UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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Form 10-K

 

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HCP, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

 

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Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant; (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).  Yes ☒  No ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (check one):

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Act.) Yes ☐ No ☒

State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter: $16.7 billion.

As of January 30, 2015 there were 460,763,248 shares of common stock outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the definitive Proxy Statement for the registrant’s 2015 Annual Meeting of Stockholders have been incorporated by reference into Part III of this Report.

 

 

 

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HCP, Inc.

Form 10-K

For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2014

Table of Contents

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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All references in this report to “HCP,” the “Company,” “we,” “us” or “our” mean HCP, Inc., together with its consolidated subsidiaries. Unless the context suggests otherwise, references to “HCP, Inc.” mean the parent company without its subsidiaries.

Cautionary Language Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

Statements in this Annual Report on Form 10-K that are not historical factual statements are “forward-looking statements.”  We intend to have our forward-looking statements covered by the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and include this statement for purposes of complying with those provisions. Forward-looking statements include, among other things, statements regarding our and our officers’ intent, belief or expectation as identified by the use of words such as “may,” “will,” “project,” “expect,” “believe,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “seek,” “forecast,” “plan,” “potential,” “estimate,” “could,” “would,” “should” and other comparable and derivative terms or the negatives thereof.  Any such forward-looking statements reflect our current expectations and views about future events and are subject to a number of risks and uncertainties that could significantly affect the Company’s future financial condition and results of operations. While forward-looking statements reflect our good faith belief and reasonable assumptions based upon current information, we can give no assurance that our expectations or forecasts will be attained. Further, we cannot guarantee the accuracy of any such forward-looking statement contained in this Annual Report, and such forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that are difficult to predict. As more fully set forth under “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report, risks and uncertainties that may cause our actual results to differ materially from the expectations contained in the forward-looking statements include, among other things:

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

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We do not undertake, and hereby disclaim, any obligation to update any forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date on which they are made.

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PART I

ITEM 1.    Business

General Overview

HCP, an S&P 500 company, invests primarily in real estate serving the healthcare industry in the United States. We are a Maryland corporation organized in 1985 and qualify as a self-administered real estate investment trust (“REIT”). We are headquartered in Irvine, California, with offices in Nashville, Los Angeles, San Francisco and London. Our diverse portfolio is comprised of investments in the following healthcare segments: (i) senior housing, (ii) post-acute/skilled nursing, (iii) life science, (iv) medical office and (v) hospital.

Portfolio Summary: At December 31, 2014, we managed $24.3 billion of investments in our Owned Portfolio and Unconsolidated Joint Ventures and owned $483 million of assets under Development and Redevelopment.

Owned Portfolio. At December 31, 2014, our leases, operating properties and debt investments in our owned portfolio consisted of the following (square feet and dollars in thousands):

 

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Unconsolidated Joint Ventures.  At December 31, 2014, we had interests in significant unconsolidated joint ventures representing 88 properties with an aggregate investment of $2.2 billion primarily in our senior housing, life science and medical office segments.

Developments and Redevelopments.  At December 31, 2014, we had an aggregate investment of $483 million in assets under development, redevelopment and land held for future development, which are primarily in our life science and medical office segments.

For a description of our significant activities during 2014, see Item 7 in this report.

 

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Business Strategy

We invest and manage our real estate portfolio for the long-term to maximize the benefit to our shareholders and support the growth of our dividends. The core elements of our strategy are: (i) to acquire, develop, lease, own and manage a diversified portfolio of quality healthcare properties across multiple business segments and geographic locations (including Europe); (ii) to align ourselves with leading healthcare companies, operators and service providers, which over the long-term should result in higher relative rental rates, net operating cash flows and appreciation of property values; (iii) to concentrate on longer-term escalating triple-net leases with high-quality tenants, while using RIDEA structures for properties that have higher growth potential; (iv) to maintain adequate liquidity with long-term fixed rate debt financing with staggered maturities, which supports the longer-term nature of our investments, while reducing our exposure to interest rate volatility and refinancing risk at any point in the interest rate or credit cycles; and (v) to continue to manage our balance sheet with a targeted financial leverage of 40% relative to our assets.

Internal Growth Strategies

We believe that our longer-term escalating triple-net leases with financially strong tenants and operators enhance the quality, stability and growth of our rental income. Further, we believe many of our existing properties hold the potential for increased future cash flows as they are of high quality and in desirable locations within markets where the creation of new supply is limited by the lack of available sites and the difficulty of obtaining the necessary licensing, other approvals and/or financing. Our strategy for maximizing the benefits from these opportunities is to: (i) work with new or existing tenants and operators to address their space and capital needs and (ii) provide high-quality property management services in order to motivate tenants to renew, expand or relocate into our properties.

We expect to continue our internal growth as a result of our ability to:  

Investment Strategies

The delivery of healthcare services requires real estate and, as a result, tenants and operators depend on real estate, in part, to maintain and grow their businesses. We believe that the healthcare real estate market provides investment opportunities due to the: (i) compelling demographics driving the demand for healthcare services; (ii) specialized nature of healthcare real estate investing; and (iii) ongoing consolidation of the fragmented healthcare real estate sector.

While we emphasize healthcare real estate ownership, we may also provide real estate secured financing to, or invest in equity or debt securities of, healthcare operators or other entities engaged in healthcare real estate ownership. We may also acquire all or substantially all of the securities or assets of other REITs, operating companies or similar entities where such investments would be consistent with our investment strategies. We may co-invest alongside institutional or development investors through partnerships or limited liability companies.

We monitor, but do not limit, our investments based on the percentage of our total assets that may be invested in any one property type, investment vehicle or geographic location, the number of properties that may be leased to a single tenant or operator, or loans that may be made to a single borrower. In allocating capital to our multiple segments, we target

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opportunities with the most attractive risk/reward profile for our portfolio as a whole. We may take additional measures to mitigate risk, including diversifying our investments (by sector, geography, tenant or operator), structuring transactions as master leases, requiring tenant or operator insurance and indemnifications, and obtaining credit enhancements in the form of guarantees, letters of credit or security deposits.

We believe we are well positioned to achieve external growth through acquisitions, financing and development. Other factors that contribute to our competitive position include:  

 

Financing Strategies

Because our REIT qualification requires us to distribute at least 90% of our REIT taxable income (excluding net capital gains), we regularly access the public equity and debt markets to raise the funds necessary to finance acquisitions and debt investments, develop and redevelop properties, and refinance maturing debt. 

We may finance acquisitions and other investments through the following vehicles:

We maintain a disciplined balance sheet by actively managing our debt to equity levels and maintaining multiple sources of liquidity, such as our revolving line of credit facility, access to capital markets and secured debt lenders, relationships with current and prospective institutional joint venture partners, and our ability to divest of assets. Our debt obligations are primarily long-term fixed rate with staggered maturities, which reduces the impact of rising interest rates on our operations.

We finance our investments based on our evaluation of available sources of funding. For short-term purposes, we may utilize our revolving line of credit facility or arrange for other short-term borrowings from banks or other sources. We arrange for longer-term financing by offering equity and debt securities, placing mortgage debt and obtaining capital from institutional lenders.

 

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Competition

Investing in real estate serving the healthcare industry is highly competitive. We face competition from other REITs, investment companies, pension funds, private equity and hedge fund investors, sovereign funds, healthcare operators, lenders, developers and other institutional investors, some of whom may have greater flexibility (e.g., non-REIT competitors), resources and lower costs of capital than we do. Increased competition makes it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our objectives. Our ability to compete may also be impacted by global, national and local economic trends, availability of investment alternatives, availability and cost of capital, construction and renovation costs, existing laws and regulations, new legislation and population trends.

Income from our investments is dependent on the ability of our tenants and operators to compete with other companies on a number of different levels, including: the quality of care provided, reputation, success of product or drug development, the physical appearance of a facility, price and range of services offered, alternatives for healthcare delivery, the supply of competing properties, physicians, staff, referral sources, location, the size and demographics of the population in surrounding areas, and the financial condition of our tenants and operators. Private, federal and state payment programs, and government reimbursement, as well as the effect of laws and regulations, may also have a significant influence on the profitability of our tenants and operators. For a discussion of the risks associated with competitive conditions affecting our business, see “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report.

Healthcare Segments

Senior housing.  At December 31, 2014, we had interests in 479 senior housing facilities, including 14 properties owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures. Our senior housing facilities are primarily triple-net leased and include independent living facilities (“ILFs”), assisted living facilities (“ALFs”), memory care facilities (“MCFs”), care homes, and continuing care retirement communities (“CCRCs”), which cater to different segments of the elderly population based upon their personal needs. Services provided by our tenants or operators in these facilities are primarily paid for by the residents directly or through private insurance and are less reliant on government reimbursement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid. Our senior housing property types are further described below:

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Our senior housing segment accounted for approximately 39%, 36% and 33% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The following table provides information about our senior housing tenant/operator concentration for the year ended December 31, 2014:

 

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We have entered into long-term agreements with Brookdale to manage properties that are operated under a structure permitted by the Housing and Economic Recovery Act of 2008 (commonly referred to as “RIDEA”). Under the provisions of RIDEA, a REIT may lease a “qualified healthcare property” on an arm’s length basis to a taxable REIT subsidiary (“TRS”), if the property is operated on behalf of such subsidiary by a person who qualifies as an “eligible independent contractor.” RIDEA structures allow us to own the risks and rewards of the operations of healthcare facilities (as compared to leasing the property for contractual triple-net rents) in a tax efficient manner. We view RIDEA as a structure primarily to be used on properties that present attractive valuation entry points and/or growth profiles by: (i) transitioning the asset to a new operator that can bring scale, operating efficiencies, and/or ancillary services; or (ii) investing capital to reposition the asset. Brookdale provides comprehensive facility management and accounting services with respect to our senior housing RIDEA properties, for which we pay annual management fees pursuant to the aforementioned agreements. Most of the management agreements have terms ranging from 10 to 15 years, with 5-year renewals. The base management fees are 4.5% to 5.0% of gross revenues (as defined) generated by the RIDEA facilities. In addition, there are incentive management fees payable to Brookdale if operating results of the RIDEA properties exceed pre-established EBITDAR (as defined) thresholds. As of January 1, 2015, 83 properties are under RIDEA structures, 14 of which are owned by our CCRC unconsolidated joint venture (discussed below in Item 7).

Post-acute/skilled nursing.  At December 31, 2014, we had interests in 301 post-acute/skilled nursing facilities (“SNFs”). SNFs offer restorative, rehabilitative and custodial nursing care for people following a hospital stay or not requiring the more extensive and complex treatment available at hospitals. Ancillary revenues and revenues from sub-acute care services are derived from providing services to residents beyond room and board and include occupational, physical, speech, respiratory and intravenous therapy, wound care, oncology treatment, brain injury care and orthopedic therapy, as well as sales of pharmaceutical products and other services. Certain SNFs provide some of the foregoing services on an out-patient basis. Post-acute/skilled nursing services provided by our tenants and operators in these facilities are paid for by private sources, third-party payors (e.g., insurance and Health Maintenance Organizations or “HMOs”) or through the Medicare and Medicaid programs. All of our SNFs are triple-net leased.

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Our post-acute/skilled nursing segment accounted for approximately 27%, 29% and 29% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The following table provides information about our post-acute/skilled nursing tenant/operator concentration for the year ended December 31, 2014:

 

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Life science.  At December 31, 2014, we had interests in and managed 115 life science properties, including four facilities owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures. These properties contain laboratory and office space primarily for biotechnology, medical device and pharmaceutical companies, scientific research institutions, government agencies and other organizations involved in the life science industry. While these properties have characteristics similar to commercial office buildings, they generally contain more advanced electrical, mechanical, and heating, ventilating and air conditioning (“HVAC”) systems. The facilities generally have specialty equipment including emergency generators, fume hoods, lab bench tops and related amenities. In many instances, life science tenants make significant investments to improve their leased space, in addition to landlord improvements, to accommodate biology, chemistry or medical device research initiatives.

Life science properties are primarily configured in business park or campus settings and include multiple buildings. The business park and campus settings allow us the opportunity to provide flexible, contiguous/adjacent expansion to accommodate the growth of existing tenants. Our properties are located in well-established geographical markets known for scientific research, including San Francisco and San Diego, California, Salt Lake City, Utah, Durham, North Carolina and Boston, Massachusetts. At December 31, 2014, 97% of our life science properties were triple-net leased (based on leased square feet).

Our life science segment accounted for approximately 14%, 14% and 15% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The following table provides information about our life science tenant concentration for the year ended December 31, 2014:

 

Medical office.  At December 31, 2014, we had interests in and managed 281 medical office buildings (“MOBs”), including 66 facilities owned by our significant unconsolidated joint ventures. MOBs typically contain physicians’ offices and examination rooms, and may also include pharmacies, hospital ancillary service space and outpatient services such as diagnostic centers, rehabilitation clinics and day-surgery operating rooms. While these facilities are similar to commercial office buildings, they require additional plumbing, electrical and mechanical systems to accommodate multiple exam rooms that may require sinks in every room, and special equipment such as x-ray machines. In addition, MOBs are often built to accommodate higher structural loads for certain equipment and may contain vaults or other specialized construction. Our MOBs are typically multi-tenant properties leased to healthcare providers (hospitals and physician practices), with approximately 79% of our MOBs, based on square feet, located on hospital campuses and 94% are affiliated with hospital systems. At December 31, 2014, 48% of our medical office buildings were triple-net leased (based on leased square feet).

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Our medical office segment accounted for approximately 16%, 17% and 18% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The following table provides information about our medical office tenant/operator concentration for the year ended December 31, 2014:

 

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Hospital.  At December 31, 2014, we had interests in and managed 20 hospitals, including four facilities owned by our unconsolidated joint ventures. Services provided by our tenants and operators in these facilities are paid for by private sources, third-party payors (e.g., insurance and HMOs) or through Medicare and Medicaid programs. Our hospital property types include acute care, long-term acute care, specialty and rehabilitation hospitals. All of our hospitals are triple-net leased.

Our hospital segment accounted for approximately 4%, 4% and 5% of total revenues for the years ended December 31, 2014, 2013 and 2012, respectively. The following table provides information about our hospital tenant/operator concentration for the year ended December 31, 2014:

 

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Sustainability

We believe that sustainability initiatives are a vital part of corporate responsibility, which supports our primary goal of increasing stockholder value through profitable growth. We continue to advance our commitment to sustainability, with a focus on achieving goals in each of the Environmental, Social and Governance (ESG) dimensions of sustainability.

