Edgar Filing: COMSCORE, INC.

Large accelerated filer

Accelerated filer

Non-accelerated filer

Smaller reporting company

Emerging growth company

Document

UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

________________________________________

FORM 10-Q

______________________________________

(Mark One)



þ	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number: 001-33520

________________________________

comScore, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

________________________________



Delaware		54-1955550
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)

11950 Democracy Drive, Suite 600

Reston, Virginia 20190

(Address of Principal Executive Offices)

(703) 438-2000

(Registrant’s Telephone Number, Including Area Code)

________________________________

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes þ No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No þ

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: As of November 6, 2018, there were 58,906,715 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.

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COMSCORE, INC.

QUARTERLY REPORT ON FORM 10-Q

FOR THE QUARTER ENDED SEPTEMBER 30, 2018

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Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements	i
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1. Financial Statements	2
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	34
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosure about Market Risk	50
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	52
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	54
Item 1A. Risk Factors	54
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	57
Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities	58
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	58
Item 5. Other Information	58
Item 6. Exhibits	59
SIGNATURE	61

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (this "10-Q"), including the information contained in Item 2, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” of this report, and the information incorporated by reference in this 10-Q, contain forward-looking statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements are all statements other than statements of historical fact. We attempt, whenever possible, to identify these forward-looking statements by words such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “expect,” “plan,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “predict,” “intend,” “potential,” “continue,” “seek” or the negative of those words and other comparable words. Similarly, statements that describe our business strategy, goals, prospects, opportunities, outlook, objectives, plans or intentions are also forward-looking statements. These statements may relate to, but are not limited to, expectations of future operating results or financial performance, macroeconomic trends that we expect may influence our business, plans for financing and capital expenditures, expectations regarding liquidity and compliance with financing covenants, expectations regarding the introduction of new products, effects of restructuring actions, regulatory compliance and expected changes in the regulatory landscape affecting our business, planned remediation activities, expected impact of litigation, plans for growth and future operations, effects of acquisitions, divestitures and partnerships, as well as assumptions relating to the foregoing.

Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. These statements are based on current expectations and assumptions regarding future events and business performance and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual events or results to be materially different from any future events or results expressed or implied by these statements. These factors include those set forth in the following discussion and elsewhere within this report.

We believe that it is important to communicate our future expectations to our investors. However, there may be events in the future that we are not able to accurately predict or control and that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations we describe in our forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which apply only as of the date of this 10-Q. You should carefully review the risk factors described in other documents that we file from time to time with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, or "SEC". Except as required by applicable law, including the rules and regulations of the SEC, we do not plan to publicly update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of any new information, future events or otherwise, other than through the filing of periodic reports in accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, levels of activity, performance or achievements.

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

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ITEM 1.	FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

COMSCORE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except share amounts)



	As of			As of
	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(Unaudited)
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,876		$	37,859
Restricted cash	6,338			7,266
Accounts receivable, net of allowances of $1,073 and $1,991, respectively ($2,759 and $2,899 of accounts receivable attributable to related parties, respectively)	61,900			82,029
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	20,254			15,168
Insurance recoverable on litigation settlements	—			37,232
Total current assets	136,368			179,554
Property and equipment, net	27,315			28,893
Other non-current assets	9,572			7,259
Deferred tax assets	3,591			4,532
Intangible assets, net	135,110			159,777
Goodwill	641,594			642,424
Total assets	$	953,550		$	1,022,439
Liabilities and Stockholders' Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable ($1,467 and $2,715 attributable to related parties, respectively)	$	19,716		$	27,889
Accrued expenses ($5,089 and $5,857 attributable to related parties, respectively)	48,352			86,031
Accrued litigation settlements	4,375			27,718
Other current liabilities	8,029			10,485
Customer advances ($2,188 and $2,755 attributable to related parties, respectively)	72,119			98,367
Total current liabilities	152,591			250,490
Financing derivatives (related party)	21,800			—
Senior secured convertible notes (related party)	175,850			—
Deferred tax liabilities	6,033			3,641
Accrued litigation settlements	875			90,800
Other non-current liabilities	27,859			21,016
Total liabilities	385,008			365,947
Commitments and contingencies
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value per share; 5,000,000 shares authorized at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017; no shares issued or outstanding as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value per share; 150,000,000 shares authorized as of September 30, 2018 and 100,000,000 shares authorized as of December 31, 2017; 65,664,431 shares issued and 58,899,635 shares outstanding as of September 30, 2018, and 60,053,843 shares issued and 57,289,047 shares outstanding as of December 31, 2017	59			60
Additional paid-in capital	1,549,371			1,407,717
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(9,013		)	(6,224		)
Accumulated deficit	(741,891		)	(609,091		)
Treasury stock, at cost, 6,764,796 and 2,764,796 shares as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	(229,984		)	(135,970		)
Total stockholders’ equity	568,542			656,492
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	953,550		$	1,022,439

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSCORE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS AND COMPREHENSIVE LOSS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share and per share data)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues ⁽¹⁾	$	102,864		$	100,323		$	310,172		$	300,623

Cost of revenues ^{(1) (2) (3)}	49,446			48,803			148,226			143,417
Selling and marketing ^{(1) (2) (3)}	24,866			29,873			80,418			90,796
Research and development ^{(1) (2) (3)}	18,742			21,580			58,347			64,102
General and administrative ^{(1) (2) (3)}	18,707			22,331			66,067			53,426
Investigation and audit related ⁽¹⁾	696			21,392			37,446			56,469
Amortization of intangible assets	7,896			8,491			24,706			25,669
Settlement of litigation, net	—			81,799			5,250			82,417
Restructuring	51			—			5,141			—
Total expenses from operations	120,404			234,269			425,601			516,296
Loss from operations	(17,540		)	(133,946		)	(115,429		)	(215,673		)
Interest expense, net ⁽¹⁾	(4,682		)	(148		)	(11,711		)	(554		)
Other (expense) income, net	(1,711		)	6,619			(827		)	12,486
Loss from foreign currency transactions	(304		)	(298		)	(181		)	(1,523		)
Loss before income taxes	(24,237		)	(127,773		)	(128,148		)	(205,264		)
Income tax provision	(400		)	(2,296		)	(3,916		)	(4,223		)
Net loss	$	(24,637	)	$	(130,069	)	$	(132,064	)	$	(209,487	)
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.42	)	$	(2.26	)	$	(2.32	)	$	(3.65	)
Diluted	$	(0.42	)	$	(2.26	)	$	(2.32	)	$	(3.65	)
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculation - Common Stock:
Basic	58,212,306			57,547,863			56,877,186			57,442,180
Diluted	58,212,306			57,547,863			56,877,186			57,442,180
Comprehensive loss:
Net loss	$	(24,637	)	$	(130,069	)	$	(132,064	)	$	(209,487	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income:
Foreign currency cumulative translation adjustment	(429		)	1,349			(2,789		)	4,304
Other	—			23			—			57
Total comprehensive loss	$	(25,066	)	$	(128,697	)	$	(134,853	)	$	(205,126	)

⁽¹⁾ Transactions with related parties are included in the line items above (refer to Footnote 8, Related Party Transactions, of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information).
⁽²⁾Stock-based compensation expense is included in the line items above as follows:
	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Cost of revenues	$	1,248		$	384		$	5,235		$	1,446
Selling and marketing	1,860			1,461			8,227			4,439
Research and development	1,137			537			5,453			1,808
General and administrative	2,066			6,340			12,276			7,673
	$	6,311		$	8,722		$	31,191		$	15,366

⁽³⁾ Excludes amortization of intangible assets, which is presented separately in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSCORE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(In thousands, except share data)



	Common Stock					Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Treasury stock, at cost			Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount			Additional Paid-In Capital			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Accumulated Deficit			Treasury stock, at cost			Total Stockholders’ Equity
Balance as of December 31, 2017	57,289,047		$	60		$	1,407,717		$	(6,224	)	$	(609,091	)	$	(135,970	)	$	656,492
Adoption of ASC 606	—		—			—			—			(736		)	—			(736		)
Net loss	—		—			—			—			(132,064		)	—			(132,064		)
Foreign currency translation adjustment	—		—			—			(2,789		)	—			—			(2,789		)
Subscription receivable	—		—			8,566			—			—			—			8,566
Common Stock warrants issuable	—		—			5,545			—			—			—			5,545
Exercise of Common Stock options, net	222,229		—			2,855			—			—			—			2,855
Shares issued in connection with settlement of litigation	4,024,115		4			90,764												90,768
Repurchase of Common Stock in exchange for senior secured convertible notes	(4,000,000	)	(7		)	—			—			—			(94,014		)	(94,021		)
Restricted stock units vested	1,550,272		2			10,296			—			—			—			10,298
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards	(186,028	)	—			(4,663		)	—			—			—			(4,663		)
Stock-based compensation	—		—			28,291			—			—			—			28,291
Balance as of September 30, 2018	58,899,635		$	59		$	1,549,371		$	(9,013	)	$	(741,891	)	$	(229,984	)	$	568,542

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSCORE, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(In thousands)



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Operating activities:
Net loss	$	(132,064	)	$	(209,487	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
Depreciation	12,974			18,229
Amortization of intangible assets	24,706			25,669
Stock-based compensation	31,191			15,366
Deferred tax provision	2,828			3,787
Change in fair value of financing derivatives	10,141			—
Accretion of debt discount	3,327			—
Amortization of deferred financing costs	703			—
Gain on forgiveness of obligation	—			(4,000		)
Accrued litigation settlements to be settled in Common Stock	—			90,800
Other	253			646
Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
Accounts receivable	19,480			22,731
Prepaid expenses and other assets	3,502			(34,593		)
Accounts payable, accrued expenses, and other liabilities	(22,449		)	50,214
Customer advances	(28,531		)	(7,063		)
Net cash used in operating activities	(73,939		)	(27,701		)

Investing activities:
Sales of marketable securities	—			15,000
Purchases of property and equipment	(2,183		)	(7,596		)
Capitalized internal-use software costs	(7,447		)	—
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	(9,630		)	7,404

Financing activities:
Proceeds from borrowings on senior secured convertible notes (related party)	100,000			—
Debt issuance costs	(5,132		)	—
Financing proceeds received on subscription receivable (related party)	7,998			9,011
Proceeds from the exercise of stock options	2,855			—
Payments for taxes related to net share settlement of equity awards	(4,663		)	(1,514		)
Principal payments on capital lease and software license arrangements	(7,260		)	(12,699		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	93,798			(5,202		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	(1,140		)	595
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	9,089			(24,904		)
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	45,125			88,341
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	$	54,214		$	63,437

	As of September 30,
	2018			2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	47,876		$	54,782
Restricted cash	6,338			8,655
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	54,214		$	63,437

Supplemental cash flow disclosures:
Interest paid ($4,467 of 2018 interest paid attributable to related party)	$	5,069		$	1,444
Income taxes paid	666			479

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Supplemental non-cash activities:
Treasury stock received in connection with issuance of senior secured convertible notes	$	94,021	$	—
Litigation accrual settled through the issuance of Common Stock	90,768		—
Insurance recovery on litigation settlement	27,232		—
Common Stock warrants issuable with senior secured convertible notes	5,733		—
Fair value of financing derivatives issued with senior secured convertible notes	17,359		—
Notes Option derivative liability settlement	5,700		—
Modification of debt in consideration for the reduction of the senior secured convertible note minimum cash balance requirement	2,000		—
Settlement of restricted stock unit liability	10,298		—

See accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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COMSCORE, INC.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS


1.	Organization

comScore, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, "Comscore" or the “Company”), headquartered in Reston, Virginia, is a global information and analytics company that measures audiences, consumer behavior and advertising across media platforms. On April 23, 2018, the Company announced the appointment of Bryan J. Wiener as its new Chief Executive Officer ("CEO"), effective May 30, 2018. Upon the effective date of the CEO appointment, the Company's President and Executive Vice Chairman stepped down as President and assumed the role of Vice Chairman of the Board of Directors of the Company and special advisor to the CEO. On September 5, 2018, the Company announced the appointment of Sarah Hofstetter as President, effective October 4, 2018. Ms. Hofstetter reports directly to the CEO.

Operating segments are defined as components of a business that can earn revenues and incur expenses for which discrete financial information is available that is evaluated on a regular basis by the chief operating decision maker ("CODM"). The Company’s CODM is its principal executive officer, who decides how to allocate resources and assess performance. The Company has one operating segment. A single management team reports to the CODM who manages the entire business. The Company’s CODM reviews consolidated results of operations to make decisions, allocate resources and assess performance and does not evaluate the profit or loss from any separate geography or product lines. The Company's CEO assumed the role of CODM following his appointment.

On May 30, 2018, The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC approved the Company's application for relisting on The Nasdaq Global Select Market ("Nasdaq") and the Company's common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Common Stock") began trading on Nasdaq effective June 1, 2018.

Uses and Sources of Liquidity and Management’s Plans

The Company’s primary need for liquidity is to fund working capital requirements of its businesses, capital expenditures and for general corporate purposes. The Company incurred significant investigation and audit related expenses with respect to the recent completion of its restatement and audit process, which significantly reduced working capital as of December 31, 2017. In response to this reduction, in December 2017, the Company announced that it was implementing an organizational restructuring to reduce staffing levels by approximately 10% and exit certain geographic regions, to enable the Company to decrease its global costs and more effectively align resources to business priorities. The restructuring actions discussed above are substantially complete. The Company's Board of Directors authorized management in the second quarter of 2018 to undertake an additional reduction in headcount and rationalization of its portfolio of leased properties. For additional information, refer to Footnote 10, Organizational Restructuring.

The Company continued to incur investigation and audit related expenses during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. To increase the Company’s available working capital, on January 16, 2018, the Company entered into certain agreements with funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard Value LP (collectively, “Starboard”), pursuant to which, among other things, the Company issued and sold to Starboard $150.0 million of senior secured convertible notes (the “Initial Notes") in exchange for $85.0 million in cash and 2,600,000 shares of Common Stock. On May 17, 2018, Starboard exercised an option (the “Notes Option”) to purchase an additional $50.0 million of senior secured convertible notes (the "Option Notes", and together with the Initial Notes, the "Notes"), in exchange for $15.0 million in cash and 1,400,000 shares of Common Stock. Interest on the Notes is payable, at the option of the Company, in cash, or, subject to certain conditions, through the issuance by the Company of additional shares of Common Stock (the “PIK Interest Shares”).

The Notes contain certain affirmative and restrictive covenants with which the Company must comply, including (i) covenants with respect to limitations on additional indebtedness, (ii) limitations on liens, (iii) limitations on certain payments, (iv) maintenance of certain minimum cash balances and (v) the timely filing of certain disclosures with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). The Company is in compliance with its debt covenants as of September 30, 2018. On August 8, 2018, the Company and Starboard amended the Notes in order to provide the Company with additional financial flexibility. Specifically, through March 31, 2019, the minimum cash balance required to be maintained by the Company has been reduced from $40.0 million to $20.0 million, subject to certain limitations related to the Rights Offering (described below), if undertaken. In connection with, and as consideration for this modification, and pursuant to the amendment, the Company issued to Starboard $2.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount of senior secured convertible notes, the terms of which are identical to the terms of the Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest thereon shall begin to accrue, which is August 8, 2018. For additional information, refer to Footnote 3, Long-term Debt. Based on management’s current plans, including actions within management’s control, the Company does not anticipate any breach of these covenants that would result in an event of default under the Notes.

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In addition, under the agreements with Starboard, the Company has the right to conduct a rights offering (the “Rights Offering”), which would be open to all stockholders of the Company, for up to $150.0 million in senior secured convertible notes (the “Rights Offering Notes”). Starboard also agreed to backstop up to $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Rights Offering Notes through the purchase of additional Notes, with the backstop obligation reduced by the amount of Option Notes purchased. If undertaken, the Rights Offering would provide at least $35.0 million in cash if not fully subscribed (assuming that any Notes purchased by Starboard pursuant to the backstop obligation would be issued on the same terms as the Rights Offering Notes), and at least $105.0 million in cash if fully subscribed, as stockholders of the Company who elect to participate in the Rights Offering would be allowed to elect to have up to 30% of the value of the Rights Offering Notes they acquire pursuant thereto delivered through the sale to or exchange with the Company of shares of Common Stock. The Company is not obligated to undertake the Rights Offering, and there is no assurance that the Rights Offering will be commenced or completed.

On June 21, 2018, in connection with the Company's settlement of the federal securities class action litigation and the derivative litigation discussed below in Footnote 9, Commitments and Contingencies, the Company issued a total of 4,024,115 shares of Common Stock to a settlement fund for the benefit of authorized claimants in the federal securities class action and plaintiffs' lead counsel in the derivative litigation. On July 9, 2018, the Virginia Circuit Court dismissed the final derivative actions related to the settlement of the derivative litigation and $10.1 million of insurance funds held in escrow were released to the Company.

The Company continues to be focused on maintaining flexibility in terms of sources, amounts, and the timing of any potential transaction in order to best position the Company for future success. The Company continues to explore all potential available alternatives and has not committed to any specific transaction, including the Rights Offering. The Company believes that the financing actions discussed above, or other sources of financing, are probable of occurring and satisfying the Company’s estimated liquidity needs within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued. However, the Company cannot predict, with certainty, the outcome of its actions to generate liquidity, including the availability of additional debt financing, or whether such actions would generate the expected liquidity as currently planned.


2.	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Basis of Presentation and Consolidation

The accompanying Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned domestic and foreign subsidiaries. All intercompany transactions and balances are eliminated upon consolidation.

Reclassification

Certain amounts in the prior year financial statements have been reclassified to conform to the current quarter presentation. Deferred rent (current) and capital lease obligations (current) have been aggregated within other current liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Deferred rent (non-current), deferred revenue (non-current), and capital lease obligations (non-current) have been aggregated within other non-current liabilities on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Unrealized (loss) gain on marketable securities, net and reclassification of realized loss on the sale of marketable securities, net have been aggregated within the Other line item on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities related to loss from equity method investment, realized loss on marketable securities, provision for bad debts and loss on asset disposition of property plant and equipment have been aggregated within other adjustments on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

Unaudited Interim Financial Information

The interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in this 10-Q have been prepared by the Company and are unaudited, pursuant to the rules and regulations of the SEC. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. (“GAAP”) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to such rules and regulations. However, the Company believes that the disclosures contained in this quarterly report comply with the requirements of Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), for a quarterly report on Form 10-Q and are adequate to make the information presented not misleading. The interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included herein reflect all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring adjustments) which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the interim periods presented. These interim Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements should be read in conjunction with the Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes thereto contained in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 (the "2017 10-K"), filed on March 23, 2018 with the SEC. The results of operations for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 are not necessarily indicative of the results to be anticipated for the entire year ending December 31, 2018 or thereafter. All references to September 30, 2018 and 2017 in the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements are unaudited.

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Use of Estimates and Judgments in the Preparation of the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of revenue and expense during the reporting periods. Significant estimates and judgments are inherent in the analysis and the measurement of: management's standalone selling price ("SSP"), principal versus agent revenue recognition, determination of performance obligations, determination of transaction price, including the determination of variable consideration and allocation of transaction price to performance obligations, deferred tax assets and liabilities, including the identification and quantification of income tax liabilities due to uncertain tax positions, the valuation and recoverability of goodwill and intangible assets, the assessment of potential loss from contingencies, the valuation of assets and liabilities acquired in a business combination, the fair value determination of financing-related liabilities and derivatives, the allowance for doubtful accounts, and valuation of options, performance-based and market-based stock awards. Management bases its estimates and assumptions on historical experience and on various other factors that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. Due to the inherent uncertainty involved in making estimates, actual results reported in future periods may be affected by changes in those estimates. The Company evaluates its estimates and assumptions on an ongoing basis.

Capitalized Software

Capitalized software, which is included in property and equipment, net, consists of costs to purchase and develop internal-use software, which the Company uses to provide various services to clients. The costs are capitalized from the time that the preliminary project stage is completed and considered probable that the software will be used to perform the function intended, until the time the software is placed in service for its intended use. Once this software is ready for use in the Company's products, these costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful life of the software, which is typically assessed to be 3 to 5 years. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company capitalized $2.2 million and $7.5 million in internal-use software costs, respectively. The Company amortized $0.4 million and $0.6 million in capitalized internal-use software costs during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company did not capitalize any internal-use software costs. Capitalized software is reviewed for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount may not be recoverable. If an impairment indicator is present, a recoverability analysis is performed based on estimated undiscounted cash flows to be generated from the software in the future. If the analysis indicates that the carrying value is not recoverable from future cash flows, the software cost is written down to the estimated fair value and an impairment is recognized. These estimates are subject to revision as market conditions and the Company's assessments change.

Revenue Recognition

The Company applies the provisions of Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606" or "Topic 606"), and all related appropriate guidance. The Company recognizes revenue under the core principle to depict the transfer of control to its customers in an amount reflecting the consideration to which it expects to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, the Company applies the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.

