts may be recorded as a component of tax expense or benefit.  As of the end of the measurement period, December 22, 2018, the Company has completed its accounting for the tax effects of the TCJA based on several factors including relevant legislative updates issued since the date of enactment, the filing of the Company’s 2017 U.S. federal income tax return and the finalization of the Company’s financial results as of December 31, 2018.  As a result, during the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net $14.3 million income tax benefit as an adjustment to the provisional amounts recorded as of December 31, 2017.  Additionally, the Company has elected to treat GILTI as a period cost when incurred.

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, losses before income taxes consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

The Company’s (benefit)/provision for income taxes consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

 

The reconciliations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 between the statutory Irish income tax rate for Allergan plc and the effective income tax rates were as follows:

 

 

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The reconciliations for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 between the statutory Bermuda income tax rate for Warner Chilcott Limited and the effective income tax rates were as follows:

 

 

 

 

 

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Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured based on the difference between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities at the applicable tax rates. The significant components of the Company’s net deferred tax assets and liabilities consisted of the following (in millions):

 

 

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company’s net deferred tax liability decreased by $1,595.2 million. This was predominately the result of amortization and impairments related to our intangible assets partially offset by the realization of outside basis differences in investments.  The valuation allowance increased because the Company no longer considers the likelihood of utilizing certain net operating losses to be remote. Accordingly, a deferred tax asset mostly offset by a valuation allowance was recorded at the applicable tax rate in the period ended December 31, 2018.  The table above includes immaterial reclassifications to conform with current year disclosures.

 

The Company had the following carryforward tax attributes at December 31, 2018:

U.S. net operating loss and tax credit carryforwards of $317.2 million and $213.0 million, respectively, are subject to an annual limitation under Internal Revenue Code Section 382.

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a net increase to the valuation allowance of $1,234.1 million primarily related to non-U.S. net operating loss carryforwards. As of December 31, 2018, a valuation allowance balance of $1,637.9 million is recorded due to the uncertainty of realizing tax credits ($6.1 million), net operating losses ($1,596.3 million), capital loss carryforwards ($35.2 million) and other deferred tax assets ($0.3 million).

At December 31, 2018, Allergan plc (the Irish parent) is permanently reinvested in approximately $11.0 billion of earnings of its non-Irish subsidiaries and therefore has not provided deferred income taxes on these undistributed earnings.  The amounts are intended to be indefinitely reinvested in non-Irish operations and would not be subject to significant taxes if amounts were distributed to Allergan plc. The U.S. subsidiaries of Allergan plc are not permanently reinvested in the earnings of their non-U.S. subsidiaries as the provisions under current U.S. tax law will allow these earnings to be remitted to the U.S. without any significant tax cost.  The Company recorded a $53.6 million deferred tax liability for the estimated cost to repatriate the accumulated earnings of these non-U.S. subsidiaries to their U.S. shareholders as of December 31, 2018.  

 

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Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes

A reconciliation of the beginning and ending amount of unrecognized tax benefits is as follows (in millions):

 

 

If these benefits were subsequently recognized, $998.0 million would favorably impact the Company’s effective tax rate.

The Company's continuing policy is to recognize interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions in tax expense. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the company recognized approximately $42.3 million, $45.8 million and $2.0 million in interest and penalties, respectively. At December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company had accrued $155.2 million (net of tax benefit of $35.0 million), $113.7 million (net of tax benefit of $25.9 million) and $65.3 million (net of tax benefit of $35.4 million) of interest and penalties related to uncertain tax positions, respectively. Although the company cannot determine the impact with certainty based on specific factors, it is reasonably possible that the unrecognized tax benefits may change by up to approximately $90.0 million within the next twelve months due to the resolution of certain tax examinations.

The Company conducts business globally and, as a result, it files U.S. federal, state and foreign tax returns. The Company strives to resolve open matters with each tax authority at the examination level and could reach agreement with a tax authority at any time. While the Company has accrued for amounts it believes are in accordance with the accounting standard, the final outcome with a tax authority may result in a tax liability that is different than that reflected in the consolidated financial statements. Furthermore, the Company may decide to challenge any assessments, if made, and may exercise its right to appeal. The uncertain tax positions are reviewed quarterly and adjusted as events occur that affect potential liabilities for additional taxes, such as lapsing of applicable statutes of limitations, proposed assessments by tax authorities, negotiations with tax authorities, identification of new issues and issuance of new legislation, regulations or case law. 

The Company has several concurrent audits open and pending with the Internal Revenue Service (“IRS”) as set forth below:

 

 

 

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NOTE 20 — Shareholders’ Equity

Share Repurchase Programs

On January 29, 2019, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved a separate $2.0 billion share repurchase program.

On July 26, 2018, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a $2.0 billion share repurchase program.  As of December 31, 2018, the Company had repurchased 7.2 million shares for $1.2 billion under the program.  

In September 2017, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a $2.0 billion share repurchase program.  As of December 31, 2017, the Company had repurchased $450.0 million, or 2.6 million shares under the program.  The Company completed the share repurchase program in 2018, repurchasing $1.54 billion or 9.6 million shares.  

In 2016, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a $5.0 billion share repurchase program which was completed in October 2016.  Additionally, the Company’s Board of Directors approved a $10.0 billion accelerated share repurchase (“ASR”) program, which was initiated in November 2016 and completed in 2017.  Under the ASR, the Company repurchased 4.2 million and 61.6 million ordinary shares in the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  

Quarterly Dividend

During the year ended December 31, 2018 the Company paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.72 per share for holders of the Company’s ordinary shares in March, June, September and December of 2018.  The total amount paid in the year ended December 31, 2018 was $980.2 million.  During the year ended December 31, 2017 the Company paid a quarterly cash dividend of $0.70 per share for holders of the Company’s ordinary shares in March, June, September and December of 2017.  The total amount paid in the year ended December 31, 2017 was $939.8 million.

On January 25, 2019, the Company’s Board of Directors approved an increase in the Company's quarterly cash dividend for 2019 to $0.74 per ordinary share.

 

Preferred Shares

In February 2015, the Company completed an offering of 5,060,000 of our 5.500% mandatorily convertible preferred shares, Series A, par value $0.0001 per share (the “Mandatory Convertible Preferred Shares”). Dividends on the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Shares were payable on a cumulative basis when, as and if declared by our board of directors, or an authorized committee thereof, at an annual rate of 5.500% on the liquidation preference of $1,000.00 per Mandatory Convertible Preferred Share.  The net proceeds from the Mandatory Convertible Preferred Share issuance of $4,929.7 million were used to fund the Allergan Acquisition.

In the year ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company paid $69.6 million, $278.4 million and $278.4 million, respectively, of dividends on the preferred shares.  Each preferred share automatically converted to approximately 3.53 ordinary shares on March 1, 2018, for a total of 17,876,930 ordinary shares.

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income / (Loss)

For most of the Company’s international operations, the local currency has been determined to be the functional currency. The results of its non-U.S. dollar based operations are translated to U.S. dollars at the average exchange rates during the period. Assets and liabilities are translated at the rate of exchange prevailing on the balance sheet date. Equity is translated at the prevailing rate of exchange at the date of the equity transaction. Translation adjustments are reflected in shareholders’ equity and are included as a component of other comprehensive income / (loss). The effects of converting non-functional currency assets and liabilities into the functional currency are recorded as transaction gains / (losses) in general and administrative expenses in the consolidated statements of operations.

Unrealized gain / (losses) net of tax primarily represent experience differentials and other actuarial charges related to the Company’s defined benefit plans. The movements in accumulated other comprehensive income / (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

 

As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, unrealized gain / (loss) net of tax included $36.9 million and $75.0 million, respectively, related to the Company’s pension and other post retirement plans.  The $63.0 million as of December 31, 2017 which was subject to the implementation of ASU No. 2016-01 was reclassified into Retained Earnings as a result of the implementation.

 

NOTE 21 — Segments

The Company’s businesses are organized into the following segments: US Specialized Therapeutics, US General Medicine and International. In addition, certain revenues and shared costs, and the results of corporate initiatives, are managed outside of the three segments.

The operating segments are organized as follows:

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The Company evaluates segment performance based on segment contribution. Segment contribution for our segments represents net revenues less cost of sales (defined below), selling and marketing expenses, and select general and administrative expenses. Included in segment revenues for 2016 are product sales that were sold through our former Anda Distribution business once the Anda Distribution business had sold the product to a third-party customer. These sales are included in segment results and are reclassified into revenues from discontinued operations through a reduction of Corporate revenues which eliminates the sales made by our former Anda Distribution business through October 3, 2016 from results of continuing operations.  Cost of sales for these products in discontinued operations is equal to our average third-party cost of sales for third party branded products distributed by our former Anda Distribution business. The Company does not evaluate the following items at the segment level:

The Company defines segment net revenues as product sales and other revenue derived from our products or licensing agreements.

