Edgar Filing: GREENE COUNTY BANCORP INC

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒ ANNUAL REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Fiscal Year Ended June 30, 2018

☐ TRANSITION REPORT UNDER SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transaction period from ___________________ to ______________________

Commission File Number: 0-25165

GREENE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

(Name of registrant as specified in its Charter)

United States		14-1809721
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

302 Main Street, Catskill, New York		12414
(Address of Principal Executive Office)		(Zip Code)

(518) 943-2600

(Issuer’s Telephone Number including area code)

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Title of each class		Name of exchange on which registered
Common Stock, par value $0.10 per share		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities Registered Pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:

None

(Title of Class)

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.

YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act.

YES ☐ NO ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the past twelve months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendments to this Form 10-K. YES ☒ NO ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer”, “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒
Non-accelerated filer ☐	Smaller reporting company ☒
Emerging Growth Company ☐

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES ☐ NO ☒

As of December 31, 2017, there were 8,506,614 shares outstanding of the Registrant's common stock of which 2,912,594 were shares of voting stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant. Computed by reference to the closing price of Common Stock of $32.60 on December 31, 2017, the aggregate value of stock held by non-affiliates was $94,951,000. As of September 12, 2018, there were 8,537,814 shares outstanding of the Registrant's common stock.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Portions of the registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference into Part II and III of this Form 10-K where indicated.

GREENE COUNTY BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

FORM 10-K

	Index
Part I
Item 1.	Business	4-22
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	22
Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments	22
Item 2.	Properties	22
Item 3.	Legal Proceedings	22
Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures	22

Part II
Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities	23
Item 6.	Selected Financial Data	24
Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	25-41
Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	41-43
Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data	43-85
Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure	85
Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures	85
Item 9B.	Other Information	85

Part III
Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers, and Corporate Governance	86
Item 11.	Executive Compensation	86
Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters	86
Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence	86
Item 14.	Principal Accountant Fees and Services	86

Part IV
Item 15.	Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules	87
Item 16.	Form 10-K Summary	88
	Signatures	88

Index

PART I

ITEM 1.

Business

SPECIAL NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report contains forward-looking statements. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. desires to take advantage of the “safe harbor” provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 and is including this statement for the express purpose of availing itself of the protections of the safe harbor with respect to all such forward-looking statements. These forward-looking statements, which are included in this annual report, describe future plans or strategies and include Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s expectations of future financial results. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “project,” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s ability to predict results or the effect of future plans or strategies or qualitative or quantitative changes based on market risk exposure is inherently uncertain. Factors that could affect actual results include but are not limited to:

(a)

changes in general market interest rates,

(b)

general economic conditions,

(c)

legislative and regulatory changes,

(d)

monetary and fiscal policies of the U.S. Treasury and the Federal Reserve,

(e)

changes in the quality or composition of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s loan and investment portfolios,

(f)

deposit flows,

(g)

competition, and

(h)

demand for financial services in Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s market area.

These factors should be considered in evaluating the forward-looking statements, and undue reliance should not be placed on such statements, since results in future periods may differ materially from those currently expected because of various risks and uncertainties.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Regulation G, a rule adopted by the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), applies to certain SEC filings, including earnings releases, made by registered companies that contain “non-GAAP financial measures.” GAAP is generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America. Under Regulation G, companies making public disclosures containing non-GAAP financial measures must also disclose, along with each non-GAAP financial measure, certain additional information, including a reconciliation of the non-GAAP financial measure to the closest comparable GAAP financial measure (if a comparable GAAP measure exists) and a statement of the Company’s reasons for utilizing the non-GAAP financial measure as part of its financial disclosures. The SEC has exempted from the definition of “non-GAAP financial measures” certain commonly used financial measures that are not based on GAAP. When these exempted measures are included in public disclosures, supplemental information is not required. Financial institutions like the Company and its subsidiary banks are subject to an array of bank regulatory capital measures that are financial in nature but are not based on GAAP and are not easily reconcilable to the closest comparable GAAP financial measures, even in those cases where a comparable measure exists. The Company follows industry practice in disclosing its financial condition under these various regulatory capital measures, including period-end regulatory capital ratios for itself and its subsidiary banks, in its periodic reports filed with the SEC, and it does so without compliance with Regulation G, on the widely-shared assumption that the SEC regards such non-GAAP measures to be exempt from Regulation G. The Company uses in this Report additional non-GAAP financial measures that are commonly utilized by financial institutions and have not been specifically exempted by the SEC from Regulation G. The Company provides, as supplemental information, such non-GAAP measures included in this Report as described immediately below.

Tax-Equivalent Net Interest Income and Net Interest Margin: Net interest income, as a component of the tabular presentation by financial institutions of Selected Financial Information regarding their recently completed operations, as well as disclosures based on that tabular presentation, is commonly presented on a tax-equivalent basis. That is, to the extent that some component of the institution's net interest income, which is presented on a before-tax basis, is exempt from taxation (e.g., is received by the institution as a result of its holdings of state or municipal obligations), an amount equal to the tax benefit derived from that component is added to the actual before-tax net interest income total. This adjustment is considered helpful in comparing one financial institution's net interest income to that of another institution or in analyzing any institution’s net interest income trend line over time, to correct any analytical distortion that might otherwise arise from the fact that financial institutions vary widely in the proportions of their portfolios that are invested in tax-exempt securities, and that even a single institution may significantly alter over time the proportion of its own portfolio that is invested in tax-exempt obligations. Moreover, net interest income is itself a component of a second financial measure commonly used by financial institutions, net interest margin, which is the ratio of net interest income to average earning assets. For purposes of this measure as well, tax-equivalent net interest income is generally used by financial institutions, again to provide a better basis of comparison from institution to institution and to better demonstrate a single institution’s performance over time. While we present net interest income and net interest margin utilizing GAAP measures (no tax-equivalent adjustments) as a component of the tabular presentation within our disclosures, we do provide as supplemental information net interest income and net interest margin on a tax-equivalent basis.

Index

General

Greene County Bancorp, MHC and Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Greene County Bancorp, MHC was formed in December 1998 as part of The Bank of Greene County's mutual holding company reorganization. In 2001, Greene County Bancorp, MHC converted from a state to a federal charter. The Federal Reserve Board regulates Greene County Bancorp, MHC. Greene County Bancorp, MHC owns 54.0% of the issued and outstanding common stock of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. The remaining shares of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. are owned by public stockholders and The Bank of Greene County’s Employee Stock Ownership Plan. At June 30, 2018, Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s assets consisted primarily of its investment in The Bank of Greene County and cash. At June 30, 2018, 3,928,550 shares of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s common stock, par value $0.10 per share, were held by the public, including executive officers and directors, 73,526 shares were held as Treasury stock and 4,609,264 shares were held by Greene County Bancorp, MHC, Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s mutual holding company. Greene County Bancorp, MHC does not engage in any business activity other than to hold a majority of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s common stock and to invest any liquid assets of Greene County Bancorp, MHC.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. operates as the federally chartered holding company of The Bank of Greene County, a federally chartered savings bank. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. was organized in December of 1998 at the direction of the Board of Trustees of The Bank of Greene County (formerly Greene County Savings Bank) for the purpose of acting as the holding company of The Bank of Greene County. In 2001, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. converted its charter from a Delaware corporation regulated by the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System to a federal corporation regulated by the Office of Thrift Supervision. Effective in July 2011, the regulation of federally chartered savings and loan holding companies was transferred to the Federal Reserve Board under the Dodd-Frank Act. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s principal business is overseeing and directing the business of The Bank of Greene County and monitoring its cash position.

The Bank of Greene County

The Bank of Greene County was organized in 1889 as The Building and Loan Association of Catskill, a New York-chartered savings and loan association. In 1974, The Bank of Greene County converted to a New York mutual savings bank under the name Greene County Savings Bank. In conjunction with the reorganization and the offering completed in December 1998, which resulted in the organization of Greene County Bancorp, Inc., Greene County Savings Bank changed its name to The Bank of Greene County. In November 2006, The Bank of Greene County converted its charter to a federal savings bank charter. The Bank of Greene County’s deposits are insured by the Deposit Insurance Fund, as administered by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, up to the maximum amount permitted by law.

The Bank of Greene County's principal business consists of attracting retail deposits from the general public in the areas surrounding its branches and investing those deposits, together with funds generated from operations and borrowings, primarily in residential mortgage loans, commercial real estate mortgage loans, consumer loans, home equity loans and commercial business loans. In addition, The Bank of Greene County invests a significant portion of its assets in state and political subdivision securities and mortgage-backed securities. The Bank of Greene County's revenues are derived principally from the interest on its residential and commercial real estate mortgages, and to a lesser extent, from interest on consumer and commercial loans and other types of securities, as well as from servicing fees and service charges and other fees collected on its deposit accounts, and debit card fee income. Through its affiliation with Fenimore Asset Management and Infinex Corporation, The Bank of Greene County offers investment alternatives for customers, which also contributes to the Bank’s revenues. Infinex Corporation acquired Essex National Securities LLP in 2016 allowing the Bank to rebrand these alternative investment services as Greene Investment Services. The Bank of Greene County's primary sources of funds are deposits, borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB”), and principal and interest payments on loans and securities.

Greene County Commercial Bank

The Bank of Greene County operates a limited-purpose subsidiary, Greene County Commercial Bank. Greene County Commercial Bank was formed in January 2004 as a New York State-chartered limited purpose commercial bank. Greene County Commercial Bank has the power to receive deposits only to the extent of accepting for deposit the funds of the United States and the State of New York and their respective agents, authorities and instrumentalities, and local governments as defined in Section 10(a)(1) of the New York General Municipal Law. The Bank of Greene County also operates a real estate investment trust, Greene Property Holdings, Ltd., which beneficially owns mortgages originated through The Bank of Greene County. On December 30, 2014, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. formed Greene Risk Management, Inc. as a pooled captive insurance company subsidiary, incorporated in the State of Nevada, to provide additional insurance coverage for the Company and its subsidiaries related to the operations of the Company for which insurance may not be economically feasible.

Index

Greene Property Holdings, Ltd.

The Bank of Greene County also operates a real estate investment trust, Greene Property Holdings, Ltd., Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. was formed in June 2011 as a New York corporation that elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be taxed as a real estate investment trust. The Bank of Greene County transferred beneficial ownership of certain mortgages and notes to Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. in exchange for 100% of the common stock of Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The Bank of Greene County continues to service these mortgage customers pursuant to a management and servicing agreement with Greene Property Holdings, Ltd.

Administrative offices for Greene County Bancorp, MHC, Greene County Bancorp, Inc., The Bank of Greene County, Greene County Commercial Bank, and Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. are located at 302 Main Street, Catskill, New York 12414-1317. The telephone number is (518) 943-2600.

Greene Risk Management, Inc.

Greene Risk Management, Inc. was formed in December 2014 as a pooled captive insurance company subsidiary of Greene County Bancorp, Inc., incorporated in the State of Nevada. The purpose of this company is to provide additional insurance coverage for the Company and its subsidiaries related to the operations of the Company for which insurance may not be economically feasible.

Greene Risk Management, Inc.’s administrative office is located at 101 Convention Center Drive, Suite 850, Las Vegas, NV 89109-2003. Its telephone number is (702) 949-0110.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries

(in thousands)
Balance sheet data as of June 30, 2018:	Assets		Deposits		Borrowings		Equity
Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (consolidated)	$	1,151,478	$	1,025,234	$	18,150	$	96,191
The Bank of Greene County (consolidated)		1,148,723		1,026,710		18,150		92,525
Greene County Commercial Bank		427,404		386,163		-		40,232
Greene Property Holdings, Ltd.		485,480		-		-		485,480
Greene Risk Management, Inc.		3,372		-		-		2,156

Market Area

The Bank of Greene County is a community bank offering a variety of financial services to meet the needs of the communities it serves. The Bank of Greene County currently operates 14 full-service banking offices, operations center and lending center located in its market area within the Hudson Valley Region of New York State. The Bank of Greene County will be opening it’s 15^th branch in Woodstock, New York in September 2018.

As of 2016 the Greene County population was approximately 49,000, Columbia County was approximately 63,000, Albany County was approximately 304,000 and Ulster County was approximately 182,000. Greene County is primarily rural, and the major industry consists of tourism associated with the several ski facilities and festivals located in the Catskill Mountains. Greene County has no concentrations of manufacturing industry. Greene County is contiguous to the Albany-Schenectady-Troy metropolitan statistical area. The close proximity of Greene County to the city of Albany has made it a "bedroom" community for persons working in the Albany capital area. Greene County government and the Coxsackie Correctional Facilities are the largest employers in the County. Other large employers within the Company’s market area include the Hunter Mountain and Ski Windham resort areas, LaFarge, Columbia Memorial Hospital, Taconic Farms, Ginsberg’s Foods, and the Catskill, Cairo-Durham, Chatham, Greenville, Coxsackie-Athens, Hudson City, and Ravena-Coeymans-Selkirk Central School Districts. Albany County’s economy is dependent on state government, health care services and higher education. Albany has also been growing in the area of technology jobs focusing on the areas of micro- and nanotechnology. Ulster County’s major industry consists of tourism with a number of state parks located within the Catskill Mountains and the Shawangunk Ridge. As such, local employment is primarily within the services industry as well as government and health services.

Competition

The Bank of Greene County faces significant competition both in making loans and in attracting deposits. The Bank of Greene County’s subsidiary Greene County Commercial Bank faces similar competition in attracting municipal deposits. The Bank of Greene County’s market area has a high density of financial institutions, including online competitors, many of which are branches of significantly larger institutions that have greater financial resources than The Bank of Greene County, and all of which are competitors of The Bank of Greene County to varying degrees. The Bank of Greene County's competition for loans comes principally from commercial banks, savings banks, savings and loan associations, mortgage-banking companies, credit unions, insurance companies and other financial service companies. The Bank of Greene County faces additional competition for deposits from non-depository competitors such as the mutual fund industry, securities and brokerage firms and insurance companies. Competition has also increased as a result of the lifting of restrictions on the interstate operations of financial institutions.

Index

Competition has increased as a result of the enactment of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act of 1999, which eased restrictions on entry into the financial services market by insurance companies and securities firms. Moreover, because this legislation permits banks, securities firms and insurance companies to affiliate, the financial services industry could experience further consolidation. This could result in a growing number of larger financial institutions competing in The Bank of Greene County’s primary market area that offer a wider variety of financial services than The Bank of Greene County currently offers. The internet has also become a significant competitive factor for The Bank of Greene County and the overall financial services industry. Competition for deposits, for the origination of loans and the provision of other financial services may limit The Bank of Greene County’s growth and adversely impact its profitability in the future.

Lending Activities

General. The principal lending activity of The Bank of Greene County is the origination, for retention in its portfolio, of fixed-rate and adjustable-rate mortgage loans collateralized by residential and commercial real estate primarily located within its primary market area. The Bank of Greene County also originates home equity loans, consumer loans and commercial business loans, and has increased its focus on all aspects of commercial lending. The Bank of Greene County also offers a variety of line of credit products.

The Bank of Greene County continues to utilize high quality underwriting standards in originating real estate loans. As such, it does not engage in sub-prime lending or other exotic loan products. At the time of origination, appraisals are obtained to ensure an adequate loan-to-value ratio of the underlying collateral. Updated appraisals are obtained on loans when there is a reason to believe that there has been a change in the borrower’s ability to repay the loan principal and interest or an event that would indicate a significant decline in the collateral value. Additionally, if an existing loan is to be modified or refinanced, generally, an appraisal is ordered to ensure collateral adequacy.

In an effort to manage the interest rate risk, The Bank of Greene County originates shorter-term consumer loans and other adjustable-rate loans, including many commercial loans, and residential mortgage loans with a 10 or 15 year term. The Bank of Greene County seeks to attract checking and other transaction accounts that generally have lower interest rate costs and tend to be less interest rate sensitive when interest rates rise to fund fixed-rate residential mortgages.

The loan portfolio composition and loan maturity schedule are set forth in Part II, Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of this Report.

Discussion regarding the credit quality of the loan portfolio is set forth in Part II, Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis and in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 4, Loans, of this Report.

Residential, Construction and Land Loans, and Multi-family Loans. The Bank of Greene County's primary lending activity is the origination of residential mortgage loans collateralized by property located in The Bank of Greene County’s primary market area. Residential mortgage loans refer to loans collateralized by one to four-family residences. By contrast, multi-family loans refer to loans collateralized by multi-family units, such as apartment buildings. For the year ended June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County originated residential mortgage loans with a loan-to-value ratio of 89.9% or less. The Bank of Greene County will originate residential mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios of up to 95.0%, with private mortgage insurance. For the year ended June 30, 2018, no residential mortgage loans were originated by The Bank of Greene County with private mortgage insurance. Generally, residential mortgage loans are originated for terms of up to 30 years. In recent years however, The Bank of Greene County has been successful in marketing and originating such loans with 10 and 15-year terms. The Bank of Greene County generally requires fire and casualty insurance, the establishment of a mortgage escrow account for the payment of real estate taxes, and hazard and flood insurance. The Bank of Greene County requires title insurance on most loans for the construction or purchase of residential properties collateralizing real estate loans made by The Bank of Greene County. Title insurance is not required on all mortgage loans, but is evaluated on a case by case basis.

At June 30, 2018, virtually all of The Bank of Greene County’s residential mortgage loans were conforming loans and, accordingly, were eligible for sale in the secondary mortgage market. However, generally the residential mortgage loans originated by The Bank of Greene County are retained in its portfolio and are not sold into the secondary mortgage market. To the extent fixed-rate residential mortgage loans are retained by The Bank of Greene County, it is exposed to increases in market interest rates, since the yields earned on such fixed-rate assets would remain fixed, while the rates paid by The Bank of Greene County for deposits and borrowings may increase, which could result in lower net interest income.

Index

The Bank of Greene County currently offers residential mortgage loans with fixed and adjustable interest rates. Originations of fixed-rate loans versus adjustable-rate loans are monitored on an ongoing basis and are affected significantly by the level of market interest rates, customer preference, The Bank of Greene County's interest rate gap position, and loan products offered by The Bank of Greene County's competitors. In the current low interest rate environment, most of our borrowers prefer fixed-rate loans to adjustable-rate loans. Residential real estate loans often remain outstanding for significantly shorter periods than their contractual terms because borrowers may refinance or prepay loans at their option. The average length of time that The Bank of Greene County's residential mortgage loans remain outstanding varies significantly depending upon trends in market interest rates and other factors.

The Bank of Greene County's adjustable-rate mortgage (“ARM”) loans currently provide for maximum rate adjustments of 150 basis points per year and 600 basis points over the term of the loan. The Bank of Greene County offers ARM loans with initial interest rates that are below market, referred to as “teaser rates.” However, in underwriting such loans, borrowers are qualified at the full index rate. Generally, The Bank of Greene County's ARM loans adjust annually. After origination, the interest rate on such ARM loans is reset based upon a contractual spread or margin above the average yield on one-year United States Treasury securities, adjusted to a constant maturity, as published weekly by the Federal Reserve Board.

ARM loans decrease the risk associated with changes in market interest rates by periodically re-pricing, but involve other risks because as interest rates increase, the underlying payments by the borrower increase, thus increasing the potential for default by the borrower. At the same time, the marketability of the underlying collateral may be adversely affected by higher interest rates. Upward adjustment of the contractual interest rate is also limited by the maximum periodic and lifetime interest rate adjustment permitted by the terms of the ARM loans, and, therefore, is potentially limited in effectiveness during periods of rapidly rising interest rates. The Bank of Greene County’s willingness and capacity to originate and hold in portfolio fixed rate residential mortgage loans has enabled it to expand customer relationships in the current historically low long-term interest rate environment where borrowers have generally preferred fixed rate mortgage loans. However, as noted above, to the extent The Bank of Greene County retains fixed rate residential mortgage loans in its portfolio, it is exposed to increases in market interest rates, since the yields earned on such fixed rate assets would remain fixed while the rates paid by The Bank of Greene County for deposits and borrowings may increase, which could result in lower net interest income.

The Bank of Greene County's residential mortgage loans are generally originated by The Bank of Greene County's loan representatives operating in its branch offices through their contacts with existing or past loan customers, depositors of The Bank of Greene County, attorneys and accountants who refer loan applications from the general public, and local realtors. The Bank of Greene County has loan originators who call upon customers during non-banking hours and at locations convenient to the customer.

All residential mortgage loans originated by The Bank of Greene County include "due-on-sale" clauses, which give The Bank of Greene County the right to declare a loan immediately due and payable in the event that, among other things, the borrower sells or otherwise disposes of the real property subject to the mortgage.

The Bank of Greene County originates construction-to-permanent loans to homeowners for the purpose of construction of primary and secondary residences. The Bank of Greene County issues a commitment and has one closing which encompasses both the construction phase and permanent financing. The construction phase is a maximum term of twelve months and the interest charged is the rate as stated in the commitment, with loan-to-value ratios of up to 85.0% (or up to 95.0% with private mortgage insurance), of the completed project. The Bank of Greene County also offers loans collateralized by undeveloped land. The acreage associated with such loans is limited. These land loans generally are intended for future sites of primary or secondary residences. The terms of vacant land loans generally have a ten-year maximum amortization.

Construction lending generally involves a greater degree of risk than other residential mortgage lending. The repayment of the construction loan is, to a great degree, dependent upon the successful and timely completion of the construction of the subject property. The Bank of Greene County completes inspections during the construction phase prior to any disbursements. The Bank of Greene County limits its risk during the construction as disbursements are not made until the required work for each advance has been completed. Construction delays may further impair the borrower's ability to repay the loan.

The Bank of Greene County originates a limited number of multi-family loans. Multi-family loans are generally collateralized by apartment buildings located in The Bank of Greene County’s primary market area. The Bank of Greene County’s underwriting practices and the risks associated with multi-family loans do not differ substantially from that of commercial real estate mortgage loans.

Commercial Real Estate Mortgages. We have increased our focus on commercial real estate mortgages and have developed a strong team of lenders and business development staff resulting in our continued growth in these portfolios. Office buildings, mixed-use properties and other commercial properties collateralize commercial real estate mortgages. The Bank of Greene County originates fixed- and adjustable-rate commercial real estate mortgage loans with maximum terms of up to 25 years.

In underwriting commercial real estate mortgage loans, The Bank of Greene County reviews the expected net operating income generated by the real estate to ensure that it is generally at least 110% of the amount of the monthly debt service; the age and condition of the collateral; the financial resources and income level of the borrower and any guarantors; and the borrower’s business experience. The Bank of Greene County’s policy is to require personal guarantees from all commercial real estate mortgage borrowers.

Index

The Bank of Greene County may require an environmental site assessment to be performed by an independent professional for commercial real estate mortgage loans. It is also The Bank of Greene County’s policy to require hazard insurance on all commercial real estate mortgage loans. In addition, The Bank of Greene County may require borrowers to make payments to a mortgage escrow account for the payment of property taxes. Any exceptions to The Bank of Greene County’s loan policies must be made in accordance with the limitations set out in each policy. Typically, the exception authority ranges from the Chief Lending Officer to the Board of Directors, depending on the size and type of loan involved.

Loans collateralized by commercial real estate mortgages generally are larger than residential loans and involve a greater degree of risk. Commercial real estate mortgage loans often involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Payments on these loans depend to a large degree on the results of operations and management of the properties or underlying businesses, and may be affected to a greater extent by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy in general. Accordingly, the nature of commercial real estate mortgage loans makes them more difficult for management to monitor and evaluate.

Consumer Loans. The Bank of Greene County’s consumer loans consist of direct loans on new and used automobiles, personal loans (either secured or unsecured), home equity loans, and other consumer installment loans (consisting of passbook loans, unsecured home improvement loans, recreational vehicle loans, and deposit account overdrafts). Consumer loans (other than home equity loans and deposit account overdrafts) are originated at fixed rates with terms to maturity of one to five years.

Consumer loans generally have shorter terms and higher interest rates than residential mortgage loans. In addition, consumer loans expand the products and services offered by The Bank of Greene County to better meet the financial services needs of its customers. Consumer loans generally involve greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans because of the difference in the underlying collateral. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance because of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation in the underlying collateral. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections depend on the borrower's personal financial stability. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans.

The Bank of Greene County’s underwriting procedures for consumer loans include an assessment of the applicant's credit history and an assessment of the applicant’s ability to meet existing and proposed debt obligations. Although the applicant's creditworthiness is the primary consideration, the underwriting process also includes a comparison of the value of the collateral to the proposed loan amount. The Bank of Greene County underwrites its consumer loans internally, which The Bank of Greene County believes limits its exposure to credit risks associated with loans underwritten or purchased from brokers and other external sources. At this time, The Bank of Greene County does not purchase loans from any external sources.

The Bank of Greene County offers fixed- and adjustable-rate home equity loans that are collateralized by the borrower’s residence. Home equity loans are generally underwritten with terms not to exceed 25 years and under the same criteria that The Bank of Greene County uses to underwrite residential fixed rate loans. Home equity loans may be underwritten with terms not to exceed 25 years and with a loan to value ratio of 80% when combined with the principal balance of the existing mortgage loan. The Bank of Greene County appraises the property collateralizing the loan at the time of the loan application (but not thereafter) in order to determine the value of the property collateralizing the home equity loans. Home equity loans may have an additional inherent risk if The Bank of Greene County does not hold the first mortgage. The Bank of Greene County may stand in a secondary position in the event of collateral liquidation resulting in a greater chance of insufficiency to meet all obligations.