The Company’s contracts with customers may include multiple promised goods and services, consisting of the various services the Company offers. Contracts with multiple performance obligations typically consist of a mix of: subscriptions to the Company’s online database, customized data services, and delivery of periodic custom reports based on information obtained from the database. In such cases, the Company identifies performance obligations by evaluating whether the promised goods and services are capable of being distinct within the context of the contract at contract inception. Promised goods and services that are not distinct at contract inception are combined as one performance obligation. Once the Company identifies the performance obligations, the Company will determine transaction price based on contractually fixed amounts and an estimate of variable consideration. The Company allocates the transaction price to each performance obligation based on relative standalone selling price ("SSP"). Judgment is exercised to determine the SSP of each distinct performance obligation. The Company will constrain estimates of variable consideration based on its expectation of recovery from the customer. Some sources of variable consideration like refunds, penalties, or allowances will reduce transaction price. In some instances, the Company may have non-cash consideration or elements of consideration payable to the customer, which will also be included in the transaction price. These sources of variable consideration are relatively infrequent and not significant. The Company recognizes revenue when (or as) it satisfies a performance obligation by transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Customers may obtain the control of promised goods or services over time or at a point in time. The Company recognizes revenue net of sales taxes remitted to government authorities. In general, transaction price is determined by estimating the fixed amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled for transfer of goods and services and all relevant sources and components of variable consideration. Variable consideration is estimated based on the most likely amount or expected value approach, depending on which method the Company expects to better predict the

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amount of consideration to which it will be entitled. Once the Company elects one of the methods to estimate variable consideration for a particular type of performance obligation, the Company will apply that method consistently.

Subscription-based revenues are typically recognized on a straight-line basis over the access period, which ranges from three to thirty-six months. Revenue for validated Campaign Essentials ("vCE") is recognized over time, either on a time-elapsed basis, as the Company is providing services that the customer is continuously consuming and receiving benefit from, or on an output method, such as volume of impressions processed. Activation products vary in nature, and can be recognized over time, generally on an input method time-elapsed basis, as the Company provides continuous tracking of activity. Other activation products are delivered at a point in time, based on custom attributes agreed upon by customers and the Company. The Company believes that recognizing revenue evenly mirrors the even depiction of the transfer of control and benefit of goods and services to customers, particularly for subscription, vCE and activation products.

The Company’s customized data services are delivered in the form of custom recurring reports or ad hoc reports. Custom report performance obligations, in general, are transferred at a point in time once the product has been delivered to the customer.

Revenues are also generated through survey services under contracts ranging in term from two months to one year . Survey revenue is recognized at a point in time, in general, once the final report has been delivered to the customer. Survey services consist of survey design with subsequent data collection, analysis and reporting.

For performance obligations satisfied at a point in time, the Company evaluates a number of factors to determine whether control of goods and services has been transferred. The Company considers whether there is a present right to payment and whether the customer has accepted the asset. In many instances the Company has objective evidence of the acceptance criteria, while in other cases the acceptance provisions are substantive and the customer must affirmatively signal acceptance. The preceding two factors are not the only factors that may be considered. Other considerations include, but are not limited to, whether risks and rewards of ownership have been transferred for a particular product.

For the majority of its products and services, the Company applies an adjusted market assessment approach for the determination of SSP for identified performance obligations. In general, the Company bundles multiple products and very few are sold on a standalone basis. The Company uses rate cards and pricing calculators that are periodically reviewed and updated to reflect the latest sales data and observable inputs by industry, channel, geography, customer size, and other relevant groupings. Certain products are sold on a standalone basis in a narrow band of prices. If a product is sold outside of the narrow band of prices, it will be assigned the midpoint of the narrow band for purposes of allocating transaction price on a relative SSP basis.

Generally, customers have the right to cancel their contracts by providing a written notice of cancellation, although some subscription-based contracts are non-cancelable. If a customer cancels its contract, the customer is generally not entitled to a refund for prior services. In the event a portion of a contract is refundable, revenue recognition is delayed until the refund provision lapses. For multi-year contracts with annual price increases and no opt out clauses, the total consideration for each of the years included in the contract term will be summed up and recognized on a straight-line basis over the term of the contract.

Contract payments are generally due in advance for subscription-based services or upon delivery of custom reports. If a contract exists under Topic 606, advance payments are recorded as customer advances until services are delivered or obligations are met and revenue is earned. Customer advances represent the excess of amounts invoiced or received from the customer over amounts recognized as revenue. Customer advances to be recognized in the succeeding twelve-month period are classified as current customer advances and the remaining amounts are classified as non-current customer advances.

The Company may enter into multiple contracts with a single counterparty at or near the same time. The Company will combine contracts and account for them as a single contract when one or more of the following criteria are met: (i) the contracts are negotiated as a package with a single commercial objective, (ii) consideration to be paid in one contract depends on the price or performance of the other contract, and (iii) goods or services promised are a single performance obligation.

For transactions that involve third parties, the Company evaluates whether the Company is the principal, in which case the Company recognizes revenue on a gross basis. If the Company is an agent, the Company recognizes revenue on a net basis. In certain countries, the Company may use third-party resellers to sell its products and services. In these transactions, the Company is generally the principal as the Company controls the products and services and is primarily responsible for providing them to the end user. The Company also has certain revenue share arrangements that involve the use of partner data in its sales to end users or the use of its data in partner sales to end users. In these arrangements, the Company assesses which party controls the specified goods or services before they are transferred to the customer, as well as other indicators such as the party primarily responsible for fulfillment, inventory risk, and discretion in establishing price.

The Company enters into a limited number of monetary contracts that involve both the purchase and sale of services with a single counterparty. The Company assesses each contract to determine if the revenue and expense should be presented gross or net. The Company recognizes revenue for these contracts to the extent that SSP is established for distinct services provided. Any excess consideration above the established SSP of services is presented as an offset to cost of revenues in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

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Nonmonetary transactions represent data exchanges, which may consist of digital usage and general demographic data. The data obtained through nonmonetary transactions differs from the data provided by the Company in the exchange. Under Topic 606, the transaction price of a nonmonetary exchange that has commercial substance is based on the fair value of the non-cash consideration received. If an entity cannot reasonably estimate the fair value of the non-cash consideration received, then it uses the estimated selling price of the promised goods or services. None of the nonmonetary transactions entered into by the Company met the requirements to recognize revenue or expense. Therefore, these nonmonetary transactions are not reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

Nature of Products and Services

In the third quarter of 2018, the CODM determined that the Company should review its revenue results around solution groups that address customer needs. Accordingly, the Company changed its disaggregated revenue presentation from the previous four pillars to the following three solution groups:


i.	Ratings and Planning

Ratings and Planning products and services provide measurement of the behavior and characteristics of audiences of content and advertising across television ("TV") and digital platforms including computers, tablets, smartphones, and other connected devices. These products and services are designed to help customers find the most relevant viewing audience, whether that viewing is linear, time shifted/recorded, online or on-demand. These products and services are primarily subscription-based, for which the accounting policy is described above. Certain contracts may contain custom solutions.


ii.	Analytics and Optimization

Analytics and Optimization products and services include activation and survey-based products. These products and services provide end-to-end solutions for planning, optimization and evaluation of advertising campaigns and brand protection. These products and services are primarily a part of customized data services, for which the accounting policy is described above.


iii.	Movies Reporting and Analytics

Movies Reporting and Analytics products and services measure movie viewership and box office results by capturing movie ticket sales in real time or near real time and include box office analytics, trend analysis and insights for movie studios and movie theater operators worldwide. Movies Reporting and Analytics products and services are generally subscription-based, for which the accounting policy is described above. The services provided under subscription-based agreements consist of a single performance obligation, access to the Company's portal, and generally result in transfer of control over time as services are rendered. Certain contracts may contain custom solutions.

Disaggregation of Revenue

In the following table, revenue is disaggregated by solution group, geographical market and timing of transfer of products and services. The Company has one reportable segment in accordance with Topic 280, Segment Reporting; as such, the disaggregation of revenue below reconciles directly to its unique reportable segment. The change in disaggregated revenue presentation did not result in any changes in the Company's reportable segment.

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(In thousands)	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018		Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
By Solution group:
Ratings and Planning	$	70,499	$	210,569
Analytics and Optimization	22,215		68,479
Movies Reporting and Analytics	10,150		31,124
Total	$	102,864	$	310,172
By Geographical markets:
United States	$	90,250	$	269,532
Europe	8,014		26,022
Latin America	2,407		7,016
Canada	1,487		5,441
Other	706		2,161
Total	$	102,864	$	310,172
Timing of revenue recognition:
Products and services transferred at a point in time	$	22,689	$	80,264
Products and services transferred over time	80,175		229,908
Total	$	102,864	$	310,172

Contract Balances

The following table provides information about receivables, contract assets and customer advances from contracts with customers:



	As of		As of
(In thousands)	September 30, 2018		January 1, 2018
Accounts receivable, net	$	61,900	$	81,914
Current and non-current contract assets	1,770		612
Current and non-current contract costs	2,460		500
Current customer advances	72,119		99,886
Non-current customer advances	608		1,975

Accounts receivable are billed and unbilled amounts related to the Company's rights to consideration as performance obligations are satisfied when the rights to payment become unconditional but for the passage of time.

Contract assets (current) are included in prepaid expenses and other current assets, and contract assets (non-current) are included in other non-current assets within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Contract assets represent the excess of goods and other services transferred to the customer prior to the either receipt of consideration or before payment is due.

Customer advances primarily relate to amounts billed in advance or advance consideration received from customers, for which transfer of control of the good or service occurs at a later point in time. Non-current customer advances are included in other non-current liabilities within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Significant changes in the contract assets and the customer advances balances during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 are as follows:



(In thousands)	Customer advances (current)
Revenue recognized that was included in the customer advances balance at the beginning of period	$	(81,254	)
Cash received or amounts billed in advance and not recognized as revenue	54,023

Transaction Price Allocated to the Remaining Performance Obligations

As of September 30, 2018, approximately $218 million of revenue is expected to be recognized from remaining performance obligations that are unsatisfied (or partially unsatisfied) for non-cancelable contracts. The Company expects to recognize revenue on approximately 72% of these remaining performance obligations through December 31, 2019, with the remaining balance recognized thereafter.

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The Company applies the optional exemptions and does not disclose: a) information about remaining performance obligations that have an original expected duration of one year or less and b) transaction price allocated to unsatisfied performance obligations for which variable consideration is allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with the series guidance. Variable consideration relates to usage-based revenue which is generally part of the Ratings and Planning and Analytics and Optimization solution groups.

Costs to Obtain or Fulfill a Contract

Applying the practical expedient, the Company recognizes the incremental costs of obtaining contracts as an expense when incurred if the amortization period of the assets is one year or less. These costs include commission programs to compensate employees for obtaining new contracts and are included in selling and marketing expenses.

The Company has incurred incremental costs to obtain contracts that meet the criteria for capitalization and are not subject to the practical expedient as the amortization period is over one year. These costs are amortized based on the pattern of transfer of goods or services to which the assets relate. The typical amortization period for capitalized costs to obtain a contract is twenty-four months, and such costs are included in selling and marketing expenses.

Certain costs to fulfill are capitalized in relation to long-term contracts wherein the transfer of goods and services will occur at a point in time. These costs include dedicated employees, subcontractors, and other third-party costs. The Company will assess capitalized costs to fulfill at each reporting period for recoverability. These costs are generally included in costs of revenues and are recognized in the same manner as the corresponding performance obligation(s).

As of September 30, 2018, the Company had $2.5 million in capitalized contract costs. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, $0.2 million in contract costs have been amortized or expensed. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, amortized and expensed contract costs were immaterial.

Changes in Accounting Policies

Except for the changes below, the Company has consistently applied accounting policies to all periods presented in the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

The Company adopted Topic 606 with a date of initial application of January 1, 2018, using the modified retrospective transition method, and hence applied Topic 606 to contracts with customers that were not completed as of the date of initial application. Comparative information has not been adjusted and continues to be reported under Accounting Standards Codification Topic 605, Revenue Recognition ("Topic 605"). Details of the significant changes and quantitative impact of the changes are set out below:

•

As of the date of initial application of January 1, 2018, and under the commission plan in place until then, costs to obtain a contract (generally commissions) qualified for the practical expedient allowing such costs to be expensed as incurred, consistent with Topic 605. Therefore, there was no change in accounting as of the date of initial application. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company implemented a new commission plan whereby the Company expects some costs to obtain a contract to continue to qualify for the practical expedient, but the Company expects to incur some commissions costs that meet the criteria for capitalization as the amortization period is over one year.


•	Certain fulfillment costs meet the criteria for capitalization as they relate directly to a contract, generate or enhance a resource being used in satisfying the Company's performance obligation, and are expected to be recovered.

The adoption of the standard related to revenue recognition impacted the Company's previously reported results as follows:



(In thousands)	As previously reported as of December 31, 2017		New revenue standard adjustments			As adjusted as of January 1, 2018
Accounts receivable, net	$	82,029	$	(115	)	$	81,914
Current and non-current contract assets	—		612			612
Current and non-current contract costs	—		500			500
Current customer advances	98,367		1,519			99,886
Other current liabilities	2,998		292			3,290
Non-current customer advances	2,053		(78		)	1,975
Stockholders' equity	656,492		(736		)	655,756

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The following tables summarize the impact of adopting Topic 606 on the Company’s Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the period ended September 30, 2018 (amounts in thousands, except share and per share data):


I.	Impact on Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets



Impact of changes in accounting policies
As of September 30, 2018	As reported			Adjustments			Balance without adoption of Topic 606
Accounts receivable, net	$	61,900		$	1,354		$	63,254
Current and non-current contract assets	1,770			(1,770		)	—
Current and non-current contract costs	2,460			(2,460		)	—

Current customer advances	72,119			(350		)	71,769
Other current liabilities	8,029			(210		)	7,819
Other non-current liabilities	27,859			(148		)	27,711
Accumulated deficit	(741,891		)	(2,168		)	(744,059		)

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II.	Impact on Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss



Impact of changes in accounting policies
For the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018	As reported			Adjustments			Balance without adoption of Topic 606
Revenues	$	102,864		$	(198	)	$	102,666
Cost of revenues	49,446			483			49,929
Selling and marketing	24,866			13			24,879
Income tax provision	(400		)	—			(400		)
Net loss	$	(24,637	)	$	(694	)	$	(25,331	)
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(0.42	)				$	(0.44	)
Diluted	$	(0.42	)				$	(0.44	)
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculation - Common Stock:
Basic	58,212,306						58,212,306
Diluted	58,212,306						58,212,306



Impact of changes in accounting policies
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018	As reported			Adjustments			Balance without adoption of Topic 606
Revenues	$	310,172		$	(944	)	$	309,228
Cost of revenues	148,226			1,897			150,123
Selling and marketing	80,418			63			80,481
Income tax provision	(3,916		)	—			(3,916		)
Net loss	$	(132,064	)	$	(2,904	)	$	(134,968	)
Net loss per common share:
Basic	$	(2.32	)				$	(2.37	)
Diluted	$	(2.32	)				$	(2.37	)
Weighted-average number of shares used in per share calculation - Common Stock:
Basic	56,877,186						56,877,186
Diluted	56,877,186						56,877,186

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III.	Impact on Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows



Impact of changes in accounting policies
For the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018	As reported			Adjustments			Balance without adoption of Topic 606
Operating activities
Net loss	$	(132,064	)	$	(2,904	)	$	(134,968	)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities	86,123			2,904			89,027
Net cash used in operating activities	(73,939		)	—			(73,939		)
Investing activities	(9,630		)	—			(9,630		)
Financing activities	93,798			—			93,798
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	(1,140		)	—			(1,140		)
Net increase in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	9,089			—			9,089
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of period	45,125			—			45,125
Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at end of period	54,214			—			54,214
Cash and cash equivalents	47,876			—			47,876
Restricted cash	6,338			—			6,338
Total cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	54,214		$	—		$	54,214

Other (Expense) Income, Net

The following is a summary of other (expense) income, net:



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Transition services agreement income from the Digital Analytix ("DAx") disposition	$	2,120		$	2,662		$	6,967		$	8,489
Change in fair value of financing derivatives	(5,681		)	—			(10,141		)	—
Gain on forgiveness of obligation	—			4,000			—			4,000
Other	1,850			(43		)	2,347			(3		)
Total other (expense) income, net	$	(1,711	)	$	6,619		$	(827	)	$	12,486

Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, U.S. tax reform legislation known as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) was signed into law. The TCJA made substantial changes to U.S. tax law, including a reduction in the corporate tax rate from 35% to 21%, a limitation on deductibility of interest expense, a limitation on the use of net operating losses to offset future taxable income, the allowance of immediate expensing of capital expenditures, deemed repatriation of foreign earnings through a transition tax and significant changes to the taxation of foreign earnings going forward.

In December 2017, the SEC staff issued Staff Accounting Bulletin 118 (codified under ASU 2018-05), which provides guidance on how to appropriately report significant legislative changes in financial statements when the accounting for the changes has not been completed. The guidance allows companies to report a provisional amount based on a reasonable estimate of the impact in their financial statements that can be adjusted during a one-year measurement period, similar to the accounting for business combinations.

As of September 30, 2018, the Company's accounting for the TCJA is still to be completed. The Company expects to complete the accounting for the TCJA by year-end. As described in the Company's 2017 10-K, the Company has not yet been able to reasonably estimate the effects of certain provisions, some of which did not take effect until January 1, 2018, including but not limited to: a limitation of the deductibility of certain officers' compensation, a limitation on the current deductibility of net interest expense in excess of 30% of adjusted taxable income, a limitation of net operating losses generated after 2018 to 80% of taxable income, an incremental tax (base erosion anti-abuse or “BEAT”) on excessive amounts paid to foreign related parties, and a minimum tax on certain foreign earnings in excess of 10% of the foreign subsidiaries tangible assets (global intangible low-taxed

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income or “GILTI”). For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company is still reviewing and assessing the impact of these provisions. However, given the Company’s loss position in the U.S. and the valuation allowance recorded against its U.S. net deferred tax assets, the Company does not believe these provisions will have a material impact on its financial statements.

Loss Per Share

Basic net loss per common share excludes dilution for potential Common Stock issuances and is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted-average number of shares of Common Stock outstanding for the period. 250,000 shares of Common Stock issuable upon the exercise of warrants ("penny warrants") are included in the number of outstanding shares used for the computation of basic loss per share. In periods where the Company reports a net loss, the effect of anti-dilutive stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and senior secured convertible notes are excluded and diluted loss per share is equal to basic loss per share.

The following is a summary of the Common Stock equivalents for the securities outstanding during the respective periods that have been excluded from the computation of diluted net loss per common share, as their effect would be anti-dilutive:



	Three Months Ended September 30,		Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018	2017	2018	2017
Stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock units and senior secured convertible notes	10,313,338	2,786,714	8,591,253	2,845,542

Debt Issuance Costs

The Company reflects debt issuance costs in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as a direct deduction from the gross amount of debt, consistent with the presentation of a debt discount. Debt issuance costs are amortized to interest expense, net over the term of the underlying debt instrument, utilizing the effective interest method for the Notes.

Derivative Financial Instruments

The Company has derivative financial instruments that are not hedges and do not qualify for hedge accounting. Changes in the fair value of these instruments are immediately recorded in other (expense) income, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

Stock-Based Compensation

The Company estimates the fair value of stock-based awards on the date of grant. The fair value of stock options with only service conditions is determined using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The fair value of restricted stock units and restricted stock awards is based on the closing price of the Company's Common Stock on the date of grant. The Company amortizes the fair value of awards expected to vest on a straight-line basis over the requisite service periods of the awards, which is generally the period from the grant date to the end of the vesting period. The determination of the fair value of the Company's stock option awards is based on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the Company's Common Stock price, risk-free rate, expected stock price volatility over the expected life of awards, dividend yield and actual and projected exercise behavior. Additionally, the Company has estimated forfeitures for stock-based awards at the dates of grant based on historical experience and adjusted for future expectation. The Company performs a review of the forfeiture rate assumption at least annually or as deemed necessary if there are changes that could potentially significantly impact the future rate of forfeiture of its stock-based awards. The forfeiture estimate is revised as necessary if actual forfeitures differ from these estimates.

The Company issues restricted stock unit awards with restrictions that lapse upon the passage of time (service vesting), achieving performance targets, fulfillment of market conditions or some combination. For those restricted stock unit awards with only service vesting, the Company recognizes compensation cost on a straight-line basis over the service period. For awards with performance conditions only, or both performance and service conditions, the Company starts recognizing compensation cost over the remaining service period, when it is probable the performance condition will be met. Stock awards that contain performance vesting conditions are excluded from diluted earnings per share computations until the contingency is met as of the end of that reporting period.

For awards with both market and service conditions, the Company starts recognizing compensation cost over the remaining service period, with the effect of the market condition reflected in the calculation of the award's fair value at grant date. The Company values awards with market and service conditions using certain valuation techniques, such as the binomial lattice model. The Company determines the requisite service period based on the longer of the explicit service period and the derived service period. Stock awards that contain market vesting conditions are included in the computations of diluted EPS reflecting the number of shares that would be issued based on the current market price at the end of the period being reported on, if their effect is dilutive. If the condition is based on an average of market prices over some period of time, the corresponding average for the period is used.

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Under the Company's annual incentive compensation plan, the Company may grant immediately vesting restricted stock to certain employees. Under this plan, stock-based compensation expense is recognized over the requisite service period, which generally precedes the grant date. The Company accrues stock-based compensation expense for these liability classified awards until the date of grant.

The Company's stockholders approved the 2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2018 Plan") at the Company's 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders (the "2018 Annual Meeting"), held on May 30, 2018. On June 5, 2018, the Company granted equity awards under the 2018 Plan that were recommended for employees, directors and consultants in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The equity awards have vesting terms ranging from immediate vesting at the time of grant to five-year vesting terms. The fair value of the unvested equity awards at the grant date will be amortized ratably on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of the awards, the period from the grant date to the end of the vesting period. Refer to Footnote 7, Stockholders' Equity, for additional information.