Cost of sales within segment contribution includes standard production and packaging costs for the products we manufacture, third party acquisition costs for products manufactured by others, profit-sharing or royalty payments for products sold pursuant to licensing agreements and finished goods inventory reserve charges.  Cost of sales within segment contribution excludes non-standard production costs, such as non-finished goods inventory obsolescence charges, manufacturing variances and excess capacity utilization charges, where applicable. Cost of sales does not include amortization or impairment costs for acquired product rights or other acquired intangibles.

Selling and marketing expenses consist mainly of personnel-related costs, product promotion costs, distribution costs, professional service costs, insurance, depreciation and travel costs.

General and administrative expenses consist mainly of personnel-related costs, facilities costs, transaction costs, insurance, depreciation, litigation costs and professional services costs which are general in nature and attributable to the segment.

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Segment net revenues, segment operating expenses and segment contribution information consisted of the following for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

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No country outside of the United States represents ten percent or more of net revenues. The US Specialized Therapeutics and US General Medicine segments are comprised solely of sales within the United States.

 

The following table presents our net revenue disaggregated by geography for our international segment for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

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The following tables present global net revenues for the top products greater than 10% of total revenues of the Company as well as a reconciliation of segment revenues to total net revenues for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

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NOTE 22 — Business Restructuring Charges

Restructuring activities for the year ended December 31, 2018 were as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

In the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded severance and other employee related charges of $52.0 million, which includes $8.2 million of share-based compensation related to this program.  In the year ending December 31, 2018, the Company incurred $14.1 million in severance and other employee related charges and $8.2 million of share-based compensation related to the restructuring program announced in December 2017.  In the year ending December 31, 2018, the Company initiated a new restructuring program of its international commercial operations.  As a result of the program, the Company intends to eliminate approximately 200 selling and marketing positions while streamlining the Company’s operations and focusing on key growth markets and products.  The Company expects that the majority of the severance costs will be paid during the 2019 fiscal year.

 

Restructuring activities for the year ended December 31, 2017 is as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

In December 2017, the Company approved a new restructuring program intended to optimize and restructure its operations, while reducing costs and global headcount in anticipation of loss of exclusivity of several key revenue-generating products in 2018.  As a result of this program, the Company intended to eliminate over 1,000 then filled positions, impacting employees in commercial and other functions. Commercial reductions primarily focused on products and categories subject to loss of exclusivity. In addition, the Company eliminated approximately 400 open positions.  In the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company recorded severance and other employee related charges of $91.3 million, which includes $4.0 million of share based compensation related to this program.  During the year ended December 31, 2017 the Company also recorded $14.6 million of other charges relating to the program and impairments of $17.7 million primarily related to fixed assets and facilities which the Company intended to exit during the 2018 fiscal year. 

 

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company also initiated other restructuring programs which impacted the commercial, research and development, and global operations organizations.  As a result of the commercial organization restructuring program, the Company recorded severance and other employee related charges of $16.9 million and eliminated approximately 200 filled positions and approximately 150 open positions during the year.  This initiative reduced costs in the commercial organization and primarily impacted the General Medicine sales force.  As a result of a research and development restructuring program, the Company recorded severance and other employee related charges of $12.4 million and eliminated approximately 100 filled positions.  This initiative intended to reduce costs as a result of prioritizing the Company’s pipeline.  The majority of these severance

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costs were paid during the year ended December 31, 2017 and the Company does not anticipate any additional costs under these programs.  As a result of the global operations restructuring program, the Company will close a manufacturing facility in 2019 and reduce the Company’s headcount by approximately 250 employees.  This program resulted in the Company recording $41.5 million of severance employee related charges and $4.2 million of accelerated depreciation.  The majority of the severance costs will be paid during the year ending December 31, 2019.  The Company also recorded other restructuring charges $91.7 million related to various other initiatives and the integration of acquired businesses during the year ended December 31, 2017.

 

During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, the Company recognized restructuring charges related to continuing operations of $52.0 million, $272.6 million and $106.1 million, respectively.

 

NOTE 23 — Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities

The Company’s revenue, earnings, cash flows and fair value of its assets and liabilities can be impacted by fluctuations in foreign exchange risks and interest rates, as applicable. The Company manages the impact of foreign exchange risk and interest rate movements through operational means and through the use of various financial instruments, including derivative instruments such as foreign currency derivatives.  As of December 31, 2018, the Company had outstanding third-party foreign currency forward instruments, excluding debt, of $42.1 million.  As of December 31, 2017, the Company had no material outstanding third-party foreign currency instruments.

Internationally, the Company is a net recipient of currencies other than the U.S. dollar and, as such, benefits from a weaker dollar and is adversely affected by a stronger dollar relative to major currencies worldwide. Accordingly, changes in exchange rates, and in particular a strengthening of the U.S. dollar, may negatively affect the Company’s consolidated revenues and favorably impact operating expenses in U.S. dollars.

In November 2018, the Company entered into a 700 million Euro forward contract to buy Euros while selling USD.  The derivative has a maturity of May 31, 2019.  The derivative instrument will be marked-to-market to the P&L offsetting the revaluation (P&L) impact on the Euro 700 million variable interest debt. For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company recorded a gain of $5.9 million relating to this instrument.

Net Investment Hedge

In the normal course of business, we manage certain foreign exchange risks through a variety of strategies, including hedging.  Our hedging strategies include the use of derivatives, as well as net investment hedges.  For net investment hedges, the effective portion of the gains and losses on the instruments arising from the effects of foreign exchange are recorded in the currency translation adjustment component of accumulated other comprehensive income / (loss), consistent with the underlying hedged item. Hedging transactions are limited to an underlying exposure. As a result, any change in the value of our hedging instruments would be substantially offset by an opposite change in the value of the underlying hedged items. We do not use derivative instruments for trading or speculative purposes.

The Company is exposed to foreign exchange risk in its international operations from foreign currency purchases, net investments in foreign subsidiaries, and foreign currency assets and liabilities created in the normal course of business, including the Euro Denominated Notes. In the year ended December 31, 2018, we used effective net investment hedges to partially offset the effects of foreign currency on our investments in certain of our foreign subsidiaries. The total notional amount of our instruments designated as net investment hedges was $5.1 billion as of December 31, 2018 and $3.6 billion as of December 31, 2017.  During the year ended December 31, 2018, the impact of the net investment hedges recorded in other comprehensive loss was a gain of $144.5 million, which primarily offset the impact of the Euro denominated notes.  During the year ended December 31, 2017, the impact of the net investment hedges recorded in other comprehensive income was a loss of $208.2 million.

 

 

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NOTE 24 — Fair Value Measurement

Assets and liabilities that are measured at fair value using Fair Value Leveling or that are disclosed at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following ($ in millions):

 

 

 

 

Investments in securities as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 included the following ($ in millions):

 

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Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants. Fair values are determined based on Fair Value Leveling.

Marketable securities and investments consist of money market securities, U.S. treasury and agency securities, and equity and debt securities of publicly traded companies for which market prices are readily available. Unrealized gains or losses on marketable securities are recorded in interest income beginning January 1, 2018.  Unrealized gains or losses on long-term equity investments are recorded in other income / (expense), net beginning on January 1, 2018.  These amounts were recorded within accumulated other comprehensive (loss) / income as of December 31, 2017.  The Company’s marketable securities and other long-term investments are recorded at fair value based on quoted market prices using the specific identification method. These investments are classified as either current or non-current, as appropriate, in the Company’s consolidated balance sheets.  The Company may sell certain of its marketable securities prior to their stated maturities for strategic reasons including, but not limited to, anticipation of credit deterioration and maturity management.

Contingent Consideration Obligations

The fair value measurement of the contingent consideration obligations is determined using Level 3 inputs and is based on a probability-weighted income approach. The measurement is based upon unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity, and is based on our own assumptions. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligations, including accretion, are recorded in our consolidated statements of operations as follows ($ in millions):

 

 

During the year ended December 31, 2018, cost of sales primarily relates to the Company’s True Tear^® product not achieving a milestone event, as well as a corresponding decrease in commercial forecasts.  In the year ended December 31, 2018, research and development primarily relates to a R&D asset that was delayed, which lowered the probability of the milestone being achieved.  The year ended December 31, 2018 also includes the progression of other R&D projects relating to the acquisition of Tobira Therapeutics, Inc.

 

During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company had net contingent consideration income in cost of sales of $183.2 million due to declines in forecasted revenues for select products, including Rhofade^®.  The Company had net contingent consideration expense in R&D of $50.0 million due to the advancement of the Company’s True Tear^® product and products acquired as part of the Tobira Acquisition.

 

During the year ended December 31, 2016, the Company had net contingent consideration income of $64.2 million primarily driven by ongoing R&D projects that were terminated based on clinical data acquired in the Allergan Acquisition, which was offset by additional contingent consideration expense relating to milestones achieved in connection with the AqueSys and Allergan acquisitions.