Commercial Loans. The Bank of Greene County also originates commercial loans with terms of up to 10 years at fixed and adjustable rates. The Bank of Greene County attributes growth in this portfolio to its ability to offer borrowers senior management attention as well as timely and local decision-making on commercial loan applications. The decision to grant a commercial loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness and cash flow of the borrower (and any guarantors) and secondarily on the value of and ability to liquidate the collateral, which may consist of receivables, inventory and equipment. A mortgage may also be taken for additional collateral purposes, but is considered secondary to the other collateral for commercial business loans. The Bank of Greene County generally requires annual financial statements, tax returns and personal guarantees from the commercial borrowers. The Bank of Greene County also generally requires an appraisal of any real estate that collateralizes the loan. The Bank of Greene County’s commercial loan portfolio includes loans collateralized by inventory, fire trucks, other equipment, or real estate.

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Loan Approval Procedures and Authority. The Board of Directors establishes the lending policies and loan approval limits of The Bank of Greene County. Loan officers generally have the authority to originate mortgage loans, consumer loans and commercial business loans up to amounts established for each lending officer. The Executive Committee or the full Board of Directors must approve all residential loans and commercial loans $1.5 million or greater.

The Board annually approves independent appraisers used by The Bank of Greene County. For larger loans, The Bank of Greene County may require an environmental site assessment to be performed by an independent professional for all non-residential mortgage loans. It is The Bank of Greene County’s policy to require hazard insurance on all mortgage loans.

Loan Origination Fees and Other Income. In addition to interest earned on loans, The Bank of Greene County receives loan origination fees. Such fees vary with the volume and type of loans and commitments made and purchased, principal repayments, and competitive conditions in the mortgage markets, which in turn respond to the demand and availability of money.

In addition to loan origination fees, The Bank of Greene County also receives other income that consists primarily of deposit account service charges, ATM fees, debit card fees and loan payment late charges. The Bank of Greene County also installs, maintains and services merchant bankcard equipment for local retailers and is paid a percentage of the transactions processed using such equipment.

Loans to One Borrower. Federal savings banks are subject to the same loans to one borrower limits as those applicable to national banks, which under current regulations restrict loans to one borrower to an amount equal to 15% of unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus on an unsecured basis, and an additional amount equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and unimpaired surplus if the loan is collateralized by readily marketable collateral (generally, financial instruments and bullion, but not real estate).

At June 30, 2018, the largest aggregate amount loaned by The Bank of Greene County to one borrower consisted of three commercial mortgages with an outstanding balance of $10.3 million. This loan relationship was performing in accordance with its terms at June 30, 2018.

Securities Investment Activities

Given The Bank of Greene County’s substantial portfolio of fixed-rate residential mortgage loans, The Bank of Greene County, and its subsidiary Greene County Commercial Bank, maintain high balances of liquid investments for the purpose of mitigating interest rate risk and meeting collateral requirements for municipal deposits in excess of FDIC insurance limits. The Board of Directors establishes the securities investment policy. This policy dictates that investment decisions will be made based on the safety of the investment, liquidity requirements, potential returns, cash flow targets, and desired risk parameters. In pursuing these objectives, management considers the ability of an investment to provide earnings consistent with factors of quality, maturity, marketability and risk diversification.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s current policies generally limit securities investments to U.S. Government and securities of government sponsored enterprises, federal funds sold, municipal bonds, corporate debt obligations and certain mutual funds. In addition, the Company’s policies permit investments in mortgage-backed securities, including securities issued and guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and GNMA, and collateralized mortgage obligations. As of June 30, 2018, all mortgage-backed securities including collateralized mortgage obligations were securities of government sponsored enterprises, and no private-label mortgage-backed securities or collateralized mortgage obligations were held in the securities portfolio. The Company's current securities investment strategy utilizes a risk management approach of diversified investing among three categories: short-, intermediate- and long-term. The emphasis of this approach is to increase overall investment securities yields while managing interest rate risk. The Company will only invest in high quality securities, as determined by management’s analysis at the time of purchase. The Company does not engage in any derivative or hedging transactions, such as interest rate swaps or caps.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has classified its investments in debt and equity securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses reflected in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of shareholders’ equity, net of applicable income taxes. Held-to-maturity securities are those debt securities which management has the intent and the Company has the ability to hold to maturity and balances are reported at amortized cost. The Company does not have trading securities in its portfolio.

The estimated fair values of debt securities at June 30, 2018 by contractual maturity are set forth in Part II, Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of this Report.

Additional discussion of management’s decisions with respect to shifting investments among the various investment portfolios described above and the level of mortgage-backed securities is set forth in Part II, Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of this Report.

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Discussion related to the evaluation of the portfolio for other-than-temporary impairment is set forth in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1, Summary of significant accounting policies, and Note 3, Securities, of this Report.

State and Political Subdivision Securities. The Bank of Greene County and its subsidiary Greene County Commercial Bank purchases state and political subdivision securities in order to: (i) generate positive interest rate spread with minimal administrative expense; (ii) lower credit risk as a result of purchasing general obligations which are subject to the levy of ad valorem taxes within the municipalities jurisdiction; (iii) increase liquidity, (iv) provide low cost funding to the local communities within the Company’s market area, and (v) serve as collateral for municipal deposits in excess of FDIC limits. State and political subdivision securities purchased within New York State are exempt from taxes for both Federal and State income tax purposes. As a result, the yield on these securities as reported within the financial statements, are lower than would be attained on other investment options. The portfolio consists of either short-term obligations, due within one year, or are serial or statutory installment bonds which require semi-annual or annual payments of principal and interest. Prepayment risk on these securities is low as most of the bonds are non-callable.

Management believes that credit risk on its state and political subdivision securities portfolio is low. Management analyzes each security prior to purchase and closely monitors these securities by obtaining data collected from the New York State Comptroller’s office when published annually. Management also reviews any underlying ratings of the securities in its assessment of credit risk.

Mortgage-Backed and Asset-Backed Securities. The Bank of Greene County and its subsidiary Greene County Commercial Bank purchases mortgage-backed securities in order to: (i) generate positive interest rate spreads with minimal administrative expense; (ii) lower The Bank of Greene County's credit risk as a result of the guarantees provided by Freddie Mac, Fannie Mae, and GNMA or other government sponsored enterprises; and (iii) increase liquidity. CMOs or collateralized mortgage obligations as well as other mortgage-backed securities generally are a type of mortgage-backed bond secured by the cash flow of a pool of mortgages. CMOs have regular principal and interest payments made by borrowers separated into different payment streams, creating several bonds that repay invested capital at different rates. The CMO bond may pay the investor at a different rate than the underlying mortgage pool. Often bonds classified as mortgage-backed securities are considered pass-through securities and payments include principal and interest in a manner that makes them self-amortizing. As a result there is no final lump-sum payment at maturity. The Company does not invest in private label mortgage-backed securities due to the potential for a higher level of credit risk.

The pooling of mortgages and the issuance of a security with an interest rate that is based on the interest rates of the underlying mortgages creates mortgage-backed securities. Mortgage-backed securities typically represent a participation interest in a pool of single-family or multi-family mortgages. The issuers of such securities (generally U.S. Government sponsored enterprises, including Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac and GNMA) pool and resell the participation interests in the form of securities to investors, such as The Bank of Greene County, and guarantee the payment of principal and interest to these investors. Mortgage-backed securities generally yield less than the loans that underlie such securities because of the cost of payment guarantees and credit enhancements. In addition, mortgage-backed securities are usually more liquid than individual mortgage loans and may be used to collateralize certain liabilities and obligations of The Bank of Greene County and its subsidiary Greene County Commercial Bank.

Investments in mortgage-backed securities involve a risk that actual prepayments will be greater than estimated over the life of the security, which may require adjustments to the amortization of any premium or accretion of any discount relating to such instruments thereby altering the net yield on such securities. There is also reinvestment risk associated with the cash flows from such securities or in the event such securities are prepaid. In addition, the market value of such securities may be adversely affected by changes in interest rates. The Company has attempted to mitigate credit risk by limiting purchases of mortgage-backed securities to those offered by various government sponsored enterprises.

Management reviews prepayment estimates periodically to ensure that prepayment assumptions are reasonable considering the underlying collateral for the securities at issue and current interest rates and to determine the yield and estimated maturity of Company’s mortgage-backed securities portfolio. However, the actual maturity of a security may be less than its stated maturity due to prepayments of the underlying mortgages. Prepayments that are faster than anticipated may shorten the life of the security and thereby reduce the net yield on such securities. Although prepayments of underlying mortgages depend on many factors, the difference between the interest rates on the underlying mortgages and the prevailing mortgage interest rates generally is the most significant determinant of the rate of prepayments. During periods of declining mortgage interest rates, refinancing generally increases and accelerates the prepayment of the underlying mortgages and the related security. Under such circumstances, the Company may be subject to reinvestment risk because, to the extent that securities prepay faster than anticipated, the Company may not be able to reinvest the proceeds of such repayments and prepayments at a comparable rate of return. Conversely, in a rising interest rate environment prepayments may decline, thereby extending the estimated life of the security and depriving the Company of the ability to reinvest cash flows at the increased rates of interest.

Asset-backed securities are a type of debt security collateralized by various loans and assets including: automobile loans, equipment leases, credit card receivables, home equity and improvement loans, manufactured housing, student loans and other consumer loans. In the case of The Bank of Greene County, its portfolio of asset-backed securities consisted of one investment which is collateralized by home equity loans, and matured in fiscal 2018.

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Sources of Funds

General. Deposits, repayments and prepayments of loans and securities, proceeds from sales of securities, and proceeds from maturing securities and cash flows from operations are the primary sources of The Bank of Greene County's funds for use in lending, investing and for other general purposes.

Deposits. The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank offer a variety of deposit accounts with a range of interest rates and terms. The Bank of Greene County's deposit accounts consist of savings, NOW accounts, money market accounts, certificates of deposit and noninterest-bearing checking accounts. The Bank of Greene County also offers Individual Retirement Accounts (IRAs). Greene County Commercial Bank offers money market accounts, certificates of deposit and noninterest-bearing checking accounts and NOW accounts.

The flow of deposits is influenced significantly by general economic conditions, changes in money market rates, prevailing interest rates and competition. Deposits are obtained predominantly from the areas in which The Bank of Greene County's branch offices are located. The Bank of Greene County relies primarily on competitive pricing of its deposit products and customer service and long-standing relationships with customers to attract and retain these deposits; however, market interest rates and rates offered by competing financial institutions significantly affect The Bank of Greene County's ability to attract and retain deposits. The Bank of Greene County uses traditional means of advertising its deposit products, including radio, television, print and social media. It generally does not solicit deposits from outside its market area. While The Bank of Greene County accepts certificates of deposit in excess of $100,000, they are not subject to preferential rates. The Bank of Greene County does not actively solicit such deposits, as they are more difficult to retain than core deposits. Historically, The Bank of Greene County has not used brokers to obtain deposits, but will use them to help manage the seasonality within the municipal deposit base in the most cost efficient manner. As a result of this seasonality, The Bank of Greene County had $15.0 million in brokered deposits as of June 30, 2018.

Greene County Commercial Bank’s purpose is to attract deposits from local municipalities. Greene County Commercial Bank had $386.2 million in deposits at June 30, 2018.

Borrowed Funds. The Company maintains borrowing arrangements in the form of lines of credit through the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB”), the Federal Reserve Bank of New York (“FRB”), Atlantic Central Bankers Bank (“ACBB”), as well as one other depository institution. The Bank of Greene County may also obtain term borrowings from the FHLB. With the exception of the line of credit with ACBB, and the other depository institution, these borrowing arrangements are secured by residential mortgage loans or investment securities.

The Company has an Irrevocable Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement with the FHLB, whereby upon The Bank of Greene County’s request, on behalf of Greene County Commercial Bank, an irrevocable letter of credit is issued to secure municipal transactional deposit accounts. These letters of credit are secured by residential mortgage and commercial real estate loans. The amount of funds available to the Company through the FHLB line of credit is reduced by any letters of credit outstanding. At June 30, 2018, there were $40.0 million of municipal letters of credit outstanding.

Additional discussion related to borrowings is set forth in Part II, Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis and in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 7 Borrowings of this Report.

Personnel

As of June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County had 147 full-time employees and 17 part-time employees. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has no employees who are not also employees of The Bank of Greene County. A collective bargaining group does not represent the employees, and The Bank of Greene County considers its relationship with its employees to be good.

Information

We make available free of charge through our website (www.tbogc.com) the following filings as soon as reasonably practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission: our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and all amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

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FEDERAL AND STATE TAXATION

Federal Taxation

General. Greene County Bancorp, Inc., The Bank of Greene County, Greene County Commercial Bank and Greene Risk Management, Inc. are subject to federal income taxation in the same general manner as other corporations, with some exceptions discussed below. The following discussion of federal taxation is intended only to summarize certain pertinent federal income tax matters and is not a comprehensive description of the tax rules applicable to these entities.

Method of Accounting. For federal income tax purposes, Greene County Bancorp, Inc., The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank currently report income and expenses on the accrual method of accounting and use a tax year ending June 30 for filing consolidated federal income tax returns.

Taxable Distributions and Recapture. At June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County had an unrecaptured pre-1988 Federal bad debt reserve of approximately $1.8 million for which no Federal income tax provision has been made. A deferred tax liability has not been provided on this amount as management does not intend to redeem stock, make distributions or take other actions that would result in recapture of the reserve.

Corporate Dividends-Received Deduction. Greene County Bancorp, MHC owns less than 80% of the outstanding common stock of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. Therefore, Greene County Bancorp, MHC is not permitted to join in the consolidated federal income tax return with Greene County Bancorp, Inc., The Bank of Greene County, Greene County Commercial Bank and Greene Risk Management, Inc.. Consequently, Greene County Bancorp, MHC is only eligible for a 65% dividends-received deduction in respect of dividends from Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

On December 22, 2017, The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("Tax Act") was enacted. A number of provisions will impact us including the following:

Tax Rate The Tax Act replaces the graduated corporate tax rates applicable under prior law, which imposed a maximum tax rate of 35%, with a reduced 21% flat tax rate. This reduction will generally result in future increased earnings and capital as well as reducing our net deferred tax asset. Generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") requires that the impact of the provisions of the Tax Act be accounted for in the period of enactment. Accordingly, a benefit of $251,000 was recorded in December 2017, which represents the impact of the change in the Federal tax rate.

Employee Compensation A publicly held corporation is not permitted to deduct compensation in excess of $1 million per year paid to certain employees. The Tax Act eliminates certain exceptions to the $1 million limit applicable under prior law related to performance-based compensation, such as equity grants and cash bonuses that are paid only on the attainment of performance goals. Based on our current compensation plans, we do not expect to be impacted by this limitation.

Business Asset Expensing The Tax Act allows taxpayers to immediately expense the entire cost of certain depreciable tangible property and real property improvements acquired and placed in service after September 27, 2017 and before January 1, 2023 (with an additional year for certain property.) This 100% bonus depreciation is phased out proportionately for property placed in service on or after January 1, 2023 and before January 1, 2027 (with an additional year for certain property).

Interest Expense The Tax Act limits a taxpayer's annual deduction of business interest expense to the sum of (i) business interest income and (ii) 30% of "adjusted taxable income," defined as business's taxable income without taking into account business interest income or expense, net operating losses, and, for 2018 through 2021, depreciation, amortization and depletion. Because we generate significant amounts of net interest income, we do not expect to be impacted by this limitation.

The foregoing description of the impact of the Tax Act on us should be read in conjunction with Note 12, Income Taxes, of the notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements.

State Taxation

Greene County Bancorp, MHC, Greene County Bancorp, Inc., The Bank of Greene County, Greene County Commercial Bank, and Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. report income on a combined fiscal year basis to New York State. The New York State franchise tax is imposed in an amount equal to the greater of 6.5% of Business Income, 0.10% of average Business Capital or a fixed dollar amount based on New York sourced gross receipts. All intercompany dividend distributions are eliminated in the calculation of Combined Business Income.

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REGULATION

General

The Bank of Greene County is a federally chartered savings bank and Greene County Commercial Bank is a New York-chartered bank. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation (“FDIC”) through the DIF (“Deposit Insurance Fund”) insures their deposit accounts up to applicable limits. The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank are subject to extensive regulation by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (“OCC”) and the New York State Department of Financial Services (the “Department”), respectively, as their chartering agencies, and by the FDIC, as their deposit insurer. The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank are required to file reports with, and are periodically examined by the OCC and the Department, respectively, as well as the FDIC concerning their activities and financial condition, and must obtain regulatory approvals prior to entering into certain transactions, including, but not limited to, mergers with or acquisitions of other banking institutions. The Bank of Greene County is a member of the FHLB of New York and is subject to certain regulations by the Federal Home Loan Bank System. Both Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Greene County Bancorp, MHC, as savings and loan holding companies, are subject to regulation and examination by the Federal Reserve Board (“FRB”) and are required to file reports with the FRB.

The Dodd-Frank Act and the extensive new regulations significantly affect our business and operating results, and any future laws or regulations, whether enacted by Congress or implemented by the FDIC, the OCC or the FRB, could have a material adverse impact on The Bank of Greene County, Greene County Commercial Bank, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. or Greene County Bancorp, MHC.

Certain of the regulatory requirements applicable to The Bank of Greene County, Greene County Commercial Bank, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Greene County Bancorp, MHC are referred to below or elsewhere herein.

Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act

The Dodd-Frank Act made significant changes to the current bank regulatory structure and affects the lending, investment, trading and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies. The Dodd-Frank Act eliminated The Bank of Greene County’s former primary federal regulator, the Office of Thrift Supervision, and requires The Bank of Greene County to be regulated by the OCC (the primary federal regulator for national banks). The Dodd-Frank Act also authorizes the FRB to supervise and regulate all savings and loan holding companies, including Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Greene County Bancorp, MHC, in addition to bank holding companies that it regulates. As a result, the FRB’s regulations applicable to bank holding companies, including holding company capital requirements, apply to savings and loan holding companies like Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Greene County Bancorp, MHC. These capital requirements are substantially similar to the capital requirements currently applicable to The Bank of Greene County, as described in “Supervision and Regulation—Federal Banking Regulation—Capital Requirements.” Moreover, Greene County Bancorp, MHC requires the approval of the FRB before it may waive the receipt of any dividends from Greene County Bancorp, Inc., and there is no assurance that the FRB will approve future dividend waivers or what conditions it may impose on such waivers. The Dodd-Frank Act also requires the FRB to set minimum capital levels for bank holding companies that are as stringent as those required for the insured depository subsidiaries, and the components of Tier 1 capital would be restricted to capital instruments that are currently considered to be Tier 1 capital for insured depository institutions. Bank holding companies with assets of less than $1 billion are exempt from these capital requirements. Under the Dodd-Frank Act, the proceeds of trust preferred securities are excluded from Tier 1 capital unless such securities were issued prior to May 19, 2010 by bank or savings and loan holding companies with less than $15 billion of assets. The legislation also establishes a floor for capital of insured depository institutions that cannot be lower than the standards in effect today, and directs the federal banking regulators to implement new leverage and capital requirements within 18 months that take into account off-balance sheet activities and other risks, including risks relating to securitized products and derivatives.

The Dodd-Frank Act also created a new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau with broad powers to supervise and enforce consumer protection laws. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has broad rulemaking authority for a wide range of consumer protection laws that apply to all banks and savings institutions such as The Bank of Greene County, including the authority to prohibit “unfair, deceptive or abusive” acts and practices. The Consumer Financial Protection Bureau has examination and enforcement authority over all banks and savings institutions with more than $10 billion in assets. Banks and savings institutions with $10 billion or less in assets will be examined by their applicable bank regulators. The new legislation also weakens the federal preemption available for national banks and federal savings associations, and gives state attorneys general the ability to enforce applicable federal consumer protection laws.

The legislation also broadens the base for FDIC insurance assessments. Assessments are now based on the average consolidated total assets less tangible equity capital of a financial institution. The Dodd-Frank Act also permanently increases the maximum amount of deposit insurance for banks, savings institutions and credit unions to $250,000 per depositor. Lastly, the Dodd-Frank Act increases stockholder influence over boards of directors by requiring companies to give stockholders a non-binding vote on executive compensation and so-called “golden parachute” payments, and by authorizing the Securities and Exchange Commission to promulgate rules that would allow stockholders to nominate their own candidates using a company’s proxy materials. The legislation also directs the Federal Reserve Board to promulgate rules prohibiting excessive compensation paid to bank holding company executives, regardless of whether the company is publicly traded.

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Many of the provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act have delayed effective dates and/or require implementing regulations over the next several years. Although the substance and scope of these regulations cannot be determined at this time, it is expected that the legislation and implementing regulations, particularly those provisions relating to the new Consumer Financial Protection Bureau and mutual holding company dividend waivers, will increase our operating and compliance costs and restrict our ability to pay dividends.

Federal Banking Regulation

Business Activities. A federal savings association derives its lending and investment powers from the Home Owners’ Loan Act, as amended, and federal regulations issued thereunder. Under these laws and regulations, The Bank of Greene County may invest in mortgage loans secured by residential real estate without limitations as a percentage of assets and non-residential real estate loans which may not in the aggregate exceed 400% of capital, commercial business loans up to 20% of assets in the aggregate and consumer loans up to 35% of assets in the aggregate, certain types of debt securities and certain other assets. The Bank of Greene County also may establish subsidiaries that may engage in activities not otherwise permissible for The Bank of Greene County, including real estate investment and securities and insurance brokerage.

Capital Requirements. Federal regulations require savings associations to meet certain minimum capital standards. The risk-based capital standard for savings associations requires the maintenance of a minimum common equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.5% of risk-weighted assets, a minimum Tier 1 capital ratio (common equity Tier 1 capital plus additional Tier 1 capital) of 6% of risk-weighted assets, and total capital of at least 8% of risk-weighted assets. The final rule requires unrealized gains and losses on certain “available-for-sale” securities holdings to be included for purposes of calculating regulatory capital unless a one-time opt-out is exercised. The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank have exercised this one-time opt-out and therefore excluded unrealized gains and losses on certain “available-for-sale” securities holdings for purposes of calculating regulatory capital. Additional constraints have been imposed on the inclusion in regulatory capital of mortgage-servicing assets, deferred tax assets and minority interests. Common equity Tier 1 capital is composed of common stock and retained earnings, and includes a limited amount of minority interest and is reduced by goodwill and other intangibles, except mortgage servicing assets, deferred tax assets that arise from operating losses and tax credit carry-forwards, gain on sale in connection with a securitization exposure, certain defined benefit pension fund assets, investments in own shares, a limited amount of deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that cannot be realized from net operating loss carrybacks and a limited amount of investments in the capital of unconsolidated financial institutions in the form of common stock. Additional Tier 1 capital includes non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and a limited amount of tier 1 minority interest. Total capital includes Tier 1 capital plus total capital minority interest that was not included in Tier 1 capital, the allowance for loan and lease losses limited to a maximum of 1.25% of risk-weighted assets and up to 45% of net unrealized gains on available-for-sale equity securities with readily determinable fair market values.

In determining the amount of risk-weighted assets, all assets, including certain off-balance sheet assets, are multiplied by a risk-weight factor of 0% to 1250%, assigned by federal regulations based on the risks believed inherent in the type of asset. The new capital requirements assigns a higher risk weight (150%) to exposures that are more than 90 days past due or are on nonaccrual status and to certain commercial real estate facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property.

The rule limits a banking organization’s capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the banking organization does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The capital conservation buffer requirement is being phased in beginning January 1, 2016 and ending January 1, 2019, when the full capital conservation buffer requirement will be effective.

At June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County’s and Greene County Commercial Bank’s capital exceeded all applicable minimal capital requirements.

Loans-to-One Borrower. A federal savings association generally may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of unimpaired capital and surplus. An additional amount may be loaned, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if the loan is secured by readily marketable collateral, which generally does not include real estate. As of June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County was in compliance with the loans-to-one borrower limitations.

Qualified Thrift Lender Requirement. As a federal savings association, The Bank of Greene County must satisfy the qualified thrift lender, or “QTL”, requirement by meeting one of two tests: the Home Owners’ Loan Act (“HOLA”) QTL test or the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Domestic Building and Loan Association (DBLA) test. The federal savings association may use either test to qualify and may switch from one test to the other.

Under the HOLA QTL test, The Bank of Greene County must maintain at least 65% of its “portfolio assets” in “qualified thrift investments” in at least nine of the most recent 12-month period. “Portfolio assets” generally means total assets of a savings institution, less the sum of specified liquid assets up to 20% of total assets, goodwill and other intangible assets, and the value of property used in the conduct of the savings association’s business.

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“Qualified thrift investments” include various types of loans made for residential and housing purposes, investments related to such purposes, including certain mortgage-backed and related securities, and loans for personal, family, household and certain other purposes up to a limit of 20% of portfolio assets. “Qualified thrift investments” also include 100% of an institution’s credit card loans, education loans and small business loans. The Bank of Greene County also may satisfy the QTL test by qualifying as a “domestic building and loan association” as defined in the Internal Revenue Code.

Under the IRS DBLA test, the Bank must meet the business operations test and the 60% of assets test. The business operations test requires that the federal savings association’s business consists primarily of acquiring the savings of the public (75% of its deposits, withdrawable shares, and other obligations must be held by the general public) and investing in loans (more than 75% of its gross income consists of interest on loans and government obligations and various other specified types of operating income that federal savings associations ordinarily earn). For the 60% of assets test, the Bank must maintain at least 60% of its total in “qualified investments” as of the close of the taxable year or, at the option of the taxpayer, may be computed on the basis of the average assets outstanding during the taxable year.

Capital Distributions. Federal regulations govern capital distributions by a federal savings association, which include cash dividends, stock repurchases and other transactions charged to the capital account. A savings association must file an application for approval of a capital distribution if:

the total capital distributions for the applicable calendar year exceed the sum of the association’s net income for that year to date plus the association’s retained net income for the preceding two years;

the association would not be at least adequately capitalized following the distribution;

the distribution would violate any applicable statute, regulation, agreement or OCC-imposed condition; or

the association is not eligible for expedited treatment of its filings.