Accounting Standards Recently Adopted

In January 2016, the Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2016-01, Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10), that substantially revises the recognition, measurement and presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities. The new guidance, among other things (i) requires equity investments (except those accounted for under the equity method of accounting or those that result in consolidation of the investee) to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net loss, with some exceptions, (ii) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment, (iii) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes, (iv) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or the accompanying notes to the financial statements, and (v) clarifies that an entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to available-for-sale securities in combination with the entity’s other deferred tax assets. The Company adopted the standard effective January 1, 2018. In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-03, Technical Corrections and Improvements to Financial Instruments-Overall (Subtopic 825-10), which clarifies certain aspects of the guidance issued in ASU 2016-01. The technical corrections and improvements did not have an effect on the Company's adoption of the guidance.

Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-01, the Company had one cost-method investment in preferred stock of an entity. The $4.6 million value of the cost-method investment was included in other non-current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2017. Upon adoption, the Company did not have a cumulative adjustment related to the fair value of the investment. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the entity went public and the preferred stock held by the Company was converted to common stock of the entity. As of September 30, 2018, the $5.0 million fair value of the investment was included in other non-current assets in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. The gain related to the change in the fair value of the investment is recorded in other (expense) income, net within the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Clarification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The objective of ASU 2016-15 is to reduce the diversity in practice related to the classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows, by adding or clarifying guidance on eight specific cash flow issues. The Company adopted ASU 2016-15 effective January 1, 2018. The adoption of the guidance did not have an impact on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows.

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting, which amends the scope of modification accounting for share-based payment arrangements and provides guidance on the types of changes to the terms or conditions of share-based payment awards to which an entity would be required to apply modification accounting under ASC 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation. For all entities, ASU 2017-09 is effective for annual reporting periods, including interim periods within those annual reporting periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The adoption of the guidance did not have an impact on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In January 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment, which eliminates the requirement to compare the implied fair value of goodwill with its carrying amount as part of step 2 of the goodwill impairment test. As a result, under ASU 2017-04, an entity should perform its annual, or interim, goodwill impairment test by comparing the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount and should recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit’s fair value; however, the impairment loss recognized should not exceed the total amount of goodwill allocated to that reporting unit. Early adoption is permitted for interim or annual goodwill impairment tests performed after January 1, 2017. The Company adopted the guidance as of September 30, 2018 and will perform its annual goodwill impairment test under the updated guidance as of October 1, 2018. The adoption did not have an impact on the Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

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Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, Leases. ASU 2016-02 requires, among other things, a lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset representing an entity's right to use the underlying asset for the lease term and a liability for lease payments on its balance sheet, regardless of classification of a lease as operating or financing. For leases with a term of twelve months or less, a lessee is permitted to make an accounting policy election by class of underlying asset not to recognize lease assets and liabilities and account for the lease similar to existing guidance for operating leases today. This new guidance supersedes all prior guidance. The guidance is effective for interim periods and fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted. The standard requires lessees and lessors to recognize and measure leases at the beginning of the earliest period presented using a modified retrospective approach. Further, in July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842), which provides another transition method allowing entities to initially apply the new leases standard at the adoption date (January 1, 2019) and recognize a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings in the period of adoption. The Company plans to adopt the new standard as of January 1, 2019 using the modified retrospective approach with optional transition relief. The Company is in the process of analyzing potential embedded leases and estimates that there is currently between $75.0 million and $100.0 million of lease liabilities on an undiscounted basis which the Company believes will be required to be recorded on the balance sheet upon adoption.

In July 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-11, Earnings Per Share, Distinguishing Liabilities from Equity; Derivatives and Hedging. This update was issued to address complexities in accounting for certain equity-linked financial instruments containing down round features. The amendments in ASU 2017-11 change the classification analysis of these financial instruments (or embedded features) so that equity classification is no longer precluded. The amendments in ASU 2017-11 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact to its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-07, Compensation—Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Non-employee Share-Based Payment Accounting. This update was issued to allow companies to account for share-based payment transactions with non-employees in the same way as share-based payment transactions with employees with the main differences being the accounting for attribution and a contractual term election for valuing non-employee equity share options. The amendments in ASU 2018-07 are effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. Per ASU 2018-07, this update should be applied on a modified retrospective basis via a cumulative effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the fiscal year of adoption. Early adoption is permitted only if the Company has adopted ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The Company is evaluating the impact to its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-13, Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820), which removes and modifies certain disclosure requirements under Topic 820. The amendments are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of the update and to delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The Company is evaluating the impact to its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.

In August 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-15, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other - Internal-Use Software (Subtopic 350-40): Customer's Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement That is a Service Contract. This update was issued to align the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred in a hosting arrangement that is a service contract with the requirements for capitalizing implementation costs incurred to develop or obtain internal-use software (and hosting arrangements that include an internal-use software license). The amendments in ASU 2018-15 are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim reporting periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted. The Company is evaluating the impact to its Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements.


3.	Long-term Debt

Issuance and Sale of Initial Notes

On January 16, 2018, the Company entered into certain agreements with Starboard, pursuant to which, among other things, the Company issued and sold to Starboard $150.0 million of Initial Notes in exchange for $85.0 million in cash and 2,600,000 shares of Common Stock valued at $65.0 million. Based upon the closing bid price of the Common Stock on the OTC Pink Tier on the closing date of the Initial Notes issuance, January 16, 2018, which was $24.45 per share, the difference of $1.4 million was recorded as an issuance discount to the Initial Notes. The Company also granted to Starboard the Notes Option to acquire up to an additional $50.0 million in Option Notes and agreed to grant Starboard warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of Common Stock. In addition, under the agreements, the Company has the right to conduct a Rights Offering, which would be open to all of the Company's stockholders, for up to $150.0 million in Rights Offering Notes.

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The conversion price for the Notes (the “Conversion Price”) is equal to a 30% premium to the volume weighted average trading prices of the Common Stock on each trading day during the 10 consecutive trading days commencing on January 16, 2018, subject to a Conversion Price floor of $28.00 per share. In accordance with the foregoing, the Conversion Price was set at $31.29.

The Notes mature on January 16, 2022. Based upon the determination of the Conversion Price, interest on the Notes will accrue at 6.0% per year through January 30, 2019. On each of January 30, 2019, January 30, 2020 and February 1, 2021, the interest rate on the Notes will reset, and interest will thereafter accrue at a minimum of 4.0% per year and a maximum of 12.0% per year, based upon the then-applicable conversion premium in accordance with the terms of the Notes. The interest rate reset feature of the Initial Notes was determined by management to be a derivative instrument that qualifies for liability treatment. The derivative instrument is initially measured at fair value and classified as a liability on the balance sheet, with subsequent changes in fair value being recorded in earnings. To determine the fair value of the interest rate reset feature, management utilized a "with-and-without" convertible bond model, modified to incorporate the interest rate reset feature, using the following key assumptions:


•	Credit Adjusting Discount Rate: The Company estimated a market based discount rate of 25%.


•	Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the closing bid price of the Common Stock on the OTC Pink Tier on the closing date of the Initial Notes issuance, January 16, 2018, which was $24.45 per share.


•	Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.2% based on the Federal Reserve bond yield.


•	Volatility: Based on the historical volatility of the Company's Common Stock, determined to be 41.3% as of the valuation date.


•	Term: Based on the time period of the Notes maturity, 4 years.

Based upon the modified convertible bond model utilized by management, the fair value of the interest rate reset feature was determined to be $6.4 million as of January 16, 2018 and was recognized as an issuance discount for the Initial Notes at inception.

Interest on the Initial Notes is payable on a quarterly basis in arrears beginning on April 1, 2018, at the option of the Company, in cash, or, subject to certain conditions, through the issuance by the Company of PIK Interest Shares. Any PIK Interest Shares so issued will be valued at the arithmetic average of the volume-weighted average trading prices of the Common Stock on each trading day during the 10 consecutive trading days ending immediately preceding the applicable interest payment date.

Management evaluated the Notes Option and determined it met the definition of a derivative as it represented a written option. The Notes Option qualified for liability treatment and was initially measured at fair value, with subsequent changes in fair value being recorded in earnings. To determine the fair value of the Notes Option, management utilized an option pricing model as the option represents a put option that gains value as the underlying asset (Common Stock) decreases in value. The following key assumptions were utilized in the Company's estimate of the fair value of the Notes Option derivative:


•	Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the closing bid price of the Common Stock on the OTC Pink Tier on the closing date of the Initial Notes issuance, January 16, 2018, which was $24.45 per share.


•	Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 1.6% based on the Federal Reserve bond yield with a term commensurate with the remaining life of the Notes Option.


•	Volatility: Based on the historical volatility of the Company's Common Stock, determined to be 38.4% as of the valuation date.


•	Term: Based on the time period of the Notes Option, 6 months.

Based upon the option pricing model utilized, management estimated the fair value of the Notes Option as of January 16, 2018 to be $2.1 million. The fair value was recognized as an issuance discount for the Initial Notes at inception.

The Initial Notes contain redemption provisions whereby, upon the occurrence of certain change of control transactions, a holder would have the right to require the Company to redeem all or any portion of such holder's outstanding Initial Notes for cash at a price determined in accordance with the terms of the Initial Notes. Management evaluated this change of control redemption feature and determined that it represented an embedded derivative that must be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the Initial Notes. The change of control derivative is treated as a liability, initially measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Management utilized a probability-adjusted binomial lattice model to determine the fair value of the change of control derivative, with the following key assumptions:


•	Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.2% based on the U.S. Treasury bonds on the valuation date with a term commensurate with the remaining life of the change of control derivative.


•	Probability: The Company utilized a range between 0% and 10% to estimate the likelihood of occurrence.


•	Term: Based on the time period of the feature, 4 years.

Based on the binomial lattice model, the Company determined the fair value as of January 16, 2018 to be $4.4 million. The fair value was recognized as an issuance discount of the Initial Notes at inception.

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In connection with the issuance of the Initial Notes, the Company also agreed to issue to Starboard warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of Common Stock at a price of $0.01 per share. The warrants were issued on October 12, 2018, and are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance. The Company valued the warrants using the Black-Scholes model, with the following key assumptions:


•	Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the closing bid price of the Common Stock on the OTC Pink Tier on the closing date of the Initial Notes issuance, January 16, 2018, which was $24.45 per share.


•	Volatility: The Company determined volatility to be 39.6% based on the historical volatility of its Common Stock daily volume weighted average price with a look-back period commensurate with the term of the warrants.


•	Dividend Yield: Assumed to be zero based on the historical payout history of the Company.


•	Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.4% based on U.S. Treasury bonds on the valuation date with a 5-year term.

Based on the Black-Scholes model, the Company determined that the fair value of the warrants as of January 16, 2018 was $6.1 million. The Company recorded the warrants at allocated proceeds of $5.7 million, less allocated issuance costs of $0.2 million, as additional paid-in capital.

The cash proceeds and Common Stock received by the Company in exchange for the Initial Notes were net of a $20.1 million issuance discount and $4.6 million in third party debt issuance costs. As noted in Footnote 1, Organization, on August 8, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to the outstanding Notes to reduce the requirement to maintain certain minimum cash balances. In connection with and as consideration for this modification, the Company issued to Starboard $2.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount of senior secured convertible notes, $1.5 million of which was classified as additional Initial Notes. The terms of the additional notes are identical to the terms of the Initial Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest shall begin to accrue thereon, which is August 8, 2018. The amendment is treated as a modification to the debt agreements and the costs related to the issuance of the additional notes were combined with the existing unamortized discount of the Initial Notes on the modification date and will be amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the modified debt.

Issuance and Sale of Option Notes

On May 17, 2018, the Notes Option was exercised by Starboard, pursuant to which the Company issued and sold to Starboard $50.0 million of Option Notes in exchange for $15.0 million in cash and 1,400,000 shares of Common Stock valued at $35.0 million. Based upon the closing bid price of the Common Stock on the OTC Pink Tier on the closing date of the Option Notes issuance, May 17, 2018, which was $21.75 per share, the difference of $4.6 million was recorded as an issuance discount to the Option Notes. The Option Notes have the same terms, including maturity, interest rate, convertibility, and security, as the Initial Notes issued on January 16, 2018. Upon the exercise of the Notes Option, the derivative liability recorded for the Notes Option at inception was settled. Management determined the fair value of the Notes Option immediately prior to settlement utilizing an option pricing model using the following key assumptions:


•	Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the closing bid price of the Common Stock on the OTC Pink Tier on the closing date of the Option Notes, May 17, 2018, which was $21.75 per share.


•	Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 1.8% based on the Federal Reserve bond yield with a term commensurate with the remaining life of the Notes Option.


•	Volatility: Based on the historical volatility of the Company's Common Stock, determined to be 26.3% as of the valuation date.


•	Term: Based on the time period of the expected exercise of the Notes Option, 0.16 years.

Based upon the option pricing model utilized, management estimated the fair value of the Notes Option as of May 17, 2018 to be $5.7 million. The loss related to the change in fair value of $1.6 million was recorded in other income, net on the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. The fair value of the Notes Option was recognized as an issuance premium for the Option Notes at inception.

The interest rate reset feature of the Option Notes was determined by management to be a derivative instrument that qualifies for liability treatment. The derivative instrument is initially measured at fair value and classified as a liability on the balance sheet, with subsequent changes in fair value being recorded in earnings. To determine the fair value of the interest rate reset feature, management utilized a "with-and-without" convertible bond model, modified to incorporate the interest rate reset feature, using the following key assumptions:

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•	Credit Adjusting Discount Rate: The Company estimated a market-based discount rate of 24%.


•	Stock Price: The stock price was measured using the closing bid price of the Common Stock on the OTC Pink Tier on the closing date of the Option Notes issuance, May 17, 2018, which was $21.75 per share.


•	Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.8% based on the Federal Reserve bond yield.


•	Volatility: Based on the historical volatility of the Company's Common Stock, determined to be 42.6% as of the valuation date.


•	Term: Based on the time period of the Option Notes maturity, 3.7 years.

Based upon the modified convertible bond model utilized by management, the fair value of the interest rate reset feature was determined to be $3.0 million as of May 17, 2018 and was recognized as an issuance discount for the Option Notes at inception.

The Option Notes contain redemption provisions whereby, upon the occurrence of certain change of control transactions, a holder would have the right to require the Company to redeem all or any portion of such holder's outstanding Option Notes for cash at a price determined in accordance with the terms of the Option Notes. Management evaluated this change of control redemption feature and determined that it represented an embedded derivative that must be bifurcated and accounted for separately from the Option Notes. The change of control derivative is treated as a liability, initially measured at fair value with subsequent changes in fair value recorded in earnings. Management utilized a probability-adjusted binomial lattice model to determine the fair value of the change of control derivative, with the following key assumptions:


•	Risk Free Rate: Assumed to be 2.8% based on U.S. Treasury bonds on the valuation date with a term commensurate with the remaining life of the change of control derivative.


•	Probability: The Company utilized a range between 0% and 10% to estimate the likelihood of occurrence.


•	Term: Based on the time period of the feature, 3.7 years.

Based on the binomial lattice model, the Company determined the fair value as of May 17, 2018 to be $1.2 million. The fair value was recognized as an issuance discount of the Option Notes at inception.

The cash proceeds and Common Stock received by the Company in exchange for the Option Notes were net of a $3.1 million issuance discount and $0.2 million in third-party debt issuance costs. As noted in Footnote 1, Organization, on August 8, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment to the outstanding Notes to reduce the requirement to maintain certain minimum cash balances. In connection with the modification, the Company issued to Starboard $2.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount of senior secured convertible notes, $0.5 million of which was classified as additional Option Notes. The terms of the additional notes are identical to the terms of the Option Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest shall begin to accrue thereon, which is August 8, 2018. The amendment is treated as a modification to the debt agreements and the costs related to the issuance of the additional notes were combined with the existing unamortized discount of the Option Notes on the modification date and will be amortized to interest expense over the remaining term of the modified debt.

The Company did not have any outstanding long-term debt as of December 31, 2017. The Company's long-term debt as of September 30, 2018 was as follows:



			As of
			September 30, 2018
(In thousands, except interest rates)	Stated Interest Rate	Effective Interest Rate	Face Value		Original Issuance Discount			Deferred Financing Costs			Net Carrying Value
Initial Notes, due January 16, 2022	6.0%	11.5%	$	151,500	$	(18,676	)	$	(3,931	)	$	128,893
Option Notes, due January 16, 2022	6.0%	8.5%	50,500		(3,317		)	(226		)	46,957
Total			$	202,000	$	(21,993	)	$	(4,157	)	$	175,850

The Company amortized $0.3 million and $0.7 million in debt issuance costs related to the total outstanding long-term debt during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. The Company accreted $1.3 million and $3.3 million in issuance discount related to the total outstanding long-term debt during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively.

The estimated fair value of the Initial Notes and Option Notes, using Level 3 inputs based on interest rates available for debt with terms and maturities similar to the Company's outstanding debt, was $194.7 million as of September 30, 2018.

Potential Rights Offering

Subject to the terms of the Rights Offering, if undertaken, the Company would distribute to all of the Company's stockholders rights to acquire Rights Offering Notes. Stockholders of the Company who elect to participate in the Rights Offering would be allowed to elect to have up to 30% of the Rights Offering Notes they acquire pursuant thereto delivered through the sale to or

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exchange with the Company of shares of Common Stock, with the per share value thereof equal to the closing price of the Common Stock on the last trading day immediately prior to the commencement of the Rights Offering. The Rights Offering Notes would be substantially similar to the Notes, except, among other things, with respect to: (i) the date from which interest thereon would begin to accrue and the maturity date thereof (which would be 4 years from the date of issuance of the Rights Offering Notes) and (ii) the conversion price thereof, which would be equal to 130% of the closing price of the Common Stock on the last trading day immediately prior to the commencement of the Rights Offering (subject to a conversion price floor of $28.00 per share). Starboard also agreed to enter into one or more backstop commitment agreements, pursuant to which Starboard agreed to backstop up to $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Rights Offering Notes through the purchase of additional Notes, with such backstop obligation reduced by the amount of Option Notes purchased. The Company is not obligated to undertake the Rights Offering, and there is no assurance that the Rights Offering will be commenced or completed.

Guarantee and Security of Notes

The Notes are guaranteed by certain of the Company’s direct and indirect wholly-owned domestic subsidiaries (the “Guarantors”) and are secured by a security interest in substantially all of the assets of the Company and the Guarantors, pursuant to a Guaranty, dated as of January 16, 2018, entered into by the Guarantors, and a Pledge and Security Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2018, among the Company, the Guarantors and Starboard Value and Opportunity Master Fund Ltd. as collateral agent.

Registration of Underlying Shares

The Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC for the registration of the shares underlying the Notes, potential PIK Interest Shares, and warrants. In conjunction with this registration, WPP plc (together with its affiliates, "WPP") exercised its registration right to have its shares of Common Stock included on the registration statement. The registration statement on Form S-1 was declared effective as of October 16, 2018. For additional information, refer to Footnote 8, Related Party Transactions.

Revolving Credit Facility

On September 26, 2013, the Company entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with several banks with a maturity date of September 26, 2018. Bank of America, N.A. was the administrative agent and lead lender of this revolving credit facility. The Credit Agreement provided for a five-year revolving credit facility of $100.0 million, which included a $10.0 million sublimit for issuance of standby letters of credit (subsequently reduced to $3.6 million in September 2017), a $10.0 million sublimit for swing line loans and a $10.0 million sublimit for alternative currency lending. On January 11, 2018, the Company voluntarily terminated the Credit Agreement and the Security and Pledge Agreement between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and other lenders. At the time of termination of the Credit Agreement, $3.5 million in letters of credit remained outstanding and were cash collateralized. As of September 30, 2018, no letters of credit remain outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

On June 1, 2018, the Company entered into a Security Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. to issue standby letters of credit. As of September 30, 2018, $3.1 million in letters of credit are outstanding and are cash collateralized under the Security Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.


4.	Fair Value Measurements

Fair value is an exit price representing the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants. The accounting standard for fair value measurements establishes a three-tier value hierarchy, which prioritizes the inputs used in measuring fair value as follows:

Level 1 — observable inputs such as quoted prices in active markets;

Level 2 — inputs other than the quoted prices in active markets that are observable either directly or indirectly; and

Level 3 — unobservable inputs of which there is little or no market data, which require the Company to develop its own

assumptions.

Assets and Liabilities Measured on a Recurring Basis

A financial instrument's level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The financial instruments measured at fair value in the accompanying Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets on a recurring basis consist of the following:

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	As of								As of
	September 30, 2018								December 31, 2017
(In thousands)	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Assets:
Money market funds ⁽¹⁾	$	913	$	—	$	—	$	913	$	860	$	—	$	—	$	860
Investment in equity securities⁽²⁾	4,964		—		—		4,964		—		—		—		—
Total	$	5,877	$	—	$	—	$	5,877	$	860	$	—	$	—	$	860
Liabilities:
Financing derivatives: no hedging designation
Interest rate reset ⁽³⁾	—		—		18,100		18,100		—		—		—		—
Change of control redemption ⁽⁴⁾	—		—		3,700		3,700		—		—		—		—
Total	$	—	$	—	$	21,800	$	21,800	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—

⁽¹⁾ Level 1 cash equivalents are invested in money market funds that are intended to maintain a stable net asset value of $1.00 per share by investing in liquid, high quality U.S. dollar-denominated money market instruments with maturities less than three months.

⁽²⁾ The Company's investment in common stock of an entity, which is included in other non-current assets, is valued using a market approach based on the quoted market price of the security. Prior to adoption of ASU 2016-01, this investment was classified as a cost-method investment and was measured at historical cost in the prior year.