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The table below provides a summary of the changes in fair value, including net transfers in and/or out, of all financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis using significant unobservable inputs (Level 3) for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 ($ in millions):

 

 

 

The Company determines the acquisition date fair value of contingent consideration obligations based on a probability-weighted income approach derived from revenue estimates and a probability assessment with respect to the likelihood of achieving contingent obligations including contingent payments such as milestone obligations, royalty obligations and contract earn-out criteria, where applicable. The fair value measurement is based on significant inputs not observable in the market and thus represents a Level 3 measurement as defined in ASC 820. The resultant probability-weighted cash flows are discounted using an appropriate effective annual interest rate to reflect the internal rate of return and incremental commercial uncertainty, major risks and uncertainties associated with the successful completion of the events triggering the contingent obligation. At each reporting date, the Company revalues the contingent consideration obligation to estimated fair value and records changes in fair value as income or expense in our consolidated statement of operations. Changes in the fair value of the contingent consideration obligations may result from changes in discount periods and rates, changes in the timing and amount of revenue estimates and changes in probability assumptions with respect to the likelihood of achieving the various contingent consideration obligations. Accretion expense related to the increase in the net present value of the contingent liability is included in operating income for the period.

 

During the year ended December 31, 2018, the following activity in contingent consideration obligations by acquisition was incurred ($ in millions):

 

 

 

 

 

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Royalty Receivable

The fair value measurement of the royalty receivable is determined using Level 3 inputs and is based on a probability-weighted income approach. The measurement is based upon unobservable inputs supported by little or no market activity, and is based on our own assumptions. Changes in the fair value of the royalty receivable are recorded in our consolidated statements of operations as follows ($ in millions):

 

NOTE 25 — Commitments & Contingencies

The Company and its affiliates are involved in various disputes, governmental and/or regulatory inspections, inquires, investigations and proceedings, and litigation matters that arise from time to time in the ordinary course of business. The process of resolving matters through litigation or other means is inherently uncertain and it is possible that an unfavorable resolution of these matters will adversely affect the Company, its results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. The Company’s general practice is to expense legal fees as services are rendered in connection with legal matters, and to accrue for liabilities when losses are probable and reasonably estimable.

The Company evaluates, on a quarterly basis, developments in legal proceedings and other matters that could cause an increase or decrease in the amount of the liability that is accrued. As of December 31, 2018, the Company’s consolidated balance sheet includes accrued loss contingencies of approximately $65.0 million.  As of December 31, 2017, the Company’s consolidated balance sheet included accrued loss contingencies of approximately $55.0 million.

The Company’s legal proceedings range from cases brought by a single plaintiff to mass tort actions and class actions with thousands of putative class members. These legal proceedings, as well as other matters, involve various aspects of our business and a variety of claims (including, but not limited to, qui tam actions, antitrust, product liability, breach of contract, securities, patent infringement and trade practices), some of which present novel factual allegations and/or unique legal theories. In addition, a number of the matters pending against us are at very early stages of the legal process (which in complex proceedings of the sort faced by us often extend for several years). As a result, some matters have not yet progressed sufficiently through discovery and/or development of important factual information and legal issues to enable us to estimate a range of possible loss. In those proceedings in which plaintiffs do request publicly quantified amounts of relief, the Company does not believe that the quantified amounts are meaningful because they are merely stated jurisdictional limits, exaggerated and/or unsupported by the evidence or applicable burdens of proof.

In matters involving the assertion or defense of the Company’s intellectual property, the Company believes it has meritorious claims and intends to vigorously assert or defend the patents or other intellectual property at issue in such litigation.  Similarly, in matters where the Company is a defendant, the Company believes it has meritorious defenses and intends to defend itself vigorously.  However, the Company can offer no assurances that it will be successful in a litigation or, in the case of patent enforcement matters, that a generic version of the product at issue will not be launched or enjoined.  Failing to prevail in a litigation could adversely affect the Company and could have a material adverse effect on the Company’s business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

Patent Litigation

Patent Enforcement Matters

Bystolic^®. On January 19, 2018, subsidiaries of the Company brought an action for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,545,040 in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware against Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. and Aurobindo Pharma Ltd. (collectively, “Aurobindo”) in connection with an abbreviated new drug application filed with the FDA by Aurobindo seeking approval to market a generic version of Bystolic and challenging said patent. Allergan entered into a settlement agreement with Aurobindo on September 12, 2018, and the case was dismissed. No patent litigation remains concerning Bystolic.

Byvalson^®. On September 18, 2017, subsidiaries of the Company brought an action for infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 7,803,838 (the “‘838 patent”) and 7,838,552 (the “‘552 patent”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey against Prinston Pharmaceutical Inc., Zhejiang Huahai Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd., Huahai US Inc. and Solco Healthcare US, LLC (collectively, “Prinston”) in connection with an abbreviated new drug application filed with the FDA by Prinston seeking approval to market a

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generic versions of Byvalson and challenging said patents. Allergan entered into a settlement agreement with Prinston, and the case was dismissed. No patent litigation remains concerning Bystolic.

Combigan^® IV. On October 30, 2017, subsidiaries of the Company filed an action for infringement of U.S. Patent Number 9,770,453 (the “‘453 Patent”) against Sandoz, Inc. and Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (“Sandoz”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey, in connection with the abbreviated new drug applications respectively filed with the FDA by Sandoz and Alcon, seeking approval to market a generic version of Combigan and challenging said patent.  On March 6, 2018, U.S. Patent Nos. 9,907,801 (the “‘801 Patent”) and 9,907,802 (the “‘802 Patent”) were added to the case. The ‘453, ‘801 and ‘802 Patents are listed in the Orange Book for Combigan^® and expire on April 19, 2022.  A trial date has not been set.  On July 13, 2018, the district court adopted Allergan’s proposed claim construction and granted Allergan’s motion for preliminary injunction against Sandoz.  On August 1, 2018, the district court entered an order setting a preliminary injunction bond in the amount of $157,300,000 under Federal Rule of Civil Procedure 65(c), which Allergan posted.  Sandoz has appealed the grant of the injunction, and the appeal is ongoing.  

Delzicol^®. On August 28, 2015, November 9, 2015 and April 1, 2016, subsidiaries of the Company and Qualicaps Co., Ltd. (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) brought actions for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 6,649,180 (the “‘180 patent”) in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Texas against Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. and Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd. (collectively, “Teva”), Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Mylan Laboratories Limited and Mylan, Inc. (collectively, “Mylan”) and Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. and Cadila Healthcare Ltd. (collectively, “Zydus”) in connection with abbreviated new drug applications respectively filed with the FDA by Teva, Mylan and Zydus, each seeking approval to market generic versions of Delzicol and challenging said patent.  The ‘180 patent expires on April 13, 2020. On October 24, 2017, the District Court entered final judgment of non-infringement in favor of Teva and Mylan.   On December 12, 2018, the United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit affirmed the district court’s decision of non-infringement in favor of Teva and Mylan.  Plaintiffs have filed a petition for rehearing, which is currently pending.

On November 28, 2016, Plaintiffs entered into a settlement agreement with Zydus. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Zydus may launch its generic version of Delzicol^® on March 1, 2020, or earlier under certain circumstances.  On December 18, 2017, Plaintiffs, under the settlement agreement, Mylan may launch its generic version of Delzicol^® on July 1, 2019, or earlier under certain circumstances.

Fetzima^®. In October and November 2017, subsidiaries of the Company and Pierre Fabre Medicament S.A.S. brought actions for infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. RE43,879 (the “‘879 Patent”); 8,481,598 (the “‘598 Patent”); and 8,865,937 (the “‘937 Patent”) against MSN Laboratories Private Limited and MSN Pharmaceuticals Inc. (collectively, “MSN”), Prinston Pharmaceutical Inc. and Solco Healthcare U.S., LLC (collectively, “Prinston”), Torrent Pharmaceuticals Limited and Torrent Pharma Inc. (collectively, “Torrent”), West-Ward Pharmaceuticals International Limited and West-Ward Pharmaceuticals Corp. (collectively, “West-Ward”), Zydus Pharmaceuticals (USA) Inc. (“Zydus”), Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. and Aurobindo Pharma Limited (collectively, “Aurobindo”), and Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC and Amneal Pharmaceuticals Private Limited (collectively, “Amneal”),  In connection with abbreviated new drug applications, respectively filed with the FDA by MSN, Prinston, Torrent, West-Ward, Zydus, Aurobindo, and Amneal, each seeking approval to market generic versions of Fetzima and challenging said patents. The ‘879 Patent expires in June 2023 (not including a pending application for patent term extension (“PTE”)), the ‘598 patent expires in March 2031, and the ‘937 Patent expires in May 2032.

The case is currently in fact discovery.  No trial date has been set.