Even if an application is not otherwise required, every savings association that is a subsidiary of a holding company must still file a notice with the OCC at least 30 days before its board of directors declares a dividend or approves a capital distribution.

The OCC may disapprove a notice or application if:

the association would be undercapitalized following the distribution;

the proposed capital distribution raises safety and soundness concerns; or

the capital distribution would violate a prohibition contained in any statute, regulation or agreement.

In addition, the Federal Deposit Insurance Act provides that an insured depository institution shall not make any capital distribution, if after making such distribution the institution would be undercapitalized.

Liquidity. A federal savings association is required to maintain a sufficient amount of liquid assets to ensure its safe and sound operation.

Community Reinvestment Act and Fair Lending Laws. All savings associations have a responsibility under the Community Reinvestment Act and related federal regulations to help meet the credit needs of their communities, including low- and moderate-income neighborhoods. In connection with its examination of a federal savings association, the OCC is required to assess the association’s record of compliance with the Community Reinvestment Act. In addition, the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act prohibit lenders from discriminating in their lending practices on the basis of characteristics specified in those statutes. An association’s failure to comply with the provisions of the Community Reinvestment Act could, at a minimum, result in denial of certain corporate applications, such as branches or mergers, or in restrictions on its activities. The failure to comply with the Equal Credit Opportunity Act and the Fair Housing Act could result in enforcement actions by the OCC, as well as other federal regulatory agencies and the Department of Justice. The Bank of Greene County received a “satisfactory” Community Reinvestment Act rating in its most recent examination.

Privacy Standards. The Bank of Greene County is subject to FDIC regulations regarding the privacy protection provisions of the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act. These regulations require The Bank of Greene County to disclose its privacy policy, including identifying with whom it shares “non-public personal information” to customers at the time of establishing the customer relationship and annually thereafter. The regulations also require The Bank of Greene County to provide its customers with initial and annual notices that accurately reflect its privacy policies and practices. In addition, The Bank of Greene County is required to provide its customers with the ability to “opt-out” of having The Bank of Greene County share their non-public personal information with unaffiliated third parties before it can disclose such information, subject to certain exceptions.

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Cybersecurity. In additional to the provisions in the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act relating to data security (discussed below), Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries are subject to many federal and state laws, regulations and regulatory interpretations which impose standards and requirements related to cybersecurity. For example, in March 2015, federal regulators issued two related statements regarding cybersecurity. One statement indicates that financial institutions should design multiple layers of security controls to establish lines of defense and to ensure that their risk management processes also address the risk posed by compromised customer credentials, including security measures to reliably authenticate customers accessing internet-based services of the financial institution. The other statement indicates that a financial institution’s management is expected to maintain sufficient business continuity planning processes to ensure the rapid recovery, resumption and maintenance of the institution’s operations after a cyber-attack involving destructive malware. A financial institution is also expected to develop appropriate processes to enable recovery of data and business operations and address rebuilding network capabilities and restoring data if the institution or its critical service providers fall victim to this type of cyber-attack. Financial institutions that fail to observe this regulatory guidance on cybersecurity may be subject to various regulatory sanctions, including financial penalties.

Anti-Money Laundering and OFAC. Under federal law, financial institutions must maintain anti-money laundering programs that include established internal policies, procedures, and controls. Financial institutions are also prohibited from entering into specified financial transactions and account relationships and must meet enhanced standards for due diligence and customer identification. Financial institutions must take reasonable steps to conduct enhanced scrutiny of account relationships to guard against money laundering and to report any suspicious transactions. Law enforcement authorities have been granted increased access to financial information maintained by financial institutions. Bank regulators routinely examine institutions for compliance with these obligations and they must consider an institution's compliance in connection with the regulatory review of applications, including applications for banking mergers and acquisitions. The U.S. Department of the Treasury's Office of Foreign Assets Control, or "OFAC," is responsible for helping to insure that U.S. entities do not engage in transactions with certain prohibited parties, as defined by various Executive Orders and Acts of Congress. OFAC publishes lists of persons, organizations, and countries suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts, known as Specially Designated Nationals and Blocked Persons. If The Bank of Greene County finds a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, The Bank of Greene County must freeze or block such account or transaction, file a suspicious activity report and notify the appropriate authorities. The U.S. Treasury Department's Financial Crises Enforcement Network ("FinCEN") issued a final rule in 2016 increasing customer due diligence requirements for banks, including adding a requirement to identify and verify the identity of beneficial owners of customers that are legal entities, subject to certain exclusions and exemptions. Compliance with this rule was required in May 2018.

Transactions with Related Parties. A federal savings association’s authority to engage in transactions with its “affiliates” is limited by OCC regulations and by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act (the “FRA”). The term “affiliates” for these purposes generally means any company that controls, is controlled by, or is under common control with an institution. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. is an affiliate of The Bank of Greene County. In general, transactions with affiliates must be on terms that are as favorable to the association as comparable transactions with non-affiliates. In addition, certain types of these transactions are restricted to an aggregate percentage of the association’s capital. Collateral in specified amounts must usually be provided by affiliates in order to receive loans from the association. In addition, OCC regulations prohibit a savings association from lending to any of its affiliates that are engaged in activities that are not permissible for bank holding companies and from purchasing the securities of any affiliate, other than a subsidiary.

The Bank of Greene County’s authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10% shareholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is currently governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the FRA and Regulation O of the Federal Reserve Board. Among other things, these provisions require that extensions of credit to insiders (i) be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features, and (ii) not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of The Bank of Greene County’s capital. In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by The Bank of Greene County’s Board of Directors.

Enforcement. The OCC has primary enforcement responsibility over federal savings institutions and has the authority to bring enforcement action against all “institution-affiliated parties,” including stockholders, and attorneys, appraisers and accountants who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful action likely to have an adverse effect on an insured institution. Formal enforcement action by the OCC may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order, to removal of officers and/or directors of the institution and the appointment of a receiver or conservator. Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations and actions, and range up to $25,000 per day, unless a finding of reckless disregard is made, in which case penalties may be as high as $1 million per day. The Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation also has the authority to terminate deposit insurance or to recommend to the Comptroller of the OCC that enforcement action be taken with respect to a particular savings institution. If action is not taken by the Director, the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation has authority to take action under specified circumstances.

Index

Standards for Safety and Soundness. Federal law requires each federal banking agency to prescribe certain standards for all insured depository institutions. These standards relate to, among other things, internal controls, information systems and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation, and other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate. The federal banking agencies adopted Interagency Guidelines Prescribing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement the safety and soundness standards required under federal law. The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired. The guidelines address internal controls and information systems, internal audit systems, credit underwriting, loan documentation, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees and benefits. If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard. If an institution fails to meet these standards, the appropriate federal banking agency may require the institution to submit a compliance plan.

Prompt Corrective Action Regulations. Under the prompt corrective action regulations, the OCC is required and authorized to take supervisory actions against undercapitalized savings associations. For this purpose, a savings association is placed in one of the following five categories based on the association’s capital:

well-capitalized (at least 5% leverage capital, 6.5% common equity tier 1 risk-based capital, 8% Tier 1 risk-based capital and 10% total risk-based capital);

adequately capitalized (at least 4% leverage capital, 4.5% common equity tier 1 risk-based capital, 6% Tier 1 risk-based capital and 8% total risk-based capital);

undercapitalized (less than 8% total risk-based capital, 6% Tier 1 risk-based capital, 4.5% common equity tier 1 risk based capital, or 4% leverage capital);

significantly undercapitalized (less than 6% total risk-based capital, 4% Tier 1 risk-based capital, 3.0% common equity tier 1 risk based capital, or 3% leverage capital); and

critically undercapitalized (less than 2% tangible capital).

Generally, the banking regulator is required to appoint a receiver or conservator for an association that is “critically undercapitalized” within specific time frames. The regulations also provide that a capital restoration plan must be filed with the OCC within 45 days of the date an association receives notice that it is “undercapitalized”, “significantly undercapitalized” or “critically undercapitalized”. The criteria for an acceptable capital restoration plan include, among other things, the establishment of the methodology and assumptions for attaining adequately capitalized status on an annual basis, procedures for ensuring compliance with restrictions imposed by applicable federal regulations, the identification of the types and levels of activities the savings association will engage in while the capital restoration plan is in effect, and assurances that the capital restoration plan will not appreciably increase the current risk profile of the savings association. Any holding company for the savings association required to submit a capital restoration plan must guarantee the lesser of: an amount equal to 5% of the savings association’s assets at the time it was notified or deemed to be undercapitalized by the OCC, or the amount necessary to restore the savings association to adequately capitalized status. This guarantee remains in place until the OCC notifies the savings association that it has maintained adequately capitalized status for each of four consecutive calendar quarters, and the OCC has the authority to require payment and collect payment under the guarantee. Failure by a holding company to provide the required guarantee will result in certain operating restrictions on the savings association, such as restrictions on the ability to declare and pay dividends, pay executive compensation and management fees, and increase assets or expand operations. The OCC may also take any one of a number of discretionary supervisory actions against undercapitalized associations, including the issuance of a capital directive and the replacement of senior executive officers and directors.

At June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County met the criteria for being considered “well-capitalized”.

Deposit Insurance. The Dodd-Frank Act permanently increased the maximum amount of deposit insurance for banks, savings institutions and credit unions to $250,000 per depositor.

The FDIC’s assessment system is based on each institution’s total assets less tangible capital, and ranges from 1.5 to 40 basis points.

Insurance of deposits may be terminated by the FDIC upon a finding that an institution has engaged in unsafe or unsound practices, is in an unsafe or unsound condition to continue operations or has violated any applicable law, regulation, rule, order or condition imposed by the FDIC. Neither The Bank of Greene County nor Greene County Commercial Bank believes that it is taking any action or is subject to any condition or violation that could lead to termination of its deposit insurance.

All FDIC-insured institutions are required to pay a pro rata portion of the interest due on obligations issued by the Financing Corporation (“FICO”) for anticipated payments, issuance costs and custodial fees on bonds issued by the FICO in the 1980s to recapitalize the Federal Savings and Loan Insurance Corporation. The bonds issued by the FICO are due to mature in 2017 through 2019. For the quarter ended June 30, 2018, the annualized Financing Corporation assessment was equal to 0.44 basis points of total assets less tangible capital. For the fiscal year June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County, and its subsidiary Greene County Commercial Bank, jointly paid $43,000 related to the FICO bonds.

Index

Prohibitions Against Tying Arrangements. Federal savings associations are prohibited, subject to some exceptions, from extending credit to or offering any other service, or fixing or varying the consideration for such extension of credit or service, on the condition that the customer obtain some additional service from the institution or its affiliates or not obtain services of a competitor of the institution.

Federal Home Loan Bank System. The Bank of Greene County is a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank System, which consists of 12 regional Federal Home Loan Banks. The Federal Home Loan Bank System provides a central credit facility primarily for member institutions. As a member of the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York, The Bank of Greene County is required to acquire and hold shares of capital stock in the Federal Home Loan Bank in an amount at least equal to 1% of the aggregate principal amount of its unpaid residential mortgage loans and similar obligations at the beginning of each year, or 1/20 of its borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank, whichever is greater. As of June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County was in compliance with this requirement.

Federal Reserve System. The Federal Reserve Board regulations require savings associations to maintain noninterest-earning reserves against their transaction accounts, such as negotiable order of withdrawal and regular checking accounts. At June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County was in compliance with these reserve requirements.

Other Regulations

Interest and other charges collected or contracted for by The Bank of Greene County are subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates. The Bank of Greene County’s operations are also subject to federal laws applicable to credit transactions, such as the:

Truth-In-Lending Act, governing disclosures of credit terms to consumer borrowers;

Home Mortgage Disclosure Act, requiring financial institutions to provide information to enable the public and public officials to determine whether a financial institution is fulfilling its obligation to help meet the housing needs of the community it serves;

Equal Credit Opportunity Act, prohibiting discrimination on the basis of race, creed or other prohibited factors in extending credit;

Fair Credit Reporting Act, governing the use and provision of information to credit reporting agencies;

Fair Debt Collection Act, governing the manner in which consumer debts may be collected by collection agencies;

Truth in Savings Act; and

rules and regulations of the various federal agencies charged with the responsibility of implementing such federal laws.

The operations of The Bank of Greene County also are subject to the:

Right to Financial Privacy Act, which imposes a duty to maintain confidentiality of consumer financial records and prescribes procedures for complying with administrative subpoenas of financial records;

Electronic Funds Transfer Act and Regulation E promulgated thereunder, which govern automatic deposits to and withdrawals from deposit accounts and customers’ rights and liabilities arising from the use of automated teller machines and other electronic banking services;

Check Clearing for the 21^st Century Act (also known as “Check 21”), which gives “substitute checks,” such as digital check images and copies made from that image, the same legal standing as the original paper check;

The USA PATRIOT Act, which requires financial institutions to, among other things, establish broadened anti-money laundering compliance programs, and due diligence policies and controls to ensure the detection and reporting of money laundering. Such required compliance programs are intended to supplement existing compliance requirements that also apply to financial institutions under the Bank Secrecy Act and the Office of Foreign Assets Control regulations; and

The Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act, which places limitations on the sharing of consumer financial information by financial institutions with unaffiliated third parties. Specifically, the Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act requires all financial institutions offering financial products or services to retail customers to provide such customers with the financial institution’s privacy policy and provide such customers the opportunity to “opt out” of the sharing of certain personal financial information with unaffiliated third parties.

Holding Company Regulation

General. Greene County Bancorp, MHC and Greene County Bancorp, Inc. are nondiversified savings and loan holding companies within the meaning of the Home Owners’ Loan Act. As such, Greene County Bancorp, MHC and Greene County Bancorp, Inc. are registered with the FRB and are subject to FRB regulations, supervision and reporting requirements. In addition, the FRB has enforcement authority over Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Greene County Bancorp, MHC, and their non-bank subsidiaries. Among other things, this authority permits the FRB to restrict or prohibit activities that are determined to be a serious risk to the subsidiary savings institution. As federal corporations, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Greene County Bancorp, MHC are generally not subject to state business organization laws.

Index

Permitted Activities. Pursuant to Section 10(o) of the Home Owners’ Loan Act and federal regulations and policy, a mutual holding company and a federally chartered mid-tier holding company such as Greene County Bancorp, Inc. may engage in the following activities: (i) investing in the stock of a savings association; (ii) acquiring a mutual association through the merger of such association into a savings association subsidiary of such holding company or an interim savings association subsidiary of such holding company; (iii) merging with or acquiring another holding company, one of whose subsidiaries is a savings association; (iv) investing in a corporation, the capital stock of which is available for purchase by a savings association under federal law or under the law of any state where the subsidiary savings association or associations share their home offices; (v) furnishing or performing management services for a savings association subsidiary of such company; (vi) holding, managing or liquidating assets owned or acquired from a savings subsidiary of such company; (vii) holding or managing properties used or occupied by a savings association subsidiary of such company; (viii) acting as trustee under deeds of trust; (ix) any other activity (A) that the Federal Reserve Board, by regulation, has determined to be permissible for bank holding companies under Section 4(c) of the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, unless the Director of the Federal Reserve Board, by regulation, prohibits or limits any such activity for savings and loan holding companies; or (B) in which multiple savings and loan holding companies were authorized (by regulation) to directly engage on March 5, 1987; (x) any activity permissible for financial holding companies under Section 4(k) of the Bank Holding Company Act, including securities and insurance underwriting; and (xi) purchasing, holding, or disposing of stock acquired in connection with a qualified stock issuance if the purchase of such stock by such savings and loan holding company is approved by the Director. If a mutual holding company acquires or merges with another holding company, the holding company acquired or the holding company resulting from such merger or acquisition may only invest in assets and engage in activities listed in (i) through (xi) above, and has a period of two years to cease any nonconforming activities and divest any nonconforming investments.

The Home Owners’ Loan Act prohibits a savings and loan holding company, including Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Greene County Bancorp, MHC, directly or indirectly, or through one or more subsidiaries, from acquiring more than 5% of another savings institution or holding company thereof, without prior written approval of the FRB. It also prohibits the acquisition or retention of, with certain exceptions, more than 5% of a nonsubsidiary company engaged in activities other than those permitted by the Home Owners’ Loan Act, or acquiring or retaining control of an institution that is not federally insured. In evaluating applications by holding companies to acquire savings institutions, the FRB must consider the financial and managerial resources, future prospects of the company and institution involved, the effect of the acquisition on the risk to the federal deposit insurance fund, the convenience and needs of the community and competitive factors.

The FRB is prohibited from approving any acquisition that would result in a multiple savings and loan holding company controlling savings institutions in more than one state, subject to two exceptions: (i) the approval of interstate supervisory acquisitions by savings and loan holding companies; and (ii) the acquisition of a savings institution in another state if the laws of the state of the target savings institution specifically permit such acquisitions. The states vary in the extent to which they permit interstate savings and loan holding company acquisitions.

Capital. Historically, savings and loan holding companies have not been subject to specific regulatory capital requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act, however, required the FRB to promulgate consolidated capital requirements for depository institution holding companies that are no less stringent, both quantitatively and in terms of components of capital, than those applicable to institutions themselves. On January 29, 2015, the Federal Reserve Bank Board revised the Small Bank Holding Company Policy Statement (“Policy Statement”) to raise the total consolidated asset limit from $500 million to $1 billion, and expand the scope of the Policy Statement to include savings and loan holding companies (SLHCs). In conjunction with these revisions, the Board proposed changes to regulatory reports effective in 2015 to lessen the reporting burden on smaller institutions. On September 10, 2018, the Federal Reserve Bank Board further revised the total consolidated asset limit from $1 billion to $3 billion. Prior to these revisions, beginning on January 1, 2015, the top-tier savings and loan holding company, Greene County Bancorp, MHC would have been subject to the new regulatory capital reporting requirements. However, as a result of these revisions, the MHC has been exempted from the new regulatory capital reporting requirements.

Dividends. The FRB has issued a policy statement regarding the payment of dividends by bank holding companies that applies to savings and loan holding companies as well. In general, the FRB’s policies provide that dividends should be paid only out of current earnings and only if the prospective rate of earnings retention by the holding company appears consistent with the organization’s capital needs, asset quality and overall financial condition. FRB guidance provides for prior regulatory review of capital distributions in certain circumstances such as where the company’s net income for the past four quarters, net of dividends previously paid over that period, is insufficient to fully fund the dividend or the company’s overall rate of earnings retention is inconsistent with the company’s capital needs and overall financial condition. The ability of a holding company to pay dividends may be restricted if a subsidiary bank becomes undercapitalized. These regulatory policies could affect the ability of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. to pay dividends or otherwise engage in capital distributions.

Index

Source of Strength. The Dodd-Frank Act extended the “source of strength” doctrine to savings and loan holding companies. The regulatory agencies must issue regulations requiring that all bank and savings and loan holding companies serve as a source of strength to their subsidiary depository institutions by providing capital, liquidity and other support in times of financial stress.

Waivers of Dividends by Greene County Bancorp, MHC. Federal regulations require Greene County Bancorp, MHC to notify the FRB of any proposed waiver of its receipt of dividends from Greene County Bancorp, Inc. The Office of Thrift Supervision, the previous regulator for Greene County Bancorp, MHC, allowed dividend waivers where the mutual holding company’s board of directors determined that the waiver was consistent with its fiduciary duties and the waiver would not be detrimental to the safety and soundness of the institution. The FRB has issued an interim final rule providing that, pursuant to a Dodd-Frank Act grandfathering provision, it may not object to dividend waivers under similar circumstances, but adding the requirement that a majority of the mutual holding company’s members eligible to vote have approved a waiver of dividends by the company within 12 months prior to the declaration of the dividend being waived. The MHC received the approval of its members (depositors of The Bank of Greene County) and the non-objection of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, to waive the MHC’s receipt of quarterly cash dividends aggregating up to $0.40 per share to be declared by the Company for the four quarters ending March 31, 2018. The waiver of dividends beyond this period are subject to the MHC obtaining approval of its members at a special meeting of members and receive the non-objection of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia for such dividend waivers for the four quarters subsequent to the approval. Therefore, its ability to waive its right to receive dividends beyond this date cannot be reasonably determined at this time.

Conversion of Greene County Bancorp, MHC to Stock Form. Federal regulations permit Greene County Bancorp, MHC to convert from the mutual form of organization to the capital stock form of organization (a “Conversion Transaction”). There can be no assurance when, if ever, a Conversion Transaction will occur, and the Board of Directors has no current intention or plan to undertake a Conversion Transaction. In a Conversion Transaction a new stock holding company would be formed as the successor to Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (the “New Holding Company”), Greene County Bancorp, MHC’s corporate existence would end, and certain depositors of The Bank of Greene County would receive the right to subscribe for additional shares of the New Holding Company. In a Conversion Transaction, each share of common stock held by stockholders other than Greene County Bancorp, MHC (“Minority Stockholders”) would be automatically converted into a number of shares of common stock of the New Holding Company determined pursuant to an exchange ratio that ensures that Minority Stockholders own the same percentage of common stock in the New Holding Company as they owned in Greene County Bancorp, Inc. immediately prior to the Conversion Transaction. Under a provision of the Dodd-Frank Act applicable to Greene County Bancorp, MHC, Minority Stockholders would not be diluted because of any dividends waived by Greene County Bancorp, MHC (and waived dividends would not be considered in determining an appropriate exchange ratio), in the event Greene County Bancorp, MHC converts to stock form.

Commercial Bank Regulation

Our commercial bank, Greene County Commercial Bank, derives its authority primarily from the applicable provisions of the New York Banking Law and the regulations adopted under that law. Our commercial bank is limited in its investments and the activities that it may engage in to those permissible under applicable state law and those permissible for national banks and their subsidiaries, unless those investments and activities are specifically permitted by the Federal Deposit Insurance Act or the FDIC determines that the activity or investment would pose no significant risk to the deposit insurance fund. We limit our commercial bank activities to accepting municipal deposits and acquiring municipal and other securities.

Under New York Banking Law, our commercial bank is not permitted to declare, credit or pay any dividends if its capital stock is impaired or would be impaired as a result of the dividend. In addition, the New York Banking Law provides that our commercial bank cannot declare or pay dividends in any calendar year in excess of “net profits” for such year combined with “retained net profits” of the two preceding years, less any required transfer to surplus or a fund for the retirement of preferred stock, without prior regulatory approval.

Our commercial bank is subject to minimum capital requirements imposed by the FDIC that are substantially similar to the capital requirements imposed on The Bank of Greene County, discussed above. Capital requirements higher than the generally applicable minimum requirements may be established for a particular bank if the FDIC determines that a bank’s capital is, or may become, inadequate in view of the bank’s particular circumstances. Failure to meet capital guidelines could subject a bank to a variety of enforcement actions, including actions under the FDIC’s prompt corrective action regulations.

At June 30, 2018, our commercial bank met the criteria for being considered “well-capitalized.”

Federal Securities Laws

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. common stock is registered with the Securities and Exchange Commission under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. is subject to the information, proxy solicitation, insider trading restrictions and other requirements under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934.

Index

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. common stock held by persons who are affiliates (generally officers, directors and principal shareholders) of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. may not be resold without registration or unless sold in accordance with certain resale restrictions. If Greene County Bancorp, Inc. meets specified current public information requirements, each affiliate of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. is able to sell in the public market, without registration, a limited number of shares in any three-month period.

Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

The Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 was enacted to address, among other issues, corporate governance, auditing and accounting, executive compensation, and enhanced and timely disclosure of corporate information. Under Section 302(a) of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. are required to certify that its quarterly and annual reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission do not contain any untrue statement of a material fact. Rules promulgated under the Sarbanes-Oxley Act require that these officers certify that: they are responsible for establishing, maintaining and regularly evaluating the effectiveness of our internal controls; they have made certain disclosures to our auditors and the audit committee of the Board of Directors about our internal controls; and they have included information in our quarterly and annual reports about their evaluation and whether there have been significant changes in our internal controls or in other factors that could significantly affect internal controls. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has existing policies, procedures and systems designed to comply with these regulations, and is further enhancing and documenting such policies, procedures and systems to ensure continued compliance with these regulations.

Reports to Security Holders

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. files annual and current reports with the SEC on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K, respectively. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. also files proxy materials with the SEC.

The public may read and copy any materials filed by Greene County Bancorp, Inc. with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. is an electronic filer. The SEC maintains an Internet site that contains reports, proxy and information statements, and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The address of the site is http://www.sec.gov.

ITEM 1A.

Risk Factors

Not applicable to smaller reporting companies.

ITEM 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

ITEM 2.

Properties

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and The Bank of Greene County maintain their executive offices at the Administration Center, 302 Main Street, Catskill, New York. The Bank of Greene County also has an operations center and lending center located in Catskill, New York. The Bank of Greene County currently conducts its business through 14 full-service banking offices. We own nine branch offices and lease five branch offices located within Greene, Columbia, Albany and Ulster Counties. Greene County Commercial Bank conducts its business through the branch offices of The Bank of Greene County. The Bank of Greene County also leases a building in Ulster County which it is currently renovating for the opening of a new branch in September 2018. In the opinion of management, the physical properties of our holding company and our various subsidiaries are suitable and adequate. For more information on our properties, see Notes 1, 5 and 14 set forth in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Report.

ITEM 3.

Legal Proceedings

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries are not involved in any pending legal proceedings other than routine legal proceedings occurring in the ordinary course of business that, in the aggregate, involve amounts that are believed by management to be immaterial to the consolidated financial condition and consolidated results of operations of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

ITEM 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

Index

PART II

ITEM 5.