Our environmental management programs strive to capture cost efficiencies that ultimately benefit our investors, tenants, operators and employees, while making a positive impact on the communities in which we operate. Our social responsibility team leads our local philanthropic and volunteer activities, and our transparent corporate governance initiatives incorporate sustainability as a critical component to achieving our business objectives and properly managing risks.

Our 2014 sustainability achievements include being named Global Healthcare Sector Leader by the Global Real Estate Sustainability Benchmark (GRESB) and named to the FTSE4Good Index series, each for the third consecutive year. Additionally, we were named to CDP’s S&P 500 Climate Disclosure Leadership Index (CDLI) and the Dow Jones Sustainability Index for the North American region, each for the second consecutive year. For additional information regarding our sustainability initiatives, please visit our website at www.hcpi.com/sustainability.

Insurance

We obtain various types of insurance to mitigate the impact of property, business interruption, liability, flood, windstorm, earthquake, environmental and terrorism related losses. We attempt to obtain appropriate policy terms, conditions, limits and deductibles considering the relative risk of loss, the cost of such coverage and current industry practice. There are, however, certain types of extraordinary losses, such as those due to acts of war or other events that may be either uninsurable or not economically insurable. In addition, we have a large number of properties that are exposed to earthquake, flood and windstorm occurrences for which the related insurances carry higher deductibles.

We maintain property insurance for all of our properties and this insurance is primary for our medical office, life science and RIDEA facilities. Tenants under triple-net leases, primarily in our senior housing, post-acute/skilled nursing and

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hospital segments, are required to provide primary property, business interruption and liability insurance. We maintain separate general and professional liability insurance for our RIDEA facilities. Additionally, our corporate general and professional liability insurance program also extends coverage for all of our properties beyond the aforementioned. Under our management agreements with Brookdale, we may elect, on an annual basis, whether we or Brookdale will bear responsibility for maintaining the required insurance coverage for the applicable properties, but the costs of such insurance are facility expenses paid from the revenues of those properties, regardless of who maintains the insurance. 

Employees of HCP

At December 31, 2014, we had 170 full-time employees, none of whom are subject to a collective bargaining agreement.

Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement

Overview

Our tenants and operators are typically subject to extensive and complex federal, state and local healthcare laws and regulations relating to quality of care, licensure and certificate of need, government reimbursement, fraud and abuse practices, and similar laws governing the operation of healthcare facilities, and we expect that the healthcare industry, in general, will continue to face increased regulation and pressure in the areas of fraud, waste and abuse, cost control, healthcare management and provision of services, among others. These regulations are wide ranging and can subject our tenants and operators to civil, criminal and administrative sanctions. Affected tenants and operators may find it increasingly difficult to comply with this complex and evolving regulatory environment because of a relative lack of guidance in many areas as certain of our healthcare properties are subject to oversight from several government agencies and the laws may vary from one jurisdiction to another. Changes in laws, regulations, reimbursement enforcement activity and regulatory non-compliance by our tenants and operators can all have a significant effect on their operations and financial condition, which in turn may adversely impact us, as detailed below and set forth under “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report.

Based on information primarily provided by our tenants and operators, excluding our medical office segment, at December 31, 2014, we estimate that approximately 15% and 14% of the annualized base rental payments received from our tenants and operators were dependent on Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement, respectively.

The following is a discussion of certain laws and regulations generally applicable to our operators, and in certain cases, to us.

Fraud and Abuse Enforcement

There are various extremely complex federal and state laws and regulations governing healthcare providers’ relationships and arrangements and prohibiting fraudulent and abusive practices by such providers. These laws include: (i) federal and state false claims acts, which, among other things, prohibit providers from filing false claims or making false statements to receive payment from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal or state healthcare programs; (ii) federal and state anti-kickback and fee-splitting statutes, including the Medicare and Medicaid anti-kickback statute, which prohibit the payment or receipt of remuneration to induce referrals or recommendations of healthcare items or services; (iii) federal and state physician self-referral laws (commonly referred to as the “Stark Law”), which generally prohibit referrals by physicians to entities with which the physician or an immediate family member has a financial relationship; (iv) the federal Civil Monetary Penalties Law, which prohibits, among other things, the knowing presentation of a false or fraudulent claim for certain healthcare services and (v) federal and state privacy laws, including the privacy and security rules contained in the Health Insurance Portability and Accountability Act of 1996 (commonly referred to as “HIPAA”), which provide for the privacy and security of personal health information. Violations of healthcare fraud and abuse laws carry civil, criminal and administrative sanctions, including punitive sanctions, monetary penalties, imprisonment, denial of Medicare and Medicaid reimbursement and potential exclusion from Medicare, Medicaid or other federal or state healthcare programs. These laws are enforced by a variety of federal, state and local agencies and can also be enforced by private litigants through, among other things, federal and state false claims acts, which allow private litigants to bring qui tam or “whistleblower” actions. Many of our tenants and operators are subject to these laws, and may become the subject of governmental enforcement actions if they fail to comply with applicable laws.

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Reimbursement

Sources of revenue for many of our tenants and operators include, among others, governmental healthcare programs, such as the federal Medicare programs and state Medicaid programs, and non-governmental third-party payors, such as insurance carriers and HMOs. As federal and state governments focus on healthcare reform initiatives, and as the federal government and many states face significant current and future budget deficits, efforts to reduce costs by these payors will likely continue, which may result in reduced or slower growth in reimbursement for certain services provided by some of our tenants and operators. Additionally, new and evolving payor and provider programs, including but not limited to Medicare Advantage, Dual Eligible, Accountable Care Organizations (“ACO”), and Bundled Payments could adversely impact our tenants’ and operators’ liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

Healthcare Licensure and Certificate of Need

Certain healthcare facilities in our portfolio are subject to extensive federal, state and local licensure, certification and inspection laws and regulations. In addition, various licenses and permits are required to dispense narcotics, operate pharmacies, handle radioactive materials and operate equipment. Many states require certain healthcare providers to obtain a certificate of need, which requires prior approval for the construction, expansion or closure of certain healthcare facilities. The approval process related to state certificate of need laws may impact some of our tenants’ and operators’ abilities to expand or change their businesses.

Life Science Facilities

While certain of our life science tenants include some well-established companies, other tenants are less established and, in some cases, may not yet have a product approved by the Food and Drug Administration, or other regulatory authorities, for commercial sale. Creating a new pharmaceutical product or medical device requires substantial investments of time and capital, in part because of the extensive regulation of the healthcare industry; it also entails considerable risk of failure in demonstrating that the product is safe and effective and in gaining regulatory approval and market acceptance.

Senior Housing Entrance Fee Communities

Certain of our senior housing facilities are operated as entrance fee communities. Generally, an entrance fee is an upfront fee or consideration paid by a resident, a portion of which may be refundable, in exchange for some form of long-term benefit. Some of the entrance fee communities are subject to significant state regulatory oversight, including, for example, oversight of each facility’s financial condition, establishment and monitoring of reserve requirements and other financial restrictions, the right of residents to cancel their contracts within a specified period of time, lien rights in favor of the residents, restrictions on change of ownership and similar matters.

Americans with Disabilities Act (the “ADA”)

Our properties must comply with the ADA and any similar state or local laws to the extent that such properties are “public accommodations” as defined in those statutes. The ADA may require removal of barriers to access by persons with disabilities in certain public areas of our properties where such removal is readily achievable. To date, we have not received any notices of noncompliance with the ADA that have caused us to incur substantial capital expenditures to address ADA concerns. Should barriers to access by persons with disabilities be discovered at any of our properties, we may be directly or indirectly responsible for additional costs that may be required to make facilities ADA-compliant. Noncompliance with the ADA could result in the imposition of fines or an award of damages to private litigants. The obligation to make readily achievable accommodations pursuant to the ADA is an ongoing one, and we continue to assess our properties and make modifications as appropriate in this respect.

Environmental Matters

A wide variety of federal, state and local environmental and occupational health and safety laws and regulations affect healthcare facility operations. These complex federal and state statutes, and their enforcement, involve a myriad of regulations, many of which involve strict liability on the part of the potential offender. Some of these federal and state statutes may directly impact us. Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, an owner of real property or a secured lender, such as us, may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at, under or disposed of in connection with such property, as well as other potential costs relating to hazardous or toxic substances (including government fines and damages for injuries to persons and adjacent property). The cost of any required remediation, removal, fines or personal or property damages and any related liability therefore

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could exceed or impair the value of the property and/or the assets. In addition, the presence of such substances, or the failure to properly dispose of or remediate such substances, may adversely affect the owner’s ability to sell or rent such property or to borrow using such property as collateral which, in turn, could reduce our earnings. For a description of the risks associated with environmental matters, see “Item 1A, Risk Factors” in this report.

Available Information

Our website address is www.hcpi.com. Our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (the “Exchange Act”) are available on our website, free of charge, as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such materials with, or furnish them to, the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”).

Current copies of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and Vendor Code of Business Conduct and Ethics are posted in the Investor Relations section of our website at www.hcpi.com. In addition, waivers from, and amendments to, our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that apply to our directors and executive officers, including our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or persons performing similar functions, will be timely posted in the Investor Relations section of our website at www.hcpi.com.

ITEM 1A.    Risk Factors 

The section below discusses the most significant risk factors that may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

As set forth below, we believe that the risks facing our company generally fall into the following categories:

 

Risks Related to Our Business

We depend on a limited number of operators and tenants that account for a large percentage of our revenues.

During the year ended December 31, 2014, approximately 40% of our revenues were generated by our leasing or financial arrangements with the following two companies: HCRMC (26%) and Brookdale (14%). The inability or other failure of these tenants or operators to meet their obligations to us could materially reduce our cash flow as well as our results of operations, which could in turn reduce the amount of dividends we pay, cause our stock price to decline and have other materially adverse effects on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, any failure by these tenants or operators to effectively conduct their operations or to maintain and improve our properties could adversely affect their business reputation and their ability to attract and retain patients and residents in our properties, which could have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. These tenants and operators generally have also agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless from and against various claims, litigation and liabilities arising in connection with their respective businesses, and we cannot provide any assurance that they will have sufficient assets, income, access to financing and/or insurance coverage to enable them to satisfy their indemnification obligations.

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Our ownership interest in, and lease with, our largest tenant, HCRMC, accounts for a significant portion of our assets and revenues. Adverse regulatory or operational developments in HCRMC’s business or financial condition could have a material adverse effect on us.

HCRMC is a provider of a range of healthcare services, primarily in post-acute care, skilled nursing care and assisted living, and our largest tenant representing 31% and 26% of our gross assets and revenues, respectively, as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014. We also own a 9.4% equity interest in HCRMC, which we acquired together with our April 2011 $6 billion acquisition of substantially all the real estate assets of HCRMC. In December 2014, we recorded an impairment charge of $36 million for our equity ownership interest in HCRMC, primarily resulting from our review of their 2015 preliminary base financial forecast and other financial information provided by HCRMC that reflected a continued shift in patient payor sources from Medicare to Medicare Advantage, which negatively impacts reimbursement rates and length of stay for HCRMC’s skilled nursing segment.

Additionally, HCRMC has responded to a Civil Investigative Demand, subpoenas and other requests for information regarding their skilled nursing facilities in connection with an inquiry coordinated by the U.S. Department of Justice, the Department of Health and Human Services, Office of Inspector General, and certain state attorneys general offices.  HCRMC believes it is in material compliance with all applicable laws and regulations. However, since the review is ongoing the ultimate outcome is uncertain and could, among other things, (1) require substantial time and costs to continue to respond to and defend HCRMC’s actions; (2) require HCRMC to refund or adjust amounts previously paid for services under governmental programs; (3) require payment of substantial fines, penalties or other sanctions; (4) result in the loss of HCRMC’s right to participate in the Medicare or Medicaid programs; or (5) cause damage to HCRMC’s reputation.

Continued deterioration in HCRMC’s operating performance or other adverse developments in its business, operating and regulatory affairs, or financial condition could reduce the revenues we earn under our master lease with HCRMC and/or impair the value of our master lease with HCRMC, either of which could have a material adverse effect on us.

See additional information regarding the aforementioned impairment charge, 9.4% equity interest in HCRMC and master lease with HCRMC in: (i) Item 7 “Results of Operations” (post-acute/skilled nursing segment 2014/2013 comparison); and (ii) Note 6 (DFLs), Note 8 (unconsolidated joint ventures) and Note 17 (impairments) to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

The properties managed by Brookdale account for a significant portion of our revenues and operating income. Adverse developments in Brookdale’s business and affairs or financial condition could have a materially adverse effect on us.

As of January 1, 2015, Brookdale managed 69 senior housing facilities that we own and 14 CCRCs owned by our unconsolidated joint venture pursuant to long-term management agreements. These properties represent a substantial portion of our portfolio, based on their gross book value, and account for a significant portion of our revenues and NOI. Although we have various rights as the property owner under our management agreements, we rely on Brookdale’s personnel, expertise, technical resources and information systems, proprietary information, good faith and judgment to manage our senior living operations efficiently and effectively. We also rely on Brookdale to set appropriate resident fees, to provide accurate property-level financial results for our properties in a timely manner and to otherwise operate our senior housing communities in compliance with the terms of our management agreements and all applicable laws and regulations.

In its capacity as a manager, Brookdale does not lease our properties, and, therefore, we are not directly exposed to their credit risk in the same manner or to the same extent as a triple-net tenant. However, any adverse developments in Brookdale’s business and affairs or financial condition could impair its ability to manage our properties efficiently and effectively and could have a materially adverse effect on us. Brookdale is also one of our triple-net tenants. If Brookdale experiences any significant financial, legal, accounting or regulatory difficulties due to a weak economy or otherwise, such difficulties could result in, among other adverse events, acceleration of its indebtedness, impairment of its continued access to capital, the enforcement of default remedies by its counterparties or the commencement of insolvency proceedings by or against it under the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, any one or a combination of which indirectly could have a materially adverse effect on us.

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The bankruptcy, insolvency or financial deterioration of one or more of our major tenants or operators may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We lease our properties directly to operators in most cases, and in certain other cases, we lease to third party tenants who enter into long-term management agreements with operators to manage the properties. Although our leases, financing arrangements and other agreements with our tenants and operators generally provide us the right under specified circumstances to terminate a lease, evict a tenant or operator or demand immediate repayment of certain obligations to us, the bankruptcy and insolvency laws afford certain rights to a party that has filed for bankruptcy or reorganization that may render certain of these remedies unenforceable, or at the least, delay our ability to pursue such remedies. For example, we cannot evict a tenant or operator solely because of its bankruptcy filing. A debtor has the right to assume, or to assume and assign to a third party, or to reject its unexpired contracts in a bankruptcy proceeding. If a debtor were to reject its leases with us, our claim against the debtor for unpaid and future rents would be limited by the statutory cap set forth in the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, which may be substantially less than the remaining rent actually owed under the lease. In addition, a debtor may assert in a bankruptcy proceeding that our lease should be re-characterized as a financing agreement, in which case our rights and remedies as a lender, compared to a landlord, generally would be more limited.