Kybella^®.   On November 9, 2018, a subsidiary of the Company brought an action for infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 8,101,593 (the “‘593 Patent”), 8,242,294 (the “‘294 Patent”), 8,367,649 (the “‘649 Patent”), 8,461,140 (the “‘140 Patent”), 8,546,367 (the “‘367 Patent”), 8,653,058 (the “‘058 Patent”), 8,883,770 (the “‘770 Patent”), 9,522,155 (the “‘155 Patent”), 9,636,349 (the “‘349 Patent”), and 9,949,986 (the “‘986 Patent”) against Slayback Pharma LLC (“Slayback”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey in connection with an abbreviated new drug application filed with the FDA by Slayback seeking approval to market generic versions of Kybella and challenging said patents. The ‘140, ’367, ’770, ’155, ’349 and ’986 Patents expire in February 2028; the ‘294 Patent expires in May 2028; and the ‘593, ‘649, and ‘058 Patents expire in March 2030.  No trial date has been set.

Lastacaft^®.  On September 8, 2017, a subsidiary of the Company and Vistakon Pharmaceuticals, LLC (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), brought an action for infringement of U.S. Patent no. 8,664,215 (“the ‘215 Patent”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. and Auromedics Pharma LLC (collectively, “Defendants”) in connection with an abbreviated new drug application filed with FDA by Aurobindo, seeking approval to market a generic version of Lastacaft and challenging the ‘215 patent.  Plaintiffs entered into a settlement agreement with Aurobindo on November 15, 2018, and the case was dismissed.

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Latisse^® IV. In December 2016, Sandoz announced the U.S. market launch of Defendants’ generic copy of LATISSE^®.  In July 2017, subsidiaries of the Company and Duke University (collectively, “Plaintiffs”) filed a complaint for infringement of U.S. Patent Number 9,579,270 (“‘270 Patent”) against Defendants Sandoz Inc. (“Sandoz”) and Alcon Laboratories, Inc. (“Alcon”) in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas (EDTX).  The ‘270 patent expires in January 2021.  In their complaint, Plaintiffs seek, among other things, a judgment that Defendants have infringed the ‘270 patent by making, selling, and offering to sell, and/or importing, their generic copy of LATISSE^® within the United States.  Plaintiffs seek injunctive relief and damages for Defendants’ infringement.    

The case is currently in fact discovery and a trial date has not yet been set.

Latisse^® V. On September 25, 2017, subsidiaries of the Company and Duke University brought an action for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 9,579,270 (the “‘270 Patent”) against Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Ltd., Alembic Global Holding SA, and Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (collectively, “Alembic”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey in connection with an abbreviated new drug application filed with FDA by Alembic, seeking approval to market a generic version of Latisse and challenging the ‘270 patent.  No trial date has been set.

Latisse^® VI. On September 19, 2018 subsidiaries of the Company and Duke University brought an action for infringement of U.S. Patent No. 9,579,270 (the “‘270 Patent”) against Akorn, Inc. and Hi-Tech Pharmacal Co., Inc. (collectively, “Akorn”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey in connection with an abbreviated new drug application filed with FDA by Akorn seeking approval to market a generic version of Latisse and challenging the ‘270 patent.  No trial date has been set.

Linzess^®. In October and November 2016, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood received Paragraph IV certification notice letters from Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc. (“Teva”) , Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Mylan”), and Sandoz Inc. (“Sandoz”)  indicating that they had submitted to FDA ANDAs seeking approval to manufacture and sell generics version of LINZESS^® 145 mcg and 290 mcg capsules (“LINZESS”) before the expiration of some or all of the nine patents then listed in the Orange Book, including U.S. Patent Nos. 7,304,036 (the “‘036 Patent”); 7,371,727 (the “‘727 Patent”); 7,704,947 (the “‘947 Patent”); 7,745,409 (the “‘409 Patent”); 8,080,526 (the “‘526 Patent”); 8,110,553 (the “‘553 Patent”); 8,748,573 (the “‘573 Patent”); 8,802,628 (the “‘628 Patent”); and 8,933,030 (the “‘030 Patent”). (The ‘727, ‘947, ‘409, ‘526 and ‘553 Patents expire in January 2024; the ‘036 Patent expires in August 2026; and the ‘573, ‘628 and ‘030 Patents expire in 2031.) Teva, Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Mylan and Sandoz claim that the patents discussed in their respective notice letters are invalid, unenforceable and/or would not be infringed.  On November 30, 2016, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), brought an action for infringement of some or all of the ‘036, ‘727, ‘947, ‘409, ‘526, ‘553, ‘573, ‘628 and ‘030 Patents in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Aurobindo Pharma Ltd., Aurobindo Pharma USA, Inc. (collectively, “Aurobindo”), Teva, Mylan and Sandoz.  This lawsuit triggered an automatic stay of approval of the applicable ANDAs that expires no earlier than February 2020 (unless there is a final court decision adverse to Plaintiffs sooner).  Trial is scheduled for June 2019.  On July 13, 2017, Mylan filed a motion to dismiss for improper venue.  That motion is currently pending.  

In May 2017, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood also received a Paragraph IV certification notice letter from Sun Pharma Global FZE indicating that it had submitted to FDA an ANDA seeking approval to manufacture and sell a generic version of LINZESS before the expiration of the ‘573, ‘628 and ‘030 Patents. Sun Pharma Global FZE claims that the patents are invalid and/or would not be infringed.  On June 30, 2017, Plaintiffs brought an action for infringement of the ‘573, ‘628 and ‘030 Patents in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Sun Pharma Global FZE and Sun Pharmaceutical Industries Inc. (collectively, “Sun”). In January 2018, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood entered into a settlement agreement with Sun and certain Sun affiliates. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Plaintiffs will provide a license to Sun to market a generic version of LINZESS in the United States beginning on February 1, 2031 (subject to FDA approval), or earlier in certain circumstances. The Sun action was dismissed on January 18, 2018.  

In July 2017, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood received a second Notice Letter relating to the ANDA submitted to the FDA by Aurobindo.  Aurobindo claims that the ‘036, ‘727, ‘947, ‘409, ‘526, ‘553 Patents, as well as the ‘573, ‘628 and ‘030 Patents, are invalid and/or would not be infringed.  On August 25, 2017, Plaintiffs brought an action for infringement of these patents in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Aurobindo. On September 28, 2017, this action was consolidated with the first action filed against Aurobindo. On April 30, 2018, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood entered into a settlement agreement with Aurobindo. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Plaintiffs will provide a license to Aurobindo to market a generic version of LINZESS in the United States beginning on August 5, 2030 (subject to FDA approval), or earlier in certain circumstances. The Aurobindo actions were dismissed on May 7, 2018.

In September 2017, October 2017 and January 2018, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood received second Notice Letters relating to the ANDAs submitted to the FDA by Teva, Mylan and Sandoz, respectively. Teva, Mylan and Sandoz claim that U.S. Patent No. 9,708,371 (the “‘371 Patent”) is invalid and/or would not be infringed by their respective ANDAs.  (The ‘371 Patent

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expires in 2033.) On October 20, 2017, November 30, 2017 and January 20, 2018, Plaintiffs brought actions for infringement of the ‘371 patent in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Teva, Mylan and Sandoz, respectively.  The actions filed in October and November 2017 against Teva and Mylan have been consolidated with the lawsuit filed in November 2016.  

In December 2017 and February 2018, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood received Paragraph IV certification notice letters from Teva and Mylan, respectively indicating that they had submitted to FDA ANDAs seeking approval to manufacture and sell generic versions of LINZESS^® 72 mcg capsules (“72 mcg ANDA”) before the expiration of the ‘036, ‘727, ‘947, ‘409, ‘526, ‘553, ‘030 and ‘371 Patents. Teva and Mylan claim that these patents are invalid, unenforceable and/or would not be infringed. On February 2, 2018 and March 29, 2018, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (collectively, “Plaintiffs”), brought actions for infringement of some or all of the ‘036, ‘727, ‘947, ‘409, ‘526, ‘553, ‘030 and ‘371 Patents in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Teva and Mylan, respectively. These lawsuits triggered automatic stays of approval of Teva’s 72 mcg ANDA and Mylan’s 72 mcg ANDA that expire no earlier than June 2020 and August 2020, respectively (unless there is a final court decision adverse to Plaintiffs sooner).  On March 14, 2018, the district court consolidated the Teva 72 mcg ANDA matter with the lawsuit filed in November 2016.  

In May and August 2018, the district court granted joint stipulations and orders to dismiss without prejudice all claims, counterclaims, and defenses in the consolidated actions with respect to the ‘371 Patent and the ‘030 Patent, respectively, as between Plaintiffs, Teva and Sandoz.  On July 10, 2018, Plaintiffs filed a motion to dismiss all claims and declaratory judgment counterclaims between Plaintiffs and Mylan with respect to the ‘371 patent for lack of subject matter jurisdiction.  On July 26, 2018, Plaintiffs filed a motion for leave to file an amended complaint as to Mylan to assert the ‘628 patent against Mylan’s 72 mcg ANDA product. On August 30, 2018, the district court entered an order granting the joint stipulation and order to dismiss without prejudice all claims, counterclaims, and defenses in the consolidated actions with respect to the ‘030 Patent and the ‘371 Patent as between Plaintiffs and Mylan, granting Plaintiffs’ motion seeking leave to file an amended complaint, and withdrawing as moot Plaintiffs’ motion to dismiss with respect to the ‘371 patent. Plaintiffs filed a corrected amended complaint as to Mylan on September 4, 2018, and Mylan filed an answer to the amended complaint on September 13, 2018.