⁽³⁾ The fair value of the Company's interest rate reset derivative liability is determined using a with-and-without approach, using a standard binomial tree convertible bond model. The fair value estimate is determined using an estimate for the Company's credit rating, the premium attributable to the payment-in-kind feature of the Notes, and premium estimates for company-specific risk factors. The valuation is derived from techniques which utilize unobservable Level 3 inputs.

⁽⁴⁾ The fair value of the Company's change of control redemption derivative liability is determined using a probability adjusted binomial lattice model. The fair value estimate is determined using an estimate for the probability of change of control of the Company, risk-free rate, and remaining term of the redemption feature. These estimates represent Level 3 inputs within the fair value hierarchy.

The Company did not have any transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 fair value measurements during the periods presented.

Due to their short-term nature, the carrying amounts reported approximate the fair value for accounts receivable, accounts payable, capital leases and accrued expenses. The carrying values of capitalized lease obligations approximate their fair value as the terms and interest rates approximate market rates (Level 2). There were no changes to the Company's valuation methodologies during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 or 2017, respectively.

The following table presents the changes in the Company's Level 3 fair valued instruments for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:



(In thousands)	Financing Derivative Liabilities
Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	—
Issuances	17,359
Total losses included in other (expense) income, net ⁽¹⁾	10,141
Settlement ⁽²⁾	(5,700		)
Balance as of September 30, 2018	$	21,800

⁽¹⁾ Represents change in fair value of interest rate reset derivative liability ($8.5 million loss), Notes Option derivative liability ($3.3 million loss), and change of control derivative liability ($1.7 million gain). All losses and gains were recorded in other (expense) income, net in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

⁽²⁾ Represents settlement of the Notes Option derivative liability through the issuance of the Option Notes on May 17, 2018. The derivative was net settled with the Option Notes and recorded as an issuance premium. Refer to Footnote 3, Long-term Debt, for further information.

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The following table displays valuation techniques and the significant unobservable inputs for the Company's Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value as of September 30, 2018:



	Fair value measurements as of September 30, 2018
	Significant valuation technique	Significant unobservable inputs	Input
Interest rate reset derivative liability	Discounted Cash Flow	Discount rate	24.0%
		Stock price	$18.23
		Risk-free rate	2.9%
		Volatility	43.7%
		Term	3.30 years

Change of control redemption derivative liability	Option pricing model	Probability	0-10%
		Risk-free rate	2.9%

The fair values of the Company's financing derivatives are estimated using forward projections and are discounted back at rates commensurate with the remaining term of the related derivative. The primary sensitivity in the interest rate reset derivative liability is driven by the Company's Common Stock price at the measurement date, the observable volatility of the Common Stock, and the discount rate used to determine the present value of the instrument. The primary sensitivity for the change of control redemption derivative liability is driven by the probability of the change of control.


5.	Accrued Expenses



	As of		As of
	September 30,		December 31,
(In thousands)	2018		2017
Payroll and payroll-related	$	14,641	$	20,821
Expected retention awards	—		16,947
Accrued data costs	15,866		14,445
Professional fees	7,647		14,456
Restructuring	2,196		9,184
Amounts due to Adobe	988		5,395
Accrued interest	3,018		—
Other	3,996		4,783
	$	48,352	$	86,031

As a result of the stockholders' approval of the 2018 Plan, the Company could settle the expected retention awards liability through the issuance of shares. Consequently, the liability for these awards was reclassified to other non-current liabilities in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Prior to the approval of the 2018 Plan, the Company settled the liability in cash upon the departure of certain employees. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company settled $10.3 million of the outstanding liability through the distribution of shares. Refer to Footnote 7, Stockholders' Equity, for further information.


6.	Income Taxes

The Company’s income tax provision for interim periods is calculated by applying its estimated annual effective tax rate on its projected ordinary book income (loss) before taxes to year-to-date ordinary book income (loss) before taxes. The income tax effects of any extraordinary, significant unusual or infrequent items not included in ordinary book income (loss) are determined separately and recognized in the period in which the items arise. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $0.4 million and $3.9 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 1.7% and 3.1%, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the Company recorded an income tax provision of $2.3 million and $4.2 million, resulting in an effective tax rate of 1.8% and 2.1%, respectively. These effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the effects of foreign tax rate differences and increases in the Company’s valuation allowance against its domestic deferred tax assets. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had unrecognized tax benefits of approximately $2.6 million and $2.5 million, respectively. The Company recognizes accrued interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense.

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7.	Stockholders' Equity

2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan

The Company's stockholders approved the 2018 Plan at the Company's 2018 Annual Meeting. Under the 2018 Plan, the Company may grant option rights, appreciation rights, restricted stock awards, restricted stock units, performance shares and performance units up to 10,650,000 shares of Common Stock. The aggregate number of shares of Common Stock available will be reduced by: (i) one share of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to an award of option rights or appreciation rights granted under the 2018 Plan and (ii) two shares of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to an award other than option rights or appreciation rights granted under the 2018 Plan. If any award granted under the 2018 Plan (in whole or in part) is cancelled or forfeited, expires, is settled in cash, or is unearned, the shares of Common Stock subject to such award will, to the extent of such cancellation, forfeiture, expiration, cash settlement, or unearned amount, again be available at a rate of one share of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to awards of option rights or appreciation rights and two shares of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to awards other than of option rights or appreciation rights. Additionally, if, after December 31, 2017, any shares of Common Stock subject to an award granted under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2007 Plan") are forfeited, or an award granted under the 2007 Plan (in whole or in part) is canceled or forfeited, expires, is settled in cash, or is unearned, the shares of Common Stock subject to such award will, to the extent of such cancellation, forfeiture, expiration, cash settlement, or unearned amount, be available for awards under the 2018 Plan at a rate of one share for every one share subject to such award. The Company registered the securities under the 2018 Plan with the SEC effective June 1, 2018.

Stock Awards

On June 5, 2018, the Company's Compensation Committee approved and awarded 2,078,151 restricted stock units ("RSUs") under the 2018 Plan to employees, directors and certain consultants of the Company that were recommended in 2016, 2017 and 2018. On June 5, 2018, the closing sales price of Common Stock on Nasdaq was $24.23.

Of these RSUs granted, 1,493,288 vested immediately, of which 229,173 shares were delivered to certain consultants in the second quarter of 2018. 165,086 of the consultant shares related to the compensation of the Company's former CEO as part of his retirement and transition services agreement. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, 816,770 vested shares were delivered to participants in the 2018 Plan. The remainder of the shares that vested immediately are expected to be delivered to the participants between November 2018 and March 2019, contingent on market trading restrictions and applicable deferral features. These undelivered shares are classified as unvested awards until the date of delivery of the shares underlying these awards.

During the third quarter of 2018, the Company's Compensation Committee approved and awarded 460,175 time-based RSUs and 149,705 performance-based RSUs under the 2018 Plan to employees and directors. The Company recognized $6.3 million and $31.2 million in stock-based compensation expense related to these and prior awards during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively. Time-based RSUs generally vest after three to four years contingent on continued service, and performance-based RSUs generally vest after three years based on achievement of pre-established revenue and adjusted earnings before interest income, interest expense, income taxes, depreciation and amortization (Adjusted EBITDA) goals. The maximum number of shares available for issuance under the 2018 Plan as of September 30, 2018 is 6,030,735.

A summary of the unvested stock awards as of September 30, 2018 is presented below:



Unvested Stock Awards	Restricted Stock Awards		Restricted Stock Units		Number of Shares Underlying Awards		Weighted Average Grant-Date Fair Value
Unvested as of December 31, 2017	2,125		779,912		782,037		$	37.22
Granted	—		2,688,031		2,688,031		22.92
Vested and delivered	(2,125	)	(1,550,272	)	(1,552,397	)	28.42
Forfeited	—		(72,490	)	(72,490	)	30.68
Unvested as of September 30, 2018	—		1,845,181		1,845,181		$	24.07

The weighted-average remaining vesting period for unvested RSUs as of September 30, 2018 was 2.25 years. As of September 30, 2018, total unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested RSUs was $24.8 million, of which $4.8 million is expected to be recognized during the fourth quarter of 2018. Total unrecognized compensation expense may be increased or decreased in future periods for subsequent grants or forfeitures.

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Stock Options

A summary of the options outstanding, exercised and expired during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 is presented below:



	Number of shares		Weighted-Average Exercise Price
Options outstanding as of December 31, 2017	3,444,252		$	30.65
Options exercised ⁽¹⁾	(347,752	)	15.45
Options expired	(1,987,107	)	40.43
Options outstanding as of September 30, 2018	1,109,393		$	17.91
Options exercisable as of September 30, 2018	1,109,393		$	17.91

⁽¹⁾Includes 125,523 options withheld to pay the exercise price for certain excercises during the three months ended September 30, 2018.

No stock options were granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised in 2018 was $1.5 million. The weighted average remaining contractual life of options outstanding and exercisable as of September 30, 2018 is 2.54 years.


8.	Related Party Transactions

Transactions with WPP

As of September 30, 2018, WPP owned 11,319,363 shares of the Company's outstanding Common Stock, representing 19.2% ownership in the Company. On July 19, 2018, the Company filed a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC for the purpose of registering the shares of Common Stock owned by WPP in order to fulfill the Company's contractual obligations under a stockholders' rights agreement entered into by the Company and WPP in 2015. Refer to Footnote 3, Long-term Debt for more information. The Company provides WPP, in the normal course of business, services amongst its different product lines and receives various services from WPP supporting the Company's data collection efforts. In early 2015, there were a series of business and asset acquisitions and sales and issuances of Common Stock between the Company and WPP (giving rise to the stockholders' rights agreement described above) as well as a Subscription Receivable agreement that the Company entered into with GroupM, a WPP subsidiary.

In 2015, the Company and GroupM entered into an agreement in which GroupM agreed to a minimum commitment to purchase $20.9 million of the Company's products over five years, which is recorded as Subscription Receivable. In December 2017, the Company signed an amendment with Group M in which GroupM agreed to purchase additional subscription services for $17.8 million over three years, which was offset by the $3.7 million Subscription Receivable that remained as of December 31, 2017. As of September 30, 2018, the balance of the Subscription Receivable was $0.7 million. Upon fully utilizing the Subscription Receivable in September 2018, the Company began recognizing revenue under the amendment as the Company delivered products and services under the agreement.

In January 2016, as part of the Company's merger with Rentrak Corporation ("Rentrak"), the Company acquired two contracts with net present value of $14.5 million with WPP wholly-owned subsidiaries which were reflected as Subscription Receivable. As of September 30, 2018 the balance of the Subscription Receivable is $1.0 million. The Company has recorded the Subscription Receivable as contra equity within additional paid-in capital on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity. As cash is received on the Subscription Receivable, additional paid-in capital is increased by the amount of cash received and the Company recognizes imputed interest income. Effective August 31, 2018, the Company terminated one legacy Rentrak agreement which was originally reflected in Subscription Receivable and concurrently signed a new arrangement for $7.4 million for various subscription services over a three-year period.

The Company has a cancelable five-year agreement with Lightspeed, a WPP subsidiary, to conduct a proof of concept and follow-on program (the "Program") to demonstrate the capability of designing and deploying a program to collect browsing and demographic data for individual participating households. The agreement provides that the Company makes payments to Lightspeed of approximately $5.0 million per year. The Program is designed to be a comprehensive data collection effort across multiple in-home devices (e.g., television, streaming devices, computers, mobile phones, tablets, gaming devices and wearables) monitored via the installation of household internet routers (“Meters”) in panelist households. The Meters will collect and send the data back to the Company for use in its Total Home Panel product. Under the terms of the Program, Lightspeed is paid to manage the operational aspects of panel recruitment, compliance, inventory management, support and collection of panel demographic data.

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Transactions with Starboard

On January 16, 2018, the Company entered into certain agreements with certain funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard, then a beneficial owner of more than five percent of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock. Pursuant to the agreements, the Company: (i) issued and sold to Starboard $150.0 million of Initial Notes in exchange for $85.0 million in cash and 2,600,000 shares of Common Stock valued at $65.0 million; (ii) granted to Starboard the Notes Option to purchase up to an additional $50.0 million of Option Notes in exchange for a range of $15.0 million to $35.0 million of Common Stock, at Starboard’s option, and the balance in cash; (iii) agreed to grant Starboard warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of Common Stock; and (iv) has the right to conduct the Rights Offering, which would be open to all stockholders of the Company, for up to $150.0 million of Rights Offering Notes, and Starboard agreed to enter into one or more backstop commitment agreements by which it would backstop up to $100.0 million of the Rights Offering Notes, with such backstop obligation reduced by the amount of Option Notes purchased. The Company is not obligated to undertake the Rights Offering, and there is no assurance that the Rights Offering will be commenced or completed.

On May 17, 2018, the Company issued to Starboard $50.0 million in Option Notes in exchange for $15.0 million of cash and 1,400,000 shares of Common Stock valued at $35.0 million, pursuant to Starboard's exercise in full of the Notes Option.

On August 8, 2018, the Company issued to Starboard an additional $2.0 million in Notes in exchange for a reduction of the minimum cash balance requirement set forth in the Notes. Refer to Footnote 3, Long-term Debt, for further information regarding the amendment.

The Notes mature on January 16, 2022. Interest on the Notes accrues at 6.0% per year through January 30, 2019, and interest will thereafter accrue at a minimum of 4.0% per year and a maximum of 12.0% per year, based upon the then-applicable conversion premium. Interest on the Notes is payable, at the option of the Company, in cash, or, subject to certain conditions, through the issuance by the Company of PIK Interest Shares.

As a result of the aforementioned agreements and transactions contemplated thereby, as of January 16, 2018, Starboard ceased to be a beneficial owner of more than five percent of the Company’s outstanding Common Stock.

The Company's results from transactions with WPP, Starboard and other related parties, as reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, are detailed below:



	Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017		2018			2017
Revenues ⁽¹⁾	$	3,115		$	3,385	$	7,550		$	9,730

Cost of revenues	2,473			3,446		7,779			10,333
Selling and marketing	43			52		128			120
Research and development	47			37		147			90
General and administrative	180			582		369			743
Investigation and audit related ⁽²⁾	—			5,303		—			12,160

Interest (expense) income, net	(4,642		)	148		(11,253		)	551

⁽¹⁾ The Company entered into certain agreements with WPP and its affiliates that were not characterized as revenue arrangements under GAAP. Accordingly, despite cash being received by the Company under these agreements, no revenue has been recognized other than imputed interest income on the net present value of anticipated future cash payments from WPP.

⁽²⁾ The investigation and audit related expenses relate to accounting advisory services, audit preparation support, and process improvement services provided by CrossCountry Consulting, LLC, whose managing partner served as the Company’s interim Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer during late 2017 pursuant to an interim services agreement.

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The Company has the following balances related to transactions with WPP, Starboard and other related parties, as reflected in the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets:



	As of		As of
	September 30,		December 31,
(In thousands)	2018		2017
Accounts receivable, net	$	2,759	$	2,899
Subscription Receivable (Additional paid-in capital)	1,689		10,254
Accounts payable	1,467		2,715
Accrued expenses	5,089		5,857
Customer advances	2,188		2,755
Financing derivatives	21,800		—
Senior secured convertible notes	175,850		—


9.	Commitments and Contingencies

Operating Leases

The Company is obligated under various non-cancellable operating leases for office facilities and equipment. The leases require us to pay taxes, insurance and ordinary repairs and maintenance. These leases generally provide for renewal options and escalation increases. On May 30, 2018, the Company entered into an amendment with the landlord of its corporate headquarters, extending the lease term which was scheduled to expire on July 31, 2022. Pursuant to the terms of the extension, the new lease term will begin on August 1, 2022 and will expire on July 31, 2027. The Company will continue to occupy approximately 83,500 rentable square feet of the headquarters premises, with a base rent over the five-year term of approximately $25.0 million.

Future minimum lease commitments, net of sublease receipts under non-cancellable lease agreements with initial terms of one year or more in effect as of September 30, 2018 are as follows:



(In thousands)
Remainder of 2018	$	6,056
2019	13,077
2020	10,810
2021	10,240
2022	7,480
Thereafter	38,994
Total minimum lease payments	$	86,657

Rent expense under non-cancellable operating leases was $3.6 million and $4.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $11.5 million and $12.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Unconditional Purchase Obligations

The Company is obligated under certain unconditional agreements with network operators. The future fixed and determinable payments under these agreements with initial terms of one year or more as of September 30, 2018 were as follows:



(In thousands)
Remainder of 2018	$	8,866
2019	39,422
2020	40,959
2021	23,870
2022	19,182
Thereafter	18,522
Total	$	150,821

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Contingencies

The Company is involved in various legal proceedings from time to time. The Company establishes reserves for specific legal proceedings when management determines that the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome is probable and the amount of loss can be reasonably estimated. The Company has also identified certain other legal matters where an unfavorable outcome is reasonably possible and/or for which no estimate of possible losses can be made. In these cases, the Company does not establish a reserve until it can reasonably estimate the loss. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. The outcomes of legal proceedings are inherently unpredictable, subject to significant uncertainties, and could be material to the Company's operating results and cash flows for a particular period.

Derivative Litigation

The Consolidated Virginia Derivative Action. In May 2016 and July 2016, two purported shareholder derivative actions, Terry Murphy v. Serge Matta et al. and Ron Levy v. Serge Matta et al., were filed in the Circuit Court of Fairfax County, Virginia against the Company as a nominal defendant and against certain of its current and former directors and officers. The complaints alleged that the defendants intentionally or recklessly made materially false or misleading statements regarding the Company and asserted claims of breach of fiduciary duty, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, gross mismanagement and waste of corporate assets against the defendants. The complaints sought declarations that the plaintiffs can maintain the action on behalf of the Company, declarations that the individual defendants have breached fiduciary duties or aided and abetted such breaches, awards to the Company for damages sustained, purported corporate governance reforms, awards to the Company of restitution from the individual defendants and reasonable attorneys’ and experts’ fees. On April 13, 2017, the Court entered a consent order consolidating the Murphy and Levy actions.

The Assad Action. On April 14, 2017, another purported shareholder derivative action, George Assad v. Gian Fulgoni et al., was filed in the Circuit Court of Fairfax County, Virginia against the Company as a nominal defendant and against the same current and former directors and officers of the Company as the Murphy and Levy actions, as well as certain additional individuals. The Assad complaint alleged claims for breach of fiduciary duty, waste of corporate assets, and unjust enrichment, as well as a claim seeking to compel the Company's Board of Directors to hold an annual stockholders’ meeting. In addition to an order compelling the Board of Directors to hold an annual stockholders’ meeting, the Assad complaint sought judgment against the defendants in the amount by which the Company was allegedly damaged, an order directing defendants to provide operations reports and financial statements for all previous quarters allegedly identified by the Audit Committee as inaccurate, purported corporate governance reforms, the restriction of proceeds of defendants’ trading activities pending judgment, an award of restitution from the defendants, and an award of attorneys’ fees and costs. On August 4, 2017, the Company moved for an order of consolidation of the Assad action into the consolidated Virginia derivative action noted above. The motion was not brought for a hearing due to the pendency of the derivative litigation settlement noted below.

The Consolidated Federal Derivative Action. In December 2016 and February 2017, two purported shareholder derivative actions, Wayne County Employees’ Retirement System v. Fulgoni et al. and Michael C. Donatello v. Gian Fulgoni et al., were filed in the District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Company and certain of the Company's current and former directors and officers. The complaints alleged, among other things, that the defendants provided materially false and misleading information regarding the Company, its business and financial performance. The Donatello complaint also alleged that the defendants breached their fiduciary duties, failed to maintain internal controls and were unjustly enriched to the detriment of the Company. The complaints sought awards of monetary damages, purported corporate governance reforms, the award of punitive damages, and attorneys’, accountants’ and experts’ fees and other relief. On April 25, 2017, the Court signed and entered the parties’ stipulation to consolidate the Wayne County and Donatello actions. Following proposed settlement discussions, the Court stayed the case on September 21, 2017 pending application for preliminary approval of settlement.

Derivative Litigation Settlement. On September 10, 2017 the Company, along with all derivative plaintiffs and named individual defendants, reached a proposed settlement, subject to court approval, to resolve all of the above shareholder derivative actions on behalf of the Company. Under the terms of the proposed settlement, the Company would receive a $10.0 million cash payment, funded by the Company’s insurer. Pursuant to this proposed settlement, the Company agreed, subject to court approval, to contribute $8.0 million in Common Stock toward the payment of attorneys’ fees. The Company also agreed as part of the proposed settlement to adopt certain corporate governance and compliance terms that were negotiated by derivative plaintiffs’ counsel and the Company. As of December 31, 2017, the Company reserved $8.0 million in accrued litigation settlements, and recorded $10.0 million in insurance recoverable on litigation settlements for the insurance proceeds expected from its insurers. On June 7, 2018, the Court granted final approval of the settlement and dismissed the consolidated federal derivative action. On June 21, 2018, the Company issued to the plaintiffs’ lead counsel 354,671 shares of Common Stock, valued at $8.0 million, as payment of attorneys’ fees. On July 9, 2018, the consolidated Virginia derivative action and the Assad action were dismissed in Virginia state court and the $10.1 million in insurance proceeds held in escrow were released to the Company.