Also, if a debtor-manager seeks bankruptcy protection, the automatic stay provisions of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code would preclude us from enforcing our remedies against the manager unless relief is first obtained from the court having jurisdiction over the bankruptcy case. In any of these events, we also may be required to fund certain expenses and obligations (e.g., real estate taxes, debt costs and maintenance expenses) to preserve the value of our properties, avoid the imposition of liens on our properties or transition our properties to a new tenant, operator or manager.  Furthermore, many of our facilities are leased to healthcare providers who provide long-term custodial care to the elderly; evicting such operators for failure to pay rent while the facility is occupied may involve specific procedural requirements and may not be successful.

Additionally, the financial weakness or other inability of our tenants or operators to make payments or comply with certain other lease obligations may affect our compliance with certain covenants contained in our debt securities, credit facilities and the mortgages on the properties leased or managed by such tenants and operators,  or otherwise adversely affect our results of operations. Under certain conditions, defaults under the underlying mortgages may result in cross default under our other indebtedness. Although we believe that we would be able to secure amendments under the applicable agreements in those circumstances, the bankruptcy of an applicable tenant or operator may potentially result in less favorable borrowing terms than currently available, delays in the availability of funding or other materially adverse consequences.

Increased competition has resulted and may further result in lower net revenues for some of our tenants and operators and may affect their ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.

The healthcare industry is highly competitive. The occupancy levels at, and rental income from, our facilities are dependent on our ability and the ability of our tenants and operators to compete with other tenants and operators on a number of different levels, including the quality of care provided, reputation, the physical appearance of a facility, price, the range of services offered, family preference, alternatives for healthcare delivery, the supply of competing properties, physicians, staff, referral sources, location, and the size and demographics of the population in the surrounding area.  

Our tenants and operators also compete with numerous other companies providing similar healthcare services or alternatives such as home health agencies, life care at home, community-based service programs, retirement communities and convalescent centers. Such competition, which is due, in part, to historical over development in some segments in which we invest, has caused the occupancy rate of newly constructed buildings to slow and the monthly rate that many newly built and previously existing facilities were able to obtain for their services to decrease. We cannot be certain that the tenants and operators of all of our facilities will be able to achieve occupancy and rate levels that will enable them to meet all of their obligations to us. Further, many competing companies may have resources and attributes that are superior to those of our tenants and operators. Thus, our tenants and operators may encounter increased competition in the future that could limit their ability to maintain or attract residents or expand their businesses which could materially adversely affect their ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us, potentially decreasing our revenues, impairing our assets, and/or increasing our collection and dispute costs.

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Competition may make it difficult to identify and purchase, or develop, suitable healthcare facilities to grow our investment portfolio, to finance acquisitions on favorable terms, or to retain or attract tenants and operators.

We face significant competition from other REITs, investment companies, private equity and hedge fund investors, sovereign funds, healthcare operators, lenders, developers and other institutional investors, some of whom may have greater resources and lower costs of capital than we do. Increased competition makes it more challenging for us to identify and successfully capitalize on opportunities that meet our business goals and could improve the bargaining power of property owners seeking to sell, thereby impeding our investment, acquisition and development activities. Similarly, our properties face competition for tenants and operators from other properties in the same market, which may affect our ability to attract and retain tenants and operators, or may reduce the rents we are able to charge. If we cannot capitalize on our development pipeline, identify and purchase a sufficient quantity of healthcare facilities at favorable prices, finance acquisitions on commercially favorable terms, or attract and retain profitable tenants and operators, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

Economic and other conditions that negatively affect geographic areas to which a greater percentage of our revenue is attributed could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

For the year ended December 31, 2014, approximately 35% of our revenue was derived from properties located in California (23%) and Texas (12%). As a result, we are subject to increased exposure to adverse conditions affecting these regions, including downturns in the local economies or changes in local real estate conditions, increased competition or decreased demand, changes in state-specific legislation and local climate events and natural disasters (such as earthquakes, wildfires and hurricanes), which could adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We may be required to incur substantial renovation costs to make certain of our healthcare properties suitable for other tenants and operators.

Healthcare facilities are typically highly customized and may not be easily adapted to non-healthcare-related uses. The improvements generally required to conform a property to healthcare use, such as upgrading electrical, gas and plumbing infrastructure, are costly and at times tenant-specific. A new or replacement tenant or operator may require different features in a property, depending on that tenant’s or operator’s particular business. If a current tenant or operator is unable to pay rent and/or vacates a property, we may incur substantial expenditures to modify a property before we are able to secure another tenant or operator or to accommodate multiple tenants or operators. These expenditures or renovations may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We face additional risks associated with property development that can render a project less profitable or not profitable at all and, under certain circumstances, prevent completion of development activities once undertaken.

Large-scale, ground-up development of healthcare properties presents additional risks for us, including risks that:

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Our use of joint ventures may limit our flexibility with jointly owned investments.

We have and may continue in the future to develop and/or acquire properties in joint ventures with other persons or entities when circumstances warrant the use of these structures. Our participation in joint ventures is subject to risks that may not be present with other methods of ownership, including:

From time to time, we acquire other companies and if we are unable to successfully integrate these operations, our business, results of operations and financial condition may be materially adversely affected.

Acquisitions require the integration of companies that have previously operated independently. Successful integration of the operations of these companies depends primarily on our ability to consolidate operations, systems, procedures, properties and personnel, and to eliminate redundancies and costs. We may encounter difficulties in these integrations. Potential difficulties associated with acquisitions include the loss of key employees, the disruption of our ongoing business or that of the acquired entity, possible inconsistencies in standards, controls, procedures and policies, and the assumption of unexpected liabilities, including:

In addition, the acquired companies and their properties may fail to perform as expected, including in respect of estimated cost savings. Inaccurate assumptions regarding future rental or occupancy rates could result in overly optimistic estimates of future revenues. Similarly, we may underestimate future operating expenses or the costs necessary to bring properties up to standards established for their intended use. If we have difficulties with any of these areas, or if we later discover additional liabilities or experience unforeseen costs relating to our acquired companies, we might not achieve the economic benefits we expect from our acquisitions, and this may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

From time to time we have made, and in the future we may seek to make, one or more material acquisitions, which may involve the expenditure of significant funds.

We regularly review potential transactions in order to maximize stockholder value. Future acquisitions may require the issuance of securities, the incurrence of debt, assumption of contingent liabilities or incurrence of significant expenditures, each of which could materially adversely impact our business, financial condition or results of operations. In addition, the

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financing required for such acquisitions may not be available on commercially favorable terms or at all.

Our tenants and operators may not procure the necessary insurance to adequately insure against losses.

Our leases generally require our tenants and operators to secure and maintain comprehensive liability and property insurance that covers us, as well as the tenants and operators. Certain losses may not be adequately insured by our tenants and operators. For example, many healthcare companies utilize different organizational and corporate structures coupled with self-insurance trusts or captive programs that may provide less insurance coverage than a traditional insurance policy. Companies that insure any part of their general and professional liability risks through their own captive limited purpose entities may underestimate the future cost of claims, and reserves for future claims may not be adequate to cover the actual cost of those claims. Should an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occur, we could incur liability or lose all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property, as well as the anticipated future revenues from the property. In such an event, we might nevertheless remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property. We continually review the insurance maintained by our tenants and operators and believe the coverage provided to be customary for similarly situated companies in our industry. However, we cannot provide any assurances that we will continue to require the same level of insurance coverage of our tenants and operators, or that such insurance will be available at a reasonable cost in the future. Also, we cannot assure you that material uninsured losses, or losses in excess of insurance proceeds, will not occur in the future.

Our tenants and operators face litigation and may experience rising liability and insurance costs.

In some states, advocacy groups have been created to monitor the quality of care at healthcare facilities, and these groups have brought litigation against the tenants and operators of such facilities. Also, in several instances, private litigation by patients has resulted in large damage awards for alleged abuses. The effect of this litigation and other potential litigation may materially increase the costs incurred by our tenants and operators for monitoring and reporting quality of care compliance. In addition, their cost of liability and medical malpractice insurance can be significant and may increase or not be available at a reasonable cost so long as the present healthcare litigation environment continues. Cost increases could cause our operators to be unable to make their lease or mortgage payments or fail to purchase the appropriate liability and malpractice insurance, potentially decreasing our revenues and increasing our collection and litigation costs. In addition, as a result of our ownership of healthcare facilities, we may be named as a defendant in lawsuits allegedly arising from the actions of our tenants or operators, for which claims such tenants and operators have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless from and against, but which may require unanticipated expenditures on our part.

The requirements of, or changes to, governmental reimbursement programs such as Medicare or Medicaid, may adversely affect our operators’ ability to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.

Certain of our tenants and operators are affected by an extremely complex set of federal, state and local laws and regulations pertaining to governmental reimbursement programs. Such laws and regulations are subject to frequent and substantial changes that are sometimes applied retroactively. See “Item 1—Business—Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement” above. For example, to the extent that any of our tenants or operators receive a significant portion of their revenues from governmental payors, primarily Medicare and Medicaid, such revenues may be subject to:

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If our tenants and operators fail to comply with the extensive laws, regulations and other requirements applicable to their business and the operation of our properties, they could become ineligible to receive reimbursement from governmental reimbursement programs, face bans on admissions of new patients or residents, suffer civil or criminal penalties or be required to make significant changes to their operations. Our tenants also could be forced to expend considerable resources responding to an investigation or other enforcement action under applicable laws or regulations. In such event, the results of operations and financial condition of our tenants and the results of operations of our properties operated by those entities could be adversely affected, which, in turn, could have a materially adverse effect on us. We are unable to predict future federal, state and local regulations and legislation, including the Medicare and Medicaid statutes and regulations, or the intensity of enforcement efforts with respect to such regulations and legislation, and any changes in the regulatory framework could have a materially adverse effect on our tenants, which, in turn, could have a materially adverse effect on us.

In recent years, governmental payors have frozen or reduced payments to healthcare providers due to budgetary pressures. Healthcare reimbursement will likely continue to be of significant importance to federal and state authorities. We cannot make any assessment as to the ultimate timing or the effect that any future legislative reforms may have on our operators’ and tenants’ costs of doing business and on the amount of reimbursement by government and other third-party payors. The failure of any of our tenants or operators to comply with these laws and regulations and significant limits on the scope of services reimbursed and on reimbursement rates and fees could materially adversely affect their ability to meet their financial and contractual obligations to us.

Legislation to address federal government operations and administration decisions affecting the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services could have a materially adverse effect on our operators’ liquidity, financial condition or results of operations.

Enactment of the Consolidated Appropriations Act of 2014 and Congressional consideration of legislation pertaining to the federal debt ceiling, the Affordable Care Act (as defined below), tax reform and entitlement programs, including reimbursement rates for physicians, could have a materially adverse effect on our operators’ liquidity, financial condition or results of operations. In particular, changes in funding for entitlement programs such as Medicare and Medicaid may result in increased costs and fees for programs such as Medicare Advantage Plans and additional reductions in reimbursements to providers. Additionally, amendments to the Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act, along with the Health Care and Education Reconciliation Act of 2010 (collectively, the “Affordable Care Act”), implementation of the Affordable Care Act and decisions by the Centers for Medicare and Medicaid Services could impact the delivery of services and benefits under Medicare, Medicaid or Medicare Advantage Plans and could affect our tenants and operators and the manner in which they are reimbursed by such programs. Such changes could have a materially adverse effect on our operators’ liquidity, financial condition or results of operations, which could adversely affect their ability to satisfy their obligations to us and could have a materially adverse effect on us.

Furthermore, the Supreme Court’s decision upholding the constitutionality of the individual healthcare mandate while striking down the provisions linking federal funding of state Medicaid programs with a federally mandated expansion of those programs has contributed to the uncertainty regarding the impact that the law will have on healthcare delivery systems over the next decade. We can expect that federal authorities will continue to implement the law, but because of the Supreme Court’s mixed ruling, the implementation will take longer than originally expected, with a commensurate increase in the period of uncertainty regarding the long-term financial impact on the delivery of and payment for healthcare.

Tenants and operators that fail to comply with federal, state, local and international laws and regulations, including licensure, certification and inspection requirements, may cease to operate or be unable to meet their financial and other contractual obligations to us.

Our tenants and managers are subject to or impacted by extensive, frequently changing federal, state, local and international laws and regulations. These laws and regulations include, among others: laws protecting consumers against deceptive practices; laws relating to the operation of our properties and how our tenants and operators conduct their operations, such as fire, health and safety laws and privacy laws; federal and state laws affecting hospitals, clinics, and other healthcare communities that participate in both Medicare and Medicaid that mandate allowable costs, pricing, reimbursement procedures and limitations, quality of services and care, food service and physical plants, and similar foreign laws regulating the healthcare industry; resident rights laws (including abuse and neglect laws) and fraud laws; anti-kickback and physician referral laws; the ADA and similar state and local laws; and safety and health standards set by the

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Occupational Safety and Health Administration or similar foreign agencies. Certain of our properties may also require a license, registration and/or certificate of need to operate. 

Our tenants’ or operators’ failure to comply with any of these laws, regulations or requirements could result in loss of accreditation, denial of reimbursement, imposition of fines, suspension or decertification from government healthcare programs, loss of license or closure of the facility and/or the incurrence of considerable costs arising from an investigation or regulatory action, which may have an adverse effect on facilities owned by or mortgaged to us, and therefore may materially adversely impact us. See “Item 1—Business—Government Regulation, Licensing and Enforcement—Healthcare Licensure and Certificate of Need” above.

Our tenants in the life science industry face high levels of regulation, expense and uncertainty.

Life science tenants, particularly those involved in developing and marketing pharmaceutical products, are subject to certain unique risks, including the following:

If our tenants’ businesses are adversely affected, they may have difficulty making payments to us, which could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We may be unable to successfully foreclose on the collateral securing our real estate-related loans, and even if we are successful in our foreclosure efforts, we may be unable to successfully operate, occupy or reposition the underlying real estate, which may adversely affect our ability to recover our investments.