On June 12, 2018, the district court granted the parties’ request that briefing on Mylan’s motion to dismiss for improper venue be stayed until after a decision issued on Mylan’s renewed motion to dismiss for improper venue in Bristol-Myers Squibb Co. v. Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., C.A. Nos. 17-374 (LPS), 17-379 (LPS) (“BMS”). On October 18, 2018, the district court in BMS granted Mylan’s motion to dismiss for improper venue in that case.

On December 21, 2018, subsidiaries of the Company and Ironwood entered into a settlement agreement with Mylan. Under the terms of the settlement agreement, Plaintiffs will provide a license to Mylan to market a generic version of LINZESS in the United States beginning on February 5, 2030 (subject to FDA approval), or earlier in certain circumstances. The Mylan actions were dismissed on December 27, 2018.

Namenda XR^®. In 2014, subsidiaries of the Company brought actions for infringement of some or all of U.S. Patent Nos. 5,061,703 (the “‘703 patent”), 8,039,009 (the “‘009 patent”), 8,168,209 (the “‘209 patent”), 8,173,708 (the “‘708 patent”), 8,283,379 (the “‘379 patent”), 8,329,752 (the “‘752 patent”), 8,362,085 (the “‘085 patent”), and 8,598,233 (the “‘233 patent”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Wockhardt, Teva, Sun, Apotex, Anchen, Zydus, Watson, Par, Mylan, Amneal, Ranbaxy, and Amerigen, and related subsidiaries and affiliates thereof. Plaintiffs entered settlement agreements with every defendant except Teva.

On December 11, 2017, the Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued a decision affirming the district court’s judgment of invalidity with respect to certain claims of the ‘209, ‘708, ‘379, ‘752 and ‘085 patents.  

The Federal Circuit issued the mandate of the court on February 20, 2018, and certain generics launched the generic products shortly thereafter.

Namzaric^®. In 2015 subsidiaries of the Company and Adamas Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (all collectively, “Plaintiffs”), brought an action for infringement of some or all of U.S. Patent Nos. 8,039,009 (the “’009 patent”), 8,058,291 (the “‘291 patent”), 8,168,209 (the “‘209 patent”), 8,173,708 (the “‘708 patent”) 8,283,379 (the “‘379 patent”), 8,293,794 (the “‘794 patent”), 8,329,752 (the “‘752 patent”), 8,338,485 (the “‘485 patent”), 8,338,486 (the “‘486 patent”), 8,362,085 (the “‘085 patent”), 8,580,858 (the “‘858 patent”) and 8,598,233 (the “‘233 patent”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Amneal Pharmaceuticals LLC, Par Pharmaceutical, Inc., and Amerigen Pharmaceuticals, Inc. and Amerigen Pharmaceuticals Ltd. (collectively, “Amerigen”).  Plaintiffs entered into settlement agreements with each of the generics.  Plaintiffs’ settlement agreement with Amneal, who is believed to be a first applicant with respect to certain dosage strengths (memantine hydrochloride extended-release and donepezil hydrochloride, 14 mg/10 mg and 28 mg/10 mg) of Namzaric^®., provides a license to Amneal that will permit it to launch its generic version of Namzaric^® as of January 1, 2025, or earlier in certain circumstances.  Alternatively, under certain circumstances, Amneal has an

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option to launch an authorized generic version of Namzaric beginning on January 1, 2026.  No patent litigation remains concerning Namzaric.

Restasis^®. Between August 2015 and July 2016, a subsidiary of the Company brought actions for infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 8,629,111 (the “‘111 patent”), 8,633,162 (the “‘162 patent”), 8,642,556 (the “‘556 patent”), 8,648,048 (the “‘048 patent”), 8,685,930 (the “‘930 patent”) and 9,248,191 (the “’191 patent”) in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas against Akorn, Inc., Apotex, Inc., Mylan Pharmaceuticals, Inc., Teva Pharmaceuticals USA, Inc., InnoPharma, Inc., Famy Care Limited (“Famy Care”), TWi Pharmaceuticals, Inc. (“TWi”) and related subsidiaries and affiliates thereof.

The subsidiary entered into settlement agreements with Apotex, TWi, Famy Care and InnoPharma.  As a result of certain of these settlements, Allergan will provide a license to certain parties to launch their generic versions of Restasis^® beginning on February 27, 2024, or earlier in certain circumstances. Additionally, under certain circumstances, the Company will supply and authorize certain parties to launch an authorized generic version of Restasis^® on August 28, 2024 or earlier in certain circumstances.

On September 8, 2017, the Company assigned all Orange Book-listed patents for Restasis^® to the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe (“the Tribe”), a recognized sovereign tribal government, and concurrently was granted an exclusive field-of-use license to practice the patents in the United States for all FDA-approved uses of the products under the Restasis^® NDAs.

On October 16, 2017, the District Court issued a decision and final judgment finding that the asserted claims of the ‘111 patent, the ‘048 patent, the ‘930 patent and the ‘191 patent were infringed, but invalid on the ground of obviousness. The District Court also held that the asserted claims were not invalid as anticipated, for lack of enablement, or for improper inventorship. On November 13, 2018, the U.S. Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit issued a decision affirming the district court’s finding of invalidity of the asserted claims of the ‘111, ‘048, ‘930 and ‘191 Patents.  A petition for rehearing is currently pending.  

On December 22, 2016, a subsidiary of the Company Allergan filed a complaint for infringement of the ʼ111 patent, ʼ162 patent, ʼ556 patent, ʼ048 patent, ʼ930 patent, and the ʼ191 patent in the U.S. District Court for the Eastern District of Texas against Deva Holding A.S. (“Deva”). On March 6, 2018, the district court granted in part and denied in part the parties’ joint motion for entry of a stipulated order, and stayed the case until such time as the Federal Circuit in the lead appeal case with Teva, Mylan and Akron issues a mandate. The parties’ stipulation provides that Deva will be bound by the outcome of that appeal.  

On August 10 and September 20, 2018, a subsidiary of the Company and the Tribe filed complaints for infringement of the ʼ162 patent and the ʼ556 patent in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware against Saptalis and against Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC and Amneal Pharmaceuticals Co. India Private Limited (collectively, “Amneal”), respectively.  The cases were voluntarily dismissed on January 2, 2019.  

Restasis^® IPR. On June 6, 2016, a subsidiary of the Company received notification letters that Inter Partes Review of the USPTO (“IPR”) petitions were filed by Mylan Pharmaceuticals Inc. (“Mylan”) regarding U.S. Patent Nos. 8,629,111 (the “‘111 patent”), 8,633,162 (the “‘162 patent”), 8,642,556 (the “‘556 patent”), 8,648,048 (the “‘048 patent”), 8,685,930 (the “‘930 patent”), and 9,248,191 (the “‘191 patent”), which patents expire on August 27, 2024. Mylan filed the IPR petition on June 3, 2016. On June 23, 2016, a subsidiary of the Company received a notification letter that a IPR petition and motion for joinder was filed by Argentum Pharmaceuticals LLC (“Argentum”) regarding the ’111 patent.  On December 7, 2016, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Argentum and Argentum’s petition was withdrawn.  On December 8, 2016, the USPTO granted Mylan’s petitions to institute IPRs with respect to these patents. On January 6, 2017, each of Akorn and Teva filed, and on January 9, 2017 the USPTO received, IPR petitions with respect to these patents and motions for joinder with the Mylan IPR. The USPTO granted Teva’s and Akorn’s joinder motions on March 31, 2017.    

On September 8, 2017, Allergan assigned all Orange Book-listed patents for Restasis^® to the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe (“the Tribe”), a recognized sovereign tribal government, and concurrently was granted an exclusive field-of-use license to practice the patents in the United States for all FDA-approved uses of the products under the Restasis^® NDAs. That same day, the Tribe filed an updated Mandatory Notice with the USPTO to reflect that the Tribe is the patent owner, and sought permission to file a motion to dismiss based on tribal sovereign immunity.

On February 23, 2018, the USPTO issued orders denying the Tribe’s motion to dismiss (or terminate).  

On July 20, 2018, the Federal Circuit affirmed the USPTO’s denial of the Tribe’s motion to dismiss and Allergan’s motion to withdraw.  On August 20, 2018, the Tribe and Allergan filed a petition for rehearing en banc, which the Federal Circuit denied on October 22, 2018. On December 21, 2018, the Company and the Tribe filed a petition for a writ of certiorari with the United States Supreme Court.  That petition is currently pending.