Market for Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “GCBC”. As of September 7, 2018 Greene County Bancorp, Inc. had 476 stockholders of record (excluding the number of persons or entities holding stock in street name through various brokerage firms) and 8,537,814 shares outstanding. As of such date, Greene County Bancorp, MHC (the “MHC”), Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s mutual holding company, held 4,609,264 shares of common stock, or 54.0% of total shares outstanding. Consequently, shareholders other than the MHC held 3,928,550 shares.

Payment of dividends on Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s common stock is subject to determination and declaration by the Board of Directors and depends upon a number of factors, including capital requirements, regulatory limitations on the payment of dividends, Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s results of operations, financial condition, tax considerations and general economic conditions. No assurance can be given that dividends will be declared or, if declared, what the amount of dividends will be, or whether such dividends, once declared, will continue. The Federal Reserve Board has adopted interim final regulations that impose significant conditions and restrictions on the ability of mutual holding companies to waive the receipt of dividends from their subsidiaries. The MHC received the approval of its members (depositors of The Bank of Greene County) and the non-objection of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia, to waive the MHC’s receipt of quarterly cash dividends aggregating up to $0.40 per share to be declared by the Company for the four quarters ending March 31, 2018. The waiver of dividends beyond this period are subject to the MHC obtaining approval of its members at a special meeting of members and receive the non-objection of the Federal Reserve Bank of Philadelphia for such dividend waivers for the four quarters subsequent to the approval. Therefore, its ability to waive its right to receive dividends beyond this date cannot be reasonably determined at this time.

The following table sets forth a summary of selected financial data at and for the fiscal quarter ends for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Closing market price information is stated at the quarter end dates indicated.

Fiscal 2018	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Market price (NASDAQ:GCBC)
High	$	30.45	$	35.70	$	38.00	$	37.10
Low		22.16		28.66		31.50		28.85
Close		30.05		32.60		36.70		33.90
Cash Dividends*		0.0975		0.0975		0.0975		0.0975

Fiscal 2017
High	$	17.42	$	25.20	$	24.00	$	29.00
Low		16.00		16.50		20.50		22.30
Close		16.67		22.90		23.35		27.20
Cash Dividends*		0.095		0.095		0.095		0.095

*The MHC waived receipt of the dividends for all four quarters of fiscal 2018 and for the first, second and third quarters of fiscal 2017.

There were no sales of unregistered securities during fiscal 2018 or 2017. On August 22, 2007, the Board of Directors authorized a stock repurchase program pursuant of up to 5% of its outstanding shares (excluding shares held by Greene County Bancorp, MHC, the Company’s mutual holding company), or up to 184,692 shares, adjusted for a 2-for-1 stock split. As of June 30, 2018, the Company had repurchased 124,956 shares in accordance with the stock repurchase program. There were no shares repurchased during fiscal 2018 or 2017. The Company currently does not intend to repurchase any additional shares under this stock repurchase program.

Index

ITEM 6.

Selected Financial Data

The selected financial and operational data presented below at and for the years shown was derived from the audited consolidated financial statements of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements presented elsewhere in this Report.

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)	2018			2017			2016
SELECTED FINANCIAL CONDITION DATA:
Total assets	$	1,151,478		$	982,291		$	868,781
Loans receivable, net		704,431			624,187			522,764
Securities available-for-sale		121,023			91,483			100,123
Securities held-to-maturity		274,550			223,830			204,935
Deposits		1,025,234			859,535			738,887
Shareholders' equity		96,191			83,521			74,301
AVERAGE BALANCES:
Total assets		1,073,980			913,423			795,819
Interest-earning assets		1,056,101			895,659			777,539
Loans receivable, net		659,132			577,854			476,356
Securities		359,661			300,270			281,308
Deposits		952,753			786,923			690,995
Borrowings		22,913			38,760			27,835
Shareholders' equity		89,540			78,518			70,669
SELECTED OPERATIONS DATA:
Total interest income		38,928			33,459			28,802
Total interest expense		4,014			3,077			2,581
Net interest income		34,914			30,382			26,221
Provision for loan losses		1,530			1,911			1,673
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		33,384			28,471			24,548
Total noninterest income		7,481			6,424			5,965
Total noninterest expense		22,362			19,967			18,871
Income before provision for income taxes		18,503			14,928			11,642
Provision for income taxes		4,095			3,741			2,679
Net income		14,408			11,187			8,963
FINANCIAL RATIOS:
Return on average assets¹		1.34	%		1.22	%		1.13	%
Return on average shareholders’ equity²		16.09			14.25			12.68
Noninterest expenses to average total assets		2.08			2.19			2.37
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities		120.36			121.66			121.70
Net interest rate spread³		3.23			3.32			3.30
Net interest margin⁴		3.31			3.39			3.37
Efficiency ratio⁵		52.75			54.25			58.63
Shareholders’ equity to total assets, at end of period		8.35			8.50			8.55
Average shareholders’ equity to average assets		8.34			8.60			8.88
Dividend payout ratio⁶		23.08			28.79			34.91
Actual dividends declared to net income⁷		10.59			17.16			20.69
Nonperforming assets to total assets, at end of period		0.32			0.45			0.43
Nonperforming loans to net loans, at end of period		0.51			0.58			0.65
Allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans		335.96			302.72			278.72
Allowance for loan losses to total loans receivable		1.68			1.74			1.79
Book value per share⁸	$	11.27		$	9.82		$	8.77
Basic earnings per share		1.69			1.32			1.06
Diluted earnings per share		1.69			1.31			1.06
OTHER DATA:
Closing market price of common stock	$	33.90		$	27.20		$	16.27
Number of full-service offices		14			13			13
Number of full-time equivalent employees		156			144			137

1 Ratio of net income to average total assets.

2 Ratio of net income to average shareholders’ equity.

3 The difference between the weighted average yield on interest-earning assets and the weighted average cost of interest-bearing liabilities.

4 Net interest income as a percentage of average interest-earning assets.

5 Noninterest expense divided by the sum of net interest income and noninterest income.

6 Dividends per share divided by basic earnings per share. This calculation does not take into account the waiver of dividends by Greene County Bancorp, MHC.

7 Dividends declared divided by net income.

8 Shareholders’ equity divided by outstanding shares.

Index

ITEM 7.

Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

GENERAL

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) is the holding company for The Bank of Greene County (the “Bank”), a community-based bank offering a variety of financial services to meet the needs of the communities it serves. The Bank of Greene County is a federally chartered savings bank. The Bank of Greene County’s principal business is attracting deposits from customers within its market area and investing those funds primarily in loans, with excess funds used to invest in securities. The Bank of Greene County currently operates 14 full-service branches, an administration office, a lending center, and an operations center in New York’s Hudson Valley Region. In June 2004, Greene County Commercial Bank (“GCCB”) was opened for the limited purpose of providing financial services to local municipalities. GCCB is a subsidiary of The Bank of Greene County, and is a New York State-chartered commercial bank. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s stock is traded on the NASDAQ Capital Market under the symbol “GCBC.” Greene County Bancorp, MHC is a mutual holding company that owns 54.0% of the Company’s outstanding common stock. In June 2011, Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. was formed as a New York corporation that has elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be a real estate investment trust. Greene Properties Holding, Ltd. is a subsidiary of The Bank of Greene County. Certain mortgages and notes held by The Bank of Greene County were transferred to and are beneficially owned by Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The Bank of Greene County continues to service these loans. In December 2014, Greene Risk Management, Inc. was formed as a Nevada corporation that is operating as a pooled captive insurance company. The purpose of this company is to provide additional insurance coverage for the Company and its subsidiaries related to the operations of the Company for which insurance may not be economically feasible.

Overview of the Company’s Activities and Risks

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s results of operations depend primarily on its net interest income, which is the difference between the income earned on Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s loan and securities portfolios and its cost of funds, consisting of the interest paid on deposits and borrowings. Results of operations are also affected by Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s provision for loan losses, noninterest income and noninterest expense. Noninterest income consists primarily of fees and service charges. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s noninterest expense consists principally of compensation and employee benefits, occupancy, equipment and data processing, and other operating expenses. Results of operations are also significantly affected by general economic and competitive conditions, changes in interest rates, as well as government policies and actions of regulatory authorities. Additionally, future changes in applicable law, regulations or government policies may materially affect Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Critical Accounting Policies

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s critical accounting policies relate to the allowance for loan losses and the evaluation of securities for other-than-temporary impairment. The allowance for loan losses is based on management’s estimation of an amount that is intended to absorb losses in the existing portfolio. The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio, the composition of the portfolio, specific impaired loans and current economic conditions. Such evaluation, which includes a review of all loans for which full collectability may not be reasonably assured, considers among other matters, the estimated net realizable value or the fair value of the underlying collateral, economic conditions, historical loan loss experience, management’s estimate of probable credit losses and other factors that warrant recognition in providing for the allowance of loan losses. However, this evaluation involves a high degree of complexity and requires management to make subjective judgments that often require assumptions or estimates about highly uncertain matters. This critical accounting policy and its application are periodically reviewed with the Audit Committee and the Board of Directors.

Securities are evaluated for other-than-temporary impairment by performing periodic reviews of individual securities in the investment portfolio. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. makes an assessment to determine whether there have been any events or economic circumstances to indicate that a security, on which there is an unrealized loss, is impaired on an other-than-temporary basis. The Company considers many factors, including the severity and duration of the impairment; the intent and ability of the Company to hold the equity security for a period of time sufficient for a recovery in value; recent events specific to the issuer or industry; and for debt securities, the intent to sell the security, the likelihood to be required to sell the security before it recovers the entire amortized cost, external credit ratings and recent downgrades. The Company is required to record other-than-temporary impairment charges through earnings, if it has the intent to sell, or will more likely than not be required to sell an impaired debt security before a recovery of its amortized cost basis. In addition, the Company is required to record other-than-temporary impairment charges through earnings for the amount of credit losses, regardless of the intent or requirement to sell. Credit loss is measured as the difference between the present value of an impaired debt security’s cash flows and its amortized cost basis. Non-credit related write-downs to fair value must be recorded as decreases to accumulated other comprehensive income as long as the Company has no intent or requirement to sell an impaired security before a recovery of amortized cost basis.

Index

Management of Credit Risk

Management considers credit risk to be an important risk factor affecting the financial condition and operating results of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. The potential for loss associated with this risk factor is managed through a combination of policies approved by Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s Board of Directors, the monitoring of compliance with these policies, and the periodic reporting and evaluation of loans with problem characteristics. Policies relate to the maximum amount that can be granted to a single borrower and such borrower’s related interests, the aggregate amount of loans outstanding by type in relation to total assets and capital, loan concentrations, loan-to-collateral value ratios, approval limits and other underwriting criteria. Policies also exist with respect to the rating of loans, determination of when loans should be placed on a nonperforming status and the factors to be considered in establishing Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s allowance for loan losses. Management also considers credit risk when evaluating potential and current holdings of securities. Credit risk is a critical component in evaluating corporate debt securities. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has purchased municipal securities as part of its strategy based on the fact that such securities can offer a higher tax-equivalent yield than other similar investments.

FINANCIAL OVERVIEW

Net income for the year ended June 30, 2018 amounted to $14.4 million, or $1.69 per basic and diluted share, as compared to $11.2 million, or $1.32 per basic and $1.31 per diluted share, for the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $3.2 million, or 28.8%. The increase in net income was primarily the result of increases of $4.5 million in net interest income and $1.1 million in noninterest income, which were partially offset by increases of $2.7 million in provision for income taxes and noninterest expense. The change in net interest income resulted from growth in interest-earning assets when comparing the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Growth in interest-earning assets was within both investment securities and loans. Growth in loans was primarily in commercial real estate mortgages and commercial loans which are generally higher yielding assets.

Net interest spread and margin decreased nine and eight basis points respectively, when comparing the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Net interest spread decreased to 3.23% for the year ended June 30, 2018 compared to 3.32% for the year ended June 30, 2017. Net interest margin decreased to 3.31% for the year ended June 30, 2018 compared to 3.39% for the year ended June 30, 2017 Changes in noninterest income and noninterest expense are more fully explained within the Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 contained herein.

Total assets grew $169.2 million, or 17.2%, to $1.2 billion at June 30, 2018 as compared to $982.3 million at June 30, 2017. Net loans increased $80.2 million, or 12.9%, to $704.4 million at June 30, 2018 as compared to $624.2 million at June 30, 2017. Securities classified as available-for-sale and held-to-maturity increased $80.3 million, or 25.5%, to $395.6 million at June 30, 2018 as compared to $315.3 million at June 30, 2017. Deposits grew $165.7 million, or 19.3%, to $1.0 billion at June 30, 2018 as compared to $859.5 million at June 30, 2017. Total shareholders’ equity amounted to $96.2 million and $83.5 million at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, or 8.4% and 8.5% of total assets, respectively.

Comparison of Financial Condition as of June 30, 2018 and 2017

SECURITIES

Securities available-for-sale and held-to-maturity increased $80.3 million, or 25.5%, to $395.6 million at June 30, 2018 as compared to $315.3 million at June 30, 2017. Securities purchased totaled $183.3 million during the year ended June 30, 2018 and consisted of $134.3 million of state and political subdivision securities, $41.9 million of mortgage backed securities, $4.2 million of U.S. government sponsored enterprises securities, $2.0 million of corporate debt securities, and $890,000 of other securities. Principal pay-downs and maturities during fiscal 2018 amounted to $101.5 million, of which $19.5 million were mortgage-backed securities, $79.5 million were state and political subdivision securities, and $2.5 million were corporate debt securities. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. holds 57.8% of its securities portfolio at June 30, 2018 in state and political subdivision securities to take advantage of tax savings and to promote Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s participation in the communities in which it operates. Mortgage-backed securities and asset-backed securities held within the portfolio do not contain sub-prime loans and are not exposed to the credit risk associated with such lending.

Index

	At June 30,
	2018					2017					2016
(Dollars in thousands)	Carrying Amount		Percent of total			Carrying Amount		Percent of total			Carrying Amount		Percent of total
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	5,531		1.4	%	$	4,717		1.5	%	$	4,891		1.6	%
State and political subdivisions		92,255		23.3			58,112		18.4			60,499		19.8
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		3,247		0.8			4,913		1.5			6,540		2.1
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		18,069		4.6			20,765		6.6			23,879		7.8
Asset-backed securities		-		-			1		0.0			5		0.0
Corporate debt securities		1,704		0.4			2,791		1.0			4,157		1.4
Total debt securities		120,806		30.5			91,299		29.0			99,971		32.7
Equity securities		217		0.1			184		0.1			152		0.1
Total securities available-for-sale		121,023		30.6			91,483		29.1			100,123		32.8
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		9,245		2.3			6,000		1.9			2,000		0.7
State and political subdivisions		136,335		34.5			115,805		36.7			99,040		32.5
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		6,472		1.6			10,798		3.4			13,543		4.4
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		118,780		30.0			88,702		28.1			87,204		28.6
Corporate debt securities		1,466		0.4			1,000		0.3			1,000		0.3
Other securities		2,252		0.6			1,525		0.5			2,148		0.7
Total securities held-to-maturity		274,550		69.4			223,830		70.9			204,935		67.2
Total securities	$	395,573		100.0	%	$	315,313		100.0	%	$	305,058		100.0	%

Investment Maturity Schedule

The estimated fair value of debt securities at June 30, 2018 by contractual maturity are shown below. Mortgage-backed securities balances are presented based on final maturity date and do not reflect the expected cash flows from monthly principal repayments. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties. No tax-equivalent adjustments were made in calculating the weighted average yield.

(Dollars in thousands)	In One Year or Less			After One Year through Five Years			After Five Years through Ten Years			After Ten Years			Total
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	-		$	4,562		$	969		$	-		$	5,531
State and political subdivisions		92,255			-			-			-			92,255
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		11			172			1,980			1,084			3,247
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		771			16,333			965			-			18,069
Corporate debt securities		254			-			1,450			-			1,704
Total debt securities		93,291			21,067			5,364			1,084			120,806
Equity securities		-			-			-			217			217
Total securities available-for-sale		93,291			21,067			5,364			1,301			121,023
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		-			1,949			7,018			-			8,967
State and political subdivisions		24,795			59,654			36,709			17,736			138,894
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		76			2,679			2,801			981			6,537
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		-			63,218			52,840			-			116,058
Corporate debt securities		-			-			1,011			457			1,468
Other securities		1,013			717			447			76			2,253
Total securities held-to-maturity		25,884			128,217			100,826			19,250			274,177
Total securities	$	119,175		$	149,284		$	106,190		$	20,551		$	395,200
Weighted Average Yield		1.95	%		2.65	%		2.75	%		3.40	%		2.51	%

Index

LOANS

Net loans receivable increased $80.2 million, or 12.9%, to $704.4 million at June 30, 2018 from $624.2 million at June 30, 2017. The loan growth experienced during fiscal 2018 consisted primarily of $26.0 million in commercial real estate loans, $24.3 million in commercial loans, $5.8 million in multi-family real estate loans, $10.5 million in residential real estate loans, and $13.7 million in construction loans. The continued low interest rate environment and, we believe, strong customer satisfaction from personal service, continued to enhance loan growth. If long term rates begin to rise, the Company anticipates some reduced new loan demand as well as refinancing activities. The Bank of Greene County continues to use a conservative underwriting policy in regard to all loan originations, and does not engage in sub-prime lending or other exotic loan products. A significant decline in home values in the Company’s market areas, however, could have a negative effect on the consolidated results of operations, as any such decline in home values would likely lead to a decrease in residential real estate loans and new home equity loan originations and increased delinquencies and defaults in both the consumer home equity loan and the residential real estate loan portfolios and result in increased losses in these portfolios. Updated appraisals are obtained on loans when there is a reason to believe that there has been a change in the borrower’s ability to repay the loan principal and interest, generally, when a loan is in a delinquent status. Additionally, if an existing loan is to be modified or refinanced, generally, an appraisal is ordered to ensure continued collateral adequacy.

Loan Portfolio Composition

Set forth below is selected information concerning the composition of The Bank of Greene County’s loan portfolio in dollar amounts and in percentages (before deductions for deferred fees and costs, unearned discounts and allowances for losses) as of the dates indicated.

	At June 30,
	2018						2017						2016						2015						2014
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount			Percent			Amount			Percent			Amount			Percent			Amount			Percent			Amount			Percent
Real estate loans:
Residential real estate	$	255,848			35.75	%	$	245,331			38.67	%	$	234,992			44.23	%	$	226,648			50.28	%	$	227,373			56.02	%
Residential construction and land		9,951			1.39			7,160			1.13			5,575			1.05			3,621			0.81			3,005			0.74
Multi-family		14,961			2.09			9,199			1.45			3,918			0.74			4,287			0.95			4,059			1.00
Commercial real estate		283,935			39.68			257,964			40.67			192,678			36.27			142,323			31.57			114,066			28.11
Commercial construction		39,366			5.50			28,430			4.48			20,159			3.79			8,936			1.98			1,558			0.38
Total real estate loans		604,061			84.41			548,084			86.40			457,322			86.08			385,815			85.59			350,061			86.25

Consumer loans
Home equity		21,919			3.06			21,076			3.32			20,893			3.93			21,019			4.66			20,578			5.07
Consumer installment⁽¹⁾		5,017			0.70			4,790			0.76			4,350			0.82			4,123			0.92			4,208			1.04
Total consumer loans		26,936			3.76			25,866			4.08			25,243			4.75			25,142			5.58			24,786			6.11

Commercial loans		84,644			11.83			60,381			9.52			48,725			9.17			39,798			8.83			30,994			7.64

Total consumer loans and commercial loans		111,580			15.59			86,247			13.60			73,968			13.92			64,940			14.41			55,780			13.75

Total gross loans		715,641			100.00	%		634,331			100.00	%		531,290			100.00	%		450,755			100.00	%		405,841			100.00	%

Less:
Allowance for loan losses		(12,024	)					(11,022	)					(9,485	)					(8,142	)					(7,419	)
Deferred fees and costs		814						878						959						883						887

Total loans receivable, net	$	704,431					$	624,187					$	522,764					$	443,496					$	399,309

⁽¹⁾ Includes direct automobile loans (on both new and used automobiles) and personal loans.

Index

Loan Maturity Schedule

The following table sets forth certain information as of June 30, 2018 regarding the amount of loans maturing or re-pricing in The Bank of Greene County's portfolio. Adjustable-rate loans are included in the period in which interest rates are next scheduled to adjust rather than the period in which they contractually mature, and fixed-rate loans are included in the period in which the final contractual repayment is due. Lines of credit with no specified maturity date are included in the category “within one year.”

(In thousands)	Within 1 Year		1 Year Through 3 Years		3 Years Through 5 Years		5 Years Through 10 Years		Beyond 10 Years		Total
Residential real estate	$	5,038	$	10,554	$	34,321	$	55,975	$	149,960	$	255,848
Residential construction and land		9,590		19		60		282		-		9,951
Multi-family		1,016		1,557		5,741		4,916		1,731		14,961
Commercial real estate		59,089		40,444		74,749		90,480		19,173		283,935
Commercial construction		36,522		2,844		-		-		-		39,366
Consumer loans		17,792		2,053		3,703		3,388		-		26,936
Commercial loans		36,547		5,159		16,642		25,831		465		84,644
Total loan portfolio	$	165,594	$	62,630	$	135,216	$	180,872	$	171,329	$	715,641

The total amount of the above loans that mature or are due after June 30, 2019 that have fixed interest rates is $353.0 million while the total amount of loans that mature or are due after such date that have adjustable interest rates is $197.0 million. The interest rate risk implications of The Bank of Greene County’s substantial preponderance of fixed-rate loans is discussed in detail above within the section Management of Interest Rate Risk.

Potential Problem Loans

Nonaccrual Loans and Nonperforming Assets

Loans are reviewed on a regular basis to assess collectability of all principal and interest payments due. Management determines that a loan is impaired or nonperforming when it is probable at least a portion of the principal or interest will not be collected in accordance with contractual terms of the note. When a loan is determined to be impaired, the measurement of the loan is based on present value of estimated future cash flows, except that all collateral-dependent loans are measured for impairment based on the fair value of the collateral.

Generally, management places loans on nonaccrual status once the loans have become 90 days or more delinquent or sooner if there is a significant reason for management to believe the collectability is questionable and, therefore, interest on the loan will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. The Company identifies impaired loans and measures the impairment in accordance with FASB ASC subtopic “Receivables – Loan Impairment.” Management may consider a loan impaired once it is classified as nonaccrual and when it is probable that the borrower will be unable to repay the loan according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is restructured in a troubled debt restructuring. It should be noted that management does not evaluate all loans individually for impairment. Generally, The Bank of Greene County considers residential mortgages, home equity loans and installment loans as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loan experience and other factors. In contrast, large commercial mortgage, construction, multi-family, business loans and select larger balance residential mortgage loans are viewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The majority of The Bank of Greene County loans, including most nonaccrual loans, are small homogenous loan types adequately supported by collateral. Management considers the payment status of loans in the process of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses among other factors. Based on this evaluation, a delinquent loan’s risk rating may be downgraded to either pass-watch, special mention, or substandard, and the allocation of the allowance for loan loss is based upon the risk associated with such designation. For further discussion and detail regarding the Allowance for Loan Losses and impaired loans please refer to Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplemental Data, Note 4 Loans of this Report. A loan does not have to be 90 days delinquent in order to be classified as nonperforming. Foreclosed real estate is considered to be a nonperforming asset.

Index

Analysis of Nonaccrual Loans, Nonperforming Assets and Restructured Loans

The table below details additional information related to nonaccrual loans for the periods indicated:

	At June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Nonaccrual loans:
Residential real estate	$	1,778		$	1,240		$	1,207		$	1,087		$	2,473
Commercial real estate		1,147			1,452			1,899			2,964			2,775
Commercial construction		-			176			-			-			-
Home equity		298			218			18			169			339
Consumer installment		18			10			-			-			-
Commercial		276			476			202			388			312
Total nonaccrual loans		3,517			3,572			3,326			4,608			5,899

Accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more:
Residential real estate		62			69			77			84			266
Total accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more		62			69			77			84			266
Foreclosed real estate:
Residential real estate		119			-			61			847			473
Residential construction & land		-			-			65			-			-
Commercial real estate		-			799			244			-			-
Total foreclosed real estate		119			799			370 847			847			473

Total nonperforming assets	$	3,698		$	4,440		$	3,773		$	5,539		$	6,638

Troubled debt restructuring:
Nonperforming (included above)	$	774		$	932		$	1,645		$	2,002		$	3,093
Performing (accruing and excluded above)		1,557			916			934			965			1,504

Nonperforming assets to total assets		0.32	%		0.45	%		0.43	%		0.75	%		0.98	%

Nonperforming loans to net loans		0.51	%		0.58	%		0.65	%		1.06	%		1.54	%

The table below details additional information related to nonaccrual loans:

	For the years ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Interest income that would have been recorded if loans had been performing in accordance with original terms	$	230	$	227	$	247
Interest income that was recorded on nonaccrual loans		125		148		142

Index

The table below details additional information on impaired loans as of the dates indicated:

	For the years ended June 30,
(In thousands)	2018		2017		2016
Balance of impaired loans, with a valuation allowance	$	2,799	$	2,071	$	1,947
Allowances relating to impaired loans included in allowance for loan losses		482		436		330
Balance of impaired loans, without a valuation allowance		1,349		1,181		1,295
Average balance of impaired loans for the years ended		3,955		3,335		3,363
Interest income recorded on impaired loans during the years ended		100		137		122

Nonperforming assets amounted to $3.7 million at June 30, 2018 and $4.4 million at June 30, 2017, a decrease of $742,000, or 16.7%. This decrease was primarily the result of sales and write-downs of foreclosed real estate. Total impaired loans amounted to $4.1 million at June 30, 2018 compared to $3.3 million at June 30, 2017, an increase of $896,000, or 27.6%. The increase in impaired loans was the result of an increase in residential real estate and home equity loans in nonaccrual. Impaired loans include loans that have been modified in a troubled debt restructuring and are performing under the modified terms and have therefore been returned to performing status.

Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $3.5 million at June 30, 2018 of which $1.9 million were in the process of foreclosure. At June 30, 2018, there were 11 residential loans in the process of foreclosure totaling $1.2 million. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.3 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2018, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments. Included in total loans past due were $128,000 of loans which were making payments pursuant to forbearance agreements. Under the forbearance agreements, the customers have made arrangements with The Bank of Greene County to bring the loans current over a specified period of time (resulting in an insignificant delay in repayment). During this term of the forbearance agreement, The Bank of Greene County has agreed not to continue foreclosure proceedings. Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $3.6 million at June 30, 2017 of which $1.6 million were in the process of foreclosure. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.9 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2017, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments. Included in total loans past due were $179,000 of loans which were making payments pursuant to forbearance agreements.

ALLOWANCE FOR LOAN LOSSES

The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio, the composition of the loan portfolio, specific impaired loans and current economic conditions. Such evaluation, which includes a review of certain identified loans on which full collectability may not be reasonably assured, considers among other matters, the estimated net realizable value or the fair value of the underlying collateral, economic conditions, payment status of the loan, historical loan loss experience and other factors that warrant recognition in providing for an allowance for loan loss. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review The Bank of Greene County’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require The Bank of Greene County to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. The Bank of Greene County considers smaller balance residential mortgages, home equity loans, commercial loans and installment loans to customers as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loss experience. Larger balance residential, commercial mortgage and business loans are viewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The Bank of Greene County charges loans off against the allowance for loan losses when it becomes evident that a loan cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time or that it will cost the Bank more than it will receive, and all possible avenues of repayment have been analyzed, including the potential of future cash flow, the value of the underlying collateral, and strength of any guarantors or co-borrowers. Generally, consumer loans and smaller business loans (not secured by real estate) in excess of 90 days are charged-off against the allowance for loan losses, unless equitable arrangements are made. Included within consumer installment loan charge-offs and recoveries are deposit accounts that have been overdrawn in excess of 60 days. With continued growth in the number of deposit accounts, charge-off activity within this category has also grown. For loans secured by real estate, a charge-off is recorded when it is determined that the collection of all or a portion of a loan may not be collected and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. The allowance for loan losses is increased by a provision for loan losses (which results in a charge to expense) and recoveries of loans previously charged off and is reduced by charge-offs.

Index

Analysis of allowance for loan losses activity

	At or for the Years Ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2018			2017			2016			2015			2014
Balance at the beginning of the period	$	11,022		$	9,485		$	8,142		$	7,419		$	7,040
Charge-offs:
Residential real estate		141			90			-			390			420
Multi-family		-			-			-			-			24
Commercial real estate		-			39			162			133			309
Home equity		-			-			-			121			44
Consumer installment		318			270			245			236			215
Commercial loans		159			66			20			48			205
Total loans charged off		618			465			427			928			1,217

Recoveries:
Residential real estate		-			-			-			6			10
Multi-family		-			-			-			-			7
Commercial real estate		-			-			17			-			-
Consumer installment		85			88			78			61			75
Commercial loans		5			3			2			28			4
Total recoveries		90			91			97			95			96

Net charge-offs		528			374			330			833			1,121

Provisions charged to operations		1,530			1,911			1,673			1,556			1,500
Balance at the end of the period	$	12,024		$	11,022		$	9,485		$	8,142		$	7,419

Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding		0.08	%		0.06	%		0.07	%		0.20	%		0.29	%
Net charge-offs to nonperforming assets		14.28			8.42			8.75			15.04			16.89
Allowance for loan losses to nonperforming loans		335.96			302.72			278.72			173.53			120.34
Allowance for loan losses to total loans receivable		1.68			1.74			1.79			1.81			1.83
Net charge-offs to average assets		0.05			0.04			0.04			0.12			0.17

Allocation of Allowance for Loan Losses

The following table sets forth the allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan category at the dates indicated. The allowance is allocated to each loan category based on historical loss experience and economic conditions.

	At June 30,
	2018					2017					2016					2015					2014
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount of loan loss allowance		Percent of loans in each category to total loans			Amount of loan loss allowance		Percent of loans in each category to total loans			Amount of loan loss allowance		Percent of loans in each category to total loans			Amount of loan loss allowance		Percent of loans in each category to total loans			Amount of loan loss allowance		Percent of loans in each category to total loans
Residential real estate	$	2,116		35.8	%	$	2,289		38.7	%	$	2,396		44.2	%	$	2,454		50.3	%	$	2,731		56.1	%
Residential construction and land		114		1.4			89		1.1			75		1.1			50		0.8			42		0.7
Multi-family		162		2.1			43		1.4			22		0.7			40		0.9			59		1.0
Commercial real estate		5,979		39.6			5,589		40.7			4,541		36.3			3,699		31.6			2,936		28.1
Commercial construction		950		5.5			687		4.5			502		3.8			233		2.0			38		0.4
Home equity		317		3.1			234		3.3			309		3.9			314		4.7			361		5.1
Consumer installment		224		0.7			231		0.8			228		0.8			223		0.9			240		1.0
Commercial loans		2,128		11.8			1,680		9.5			1,412		9.2			1,129		8.8			811		7.6
Unallocated		34		-			180		-			-		-			-		-			201		-
Totals	$	12,024		100.0	%	$	11,022		100.0	%	$	9,485		100.0	%	$	8,142		100.0	%	$	7,419		100.0	%

Index

PREMISES AND EQUIPMENT

Premises and equipment amounted to $13.3 million at June 30, 2018 and $13.6 million at June 30, 2017. Purchases totaled $324,000 during the year ended June 30, 2018, consisting primarily of building improvements and equipment for new branches located in Copake and Woodstock, New York. Depreciation for the year ended June 30, 2018 totaled $635,000. There were no disposals of premise and equipment during the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018.

OTHER ASSETS

Other assets, consisting primarily of accrued interest receivable, foreclosed real estate and prepaid expenses, totaled $7.7 million at June 30, 2018, compared to $8.6 million at June 30, 2017, a decrease of $887,000. This decrease was due to a $1.8 million decrease in income taxes receivable, and a $680,000 decrease in foreclosed real estate. Income taxes receivable decreased as a result of the lower tax payments made during the year as a result of the application of the prior year tax refund to the current year income taxes due. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in prepaid expenses of $382,000, accrued interest receivable of $1.0 million, and deferred taxes of $156,000. The increase in accrued interest receivable was the result of the growth in interest-earning assets during the year ended June 30, 2018.

Real estate acquired as a result of foreclosure, or in-substance foreclosure, is classified as foreclosed real estate (“FRE”) until such time as it is sold. When real estate is classified as FRE, it is recorded at its fair value, less estimated costs of disposal establishing a new cost basis. Upon transfer to FRE, if the value of the property is less than the loan, less any related specific loan loss provisions, the difference is charged against the allowance for loan losses. Any subsequent write-down of FRE is charged against earnings. FRE totaled $799,000 at June 30, 2017 and consisted of two commercial real estate properties. Four new properties were added to FRE, and four properties were sold during the year ended June 30, 2018. This activity resulted in recognizing net gains totaling $41,000 during the period. FRE totaled $119,000 at June 30, 2018, and consisted of two residential real estate properties.

DEPOSITS

Total deposits increased to $1.0 billion at June 30, 2018 from $859.5 million at June 30, 2017, an increase of $165.7 million, or 19.3%. This increase was partially the result of a $96.6 million increase in municipal deposits at Greene County Commercial Bank, primarily from continued growth in new account relationships as well as tax collection. NOW deposits increased $128.6 million, or 32.7%, money market deposits increased $13.9 million, or 11.6%, savings deposits increased $18.8 million, or 9.5% and noninterest-bearing deposits increased $6.8 million, or 7.1% when comparing June 30, 2018 and 2017. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in certificates of deposit of $2.4 million, or 4.5%, when comparing June 30, 2018 and 2017. Included within certificates of deposits at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $15.0 million, in brokered certificates of deposit.

	At June 30,
	2018					2017					2016
(Dollars in thousands)	Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent			Amount		Percent
Transaction and savings deposits:
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	102,694		10.0	%	$	95,929		11.2	%	$	88,254		11.9	%
Certificates of deposit		51,317		5.0			53,742		6.3			50,666		6.9
Savings deposits		216,103		21.1			197,288		22.9			177,309		24.0
Money market deposits		133,753		13.0			119,806		13.9			112,905		15.3
NOW deposits		521,367		50.9			392,770		45.7			309,753		41.9
Total deposits	$	1,025,234		100.0	%	$	859,535		100.0	%	$	738,887		100.0	%

The amount of certificates of deposit by time remaining to maturity as of June 30, 2018 is set forth in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplemental Data, Note 6, Deposits of this Report.

BORROWINGS

Total borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB”) decreased $11.4 million to $18.2 million at June 30, 2018 compared to $29.6 million at June 30, 2017. The Company had no overnight advances at June 30, 2018. Overnight advances totaled $6.9 million at June 30, 2017. Long-term borrowings decreased $4.5 million to $18.2 million at June 30, 2018 from $22.7 million at June 30, 2017. The Company’s borrowing agreements are discussed further within Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplemental Data, Note 7 Borrowings of this Report.

Index

The table below details additional information related to short-term and long-term borrowings for the years ended June 30,

(Dollars in thousands)	2018			2017
Short-term borrowings
Average outstanding balance	$	2,953		$	16,906
Interest expense		47			130
Weighted average interest rate during the year		1.62	%		0.77	%
Weighted average interest rate at end of year		2.11	%		1.28	%

Long-term borrowings
Average outstanding balance	$	19,960		$	21,854
Interest expense		323			335
Weighted average interest rate during the year		1.62	%		1.53	%
Weighted average interest rate at end of year		1.63	%		1.60	%

OTHER LIABILITIES

Other liabilities, consisting primarily of accrued liabilities, totaled $11.9 million at June 30, 2018, compared to $9.7 million at June 30, 2017, an increase of $2.2 million. This increase was due primarily to increased accrued expenses for various employee benefit plans, including short-term and long-term incentive plans, and supplemental executive retirement plan. For further information regarding these changes, see Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplemental Data, Note 9 Employee Benefits Plans and Note 10 Stock Based Compensation of this Report.

SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Shareholders’ equity increased to $96.2 million at June 30, 2018 from $83.5 million at June 30, 2017, as net income of $14.4 million was partially offset by dividends declared and paid of $1.5 million, and a $631,000 increase in accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of income taxes. Other changes in equity, an increase of $160,000, was the result of options exercised with the Company’s 2008 Stock Option Plan. At June 30, 2018, there were no remaining options to be exercised with the Company’s 2008 Stock Option Plan.

During the three months ended March 31, 2018, $259,000 in accumulated other comprehensive income was reclassified to retained earnings, which represents the stranded credit resulting from the change in Federal tax rates upon the enactment of the TCJA and its impact on deferred taxes associated with items reported in accumulated other comprehensive income. This adjustment is the result of the Company adopting the amendments to the Financial Accounting Standards Board’s Accounting Standard Update (ASU 2018-02) “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)” issued in February 2018.

Selected Equity Data:	At June 30,
	2018			2017
Shareholders’ equity to total assets, at end of period		8.35	%		8.50	%

Book value per share	$	11.27		$	9.82
Closing market price of common stock	$	33.90		$	27.20

	For the years ended June 30,
	2018			2017
Average shareholders’ equity to average assets		8.34	%		8.60	%
Dividend payout ratio¹		23.08	%		28.79	%
Actual dividends paid to net income²		10.59	%		17.16	%

¹The dividend payout ratio has been calculated based on the dividends declared per share divided by basic earnings per share. No adjustments have been made for dividends waived by Greene County Bancorp, MHC (“MHC”), the owner of 54.0% of the Company’s shares outstanding.

²Dividends declared divided by net income. Dividends were paid to the MHC during the quarter ended June 30, 2017. The MHC waived its right to receive dividends in all other periods during fiscal 2018 and 2017. The MHC’s ability to waive the receipt of dividends is dependent upon annual approval of its members as well as receiving the non-objection of the Federal Reserve Board.

Index

Comparison of Operating Results for the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Average Balance Sheet

The following table sets forth certain information relating to Greene County Bancorp, Inc. for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. For the periods indicated, the total dollar amount of interest income from average interest-earning assets and the resultant yields, as well as the interest expense on average interest-bearing liabilities, are expressed both in dollars and rates. No tax equivalent adjustments were made. Average balances are based on daily averages. Average loan balances include nonperforming loans. The loan yields include net amortization of certain deferred fees and costs that are considered adjustments to yields.

	Fiscal Years Ended June 30,
				2018							2017
(Dollars in thousands)	Average Outstanding Balance			Interest Earned/ Paid		Average Yield/ Rate		Average Outstanding Balance			Interest Earned/ Paid		Average Yield/ Rate
Interest-earning Assets:
Loans receivable¹	$	670,499		$	29,692		4.43%	$	588,107		$	25,884		4.40%
Securities²		359,661			8,772		2.44		300,270			7,413		2.47
Interest-earning bank balances and federal funds		24,218			352		1.45		4,843			38		0.78
FHLB stock		1,723			112		6.50		2,439			124		5.08
Total interest-earning assets		1,056,101			38,928		3.69%		895,659			33,459		3.74%
Cash and due from banks		10,005							8,584
Allowance for loan losses		(11,367	)						(10,253	)
Other noninterest-earning assets		19,241							19,433
Total assets	$	1,073,980						$	913,423

Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Savings and money market deposits	$	333,278		$	1,081		0.32%	$	304,482		$	960		0.32%
NOW deposits		481,524			2,219		0.46		350,502			1,332		0.38
Certificates of deposit		39,731			344		0.87		42,466			320		0.75
Borrowings		22,913			370		1.61		38,760			465		1.20
Total interest-bearing liabilities		877,446			4,014		0.46%		736,210			3,077		0.42%
Noninterest-bearing deposits		98,220							89,473
Other noninterest-bearing liabilities		8,774							9,222
Shareholders' equity		89,540							78,518
Total liabilities and equity	$	1,073,980						$	913,423

Net interest income				$	34,914						$	30,382
Net interest rate spread							3.23%							3.32%
Net earnings assets	$	178,655						$	159,449
Net interest margin							3.31%							3.39%
Average interest-earning assets to average interest-bearing liabilities		120.36	%						121.66	%

¹ Calculated net of deferred loan fees and costs, loan discounts, and loans in process.

² Includes tax-free securities, mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and long term certificates of deposit.

Taxable-equivalent net interest income and net interest margin

	For the year ended June 30,
(Dollars in thousands)	2018			2017
Net interest income (GAAP)	$	34,914		$	30,382
Tax-equivalent adjustment⁽¹⁾		2,223			2,210
Net interest income (fully taxable-equivalent)	$	37,137		$	32,592

Average interest-earning assets	$	1,056,101		$	895,659
Net interest margin (fully taxable-equivalent)		3.52	%		3.64	%

¹Net interest income on a taxable-equivalent basis includes the additional amount of interest income that would have been earned if the Company’s investment in tax-exempt securities and loans had been subject to federal and New York State income taxes yielding the same after-tax income. The rate used for this adjustment was approximately 28.1%, and 34% for federal income taxes and 3.62%, and 3.32% for New York State income taxes for the period ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Index

Rate / Volume Analysis

The following table presents the extent to which changes in interest rates and changes in the volume of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities have affected Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s interest income and interest expense during the periods indicated. Information is provided in each category with respect to:

(i)

Change attributable to changes in volume (changes in volume multiplied by prior rate);

(ii)

Change attributable to changes in rate (changes in rate multiplied by prior volume); and

(iii)

The net change.

The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.

	Years Ended June 30,
	2018 versus 2017									2017 versus 2016
(In thousands)	Increase/(Decrease) Due To						Total Increase/			Increase/(Decrease) Due To						Total Increase/
(In thousands)	Volume			Rate			(Decrease)			Volume			Rate			(Decrease)
Interest-earning Assets:
Loans receivable, net¹	$	3,631		$	177		$	3,808		$	4,565		$	(799	)	$	3,766
Securities²		1,450			(91	)		1,359			452			402			854
Interest-earning bank balances and federal funds		258			56			314			(29	)		19			(10	)
FHLB stock		(42	)		30			(12	)		26			21			47
Total interest-earning assets		5,297			172			5,469			5,014			(357	)		4,657

Interest-Bearing Liabilities:
Savings and money market deposits		121			-			121			59			23			82
NOW deposits		567			320			887			249			29			278
Certificates of deposit		(22	)		46			24			(12	)		23			11
Borrowings		(225	)		130			(95	)		131			(6	)		125
Total interest-bearing liabilities		441			496			937			427			69			496
Net change in net interest income	$	4,856		$	(324	)	$	4,532		$	4,587		$	(426	)	$	4,161

¹ Calculated net of deferred loan fees, loan discounts, and loans in process.

² Includes tax-free securities, mortgage-backed securities, asset-backed securities and long term certificates of deposit.

Index

As the above table shows, net interest income for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 has been affected most significantly by the increase in the volume of loans and securities which has been partially offset by a decrease in yields on securities. Net interest rate spread decreased nine basis points to 3.23% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 3.32% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017. Net interest margin decreased eight basis points to 3.31% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 3.39% for the fiscal year ended June 30, 2017.

INTEREST INCOME

Interest income for the year ended June 30, 2018 amounted to $38.9 million as compared to $33.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $5.4 million, or 16.1%. The increase in average loan and securities balances and the increase in yields on loans had the greatest impact on interest income when comparing the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Interest income is derived from loans, securities and other interest-earning assets. Total average interest-earning assets increased to $1.1 billion for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $895.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $160.4 million, or 17.9%. The yield earned on such assets decreased five basis points to 3.69% for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 3.74% for the year ended June 30, 2017.

Interest income earned on loans amounted to $29.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $25.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. Average loans outstanding increased $82.4 million, or 14.0%, to $670.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $588.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The yield on such loans increased three basis points to 4.43% for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 4.40% for the year ended June 30, 2017. At June 30, 2018, approximately 45.9% of the loan portfolio was adjustable rate, of which a large portion is tied to the Prime Rate.

Interest income earned on securities (excluding FHLB stock) increased to $8.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $7.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The average balance of securities increased $59.4 million to $359.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $300.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. The average yield on such securities decreased three basis points to 2.44% for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 2.47% for the year ended June 30, 2017. No adjustments were made to tax-effect the income for the state and political subdivision securities, which often carry a lower yield because of the offset expected from income tax benefits gained from holding such securities. Adjusting for this tax effect, the tax equivalent yield on securities was 3.03% for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 3.16% for the year ended June 30, 2017.

Interest income earned on federal funds and interest-earning deposits amounted to $352,000 for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $38,000 for the year ended June 30, 2017. The average balance of federal funds and interest-earning deposits increased $19.4 million when comparing the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. Dividends on FHLB stock decreased to $112,000 for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $124,000 for the year ended June 30, 2017.

INTEREST EXPENSE

Interest expense for the year ended June 30, 2018 amounted to $4.0 million as compared to $3.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $937,000, or 30.5%. This increase was the result of an increase in the average balance of interest-bearing liabilities, as well as higher rates paid on average deposits. Total average interest-bearing liabilities increased to $877.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $736.2 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $141.2 million, or 19.2%. Much of this increase related to NOW accounts. With the recent increases in short-term rates by the Federal Reserve Board, the overall rate paid on interest-bearing liabilities increased four basis points to 0.46% for the year ended June 30, 2018 compared to 0.42% for the year ended June 30, 2017.

Interest expense paid on savings and money market accounts amounted to $1.1 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $960,000 for the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $121,000, or 12.6%. The rate paid on savings and money market accounts remained at 0.32% for the year ended June 30, 2018 compared to 2017. The average balance of savings and money market accounts increased by $28.8 million to $333.3 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $304.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017.

Interest expense paid on NOW accounts amounted to $2.2 million and $1.3 million for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The average balance of NOW accounts increased to $481.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $350.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, an increase of $131.0 million. The average rate paid on NOW accounts increased eight basis points to 0.46% for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 0.38% for the year ended June 30, 2017.

Interest expense paid on certificates of deposit amounted to $344,000 for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $320,000 for the year ended June 30, 2017, a decrease of $24,000. The average rate paid on certificates of deposit increased 12 basis points to 0.87% for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to 0.75% for the year ended June 30, 2017. The average balance on certificates of deposit decreased to $39.7 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $42.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2017.

Index

The rate paid on certificates of deposit has increased as a result of an increase in balances within the five-year maturity category. The Bank has promoted its five-year certificate of deposit product during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 in order to lock in the rate on lower costing liabilities as part of its overall interest rate risk strategy.

Interest expense on borrowings amounted to $370,000 for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $465,000 for the year ended June 30, 2017, as the average balance of borrowings decreased $15.9 million to $22.9 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $38.8 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, which was partially offset by an increase in the rate paid on such borrowings by 41 basis points to 1.61% from 1.20% during the period.

PROVISION FOR LOAN LOSSES

Management continues to closely monitor asset quality and adjust the level of the allowance for loan losses when necessary. The amount recognized for the provision for loan losses is determined by management based on its ongoing analysis of the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses. The level of provision decreased during the period ended June 30, 2018 as a result of slower growth in average loan balances. Net loans grew $80.2 million during the year ended June 30, 2018 compared to $101.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2017, as the Company continues to focus on commercial lending. Nonperforming loans amounted to $3.6 million at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. At June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017, respectively, nonperforming assets to total assets were 0.32% and 0.45% and nonperforming loans to net loans were 0.51% and 0.58%. Net charge-offs amounted to $528,000, and $374,000 for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The level of allowance for loan losses to total loans receivable decreased to 1.68% at June 30, 2018 compared to 1.74% at June 30, 2017. Despite the significant increases in net loans over the past two years, the level of nonperforming loans has remained stable and the level of charge-off activity has been low, which has led to this decrease in the allowance for loan losses to total loans receivable. We have not originated “no documentation” mortgage loans and our loan portfolio does not include any mortgage loans that we classify as sub-prime.

NONINTEREST INCOME

(Dollars in thousands)	For the years ended June 30,				Change from Prior Year
	2018		2017		Amount		Percent
Service charges on deposit accounts	$	3,707	$	3,164	$	543		17.16	%
Debit card fees		2,362		2,041		321		15.73
Investment services		469		329		140		42.55
E-commerce fees		139		129		10		7.75
Other operating income		804		761		43		5.65
Total noninterest income	$	7,481	$	6,424	$	1,057		16.45	%

Noninterest income increased $1.1 million, or 16.5%, to $7.5 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $6.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2017. This increase was primarily due to increases in debit card fees and service charges on deposit accounts resulting from continued growth in the number of checking accounts with debit cards, as well as increased monthly or transactional service charges on deposit accounts. Investment services income also increased during the period due to higher sales volume of investment products.

NONINTEREST EXPENSE

(Dollars in thousands)	For the years ended June 30,				Change from Prior Year
	2018		2017		Amount			Percent
Salaries and employee benefits	$	13,490	$	11,672	$	1,818			15.58	%
Occupancy expense		1,579		1,549		30			1.94
Equipment and furniture expense		540		485		55			11.34
Service and data processing fees		2,080		1,973		107			5.42
Computer software, supplies and support		714		608		106			17.43
Advertising and promotion		354		387		(33	)		(8.53	)
FDIC insurance premiums		440		380		60			15.79
Legal and professional fees		956		875		81			9.26
Other		2,209		2,038		171			8.39
Total noninterest expense	$	22,362	$	19,967	$	2,395			11.99	%

Noninterest expense increased $2.4 million, or 12.0%, to $22.4 million for the year ended June 30, 2018 as compared to $20.0 million for year ended June 30, 2017. This increase in noninterest expense was primarily the result of an increase in salaries and employee benefits expenses, resulting from additional staffing to support the Bank’s growth. New positions were added within the Bank’s lending department, customer service center, investment center and for the Bank’s new branches in Copake, New York and Woodstock, New York. Also contributing to the increase in noninterest expenses were additional costs associated with the opening of the new branch in Copake, New York as well as higher service and data processing fees resulting from costs associated with offering more services to customers through online banking. Additionally, an increase in other noninterest expenses was the result of higher bank service charges related to the utilization of municipal letters of credit to collateralize municipal deposits in excess of FDIC insurance limits, as well as higher charitable donations given to The Bank of Greene County Charitable Foundation.

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INCOME TAXES

The provision for income taxes directly reflects the expected tax associated with the pre-tax income generated for the given year and certain regulatory requirements. The effective tax rate was 22.1% for the year ended June 30, 2018, compared to 25.1% for the year ended June 30, 2017. The decrease in the effective tax rate for the year ended June 30, 2018 is primarily the result of the impact of the enactment of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”) in December 2017. The TCJA permanently reduces the maximum corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% effective for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. The lower corporate income tax rate means that deferred tax assets and liabilities that will be deductible or taxable in the future would need to be computed at the new tax rate. Additionally, fiscal year-end taxpayers such as Greene County Bancorp, Inc. are required to utilize a “blended rate” in calculating the effective tax rate for the fiscal year based on a ratio utilizing the number of days at the 35% tax rate and the number of days at the 21% tax rate. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s statutory blended rate for fiscal 2018 is approximately 28%. The Company recognized $251,000 of income tax benefit for the three months ended December 31, 2017 as a result of the TCJA. The statutory rate is also impacted by the benefits derived from tax-exempt bond and loan income, the Company’s real estate investment trust subsidiary income, as well as the tax benefit derived from premiums paid to the Company’s pooled captive insurance subsidiary to arrive at the effective tax rate.

LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES

Liquidity resources. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s primary sources of funds are deposits and proceeds from principal and interest payments on loans and securities, as well as lines of credit and term borrowing facilities available through the Federal Home Loan Bank as needed. While maturities and scheduled amortization of loans and securities are predictable sources of funds, deposit outflows, mortgage prepayments, and borrowings are greatly influenced by general interest rates, economic conditions and competition.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s most liquid assets are cash and cash equivalent accounts. The levels of these assets are dependent on Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s operating, financing, lending and investing activities during any given period. At June 30, 2018, cash and cash equivalents totaled $26.5 million, or 2.3% of total assets.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s primary investing activities are the origination of residential and commercial real estate mortgage loans, other consumer and commercial loans, and the purchase of securities. Loan originations exceeded repayments by $82.6 million and $104.5 million and purchases of securities totaled $183.3 million and $115.3 million for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. These activities were funded primarily through deposit growth, and principal payments on loans and securities. Loan sales did not provide an additional source of liquidity during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, as Greene County Bancorp, Inc. originated loans for retention in its portfolio.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. experienced a net increase in total deposits of $165.7 million and $120.6 million for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The level of interest rates and products offered by local competitors are some factors affecting deposit flows. The Company continues to benefit from consolidation of other depository institutions within its market area and has successfully launched several marketing campaigns aimed at different segments of the market.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. monitors its liquidity position on a daily basis. Excess short-term liquidity is usually invested in interest-earning deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank of New York. In the event Greene County Bancorp, Inc. requires funds beyond its ability to generate them internally, additional sources of funds are available through the use of FHLB advance programs made available to The Bank of Greene County. During the year ended June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County’s maximum borrowing from FHLB reached $67.2 million and the minimum amounted to $18.2 million. The $18.2 million borrowing at June 30, 2018 consisted of long term borrowings with maturities ranging between 2018 through 2022. The liquidity position can be significantly impacted on a daily basis by funding needs associated with Greene County Commercial Bank. These funding needs are also impacted by the collection of taxes and state aid for the municipalities using the services of Greene County Commercial Bank.

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Off-balance sheet arrangements. In the normal course of business the Company is party to certain financial instruments, which in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, are not included in its Consolidated Statements of Condition. These transactions include commitments to fund new loans and unused portions of lines of credit and are undertaken to accommodate the financing needs of the Company’s customers. Loan commitments are agreements by the Company to lend monies at a future date. These loan commitments are subject to the same credit policies and reviews as the Company’s loans. Because most of these loan commitments expire within one year from the date of issue, the total amount of these loan commitments as of June 30, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of future cash requirements. The Bank of Greene County’s unfunded loan commitments and unused lines of credit are as follows at June 30, 2018 and 2017:

(In thousands)	2018		2017
Unfunded loan commitments	$	36,624	$	41,082
Unused lines of credit		58,863		51,440
Total commitments	$	95,487	$	92,522

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. anticipates that it will have sufficient funds available to meet current loan commitments. Certificates of deposit scheduled to mature in one year or less from June 30, 2018 totaled $33.4 million. Based upon Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s experience and its current pricing strategy, management believes that a significant portion of such deposits will remain with Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

The Company has an Irrevocable Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement with the FHLB, whereby upon The Bank of Greene County’s request, on behalf of Greene County Commercial Bank, an irrevocable letter of credit is issued to secure municipal transactional deposit accounts. These letters of credit are secured by residential and commercial real estate mortgage loans. The amount of funds available to the Company through the FHLB line of credit is reduced by any letters of credit outstanding. At June 30, 2018, there were $40.0 million of municipal letters of credit outstanding.

Capital Resources. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank exceeded all of their regulatory capital requirements, as illustrated in Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data Note 17. Regulatory Matters of this Report. Shareholders’ equity represented 8.4% and 8.5% of total consolidated assets at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

IMPACT OF INFLATION AND CHANGING PRICES

The consolidated financial statements of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and notes thereto, presented elsewhere herein, have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles, which require the measurement of financial position and operating results in terms of historical dollars without considering the change in the relative purchasing power of money over time and due to inflation. The impact of inflation is reflected in the increased cost of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s operations. Unlike most industrial companies, nearly all the assets and liabilities of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. are monetary. As a result, interest rates have a greater impact on Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s performance than do the effects of general levels of inflation. Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or to the same extent as the price of goods and services.

IMPACT OF RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS

Recent accounting pronouncements which may impact the Company’s financial statements are discussed within Part II, Item 8 Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, Note 1 Summary of significant accounting policies of this Report.

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UNAUDITED QUARTERLY FINANCIAL DATA

The following table sets forth a summary of selected financial data at and for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and quarter ends within those years.

(In thousands, except per share data)	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter

The year ended June 30, 2018
Loans receivable, net	$	638,446	$	663,873	$	678,495	$	704,431
Deposits		917,569		920,751		1,052,247		1,025,234

Interest income		9,089		9,420		9,876		10,543
Interest expense		919		960		1,016		1,119
Net interest income		8,170		8,460		8,860		9,424
Provision for loan losses		347		352		345		486
Noninterest income		1,740		1,887		1,859		1,995
Noninterest expense		4,893		5,312		5,782		6,375
Income before provision for income taxes		4,670		4,683		4,592		4,558
Net income		3,472		3,640		3,677		3,619
Basic earnings per share		0.41		0.43		0.43		0.42
Diluted earnings per share		0.41		0.43		0.43		0.42

The year ended June 30, 2017
Loans receivable, net	$	548,889	$	591,327	$	606,651	$	624,187
Deposits		772,595		775,065		845,189		859,535

Interest income		7,814		8,484		8,411		8,750
Interest expense		727		753		784		813
Net interest income		7,087		7,731		7,627		7,937
Provision for loan losses		543		586		343		439
Noninterest income		1,549		1,612		1,582		1,681
Noninterest expense		4,754		4,788		5,023		5,402
Income before provision for income taxes		3,339		3,969		3,843		3,777
Net income		2,507		2,926		2,897		2,857
Basic earnings per share		0.30		0.34		0.34		0.34
Diluted earnings per share		0.30		0.34		0.34		0.34

ITEM 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

While Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s loan portfolio is subject to risks associated with the local economy, Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s most significant form of market risk is interest rate risk because most of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s assets and liabilities are sensitive to changes in interest rates. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s assets consist primarily of mortgage loans, which have longer maturities than Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s liabilities, which consist primarily of deposits. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. does not engage in any derivative-based hedging transactions, such as interest rate swaps and caps. Due to the complex nature and additional risk often associated with derivative hedging transactions, such as counterparty risk, it is Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s policy to continue its strategy of mitigating interest rate risk through balance sheet composition. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s interest rate risk management program focuses primarily on evaluating and managing the composition of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s assets and liabilities in the context of various interest rate scenarios. Tools used to evaluate and manage interest rate risk include measuring net interest income sensitivity (“NII”), economic value of equity (“EVE”) sensitivity and GAP analysis. These standard interest rate risk measures are described more fully below. Factors beyond management’s control, such as market interest rates and competition, also have an impact on interest income and interest expense.

In recent years, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has followed the following strategies to manage interest rate risk:

(i)

maintaining a high level of liquid interest-earning assets such as short-term interest-earning deposits and various investment securities;

(ii)

maintaining a high concentration of less interest-rate sensitive and lower-costing core deposits;

(iii)

originating consumer installment loans that have up to five-year terms but that have significantly shorter average lives due to early prepayments;

(iv)

originating adjustable-rate commercial real estate mortgage loans and commercial loans; and

(v)

where possible, matching the funding requirements for fixed-rate residential mortgages with lower-costing core deposits.

By investing in liquid securities, which can be sold to take advantage of interest rate shifts, and originating adjustable rate commercial real estate and commercial loans with shorter average durations, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. believes it is better positioned to react to changes in market interest rates. Investments in short-term securities, however, generally bear lower yields than longer-term investments. Thus, these strategies may result in lower levels of interest income than would be obtained by investing in longer-term fixed-rate investments.

Net Interest Income Analysis. One of the most significant measures of interest risk is net interest income sensitivity (“NII”). NII is the measurement of the sensitivity of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s net interest income to changes in interest rates and is computed for instantaneous rate shocks and a series of rate ramp assumptions. The net interest income sensitivity can be viewed as the exposure to changes in interest rates in the balance sheet as of the report date. The net interest income sensitivity measure does not take into account any future change to the balance sheet. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has a relatively low level of NII sensitivity and is well within policy limits in all positive rate shock scenarios. This means that Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s income exposure to rising rates is projected to be relatively low. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s largest risk is a declining rate environment.

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The analysis of NII sensitivity is limited by the fact that it does not take into account any future changes in the balance sheet. Therefore, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. also performs dynamic modeling which utilizes a projected balance sheet and income statement based on budget and planning assumptions and then stress tests those projections in various economic environments and interest rate scenarios. In each economic scenario that is modeled, assumptions pertaining to growth volumes, income, expenses and asset quality are adjusted based on what the likely impact of the economic scenario will be. By incorporating the Company’s financial projections into the analysis, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. can better understand the impact that the implementation of those plans would have on its overall interest rate risk, and thereby better manage its interest rate risk position.

EVE Analysis. Economic value of equity (“EVE”) is defined as the present value of all future asset cash flows less the present value of all future liability cash flows, or an estimate of the value of the entire balance sheet. The EVE measure is limited in that it does not take into account any future change to the balance sheet. The following table presents Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s EVE. The EVE table indicates the market value of assets less the market value of liabilities at each specific rate shock environment. These calculations were based upon assumptions believed to be fundamentally sound, although they may vary from assumptions utilized by other financial institutions. The information set forth below is based on data that included all financial instruments as of June 30, 2018. Assumptions made by Greene County Bancorp, Inc. relate to interest rates, loan prepayment rates, core deposit duration, and the market values of certain assets and liabilities under the various interest rate scenarios. Actual maturity dates were used for fixed rate loans and certificate accounts. Securities were scheduled at either maturity date or next scheduled call date based upon judgment of whether the particular security would be called based upon the current interest rate environment, as it existed on June 30, 2018. Variable rate loans were scheduled as of their next scheduled interest rate repricing date. Additional assumptions made in the preparation of the EVE table include prepayment rates on loans and mortgage-backed securities. For each interest-bearing core deposit category, a discounted cash flow based upon the decay of each category was calculated and a discount rate applied based on the FHLB fixed rate advance term nearest the average life of the category. The noninterest-bearing category does not use a decay assumption, and the 24 month FHLB advance rate was used as the discount rate. The EVE at “Par” represents the difference between Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s estimated value of assets and value of liabilities assuming no change in interest rates.

The following sets forth Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s EVE as of June 30, 2018.

Changes in Market Interest Rates (Basis Points)
(Dollars in thousands)	Company EVE		$ Change From Par			% Change From Par			EVE Ratio¹			Change²
+300 bp	$	150,030	$	(32,692	)		(17.89	)%		13.97	%	(181		)bps
+200 bp		163,132		(19,590	)		(10.72	)		14.81			(97	)
+100 bp		174,916		(7,806	)		(4.27	)		15.48			(30	)
PAR		182,722		-			-			15.78			-
-100 bp		186,119		3,397			1.86			15.72			(6	)
-200 bp		186,450		3,728			2.04			15.39			(39	)

¹ Calculated as the estimated EVE divided by the present value of total assets.

² Calculated as the excess (deficiency) of the EVE ratio assuming the indicated change in interest rates over the estimated EVE ratio assuming no change in interest rates.

The prolonged low rate environment continues to increase EVE sensitivity across the industry, as the low yield on assets increases price sensitivity to large rate shocks. EVE sensitivity will increase further as rates rise and loans and investments lose value and move out the sensitivity curve. Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s EVE modeling projects that the EVE will decrease in instantaneous rate shocks, however, the level of sensitivity resulting from these rate shocks is within the Company’s policy limits and regulatory guidance. In anticipation of continued rising interest rates, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has implemented several strategies to help mitigate the negative impact on EVE that would result from rising interest rates. These strategies include shortening the average duration of assets and lengthening the average duration of its liabilities.

Certain shortcomings are inherent in the methodology used in the above interest rate risk measurements. Modeling changes in EVE require the making of certain assumptions that may or may not reflect the manner in which actual yields and costs respond to changes in market interest rates.

Gap Analysis. The matching of assets and liabilities may be analyzed by examining the extent to which such assets and liabilities are “interest rate sensitive” and by monitoring a company’s interest rate sensitivity “gap.” An asset or liability is deemed to be interest rate sensitive within a specific time period if it will mature or reprice within that time period. The interest rate sensitivity gap is defined as the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within a specific time period and the amount of interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within that same time period. A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest rate sensitive assets exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities. A gap is considered negative when the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive assets. Accordingly, during a period of rising interest rates, an institution with a negative gap position generally would not be in as favorable a position, compared with an institution with a positive gap, to invest in higher yielding assets. The resulting yield on the institution’s assets generally would increase at a slower rate than the increase in its cost of interest-bearing liabilities. Conversely, during a period of falling interest rates, an institution with a negative gap would tend to experience a repricing of its assets at a slower rate than its interest-bearing liabilities which, consequently, would generally result in its net interest income growing at a faster rate than an institution with a positive gap position. At June 30, 2018, Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s cumulative one-year and three-year gap positions, the difference between the amount of interest-earning assets maturing or repricing within one year and three years and interest-bearing liabilities maturing or repricing within one year and three years, as a percentage of total interest-earning assets were positive 21.36% and 20.19% respectively.

Index

Certain shortcomings are inherent in this method of analysis. For example, although certain assets and liabilities may have similar maturities or periods to repricing, they may react in different degrees to changes in market interest rates. It should also be noted that interest-bearing core deposit categories, which have no stated maturity date, have an assumed decay rate applied to create a cash flow on those deposit categories for gap purposes. Also, the interest rates on certain types of assets and liabilities may fluctuate in advance of changes in market interest rates, while interest rates on other types may lag behind changes in market rates. Additionally, certain assets such as adjustable-rate loans have features that restrict changes in interest rates both on a short-term basis and over the life of the asset. Further, in the event of changes in interest rates, prepayment and early withdrawal levels would likely deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the table. Finally, the ability of many borrowers to service their adjustable-rate loans may decrease in the event of an interest rate increase.

ITEM 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

MANAGEMENT’S REPORT ON INTERNAL CONTROL

OVER FINANCIAL REPORTING

The management of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting. Greene County Bancorp Inc.’s internal control system was designed to provide reasonable assurance to the Company’s management and board of directors regarding the preparation and fair presentation of published consolidated financial statements.

All internal control systems, no matter how well designed, have inherent limitations. Therefore, even those systems determined to be effective can provide only reasonable assurance with respect to financial statement preparation and presentation.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s management assessed the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2018. In making this assessment, it used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO) in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013). Based on our assessment, we believe that, as of June 30, 2018, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting was effective based on those criteria.

	/s/ Donald E Gibson		/s/ Michelle Plummer
	Donald E. Gibson		Michelle Plummer, CPA, CGMA
	President and Chief Executive Officer		Executive Vice President, Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

September 12, 2018

To the Board of Directors and

Shareholders of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Catskill, New York

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statements of financial condition of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2018 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year ended June 30, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of June 30, 2018, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the period ended June 30, 2018, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated September 12, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audit included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audit also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2018.

	/s/ Bonadio & Co., LLP
	Syracuse, New York

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

September 12, 2018

To the Board of Directors and

Shareholders of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Catskill, New York

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Greene County Bancorp’s (the Company’s) internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of June 30, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by COSO.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated statements of financial condition and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity, and cash flows of the Company, and our report dated September 12, 2018, expressed an unqualified opinion.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the consolidated financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

	/s/ Bonadio & Co., LLP
	Syracuse, New York

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REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

Board of Directors and Shareholders

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Catskill, New York

We have audited the accompanying consolidated statement of financial condition of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of June 30, 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for the year then ended. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company was not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audit included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and Subsidiaries as of June 30, 2017, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for the year then ended, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

September 28, 2017

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Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition

As of June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

ASSETS	2018			2017
Total cash and cash equivalents	$	26,504		$	16,277

Long term certificates of deposit		2,385			2,145
Securities available-for-sale, at fair value		121,023			91,483
Securities held-to-maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $274,177 at June 30, 2018; $228,452 at June 30, 2017)		274,550			223,830
Federal Home Loan Bank stock, at cost		1,545			2,131

Loans		715,641			634,331
Allowance for loan losses		(12,024	)		(11,022	)
Unearned origination fees and costs, net		814			878
Net loans receivable		704,431			624,187

Premises and equipment, net		13,304			13,615
Accrued interest receivable		5,057			4,033
Foreclosed real estate		119			799
Prepaid expenses and other assets		2,560			3,791
Total assets	$	1,151,478		$	982,291

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	102,694		$	95,929
Interest-bearing deposits		922,540			763,606
Total deposits		1,025,234			859,535

Borrowings from Federal Home Loan Bank, short-term		-			6,900
Borrowings from Federal Home Loan Bank, long-term		18,150			22,650
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		11,903			9,685
Total liabilities		1,055,287			898,770

SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY
Preferred stock, Authorized - 1,000,000 shares; Issued - None		-			-
Common stock, par value $.10 per share; Authorized - 12,000,000 shares; Issued – 8,611,340 shares at June 30, 2018 and 2017; Outstanding – 8,537,814 shares at June 30, 2018, and 8,502,614 shares at June 30, 2017		861			861
Additional paid-in capital		11,017			10,990
Retained earnings		86,213			73,072
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,623	)		(992	)
Treasury stock, at cost 73,526 shares at June 30, 2018, and 108,726 shares at June 30, 2017		(277	)		(410	)
Total shareholders’ equity		96,191			83,521
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	1,151,478		$	982,291

See notes to consolidated financial statements

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Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income

For the Years Ended June 30, 2018, and 2017

(In thousands, except share and per share amounts)

	2018		2017
Interest income:
Loans	$	29,692	$	25,884
Investment securities - taxable		704		605
Mortgage-backed securities		3,610		3,420
Investment securities - tax exempt		4,570		3,512
Interest-bearing deposits and federal funds sold		352		38
Total interest income		38,928		33,459

Interest expense:
Interest on deposits		3,644		2,612
Interest on borrowings		370		465
Total interest expense		4,014		3,077

Net interest income		34,914		30,382
Provision for loan losses		1,530		1,911
Net interest income after provision for loan losses		33,384		28,471

Noninterest income:
Service charges on deposit accounts		3,707		3,164
Debit card fees		2,362		2,041
Investment services		469		329
E-commerce fees		139		129
Other operating income		804		761
Total noninterest income		7,481		6,424

Noninterest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits		13,490		11,672
Occupancy expense		1,579		1,549
Equipment and furniture expense		540		485
Service and data processing fees		2,080		1,973
Computer software, supplies and support		714		608
Advertising and promotion		354		387
FDIC insurance premiums		440		380
Legal and professional fees		956		875
Other		2,209		2,038
Total noninterest expense		22,362		19,967

Income before provision for income taxes		18,503		14,928
Provision for income taxes		4,095		3,741
Net income	$	14,408	$	11,187

Basic earnings per share	$	1.69	$	1.32
Basic average shares outstanding		8,513,558		8,495,022
Diluted earnings per share	$	1.69	$	1.31
Diluted average shares outstanding		8,534,909		8,513,129
Dividends per share	$	0.39	$	0.38

See notes to consolidated financial statements

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Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

For the Years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands)

	2018			2017
Net income	$	14,408		$	11,187
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized holding losses on available-for-sale securities, net of income tax benefit of ($319) and ($392), respectively		(659	)		(612	)

Accretion of unrealized loss on securities transferred to held-to-maturity, net of income tax expense of $- and $1, respectively		-			2

Pension actuarial gain, net of income tax expense of $58 and $158, respectively		163			221

Amortization of pension actuarial losses recognized in salaries and benefits, net of income taxes of $44 and $75, respectively		124			122

Total other comprehensive loss net of taxes		(372	)		(267	)

Comprehensive income	$	14,036		$	10,920

See notes to consolidated financial statements

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Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity

For the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands)

	Common Stock		Additional Paid-In Capital		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Treasury Stock			Total Shareholders' Equity
Balance at June 30, 2016	$	861	$	10,872	$	63,805		$	(725	)	$	(512	)	$	74,301
Options exercised				67								102			169
Tax benefit of stock based compensation				51											51
Dividends declared						(1,920	)								(1,920	)
Net income						11,187									11,187
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes									(267	)					(267	)
Balance at June 30, 2017	$	861	$	10,990	$	73,072		$	(992	)	$	(410	)	$	83,521
Options exercised				27								133			160
Dividends declared						(1,526	)								(1,526	)
Net income						14,408									14,408
Reclassification adjustment¹						259			(259	)					-
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes									(372	)					(372	)
Balance at June 30, 2018	$	861	$	11,017	$	86,213		$	(1,623	)	$	(277	)	$	96,191

(1)

Adoption of Accounting Standard Update 2018-02, reclassification of ($316) for net losses and past service liability for defined benefit plan and $57 for unrealized gains on available for sale securities from accumulated other comprehensive loss to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted Federal corporate income tax rate from 34% to 21%.

See notes to consolidated financial statements.

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Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands)

	2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net Income	$	14,408		$	11,187
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities
Depreciation		635			637
Deferred income tax expense (benefit)		56			(259	)
Net amortization of premiums and discounts		602			825
Net amortization of deferred loan costs and fees		508			457
Provision for loan losses		1,530			1,911
Net (gain) loss on sale of foreclosed real estate		(42	)		73
Excess tax benefit from stock based compensation		-			(51	)
Net increase (decrease) in accrued income taxes		1,774			(1,559	)
Net increase in accrued interest receivable		(1,024	)		(422	)
Net (increase) decrease in prepaid expenses and other assets		(382	)		158
Net increase in other liabilities		2,607			1,091
Net cash provided by operating activities		20,672			14,048

Cash flows from investing activities:
Securities available-for-sale:
Proceeds from maturities		63,540			69,041
Purchases of securities		(97,725	)		(68,194	)
Principal payments on securities		3,617			6,724
Securities held-to-maturity:
Proceeds from maturities		18,444			17,308
Purchases of securities		(85,568	)		(47,105	)
Principal payments on securities		15,852			10,145
Net redemption of Federal Home Loan Bank Stock		586			621
Purchase of long term certificate of deposit		(735	)		(425	)
Maturity of long term certificate of deposit		495			490
Net increase in loans receivable		(82,563	)		(104,505	)
Proceeds from sale of foreclosed real estate		1,003			212
Purchases of premises and equipment		(324	)		(76	)
Net cash used in investing activities		(163,378	)		(115,764	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Net decrease in short-term FHLB advances		(6,900	)		(19,200	)
Proceeds from long-term FHLB advances		-			4,850
Repayment of long-term FHLB advances		(4,500	)		(2,500	)
Payment of cash dividends		(1,526	)		(1,920	)
Proceeds from issuance of stock options		160			169
Excess tax benefit from stock based compensation		-			51
Net increase in deposits		165,699			120,648
Net cash provided by financing activities		152,933			102,098

Net increase in cash and cash equivalents		10,227			382
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		16,277			15,895
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	26,504		$	16,277

Non-cash investing activities:
Foreclosed loans transferred to other real estate	$	273		$	714
Cash paid during period for:
Interest	$	4,018		$	3,059
Income taxes	$	2,325		$	5,559

See notes to consolidated financial statements

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Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Note 1.

Summary of significant accounting policies

Basis of Presentation

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (the “Company”) and its subsidiaries, The Bank of Greene County (the “Bank”) and Greene Risk Management, Inc., and the Bank’s subsidiaries Greene County Commercial Bank and Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. All material inter-company accounts and transactions have been eliminated. The accompanying consolidated financial statements have been prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”). These consolidated financial statements consider events that occurred through the date the consolidated financial statements were issued.

Nature of Operations

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s primary business is the ownership and operation of its subsidiaries. The Bank of Greene County has 14 full-service offices and an operations center located in its market area consisting of the Hudson Valley of New York. The Bank of Greene County is primarily engaged in the business of attracting deposits from the general public in The Bank of Greene County’s market area, and investing such deposits, together with other sources of funds, in loans and investment securities. Greene County Commercial Bank’s primary business is to attract deposits from, and provide banking services to, local municipalities. Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. was formed as a New York corporation that has elected under the Internal Revenue Code to be a real estate investment trust. Currently, certain mortgages and loan notes held by The Bank of Greene County are transferred and beneficially owned by Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. The Bank of Greene County continues to service these loans. Greene Risk Management, Inc. was formed in December 2014 as a pooled captive insurance company subsidiary of Greene County Bancorp, Inc., incorporated in the State of Nevada. The purpose of this company is to provide additional insurance coverage for the Company and its subsidiaries related to the operations of the Company for which insurance may not be economically feasible.

Charter

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. and its parent mutual holding company (the “MHC”) are federally chartered and regulated and examined by the Federal Reserve Board. The Bank of Greene County, the subsidiary of Greene County Bancorp, Inc., is also federally chartered and regulated and examined by the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency (the “OCC”).

Greene County Commercial Bank is a New York State-chartered financial institution, regulated and examined by the New York State Department of Financial Services. Greene Property Holdings, Ltd. is a New York corporation.

As a federal savings association, The Bank of Greene County must satisfy the qualified thrift lender, or “QTL”, requirement by meeting one of two tests: the Home Owners’ Loan Act (“HOLA”) QTL test or the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) Domestic Building and Loan Association (DBLA) test. The federal savings association may use either test to qualify and may switch from one test to the other.

Index

A savings association that fails the qualified thrift lender test must either convert to a bank charter or operate under specified restrictions. During the year ended June 30, 2017, The Bank of Greene County opted to utilize the HOLA QTL test and satisfied the requirements of this test for the entire 12-month period. During the year ended June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County switched from the HOLA QTL test to the IRS DBLA test and satisfied the requirements of this test at and for the year ended June 30, 2018.

Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could materially differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses and the assessment of other-than-temporary security impairment.

While management uses available information to recognize losses on loans, future additions to the allowance for loan losses (the “Allowance”) may be necessary, based on changes in economic conditions, asset quality or other factors. In addition, various regulatory authorities, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Allowance. Such authorities may require the Company to recognize additions to the Allowance based on their judgments of information available to them at the time of their examination.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. makes an assessment to determine whether there have been any events or economic circumstances to indicate that a security on which there is an unrealized loss is impaired on an other-than-temporary basis. The Company considers many factors including the severity and duration of the impairment; the intent and ability of the Company to hold the security for a period of time sufficient for a recovery in value; recent events specific to the issuer or industry; and for debt securities, intent to sell the security, whether it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before recovery, whether loss is expected, external credit ratings and recent downgrades. Securities on which there is an unrealized loss that is deemed to be other-than-temporary are written down to fair value through earnings.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

Cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, interest-bearing deposits at other financial institutions, investments (with original maturity of three months or less), and overnight federal funds sold. The amounts of interest-bearing deposits included as cash equivalents at June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $16.7 million and $6.1 million, respectively.

Securities

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has classified its investments in debt and equity securities as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity. Available-for-sale securities are reported at fair value, with net unrealized gains and losses reflected in the accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) component of shareholders’ equity, net of applicable income taxes. Held-to-maturity securities are those debt securities which management has the intent the ability to hold to maturity and are reported at amortized cost. The Company does not have trading securities in its portfolio.

Realized gains or losses on security transactions are reported in earnings and computed using the specific identification cost basis. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices, where available. Valuation of securities is further described in Note 16, Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments. Amortization of bond premiums and accretion of bond discounts are amortized over the expected life of the securities using the interest method.

When the fair value of a held-to-maturity or available-for-sale security is less than its amortized cost basis, an assessment is made as to whether other-than-temporary impairment (“OTTI”) is present. The Company considers numerous factors when determining whether a potential OTTI exists and the period over which the debt security is expected to recover. The principal factors considered are (1) the length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost basis, (2) the financial condition of the issuer (and guarantor, if any) and adverse conditions specifically related to the security, industry or geographic area, (3) failure of the issuer of the security to make scheduled interest or principal payments, (4) any changes to the rating of the security by a rating agency, and (5) the presence of credit enhancements, if any, including the guarantee of the federal government or any of its agencies.

Index

For debt securities, OTTI is considered to have occurred if (1) the Company intends to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, (2) it is more likely than not the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, or (3) if the present value of expected cash flows is not sufficient to recover the entire amortized cost basis. In determining the present value of expected cash flows, the Company discounts the expected cash flows at the effective interest rate implicit in the security at the date of acquisition. In estimating cash flows expected to be collected, the Company uses available information with respect to security prepayment speeds, default rates and severity. In determining whether OTTI has occurred for equity securities, the Company considers the applicable factors described above and the intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment in the issuer for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value.

For debt securities, credit-related OTTI is recognized in earnings while noncredit related OTTI on securities not expected to be sold is recognized in other comprehensive income/loss (“OCI”). Credit-related OTTI is measured as the difference between the present value of an impaired security’s expected cash flows and its amortized cost basis. Noncredit-related OTTI is measured as the difference between the fair value of the security and its amortized cost less any credit-related losses recognized. For securities classified as held-to-maturity, the amount of OTTI recognized in OCI is accreted to the credit-adjusted expected cash flow amounts of the securities over future periods. For equity securities, the entire amount of OTTI is recognized in earnings.

Loans

Loans are stated at unpaid principal balances, less the allowance for loan losses and net deferred loan origination fees and costs. Interest on loans is accrued and credited to income based upon the principal amount outstanding. Unearned discount on installment loans is recognized as income over the term of the loan, principally using a method that approximates the effective yield method. Nonrefundable loan fees and related direct costs are deferred and amortized over the life of the loan as an adjustment to loan yield using the effective interest method.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is maintained by a provision for loan losses charged to expense, reduced by net charge-offs and increased by recoveries of loans previously charged off. The level of the allowance is based on management’s evaluation of the collectability of the loan portfolio, including the nature of the portfolio, credit concentrations, trends in historical loss experience, specific impaired loans, payment status of the loan and economic conditions. The Bank of Greene County considers smaller balance residential mortgages, home equity loans, commercial real estate, business loans and installment loans to customers as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loss experience. Larger balance residential, commercial real estate mortgage and business loans are reviewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral, less estimated costs to sell. The majority of The Bank of Greene County loans, including most nonaccrual loans, are small homogenous loan types adequately supported by collateral. As a result, the level of impaired loans may only be a portion of nonaccrual loans. Loans that are delinquent or slow paying may not be impaired. Management considers the payment status of loans in the process of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses among other factors. Based on this evaluation, a delinquent loan’s risk rating may be downgraded to either pass-watch, special mention, or substandard, and the allocation of the allowance for loan loss is based upon the risk associated with such designation.

Income Recognition on Impaired and Nonaccrual loans

The Bank of Greene County generally places a loan, including impaired loans, on nonaccrual status when it is specifically determined to be impaired or when principal and interest is delinquent for 90 days or more. Any unpaid interest previously accrued on these loans is reversed from income. When a loan is specifically determined to be impaired, collection of interest and principal are generally applied as a reduction to principal outstanding until the collection of the remaining balance is reasonably assured. Interest income on all nonaccrual loans is recognized on a cash basis.

Foreclosed Real Estate (FRE)

FRE consists of properties acquired through mortgage loan foreclosure proceedings or in full or partial satisfaction of loans. FRE is initially recorded at fair value (less estimated costs to sell) at the date the collateral is acquired establishing a new cost basis and any shortfall is charged to the allowance for loan losses at this time. Subsequently, management reviews the value of FRE and write-downs, if any, are charged to expense. All expenses and income related to FRE are included in consolidated results of operations as part of noninterest expense.

Premises and Equipment

Premises and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed using principally the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the related assets (39 years for building and improvements, 3-8 years for furniture and equipment). Maintenance and repairs are typically charged to expense when incurred. Gains and losses from sales or other dispositions of premises and equipment are included in consolidated results of operations. Leasehold improvements are amortized over the lesser of the related terms of the leases or their useful life.

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Treasury Stock

Common stock repurchases are recorded at cost and then held as treasury stock. From time to time, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. may repurchase shares of common stock under an approved plan if, in its judgment, such shares are an attractive investment, in view of the current price at which the common stock is trading relative to Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s earnings per share, book value per share and general market and economic factors. The Company has a stock repurchase program which allows for the repurchase of up to 184,692 shares. As of June 30, 2018, 124,956 shares had been repurchased under this plan. The Company currently does not intend to repurchase any additional shares under this stock repurchase program. For more information regarding these plans see Note 10, Stock-Based Compensation of this Report. No repurchases of stock were made during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Federal Home Loan Bank Stock

Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) system to hold stock of its district FHLB according to a predetermined formula. This stock is restricted in that it can only be sold to the FHLB or to another member institution, and all sales of FHLB stock must be at par. As a result of these restrictions, FHLB stock is carried at cost. FHLB stock is held as a long-term investment and its value is determined based on the ultimate recoverability of the par value. Impairment of this investment is evaluated quarterly and is a matter of judgment that reflects management’s view of the FHLB’s long-term performance, which includes factors such as the following: its operating performance; the severity and duration of declines in the fair value of its net assets related to its capital stock amount; its commitment to make payments required by law or regulation and the level of such payments in relation to its operating performance; the impact of legislative and regulatory changes on the FHLB, and accordingly, on the members of the FHLB; and its liquidity and funding position. After evaluating these considerations, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. concluded that the par value of its investment in FHLB stock will be recovered and, therefore, no other-than-temporary impairment charge was recorded during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Advertising

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. follows a policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred. Advertising costs included in other operating expenses were $354,000 and $387,000 for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets are accounted for as sales when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of the right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Off-Balance Sheet Credit Related Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into commitments to extend credit, including commitments under lines of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded when they are funded.

Income Taxes

Provisions for income taxes are based on taxes currently payable or refundable and deferred income taxes on temporary differences between the tax basis of assets and liabilities and their reported amounts in the consolidated financial statements. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are reported at currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled.

Earnings Per Share (EPS)

Basic EPS is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in a manner similar to that of basic earnings per share except that the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of incremental common shares that would have been outstanding under the treasury stock method if all potentially dilutive common shares (such as stock options) issued became vested during the period. Unallocated common shares held by the ESOP are not included in the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for either the basic or diluted earnings per share calculations. See Note 11 for calculation of EPS.

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Impact of Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued an Accounting Standard Update (“ASU”) (ASU 2014-09) to amend its guidance on “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)”. The objective of the ASU is to align the recognition of revenue with the transfer of promised goods or services provided to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. This ASU will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance under GAAP when it becomes effective. In August 2015, the FASB issued an amendment (ASU 2015-14) which defers the effective date of this new guidance by one year. More detailed implementation guidance on Topic 606 was issued in March 2016 (ASU 2016-08), April 2016 (ASU 2016-10), May 2016 (ASU 2016-12), December 2016 (ASU 2016-20), February 2017 (ASU 2017-05), and September 2017 (ASU-2017-13) and the effective date and transition requirements for these ASUs are the same as the effective date and transition requirements of ASU 2014-09. The amendments in ASU 2014-09 are effective for public business entities for annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company expects to adopt the revenue recognition guidance beginning July 1, 2018. A significant amount of the Company’s revenues are derived from net interest income on financial assets and liabilities, which are excluded from the scope of the amended guidance. With respect to noninterest income, the Company has identified revenue streams within the scope of the guidance and is in the final stages of its accounting analysis of the underlying contracts. The Company does not presently expect that changes in the timing of revenue recognition will be material to the amount of annual revenue recognized by the Company.

In August 2014, the FASB issued an amendment (ASU 2014-14) to its guidance on “Receivables – Troubled Debt Restructurings by Creditors (Subtopic 310-40)”. The objective of the ASU is to reduce the diversity in how creditors classify government-guaranteed mortgage loans, including FHA or VA guaranteed loans, upon foreclosure, to provide more decision-useful information about a creditor’s foreclosed mortgage loans that are expected to be recovered, at least in part, through government guarantees. The amendments in this Update are effective for public business entities for annual periods, and interim periods within those annual periods, beginning after December 15, 2017. Public entities would be permitted to elect to early adopt for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In January 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-01) to its guidance on “Financial Instruments (Subtopic 825-10)”. This amendment addresses certain aspects of recognition, measurement, presentation, and disclosure of financial instruments. These amendments require equity securities to be measured at fair value with changes in the fair value to be recognized through net income. The amendments also simplify the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring assessment for impairment qualitatively at each reporting period. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption of the amendments in this Update is not permitted. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In February 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-02) to its guidance on “Leases (Topic 842)”. The new leases standard applies a right-of-use (ROU) model that requires a lessee to record, for all leases with a lease term of more than 12 months, an asset representing its right to use the underlying asset and a liability to make lease payments. For leases with a term of 12 months or less, a practical expedient is available whereby a lessee may elect, by class of underlying asset, not to recognize an ROU asset or lease liability. The new leases standard requires a lessor to classify leases as either sales-type, direct financing or operating, similar to existing U.S. GAAP. Classification depends on the same five criteria used by lessees plus certain additional factors. The subsequent accounting treatment for all three lease types is substantially equivalent to existing U.S. GAAP for sales-type leases, direct financing leases, and operating leases. However, the new standard updates certain aspects of the lessor accounting model to align it with the new lessee accounting model, as well as with the new revenue standard under Topic 606. Lessees and lessors are required to provide certain qualitative and quantitative disclosures to enable users of financial statements to assess the amount, timing, and uncertainty of cash flows arising from leases. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. The adoption of this ASU will result in a gross up of the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition for right-of-use assets and associated lease liabilities for operating leases in which the Company is the lessee. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-10, Codification Improvements to Topic 842. Leases to address certain narrow aspects of the guidance issued in ASU No. 2016-02. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-11, Leases (Topic 842): Targeted Improvements, which amends FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) Topic 842, Leases, to (1) add an optional transition method that would permit entities to apply the new requirements by recognizing a cumulative-effect adjustment to the opening balance of retained earnings in the year of adoption, and (2) provide a practical expedient for lessors regarding the separation of the lease and non-lease components of a contract. The Company is evaluating the significance and other effects of adoption on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations. Branch building leases have been reviewed and are considered immaterial to the financial statements; there are no equipment leases to consider.

Index

In March 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-09) to its guidance on “Compensation – Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting”. This amendment is intended to simplify the accounting for stock compensation. The areas for simplification in this Update involve several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2016, and interim periods within those annual periods. The adoption of this guidance did not have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In June 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-13) to its guidance on “Financial Instruments – Credit Losses (Topic 326): Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments”. ASU 2016-13 requires credit losses on most financial assets measured at amortized cost and certain other instruments to be measured using an expected credit loss model (referred to as the current expected credit loss (CECL) model). Under this model, entities will estimate credit losses over the entire contractual term of the instrument (considering estimated prepayments, but not expected extensions or modifications unless reasonable expectation of a troubled debt restructuring exists) from the date of initial recognition of that instrument. The ASU also replaces the current accounting model for purchased credit impaired loans and debt securities. The allowance for credit losses for purchased financial assets with a more-than insignificant amount of credit deterioration since origination (“PCD assets”), should be determined in a similar manner to other financial assets measured on an amortized cost basis. However, upon initial recognition, the allowance for credit losses is added to the purchase price (“gross up approach”) to determine the initial amortized cost basis. The subsequent accounting for PCD financial assets is the same expected loss model described above. Further, the ASU made certain targeted amendments to the existing impairment model for available-for-sale (AFS) debt securities. For an AFS debt security for which there is neither the intent nor a more-likely-than-not requirement to sell, an entity will record credit losses as an allowance rather than a write-down of the amortized cost basis. For public business entities that are U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) filers, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, including interim periods within those fiscal years. All entities may adopt the amendments in this Update earlier as of the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. An entity will apply the amendments in this Update through a cumulative-effect adjustment to retained earnings as of the beginning of the first reporting period in which the guidance is effective (that is, a modified-retrospective approach). The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position. The initial adjustment will not be reported in earnings and therefore will not have any material impact on our consolidated results of operations, but it is expected that it will have an impact on our consolidated financial position at the date of adoption of this Update. At this time, we have not calculated the estimated impact that this Update will have on our Allowance for Loan Losses, however, we anticipate it will have a significant impact on the methodology process we utilize to calculate the allowance. A vendor has been selected and alternative methodologies are currently being considered. Data requirements and integrity are being reviewed and enhancements incorporated into standard processes. The Company is in the early stages of evaluation and implementation of the guidance.

In August 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-15) which clarifies how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows. The amendments are intended to reduce diversity in practice. The amendment covers the following cash flows: Cash payments for debt prepayment or extinguishment costs will be classified in financing activities. Upon settlement of zero-coupon bonds and bonds with insignificant cash coupons, the portion of the payment attributable to imputed interest will be classified as an operating activity, while the portion of the payment attributable to principal will be classified as a financing activity. Cash paid by an acquirer that isn’t soon after a business combination for the settlement of a contingent consideration liability will be separated between financing activities and operating activities. Cash payments up to the amount of the contingent consideration liability recognized at the acquisition date will be classified in financing activities; any excess will be classified in operating activities. Cash paid soon after the business combination will be classified in investing activities. Cash proceeds received from the settlement of insurance claims will be classified on the basis of the related insurance coverage (that is, the nature of the loss). Cash proceeds from lump-sum settlements will be classified based on the nature of each loss included in the settlement. Cash proceeds received from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance (COLI) and bank-owned life insurance (BOLI) policies will be classified as cash inflows from investing activities. Cash payments for premiums on COLI and BOLI may be classified as cash outflows for investing, operating, or a combination of both. A transferor’s beneficial interest obtained in a securitization of financial assets will be disclosed as a noncash activity, and cash received from beneficial interests will be classified in investing activities. Distributions received from equity method investees will be classified using either a cumulative earnings approach or a look- through approach as an accounting policy election. The ASU contains additional guidance clarifying when an entity should separate cash receipts and cash payments and classify them into more than one class of cash flows (including when reasonable judgment is required to estimate and allocate cash flows) versus when an entity should classify the aggregate amount into one class of cash flows on the basis of predominance. The amendments are effective for public business entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2017. Early adoption is permitted. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity that elects early adoption must adopt all of the amendments in the same period. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

Index

In November 2016, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2016-18) to its guidance on “Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230) Restricted Cash” addresses diversity in practice from entities classifying and presenting transfers between cash and restricted cash as operating, investing or financing activities or as a combination of those activities in the statement of cash flows. The ASU requires entities to show the changes in the total cash, cash equivalents, restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents in the Statement of Cash Flows. As a result, transfers between such categories will no longer be presented in the Statement of Cash Flows. ASU 2016-18 is effective for the fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted provided all amendments are adopted in the same period. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In March 2017, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2017-07) to its guidance on “Compensation - Retirement Benefits (Topic 715)” to improve the presentation of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit cost. ASU 2017-07 requires that an employer report the service cost component in the same line item or items as other compensation costs arising from services rendered by the pertinent employees during the period. The other components of net benefit cost are required to be presented in the income statement separately from the service cost component and outside a subtotal of income from operations, if one is presented. If a separate line item or items are used to present the other components of net benefit cost, that line item or items must be appropriately described. If a separate line item or items are not used, the line item or items used in the income statement to present the other components of net benefit cost must be disclosed. The amendments in this Update are effective for public business entities for annual periods beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those annual periods. Early adoption is permitted as of the beginning of an annual period for which financial statements (interim or annual) have not been issued or made available for issuance. That is, early adoption should be within the first interim period if an employer issues interim financial statements. Disclosures of the nature of and reason for the change in accounting principle are required in the first interim and annual periods of adoption. The amendments in this Update should be applied retrospectively for the presentation of the service cost component and the other components of net periodic pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit costs in the income statement and prospectively, on and after the effective date, for the capitalization of the service cost component of net period pension cost and net periodic postretirement benefit in assets. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In March 2017, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2017-08) to its guidance on “Receivables – Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs (Subtopic 310-20) related to premium amortization on purchased callable debt securities. The amendments in this Update shorten the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium. Specifically, the amendments require the premium to be amortized to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. For public business entities, the amendments in this Update are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. If an entity early adopts the amendments in an interim period, any adjustments should be reflected as of the beginning of the fiscal year that includes that interim period. An entity should apply the amendments in this Update on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. Additionally, in the period of adoption, an entity should provide disclosure about a change in accounting principle. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In May 2017, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2017-09) to its guidance on “Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718)” such that an entity must apply modification accounting to changes in the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award unless all of the following criteria are met: (1) The fair value of the modified award is the same as the fair value of the original award immediately before the modification. The standard indicates that if the modification does not affect any of the inputs to the valuation technique used to value the award, the entity is not required to estimate the value immediately before and after the modification. (2) The vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the modification. (3) The classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the modification. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2017, including interim periods within those years. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In February 2018, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2018-02) to its guidance on “Income Statement-Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)”. The amendments in this Update require a reclassification from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings for stranded tax effects resulting from the newly enacted federal corporate income tax rate. The amount of the reclassification would be the difference between the historical corporate income tax rate and the newly enacted 21 percent corporate income tax rate. This amendment would eliminate the stranded tax effects associated with the change in the federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017. The amendments are effective for all entities for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted, including any interim period, for (1) public business entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been issued and (2) all other entities for reporting periods for which financial statements have not yet been made available for issuance. The amendments would be applied retrospectively to each period in which the effect of the change in the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate in the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 is recognized. The Company has adopted the amendments in the Update as of its interim period ended March 31, 2018. See the Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for impact of the adoption of ASU 2018-02.

Index

In August 2018, the FASB issued an Update (ASU 2018-13) to its guidance on “Fair Value Measurement (Topic 820)”. This update modifies the disclosure requirements on fair value measurements. The following disclosure requirements were removed from Topic 820: (1) the amount of and reasons for transfers between Level 1 and Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy; (2) the policy for timing of transfers between levels; (3) the valuation processes for Level 3 fair value measurements; and (4) for nonpublic entities, the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in earnings for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period. The following disclosure requirements were modified in Topic 820: (1) in lieu of a rollforward for Level 3 fair value measurements, a nonpublic entity is required to disclose transfers into and out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and purchases and issues of Level 3 assets and liabilities; (2) for investments in certain entities that calculate net asset value, an entity is required to disclose the timing of liquidation of an investee’s assets and the date when restrictions from redemption might lapse only if the investee has communicated the timing to the entity or announced the timing publicly; and (3) the amendments clarify that the measurement uncertainty disclosure is to communicate information about the uncertainty in measurement as of the reporting date. The following disclosure requirements were added to Topic 820; however, the disclosures are not required for nonpublic entities: (1) the changes in unrealized gains and losses for the period included in other comprehensive income for recurring Level 3 fair value measurements held at the end of the reporting period; and (2) the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. For certain unobservable inputs, an entity may disclose other quantitative information (such as the median or arithmetic average) in lieu of the weighted average if the entity determines that other quantitative information would be a more reasonable and rational method to reflect the distribution of unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements. In addition, the amendments eliminate at a minimum from the phrase “an entity shall disclose at a minimum” to promote the appropriate exercise of discretion by entities when considering fair value measurement disclosures and to clarify that materiality is an appropriate consideration of entities and their auditors when evaluating disclosure requirements. The amendments in ASU No. 2018-13 are effective for all entities for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2019. The amendments on changes in unrealized gains and losses, the range and weighted average of significant unobservable inputs used to develop Level 3 fair value measurements, and the narrative description of measurement uncertainty should be applied prospectively for only the most recent interim or annual period presented in the initial fiscal year of adoption. All other amendments should be applied retrospectively to all periods presented upon their effective date. Early adoption is permitted. An entity is permitted to early adopt any removed or modified disclosures upon issuance of ASU No. 2018-13 and delay adoption of the additional disclosures until their effective date. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

In August 2018, the FASB has issued ASU No. 2018-14, Compensation—Retirement Benefits—Defined Benefit Plans—General (Subtopic 715-20): Disclosure Framework—Changes to the Disclosure Requirements for Defined Benefit Plans, that applies to all employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The amendments modify the disclosure requirements for employers that sponsor defined benefit pension or other postretirement plans. The following disclosure requirements were removed from Subtopic 715-20: (1) the amounts in accumulated other comprehensive income expected to be recognized as components of net periodic benefit cost over the next fiscal year; (2) the amount and timing of plan assets expected to be returned to the employer; (3) the disclosures related to the June 2001 amendments to the Japanese Welfare Pension Insurance Law; related party disclosures about the amount of future annual benefits covered by insurance and annuity contracts and significant transactions between the employer or related parties and the plan; (4) for nonpublic entities, the reconciliation of the opening balances to the closing balances of plan assets measured on a recurring basis in Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy. However, nonpublic entities will be required to disclose separately the amounts of transfers into and out of Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy and purchases of Level 3 plan assets; and (5) for public entities, the effects of a one-percentage-point change in assumed health care cost trend rates on the (a) aggregate of the service and interest cost components of net periodic benefit costs and (b) benefit obligation for postretirement health care benefits. The following disclosure requirements were added to Subtopic 715-20: (1) the weighted-average interest crediting rates for cash balance plans and other plans with promised interest crediting rates; and (2) an explanation of the reasons for significant gains and losses related to changes in the benefit obligation for the period. The amendments also clarify the disclosure requirements in paragraph 715-20-50-3, which state that the following information for defined benefit pension plans should be disclosed: (1) the projected benefit obligation (PBO) and fair value of plan assets for plans with PBOs in excess of plan assets; and (2) the accumulated benefit obligation (ABO) and fair value of plan assets for plans with ABOs in excess of plan assets. ASU No. 2018-14 is effective for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2020, for public business entities and for fiscal years ending after December 15, 2021, for all other entities. Early adoption is permitted for all entities. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a material impact on our consolidated results of operations or financial position.

Note 2.

Balances at other banks

The Bank of Greene County is required to maintain certain reserves of vault cash and/or deposits with the Federal Reserve Bank. The amount of this reserve requirement, included in cash and due from banks, was $2.9 million and $2.1 million at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Index

Note 3.

Securities

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s current policies generally limit securities investments to U.S. Government and securities of government sponsored enterprises, federal funds sold, municipal bonds, corporate debt obligations and certain mutual funds. In addition, the Company’s policies permit investments in mortgage-backed securities, including securities issued and guaranteed by Fannie Mae, Freddie Mac, and GNMA, and collateralized mortgage obligations issued by these entities. As of June 30, 2018, all mortgage-backed securities including collateralized mortgage obligations were securities of government sponsored enterprises, no private-label mortgage-backed securities or collateralized mortgage obligations were held in the securities portfolio. The Company’s investments in state and political subdivisions securities generally are municipal obligations that are general obligations supported by the general taxing authority of the issuer, and in some cases are insured. The obligations issued by school districts are supported by state aid. Primarily, these investments are issued by municipalities within New York State.

The Company’s current securities investment strategy utilizes a risk management approach of diversified investing among three categories: short-, intermediate- and long-term. The emphasis of this approach is to increase overall investment securities yields while managing interest rate risk. The Company will only invest in high quality securities as determined by management’s analysis at the time of purchase. The Company does not engage in any derivative or hedging transactions, such as interest rate swaps or caps.