If a tenant or operator defaults under one of our mortgages or mezzanine loans, we may have to foreclose on the loan or protect our interest by acquiring title to the collateral and thereafter making substantial improvements or repairs in order to maximize the property’s investment potential. In some cases, the collateral consists of the equity interests in an entity that directly or indirectly owns the applicable real property or interests in operating facilities and, accordingly, we may not have full recourse to assets of that entity. Tenants, operators or borrowers may contest enforcement of foreclosure or other remedies, seek bankruptcy protection against our exercise of enforcement or other remedies and/or bring claims for lender liability in response to actions to enforce mortgage obligations. Foreclosure-related costs, high loan-to-value ratios or declines in the value of the facility may prevent us from realizing an amount equal to our mortgage or mezzanine loan upon foreclosure, and we may be required to record a valuation allowance for such losses. Even if we are able to successfully foreclose on the collateral securing our real estate-related loans, we may inherit properties for which we may be unable to expeditiously seek tenants or operators, if at all, or we may acquire equity interests that we are unable to immediately resell due to limitations under the securities laws, either of which would adversely affect our ability to fully recover our investment.

Required regulatory approvals can delay or prohibit transfers of our healthcare facilities.

Transfers of healthcare facilities to successor tenants or operators may be subject to regulatory approvals or ratifications, including, but not limited to, change of ownership approvals under certificate of need laws and Medicare and Medicaid provider arrangements that are not required for transfers of other types of commercial operations and other types of real estate. The replacement of any tenant or operator could be delayed by the regulatory approval process of any federal, state

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or local government agency necessary for the transfer of the facility or the replacement of the operator licensed to manage the facility. If we are unable to find a suitable replacement tenant or operator upon favorable terms, or at all, we may take possession of a facility, which might expose us to successor liability, require us to indemnify subsequent operators to whom we might transfer the operating rights and licenses, or spend substantial time and funds to adapt the facility to other uses, all of which may materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Risks Related to Our Capital Structure and Market Conditions

Volatility, disruption or uncertainty in the financial markets may impair our ability to raise capital, obtain new financing or refinance existing obligations and fund real estate and development activities.

The global financial markets have experienced pervasive and fundamental disruptions. While these conditions have stabilized since the first quarter of 2009 and the capital markets continue to show signs of improvement, the strength and sustainability of an economic recovery is uncertain. Additional levels of market disruption, volatility or uncertainty could materially adversely impact our ability to raise capital, obtain new financing or refinance our existing obligations as they mature and fund real estate and development activities.

Market volatility could also lead to significant uncertainty in the valuation of our investments and those of our joint ventures, which may result in a substantial decrease in the value of our properties and those of our joint ventures. As a result, we may not be able to recover the carrying amount of such investments and the associated goodwill, if any, which may require us to recognize impairment charges in earnings.

We rely on external sources of capital to fund future capital needs, and limitations on our access to such capital could have a materially adverse effect on our ability to meet commitments as they become due or make future investments necessary to grow our business.

We may not be able to fund all future capital needs from cash retained from operations. If we are unable to obtain enough internal capital, we may need to rely on external sources of capital (including debt and equity financing) to fulfill our capital requirements. Our access to capital depends upon a number of factors, some of which we have little or no control over, including but not limited to:

If our access to capital is limited by these factors or other factors, it could have a materially adverse impact on our ability to fund operations, repay or refinance our debt obligations, fund dividend payments, acquire properties and make the investments needed to grow our business.

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Adverse changes in our credit ratings could impair our ability to obtain additional debt and equity financing on favorable terms, if at all, and negatively impact the market price of our securities, including our common stock.

Our credit ratings can affect the amount and type of capital we can access, as well as the terms of any financings we may obtain. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our current credit ratings, and in the event that our current credit ratings deteriorate, we would likely incur higher borrowing costs, and it may be more difficult or expensive to obtain additional financing or refinance existing obligations and commitments. Also, a downgrade in our credit ratings would trigger additional costs or other potentially negative consequences under our current and future credit facilities and debt instruments. The credit ratings of our senior unsecured debt are based on, among other things, our operating performance, liquidity and leverage ratios, overall financial position, level of indebtedness and pending or future changes in the regulatory framework applicable to our operators and our industry.

Our level of indebtedness may increase and materially adversely affect our future operations.

Our outstanding indebtedness as of December 31, 2014 was approximately $9.8 billion. We may incur additional indebtedness in the future, including in connection with the development or acquisition of assets, which may be substantial. Any significant additional indebtedness could negatively affect the credit ratings of our debt and require us to dedicate a substantial portion of our cash flow to interest and principal payments due on our indebtedness. Greater demands on our cash resources may reduce funds available to us to pay dividends, conduct development activities, make capital expenditures and acquisitions or carry out other aspects of our business strategy. Increased indebtedness can also make us more vulnerable to general adverse economic and industry conditions and create competitive disadvantages for us compared to other companies with relatively lower debt levels. Increased future debt service obligations may limit our operational flexibility, including our ability to finance or refinance our properties, contribute properties to joint ventures or sell properties as needed.

Covenants in our debt instruments limit our operational flexibility, and breaches of these covenants could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The terms of our current secured and unsecured debt instruments and other indebtedness that we may incur in the future, require or will require us to comply with a number of customary financial and other covenants, such as maintaining leverage ratios, minimum tangible net worth requirements, REIT status and certain levels of debt service coverage. Our continued ability to incur additional debt and to conduct business in general is subject to compliance with these financial and other covenants, which limit our operational flexibility. For example, mortgages on our properties contain customary covenants such as those that limit or restrict our ability, without the consent of the lender, to further encumber or sell the applicable properties, or to replace the applicable tenant or operator. Breaches of certain covenants may result in defaults under the mortgages on our properties and cross-defaults under certain of our other indebtedness, even if we satisfy our payment obligations to the respective obligee. Covenants that limit our operational flexibility as well as defaults resulting from the breach of any of these covenants could materially adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

An increase in interest rates could increase interest cost on new debt and could materially adversely impact our ability to refinance existing debt, sell assets and conduct acquisition, investment and development activities.

If interest rates increase, so could our interest costs for any new debt. This increased cost could make the financing of any acquisition and development activity more costly. Rising interest rates could limit our ability to refinance existing debt when it matures, or cause us to pay higher interest rates upon refinancing and increase interest expense on refinanced indebtedness. In addition, an increase in interest rates could decrease the amount third parties are willing to pay for our assets, thereby limiting our ability to reposition our portfolio promptly in response to changes in economic or other conditions.

We manage a portion of our exposure to interest rate risk by accessing debt with staggered maturities and through the use of derivative instruments, primarily interest rate swap agreements. However, no amount of hedging activity can fully insulate us from the risks associated with changes in interest rates. Swap agreements involve risk, including that counterparties may fail to honor their obligations under these arrangements, that these arrangements may not be effective in reducing our exposure to interest rate changes, that the amount of income we earn from hedging transactions may be

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limited by federal tax provisions governing REITs and that these arrangements may cause us to pay higher interest rates on our debt obligations than would otherwise be the case. Failure to hedge effectively against interest rate risk, if we choose to engage in such activities, could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may be adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates.

We continue to pursue growth opportunities in international markets where the U.S. dollar is not the denominated currency. The ownership of investments located outside of the United States subjects us to risk from fluctuations in exchange rates between foreign currencies and the U.S. dollar. A significant change in the value of the British pound or other currencies in countries where we have a significant investment may have a materially adverse effect on our financial position, debt covenant ratios, results of operations and cash flow.

We may attempt to manage the impact of foreign currency exchange rate changes through the use of derivative contracts or other methods. For example, as of January 30, 2015, we have £492 million in debt investments and maintain an equal amount of unsecured GBP denominated debt as a natural hedge. Additionally, we executed currency swap contracts to hedge the risk related to a portion of the forecasted interest receipts on these investments. However, no amount of hedging activity can fully insulate us from the risks associated with changes in foreign currency exchange rates, and the failure to hedge effectively against foreign currency exchange rate risk, if we choose to engage in such activities, could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.  In addition, any international currency gain recognized with respect to changes in exchange rates may not qualify under the 75% gross income test or the 95% gross income test that we must satisfy annually in order to qualify and maintain our status as a REIT.

 

 

Risks Related to Other Events

We are subject to certain provisions of Maryland law and our charter relating to business combinations which may prevent a transaction that may otherwise be in the interest of our stockholders.

The Maryland Business Combination Act provides that unless exempted, a Maryland corporation may not engage in business combinations, including a merger, consolidation, share exchange or, in circumstances specified in the statute, an asset transfer or issuance or reclassification of equity securities with an “interested stockholder” or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder, and thereafter unless specified criteria are met. An interested stockholder is generally a person owning or controlling, directly or indirectly, 10% or more of the voting power of the outstanding voting stock of a Maryland corporation. Unless our Board of Directors takes action to exempt us, generally or with respect to certain transactions, from this statute in the future, the Maryland Business Combination Act will be applicable to business combinations between us and other persons.

In addition to the restrictions on business combinations contained in the Maryland Business Combination Act, our charter also contains restrictions on business combinations. Our charter requires that, except in certain circumstances, “business combinations,” including a merger or consolidation, and certain asset transfers and issuances of securities, with a “related person,” including a beneficial owner of 10% or more of our outstanding voting stock, be approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least 90% of our outstanding voting stock.

The restrictions on business combinations provided under Maryland law and contained in our charter may delay, defer or prevent a change of control or other transaction even if such transaction involves a premium price for our common stock or our stockholders believe that such transaction is otherwise in their best interests.

Unfavorable resolution of litigation matters and disputes could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition.

From time to time, we are involved in legal proceedings, lawsuits and other claims. We may also be named as defendants in lawsuits arising out of our alleged actions or the alleged actions of our tenants and operators for which such tenants and operators have agreed to indemnify, defend and hold us harmless. An unfavorable resolution of any such litigation may have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition. Regardless of the outcome, litigation or other legal proceedings may result in substantial costs, disruption of our normal business operations and the

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diversion of management attention. There can be no assurance that we will be able to prevail in, or achieve a favorable settlement of, any pending or future legal action against us.

Loss of our key personnel could temporarily disrupt our operations and adversely affect us.

We are dependent on the efforts of our executive officers, and competition for these individuals is intense. Although our chief executive officer, chief financial officer, chief investment officer and general counsel have employment agreements with us, we cannot assure you that they will remain employed with us. The loss or limited availability of the services of any of our executive officers, or our inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel in the future, could, at least temporarily, have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition and the value of our common stock.

We may experience uninsured or underinsured losses, which could result in a significant loss of the capital invested in a property, lower than expected future revenues or unanticipated expense.

We maintain comprehensive insurance coverage on our properties with terms, conditions, limits and deductibles that we believe are adequate and appropriate given the relative risk and costs of such coverage, and we regularly review our insurance coverage. However, a large number of our properties are located in areas exposed to earthquake, windstorm, flood and other natural disasters and may be subject to other losses. In particular, our life science portfolio is concentrated in areas known to be subject to earthquake activity. While we purchase insurance coverage for earthquake, windstorm, flood and other natural disasters that we believe is adequate in light of current industry practice and analyses prepared by outside consultants, there is no assurance that such insurance will fully cover such losses. These losses can result in decreased anticipated revenues from a property and the loss of all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property. Following these events, we may remain liable for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property. The insurance market for such exposures can be very volatile, and we may be unable to purchase the limits and terms we desire on a commercially reasonable basis in the future. In addition, there are certain exposures for which we do not purchase insurance because we do not believe it is economically feasible to do so or where there is no viable insurance market.

Environmental compliance costs and liabilities associated with our real estate-related investments may be substantial and may materially impair the value of those investments.

Federal, state and local laws, ordinances and regulations may require us, as a current or previous owner of real estate, to investigate and clean up certain hazardous or toxic substances or petroleum released at a property.  We may be held liable to a governmental entity or to third parties for property damage and for investigation and cleanup costs incurred by the third parties in connection with the contamination. The costs of cleanup and remediation could be substantial. In addition, some environmental laws create a lien on the contaminated site in favor of the government for damages and the costs it incurs in connection with the contamination.

Although we currently carry environmental insurance on our properties in an amount that we believe is commercially reasonable and generally require our tenants and operators to indemnify us for environmental liabilities they cause, such liabilities could exceed the amount of our insurance, the financial ability of the tenant or operator to indemnify us or the value of the contaminated property. As the owner of a site, we may also be held liable to third parties for damages and injuries resulting from environmental contamination emanating from the site, including the release of asbestos-containing materials into the air. We may also experience environmental liabilities arising from conditions not known to us. The cost of defending against these claims, complying with environmental regulatory requirements, conducting remediation of any contaminated property, or paying personal injury or other claims or fines could be substantial and could have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

In addition, the presence of contamination or the failure to remediate contamination may materially adversely affect our ability to use, sell or lease the property or to borrow using the property as collateral.

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We rely on information technology in our operations, and any material failure, inadequacy, interruption or security failure of that technology could harm our business.

We rely on information technology networks and systems, including the Internet, to process, transmit and store electronic information, and to manage or support a variety of business processes, including financial transactions and records, and maintaining personal identifying information and tenant and lease data. We purchase some of our information technology from vendors, on whom our systems depend. We rely on commercially available systems, software, tools and monitoring to provide security for the processing, transmission and storage of confidential tenant and customer data, including individually identifiable information relating to financial accounts. Although we have taken steps to protect the security of our information systems and the data maintained in those systems, it is possible that our safety and security measures will not prevent the systems’ improper functioning or damage, or the improper access or disclosure of personally identifiable information such as in the event of cyber-attacks. Security breaches, including physical or electronic break-ins, computer viruses, attacks by hackers and similar breaches, can create system disruptions, shutdowns or unauthorized disclosure of confidential information. The risk of security breaches has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attacks have increased. In some cases, it may be difficult to anticipate or immediately detect such incidents and the damage they cause. Any failure to maintain proper function, security and availability of our information systems could interrupt our operations, damage our reputation, subject us to liability claims or regulatory penalties and could have a materially adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

Risk Related to Tax, including REIT-Related Risks

Loss of our tax status as a REIT would substantially reduce our available funds and would have materially adverse consequences for us and the value of our common stock.

Qualification as a REIT involves the application of numerous highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations, as well as the determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control. We intend to continue to operate in a manner that enables us to qualify as a REIT. However, our qualification and taxation as a REIT depend upon our ability to meet, through actual annual operating results, asset diversification, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership, the various qualification tests imposed under the Code. For example, to qualify as a REIT, at least 95% of our gross income in any year must be derived from qualifying sources, and we must make distributions to our stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of our REIT taxable income, excluding net capital gains. In addition, new legislation, regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could change the tax laws or interpretations of the tax laws regarding qualification as a REIT, or the federal income tax consequences of that qualification, in a manner that is materially adverse to our stockholders. Accordingly, there is no assurance that we have operated or will continue to operate in a manner so as to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT.

If we lose our REIT status, we will face serious tax consequences that will substantially reduce the funds available to make payments of principal and interest on the debt securities we issue and to make distributions to stockholders. If we fail to qualify as a REIT:

As a result of all these factors, our failure to qualify as a REIT could also impair our ability to expand our business and raise capital and could materially adversely affect the value of our common stock.