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Saphris^®. Between September 2014 and May 2015, subsidiaries of the Company brought actions for infringement of some or all of U.S. Patent Nos. 5,763,476 (the “‘476 patent”), 7,741,358 (the “‘358 patent”) and 8,022,228 (the “‘228 patent”) against Sigmapharm Laboratories, LLC, Hikma Pharmaceuticals, LLC, Breckenridge Pharmaceutical, Inc., Alembic Pharmaceuticals, Ltd. and Amneal Pharmaceuticals, LLC, and related subsidiaries and affiliates thereof in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware in connection with an abbreviated new drug applications respectively filed with FDA by Sigmpha Hikma, Breckenridge, Alembic and Amneal, each seeking approval to market a generic versions of Saphris and challenging each of said patents. Including a 6-month pediatric extension of regulatory exclusivity, the ‘476 patent expires in December 2020, and the ‘358 and ‘228 patents expire in October 2026. In 2016, the parties agreed to dismiss all claims related to the ‘358 and ‘228 patents, leaving only the ‘476 patent at issue.  On October 13, 2016, the court stayed trial as to Sigmapharm and extended the 30-month stay as to Sigmapharm.  On June 30, 2017, the district court issued an opinion and order finding all asserted claims of the ‘476 patent valid, and that claims 4, 9 and 10 were not infringed by Alembic and Breckenridge.  On July 11, 2017, the district court entered a final judgment that ordered, among other things, that Alembic’s, Amneal’s, Breckenridge’s and Hikma’s respective ANDAs not be granted final approval by FDA earlier than the date of expiration of the ‘476 patent inclusive of any applicable adjustments, extensions or exclusivities. The case is currently on appeal.

A separate bench trial concerning Sigmapharm’s infringement of the ‘476 patent began on June 20, 2018, and on November 16, 2018, the court held that Sigmapharms’ proposed ANDA product would infringe the ‘476 patent   On November 26, 2018, Sigmapharm sought relief from the November 16, 2018 decision.  That motion is currently pending.

Savella^®. On October 5 and 6, 2017, subsidiaries of the Company brought actions for infringement of U.S. Patent Nos. 6,602,911 (the “‘911 patent”), 7,888,342 (the “‘342 patent”), and 7,994,220 (the “‘220 patent”) in the U.S. District Court for the District of Delaware and the District of New Jersey, respectively, against Strides Pharma Global Pte Limited and Strides Pharma Inc. (collectively, Strides”).  On April 20, 2018, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with Strides and the case was dismissed.

Viibryd^® IPR. On January 5, 2018, Argentum Pharmaceuticals LLC submitted to the USPTO a petition for Inter Partes Review (“IPR”) seeking cancellation of certain claims of U.S. Patent No. 8,673,921 (the “‘921 patent”). The ‘921 patent is listed in the Orange Book for Viibryd^® and expires in June 2022. On July 23, 2018, the USPTO denied institution of the IPR.

Trademark Enforcement Matters

Juvéderm^®.    On April 5, 2017, a subsidiary of the Company brought an action for unfair competition, false advertising, dilution, conspiracy and infringement of Allergan’s JUVÉDERM trademarks in the U.S. District Court for the Central District of California against Dermavita Limited Partnership (“Dermavita”), Dima Corp. S.A.  (“Dima Corp.”) and KBC Media Relations LLC (“KBC”). Dima Corp. had previously announced its acquisition of a license from Dermavita to develop and market in the U.S. cosmetic products under the Juvederm trademark. During June 2017, the Company entered into a settlement agreement with KBC. During July 2017, the Court preliminarily enjoined Dima Corp. from, inter alia, promoting or selling within the United States any product bearing the trademark JUVEDERM or any other trademark confusingly similar to it. During January 2018, the Court granted Dermavita’s renewed motion to dismiss the Company’s complaint based on purported lack of personal jurisdiction.  The case remains pending against Dima.

Subsidiaries of the Company requested a preliminary injunction against Dermavita, Dima Corp, Aesthetic Services, Jacqueline Sillam and Dimitri Sillam in the High Court of Paris, France. During June 2017, the Paris Court preliminarily enjoined the defendants, inter alia, to refrain from promoting or selling in France its Juvederm products, to transfer various domain names and to pay provisional damages to Allergan, on the basis that such use would infringe Allergan’s EU and French JUVÉDERM trademarks and would amount to unfair competition. This injunction has been appealed. A subsidiary of the Company has also filed against Dermavita, Dima Corp. and others a full action of trademark infringement in the Paris court. Dermavita has requested that the full action be stayed pending the outcome of the Nanterre action and the EUIPO trademark proceedings, both mentioned below.  The Paris court rejected Dermavita’s stay request and subsequently ordered the defendants to pay more than 75,000 Euros in liquidated damages for violation of the preliminary injunction mentioned above.  Dermavita has filed an action against subsidiaries of the Company in the Nanterre, France court alleging that the subsidiaries have not used its JUVÉDERM trademark and requesting the court to revoke the Company’s trademark based on its purported lack of use.  The Company has submitted its principal brief and awaits a hearing on.      

Furthermore, more than 150 trademark opposition and cancellation actions between Allergan and Dermavita have been filed in front of the USPTO, EUIPO and various other national and regional trademark offices around the world.  Most of these actions remain pending; however, Allergan has received favorable decisions in more than ten (10) such actions.

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Antitrust Litigation

Asacol^® Litigation. Class action complaints have been filed against certain subsidiaries of the Company on behalf of putative classes of direct and indirect purchasers. The lawsuits have been consolidated in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts.  The complaints allege that plaintiffs paid higher prices for Asacol^® HD and Delzicol^® as a result of alleged actions preventing or delaying generic competition in the market for an older Asacol^® product in violation of U.S. federal antitrust laws and/or state laws. Plaintiffs seek unspecified injunctive relief, treble damages and/or attorneys’ fees.  The Company has settled the claims brought by the direct purchaser plaintiffs.  While the district court granted the indirect purchaser plaintiffs’ motion for class certification, the Court of Appeals for the First Circuit issued an order granting the Company’s motion to appeal the district court’s decision to certify the proposed class and later issued a decision reversing the lower court’s decision on class certification.  The appellate court recently denied plaintiffs’ motion for rehearing en banc.

Botox^® Litigation. A class action complaint was filed against certain subsidiaries of the Company in the United States District Court for the Central District of California on February 24, 2015,  alleging unlawful market allocation in violation of Section 1 of the Sherman Act, 15 U.S.C. §1, agreement in restraint of trade in violation of the U.S. federal antitrust laws as well as violations of California state laws. In the complaint, plaintiffs seek an unspecified amount of treble damages.   On November 30, 2017, the parties reached a tentative settlement and the court granted plaintiffs’ motion for final approval of class settlement.  On September 10, 2018, the court dismissed with prejudice all claims against the defendants.

Loestrin^® 24 Litigation. Putative classes of direct and indirect purchasers as well as opt-out direct purchasers have filed complaints that have been consolidated in the U.S. District Court for the District of Rhode Island.  The lawsuits allege that subsidiaries of the Company engaged in anticompetitive conduct, including when settling patent lawsuits related to Loestrin^® 24 Fe, in violation of federal and state antitrust and consumer protection laws. The complaints each seek declaratory and injunctive relief and damages. The court has scheduled hearings on the class plaintiffs’ class certification motions and on defendants motion for summary judgement on the issue of market power.

Namenda^® Litigation. In 2014, the State of New York filed a lawsuit in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York alleging that Forest was acting to prevent or delay generic competition to Namenda^® in violation of federal and New York antitrust laws and committed other fraudulent acts in connection with its commercial plans for Namenda^® XR. The district court granted the state’s motion for a preliminary injunction which was later affirmed by the Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit.  The parties in that case then reached a settlement to resolve the dispute. Following the conclusion of the New York Attorney General Matter, putative class actions were filed on behalf of direct and indirect purchasers in the same federal court. The class action complaints make claims similar to those asserted by the New York Attorney General and also include claims that Namenda^® patent litigation settlements between a Company subsidiary and generic companies also violated the antitrust laws. Plaintiffs seek unspecified injunctive relief, treble damages and attorneys’ fees.  The court has denied defendants’ motion for summary judgement in the direct purchaser action and has certified the direct purchaser class of plaintiffs.

Restasis^® Competitor Litigation.  Shire, which offers the dry-eye disease drug Xiidra^®, sued subsidiaries of the Company in U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey alleging that defendants unlawfully harmed competition by foreclosing Xiidra^® from sales to Medicare Part D plans (and the members of such plans) through the use of discounts (a) contingent on Restasis^® receiving preferential formulary treatment; and/or (b) across a bundle of Allergan’s products, including Restasis^®.  The complaint seeks injunctive relief and damages under federal and state law.  The court has yet to rule on defendants’ motion to dismiss the complaint and the parties are engaged in limited discovery. 

Restasis^® Class Action Litigation.  Several class actions were filed on behalf of putative classes of direct and indirect purchasers of Restasis^® alleging that subsidiaries of the company harmed competition by engaging in conduct to delay the market entry of generic versions of Restasis^® in violation of the federal antitrust laws as well as state antitrust and consumer-protection laws and unjust enrichment.  The cases have been consolidated in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey.  All plaintiffs seek damages, declaratory relief, and injunctive relief.   The parties are currently engaged in discovery.