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Oregon Section 11 Litigation

In October 2016, a class action complaint, Ira S. Nathan v. Serge Matta et al., was filed in the Multnomah County Circuit Court in Oregon against certain of the Company's current and former directors and officers and Ernst & Young LLP ("EY"). The complaint alleged that the defendants provided untrue statements of material fact in the Company's registration statement on Form S-4 filed with the SEC and declared effective on December 23, 2015. The complaint sought a determination of the propriety of the class, a finding that the defendants are liable and an award of attorneys’ and experts’ fees. On March 17, 2017, a separate action, John Hulme v. Serge Matta et al., was filed in the Multnomah County Circuit Court in Oregon alleging materially similar claims as the Nathan complaint against the same defendants. On April 18, 2017, the Nathan and Hulme cases were consolidated by order of the court. On February 14, 2018, following a hearing, the Court granted class certification only as to EY. On April 23, 2018, the Court issued an order staying the case pending the final approval hearing in the Fresno County Employees' Retirement Association case noted below, and, following the final approval hearing on June 7, 2018, the parties filed a joint stipulation of dismissal. The claims against the Company’s current and former directors and officers were dismissed with prejudice on July 17, 2018.

Federal Securities Class Action Litigation

In October 2016, a consolidated class action complaint, Fresno County Employees’ Retirement Association et al. v. comScore, Inc. et al., was filed in the District Court for the Southern District of New York against the Company, certain of the Company's current and former directors and officers, Rentrak and certain former directors and officers of Rentrak. On January 13, 2017, the lead plaintiffs filed an amended complaint alleging that the defendants provided materially false and misleading information regarding the Company and its financial performance, including in the Company and Rentrak’s joint proxy statement/prospectus, and failed to disclose material facts necessary in order to make the statements made not misleading. The complaint sought a determination of the propriety of the class, compensatory damages and the award of reasonable costs and expenses incurred in the action, including attorneys’ and experts’ fees. On September 10, 2017, the parties reached a proposed settlement, subject to court approval, pursuant to the terms of which the settlement class would receive a total of $27.2 million in cash and $82.8 million in Common Stock to be issued and contributed by Comscore to a settlement fund to resolve all claims asserted against the Company. All of the $27.2 million in cash would be funded by the Company's insurers. The proposed settlement further provided that Comscore denies all claims of wrongdoing or liability. On January 29, 2018, the Court granted preliminary approval of the settlement. On June 7, 2018, the Court granted final approval of the settlement and entered judgment dismissing the case with prejudice. No appeals of the judgment were filed. As of December 31, 2017, the Company reserved $110.0 million in accrued litigation settlements for the gross settlement amount, and recorded $27.2 million in insurance recoverable on litigation settlements for the insurance proceeds expected from the Company's insurers. On June 21, 2018, the Company issued to a settlement fund for the benefit of authorized claimants 3,669,444 shares of Common Stock, valued at $82.8 million. The insurance proceeds of $27.2 million were contributed to the settlement fund concurrently.

Privacy Class Action Litigation

On September 11, 2017, the Company and a wholly-owned subsidiary, Full Circle Studies, Inc., (“Full Circle”), received demand letters on behalf of named plaintiffs and all others similarly situated alleging that the Company and Full Circle collected personal information from users under the age of 13 without verifiable parental consent in violation of Massachusetts law and the federal Children’s Online Privacy Protection Act. The letters alleged that the Company and Full Circle collected such personal information by embedding advertising software development kits ("SDKs") in applications created or developed by Disney. The letters sought monetary damages, attorneys’ fees and damages under Massachusetts law. The Company and Full Circle responded to the demand letters on October 11, 2017. On June 4, 2018, the plaintiffs filed amended complaints adding the Company and Full Circle as defendants in a purported class action against Disney, Twitter and other defendants, alleging violations of California’s constitutional right to privacy and intrusion upon seclusion law, New York’s deceptive trade practices statute, and Massachusetts’ deceptive trade practices and right to privacy statutes. The complaints allege damages in excess of $5 million, with any award to be apportioned among the defendants. The defendants filed a joint motion to dismiss on August 3, 2018, and a hearing on the motion to dismiss was held on October 17, 2018. The Company and Full Circle deny any wrongdoing or liability and intend to vigorously defend against these claims. Although the ultimate outcome of this matter is unknown, the Company believes that a material loss was not probable or estimable as of September 30, 2018.

SEC Investigation

The SEC is investigating allegations with respect to the Company regarding revenue recognition, internal controls, non-GAAP disclosures and whistleblower retaliation. The SEC has made no decisions regarding this matter including whether any securities laws have been violated. The Company is cooperating fully with the SEC.

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Export Controls Review

In March 2018, the Company became aware of possible violations of U.S. export controls and economic sanctions laws and regulations involving the Company. The circumstances giving rise to these possible violations pertain to the Company’s collection of survey data from panelists within U.S. embargoed countries, as a part of the Company’s larger global survey efforts not intentionally targeted at such countries. The Company filed a joint initial notice of voluntary disclosure with the U.S. Department of the Treasury’s Office of Foreign Assets Control (“OFAC”) and the U.S. Commerce Department’s Bureau of Industry and Security (“BIS”) and commenced an internal review to identify the causes and scope of transactions that could constitute violations of the OFAC and BIS regulations. On May 31, 2018, the Company filed a final voluntary disclosure with OFAC and BIS. On September 10, 2018, the Company was notified that BIS did not find a violation of export regulations and closed the matter. If OFAC moves forward with this matter, the Company could be subject to fines or penalties. Although the ultimate outcome of this matter is unknown, the Company believes that a material loss was not probable or estimable as of September 30, 2018.

Other Matters

In addition to the matters described above, the Company is, and may become, a party to a variety of legal proceedings from time to time that arise in the normal course of the Company's business. While the results of such legal proceedings cannot be predicted with certainty, management believes that, based on current knowledge, the final outcome of any such current pending matters will not have a material adverse effect on the Company's financial position, results of operations or cash flows. Regardless of the outcome, legal proceedings can have an adverse effect on the Company because of defense costs, diversion of management resources and other factors.

Indemnification

The Company has entered into indemnification agreements with each of the Company's directors and certain officers, and the Company's amended and restated certificate of incorporation requires it to indemnify each of its officers and directors, to the fullest extent permitted by Delaware law, who was or is a party or is threatened to be made a party to any threatened, pending or completed action, suit or proceeding by reason of the fact that he or she is or was a director or officer of the Company. The Company has paid and continues to pay legal counsel fees incurred by the present and former directors and officers who are involved in legal proceedings that require indemnification.

Similarly, certain of the Company's commercial contracts require it to indemnify contract counterparties under specified circumstances, and the Company may incur legal counsel fees and other costs in connection with these obligations.


10.	Organizational Restructuring

In December 2017, the Company implemented a reduction in force plan that resulted in the termination of approximately 10% of its workforce and total restructuring costs of $11.8 million, of which $10.5 million was recognized in the fourth quarter of 2017. The reduction in force was implemented following management’s determination to reduce its staffing levels and exit certain geographic regions, in order to enable the Company to decrease its global costs and more effectively align resources to business priorities. The majority of the employees impacted by the reduction in force exited the Company in the fourth quarter of 2017, with the remainder exiting in 2018.

In the second quarter of 2018, the Company's Board of Directors authorized management to implement additional reductions in its workforce and rationalize its portfolio of leased properties due to the reductions in headcount. This additional restructuring effort resulted in the termination of one operating lease, the extension of the lease related to the Company's headquarters, and the sublease of one office. Additional space rationalization is ongoing, and through the first quarter of 2019, the Company expects to incur less than $5.0 million in additional restructuring charges related to the early termination or sublease of certain operating leases of office space. Employees separated or to be separated from the Company as a result of these restructuring initiatives were offered severance.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized $0.1 million and $5.2 million, respectively, in restructuring costs.

The table below summarizes the balance of accrued restructuring expenses and the changes in the accrued amounts as of and for the nine months ended September 30, 2018:

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(In thousands)	Accrued Balance as of December 31, 2017		Restructuring Expense for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 ⁽¹⁾		Payments			Foreign Exchange		Accrued Balance as of September 30, 2018
Severance pay and benefits	$	8,972	$	4,924	$	(11,900	)	$	3	$	1,999
Lease exit and other direct costs	212		272		(287		)	—		197
Total	$	9,184	$	5,196	$	(12,187	)	$	3	$	2,196

⁽¹⁾During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the Company recognized a $0.1 million net gain related to the write-off of certain lease-related liabilities.


11.	Subsequent Events

On October 12, 2018, the Company issued to Starboard warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of Common Stock, which warrants are exercisable for five years from the date of issuance at a price of $0.01 per share. The warrants were issued pursuant to the terms of the previously disclosed Securities Purchase Agreement, dated as of January 16, 2018, by and among the Company and Starboard.

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ITEM 2. MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the related Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, or 10-Q. In addition to historical financial information, the following discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements that involve risks, uncertainties and assumptions. Our actual results and timing of selected events in future periods may differ materially from those anticipated or implied in these forward-looking statements as a result of many factors, including those discussed under Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, or 2017 10-K, and elsewhere in this 10-Q. See also "Cautionary Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements" at the beginning of this 10-Q.

Overview

We are a global information and analytics company that measures consumer audiences and advertising across media platforms. We create our products using a global data platform that combines information about content and advertising consumption on digital (smartphones, tablets and computers), television and movie screens with demographics and other descriptive information. We have developed proprietary data science that enables measurement of person-level and household-level audiences, removing duplicated viewing across devices and over time. This combination of data and methods helps companies across the media ecosystem better understand and monetize their broad range of audiences, and develop marketing plans and products to more efficiently and effectively reach those audiences. Our ability to unify behavioral and other descriptive data enables us to provide accredited audience ratings, advertising verification, and granular consumer segments that describe hundreds of millions of consumers. Our customers include buyers and sellers of advertising including digital publishers, television networks, content owners, advertisers, agencies and technology providers.

The platforms we measure include television sets, smartphones, computers, tablets, over-the-top ("OTT") devices and movie theaters, and the information we analyze crosses geographies, types of content and activities, including websites, mobile apps, video games, television and movie programming, e-commerce and advertising.

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Results of Operations

The following table sets forth selected Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations data as a percentage of total revenues for each of the periods indicated. Percentages may not add due to rounding.



	Three Months Ended September 30,										Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018					2017					2018					2017
(In thousands)	Dollars			% of Revenue		Dollars			% of Revenue		Dollars			% of Revenue		Dollars			% of Revenue
Revenues ⁽¹⁾	$	102,864		100.0	%	$	100,323		100.0	%	$	310,172		100.0	%	$	300,623		100.0	%
Cost of revenues	49,446			48.1	%	48,803			48.6	%	148,226			47.8	%	143,417			47.7	%
Selling and marketing	24,866			24.2	%	29,873			29.8	%	80,418			25.9	%	90,796			30.2	%
Research and development	18,742			18.2	%	21,580			21.5	%	58,347			18.8	%	64,102			21.3	%
General and administrative	18,707			18.2	%	22,331			22.3	%	66,067			21.3	%	53,426			17.8	%
Investigation and audit related	696			0.7	%	21,392			21.3	%	37,446			12.1	%	56,469			18.8	%
Amortization of intangible assets	7,896			7.7	%	8,491			8.5	%	24,706			8.0	%	25,669			8.5	%
Settlement of litigation, net	—			—	%	81,799			81.5	%	5,250			1.7	%	82,417			27.4	%
Restructuring	51			—	%	—			—	%	5,141			1.7	%	—			—	%
Total expenses from operations	120,404			117.1	%	234,269			233.5	%	425,601			137.2	%	516,296			171.7	%
Loss from operations	(17,540		)	(17.1	)%	(133,946		)	(133.5	)%	(115,429		)	(37.2	)%	(215,673		)	(71.7	)%
Interest expense, net	(4,682		)	(4.6	)%	(148		)	(0.1	)%	(11,711		)	(3.8	)%	(554		)	(0.2	)%
Other (expense) income, net	(1,711		)	(1.7	)%	6,619			6.6	%	(827		)	(0.3	)%	12,486			4.2	%
Loss from foreign currency transactions	(304		)	(0.3	)%	(298		)	(0.3	)%	(181		)	(0.1	)%	(1,523		)	(0.5	)%
Loss before income tax provision	(24,237		)	(23.6	)%	(127,773		)	(127.4	)%	(128,148		)	(41.3	)%	(205,264		)	(68.3	)%
Income tax provision	(400		)	(0.4	)%	(2,296		)	(2.3	)%	(3,916		)	(1.3	)%	(4,223		)	(1.4	)%
Net loss	$	(24,637	)	(24.0	)%	$	(130,069	)	(129.7	)%	$	(132,064	)	(42.6	)%	$	(209,487	)	(69.7	)%

⁽¹⁾ As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 is not comparable to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to our adoption of Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers ("ASC 606" or "Topic 606"). Refer to our reconciliation of as reported revenue to compare the periods presented.

Revenues

In the third quarter of 2018, our chief operating decision maker, the CEO, determined that we should review our revenue results around solution groups that address customer needs. As such, we evaluate and present revenues around the following groups starting with the third quarter of 2018:

Ratings and Planning: provide measurement of the behavior and characteristics of audiences of content and advertising across television ("TV") and digital platforms including computers, tablets, smartphones, and other connected devices. These products and services are designed to help customers find the most relevant viewing audience, whether that viewing is linear, time shifted/recorded, online or on-demand.

Analytics and Optimization: include activation and survey-based products that provide end-to-end solutions for planning, optimization and evaluation of advertising campaigns and brand protection.

Movies Reporting and Analytics: measure movie viewership and box office results by capturing movie ticket sales in real time or near real time and include box office analytics, trend analysis and insights for movie studios and movie theater operators worldwide.

We categorize our revenue along these three offerings; however, our cost structure is tracked at the corporate level and not by our product offerings. These costs include, but are not limited to, employee costs, operational overhead, data centers and our technology that supports multiple product offerings.

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Revenues from these three offerings of products and services are as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017 ⁽¹⁾		% of Revenue		$ Variance		% Variance
Ratings and Planning	$	70,499	68.4	%	$	69,483	69.3	%	$	1,016	1.5	%
Analytics and Optimization	22,215		21.6	%	21,175		21.1	%	1,040		4.9	%
Movies Reporting and Analytics	10,150		10.0	%	9,665		9.6	%	485		5.0	%
Total revenues	$	102,864	100	%	$	100,323	100	%	$	2,541	2.5	%

⁽¹⁾ As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, revenue for the three months ended September 30, 2017 is not comparable to the three months ended September 30, 2018 due to our adoption of ASC 606. Refer to our reconciliation of as reported revenue to compare the periods presented.

Revenues increased by $2.5 million, or 2.5%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018 include $0.2 million related to our adoption of ASC 606, primarily included in Ratings and Planning.

Ratings and Planning revenue is comprised of revenue from our digital, TV and cross-platform products. Ratings and Planning revenue increased $1.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was primarily from our TV products due to increases in existing customer contract values as well as the establishment of stand-alone selling price over certain distinct performance obligations in arrangements that include the purchase and sale of services. Revenue from our digital products was lower compared to the prior year as these products continued to be negatively impacted by ongoing industry changes in ad buying and consolidation.

Analytics and Optimization revenue increased by $1.0 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Revenue increased primarily due to increases in our emerging products, including activation, partially offset by lower revenue from our digital custom offerings.

Movies Reporting and Analytics revenue increased by $0.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Revenue increased as our global footprint remained strong and our products continued to result in higher contract pricing. As we continued to collect data from box office locations worldwide, our customers continued to expand and renew agreements.



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017 ⁽¹⁾		% of Revenue		$ Variance		% Variance
Ratings and Planning	$	210,569	67.9	%	$	206,464	68.7	%	$	4,105	2.0	%
Analytics and Optimization	68,479		22.1	%	65,922		21.9	%	2,557		3.9	%
Movies Reporting and Analytics	31,124		10.0	%	28,237		9.4	%	2,887		10.2	%
Total revenues	$	310,172	100	%	$	300,623	100	%	$	9,549	3.2	%

⁽¹⁾ As discussed in Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, the revenue for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 is not comparable to the nine months ended September 30, 2018 due to our adoption of ASC 606. Refer to our reconciliation of as reported revenue to compare the periods presented.

Revenues increased by $9.5 million, or 3.2%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 include $0.9 million related to our adoption of ASC 606, primarily included in Ratings and Planning.

Ratings and Planning revenue is comprised of revenue from our digital, TV, and cross-platform products. Ratings and Planning revenue increased $4.1 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase was primarily from our TV products due to increases in existing customer contract values as well as the establishment of stand-alone selling price over certain distinct performance obligations in arrangements that include the purchase and sale of services. Revenue from our digital products was lower compared to the prior year as these products continued to be negatively impacted by ongoing industry changes in ad buying and consolidation.

Analytics and Optimization revenue increased by $2.6 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Revenue increased primarily due to increases in our emerging products, including activation, partially offset by lower revenue from our digital custom offerings.

Movies Reporting and Analytics revenue increased $2.9 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Revenue continues to increase as we maintain a strong global footprint resulting in growth in contract prices with existing customers. As we continue to collect data from box office locations worldwide, our customers continue to expand and renew agreements.

Table of Contents

As discussed above, we changed the way we present our revenues beginning in the third quarter of 2018. Through the second quarter of 2018, our products and services were organized around measurement, planning and optimization in four offerings, as follows:

Digital Audience: focused on the size, engagement, and other behavioral and qualitative characteristics of audiences around the world, across multiple digital platforms including computers, tablets, smartphones and other connected devices.

TV and Cross-Platform: focused on consumer viewership of both linear and on-demand television content in the U.S. at the national level and in local markets. Provides a view of cross-platform consumer behavior when integrated with our Digital Audience and Advertising products and services.

Advertising: provides end-to-end solutions for planning, optimization and evaluation of advertising campaigns.

Movies: measures movie viewership, captures audience demographics and sentiment via social media and exit polling and provides software tools to movie studios and movie theater customers around the world.

For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, revenues from these four offerings of products and services would have been as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017 ⁽¹⁾		% of Revenue		$ Variance			% Variance
Digital Audience	$	49,467	48.1	%	$	55,430	55.3	%	$	(5,963	)	(10.8	)%
TV and Cross-Platform	29,775		28.9	%	23,754		23.7	%	6,021			25.3	%
Advertising	13,472		13.1	%	11,474		11.4	%	1,998			17.4	%
Movies	10,150		9.9	%	9,665		9.6	%	485			5.0	%
Total revenues	$	102,864	100	%	$	100,323	100	%	$	2,541		2.5	%



	Nine Months ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017 ⁽¹⁾		% of Revenue		$ Variance			% Variance
Digital Audience	$	157,137	50.7	%	$	167,733	55.8	%	$	(10,596	)	(6.3	)%
TV and Cross-Platform	84,547		27.3	%	71,138		23.7	%	13,409			18.8	%
Advertising	37,365		12.0	%	33,515		11.1	%	3,850			11.5	%
Movies	31,123		10.0	%	28,237		9.4	%	2,886			10.2	%
Total revenues	$	310,172	100	%	$	300,623	100	%	$	9,549		3.2	%

Cost of Revenues

Cost of revenues consists primarily of expenses related to operating our network infrastructure, producing our products, and the recruitment, maintenance and support of our consumer panels. Expenses associated with these areas include employee costs including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related personnel costs of network operations, survey operations, custom analytics and technical support, all of which are expensed as they are incurred. Cost of revenues also includes costs to obtain, process and cleanse our panel and census based data used in our products as well as operational costs associated with our data centers, including depreciation expense associated with computer equipment that supports our panels and systems, allocated overhead, which is comprised of rent and other facilities related costs, and depreciation expense generated by general purpose equipment and software.

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	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017		% of Revenue		$ Change			% Change
Employee costs	$	14,031	13.6	%	$	15,506	15.5	%	$	(1,475	)	(9.5	)%
Data costs	14,991		14.6	%	12,036		12.0	%	2,955			24.6	%
Panel costs	5,743		5.6	%	5,160		5.1	%	583			11.3	%
Systems and bandwidth costs	5,984		5.8	%	5,277		5.3	%	707			13.4	%
Rent and depreciation	3,041		3.0	%	4,284		4.3	%	(1,243		)	(29.0	)%
Professional fees	1,125		1.1	%	1,531		1.5	%	(406		)	(26.5	)%
Sample and survey costs	1,354		1.3	%	1,479		1.5	%	(125		)	(8.5	)%
Technology	1,679		1.6	%	1,303		1.3	%	376			28.9	%
Royalties and resellers	755		0.7	%	359		0.4	%	396			110.3	%
Other	743		0.7	%	1,868		1.9	%	(1,125		)	(60.2	)%
Total cost of revenues	$	49,446	48.1	%	$	48,803	48.6	%	$	643		1.3	%

Cost of revenues increased $0.6 million, or 1.3%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Additionally, 2018 cost of revenues was reduced $0.5 million related to our adoption of ASC 606, primarily driven by capitalized fulfillment costs for the third quarter of 2018. The increase was primarily due to increases in data costs and systems and bandwidth costs offset by decreases in employee costs as well as rent and depreciation. Data costs increased primarily related to costs associated with the acquisition of data for distinct services provided under certain arrangements that include the purchase and sale of services during the three months ended September 30, 2018. We continued to invest in product solution offerings through the acquisition of additional TV data, as well as investing in our digital platform through purchasing additional mobile data. We believe this investment is necessary to support our products and expand our offerings, and these costs are expected to increase through the end of the year. The increase in systems and bandwidth costs primarily related to increases in web service fees.