The present federal income tax treatment of REITs may be modified, possibly with retroactive effect, by legislative, judicial or administrative action at any time, which could affect the federal income tax treatment of an investment in us. The federal income tax rules dealing with REITs constantly are under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the U.S.

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Internal Revenue Service (the “IRS”) and the U.S. Treasury Department, which results in statutory changes as well as frequent revisions to regulations and interpretations. Revisions in federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could affect or cause us to change our investments and commitments and affect the tax considerations of an investment in us.

We could have potential deferred and contingent tax liabilities from corporate acquisitions that could limit, delay or impede future sales of our properties.

If, during the ten-year period beginning on the date we acquire certain companies, we recognize a gain on the disposition of any property acquired, then, to the extent of the excess of (i) the fair market value of such property as of the acquisition date over (ii) our adjusted income tax basis in such property as of that date, we will be required to pay a corporate-level federal income tax on this gain at the highest regular corporate rate. There can be no assurance that these triggering dispositions will not occur, and these requirements could limit, delay or impede future sales of our properties.

In addition, the IRS may assert liabilities against us for corporate income taxes for taxable years prior to the time that we acquire certain companies, in which case we will owe these taxes plus interest and penalties, if any.

There are uncertainties relating to the calculation of non-REIT tax earnings and profits (“E&P”) in certain acquisitions, which may require us to distribute E&P.

In order to remain qualified as a REIT, we are required to distribute to our stockholders all of the accumulated non-REIT E&P of certain companies that we acquire, prior to the close of the first taxable year in which the acquisition occurs. Failure to make such E&P distributions would result in our disqualification as a REIT. The determination of the amount to be distributed in such E&P distributions is a complex factual and legal determination. We may have less than complete information at the time we undertake our analysis, or we may interpret the applicable law differently from the IRS. We currently believe that we have satisfied the requirements relating to such E&P distributions. There are, however, substantial uncertainties relating to the determination of E&P, including the possibility that the IRS could successfully assert that the taxable income of the companies acquired should be increased, which would increase our non-REIT E&P. Moreover, an audit of the acquired company following our acquisition could result in an increase in accumulated non-REIT E&P, which could require us to pay an additional taxable distribution to our then-existing stockholders, if we qualify under rules for curing this type of default, or could result in our disqualification as a REIT.

Thus, we might fail to satisfy the requirement that we distribute all of our non-REIT E&P by the close of the first taxable year in which the acquisition occurs. Moreover, although there are procedures available to cure a failure to distribute all of our E&P, we cannot now determine whether we will be able to take advantage of these procedures or the economic impact on us of doing so.

Our international expansion may result in additional tax-related risks.

We have recently expanded our operations to include the United Kingdom, and may continue to expand internationally. International expansion presents tax-related risks that are different from those we face with respect to our domestic properties and operations. These risks include, but are not limited to:

Our charter contains ownership limits with respect to our common stock and other classes of capital stock.

Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our common stock and preferred stock that are intended to assist us in preserving our qualification as a REIT. Under our charter, subject to certain exceptions, no person or entity may own, actually or constructively, more than 9.8% (by value or by number of shares, whichever is more restrictive) of the outstanding shares of our common stock or any class or series of our preferred stock.

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Additionally, our charter has a 9.9% ownership limitation on the direct or indirect ownership of our voting shares, which may include common stock or other classes of capital stock. Our Board of Directors, in its sole discretion, may exempt a proposed transferee from either ownership limit. The ownership limits may delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control that might involve a premium price for our common stock or might otherwise be in the best interests of our stockholders.

ITEM 1B.    Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

ITEM 2.    Properties

We are organized to invest in income-producing healthcare-related facilities. In evaluating potential investments, we consider a multitude of factors, including:

 

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Property and Direct Financing Lease Investments

The following table summarizes our property and direct financing lease (“DFL”) investments in our Owned Portfolio as of and for the year ended December 31, 2014 (square feet and dollars in thousands):

 

 

 

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Occupancy and Annual Rent Trends

The following table summarizes occupancy and average annual rent trends for our owned portfolio for the years ended December 31, (square feet in thousands):

 

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Development Properties

The following table sets forth the properties owned by us in our medical office and senior housing segments at December 31, 2014 that are currently under development or redevelopment (dollars and square feet in thousands):

 

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At December 31, 2014, we also had $390 million of land held for future development primarily in our life science segment. In February 2015, we began construction on the first phase of The Cove at Oyster Point, a life science development in South San Francisco with an investment of $26 million that was reported in land held for development at December 31, 2014.

 

Tenant Lease Expirations

The following table shows tenant lease expirations, including those related to DFLs, for the next 10 years and thereafter at our leased properties, assuming that none of the tenants exercise any of their renewal options (dollars and square feet in thousands). See “Tenant Purchase Options” section of Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional information on leases subject to purchase options.

 

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We specifically incorporate by reference into this section the information set forth in Schedule III: Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation, included in this report.

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ITEM 3.    Legal Proceedings

We are involved from time-to-time in legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business, including, but not limited to, commercial disputes, environmental matters, and litigation in connection with transactions including acquisitions and divestitures. We believe that such existing legal proceedings will not have a material adverse impact on our financial position or our results of operations. We record a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated.

See “Legal Proceedings” section of Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for information regarding legal proceedings, which information is incorporated by reference in this Item 3.

ITEM 4.    Mine Safety Disclosures

None.

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PART II

ITEM 5.   Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange. It has been our policy to declare quarterly dividends to common stockholders so as to comply with applicable provisions of the Code governing REITs. For the fiscal quarters indicated below are the reported high and low sales prices per share of our common stock on the New York Stock Exchange and the cash dividends paid per common share:

 

At January 30, 2015, we had approximately 10,259 stockholders of record, and there were approximately 312,913 beneficial holders of our common stock.

Dividends (Distributions)

Distributions with respect to our common stock can be characterized for federal income tax purposes as taxable ordinary dividends, capital gain dividends, nondividend distributions or a combination thereof. Following is the characterization of our annual common stock distributions per share:

 

On January 29, 2015, we announced that our Board of Directors declared a quarterly common stock cash dividend of $0.565 per share. The common stock dividend will be paid on February 24, 2015 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 9, 2015.

Distributions with respect to our preferred stock can be characterized for federal income tax purposes as taxable ordinary dividends, capital gain dividends, nondividend distributions or a combination thereof. We redeemed all of our outstanding preferred stock on April 23, 2012. Following is the characterization of our annual preferred stock distributions per share:

 

 

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Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The table below sets forth the information with respect to purchases of our common stock made by or on our behalf during the quarter ended December 31, 2014.

 

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Performance Graph

The graph below compares the cumulative total return of HCP, the S&P 500 Index and the Equity REIT Index of the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, Inc. (“NAREIT”), from January 1, 2010 to December 31, 2014. Total cumulative return is based on a $100 investment in HCP common stock and in each of the indices on January 1, 2010 and assumes quarterly reinvestment of dividends before consideration of income taxes. Stockholder returns over the indicated periods should not be considered indicative of future stock prices or stockholder returns.

COMPARISON OF FIVE-YEAR CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

AMONG S&P 500, EQUITY REITS AND HCP, INC.

RATE OF RETURN TREND COMPARISON

JANUARY 1, 2010–DECEMBER 31, 2014

(JANUARY 1, 2010 = 100)

Performance Graph Total Stockholder Return

 

 

 

 

 

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ITEM 6.    Selected Financial Data

Set forth below is our selected financial data as of and for each of the years in the five-year period ended December 31, 2014 (dollars in thousands, except per share data):

 

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ITEM 7.   Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

The information set forth in this Item 7 is intended to provide readers with an understanding of our financial condition, changes in financial condition and results of operations. We will discuss and provide our analysis in the following order:

2014 Transaction Overview

Investment Transactions

In 2014 we completed $2.1 billion of investment transactions, including $777 million (£483 million) in debt and real estate in the United Kingdom (“U.K.”) and $588 million for our 49% interest in the industry’s largest CCRC joint venture, which transactions are further described below:

Brookdale Lease Amendments and Terminations and the Formation of Two RIDEA Joint Ventures (“Brookdale Transaction”)

On August 29, 2014, HCP and Brookdale, through a Master Contribution and Transactions Agreement, closed a multiple-element transaction that has three major components:

£395 Million Debt Investment in U.K. Care Home Portfolio

In November 2014, we were the lead investor in the financing for Formation Capital and Safanad’s acquisition of NHP, a company that, at closing, owned 273 nursing and residential care homes representing over 12,500 beds in the U.K. principally operated by HC-One. We provided a loan facility totaling $630 million (£395 million), secured by substantially all of NHP’s assets, with £363 million drawn at closing.

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Other Investment Transactions

During the year ended December 31, 2014, we completed $634 million of additional investments and commitments in 34 properties across our senior housing, life science and medical office segments, including $147 million (£88 million) for 23 care homes in the U.K. Additionally, we funded $287 million for construction and other capital projects, primarily in our life science, medical office and senior housing segments.

 

Financing Activities

We raised $2.1 billion of debt in 2014 and through January 2015, including the following transactions:

On March 31, 2014, we amended our unsecured revolving credit facility and increased it by $500 million to $2 billion. The amended facility reduces our funded interest cost by 17.5 basis points and extends the maturity date to March 31, 2018. Based on our current credit ratings, the amended facility bears interest annually at LIBOR plus 92.5 basis points and has a facility fee of 15.0 basis points. Other terms of the amended facility were substantially unchanged, including a one-year extension option at our discretion, and the ability to increase the commitments by an aggregate amount of up to $500 million, subject to customary conditions. 

During the year ended December 31, 2014, we repaid $911 million of aggregate senior unsecured notes and mortgage debt with a weighted average interest rate of 4.33%.

Dividends

Quarterly dividends paid during 2014 aggregated $2.18 per share, which represents a 3.8% increase from 2013. On January 29, 2015, our Board of Directors declared a quarterly cash dividend of $0.565 per common share. The annualized distribution rate per share for 2015 increased 3.7% to $2.26, compared to $2.18 for 2014. The dividend will be paid on February 24, 2015 to stockholders of record as of the close of business on February 9, 2015.

Results of Operations

We evaluate our business and allocate resources among our five business segments: (i) senior housing, (ii) post-acute/skilled nursing, (iii) life science, (iv) medical office and (v) hospital. Under the medical office segment, we invest through the acquisition and development of MOBs, which generally require a greater level of property management. Otherwise, we primarily invest, through the acquisition and development of real estate, in single tenants and operators occupied properties and debt issued by tenants and operators in these sectors. The accounting policies of the segments are the same as those described in the summary of significant accounting policies (see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Same Property Portfolio

Our evaluation of results of operations by each business segment includes an analysis of NOI and adjusted NOI of our Same Property Portfolio (“SPP”) and our total property portfolio. We believe NOI provides relevant and useful information because it reflects only income and operating expense items that are incurred at the property level and presents them on an

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unleveraged basis. We use NOI and adjusted NOI to make decisions about resource allocations and to assess and compare property level performance. SPP NOI and adjusted NOI information allows us to evaluate the performance of our property portfolio under a consistent population by eliminating changes in the composition of our portfolio of properties. We identify our SPP as stabilized properties that remained in operations and were consistently reported as leased properties or RIDEA properties for the duration of the year‑over‑year comparison periods presented. Accordingly, it takes a stabilized property a minimum of 12 months in operations under a consistent reporting structure to be included in our SPP. Newly acquired operating assets are generally considered stabilized at the earlier of lease‑up (typically when the tenant(s) controls the physical use of at least 80% of the space) or 12 months from the acquisition date. Newly completed developments and redevelopments, are considered stabilized at the earlier of lease‑up or 24 months from the date the property is placed in service. SPP NOI excludes certain non‑property specific operating expenses that are allocated to each operating segment on a consolidated basis. A property is removed from our SPP when it is sold or placed into redevelopment. NOI and adjusted NOI are non-GAAP supplemental financial measures; for a reconciliation of net income to NOI and adjusted NOI and other relevant disclosure, refer to Note 14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Operating expenses generally relate to leased medical office and life science properties and senior housing RIDEA properties. We generally recover all or a portion of our leased medical office and life science property expenses through tenant recoveries. We present expenses as operating or general and administrative based on the underlying nature of the expense. Periodically, we review the classification of expenses between categories and make revisions based on changes in the underlying nature of the expenses.

Funds From Operations 

We believe FFO applicable to common shares, diluted FFO applicable to common shares, and diluted FFO per common share are important supplemental non-GAAP measures of operating performance for a REIT. Because the historical cost accounting convention used for real estate assets utilizes straight-line depreciation (except on land), such accounting presentation implies that the value of real estate assets diminishes predictably over time. Since real estate values instead have historically risen and fallen with market conditions, presentations of operating results for a REIT that use historical cost accounting for depreciation could be less informative. The term FFO was designed by the REIT industry to address this issue.

FFO as defined by the National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts (“NAREIT”) is net income applicable to common shares (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains or losses from sales of property, impairments of, or related to, depreciable real estate, plus real estate and DFL depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for joint ventures. Adjustments for joint ventures are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. FFO does not represent cash generated from operating activities in accordance with GAAP, is not necessarily indicative of cash available to fund cash needs and should not be considered an alternative to net income. We compute FFO in accordance with the current NAREIT definition; however, other REITs may report FFO differently or have a different interpretation of the current NAREIT definition from ours.

In addition, we present FFO before the impact of severance‑related charges, litigation settlement charges, preferred stock redemption charges, impairments (recoveries) of non‑depreciable assets and transaction‑related items (defined below) (“FFO as adjusted”). Transaction-related items include acquisition and pursuit costs (e.g., due diligence and closing) and gains/charges incurred as a result of mergers and acquisitions and lease amendment or termination activities. Management believes that FFO as adjusted provides a meaningful supplemental measurement of our FFO run-rate. This measure is a modification of the NAREIT definition of FFO and should not be used as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) or NAREIT FFO.