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Commercial Litigation

Celexa^®/Lexapro^® Class Actions. Certain subsidiaries of the Company were named in federal court actions relating to the promotion of Celexa^® and/or Lexapro^® all of which were consolidated in an MDL proceeding in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. Most of these claims were resolved through a settlement in September 2014.  However, two lawsuits remain which assert claims under the federal Racketeer Influenced and Corrupt Organizations (“RICO”) Act.  The court has entered summary judgment in favor of the defendants in both actions and denied plaintiffs’ class certification motions.   Plaintiffs in both cases appealed the dismissal of their claims and denial of class certification to the United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit and the appeals court issued a decision in January 2019 affirming the denial of the class certification motions but reversing the lower court’s decision granting the defendants’ summary judgment motions.

Warner Chilcott Marketing Practices.  A putative nationwide class of private payer entities, or their assignees, that paid Medicare benefits on behalf of their beneficiaries filed a complaint against certain subsidiaries of the Company in the U.S. District Court for the District of Massachusetts. The Complaint asserts claims under the federal RICO statute, state consumer protection statutes, common law fraud, and unjust enrichment with respect to the sale and marketing of certain products. Defendants’ motion to dismiss the Amended Complaint is still pending.

Generic Drug Pricing Securities and ERISA Litigation.  Putative classes of  shareholders and two individual opt-out plaintiffs filed class action lawsuits  against the Company and certain of its current and former officers alleging that defendants made materially false and misleading statements between February 2014 and November 2016 regarding the Company’s internal controls over its financial reporting and that it failed to disclose that its former Actavis generics unit had engaged in illegal, anticompetitive price-fixing with its generic industry peers.  These lawsuits have been consolidated in the U.S. District Court for the District of New Jersey. The complaints seek unspecified monetary damages.  The Company’s motion to dismiss the complaint is still pending.  In addition, class action complaints have been filed premised on the same alleged underlying conduct that is at issue in the securities litigation but that assert claims under the Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974 (“ERISA”).  These complaints have been consolidated in the district court in New Jersey.  The court granted the Company’s motion to dismiss this complaint.  The ERISA plaintiffs have appealed this decision to the Third Circuit Court of Appeals.

Telephone Consumer Protection Act Litigation.  In October 2012, Forest and certain of its affiliates were named as defendants in a putative class action in the United States District Court for the Eastern District of Missouri. This suit alleges that Forest and another defendant violated the Telephone Consumer Protection Act (the “TCPA”) by sending unsolicited facsimiles and facsimiles with inadequate opt-out notices.  The case was stayed pending the administrative proceeding initiated by the pending FCC Petition and a separate petition Forest filed. A similar lawsuit was filed in in Missouri state court against Warner Chilcott Corporation which Warner Chilcott removed to the federal district court. In the wake of the Court of Appeals decision on the Petition discussed below, the parties reached an agreement to settle these actions.

In a related matter, on June 27, 2013, Forest filed a Petition for Declaratory Ruling with the FCC requesting that the FCC find that (1) the faxes at issue in the action complied, or substantially complied with the FCC regulation, and thus did not violate it, or (2) the FCC regulation was not properly promulgated under the TCPA. On October 30, 2014, the FCC issued a final order on the FCC Petition granting Forest and several other petitioners a retroactive waiver of the opt-out notice requirement for all faxes sent with express consent. The litigation plaintiffs appealed the final order to the Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia and on March 31, 2017, the Court of Appeals issued a decision which held that the FCC regulation at issue was not properly promulgated under the TCPA.  Plaintiffs’ petition for certiorari was denied by the United States Supreme Court.

Prescription Opioid Drug Abuse Litigation. The Company has been named as a defendant, along with several other manufacturers and distributors of opioid products, in over 1,300 matters relating to the promotion and sale of prescription opioid pain relievers and additional suits have been filed.  The lawsuits allege generally that the manufacturer defendants engaged in a deceptive campaign to promote their products in violation of state laws and seek unspecified monetary damages, penalties and injunctive relief.  Plaintiffs in these suits include states, political subdivisions of states (i.e., counties and municipalities), Native American tribes and other private litigants such as insurance plans, hospital systems and consumers who were prescribed opioid products and were subsequently treated for an overdose or addiction.  Cases are pending in both federal and state courts.  The federal court cases have been consolidated in an MDL in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Ohio, with a first set of cases set for trial in September 2019.  In the case filed on behalf of the State of California by the California counties of Santa Clara and Orange, which is pending in California state court, the previously-set trial date has been vacated and a new date has not yet been set.

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Testosterone Replacement Therapy Class Action. Subsidiaries of the Company were named in a class action complaint filed on behalf a putative class of third party payers in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District of Illinois. The suit alleges that the Company’s subsidiaries violated various laws including the federal RICO statute and state consumer protection laws in connection with the sale and marketing of Androderm^®.  The class plaintiffs seek to obtain certain equitable relief, including injunctive relief and an order requiring restitution and/or disgorgement, and to recover damages and multiple damages in an unspecified amount. While the lawsuit is ongoing, the court has denied plaintiff’s class certification motion.  Defendants’ motion for summary judgment is still pending.  

Xaleron Dispute. On February 5, 2016, Xaleron Pharmaceuticals, Inc. filed a lawsuit against certain subsidiaries of the Company in state court in New York. The complaint, filed on February 26, 2016, alleges the defendants misappropriated Xaleron’s confidential business information and asserts claims for unfair competition, tortious interference with prospective economic advantage and unjust enrichment. The company filed a motion for summary judgment in April 2018 and subsequently,  the parties reached an agreement to settle the litigation.

Zeltiq Advertising Litigation.  A putative class action lawsuit was filed against Zeltiq in state court in California alleging that Zeltiq misled customers regarding the promotion of its CoolSculpting^® product and the product’s premarket notification clearance status.  The case was later removed to U.S. District Court for the Central District of California.  The case was dismissed by the district court and, while the plaintiffs started the process of appealing this decision to the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals, they have since voluntarily dismissed their appeal.

 

Employment Litigation

In July 2012, a subsidiary of the Company was named as a defendant in an action brought by certain former Company sales representatives and specialty sales representatives in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York. The action is a putative class and collective action, and alleges class claims under Title VII for gender discrimination with respect to pay and promotions, as well as discrimination on the basis of pregnancy, and a collective action claim under the Equal Pay Act and non-class claims on behalf of certain of the named Plaintiffs for sexual harassment and retaliation under Title VII, and for violations of the Family and Medical Leave Act.   On April 3, 2017, the parties agreed to settle this matter.  On February 1, 2018, the court granted preliminary approval of the settlement and set a fairness hearing for May 4, 2018. On June 29, 2018, the Court granted final approval of the settlement.

Product Liability Litigation

Actonel^® Litigation. A subsidiary of the Company is a defendant in over 500 filed cases in federal and various state courts, relating to the bisphosphonate prescription drug Actonel^®.  In addition, there are three cases pending in provincial courts in Canada, two involving single plaintiffs, and a third on behalf of a purported class of injured plaintiffs.  The complaints allege, among other things, that Actonel^® caused them to suffer osteonecrosis of the jaw (“ONJ”) and/or atypical fractures of the femur.  Plaintiffs are seeking unspecified monetary and injunctive relief, as well as attorneys’ fees. The Company subsidiary is being indemnified by Sanofi for certain claims pursuant to an agreement with Sanofi and is being partially indemnified by the Procter & Gamble Company (“P&G”) for ONJ claims that were pending at the time the Company subsidiary acquired P&G’s global pharmaceutical business in 2009. Settlements have been reached that have resolved most of the pending ONJ-related claims. Recently, all pending Actonel cases in New Jersey state court were dismissed without prejudice subject to refilling after the U.S. Supreme Court issues a decision in Merck Sharp & Dohme Corp. v. Albrecht, Doc. No. 17-290.

Breast Implant Litigation. Certain Company subsidiaries are defendants in more than a dozen cases alleging that Allergan’s textured breast implants caused women to develop a rare condition known as anaplastic large cell lymphoma (ALCL), and that the defendants failed to properly warn against this risk and failed to promptly and properly report the results of the post-marketing studies relating to these products.  These cases have been filed in both federal and state courts in the United States and well as provincial courts in Canada.  One of the Canadian cases has been asserted on behalf a putative class of consumers.

Benicar^® Litigation. A subsidiary of the Company has been named in a number of lawsuits involving allegations that Benicar^® caused certain gastrointestinal injuries. Under a co-promotion agreement, Daiichi Sankyo is defending the Company subsidiary in these lawsuits and has announced that it has agreed to enter into a program to settle all of the pending cases on behalf of all defendants, including the Company subsidiary.

Celexa^®/Lexapro^® Litigation.  Certain Company subsidiaries are defendants in over 150 actions alleging that Celexa^® or Lexapro^® caused various birth defects. Several of the cases involve multiple minor-plaintiffs. The majority of these actions have been consolidated in state court in Missouri; none of the actions are set for trial. 