These increases were offset by decreases in employee costs as well as rent and depreciation. The decline in employee costs was primarily a result of our 2017 reduction in headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 10, Organizational Restructuring. Additionally, employee costs decreased $1.0 million related to payroll costs capitalized as internally developed software, offset by $0.9 million of increased stock-based compensation expense in 2018 compared with 2017. We did not capitalize any payroll costs in 2017. Rent and depreciation expense decreased as a result of fewer purchases of capital assets and lower associated depreciation expense.



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017		% of Revenue		$ Change			% Change
Employee costs	$	43,696	14.1	%	$	44,703	14.9	%	$	(1,007	)	(2.3	)%
Data costs	41,758		13.5	%	31,756		10.6	%	10,002			31.5	%
Panel costs	17,199		5.5	%	18,165		6.0	%	(966		)	(5.3	)%
Systems and bandwidth costs	17,864		5.8	%	15,332		5.1	%	2,532			16.5	%
Rent and depreciation	9,473		3.1	%	13,253		4.4	%	(3,780		)	(28.5	)%
Professional fees	3,855		1.2	%	4,425		1.5	%	(570		)	(12.9	)%
Sample and survey costs	4,532		1.5	%	4,173		1.4	%	359			8.6	%
Technology	4,779		1.5	%	3,810		1.3	%	969			25.4	%
Royalties and resellers	2,247		0.7	%	2,214		0.7	%	33			1.5	%
Other	2,823		0.9	%	5,586		1.9	%	(2,763		)	(49.5	)%
Total cost of revenues	$	148,226	47.8	%	$	143,417	47.7	%	$	4,809		3.4	%

Cost of revenues increased by $4.8 million, or 3.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Additionally, 2018 cost of revenues was reduced by $1.9 million related to our adoption of ASC 606, primarily driven by capitalized fulfillment costs. The increase was largely attributable to increases in data costs and systems and bandwidth costs, offset by decreases in rent and depreciation, employee costs, panel costs, and other costs. Data costs increased primarily related to costs associated with the acquisition of data for distinct services provided under certain arrangements that include the purchase and sale of services during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. We continued to invest in product solution offerings through the acquisition of additional TV data, as well as investing in our digital platform through purchasing

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additional mobile data. We believe this investment is necessary to support our products and expand our offerings, and these costs are expected to increase through the end of the year. The increase in systems and bandwidth costs primarily related to increases in web service fees.

These increases were offset by decreases in rent and depreciation, employee costs, panel costs and other costs. Rent and depreciation expense decreased as a result of fewer purchases of capital assets and lower associated depreciation expense. Employee costs declined primarily due to our 2017 reduction in headcount as well as a $3.2 million decrease related to payroll costs capitalized as internally developed software. We did not capitalize any payroll costs in 2017.Offsetting these decreases was a $3.8 million increase in stock-based compensation expense in 2018. Other costs decreased primarily due to a license agreement that was not renewed in 2018.

Selling and Marketing

Selling and marketing expenses consist primarily of employee costs, including salaries, benefits, commissions, stock-based compensation and other related costs paid to our direct sales force and industry experts, as well as costs related to online and offline advertising, industry conferences, promotional materials, public relations, other sales and marketing programs and allocated overhead, which is comprised of rent and other facilities-related costs, and depreciation expense generated by general purpose equipment and software. All selling and marketing costs are expensed as they are incurred. Commission plans are developed for our account managers with criteria and size of sales quotas that vary depending upon the individual’s role.



	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017		% of Revenue		$ Change			% Change
Employee costs	$	20,253	19.7	%	$	22,167	22.1	%	$	(1,914	)	(8.6	)%
Rent and depreciation	1,582		1.5	%	3,018		3.0	%	(1,436		)	(47.6	)%
Travel	1,374		1.3	%	1,617		1.6	%	(243		)	(15.0	)%
Professional fees	760		0.7	%	1,491		1.5	%	(731		)	(49.0	)%
Other	897		0.9	%	1,580		1.6	%	(683		)	(43.2	)%
Total selling and marketing expenses	$	24,866	24.2	%	$	29,873	29.8	%	$	(5,007	)	(16.8	)%

Selling and marketing expenses decreased by $5.0 million, or 16.8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in selling and marketing expenses was primarily the result of a decrease in employee costs, rent and depreciation, and professional fees. Employee costs decreased as a result of our 2017 reduction in headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 10, Organizational Restructuring, offset by an increase of $0.4 million in stock-based compensation compared to the prior year. Rent and depreciation expense primarily decreased due to fewer capital asset acquisitions and lower associated depreciation expense. The decrease in professional fees was due to decreased use of outside consultants.



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017		% of Revenue		$ Change			% Change
Employee costs	$	64,728	20.9	%	$	67,703	22.5	%	$	(2,975	)	(4.4	)%
Rent and depreciation	5,554		1.8	%	7,966		2.6	%	(2,412		)	(30.3	)%
Travel	3,694		1.2	%	5,241		1.7	%	(1,547		)	(29.5	)%
Professional fees	2,897		0.9	%	4,896		1.6	%	(1,999		)	(40.8	)%
Marketing events	363		0.1	%	838		0.3	%	(475		)	(56.7	)%
Other	3,182		1.0	%	4,152		1.4	%	(970		)	(23.4	)%
Total selling and marketing expenses	$	80,418	25.9	%	$	90,796	30.2	%	$	(10,378	)	(11.4	)%

Selling and marketing expenses decreased by $10.4 million, or 11.4%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease in selling and marketing expenses was primarily the result of a decrease in employee costs, rent and depreciation, and professional fees. The decrease in employee costs was largely attributable to our 2017 reduction in headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 10, Organizational Restructuring, offset by a $3.8 million increase in stock-based compensation. Rent and depreciation expense primarily decreased due to fewer capital asset acquisitions and lower associated depreciation expense. The decrease in professional fees was mainly due to the decreased use of outside consultants.

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Research and Development

Research and development expenses include new product development costs, consisting primarily of employee costs including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related costs for personnel associated with research and development activities, third-party expenses to develop new products, third-party data costs and allocated overhead, which is comprised of rent and other facilities related costs, and depreciation expense related to general purpose equipment and software.



	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017		% of Revenue		$ Change			% Change
Employee costs	$	14,469	14.1	%	$	17,344	17.3	%	$	(2,875	)	(16.6	)%
Rent and depreciation	1,804		1.8	%	1,851		1.8	%	(47		)	(2.5	)%
Technology	1,260		1.2	%	1,239		1.2	%	21			1.7	%
Professional fees	699		0.7	%	496		0.5	%	203			40.9	%
Other	510		0.5	%	650		0.6	%	(140		)	(21.5	)%
Total research and development expenses	$	18,742	18.2	%	$	21,580	21.5	%	$	(2,838	)	(13.2	)%

Research and development expenses decreased by $2.8 million, or 13.2%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in salary and benefits expenses due to the 2017 reduction in headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 10, Organizational Restructuring. In addition, employee costs decreased $1.2 million related to payroll costs capitalized as internally developed software, offset by an increase in stock-based compensation expense of $0.6 million. We did not capitalize any payroll costs in 2017.



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017		% of Revenue		$ Change			% Change
Employee costs	$	46,186	14.9	%	$	51,292	17.1	%	$	(5,106	)	(10.0	)%
Rent and depreciation	5,335		1.7	%	5,683		1.9	%	(348		)	(6.1	)%
Technology	3,833		1.2	%	3,309		1.1	%	524			15.8	%
Professional fees	1,650		0.5	%	1,824		0.6	%	(174		)	(9.5	)%
Other	1,343		0.4	%	1,994		0.7	%	(651		)	(32.6	)%
Total research and development expenses	$	58,347	18.8	%	$	64,102	21.3	%	$	(5,755	)	(9.0	)%

Research and development expenses decreased by $5.8 million, or 9.0%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in salary and benefits expenses due to the 2017 reduction in headcount and restructuring efforts as discussed in Footnote 10, Organizational Restructuring. In addition, we capitalized $4.2 million of payroll costs for internal-use software development for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 that were not capitalized during 2017.

General and Administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of employee costs including salaries, benefits, stock-based compensation and other related costs, and related expenses for executive management, finance, accounting, human capital, legal and other administrative functions, as well as professional fees, overhead, including allocated overhead, which is comprised of rent and other facilities related costs, and depreciation expense related to general purpose equipment and software, and expenses incurred for other general corporate purposes.



	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017		% of Revenue		$ Change			% Change
Employee costs	$	7,903	7.7	%	$	11,322	11.3	%	$	(3,419	)	(30.2	)%
Professional fees	4,639		4.5	%	4,111		4.1	%	528			12.8	%
DAx transition services agreement	2,119		2.1	%	2,661		2.7	%	(542		)	(20.4	)%
Rent and depreciation	1,138		1.1	%	877		0.9	%	261			29.8	%
Other	2,908		2.8	%	3,360		3.3	%	(452		)	(13.5	)%
Total general and administrative expenses	$	18,707	18.2	%	$	22,331	22.3	%	$	(3,624	)	(16.2	)%

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General and administrative expenses decreased by $3.6 million, or 16.2%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. The decrease was primarily attributable to a decrease in stock based compensation in the three months ended September 30, 2018 compared with the three months ended September 30, 2017.



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018		% of Revenue		2017		% of Revenue		$ Change			% Change
Employee costs	$	30,308	9.8	%	$	22,822	7.6	%	$	7,486		32.8	%
Professional fees	16,519		5.3	%	10,654		3.5	%	5,865			55.0	%
DAx transition services agreement	6,967		2.2	%	8,412		2.8	%	(1,445		)	(17.2	)%
Rent and depreciation	3,297		1.1	%	2,640		0.9	%	657			24.9	%
Bad debt expense	397		0.1	%	501		0.2	%	(104		)	(20.8	)%
Other	8,579		2.8	%	8,397		2.8	%	182			2.2	%
Total general and administrative expenses	$	66,067	21.3	%	$	53,426	17.8	%	$	12,641		23.7	%

General and administrative expenses increased by $12.6 million, or 23.7%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This was primarily attributable to an increase in employee costs and professional fees. Employee costs primarily increased as a result of a $4.6 million increase in stock-based compensation expense primarily related to the awards granted on June 5, 2018 as well as additional bonuses during the first half of 2018. Professional fees increased primarily related to legal and accounting fees as well as compliance costs. These increased costs were offset by a $1.4 million decrease in the Digital Analytix ("DAx") transition services agreement costs.

Investigation and Audit Related

As previously disclosed, in February 2016, the Audit Committee of the Company's Board of Directors commenced an internal investigation, with the assistance of outside advisors, into matters related to the Company's revenue recognition practices, disclosures, internal controls, corporate culture, and certain employment practices. Investigation, audit, and litigation related expenses associated with this matter were $0.7 million and $21.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $37.4 million and $56.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Investigation expenses include professional fees associated with legal and forensic accounting services rendered as part of the investigation. Audit related expenses consist of professional fees associated with accounting related consulting services and external auditor fees associated with the audit of our Consolidated Financial Statements for 2017 and prior years. Litigation related expenses include legal fees associated with various lawsuits or investigations that were initiated either directly or indirectly as a result of the Audit Committee's investigation. We expect these costs to continue for the remainder of 2018 due to ongoing legal proceedings and other associated costs, as well as legal expenses associated with the indemnification of current and former directors and officers. We expect the total investigation and audit related costs to be lower than the prior year.

Settlement of Litigation, Net

Settlement of litigation, net, consists of losses from the settlement of various litigation matters. We did not record any litigation settlement expense for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The $5.3 million net settlement of litigation expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 primarily relates to the settlement and final resolution of the federal securities class action and the derivative actions. The net settlement of litigation expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 was $81.8 million and $82.4 million, respectively, which primarily relates to the settlement of the federal securities class action litigation and the Rentrak Corporation merger litigation.

Organizational Restructuring

In December 2017, we announced that we were implementing an organizational restructuring to reduce staffing levels by approximately 10%, and exiting certain geographic regions in order to enable us to decrease our global costs and more effectively align our resources to business priorities. The majority of the employees impacted by the restructuring exited in the fourth quarter of 2017, with the remainder exiting in 2018.

In the second quarter of 2018, our Board of Directors authorized management to implement further reductions in headcount and further rationalize our portfolio of leased properties which resulted in the termination of one operating lease, the extension of the lease related to our headquarters, and the sublease of one operating lease of office space. In connection with the restructuring, we incurred expenses of $0.1 million and $5.2 million during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018, respectively, related to termination benefits and lease exit and other direct costs. Additional space rationalization is ongoing, and we expect to incur less than $5.0 million in additional restructuring charges through the first quarter of 2019 related to the early termination or sublease of some operating leases of office space.

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Other (Expense) Income, Net

Other (expense) income, net represents income and expenses incurred that are generally not recurring in nature or are not part of our normal operations. The following is a summary of other (expense) income, net:



	Three Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017
Transition services agreement income from the DAx disposition	$	2,120		$	2,662
Change in fair value of financing derivatives	(5,681		)	—
Gain on forgiveness of obligation	—			4,000
Other	1,850			(43		)
Total other (expense) income, net	$	(1,711	)	$	6,619



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017
Transition services agreement income from the DAx disposition	$	6,967		$	8,489
Change in fair value of financing derivatives	(10,141		)	—
Gain on forgiveness of obligation	—			4,000
Other	2,347			(3		)
Total other (expense) income, net	$	(827	)	$	12,486

The change in other (expense) income, net was driven primarily by the changes in fair value of our financing derivatives and investment in equity securities, as described in Footnote 4, Fair Value Measurements.

Income from transition services represents Adobe Inc.'s ("Adobe") reimbursement of costs incurred under the DAx transition services agreement ("TSA") and are offset in general and administrative expenses. The decrease for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 compared to the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017 primarily relates to reduced activity in the third year of the TSA. On August 8, 2018, we signed an amendment with Adobe to extend the TSA for an additional two months (through March 21, 2019) and to obtain a license to certain software for a period of one year (through January 21, 2020).

In September 2017, the Company and Adobe agreed to terminate the Strategic Partnership Agreement and Adobe released the Company from its remaining $4.0 million obligation. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, the relief from the obligations is reflected in other (expense) income, net.

Loss from Foreign Currency Transactions

Our foreign currency transactions are recorded as a result of fluctuations in the exchange rate between the transactional currency and the functional currency of foreign subsidiary transactions. For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, the loss from foreign currency transactions was $0.3 million in both periods, primarily related to differences in the U.S. dollar to euro exchange rates.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the loss from foreign currency transactions was $0.2 million. The 2018 loss was primarily related to fluctuations in the average U.S. dollar to euro and Chilean peso exchange rates. For the nine months ended September 30, 2017, the loss from foreign currency transactions was $1.5 million, primarily related to differences in the U.S. dollar to euro exchange rates.

Provision for Income Taxes

A valuation allowance has been established against our net U.S. federal and state deferred tax assets, including net operating loss carryforwards. As a result, our income tax position is primarily related to foreign tax activity and U.S. deferred taxes for tax deductible goodwill and other indefinite-lived liabilities.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we recorded an income tax provision of $0.4 million and $2.3 million, respectively, resulting in an effective tax rate of 1.7% and 1.8%, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we recorded an income tax provision of $3.9 million and $4.2 million, respectively, resulting in an effective tax rate of 3.1% and 2.1%, respectively. These effective tax rates differ from the U.S. federal statutory rate primarily due to the effects of foreign tax rate differences and increases in the valuation allowance against our domestic deferred tax assets.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

To provide investors with additional information regarding our financial results, we are disclosing herein Adjusted EBITDA

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and non-GAAP net loss, each of which are non-GAAP financial measures used by our management to understand and evaluate our core operating performance and trends. We believe that these non-GAAP financial measures provide useful information to investors and others in understanding and evaluating our operating results, as they permit our investors to view our core business performance using the same metrics that management uses to evaluate our performance.

EBITDA is defined as GAAP net income (loss) plus or minus interest, taxes, depreciation and amortization of intangible assets. We define Adjusted EBITDA as EBITDA plus or minus stock-based compensation expense as well as other items and amounts which we view as not indicative of our core operating performance, specifically: charges for matters relating to the Audit Committee investigation described in the 2017 10-K, such as litigation and investigation-related costs, costs associated with tax projects, audits and other professional, consulting or other fees; settlement of litigation, net; restructuring costs and non-cash changes in the fair value of financing derivatives and investments in equity securities.

We define non-GAAP net loss as GAAP net income (loss) plus or minus stock-based compensation expense as well as other items and amounts which we view as not indicative of our core operating performance, specifically: charges for matters relating to the Audit Committee investigation described in the 2017 10-K, such as litigation and investigation-related costs, costs associated with tax projects, audits and other professional, consulting or other fees; settlement of litigation, net; restructuring costs and non-cash changes in the fair value of financing derivatives and investments in equity securities.

Our use of these non-GAAP financial measures has limitations as an analytical tool, and investors should not consider these measures in isolation or as a substitute for analysis of our results as reported under GAAP. The limitations of such non-GAAP measures include the following:


•	Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect tax or interest payments that represent a reduction in cash available to us;


•	Depreciation and amortization are non-cash charges and the assets being depreciated may have to be replaced in the future. Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect cash capital expenditure requirements for such replacements or for new capital expenditure requirements;


•	Adjusted EBITDA does not reflect changes in, or cash requirements for, our working capital needs;

•

Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss do not reflect cash payments relating to litigation and the Audit Committee investigation described herein, such as litigation and investigation-related costs, costs associated with tax projects, restructuring costs, audits and other professional, consulting or other fees incurred in connection with our 2017 and prior-year audits and all related legal proceedings, all of which represent a reduction in cash available to us;


•	Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss do not consider the impact of stock-based compensation and similar arrangements;


•	Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss do not consider possible cash gains or losses related to our financing derivatives or investment in equity securities; and


•	Other companies, including companies in our industry, may calculate any of these non-GAAP financial measures differently, which reduces their usefulness as comparative measures.

Because of these and other limitations, you should consider Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss alongside GAAP-based financial performance measures, including GAAP revenue and various cash flow metrics, net income (loss) and our other GAAP financial results. Management addresses the inherent limitations associated with using non-GAAP financial measures through disclosure of such limitations, presentation of our financial statements in accordance with GAAP and a reconciliation of Adjusted EBITDA and non-GAAP net loss to the most directly comparable GAAP measure, net income (loss). Consolidated EBITDA, as defined for purposes of the senior secured convertible notes ("Notes") issued in 2018, was the same as Adjusted EBITDA as presented below.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss (GAAP) to Adjusted EBITDA for each of the periods identified:



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss (GAAP)	$	(24,637	)	$	(130,069	)	$	(132,064	)	$	(209,487	)

Income tax provision	400			2,296			3,916			4,223
Interest expense, net	4,682			148			11,711			554
Depreciation	4,135			6,233			12,974			18,229
Amortization of intangible assets	7,896			8,491			24,706			25,669
EBITDA	(7,524		)	(112,901		)	(78,757		)	(160,812		)

Adjustments:
Stock-based compensation	6,311			8,722			31,191			15,366
Investigation and audit related	696			21,392			37,446			56,469
Settlement of litigation, net	—			81,799			5,250			82,417
Restructuring costs	51			—			5,141			—
Other expense (income), net ⁽¹⁾	5,699			(3,963		)	9,834			(4,003		)
Adjusted EBITDA	$	5,233		$	(4,951	)	$	10,105		$	(10,563	)

⁽¹⁾ In 2018, adjustments to other expense (income), net, reflect non-cash changes in the fair value of financing derivatives and equity securities investment included in other (expense) income, net on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss. These financial instruments were not held in the prior period. The prior period adjustment to other expense (income), net reflects items classified as other (expense) income, net on our Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss, excluding the other income associated with the transition services agreement for "DAx" disposition. Our change to the calculation of Adjusted EBITDA for 2018 is intended to conform Adjusted EBITDA to the Consolidated EBITDA definition under our senior secured convertible notes issued to funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard Value LP.

The following table presents a reconciliation of net loss (GAAP) to non-GAAP net loss for each of the periods identified:



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net loss (GAAP)	$	(24,637	)	$	(130,069	)	$	(132,064	)	$	(209,487	)

Adjustments:
Stock-based compensation	6,311			8,722			31,191			15,366
Investigation and audit related	696			21,392			37,446			56,469
Settlement of litigation, net	—			81,799			5,250			82,417
Restructuring costs	51			—			5,141			—
Other expense (income), net ⁽¹⁾	5,699			(3,963		)	9,834			(4,003		)
Non-GAAP net loss	$	(11,880	)	$	(22,119	)	$	(43,202	)	$	(59,238	)

Liquidity and Capital Resources

The following table summarizes our cash flows:



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flow Data:
Net cash used in operating activities	$	(73,939	)	$	(27,701	)
Net cash (used in) provided by investing activities	$	(9,630	)	$	7,404
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	$	93,798		$	(5,202	)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash	$	(1,140	)	$	595

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Our principal uses of cash historically consisted of cash paid for payroll and other operating expenses and payments related to investments in equipment, primarily to support our consumer panels and technical infrastructure required to deliver our products and services and support our customer base. We have incurred significant professional fees primarily consisting of legal, forensic accounting and related advisory services as a result of our Audit Committee's investigation, subsequent audit and compliance efforts relating to the filing of our 2015, 2016 and 2017 Consolidated Financial Statements included in the 2017 10-K filed on March 23, 2018.

As of September 30, 2018, our principal sources of liquidity consisted of cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash totaling $54.2 million, including $6.3 million in restricted cash.