Funds Available for Distribution

FAD is defined as FFO as adjusted after excluding the impact of the following: (i) amortization of acquired market lease intangibles, net; (ii) amortization of deferred compensation expense; (iii) amortization of deferred financing costs, net; (iv) straight-line rents; (v) accretion and depreciation related to DFLs; and (vi) deferred revenues, effective 2014, excluding amounts amortized into rental income that are associated with tenant funded improvements owned/recognized by us and up-front cash payments made by tenants to reduce their contractual rents. Also, FAD is: (i) computed after deducting recurring capital expenditures, including leasing costs and second generation tenant and capital improvements; and (ii) includes lease restructure payments and adjustments to compute our share of FAD from our unconsolidated joint ventures

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and those related to CCRC non-refundable entrance fees. Other REITs or real estate companies may use different methodologies for calculating FAD, and accordingly, our FAD may not be comparable to those reported by other REITs. Although our FAD computation may not be comparable to that of other REITs, management believes FAD provides a meaningful supplemental measure of our ability to fund our ongoing dividend payments. In addition, management believes that in order to further understand and analyze our liquidity, FAD should not be compared with net cash flows from operating activities as determined in accordance with GAAP and presented in our consolidated financial statements. FAD does not represent cash generated from operating activities determined in accordance with GAAP, and FAD should not be considered as an alternative to net income (determined in accordance with GAAP) as an indication of our performance, as an alternative to net cash flows from operating activities (determined in accordance with GAAP), or as a measure of our liquidity.

Net Operating Income (“NOI”)

NOI and adjusted NOI are non-GAAP supplemental financial measures used to evaluate the operating performance of real estate. NOI is defined as rental and related revenues, including tenant recoveries, resident fees and services, and income from DFLs, less property level operating expense; NOI excludes all other financial statement amounts included in net income as presented in Note14 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.  Management believes NOI provides relevant and useful information because it reflects only income and operating expense items that are incurred at the property level and presents them on an unleveraged basis. Adjusted NOI is calculated as NOI after eliminating the effects of straight-line rents, DFL accretion, amortization of market lease intangibles and lease termination fees. Adjusted NOI is oftentimes referred to as “cash NOI.” We use NOI and adjusted NOI to make decisions about resource allocations and to assess and compare property level performance. We believe that net income is the most directly comparable GAAP measure to NOI. NOI should not be viewed as an alternative measure of operating performance to net income as defined by GAAP because it does not reflect various excluded items. Further, our definition of NOI may not be comparable to the definition used by other REITs or real estate companies, as those companies may use different methodologies for calculating NOI.

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2014 to the Year Ended December 31, 2013

Overview(1)

Results are for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (dollars in thousands except per share data):

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FFO increased $0.05 per share primarily as a result of: (i) net gains from the Brookdale Transaction, (ii) increased NOI from our SPP and our 2013 and 2014 acquisitions, and (iii) a general and administrative charge in 2013 resulting from the termination of our former chief executive officer. The aforementioned were partially offset by: (i) an impairment charge in 2014 for our equity ownership investment in HCRMC and (ii) favorable one-time items including interest income in 2013 from the par payoff of our Barchester debt investments and sale of marketable equity securities.

FFO as adjusted and FAD increased $0.02 and $0.03 per share, respectively, primarily as a result of increased NOI from our SPP and 2013 and 2014 acquisitions, which were partially offset by favorable one-time items including interest income in 2013 from the par payoff of our Barchester debt investments and sale of marketable equity securities.  

Earnings per share ("EPS") decreased $0.13 per share primarily as a result of: (i) decreased gain on sales of real estate and (ii) increased depreciation expense, partially offset by the net result of the aforementioned events impacting FFO. 

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Segment NOI and Adjusted NOI

The tables below provide selected operating information for our SPP and total property portfolio for each of our five business segments. Our consolidated SPP consists of 1,011 properties representing properties acquired or placed in service and stabilized on or prior to January 1, 2013 and that remained in operations under a consistent reporting structure through December 31, 2014. Our consolidated total property portfolio represents 1,108 and 1,079 properties at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and excludes properties classified as discontinued operations.

 

Senior Housing

As part of the previously described Brookdale Transaction, we contributed 49 properties (one property was contributed on January 1, 2015) that were triple-net leased into a RIDEA structure, with Brookdale managing the communities and acquiring a 20% equity interest in the RIDEA partnerships. For the 49 properties in the RIDEA partnerships, we report the resident-level revenues and corresponding operating expenses in our consolidated financial statements rather than the pre-transaction triple-net rents. In future periods, we expect increases in resident fee and service revenue and operating expenses and a decrease in rental and related revenues.

Additionally, we created the CCRC JV, which is managed by Brookdale. In future periods, we expect to record our share of income from unconsolidated joint ventures; also, as a result of deconsolidating three senior housing properties that were contributed to the CCRC JV, we expect a decrease in rental and related revenues and depreciation expense.

See information regarding the Brookdale Transaction in Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (dollars in thousands except per unit data):

 

 

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SPP NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP NOI increased primarily from improved performance from RIDEA properties; SPP adjusted NOI improved as a result of annual rent increases and improved performance from RIDEA properties.

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Total Portfolio NOI and Adjusted NOI.  In addition to the impact of our SPP, our total portfolio NOI increased as a result of recognizing net fees of $38 million from the Brookdale Transaction (see Note 3 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Our total portfolio NOI and adjusted NOI also increased as a result of our senior housing acquisitions in 2014 and 2013.

Post-Acute/Skilled Nursing

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (dollars in thousands, except per bed data):

 

 

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NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP and total portfolio NOI and adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of annual rent escalations from our HCRMC DFL investments.

HCRMC equity method and DFL investments.  On December 19, 2014, we concluded that our 9.4% equity ownership interest in HCRMC was other-than-temporarily impaired, and we recorded an impairment charge of $36 million, or $0.08 per diluted share, in the fourth quarter of 2014; the impairment charge reduced the carrying amount of our equity investment in HCRMC to $39 million. We made this conclusion principally based on the receipt and review of HCRMC’s preliminary base financial forecast for 2015, together with HCRMC’s year-to-date operating results through November 2014. HCRMC’s preliminary base financial forecast and operating results primarily reflected a continued shift in patient payor sources from Medicare to Medicare Advantage, which negatively impacts reimbursement rates and length of stay for HCRMC’s skilled nursing segment. HCRMC has indicated that its 2015 preliminary base financial forecast does not include the effect of any dispositions, acquisitions or other initiatives HCRMC may undertake to improve financial performance in 2015. 

We believe that HCRMC’s trailing Twelve-month Fixed Charge Coverage (“TFCC”) ratio may continue to deteriorate over the next several quarters. HCRMC’s 2015 preliminary base financial forecast implies that the TFCC ratio is projected to decline to 1.07x at the end of 2015, compared to the TFCC ratio of 1.08x at the end of 2014, before the impact of $24 million of certain general and professional liability charges that HCRMC incurred in the second quarter of 2014. As noted above, the TFCC ratio is calculated using HCRMC’s 2015 preliminary base financial forecast that does not include the effects of any dispositions, acquisitions or other initiatives HCRMC may undertake to improve financial performance in 2015.

Notwithstanding these developments, HCRMC’s 2015 preliminary base financial forecast also indicates that HCRMC will continue to meet its contractual obligations to us under a  master lease (the “Master Lease”). Therefore, we continue to believe that the collection and timing of all amounts owed by HCRMC under our Master Lease are reasonably assured. HCRMC believes that it is favorably positioned to grow as part of the ongoing changes in the healthcare environment.

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Based on discussions with the management of HCRMC and our evaluation of other industry data, we note the following factors that influenced our evaluation of HCRMC: (i) Medicare rate increases of 1.7% and 1.4% took effect on October 1, 2014 for the skilled nursing and hospice businesses, respectively; (ii) additional cost cutting measures were implemented in the fourth quarter of 2014; (iii) new facility developments and expansions will be operational in 2015; (iv) assisted living and hospice operations demonstrated continued growth; (v) HCP and HCR ManorCare have jointly agreed to market for sale certain non-strategic assets that are under the master lease; the purpose of the dispositions is to increase EBITDAR, reduce rent and improve HCRMC’s TFCC; however, no assurances can be given that the facilities will be sold or as  to the timing of the sales; and (vi) hospital admissions are forecasted to improve in 2015.

While we remain confident in HCRMC’s ongoing adjustments to their business model, HCRMC has not been able to reverse the decline in their financial performance. Failure of HCRMC to reverse the decline in its financial performance may lead us to conclude that the collection and timing of contractual obligations, or a portion thereof, under the Master Lease may not be reasonably assured; in which case, we would place the HCRMC DFL, or a portion thereof, on nonaccrual status. If we further determine that it is probable that we will not be able to collect all amounts due under the terms of the Master Lease, we may incur an impairment on our HCRMC DFL, or a  portion thereof.

Life Science

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (dollars and sq. ft. in thousands, except per sq. ft. data):

 

 

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SPP NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP NOI and adjusted NOI increased as a result of increased average occupancy. Additionally, SPP adjusted NOI increased as a result of annual rent escalations.

Total Portfolio NOI and Adjusted NOI.  In addition to the impact of our SPP, our total portfolio NOI and adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of the impact of our life science development projects placed in service during 2014 and 2013.

During the year ended December 31, 2014, 1.5 million square feet of new and renewal leases commenced at an average annual base rent of $30.40 per square foot compared to 1.1 million square feet of expiring leases with an average annual base rent of $30.83 per square foot. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we acquired a fully-occupied 83,000 square foot building with an average annual base rent of $33.87 per square foot.

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Medical Office

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (dollars and sq. ft. in thousands, except per sq. ft. data):

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SPP NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP NOI and adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of annual rent escalations.

Total Portfolio NOI and Adjusted NOI.  In addition to the impact of our SPP, our total portfolio NOI and adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of our medical office acquisitions in 2014.

During the year ended December 31, 2014, 2.6 million square feet of new and renewal leases commenced at an average annual base rent of $23.15 per square foot compared to 2.6 million square feet of expiring and terminated leases with an average annual base rent of $25.06 per square foot. During the year ended December 31, 2014, we acquired six MOBs with 953,000 occupied square feet that have average annual base rent of $25.00 per square foot.

 

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Hospital

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2014 and 2013 (dollars in thousands, except per bed data):

 

 

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NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP and total portfolio NOI increased primarily due to a net $12 million correction in 2013 that reduced previously recognized non-cash revenues including straight-line rents and accelerated amortization of below market lease intangibles related to our Medical City Dallas hospital. SPP and total portfolio adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of annual rent escalations.

Other Income and Expense Items

Interest income.  Interest income decreased $12 million to $74 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The decrease was primarily the result of the repayment of our Barchester loan in September 2013, partially offset by interest earned from the June 2013 funding under the Tandem Health Care mezzanine loan facility and the November 2014 U.K. debt investment (see Note 7 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Interest expense.  For the year ended December 31, 2014, interest expense increased $4 million to $440 million. The increase was primarily the result of net increase in indebtedness as presented below.

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The table below sets forth information with respect to our debt, excluding premiums and discounts (dollars in thousands):

 

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Our exposure to expense fluctuations related to our variable rate indebtedness is mitigated by our interest rate swap contracts. For a more detailed discussion of our interest rate risk, see Item 7A.

Depreciation and amortization expense.  Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $37 million to $460 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily the result of acquisitions, redevelopment projects placed in service and changes in estimates of the depreciable lives and residual values of certain properties.

General and administrative expenses.  General and administrative expenses decreased $21 million to $82 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The year ended December 31, 2013 included $27 million of severance-related charges resulting from the termination of our former chief executive officer (see Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Acquisition and pursuit costs.  Acquisition and pursuit costs expenses increased $11 million to $17 million for the year ended December 31, 2014. The increase was primarily due to higher levels of transactional activity in 2014, including transactional costs related to the Brookdale Transaction and the U.K. real estate and debt investments.  Acquisition and pursuit costs were previously included in general and administrative expenses.

Other income, net.  For the year ended December 31, 2014, other income, net decreased $11 million to $8 million. The decrease was primarily the result of gains from the sale of marketable equity securities during 2013; there were no comparable gains from the sale of marketable securities in 2014.

Income taxes.  For the year ended December 31, 2014, income taxes decreased by $6 million to $250,000. The decrease in income taxes was primarily due to the losses of our TRS entities during the year ended December 31, 2014.

Equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures.  For the year ended December 31, 2014, equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures decreased $15 million to $50 million. The decrease in equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures was primarily the result of: (i) our share of losses from the CCRC JV investment formed in 2014; (ii) the decline in operating performance of our HCRMC equity interest; and (iii) a 2013 one-time distribution received from a senior housing joint venture that exceeded our investment balance.

Impairment of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.  During the year ended December 31, 2014, we recognized an impairment of $36 million related to our 9.4% equity ownership interest in HCRMC (see Notes 8 and 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

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Gain on sales of real estate (continued and discontinued).  During the year ended December 31, 2014, we sold five properties for total gain on sales of real estate of $31 million. During the year ended December 31, 2013, we sold 13 properties for total gain on sales of real estate of $70 million (see Note 5 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Comparison of the Year Ended December 31, 2013 to the Year Ended December 31, 2012

Overview(1)

Results are for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands except per share data):

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FFO, FFO as adjusted and EPS each increased $0.23 per share primarily resulting from: (i) real estate acquisitions, property developments placed in service and debt investments (e.g., the BlackStone JV acquisition, Tandem Health Care loan facility, and Four Seasons debt investment); (ii) par payoff of our Barchester debt investments; (iii) gain from sales of marketable equity securities and (iv) increased NOI from our SPP.

FAD increased $0.31 per share primarily as a result of the aforementioned benefits impacting FFO, FFO as adjusted and EPS and growth in cash-based rents.

Segment NOI and Adjusted NOI

The tables below provide selected operating information for our SPP and total property portfolio for each of our five business segments. Our consolidated SPP consists of 909 properties representing properties acquired or placed in service and stabilized on or prior to January 1, 2012 and that remained in operations under a consistent reporting structure through December 31, 2013. Our consolidated total property portfolio represents 1,079 and 1,071 properties at December 31, 2013 and 2012, respectively, and excludes properties classified as discontinued operations.

 

Senior Housing

During the fourth quarter of 2012 and first quarter of 2013, we acquired a portfolio of 133 senior housing communities from the Blackstone JV (see Note 4 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). The transaction closed in two stages: (i) 129 senior housing facilities during the fourth quarter of 2012 for $1.7 billion; and (ii) four senior housing facilities during the first quarter of 2013 for $38 million. The results of operations from the acquisitions are reflected in our consolidated financial statements from those respective dates.

 

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Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands except per unit data):

 

 

 

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SPP NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP NOI increased primarily as a result of rent increases related to new leases or leases recognized on a cash basis and increased NOI from RIDEA properties. SPP adjusted NOI improved primarily as a result of annual rent increases including increases from properties that were previously transitioned from Sunrise to other operators and increased NOI from RIDEA properties.

Total Portfolio NOI and Adjusted NOI.  In addition to the impact of our SPP, our total portfolio NOI and adjusted NOI primarily increased as a result of our Blackstone JV acquisition.