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RepliForm^® Litigation.  A Company subsidiary has been named as a defendant in over 300 cases alleging that its biologic mesh product RepliForm^® did not perform as intended and caused various injuries.  The majority of these cases have been consolidated in state court in Massachusetts, with the rest pending in state courts in Delaware and Minnesota and the federal court in West Virginia. Approximately 200 of these cases have been settled or dismissed.  

Testosterone Litigation. A number of product liability suits were filed against certain Company subsidiaries as well as other manufacturers and distributors of testosterone products, for personal injuries including but not limited to cardiovascular events allegedly arising out of the use of Androderm^®.  The cases have been consolidated in an MDL in the U.S. District Court for Northern District of Illinois.  In mid-2018, the parties reached an agreement to settle all of the pending cases.  

Government Investigations, Government Litigation and Qui Tam Litigation

The Company and its subsidiaries are involved in various disputes, governmental and/or regulatory inspections, inquires, investigations and proceedings that could result in litigation, and other litigation matters that arise from time to time.

Company subsidiaries have received subpoenas and/or Civil Investigative Demands (“CID”) from the United States Department of Justice, the United States Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, United States Congressional Committees as well as various state regulatory and enforcement authorities.  Each of the subpoenas and CIDs seek documents and information relating to discrete topics, including but not limited to: the calculation and reporting by certain Company subsidiaries of their Average Manufacturer Prices, Average Wholesale Prices and Best Prices for several of their products; sales and marketing practices of Botox to urology practices; the promotion and sale of two gastroenterology products; the Saint Regis Mohawk Tribe’s acquisition of six Restasis patents and the granting of exclusive licenses to the Restasis product to the Company; and, the promotion and sale of opioid products. In each case, the Company and its subsidiaries are cooperating fully with the governmental authority’s requests.  

Certain states have initiated lawsuits and qui tam lawsuits have been filed by private parties, also known as relators, on behalf of the federal or state governments.  Certain Company subsidiaries have been named as defendants in lawsuits that allege generally that state Medicaid agencies were overcharged for their share of Medicaid drug reimbursement costs due to inflated Average Wholesale Prices (“AWP”) reported by the Company subsidiaries.  AWP lawsuits are currently pending in Illinois, Utah and Wisconsin.

Matters Relating to the Company’s Divested Generics Business

The following matters relate to the former generics business of the Company or the transaction pursuant to which that business was sold to Teva, effective August 2, 2016.   Teva has agreed to indemnify and defend the Company against all matters asserted in litigation against the Company arising out of the former generics business, including litigations and investigations relating to generic opioid products including, without limitation, the actions described below.

Lidoderm^® Litigation.  The U.S. Federal Trade Commission filed a lawsuit in federal district court in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania against the Company and one of its former global generics business subsidiaries and others alleging that patent litigation settlements relating to Lidoderm were anticompetitive. The FTC voluntarily withdrew its complaint in Pennsylvania and filed a similar complaint in the U.S. District Court for the Northern District California where similar lawsuits filed by private plaintiffs were already pending and where the State of California filed a similar complaint against the same defendants.   Defendants in the Pennsylvania action filed a declaratory judgment action against the FTC in the Pennsylvania federal court but the court granted the FTC’s motion to dismiss this lawsuit.  The FTC and State of California’s actions were stayed pending the declaratory judgment action in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.  The federal court in California has not yet issued a ruling or lifted the stay in these cases since the court’s ruling in the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.  

Hydrocortisone Investigation. In 2016, the Company received notice from the UK Competition and Markets Authority (“CMA”) that it would be included within the scope of the CMA’s formal investigation under Section 25 of the Competition Act of 1998 (“CA98”) into suspected abuse of dominance by a former generics business subsidiary of the Company in relation to the supply of 10mg and 20mg hydrocortisone tablets. The CMA is investigating: (i) alleged excessive and unfair prices with respect to hydrocortisone tablets and (ii) whether the former generics business subsidiary entered into anti-competitive agreements with a potential competitor for this product.  The CMA has issued statements of objection with respect to both parts of its investigation. The Company intends to cooperate fully with the investigation.

Teva Shareholder Derivative Litigation.  In 2017, the Company was named as defendant in a proposed Teva shareholder derivative litigation filed in the Economic Division of the Tel Aviv District Court in Israel.  The lawsuit contains allegations that the Company aided and abetted Teva’s board of directors violations of Israeli securities laws.  To date, the court has not determined whether it will allow plaintiffs to proceed with this action.  

 

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NOTE 26 — Warner Chilcott Limited (“WCL”) Guarantor and Non-Guarantor Condensed Consolidating Financial Information

The following financial information is presented to segregate the financial results of WCL, Allergan Funding SCS, and Allergan Finance, LLC (the issuers of the long-term notes), the guarantor subsidiaries for the long-term notes and the non-guarantor subsidiaries. The guarantors jointly and severally, and fully and unconditionally, guarantee the Company’s obligation under the long-term notes.

The information includes elimination entries necessary to consolidate the guarantor and the non-guarantor subsidiaries. Investments in subsidiaries are accounted for using the equity method of accounting. The principal elimination entries eliminate investments in subsidiaries, equity and intercompany balances and transactions.

WCL, Allergan Capital S.a.r.l. and Allergan Finance, LLC are guarantors of the long-term notes.  The Company anticipates future legal entity structure changes which may impact the presentation of this footnote in the near future.

WCL has revised its consolidating balance sheets as previously presented in its balance sheet in Footnote 25 of the December 31, 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K due to a change in the Company’s legal entity structure and other reclassifications that occurred during the year ended December 31, 2018.  As a result, prior period information has been recast to conform to the current period presentation.

Subsequent to December 31, 2018, Allergan’s legal entity structure changed which will result in reclassifications to the presented amounts in the year ending December 31, 2019.

The following financial information presents the consolidating balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related statements of operations and comprehensive income / (loss) for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016.

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Warner Chilcott Limited

Consolidating Balance Sheets

As of December 31, 2018

($ in millions)

 

 

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Warner Chilcott Limited

Consolidating Balance Sheets

As of December 31, 2017

($ in millions)

 

 

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Warner Chilcott Limited

Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) / Income

For the Year Ended December 31, 2018

($ in millions)

 

 

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Warner Chilcott Limited

Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) / Income

For the Year Ended December 31, 2017

($ in millions)

 

 

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Warner Chilcott Limited

Consolidating Statements of Operations and Comprehensive (Loss) / Income

For the Year Ended December 31, 2016

($ in millions)

 

 

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Warner Chilcott Limited

Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows

For the Year Ended December 31, 2018

($ in millions)

 

 

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Warner Chilcott Limited

Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows

For the Year Ended December 31, 2017

($ in millions)

 

 

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Warner Chilcott Limited

Consolidating Statements of Cash Flows

For the Year Ended December 31, 2016

($ in millions)

 

 

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NOTE 27 — Compensation

The following table represents compensation costs for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 ($ in millions):

 

 

NOTE 28 — Concentration

The Company considers there to be a concentration risk for customers that account for 10% or more of their third-party revenues. The following table illustrates any customer which accounted for 10% or more of our annual revenues within the U.S. and Canada in any of the past three fiscal years and the respective percentage of our revenues for which they account for each of the last three years:

 

 

No other country outside the U.S. and Canada had 10% or more of global sales.

The Company’s accounts receivable primarily arise from product sales in North America and primarily represent amounts due from wholesalers, distributors, drug store chains and service providers in the health care and pharmaceutical industries, public hospitals and other government entities. Approximately 62% and 58% of the gross accounts receivable balance are concentrated among the Company’s three largest customers as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The Company performs ongoing credit evaluations of its customers and maintains an allowance for potential uncollectible accounts. Actual losses from uncollectible accounts have been minimal.

Outside of the U.S., concentrations of credit risk with respect to accounts receivable are limited due to the wide variety of customers and markets using the Company’s products, as well as their dispersion across many different geographic areas. The Company monitors economic conditions, including volatility associated with international economies, and related impacts on the relevant financial markets and its business, especially in light of sovereign credit issues. The Company does not expect to have write-offs or adjustments to accounts receivable which would have a material adverse effect on its financial position, liquidity or results of operations.

Certain of the Company’s finished products and raw materials are obtained from single source suppliers. Although the Company seeks to identify more than one source for its various finished products and raw materials, loss of a single source supplier could have an adverse effect on the Company’s results of operations, financial condition and cash flows. Further, a second source supplier may not be able to produce the same volumes of inventory as the Company’s primary supplier. No third party manufacturer accounted for 10% or more of the Company’s products sold based on third-party revenues for the year ended December 31, 2018.

 

 

 

F-99

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Schedule II

Allergan plc

Warner Chilcott Limited

 

Valuation and Qualifying Accounts

Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016

($ in millions)

 

 

 

F-100

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SUPPLEMENTARY DATA (UNAUDITED)

 

 

Selected unaudited quarterly consolidated financial data and market price information are shown below ($ in millions except per share data):

 

 

 

F-101