Our principal sources of liquidity have historically been our cash and cash equivalents, as well as cash flow generated from our operations. Our recent operating losses, including the significant costs associated with the investigation and completing the audit of our financial statements, resulted in a need to secure long-term financing. In January 2018, we issued $150.0 million in Notes as described below to support our anticipated liquidity requirements and provide capital for future investment. In May 2018, we issued an additional $50.0 million in Notes as described below. In addition, on July 9, 2018, the Virginia Circuit Court dismissed the final derivative actions and the $10.1 million of insurance proceeds held in escrow were released to us. We believe that our sources of funding are sufficient to satisfy our currently anticipated requirements for at least the next twelve months. We continue to be focused on maintaining flexibility in terms of sources, amounts and the timing of any potential transaction in order to best position us for future success. Our liquidity could be negatively affected by a decrease in demand for our products and services or additional losses from operations, including ongoing costs relating to compliance and legal proceedings.

Restricted cash represents our requirement to collateralize outstanding letters of credit, certain capital lease obligations, lines of credit related to certain of our corporate credit card programs, as well as certain international treasury exposure. As of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, we had $6.3 million and $7.3 million of restricted cash, respectively.

Credit Facility

On September 26, 2013, we entered into a Credit Agreement (the “Credit Agreement”) with Bank of America, N.A., as the administrative agent and lead lender, and certain other lenders for a five-year revolving credit facility of $100.0 million, which included a $10.0 million sublimit for issuance of standby letters of credit (subsequently reduced to $3.6 million in September 2017), a $10.0 million sublimit for swing line loans and a $10.0 million sublimit for alternative currency lending. The maturity date for the revolving credit facility was September 26, 2018. On January 11, 2018, we voluntarily terminated the Credit Agreement and the Security and Pledge Agreement between the Company and Bank of America, N.A., as administrative agent, and other lenders. At the time of termination, $3.5 million in letters of credit remained outstanding and were cash collateralized. As of September 30, 2018, no letters of credit remain outstanding under the Credit Agreement.

On June 1, 2018, we entered into a Security Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A. to issue standby letters of credit on our behalf. As of September 30, 2018, $3.1 million in letters of credit are outstanding and are cash collateralized under the Security Agreement with Wells Fargo Bank, N.A.

Issuance and Sale of Senior Secured Convertible Notes

On January 16, 2018, we entered into certain agreements with funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard Value LP (collectively, “Starboard”), pursuant to which, among other things, we issued and sold to Starboard $150.0 million in senior secured convertible notes (“Initial Notes”) in exchange for $85.0 million in cash and 2,600,000 shares of the Company's common stock, par value $0.001 per share ("Common Stock"), valued at $65.0 million. We also granted to Starboard an option (the “Notes Option”) to acquire up to an additional $50.0 million in senior secured convertible notes (the “Option Notes” and, together with the Initial Notes, the "Notes"). On May 17, 2018, the Notes Option was exercised by Starboard, whereby we issued and sold to Starboard $50.0 million of Option Notes in exchange for $15.0 million in cash and 1,400,000 shares of Common Stock owned by Starboard, valued at $35.0 million. The Option Notes have the same terms, including maturity, interest rate, convertibility, and security, as the Initial Notes.

The conversion price for the Notes (the “Conversion Price”) is equal to a 30% premium to the volume weighted average trading prices of the Common Stock on each trading day during the ten consecutive trading days commencing on January 16, 2018, subject to a Conversion Price floor of $28.00 per share. In accordance with the foregoing, the Conversion Price was set at $31.29 per share.

The Notes mature on January 16, 2022 (the “Maturity Date”). Based upon the determination of the Conversion Price, interest on the Notes will accrue at 6.0% per year through January 30, 2019. On each of January 30, 2019, January 30, 2020 and February 1, 2021, the interest rate on the Notes will reset, and interest will thereafter accrue at a minimum of 4.0% per year and a maximum of 12.0% per year, based upon the then-applicable conversion premium in accordance with the terms of the Notes. Interest on the Notes is payable, at our option, in cash, or, subject to certain conditions, through the issuance by us of additional shares of Common Stock (the “PIK Interest Shares”). Any PIK Interest Shares so issued will be valued at the arithmetic average of the volume-weighted average trading prices of the Common Stock on each trading day during the ten consecutive trading days ending

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immediately preceding the applicable interest payment date. For additional information on the interest rate reset feature of the Notes, refer to Item 3, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

The Notes contain certain affirmative and restrictive covenants with which we must comply, including (i) covenants with respect to limitations on additional indebtedness, (ii) limitations on liens, (iii) limitations on certain payments, (iv) maintenance of certain minimum cash balances (currently at $20 million) and (v) the timely filing of certain disclosures with the SEC. We are in compliance with the debt covenants as of September 30, 2018. Based on our current plans, we do not currently anticipate any breach of these covenants that would result in an event of default under the Notes. Our liquidity could be negatively affected in the event of a default under the Notes.

On August 8, 2018, we and Starboard amended the Notes in order to provide us with additional financial flexibility. Specifically, through March 31, 2019, the minimum cash balance required to be maintained by us has been reduced from $40.0 million to $20.0 million, subject to certain limitations. In connection with and as consideration for this modification, and pursuant to the amendment, we issued to Starboard $2.0 million in additional aggregate principal amount of senior secured convertible notes, the terms of which are identical to the terms of the Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest thereon shall begin to accrue, which is August 8, 2018. We filed a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC for registration of the shares underlying the Notes, potential PIK Interest Shares, and warrants. The registration statement on Form S-1 was declared effective on October 16, 2018.

We filed a registration statement on Form S-1 with the SEC for registration of the shares underlying the Notes, potential PIK Interest Shares, and warrants issued to Starboard. The registration statement on Form S-1 was declared effective as of October 16, 2018.

Under the agreements with Starboard, we have the right to conduct a rights offering (the "Rights Offering"), which would be open to all of our stockholders, for up to $150.0 million in senior secured convertible notes (the "Rights Offering Notes"). Subject to the terms of the Rights Offering, if undertaken, we would distribute to all of our stockholders' rights to acquire Rights Offering Notes. Stockholders of the Company who elect to participate in the Rights Offering would be allowed to elect to have up to 30% of the Rights Offering Notes they acquire pursuant thereto delivered through the sale to or exchange with the Company of shares of Common Stock, with the per share value thereof equal to the closing price of the Common Stock on the last trading day immediately prior to the commencement of the Rights Offering. The Rights Offering Notes would be substantially similar to the Notes, except, among other things, with respect to: (i) the date from which interest thereon will begin to accrue and the maturity date thereof (which would be four years from the date of issuance of the Rights Offering Notes) and (ii) the conversion price thereof, which would be equal to 130% of the closing price of the Common Stock on the last trading day immediately prior to the commencement of the Rights Offering (subject to a conversion price floor of $28.00 per share). Starboard also agreed to enter into one of more backstop commitment agreements, pursuant to which they would backstop up to $100.0 million in aggregate principal amount of Rights Offering Notes through the purchase of additional Notes, with such backstop obligation reduced by the amount of the Option Notes purchased. We are not obligated to undertake the Rights Offering, and there is no assurance that the Rights Offering will be commenced or completed.

Operating Activities

Our primary source of cash provided by operating activities is revenues generated from sales of our Ratings and Planning, Analytics and Optimization, and Movies Reporting and Analytics products and services. Our primary uses of cash from operating activities include personnel costs, data and infrastructure to develop our products and services and support the anticipated growth in our business and customers using our products. We have also incurred significant professional fees relating to the Audit Committee's investigation, subsequent audit and compliance efforts and related litigation.

Cash used in operating activities is calculated by adjusting our net loss for changes in working capital, as well as to exclude non-cash items such as: depreciation, amortization of intangible assets, stock-based compensation, deferred tax provision, change in the fair value of financing derivatives and equity securities, accretion of debt discount, amortization of deferred financing costs and other.

Net cash used in operating activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $73.9 million compared to net cash used of $27.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in cash used in operating activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was primarily attributable to a $72.7 million increase in payments of our outstanding liabilities, driven by investigation and audit related expenses incurred.

Investing Activities

Cash used in investing activities primarily consists of payments related to purchases of computer network equipment to support our technical infrastructure, furniture and equipment, and capitalized internal-use software costs. The extent of these investments will be affected by our ability to expand relationships with existing customers, grow our customer base and introduce new digital formats.

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Net cash used in investing activities for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $9.6 million compared to net cash provided by investing activities of $7.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. This increase in cash used in investing activities was mainly attributable to costs of $7.4 million to develop internal-use software, offset by a $5.4 million decrease in purchases of property and equipment. In addition, the nine month period ended September 30, 2017 included $15.0 million in cash provided related to the maturity and sale of investments.

Financing Activities

Net cash provided by financing activities during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was $93.8 million compared to net cash used in financing activities of $5.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The change was largely due to the cash proceeds of $100.0 million from the issuance of the Notes. These proceeds were offset by debt issuance costs and the use of $4.7 million of cash to cover minimum statutory withholding taxes due upon the vesting of certain restricted stock and restricted stock unit awards and exercise of stock options.

Contractual Payment Obligations

On May 30, 2018, we entered into an amendment with the landlord of our corporate headquarters, extending the lease term which was scheduled to expire on July 31, 2022. Pursuant to the terms of the extension, the new lease term will begin on August 1, 2022 and will expire on July 31, 2027. Refer to Footnote 9, Commitments and Contingencies.

On June 1, 2018, we entered into a new agreement with a network operator, extending the term of our agreement through December 2023. Refer to Footnote 9, Commitments and Contingencies.

Future Capital Requirements

Our ability to generate cash is subject to our performance, general economic conditions, industry trends and other factors, including expenses from ongoing compliance efforts and related to various legal proceedings. To the extent that our existing cash, cash equivalents, short-term investments, operating cash flow and the proceeds from the 2018 issuance and sale of senior secured convertible notes are insufficient to fund our future activities and requirements, we may need to raise additional funds through public or private equity or debt financing. If we issue additional equity securities in order to raise additional funds, further dilution to existing stockholders may occur. The delayed filing of our periodic reports with the SEC prior to our filing of the 2017 10-K may impair our ability to obtain additional financing and access the capital markets. As a result of our delayed filings, we will not be eligible to register the offer and sale of our securities using a registration statement on Form S-3 until we have timely filed all periodic reports required under the Exchange Act for twelve months.

2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan

Our stockholders approved the 2018 Equity and Incentive Compensation Plan (the "2018 Plan") at our 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders. Under the 2018 Plan, we may grant option rights, appreciation rights, restricted stock, restricted stock units, performance shares and performance units up to 10,650,000 shares of Common Stock. The aggregate number of shares of Common Stock available will be reduced by: (i) one share of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to an award of option rights or appreciation rights granted under the 2018 Plan and (ii) two shares of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to an award other than of option rights or appreciation rights granted under the 2018 Plan. If any award granted under the 2018 Plan (in whole or in part) is canceled or forfeited, expires, is settled for cash, or is unearned, the shares of Common Stock subject to such award will, to the extent of such cancellation, forfeiture, expiration, cash settlement, or unearned amount, again be available at a rate of one share of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to awards of Option Rights or Appreciation rights and two shares of Common Stock for every one share of Common Stock subject to awards other than of Option Rights or Appreciation Rights. Additionally, if, after December 31, 2017, any shares of Common Stock subject to an award granted under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (the "2007 Plan") are forfeited, or an award granted under the 2007 Plan (in whole or in part) is canceled or forfeited, expires, is settled in cash, or is unearned, the shares of Common Stock subject to such award will, to the extent of such cancellation, forfeiture, expiration, cash settlement, or unearned amount, be available for awards under the 2018 Plan at a rate of one share for every one share subject to such award.

On June 5, 2018, our Compensation Committee approved and awarded 2,078,151 restricted stock units under the 2018 Plan to employees, directors and certain consultants that were recommended in 2016, 2017 and 2018. The closing sales price of our Common Stock on Nasdaq on June 5, 2018 was $24.23. Upon the grant of these awards, we recognized $21.1 million in stock-based compensation expense during the second quarter of 2018. Refer to Footnote 7, Stockholders' Equity.

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based RSUs generally vest after three years based on achievement of pre-established revenue and adjusted EBITDA goals. Refer to Footnote 7, Stockholders' Equity.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We have no off-balance sheet arrangements (as defined in Item 303 of Regulation S-K) other than operating lease obligations and other purchase obligations.

Critical Accounting Policies

Our discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations are based on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the U.S. ("GAAP"). The preparation of these financial statements requires us to make estimates, assumptions and judgments that affect the amounts reported in our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements and the accompanying Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements. We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that we believe to be reasonable under the circumstances. Actual results may differ from these estimates.

Our critical accounting policies are those that are both material to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most subjective and complex judgments. Other than our accounting policy for revenue recognition, which was updated as a result of the adoption of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, there have been no material changes to our existing critical accounting policies during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 from those disclosed in our 2017 10-K. Refer below to the discussion of our current revenue recognition accounting policy.

Revenue Recognition

We apply the provisions of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers and all related appropriate guidance. We recognize revenue under the core principle of depicting the transfer of promised goods and services to our customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. In order to achieve that core principle, we apply the following five-step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.

Our contracts with customers may include multiple promised goods and services, consisting of the various services the Company offers. Contracts with multiple performance obligations typically consist of a mix of subscriptions to online products, our online database and custom products and services. At contract inception, we identify performance obligations by evaluating whether the promised goods and services are capable of being distinct within the context of the contract. Promised goods and services that are not distinct are combined until the combined bundle of goods and services is distinct.

In general, transaction price is determined by estimating the fixed amount of consideration to which the Company is entitled to for transfer of goods and services and all relevant sources and components of variable consideration. Variable consideration is estimated based on the most likely amount or expected value approach. Once we select a method to estimate variable consideration for a particular type of performance obligation, we will apply that method consistently. We will constrain estimates of variable consideration only to the extent that it is probable that significant reversal in the amount of cumulative revenue recognized will not occur.

Significant judgment is required to determine the stand-alone selling price (“SSP") for each performance obligation. We allocate transaction price to each performance obligation based on relative SSP.

For the majority of our products and services, we apply an adjusted market assessment approach for the determination of SSP for identified performance obligations. In general, we bundle multiple products and very few are sold on a standalone basis. We use rate cards and pricing calculators that are periodically reviewed and updated to reflect the latest sales data and observable inputs by industry, channel, geography, customer size, and other relevant groupings. Certain products are sold on a standalone basis in a narrow band of prices. If a product is sold outside of the narrow band of prices, it will be assigned the midpoint of the narrow band for purposes of allocating transaction price on a relative SSP basis.

We recognize revenue when (or as) we satisfy a performance obligation by transferring promised goods or services to a customer. Customers may obtain the control of promised goods or services over time or at a point in time.

We enter into a limited number of monetary contracts that involve both the purchase and sale of services with a single counterparty. We assess each contract to determine if the revenue and expense should be presented gross or net. We recognize revenue for these contracts to the extent that SSP is established for distinct services provided. Any excess consideration above the established standalone selling price of services is presented as an offset to cost of revenues in the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations and Comprehensive Loss.

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Refer to Footnote 2, Summary of Significant Accounting Policies for the impact of adopting Topic 606 on our Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements for the period ended September 30, 2018.

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ITEM 3.	QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK

Market risk represents the risk of loss that may impact our financial position due to adverse changes in financial market prices and rates. We hold equity securities and derivative financial instruments which are subject to market risk.

Interest rate risk

We are subject to interest rate risk as a result of having $202.0 million aggregate principal amount of Notes outstanding, which are convertible into shares of Common Stock at a conversion price of $31.29 per share (the "Conversion Price"). The interest rate on the Notes is currently 6.0% per year and resets at each of January 30, 2019, January 30, 2020 and February 1, 2021 (each an "Interest Reset Date"), based on the then-applicable Conversion Premium which is calculated by dividing the Conversion Price by the arithmetic average of the volume-weighted average trading prices of our Common Stock on each of the ten consecutive trading days immediately preceding the applicable Interest Reset Date (the "VWAP"). The interest rate is then determined in accordance with the table below:



If the Conversion Premium (as of the applicable Interest Reset Date) is:		Then the Interest Rate from the applicable Interest Reset Date until the next subsequent Interest Reset Date shall be:
1.0 or less		4.0%
1.05		4.3%
1.10		4.7%
1.15		5.0%
1.20		5.3%
1.25		5.7%
1.30		6.0%
1.35		8.0%
1.40		10.0%
1.45 or higher		12.0%

If the Conversion Premium is between two Conversion Premium amounts in the table above, the interest rate is determined by straight-line interpolation between the interest rates for the higher and lower Conversion Premium amounts.

The interest reset feature of the Notes increases the risk that interest charges could increase materially. Based on the $202.0 million aggregate principal Notes outstanding, each 1.0% increase in the interest rate on the Notes would increase our annual interest expense by $2.0 million. As of September 30, 2018, the VWAP of our Common Stock for the immediately preceding ten consecutive trading days was $19.76, which would equate to a 1.58 Conversion Premium and, accordingly, would result in a 12.0% annual interest rate on the outstanding Notes if September 30, 2018 were an Interest Reset Date. An interest rate increase from 6.0% to 12.0% would result in an approximately $12.1 million increase in interest expense over the next twelve months and, assuming that the interest rate remained at 12.0% for each successive Interest Reset Date, approximately $40.5 million through the maturity date of the Notes, which is January 16, 2022. As discussed in Footnote 3, Long-term Debt, we have the ability, subject to certain conditions, to pay interest on the Notes through the issuance of PIK Interest Shares.

Derivative financial instruments

As described below, the interest reset feature and the change of control conversion premium feature of the Notes represent complex derivative financial instruments. These derivatives are not considered hedging instruments. We engage third party experts to assist management in determining the fair value of our derivative financial instruments and to perform review procedures over the models and assumptions used to determine the fair value of these derivative financial instruments. For additional information on the determination of fair value, including the assumptions used in those determinations, refer to Footnote 3, Long-term Debt and Footnote 4, Fair Value Measurements. As of September 30, 2018, the fair value of our outstanding derivative financial instruments of $21.8 million was recorded as financing derivatives within the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets.

The fair value of our interest rate reset derivative liability relates to the interest rate reset feature of the Notes. Changes in the fair market value of the interest rate reset derivative liability are primarily driven by changes in the price and volatility of a share of our Common Stock. Generally, as our stock price decreases, the fair value of the derivative liability will increase, although not in

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a linear relationship. Similar to an option, over time, and at each of the Interest Reset Dates, the value of the interest rate reset derivative liability will decrease as the time to maturity shortens and each Interest Reset Date passes.

The fair value of our change of control derivative liability relates to a change of control conversion premium feature of the Notes whereby, upon the occurrence of certain change of control transactions, a Note holder would have the right to require the Company to redeem all or any portion of such holder’s outstanding Notes for cash at a price determined in accordance with the terms of the Notes. Generally, as our stock price decreases, the fair value of the derivative liability will increase, although not in a linear relationship. Over time, the value of the change of control derivative liability will decrease based on the previously disclosed make-whole change of control premium multiplier table.

For discussion of our market risk associated with foreign currency risk, refer to Item 7A, "Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk" within the 2017 10-K.

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ITEM 4.	CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation and supervision of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, is responsible for our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"). Disclosure controls and procedures are controls and other procedures that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified under SEC rules and forms. Disclosure controls and procedures include controls and procedures designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Our management, including our principal executive officer and our principal financial officer, carried out an evaluation of the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of September 30, 2018. Based on this evaluation, our management concluded that as of September 30, 2018, these disclosure controls and procedures were not effective at the reasonable assurance level as a result of the material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting, which are described in Item 9A, "Controls and Procedures" of our 2017 10-K.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Under applicable SEC rules (Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(d) and 15d-15(d)) management is required to evaluate, with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, any changes in internal control over financial reporting that occurred during each fiscal quarter that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting. Other than as disclosed under “Remediation Efforts to Address Material Weaknesses in Internal Control over Financial Reporting” below, there were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting during our most recent fiscal quarter that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Remediation Efforts to Address Material Weaknesses in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

As discussed in Item 9A, "Controls and Procedures" of the 2017 10-K, we identified material weaknesses in the areas of revenue accounting, business combinations & significant asset acquisitions, financial close & reporting, and tax accounting.

Revenue Accounting

During 2017 and through the first nine months of 2018, in order to strengthen the internal controls with respect to our revenue accounting, we have:


•	Designed and implemented compensating controls to mitigate the risk of material misstatement related to revenue that exists due to our revenue contract complexity and dependency on manual processes, multiple accounting systems, and technologies that require modernization;


•	Designed and implemented controls to facilitate timely and accurate accounting for contracts in our international operations;


•	Improved accounting processes in-country, including consolidation of third-party accounting services, clarification of in-country roles and responsibilities, and headquarters-level oversight and review of financial information and reconciliations;


•	Increased the number of staff and level of expertise in the revenue and technical accounting groups;


•	Implemented enhanced training on policies, procedures, controls, and products for revenue accounting and technical staff; and


•	Transitioned revenue accounting functions that were previously performed by consultants to our internal accounting teams.

Business Combinations and Significant Asset Acquisitions

During 2018, in order to strengthen the internal controls with respect to a potential business combination or significant asset acquisition, we have:


•	Developed a new and enhanced policy for accounting for business combinations;


•	Adopted a reservation of authority policy requiring Board of Directors approval for any business combinations or significant asset acquisitions; and

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•	Performed an assessment of the finance department's technical accounting competencies and capabilities to evaluate and properly account for a proposed business combination or asset acquisition, including evaluation of key assumptions in forecasts to support the value for any business combinations and asset acquisitions.

We believe the design of our controls and staff technical expertise over business combinations and asset acquisitions effectively mitigate the risks of material misstatements in this area.