Post-Acute/Skilled Nursing

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands, except per bed data):

 

 

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NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP and total portfolio NOI and adjusted NOI primarily increased as a result of annual rent increases.

Life Science

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars and sq. ft. in thousands, except per sq. ft. data):

 

 

SPP NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP NOI decreased primarily as a result of mark-to-market rent reductions on renewed leases. SPP adjusted NOI decreased primarily as a result of a $4 million rent payment received in February 2012 in connection with a lease amendment and mark-to-market rent reductions, partially offset by annual rent escalations.

Total Portfolio NOI and Adjusted NOI.  In addition to the impact of our SPP, our total portfolio NOI increased primarily as a result of rents on recent development projects placed in service during 2013 and 2012.

During the year ended December 31, 2013, 545,000 square feet of new and renewal leases commenced at an average annual base rent of $27.43 per square foot compared to 392,000 square feet of expiring and terminated leases with an average annual base rent of $32.83 per square foot.

 

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Medical Office

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars and sq. ft. in thousands, except per sq. ft. data):

 

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Total Portfolio NOI and Adjusted NOI.  Total portfolio NOI and adjusted NOI increased primarily as a result of the impact of our MOB acquisitions during 2012.

During the year ended December 31, 2013, 2.1 million square feet of new and renewal leases commenced at an average annual base rent of $21.54 per square foot compared to 2.2 million square feet of expiring and terminated leases with an average annual base rent of $22.06 per square foot.

 

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Hospital

Results are as of and for the years ended December 31, 2013 and 2012 (dollars in thousands, except per bed data):

 

 

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SPP and Total Portfolio NOI and Adjusted NOI.  SPP and total portfolio NOI primarily decreased due to a net $12 million correction in 2013 that reduced previously recognized non-cash revenues including straight-line rents and to increasing amortization of below market lease intangibles related to our Medical City Dallas hospital. SPP and total portfolio adjusted NOI increased due to annual rent increases, a new lease on our Plano hospital and rents on our Fresno hospital that was placed in service in January 2013.

Other Income and Expense Items

Interest income.  Interest income increased $62 million to $86 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily the result of interest income from the repayment of our Barchester loan in September 2013 (acquired earlier in 2013 at a discount), additional interest income earned from the second tranche of our mezzanine loan facility to Tandem Health Care in June 2013 and interest earned from our Four Seasons senior unsecured notes purchased in 2012 (see Notes 7 and 10 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Interest expense.  For the year ended December 31, 2013, interest expense increased $19 million to $435 million. The increase was primarily the result of increases in the average outstanding indebtedness during 2013 compared to 2012 and a decrease of capitalized interest in 2013 related to assets that were under development in our life science and medical office segments and were placed in service during 2013 and 2012. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in interest rates.

Our exposure to expense fluctuations related to our variable rate indebtedness is mitigated by our interest rate swap contracts. For a more detailed discussion of our interest rate risk, see “Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk” section in Item 7A.

 

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The table below sets forth information with respect to our debt, excluding premiums and discounts (dollars in thousands):

 

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Depreciation and amortization expense.  Depreciation and amortization expenses increased $70 million to $423 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The increase was primarily the result of the impact of our senior housing facility and MOB acquisitions during 2012.

General and administrative expenses.  General and administrative expenses increased $35 million to $103 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The year ended December 31, 2013 included $27 million of severance-related charges resulting from the termination of our former Chairman, Chief Executive Officer and President (see Note 16 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). The year ended December 31, 2012 included $7 million related to an insurance recovery for previously incurred legal expenses.

Acquisition and pursuit costs.    Acquisition and pursuit costs decreased $5 million to $6 million for the year ended December 31, 2013. The decrease was primarily the result of acquiring 133 senior housing communities from the Blackstone JV during the fourth quarter of 2012.

Impairments.  During the year ended December 31, 2013, we recognized impairments of $1 million, included in discontinued operations, as a result of the reclassification of two MOBs to held for sale (see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements). During the year ended December 31, 2012, we recognized an impairment of $8 million as a result of the disposition of a life science land parcel (see Note 17 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

Other income, net.  For the year ended December 31, 2013, other income, net increased $15 million to $18 million. The increase was primarily the result of gains from the sale of marketable equity securities during 2013 of $11 million.

Income taxes.  For the year ended December 31, 2013, income taxes increased by $7 million to $6 million. The increase in income taxes was primarily due to the increase in taxable income of our TRS entities during the year ended December 31, 2013.

Equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures.  For the year ended December 31, 2013, equity income from unconsolidated joint ventures increased $10 million to $64 million. The increase was primarily the result of: (i) a one-time distribution received from a senior housing development joint venture that exceeded our investment balance and (ii) the improved operating performance from our HCRMC equity investment.

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Discontinued operations.  Income from discontinued operations for the year ended December 31, 2013 was $74 million, compared to $46 million for the comparable period in 2012. The increase is primarily due to an increase in gains on real estate dispositions of $38 million, partially offset by a decline in operating income from discontinued operations of $8 million and impairment charges in discontinued operations of $1 million.

Preferred stock dividends.  On March 22, 2012, we announced the redemption of all outstanding shares of preferred stock. On April 23, 2012, we redeemed all outstanding shares of our preferred stock and paid all accrued and unpaid dividends to the redemption date. During the year ended December 31, 2012, we incurred a redemption charge of $10 million related to the original issuance costs of the preferred stock (this charge is presented as an additional preferred stock dividend in our consolidated income statements).

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We anticipate satisfying our distributions to our shareholders and non-controlling interest members for the next 12 months by primarily using cash flow from operations and available cash balances. Additionally, we expect to meet our scheduled financing maturities for 2015 (excluding future acquisitions) with the proceeds from our January 2015 $600 million senior unsecured note offering.

Our principal investing liquidity needs for the next 12 months are to:

We anticipate satisfying these future investing needs using one or more of the following:

Access to capital markets impacts our cost of capital and ability to refinance maturing indebtedness, as well as our ability to fund future acquisitions and development through the issuance of additional securities or secured debt. Credit ratings impact our ability to access capital and directly impact our cost of capital as well. For example, as noted below, our revolving line of credit facility accrues interest at a rate per annum equal to LIBOR plus a margin that depends upon our credit ratings. We also pay a facility fee on the entire revolving commitment that depends upon our credit ratings. As of January 30, 2015, we had a credit rating of BBB+ from Fitch, Baa1 from Moody’s and BBB+ from S&P on our senior unsecured debt securities.

Cash Flow Summary

The following summary discussion of our cash flows is based on the Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and is not meant to be an all-inclusive discussion of the changes in our cash flows for the periods presented below.

Cash and cash equivalents were $184 million and $301 million at December 31, 2014 and 2013, respectively, representing a decrease of $117 million. The following table sets forth changes in cash flows (dollars in thousands):

 

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The increase in operating cash flows is primarily the result of the following: (i) the impact from our investments, (ii) redevelopment assets placed in service and (iii) rent escalations and resets. Our cash flows from operations are dependent upon the occupancy levels of our buildings, rental rates on leases, our tenants’ performance on their lease obligations, the level of operating expenses and other factors.

The following are significant investing and financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2014:

Debt

Bank line of credit and Term Loans.  On March 31, 2014, we amended our unsecured revolving line of credit facility (the “Facility”) with a syndicate of banks, which was scheduled to mature in March 2016, increasing the borrowing capacity by $500 million to $2 billion. The amended Facility matures on March 31, 2018, with a one-year committed extension option. Borrowings under the Facility accrue interest at LIBOR plus a margin that depends upon our credit ratings. We pay a facility fee on the entire revolving commitment that depends on our credit ratings. Based on our credit ratings at January 30, 2015, the margin on the Facility was 0.925%, and the facility fee was 0.15%. The Facility also includes a feature that will allow us to increase the borrowing capacity by an aggregate amount of up to $500 million, subject to securing additional commitments from existing lenders or new lending institutions. At December 31, 2014, we had $839 million (includes £355 million) outstanding under the Facility with a weighted average effective interest rate of 1.60%.

On July 30, 2012, we entered into a credit agreement with a syndicate of banks for a £137 million ($214 million at December 31, 2014) four-year unsecured term loan (the “2012 Term Loan”). Based on our credit ratings at January 30, 2014, the Term Loan accrues interest at a rate of GBP LIBOR plus 1.20%. Concurrent with the closing of the Term Loan, we entered into a four-year interest rate swap contract that fixes the rate of the Term Loan at 1.81%, subject to adjustments based on our credit ratings. The 2012 Term Loan contains a one-year committed extension option.

On January 12, 2015, we entered into a credit agreement with a syndicate of banks for a £220 million ($333 million) four-year unsecured term loan (the “2015 Term Loan”) that accrues interest at a rate of GBP LIBOR plus 0.975%, subject to adjustments based on our credit ratings. At closing, we entered into a three-year interest rate swap agreement that effectively fixes the rate of the term loan at 1.79% (the 2012 and 2015 Term Loans are collectively the “Term Loans”). Proceeds from the 2015 Term Loan were used to repay £220 million outstanding on the Facility as of the closing date.

The Facility and Term Loans contain certain financial restrictions and other customary requirements. Among other things, these covenants, using terms defined in the agreements, (i) limit the ratio of Consolidated Total Indebtedness to Consolidated Total Asset Value to 60%, (ii) limit the ratio of Secured Debt to Consolidated Total Asset Value to 30%, (iii) limit the ratio of Unsecured Debt to Consolidated Unencumbered Asset Value to 60% and (iv) require a minimum Fixed Charge Coverage ratio of 1.5 times. The Facility and Term Loans also require a Minimum Consolidated Tangible Net Worth of $9.5 billion at December 31, 2014 (applicable to the Facility and 2012 Term Loan). At December 31, 2014, we were in compliance with each of these restrictions and requirements of the Facility and 2012 Term Loan.

Senior unsecured notes.  At December 31, 2014, we had senior unsecured notes outstanding with an aggregate principal balance of $7.6 billion. Interest rates on the notes ranged from 2.79% to 6.99% with a weighted average effective interest rate of 4.95% and a weighted average maturity of six years at December 31, 2014. The senior unsecured notes contain certain covenants including limitations on debt, maintenance of unencumbered assets, cross-acceleration provisions and other customary terms. At December 31, 2014, we believe we were in compliance with these covenants.

On January 21, 2015, we issued $600 million of 3.40% senior unsecured notes due 2025. The notes were priced at 99.185% of the principal amount with an effective yield-to-maturity of 3.497%; net proceeds from this offering were $591 million.

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A portion of the proceeds from these senior notes was used to repay the entire $105 million U.S. dollar amount outstanding on the Facility as of the closing date.

Mortgage debt.  At December 31, 2014, we had $1 billion in aggregate principal amount of mortgage debt outstanding that is secured by 70 healthcare facilities (including redevelopment properties) with a carrying value of $1.3 billion. Interest rates on the mortgage debt ranged from 0.44% to 8.41% with a weighted average effective interest rate of 6.16% and a weighted average maturity of three years at December 31, 2014.

Mortgage debt generally requires monthly principal and interest payments, is collateralized by real estate assets and is generally non-recourse. Mortgage debt typically restricts transfer of the encumbered assets, prohibits additional liens, restricts prepayment, requires payment of real estate taxes, requires maintenance of the assets in good condition, requires maintenance of insurance on the assets, and includes conditions to obtain lender consent to enter into and terminate material leases. Some of the mortgage debt is also cross-collateralized by multiple assets and may require tenants or operators to maintain compliance with the applicable leases or operating agreements of such real estate assets.

Debt Maturities.  The following table summarizes our stated debt maturities and scheduled principal repayments at December 31, 2014 (in thousands):

 

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Derivative Financial Instruments

We use derivative financial instruments to mitigate the effects of interest rate and foreign exchange fluctuations on specific forecasted transactions as well as recognized financial obligations or assets. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes.

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The following table summarizes our outstanding interest-rate and foreign currency swap contracts as of December 31, 2014 (dollars and GBP in thousands):

 

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For a more detailed description of our derivative financial instruments, see Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements and in Item 7A in this report.

Equity

At December 31, 2014, we had 460 million shares of common stock outstanding. At December 31, 2014, equity totaled $11 billion, and our equity securities had a market value of $21 billion.

As of December 31, 2014, there were a total of 4 million DownREIT units outstanding in five limited liability companies in which we are the managing member. The DownREIT units are exchangeable for an amount of cash approximating the then-current market value of shares of our common stock or, at our option, shares of our common stock (subject to certain adjustments, such as stock splits and reclassifications).

Shelf Registration

We have a prospectus that we filed with the SEC as part of a registration statement on Form S-3ASR, using a shelf registration process which expires in July 2015. Under the “shelf” process, we may sell any combination of the securities described in the prospectus in one or more offerings. The securities described in the prospectus include common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, debt securities and warrants.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures—FFO and FAD

Funds From Operations

The following is a reconciliation from net income applicable to common shares, the most directly comparable financial measure calculated and presented in accordance with GAAP, to FFO and FFO as adjusted (in thousands, except per share data):

 

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Funds Available for Distribution

The following is a reconciliation of FFO as adjusted to FAD (in thousands, except per share data):

 

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Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We own interests in certain unconsolidated joint ventures as described under Note 8 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Except in limited circumstances, our risk of loss is limited to our investment in the joint venture and any outstanding loans receivable. In addition, we have certain properties which serve as collateral for debt that is owed by a previous owner of certain of our facilities, as described under Note 12 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Our risk of loss for these certain properties is limited to the outstanding debt balance plus penalties, if any. We have no other

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material off-balance sheet arrangements that we expect would materially affect our liquidity and capital resources except those described below under Contractual Obligations.

Contractual Obligations

The following table summarizes our material contractual payment obligations and commitments at December 31, 2014 (in thousands):

 

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Inflation

Our leases often provide for either fixed increases in base rents or indexed escalators, based on the Consumer Price Index or other measures, and/or additional rent based on increases in the tenants’ operating revenues. Most of our MOB leases require the tenant to pay a share of property operating costs such as real estate taxes, insurance and utilities. Substantially all of our senior housing, life science, post-acute/skilled nursing and hospital leases require the tenant or operator to pay all of the property operating costs or reimburse us for all such costs. We believe that inflationary increases in expenses will be offset, in part, by the tenant or operator expense reimbursements and contractual rent increases described above.

Critical Accounting Policies

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) requires our management to use judgment in the application of accounting policies, including making estimates and assumptions. We base estimates on the best information available to us at the time, our experience and on various other assumptions believed to be reasonable under the circumstances. These estimates affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenue and expenses during the reporting periods. If our judgment or interpretation of the facts and circumstances relating to various transactions or other matters had been different, it is possible that different accounting would have been applied, resulting in a different presentation of our consolidated financial statements. From time to time, we re-evaluate our estimates and assumptions. In the event estimates or assumptions prove to be different from actual results, adjustments are made in subsequent periods to reflect more current estimates and assumptions about matters that are inherently uncertain. For a more detailed discussion of our significant accounting policies, see Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Below is a discussion of accounting policies that we consider critical in that they may require complex judgment in their application or require estimates about matters that are inherently uncertain.

 

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Principles of Consolidation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of HCP, Inc., our wholly owned subsidiaries and joint ventures that we control, through voting rights or other means. We consolidate investments in variable interest entities (“VIEs”) when we are the primary beneficiary of the VIE. A variable interest holder is considered to be the primary beneficiary of a VIE if it has the power to direct the activities of a variable interest entity that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance and has the obligation to absorb losses of, or the right to receive benefits from, the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

We make judgments about which entities are VIEs based on an assessment of whether (i) the equity investors as a group, if any, do not have a controlling financial interest, or (ii) the equity investment at risk is insufficient to finance that entity’s activities without additional subordinated financial support. We make judgments with respect to our level of influence or control of an entity and whether we are (or are not) the primary beneficiary of a VIE. Consideration of various factors includes, but is not limited to, our ability to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity’s economic performance, our form of ownership interest, our representation on the entity’s governing body, the size and seniority of our investment, our ability and the rights of other investors to participate in policy making decisions, replace the manager and/or liquidate the entity, if applicable. Our ability to correctly assess our influence or control over an entity when determining the primary beneficiary of a VIE affects the presentation of these entities in our consolidated financial statements. When we perform a re-analysis of the primary beneficiary at a date other than at inception of the variable interest entity, our assumptions may be different and may result in the identification of a different primary beneficiary.

If we determine that we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, our consolidated financial statements would include the operating results of the VIE (either tenant or borrower) rather than the results of the variable interest in the VIE. We would require the VIE to provide us timely financial information and would review the internal control of the VIE to determine if we could rely on the financial information they provide. If the VIE has deficiencies in its internal controls over financial reporting, or does not provide us with timely financial information, this may adversely impact the quality and/or timing of our financial reporting and our internal control over financial reporting.

Revenue Recognition

At the inception of a new lease arrangement, including new leases that arise from amendments, we assess the terms and conditions to determine the proper lease classification. A lease arrangement is classified as an operating lease if none of the following criteria are met: (i) transfer of ownership to the lessee, (ii) lessee has a bargain purchase option during or at the end of the lease term, (iii) the lease term is equal to 75% or more of the underlying property’s economic life, or (iv) the present value of future minimum lease payments (excluding executory costs) are equal to 90% or more of the excess estimated fair value (over retained tax credits) of the leased building. If one of the four criteria is met and the minimum lease payments are determined to be reasonably predicable and collectible, the lease arrangement is generally accounted for as a direct financing lease. If the assumptions utilized in the above classification assessments were different, our lease classification for accounting purposes may have been different; thus the timing and amount of our revenue recognized would have been impacted, which may be material to our consolidated financial statements.

We recognize rental revenue for operating leases on a straight-line basis over the lease term when collectibility of all minimum lease payments is reasonably assured and the tenant has taken possession or controls the physical use of a leased asset. If the lease provides for tenant improvements, we determine whether the tenant improvements are owned by the tenant or us. When we are the owner of the tenant improvements, the tenant is not considered to have taken physical possession or have control of the physical leased asset until the tenant improvements are substantially completed. When the tenant is the owner of the tenant improvements, any tenant improvement allowance funded is treated as a lease incentive and amortized as a reduction of revenue over the lease term. The determination of ownership of the tenant improvements is subject to significant judgment. If our assessment of the owner of the tenant improvements was different, the timing and amount of our revenue recognized would be impacted.

Certain leases provide for additional rents that are contingent upon a percentage of the facility’s revenue in excess of specified base amounts or other thresholds. Such revenue is recognized when actual results reported by the tenant, or estimates of tenant results, exceed the base amount or other thresholds. The recognition of additional rents requires us to

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make estimates of amounts owed and to a certain extent are dependent on the accuracy of the facility results reported to us. Our estimates may differ from actual results, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements.

We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts, including an allowance for operating lease straight-line rent receivables, for estimated losses resulting from tenant defaults or the inability of tenants to make contractual rent and tenant recovery payments. We monitor the liquidity and creditworthiness of our tenants and operators on a continuous basis. This evaluation considers industry and economic conditions, property performance, credit enhancements and other factors. For straight-line rent amounts, our assessment is based on income recoverable over the term of the lease. We exercise judgment in establishing allowances and consider payment history and current credit status in developing these estimates. These estimates may differ from actual results, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements.

We use the direct finance method of accounting to record income from DFLs. For leases accounted for as DFLs, future minimum lease payments are recorded as a receivable. For leases accounted for as DFLs, the net investment in the DFL represents receivables for the sum of minimum lease payments receivable and the estimated residual values of the leased properties, less the unearned income. Unearned income is deferred and amortized to income over the lease terms to provide a constant yield when collectibility of the lease payments is reasonably assured. Investments in DFLs are presented net of unamortized unearned income. The determination of estimated useful lives and residual values are subject to significant judgment. If these assessments were to change, the timing and amount of our revenue recognized would be impacted.

Loans receivable are classified as held-for-investment based on management’s intent and ability to hold the loans for the foreseeable future or to maturity. We recognize interest income on loans, including the amortization of discounts and premiums, using the interest method applied on a loan-by-loan basis when collectibility of the future payments is reasonably assured. Premiums, discounts and related costs are recognized as yield adjustments over the term of the related loans. If management determined that certain loans should no longer be classified as held for maturity, the timing and amount of our interest income recognized would be impacted.

Loans and DFLs are placed on non-accrual status at such time as management determines that collectibility of contractual amounts is not reasonably assured. While on non-accrual status, loans and DFLs are either accounted for on a cash basis, in which income is recognized only upon receipt of cash, or on a cost-recovery basis, were cash receipts reduce the carrying value of the loan or DFL, based on management’s judgment of collectibility.

Allowances are established for loans and DFLs based upon an estimate of probable losses on an individual basis if they are determined to be impaired. Loans and DFLs are impaired when it is deemed probable that we will be unable to collect all amounts due on a timely basis in accordance with the contractual terms of the loan or lease. Determining the adequacy of the allowance is complex and requires significant judgment by us about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. The allowance is based upon our assessment of the borrower’s or lessee’s overall financial condition, resources and payment record; the prospects for support from any financially responsible guarantors; and, if appropriate, the net realizable value of any collateral. These estimates consider all available evidence including, as appropriate, the performance of our tenants, operators or borrowers, the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at the loan’s or DFL’s effective interest rate, the fair value of collateral, general economic conditions and trends, historical and industry loss experience, and other relevant factors. While our assumptions are based in part upon historical data, our estimates may differ from actual results, which could be material to our consolidated financial statements. 

Real Estate

We make estimates as part of our allocation of the purchase price of acquisitions to the various components of the acquisition based upon the relative fair value of each component. The most significant components of our allocations are typically the allocation of fair value to the buildings as-if-vacant, land and in-place leases. In the case of the fair value of buildings and the allocation of value to land and other intangibles, our estimates of the values of these components will affect the amount of depreciation and amortization we record over the estimated useful life of the property acquired or the remaining lease term. In the case of the value of in-place leases, we make our best estimates based on our evaluation of the specific characteristics of each tenant’s lease. Factors considered include estimates of carrying costs during hypothetical expected lease-up periods, market conditions and costs to execute similar leases. Our assumptions affect the amount of future revenue that we will recognize over the remaining lease term for the acquired in-place leases.

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A variety of costs are incurred in the development and leasing of properties. After determination is made to capitalize a cost, it is allocated to the specific component of a project that is benefited. Determination of when a development project is substantially complete and capitalization must cease involves a degree of judgment. The costs of land and buildings under development include specifically identifiable costs. The capitalized costs include pre-construction costs essential to the development of the property, development costs, construction costs, interest costs, real estate taxes and other costs incurred during the period of development. We consider a construction project as substantially completed and available for occupancy and cease capitalization of costs upon the completion of the related tenant improvements.

Impairment of Long-Lived Assets and Goodwill

We assess the carrying value of our real estate assets and related intangibles (“real estate assets”) when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the real estate assets may not be recoverable. Recoverability of real estate assets is measured by comparing the carrying amount of the real estate assets to the respective estimated future undiscounted cash flows. The estimated future undiscounted cash flows are calculated utilizing the lowest level of identifiable cash flows that are largely independent of the cash flows of other assets and liabilities. In order to review our real estate assets for recoverability, we consider market conditions, as well as our intent with respect to holding or disposing of the asset. If our analysis indicates that the carrying value of the real estate assets is not recoverable on an undiscounted cash flow basis, we recognize an impairment charge for the amount by which the carrying value exceeds the fair value of the real estate asset.

Goodwill is tested for impairment at least annually based on certain qualitative factors to determine if it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount. Potential impairment indicators and qualitative factors include a significant decline in real estate valuations, restructuring plans, current macroeconomic conditions, state of the equity and capital markets or a significant decline in the value of our market capitalization. If we determine that it is more likely than not that the fair value of a reporting unit is less than its carrying amount, we apply the required two-step quantitative approach. The quantitative procedures of the two-step approach (i) compare the fair value of a reporting unit with its carrying amount, including goodwill and, if necessary, (ii) compare the implied fair value of reporting unit goodwill with the carrying amount of that goodwill as if it had been acquired in a business combination at the date of the impairment test. The excess fair value of the reporting unit over the fair value of assets and liabilities is the implied value of goodwill and is used to determine the amount of impairment, if any. We estimate the fair value of the assets and liabilities in the reporting unit through various valuation techniques, including applying capitalization rates to segment net operating income, quoted market values and third-party appraisals, as necessary. The fair value of the reporting unit may also include an allocation of an enterprise value premium that we estimate a third party would be willing to pay for the company.

The determination of the fair value of real estate assets and goodwill involves significant judgment. This judgment is based on our analysis and estimates of fair value of real estate assets and reporting units, future operating results and resulting cash flows of each real estate asset whose carrying amount may not be recoverable. Our ability to accurately predict future operating results, resulting cash flows and estimate and allocate fair values impacts the timing and recognition of impairments. While we believe our assumptions are reasonable, changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on our financial results.

Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures

The initial carrying value of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures is based on the amount paid to purchase the joint venture interest or the carrying value of the assets prior to the sale or contribution of the interests to the joint venture. We evaluate our equity method investments for impairment indicators based upon a comparison of the fair value of the equity method investment to our carrying value. If we determine there is a decline in the fair value of our investment in an unconsolidated joint venture below its carrying value and it is other-than-temporary, an impairment is recorded. The determination of the fair value and as to whether a deficiency in fair value is “other-than-temporary” of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures involves significant judgment. Our estimates consider all available evidence including, as appropriate, the present value of the expected future cash flows discounted at market rates, general economic conditions and trends, severity and duration of the fair value deficiency, and other relevant factors. Capitalization rates, discount rates and credit spreads utilized in our valuation models are based upon rates that we believe to be within a reasonable range of current market rates for the respective investments. While we believe our assumptions are reasonable, changes in these assumptions may have a material impact on our financial results.

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Income Taxes

As part of the process of preparing our consolidated financial statements, significant management judgment is required to evaluate our compliance with REIT requirements. Our determinations are based on interpretation of tax laws, and our conclusions may have an impact on the income tax expense recognized. Adjustments to income tax expense may be required as a result of: (i) audits conducted by federal, state and local tax authorities, (ii) our ability to qualify as a REIT, (iii) the potential for built-in gain recognition, and (iv) changes in tax laws. Adjustments required in any given period are included within the income tax provision.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 2 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for the impact of new accounting standards. There were no accounting pronouncements that were issued, but not yet adopted by us, that we believe will materially impact our consolidated financial statements.

ITEM 7A.    Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We use derivative financial instruments in the normal course of business to mitigate interest rate and foreign currency risk. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative or trading purposes. Derivatives are recorded on the consolidated balance sheets at their fair value (see Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

To illustrate the effect of movements in the interest rate and foreign currency markets, we performed a market sensitivity analysis on our hedging instruments. We applied various basis point spreads to the underlying interest rate curves and foreign currency exchange rates of the derivative portfolio in order to determine the instruments’ change in fair value. Assuming a one percentage point change in the underlying interest rate curve and foreign currency exchange rates, the estimated change in fair value of each of the underlying derivative instruments would not exceed $4 million. See Note 24 to the Consolidated Financial Statements for additional analysis details.

Interest Rate Risk

At December 31, 2014, we are exposed to market risks related to fluctuations in interest rates primarily on variable rate investments, which have been predominately hedged through interest rate swap contracts.

Interest rate fluctuations will generally not affect our future earnings or cash flows on our fixed rate debt and assets unless such instruments mature or are otherwise terminated. However, interest rate changes will affect the fair value of our fixed rate instruments. Conversely, changes in interest rates on variable rate debt and investments would change our future earnings and cash flows, but not significantly affect the fair value of those instruments. Assuming a one percentage point increase in the interest rate related to the variable-rate investments and variable-rate debt, and assuming no other changes in the outstanding balance as of December 31, 2014, our annual interest expense would increase by approximately $9 million, or $0.02 per common share on a diluted basis.

 

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

At December 31, 2014, our exposure to foreign currencies primarily relates to U.K. investments in leased real estate, loan investments, senior unsecured notes and the related GBP denominated cash flows from such investments. Our foreign currency exposure is partially mitigated through the use of GBP denominated borrowings and foreign currency swap contracts.

 

Market Risk

We have investments in marketable debt securities classified as held-to-maturity because we have the positive intent and ability to hold the securities to maturity. Held-to-maturity securities are recorded at amortized cost and adjusted for the amortization of premiums and discounts through maturity. We consider a variety of factors in evaluating an other-than-temporary decline in value, such as: the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been less than our

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current adjusted carrying value; the issuer’s financial condition, capital strength and near-term prospects; any recent events specific to that issuer and economic conditions of its industry; and our investment horizon in relationship to an anticipated near-term recovery in the market value, if any. At December 31, 2014, the fair value and carrying value of marketable debt securities were $252 million and $231 million, respectively.

The principal amount and the average interest rates for our loans receivable and debt categorized by maturity dates is presented in the table below. The fair value for our senior unsecured notes payable is based on prevailing market prices. The fair value estimates for loans receivable and mortgage debt payable are based on discounting future cash flows utilizing current rates for loans and debt of the same type and remaining maturity.

The table below summarizes the carrying amounts and fair values of our financial instruments exposed to interest rate risk (dollars in thousands):

 

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