Financial Close and Reporting

During 2017 and through the first nine months of 2018, in order to strengthen the internal controls with respect to our financial close and reporting processes, we have:


•	Designed and implemented controls to mitigate risks associated with manual processes and complex accounting transactions;


•	Increased the number, experience level and skills of the personnel involved in our general ledger and financial reporting functions through hiring and improved training programs;


•	Aligned our team and closing processes to reduce the amount of time it takes to complete the close cycle;


•	Added additional corporate level reviews of our financial results within both domestic and international subsidiaries, including more robust analysis of fluctuations, to improve our ability to review, understand and analyze our financial results, trends and key performance metrics;


•	Enhanced and strengthened our documentation and review procedures relating to our key account reconciliations, including additional supervisory controls;


•	Developed a responsibility matrix to facilitate oversight and responsibility over the financial close, and increased communication of accountability; and


•	Transitioned to our internal accounting teams close processes and procedures that were previously performed by outside parties.

Tax Accounting

During 2017 and through the first nine months of 2018, in order to strengthen the internal controls with respect to our tax accounting, we have:


•	Designed and implemented new quarterly and annual control processes over our tax positions and processes;


•	Hired additional tax personnel to facilitate timely execution of controls; and


•	Engaged an external accounting firm to provide an additional layer of review over our tax reporting process, including the review of our quarterly and annual income tax provision calculations as well as our annual U.S. federal and material state income tax returns.

We will continue to evaluate the results of our control assessments and testing procedures to determine whether the new controls have been designed appropriately, are operating effectively, and whether the material weaknesses described in Item 9A, "Controls and Procedures" of the 2017 10-K have been remediated. We expect that our remediation efforts will continue through 2018, with the goal to remediate all material weaknesses by year-end 2018.

Inherent Limitation on the Effectiveness of Internal Controls

The effectiveness of any system of internal control over financial reporting is subject to inherent limitations, including the exercise of judgment in designing, implementing, operating, and evaluating the controls and procedures, and the inability to eliminate misconduct completely. Accordingly, any system of internal control over financial reporting can only provide reasonable, not absolute, assurances. In addition, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate. We intend to continue to monitor and upgrade our internal controls as necessary or appropriate for our business, but cannot assure that such improvements will be sufficient to provide us with effective internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION



ITEM 1.	LEGAL PROCEEDINGS

For a discussion of material legal proceedings in which we are involved, please refer to Footnote 9, Commitments and Contingencies of the Notes to Condensed Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part I, Item 1 of this 10-Q, which is incorporated herein by reference.



ITEM 1A.	RISK FACTORS

An investment in our Common Stock involves a substantial risk of loss. In addition to the information in this report, you should carefully consider the risks discussed below and in Item 1A "Risk Factors" of our 2017 10-K. The risks identified below and in our 2017 10-K could materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results. In that case, the trading price of our Common Stock could decline, and you may lose part or all of your investment. The risks described below and in our 2017 10-K are not the only risks we face. Additional risks and uncertainties not currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial also may materially and adversely affect our business, financial condition and operating results, and may result in the loss of part or all of your investment.

We have identified deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting which resulted in material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting and have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2017 and our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2018. If we fail to properly remediate these or any future material weaknesses or deficiencies or to maintain proper and effective internal controls, further material misstatements in our financial statements could occur and impair our ability to produce accurate and timely financial statements and could adversely affect investor confidence in our financial reports, which could negatively affect our business.

We have concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was not effective as of December 31, 2017 due to the existence of material weaknesses in such controls, and we have also concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were not effective as of September 30, 2018 due to material weaknesses in our control over financial reporting, all as described in Item 9A, "Controls and Procedures," of the 2017 10-K and Item 4, "Controls and Procedures" of this report. While we initiated meaningful remediation efforts during 2016 and 2017 and have continued to make progress in 2018 to address the identified weaknesses, we were not able to fully remediate our material weaknesses in internal controls as of September 30, 2018, and we cannot provide assurance that our remediation efforts will be adequate to allow us to conclude that such controls will be effective as of December 31, 2018. We also cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not arise or be identified in the future. We intend to continue our control remediation activities and to continue to improve our operational, information technology, financial systems, and infrastructure procedures and controls, as well as to continue to expand, train, retain and manage our personnel who are essential to effective internal controls. In doing so, we will continue to incur expenses and expend management time.

If our remediation measures are insufficient to address the identified deficiencies, or if additional deficiencies in our internal control over financial reporting are discovered or occur in the future, our consolidated financial statements may contain material misstatements and we could be required to restate our financial results. Moreover, because of the inherent limitations of any control system, material misstatements due to error or fraud may not be prevented or detected on a timely basis, or at all. If we are unable to provide reliable and timely financial reports in the future, our business and reputation may be further harmed. Restated financial statements and failures in internal controls may also cause us to fail to meet reporting obligations, negatively affect investor confidence in our management and the accuracy of our financial statements and disclosures, or result in adverse publicity and concerns from investors, any of which could have a negative effect on the price of our common stock, subject us to further regulatory investigations and penalties or shareholder litigation, and materially adversely impact our business and financial condition.

The filing of our 2017 10-K may not make us "current" in our Exchange Act filing obligations, which means we retain certain potential liability and may not be eligible to use certain forms or rely on certain rules of the SEC.

On March 23, 2018, we filed the 2017 10-K, which constituted a "comprehensive" Annual Report on Form 10-K, or "Super 10-K", and contains our audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2017 and 2016 and the related audited consolidated

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statements of operations and comprehensive loss, stockholders' equity and cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, along with selected unaudited condensed consolidated financial data for the years ended December 31, 2014 (restated) and 2013 (restated). Concurrently with filing our 2017 10-K, we filed unaudited quarterly and year to date condensed consolidated financial statements and quarterly reports for each of the quarters ended March 31, June 30, and September 30, 2017 (collectively, the "2017 10-Qs"). We followed previously issued guidance from the staff of the SEC's Division of Corporation Finance (the "Staff") with respect to filing a comprehensive annual report on Form 10-K where issuers have been delinquent in meeting their periodic reporting requirements with the SEC. In accordance with such guidance, our filing of the 2017 10-K does not necessarily mean that the Staff will conclude that the Company has complied with all applicable financial statement requirements or complied with all reporting requirements of the Exchange Act, nor does it foreclose any enforcement action by the SEC with respect to the Company's disclosure, filings or failures to file reports under the Exchange Act. We have not amended, and do not intend to amend, our previously filed Annual Reports on Form 10-K or Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q for the periods affected by the restatements of our consolidated financial statements. We also do not intend to file separate Annual Reports on Form 10-K for the years ended December 31, 2015 and December 31, 2016 or Quarterly Reports for the 2016 interim periods. Without the missing reports, investors may not be able to review certain financial and other disclosures that would have been contained in those reports. We have been current in our periodic reporting requirements since the filing of the 2017 10-K.

On August 15, 2018, the Company received a comment letter from the Staff. The comments were issued with respect to the Staff's review of the 2017 10-K, and related to our interpretation of the previously issued guidance from the Staff with respect to filing a comprehensive annual report on Form 10-K, such as the 2017 10-K, and our decision not to file separate annual reports on Form 10-K for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2016, or to amend the previously filed quarterly reports on Form 10-Q for the quarters ended March 31, June 30 and September 30, 2015. The Company submitted a written response to the Staff's comment letter on August 29, 2018 and has been engaged in subsequent communications with respect to the comments, which have not yet been resolved. As of the date of filing of this report, the Staff continues to review the Company's responses and, therefore, the comments remain unresolved.

The interest rate reset feature of our Notes subjects us to interest rate risk, which could cause our debt service obligations to increase.

We are subject to interest rate risk as a result of the interest rate reset feature of our $202.0 million aggregate principal amount of Notes outstanding. The interest rate on our Notes is currently 6.0% per year and resets at each of January 30, 2019, January 30, 2020 and February 1, 2021 (each an "Interest Reset Date"), based on the then-applicable conversion premium, which is calculated by dividing the conversion price of the Notes (set at $31.29) by the arithmetic average of the volume-weighted average trading prices of our Common Stock on each of the ten consecutive trading days immediately preceding the applicable Interest Reset Date (the "VWAP"). Generally, as the conversion premium increases, the interest rate increases, and as the conversion premium decreases, the interest rate decreases. We have the ability, subject to certain conditions, to pay interest on the Notes through the issuance of PIK Interest Shares rather than cash. If the interest rate on our Notes increases and we elect to pay interest in cash, our interest expense will increase and our net income and cash flow will be negatively affected, which could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, financial condition and results of operations.

Based on the $202.0 million aggregate principal amount of Notes outstanding, each 1.0% increase in the interest rate on the Notes would increase our annual interest expense by $2.0 million. As of September 30, 2018, the VWAP of our Common Stock for the immediately preceding ten consecutive trading days was $19.76, which would equate to a 1.58 conversion premium and, accordingly, would result in a 12.0% interest rate on the Notes if September 30, 2018 were an Interest Reset Date. An interest rate increase from 6.0% to 12.0% would result in an approximately $12.1 million increase in interest expense over the next twelve months and, assuming that the interest rate remained at 12.0% for each successive Interest Reset Date, approximately $40.5 million through the maturity date of the Notes, which is January 16, 2022. We are unable to forecast with any certainty the conversion premium as of the next Interest Reset Date and as a result, there can be no assurances that the interest rate on the Notes will increase, decrease, or remain at its current rate.

We depend on third parties for data that is critical to our business, and our business could suffer if we cannot continue to obtain reliable data from these suppliers or if third parties place additional restrictions on our use of such data.

We rely on third-party data sources for information usage across the media platforms that we measure, as well as demographics about the people that use such platforms. The availability and accuracy of this data is important to the continuation and development of our products and the performance of our obligations to customers. These suppliers of data may increase restrictions on our use of such data, fail to adhere to our quality control standards or otherwise satisfactorily perform services, increase the price they charge us for the data or refuse to license the data to us. Additional restrictions on third-party data could limit our ability to include that data in certain products, which could lead to decreased commercial opportunities for certain products as well as loss of

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customers, sales credits, refunds or liability to our customers. To comply with any additional restrictions, we may be required to implement certain additional technological and manual controls that could put pressure on our cost structure and could affect our pricing. Supplier consolidation and increased pricing for additional use cases could also put pressure on our cost structure and our ability to meet obligations to our customers. We may be required to enter into vendor relationships, strategic alliances, or joint ventures with some third parties in order to obtain access to the data sources that we need. If our partners do not apply rigorous standards to their data collection methodology and actions, notwithstanding our best efforts, we may receive third-party data that is inaccurate, defective, or delayed. If third-party information is not available to us on commercially reasonable terms, or is found to be inaccurate, it could harm our products, our reputation, and our business and financial performance.

Domestic or foreign laws, regulations or enforcement actions may limit our ability to collect and incorporate media usage information in our products, which may decrease their value and cause an adverse impact on our business and financial results.

Our business could be adversely impacted by existing or future laws, regulations or actions by domestic or foreign regulatory agencies. For example, privacy, data protection and personal information, intellectual property, advertising, data security, data retention and deletion, protection of minors, consumer protection, economic or other trade prohibitions or sanctions concerns could lead to legislative, judicial and regulatory limitations on our ability to collect, maintain and use information about consumers’ behavior or media consumption in the U.S. and abroad. State and federal laws within the U.S. and foreign laws and regulations are varied, and at times conflicting, resulting in higher risk related to compliance. A number of new laws coming into effect and/or proposals pending before federal, state and foreign legislative and regulatory bodies will likely affect our business. For example, the European Union’s ("EU") General Data Protection Regulation ("GDPR") became effective in May 2018, imposing more stringent EU data protection requirements and providing for greater penalties for noncompliance. Additionally, the European Commission continues to evaluate changes to the ePrivacy Regulation, a companion regulation to GDPR that will likely have a significant impact on our solutions. As another example, the State of California recently enacted the California Consumer Privacy Act ("CCPA"), which will be effective in January 2020. The CCPA expands the scope of what is considered “personal information” and creates new data access and opt-out rights for consumers, which will likely create new requirements for Comscore and other companies that operate in California. These U.S. federal and state and foreign laws and regulations, which in some cases can be enforced by private parties in addition to government entities, are constantly evolving and can be subject to significant change.

We have implemented policies and procedures to comply with the GDPR and other laws, and we continue to evaluate and implement processes and enhancements. However, the application, interpretation, and enforcement of these laws and regulations are often uncertain, particularly in the new and rapidly evolving industry in which we operate, and may be interpreted and applied inconsistently from country to country and inconsistently with our current policies and practices. Additionally, the costs of compliance with, and the other burdens imposed by, these and other laws or regulatory actions may prevent us from selling our products or increase the costs associated with selling our products, and may affect our ability to invest in or jointly develop products in the U.S. and in foreign jurisdictions. In addition, failure to comply with these and other laws and regulations may result in, among other things, administrative enforcement actions and significant fines, class action lawsuits and civil and criminal liability. Any regulatory or civil action that is brought against us, even if unsuccessful, may distract our management’s attention, divert our resources, negatively affect our public image or reputation among our panelists and customers and harm our business.

The issuance of shares of Common Stock upon conversion of, or payment of interest on, our senior secured convertible notes and the exercise of warrants to purchase our Common Stock could substantially dilute your investment and could impede our ability to obtain additional financing.

Our senior secured convertible notes ("Notes") are convertible into, and our warrants are exercisable for, shares of our Common Stock and give such holders thereof an opportunity to profit from a rise in the market price of our Common Stock such that conversion or exercise thereof will result in dilution of the equity interests of our stockholders. Further, the issuance of shares of our Common Stock, at our election, in lieu of cash, in payment of interest on the Notes, would result in dilution of the equity interests of our other stockholders. We have no control over whether the holders of Notes and warrants will exercise their right, in whole or in part, to convert their Notes or exercise their warrants. For these reasons, we are unable to forecast or predict with any certainty the total number of shares of Common Stock that may be issued under the Notes and warrants. The existence and potentially dilutive impact of the Notes and our warrants may prevent us from obtaining additional financing in the future on acceptable terms, or at all.

The terms of our Notes, our warrants and our registration rights agreement with certain investors could impede our ability to enter into corporate transactions or obtain additional financing and could result in our paying premiums or penalties to the holders of the Notes and warrants.

The terms of our Notes and our warrants require us, upon the consummation of any “Fundamental Transaction” (as defined in the Notes), to cause any successor entity resulting from such Fundamental Transaction to assume all of our obligations under the Notes

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and warrants and the associated transaction documents. Further, the terms of the Notes and the warrants could impede our ability to enter into certain transactions or obtain additional financing in the future.

The Notes and the warrants require us to deliver the number of shares of our Common Stock issuable upon conversion or exercise within a specified time period. If we are unable to deliver the shares of Common Stock within the timeframe required, we may be obligated to reimburse the holders for the cost of purchasing the shares of our Common Stock in the open market or pay them the profit they would have realized upon the conversion or exercise and sale of such shares.

Our registration rights agreement with certain funds affiliated with or managed by Starboard Value LP (collectively, “Starboard”) provides that in the event that (i) an initial registration or any subsequent registration statement fails to register the minimum number of shares of Common Stock required under the Starboard registration rights agreement, (ii) we do not file a registration statement required to be filed under the Starboard registration rights agreement within the prescribed time period, (iii) the SEC has not declared effective a registration statement required to be filed under the Starboard registration rights agreement within the prescribed time period, or (iv) a registration statement required to be filed under the Starboard registration rights agreement ceases to be effective and available to the selling stockholders party thereto under certain circumstances, we must pay to the selling stockholders on the 121^st day after the occurrence of each such event and on every 30th day thereafter until the applicable event is cured, an amount in cash equal to 1.0% of the Conversion Amount (as defined in the Notes), subject to a maximum of 3% of the aggregate principal amount outstanding under the Notes for any 30-day period.

The payments we may be obligated to make to the holders of the Notes and our warrants described above may adversely affect our financial condition, liquidity and results of operations.

We may be obligated to redeem our Notes at a premium upon the occurrence of an Event of Default (as defined in the Notes) or a Change of Control (as defined in the Notes).

If we fail to comply with the various covenants in our Notes, including the financial covenants, we could be in default. Upon an Event of Default under the Notes, we could be required to redeem the Notes at a premium. In addition, upon the occurrence of specific kinds of Change of Control events, we will be required to offer to redeem the Notes at a premium as set out in the Notes.

In either event, the source of funds for any such redemption would be our available cash or, possibly, other financing. We may not be able to redeem the Notes pursuant to the terms thereof because we may not have the financial resources to do so, and no assurances can be provided as to our ability to obtain other requisite financing in amounts, or at times, as may be needed. Our failure to repurchase the Notes upon a Change of Control in accordance with the terms thereof would also result in an Event of Default under the Notes. In the event the holders of the Notes exercised their rights thereunder and we were unable to redeem the Notes, it could have important consequences including, potentially, forcing us into bankruptcy or liquidation.



ITEM 2.	UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS

(a) Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities during the Three Months Ended September 30, 2018

As described in Footnote 3, Long-term Debt, on January 16, 2018, we entered into certain agreements with Starboard, pursuant to which, among other things, we issued and sold to Starboard $150.0 million of senior secured convertible notes in exchange for $85.0 million in cash and 2,600,000 shares of Common Stock valued at $65.0 million. In addition, under the agreements, we granted to Starboard an option (the "Notes Option") to purchase up to an additional $50.0 million of senior secured convertible notes (the "Option Notes," and together with the Initial Notes, the "Notes") and agreed to grant Starboard warrants to purchase 250,000 shares of Common Stock. On May 17, 2018, we issued and sold to Starboard $50.0 million in Option Notes in exchange for $15.0 million in cash and 1,400,000 shares of Common Stock valued at $35.0 million, pursuant to Starboard's exercise in full of the Notes Option.

On August 8, 2018, we and Starboard entered into an amendment to the terms of the outstanding senior secured convertible notes to reduce the requirement thereunder to maintain certain minimum cash balances. In connection with, and as consideration for, this modification we issued to Starboard $2.0 million of additional senior secured convertible notes, the terms of which are identical to the Notes, except with regard to the date from which interest thereon shall begin to accrue, which is August 8, 2018. As a result, as of September 30, 2018, there were $202.0 million of senior secured convertible notes outstanding.

These transactions were effected under a private placement exemption for accredited investors, pursuant to Regulation D under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended. For additional information, including the terms of conversion or exercise of the securities sold to Starboard, refer to Footnote 3, Long-term Debt.

(b) Use of Proceeds from Sale of Registered Equity Securities

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None.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we repurchased or withheld shares of Common Stock in connection with the following:


i.	Shares withheld to satisfy minimum statutory withholding tax obligations due upon the vesting of certain restricted stock units and exercise of certain stock options, which shares were valued at the then current fair market value of the shares.



	Total Number of Shares Purchased or Withheld		Average Price Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs ⁽¹⁾	Maximum Number (or Approximate Dollar Value) of Shares that May Yet Be Repurchased Under the Plans or Programs ⁽¹⁾
July 1 - July 31, 2018	141	⁽²⁾	$	20.61	—	$	—
August 1 - August 31, 2018	2,691	⁽²⁾	18.99		—	—
September 1 - September 30, 2018	14,796	⁽²⁾	19.69		—	—
Total	17,628		$	19.59	—	$	—


⁽¹⁾	During the three months ended September 30, 2018, there were no shares purchased pursuant to our share repurchase programs. On March 5, 2016, our Board of Directors suspended the share repurchase program indefinitely.


⁽²⁾	Shares withheld to cover minimum statutory withholding taxes due upon the vesting of certain restricted stock units and exercise of certain stock options. For restricted stock units and stock options, these amounts do not represent issued shares.



ITEM 3.	DEFAULTS UPON SENIOR SECURITIES

Not applicable.



ITEM 4.	MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES

Not applicable.



ITEM 5.	OTHER INFORMATION

Not Applicable.

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ITEM 6.	EXHIBITS



Exhibit No.		Exhibit Document

4.1		Form of Warrant (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 4.2 to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed January 16, 2018) (File No. 001-33520)

10.1		Second Amendment to Senior Secured Convertible Notes, dated as of August 8, 2018, by and between comScore, Inc. and each of the investors listed on the signature pages attached thereto (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed August 9, 2018) (File No. 001-33520)

10.2*		Form of Performance Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement for CEO/President

10.3*		Form of Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement for CEO/President

10.4*		Form of Performance Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement for Employees

10.5*		Form of Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement for Employees

10.6*		Form of Restricted Stock Units Award Agreement for President (Sign-On Award)

10.7*		Employment Agreement, dated September 4, 2018, by and between comScore, Inc. and Sarah Hofstetter (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.1 to the Registrant’s Current Report on Form 8-K, filed September 10, 2018) (File No. 001-33520)

10.8*		Form of Change of Control and Severance Agreement (CFO) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 10, 2018) (File No. 001-33520)

10.9*		Form of Change of Control and Severance Agreement (Other Executive Officers) (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to the Registrant's Current Report on Form 8-K, filed on September 10, 2018) (File No. 001-33520)

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Exhibit No.		Exhibit Document
31.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1		Certification of Principal Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2		Certification of Principal Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101.1		XBRL Instance Document

101.2		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

101.3		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

101.4		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

101.5		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

101.6		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

	*	Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement.

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SIGNATURE

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



	COMSCORE, INC.

	By:	/s/ Gregory A. Fink
		Gregory A. Fink
		Chief Financial Officer and Treasurer
		(Principal Financial Officer, Principal Accounting Officer and Duly Authorized Officer)

November 8, 2018

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