Securities at June 30, 2018 consisted of the following:

(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	5,543	$	18	$	30	$	5,531
State and political subdivisions		92,052		204		1		92,255
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		3,332		13		98		3,247
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		18,249		64		244		18,069
Corporate debt securities		1,771		-		67		1,704
Total debt securities		120,947		299		440		120,806
Equity securities		62		155		-		217
Total securities available-for-sale		121,009		454		440		121,023
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		9,245		-		278		8,967
State and political subdivisions		136,335		3,091		532		138,894
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		6,472		72		7		6,537
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		118,780		123		2,845		116,058
Corporate debt securities		1,466		11		9		1,468
Other securities		2,252		16		15		2,253
Total securities held-to-maturity		274,550		3,313		3,686		274,177
Total securities	$	395,559	$	3,767	$	4,126	$	395,200

Index

Securities at June 30, 2017 consisted of the following:

(In thousands)	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	4,566	$	151	$	-	$	4,717
State and political subdivisions		57,885		227		-		58,112
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		4,868		72		27		4,913
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		20,344		483		62		20,765
Asset-backed securities		1		-		-		1
Corporate debt securities		2,765		29		3		2,791
Total debt securities		90,429		962		92		91,299
Equity securities		62		122		-		184
Total securities available-for-sale		90,491		1,084		92		91,483
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		6,000		-		53		5,947
State and political subdivisions		115,805		3,434		95		119,144
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		10,798		274		2		11,070
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		88,702		1,259		199		89,762
Corporate debt securities		1,000		-		5		995
Other securities		1,525		21		12		1,534
Total securities held-to-maturity		223,830		4,988		366		228,452
Total securities	$	314,321	$	6,072	$	458	$	319,935

The following table shows fair value and gross unrealized losses, aggregated by security category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position, at June 30, 2018.

	Less Than 12 Months						More Than 12 Months						Total
(In thousands, except number of securities)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities
Securities available-for-sale:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises	$	969	$	30		1	$	-	$	-		-	$	969	$	30		1
State and political subdivisions		2,094		1		4		-		-		-		2,094		1		4
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		2,420		98		3		-		-		-		2,420		98		3
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		9,177		244		7		-		-		-		9,177		244		7
Corporate debt securities		1,450		65		6		254		2		1		1,704		67		7
Total securities available-for-sale		16,110		438		21		254		2		1		16,364		440		22
Securities held-to-maturity:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		7,018		227		1		1,949		51		1		8,967		278		2
State and political subdivisions		34,743		434		167		4,352		98		34		39,095		532		201
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		1,403		7		3		-		-		-		1,403		7		3
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		94,927		2,586		45		6,398		259		3		101,325		2,845		48
Corporate debt securities		457		9		1		-		-		-		457		9		1
Other securities		892		14		1		75		1		1		967		15		2
Total securities held-to-maturity		139,440		3,277		218		12,774		409		39		152,214		3,686		257
Total securities	$	155,550	$	3,715		239	$	13,028	$	411		40	$	168,578	$	4,126		279

Index

	Less Than 12 Months						More Than 12 Months						Total
(In thousands, except number of securities)	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Number of Securities
Securities available-for-sale:
Mortgage-backed securities-residential	$	1,164	$	27		1	$	-	$	-		-	$	1,164	$	27		1
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		6,488		62		4		-		-		-		6,488		62		4
Corporate debt securities		760		3		2		-		-		-		760		3		2
Total securities available for sale		8,412		92		7		-		-		-		8,412		92		7
Securities held to maturity:
U.S. government sponsored enterprises		5,947		53		2		-		-		-		5,947		53		2
State and political subdivisions		8,976		76		64		514		19		6		9,490		95		70
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		1,864		2		1		-		-		-		1,864		2		1
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		23,823		199		15		-		-		-		23,823		199		15
Corporate debt securities		995		5		1		-		-		-		995		5		1
Other securities		467		11		1		74		1		1		541		12		2
Total securities held to maturity		42,072		346		84		588		20		7		42,660		366		91
Total securities	$	50,484	$	438		91	$	588	$	20		7	$	51,072	$	458		98

Management evaluated these securities considering the factors as outlined in Note 1 of these consolidated financial statements, and based on this evaluation, the Company does not consider these investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired at June 30, 2018. Management believes that the reasons for the decline in fair value are due to interest rates, widening credit spreads and market illiquidity at the reporting date.

There were no transfers of securities available-for-sale to held-to-maturity during the year ended June 30, 2018 or 2017. During the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no sales of securities and no gains or losses were recognized. There were no other-than-temporary impairment losses recognized during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

The estimated fair values of debt securities at June 30, 2018, by contractual maturity are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities, because issuers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

(In thousands)

Available-for-sale debt securities	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Within one year	$	92,308	$	92,509
After one year through five years		4,544		4,562
After five years through ten years		2,514		2,419
After ten years		-		-
Total available-for-sale debt securities		99,366		99,490
Mortgage-backed and asset-backed securities		21,581		21,316
Equity securities		62		217
Total available-for-sale securities		121,009		121,023

Held-to-maturity debt securities
Within one year		25,649		25,808
After one year through five years		61,602		62,320
After five years through ten years		44,811		45,185
After ten years		17,236		18,269
Total held-to-maturity debt securities		149,298		151,582
Mortgage-backed		125,252		122,595
Total held-to-maturity securities		274,550		274,177
Total securities	$	395,559	$	395,200

Index

As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, securities with an aggregate fair value of $383.0 million and $305.7 million were pledged as collateral for deposits in excess of FDIC insurance limits for various municipalities placing deposits with Greene County Commercial Bank. As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, securities with an aggregate fair value of $1.7 million and $2.8 million, respectively, were pledged as collateral for potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. did not participate in any securities lending programs during the years ended June 30, 2018 or 2017.

Note 4.

Loans

Loan segments and classes at June 30, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows:

	At June 30,
(In thousands)	2018			2017
Residential real estate:
Residential real estate	$	255,848		$	245,331
Residential construction and land		9,951			7,160
Multi-family		14,961			9,199
Commercial real estate:
Commercial real estate		283,935			257,964
Commercial construction		39,366			28,430
Consumer loan:
Home equity		21,919			21,076
Consumer installment		5,017			4,790
Commercial loans		84,644			60,381
Total gross loans		715,641			634,331
Allowance for loan losses		(12,024	)		(11,022	)
Deferred fees and costs		814			878
Loans receivable, net	$	704,431		$	624,187

At June 30, 2018 and 2017, loans to related parties including officers and directors were immaterial as a percentage of our loan portfolio.

Credit Quality Indicators

Management closely monitors the quality of the loan portfolio and has established a loan review process designed to help grade the quality and profitability of the Company’s loan portfolio. The credit quality grade helps management make a consistent assessment of each loan relationship’s credit risk. Consistent with regulatory guidelines, The Bank of Greene County provides for the classification of loans considered being of lesser quality. Such ratings coincide with the “Substandard,” “Doubtful” and “Loss” classifications used by federal regulators in their examination of financial institutions. Generally, an asset is considered Substandard if it is inadequately protected by the current net worth and paying capacity of the obligors and/or the collateral pledged. Substandard assets include those characterized by the distinct possibility that the insured financial institution will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Assets classified as Doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in assets classified Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, highly questionable and improbable. Assets classified as Loss are those considered uncollectible and of such little value that their continuance as assets without the establishment of a full loss reserve and/or charge-off is not warranted. Assets that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories but otherwise possess weaknesses are designated “Special Mention.” Management also maintains a listing of loans designated “Watch.” These loans represent borrowers with declining earnings, strained cash flow, increasing leverage and/or weakening market fundamentals that indicate above average risk.

When The Bank of Greene County classifies problem assets as either Substandard or Doubtful, it generally establishes a specific valuation allowance or “loss reserve” in an amount deemed prudent by management. General allowances represent loss allowances that have been established to recognize the inherent risk associated with lending activities, but which, unlike specific allowances, have not been allocated to particular loans. When The Bank of Greene County identifies problem loans as being impaired, it is required to evaluate whether the Bank will be able to collect all amounts due either through repayments or the liquidation of the underlying collateral. If it is determined that impairment exists, the Bank is required either to establish a specific allowance for losses equal to the amount of impairment of the assets, or to charge-off such amount. The Bank of Greene County’s determination as to the classification of its loans and the amount of its valuation allowance is subject to review by its regulatory agencies, which can order the establishment of additional general or specific loss allowances. The Bank of Greene County reviews its portfolio monthly to determine whether any assets require classification in accordance with applicable regulations.

Index

The Bank primarily has four segments within its loan portfolio that it considers when measuring credit quality: residential real estate loans, commercial real estate loans, consumer loans and commercial loans. The residential real estate portfolio consists of residential, construction, and multi-family loan classes. Commercial real estate loans consist of commercial real estate and commercial construction loan classes. Consumer loans consist of home equity loan and consumer installment loan classes. The inherent risk within the loan portfolio varies depending upon each of these loan types.

The Bank of Greene County’s primary lending activity historically has been the origination of residential mortgage loans, including home equity loans, which are collateralized by residences. Generally, residential mortgage loans are made in amounts up to 89.9% of the appraised value of the property. However, The Bank of Greene County will originate residential mortgage loans with loan-to-value ratios of up to 95.0%, with private mortgage insurance. In the event of default by the borrower, The Bank of Greene County will acquire and liquidate the underlying collateral. By originating the loan at a loan-to-value ratio of 89.9% or less or obtaining private mortgage insurance, The Bank of Greene County limits its risk of loss in the event of default. However, the market values of the collateral may be adversely impacted by declines in the economy. Home equity loans may have an additional inherent risk if The Bank of Greene County does not hold the first mortgage. The Bank of Greene County may stand in a secondary position in the event of collateral liquidation resulting in a greater chance of insufficiency to meet all obligations.

Construction lending generally involves a greater degree of risk than other residential mortgage lending. The repayment of the construction loan is, to a great degree, dependent upon the successful and timely completion of the construction of the subject property within specified cost limits. The Bank of Greene County completes inspections during the construction phase prior to any disbursements. The Bank of Greene County limits its risk during the construction as disbursements are not made until the required work for each advance has been completed. Construction delays may further impair the borrower’s ability to repay the loan.

Loans collateralized by commercial real estate, and multi-family dwellings, such as apartment buildings generally are larger than residential loans and involve a greater degree of risk. Commercial real estate loans often involve large loan balances to single borrowers or groups of related borrowers. Payments on these loans depend to a large degree on the results of operations and management of the properties or underlying businesses, and may be affected to a greater extent by adverse conditions in the real estate market or the economy in general. Accordingly, the nature of commercial real estate loans makes them more difficult for management to monitor and evaluate.

Consumer loans generally have shorter terms and higher interest rates than residential mortgage loans. In addition, consumer loans expand the products and services offered by The Bank of Greene County to better meet the financial services needs of its customers. Consumer loans generally involve greater credit risk than residential mortgage loans because of the difference in the nature of the underlying collateral. Repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance because of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation in the underlying collateral. The remaining deficiency often does not warrant further substantial collection efforts against the borrower beyond obtaining a deficiency judgment. In addition, consumer loan collections depend on the borrower’s personal financial stability. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including federal and state bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount that can be recovered on such loans.

Commercial lending generally involves greater risk than residential mortgage lending and involves risks that are different from those associated with residential and commercial real estate mortgage lending. Real estate lending is generally considered to be collateral-based, with loan amounts based on fixed loan-to-collateral values, and liquidation of the underlying real estate collateral is viewed as the primary source of repayment in the event of borrower default. Although commercial loans may be collateralized by equipment or other business assets, the liquidation of collateral in the event of a borrower default is often an insufficient source of repayment because equipment and other business assets may be obsolete or of limited use, among other things. Accordingly, the repayment of a commercial loan depends primarily on the creditworthiness of the borrower (and any guarantors), while liquidation of collateral is a secondary and often insufficient source of repayment. Over the past few years, The Bank of Greene County has shifted more focus on the origination of commercial loans including commercial real estate. The Bank of Greene County has also formed relationships with other community banks within our region to participate in larger commercial loan relationships. These types of loans are generally considered to be riskier due to the size and complexity of the loan relationship. By entering into a participation agreement with the other bank, The Bank of Greene County can obtain the loan relationship while limiting its exposure to credit loss. Management completes its due diligence in underwriting these loans and monitors the servicing of these loans.

Index

Loan balances by internal credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2018 are shown below.

(In thousands)	Performing		Watch		Special Mention		Substandard		Total
Residential real estate	$	252,811	$	577	$	88	$	2,372	$	255,848
Residential construction and land		9,951		-		-		-		9,951
Multi-family		12,743		-		2,132		86		14,961
Commercial real estate		273,077		317		8,994		1,547		283,935
Commercial construction		39,190		-		-		176		39,366
Home equity		21,170		128		-		621		21,919
Consumer installment		4,969		30		-		18		5,017
Commercial loans		83,148		195		457		844		84,644
Total gross loans	$	697,059	$	1,247	$	11,671	$	5,664	$	715,641

Loan balances by internal credit quality indicator as of June 30, 2017 are shown below.

(In thousands)	Performing		Watch		Special Mention		Substandard		Total
Residential real estate	$	242,592	$	813	$	91	$	1,835	$	245,331
Residential construction and land		7,160		-		-		-		7,160
Multi-family		9,110		-		-		89		9,199
Commercial real estate		255,090		419		404		2,051		257,964
Commercial construction		28,254		-		-		176		28,430
Home equity		20,858		-		-		218		21,076
Consumer installment		4,770		10		-		10		4,790
Commercial loans		59,030		-		60		1,291		60,381
Total gross loans	$	626,864	$	1,242	$	555	$	5,670	$	634,331

The Company had no loans classified Doubtful or Loss at June 30, 2018 or 2017. The $11.1 million increase in loans designated as special mention at June 30, 2018 compared to June 30, 2017 represented loans which, based on updated annual review, indicated weaknesses in borrowers’ cash flow, warranting management’s closer monitoring. At June 30, 2018, all of these loans were performing and management believes that the identified weaknesses do not expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant a classification of substandard.

Nonaccrual Loans

Management places loans on nonaccrual status once the loans have become 90 days or more delinquent. A nonaccrual loan is defined as a loan in which collectability is questionable and therefore interest on the loan will no longer be recognized on an accrual basis. A loan is not placed back on accrual status until the borrower has demonstrated the ability and willingness to make timely payments on the loan. A loan does not have to be 90 days delinquent in order to be classified as nonaccrual. Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $3.5 million at June 30, 2018 of which $1.9 million were in the process of foreclosure. At June 30, 2018, there were 11 residential loans in the process of foreclosure totaling $1.2 million. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.3 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2018, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due. These loans will be returned to accrual status once they have demonstrated a history of timely payments. Included in total loans past due were $128,000 of loans which were making payments pursuant to forbearance agreements. Loans on nonaccrual status totaled $3.6 million at June 30, 2017 of which $1.6 million were in the process of foreclosure. At June 30, 2017, there were 12 residential loans in the process of foreclosure totaling $967,000. Included in nonaccrual loans were $1.9 million of loans which were less than 90 days past due at June 30, 2017, but have a recent history of delinquency greater than 90 days past due.

Index

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2018:

(In thousands)	30-59 days past due		60-89 days past due		90 days or more past due		Total past due		Current		Total Loans		Loans on Non- accrual
Residential real estate	$	1,617	$	458	$	1,211	$	3,286	$	252,562	$	255,848	$	1,778
Residential construction and land		-		-		-		-		9,951		9,951		-
Multi-family		-		-		-		-		14,961		14,961		-
Commercial real estate		1,568		487		568		2,623		281,312		283,935		1,147
Commercial construction		-		-		-		-		39,366		39,366		-
Home equity		38		128		299		465		21,454		21,919		298
Consumer installment		3		30		8		41		4,976		5,017		18
Commercial loans		250		195		182		627		84,017		84,644		276
Total gross loans	$	3,476	$	1,298	$	2,268	$	7,042	$	708,599	$	715,641	$	3,517

The following table sets forth information regarding delinquent and/or nonaccrual loans as of June 30, 2017:

(In thousands)	30-59 days past due		60-89 days past due		90 days or more past due		Total past due		Current		Total Loans		Loans on Non- accrual
Residential real estate	$	2,088	$	515	$	935	$	3,538	$	241,793	$	245,331	$	1,240
Residential construction and land		-		-		-		-		7,160		7,160		-
Multi-family		-		-		-		-		9,199		9,199		-
Commercial real estate		74		1,070		540		1,684		256,280		257,964		1,452
Commercial construction		-		176		-		176		28,254		28,430		176
Home equity		220		186		33		439		20,637		21,076		218
Consumer installment		22		10		10		42		4,748		4,790		10
Commercial loans		18		186		202		406		59,975		60,381		476
Total gross loans	$	2,422	$	2,143	$	1,720	$	6,285	$	628,046	$	634,331	$	3,572

The Bank of Greene County had accruing loans delinquent 90 days or more totaling $62,000 and $69,000 as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The loans delinquent more than 90 days and accruing consist of loans that are well collateralized and the borrowers have demonstrated the ability and willingness to pay. The borrowers have made arrangements with the Bank to bring the loans current within a specified time period and have made a series of payments as agreed.

The table below details additional information related to nonaccrual loans:

(In thousands)	2018		2017
Interest income that would have been recorded if loans had been performing in accordance with original terms	$	230	$	227
Interest income that was recorded on nonaccrual loans		125		148

Impaired Loan Analysis

The Company identifies impaired loans and measures the impairment in accordance with FASB ASC subtopic “Receivables – Loan Impairment.” Management may consider a loan impaired once it is classified as nonaccrual and when it is probable that the borrower will be unable to repay the loan according to the original contractual terms of the loan agreement or the loan is restructured in a troubled debt restructuring. It should be noted that management does not evaluate all loans individually for impairment. Generally, The Bank of Greene County considers residential mortgages, home equity loans and installment loans as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loan experience and other factors. In contrast, large commercial mortgage, construction, multi-family, business loans and select larger balance residential mortgage loans are reviewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreement. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The majority of The Bank of Greene County loans, including most nonaccrual loans, are small homogenous loan types adequately supported by collateral. Management considers the payment status of loans in the process of evaluating the adequacy of the allowance for loan losses among other factors. Based on this evaluation, a delinquent loan’s risk rating may be downgraded to either pass-watch, special mention, or substandard, and the allocation of the allowance for loan loss is based upon the risk associated with such designation.

Index

The tables below detail additional information on impaired loans at the date or periods indicated:

	As of June 30, 2018						For the year ended June 30, 2018
(In thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded:
Residential real estate	$	22	$	22	$	-	$	2	$	3
Commercial real estate		799		799		-		803		29
Home equity		181		181		-		182		-
Commercial loans		347		347		-		328		-
Impaired loans with no allowance		1,349		1,349		-		1,315		32

With an allowance recorded:
Residential real estate		1,922		1,922		332		1,731		52
Commercial real estate		379		379		60		409		-
Commercial construction		176		176		29		176		-
Home equity		322		322		61		324		16
Impaired loans with allowance		2,799		2,799		482		2,640		68

Total impaired:
Residential real estate		1,944		1,944		332		1,733		55
Commercial real estate		1,178		1,178		60		1,212		29
Commercial construction		176		176		29		176		-
Home equity		503		503		61		506		16
Commercial loans		347		347		-		328		-
Total impaired loans	$	4,148	$	4,148	$	482	$	3,955	$	100

	As of June 30, 2017						For the year ended June 30, 2017
(In thousands)	Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal		Related Allowance		Average Recorded Investment		Interest Income Recognized
With no related allowance recorded:
Residential real estate	$	-	$	-	$	-	$	176	$	-
Commercial real estate		809		809		-		704		33
Home equity		186		186		-		64		9
Commercial loans		186		186		-		111		8
Impaired loans with no allowance		1,181		1,181		-		1,055		50

With an allowance recorded:
Residential real estate		1,455		1,455		278		1,302		51
Commercial real estate		440		440		135		922		34
Commercial construction		176		176		23		15		-
Commercial loans		-		-		-		41		2
Impaired loans with allowance		2,071		2,071		436		2,280		87

Total impaired loans:
Residential real estate		1,455		1,455		278		1,478		51
Commercial real estate		1,249		1,249		135		1,626		67
Commercial construction		176		176		23		15		-
Home equity		186		186		-		64		9
Commercial loans		186		186		-		152		10
Total impaired loans	$	3,252	$	3,252	$	436	$	3,335	$	137

Index

The table below details loans that have been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the periods indicated.

(Dollars in thousands)	Number of Contracts		Pre-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Post-Modification Outstanding Recorded Investment		Current outstanding Recorded Investment
For the year ended June 30, 2018
Residential		1	$	184	$	184	$	184
Home equity		1		325		325		322

There were no loans modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the year ended June 30, 2017. During the year ended June 30, 2018, a residential loan and a home equity loan were modified to extend the term of the loan thereby reducing the monthly payments for the borrower. There were no loans that had been modified as a troubled debt restructuring during the twelve months prior to June 30, 2018 or 2017 which have subsequently defaulted during the twelve months ended June 30, 2018 or 2017, respectively.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses is established through a provision for loan losses based on management’s evaluation of the risk inherent in the loan portfolio, the composition of the loan portfolio, specific impaired loans and current economic conditions. Such evaluation, which includes a review of certain identified loans on which full collectability may not be reasonably assured, considers among other matters, the estimated net realizable value or the fair value of the underlying collateral, economic conditions, payment status of the loan, historical loan loss experience and other factors that warrant recognition in providing for the loan loss allowance. In addition, various regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review The Bank of Greene County’s allowance for loan losses. Such agencies may require The Bank of Greene County to recognize additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. The Bank of Greene County considers smaller balance residential mortgages, home equity loans, commercial loans and installment loans to customers as small, homogeneous loans, which are evaluated for impairment collectively based on historical loss experience. Larger balance residential, commercial mortgage and business loans are viewed individually and considered impaired if it is probable that The Bank of Greene County will not be able to collect scheduled payments of principal and interest when due, according to the contractual terms of the loan agreements. The measurement of impaired loans is generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral. The Bank of Greene County charges loans off against the allowance for credit losses when it becomes evident that a loan cannot be collected within a reasonable amount of time or that it will cost the Bank more than it will receive, and all possible avenues of repayment have been analyzed, including the potential of future cash flow, the value of the underlying collateral, and strength of any guarantors or co-borrowers. Generally, consumer loans and smaller business loans (not secured by real estate) in excess of 90 days are charged-off against the allowance for loan losses, unless equitable arrangements are made. Included within consumer installment loan charge-offs and recoveries are deposit accounts that have been overdrawn in excess of 60 days. With continued growth in the number of deposit accounts, charge-off activity within this category has also grown, as can be seen from the tables below. For loans secured by real estate, a charge-off is recorded when it is determined that the collection of all or a portion of a loan may not be collected and the amount of that loss can be reasonably estimated. The allowance for loan losses is increased by a provision for loan losses (which results in a charge to expense) and recoveries of loans previously charged off and is reduced by charge-offs.

The following tables set forth the activity and allocation of the allowance for loan losses by loan class during and at the periods indicated. The allowance is allocated to each loan class based on historical loss experience, current economic conditions, and other considerations.

	Activity for the year ended June 30, 2018
(In thousands)	Balance June 30, 2017		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Provision			Balance June 30, 2018
Residential real estate	$	2,289	$	141	$	-	$	(32	)	$	2,116
Residential construction and land		89		-		-		25			114
Multi-family		43		-		-		119			162
Commercial real estate		5,589		-		-		390			5,979
Commercial construction		687		-		-		263			950
Home equity		234		-		-		83			317
Consumer installment		231		318		85		226			224
Commercial loans		1,680		159		5		602			2,128
Unallocated		180		-		-		(146	)		34
Total	$	11,022	$	618	$	90	$	1,530		$	12,024

Index

	Activity for the year ended June 30, 2017
(In thousands)	Balance June 30, 2016		Charge-offs		Recoveries		Provision			Balance June 30, 2017
Residential real estate	$	2,396	$	90	$	-	$	(17	)	$	2,289
Residential construction and land		75		-		-		14			89
Multi-family		22		-		-		21			43
Commercial real estate		4,541		39		-		1,087			5,589
Commercial construction		502		-		-		185			687
Home equity		309		-		-		(75	)		234
Consumer installment		228		270		88		185			231
Commercial loans		1,412		66		3		331			1,680
Unallocated		-		-		-		180			180
Total	$	9,485	$	465	$	91	$	1,911		$	11,022

	Allowance for Loan Losses				Loans Receivable
	Ending Balance June 30, 2018 Impairment Analysis				Ending Balance June 30, 2018 Impairment Analysis
(In thousands)	Individually Evaluated		Collectively Evaluated		Individually Evaluated		Collectively Evaluated
Residential real estate	$	332	$	1,784	$	1,944	$	253,904
Residential construction and land		-		114		-		9,951
Multi-family		-		162		-		14,961
Commercial real estate		60		5,919		1,178		282,757
Commercial construction		29		921		176		39,190
Home equity		61		256		503		21,416
Consumer installment		-		224		-		5,017
Commercial loans		-		2,128		347		84,297
Unallocated		-		34		-		-
Total	$	482	$	11,542	$	4,148	$	711,493

	Allowance for Loan Losses				Loans Receivable
	Ending Balance June 30, 2017 Impairment Analysis				Ending Balance June 30, 2017 Impairment Analysis
(In thousands)	Individually Evaluated		Collectively Evaluated		Individually Evaluated		Collectively Evaluated
Residential real estate	$	278	$	2,011	$	1,455	$	243,876
Residential construction and land		-		89		-		7,160
Multi-family		-		43		-		9,199
Commercial real estate		135		5,454		1,249		256,715
Commercial construction		23		664		176		28,254
Home equity		-		234		186		20,890
Consumer installment		-		231		-		4,790
Commercial loans		-		1,680		186		60,195
Unallocated		-		180		-		-
Total	$	436	$	10,586	$	3,252	$	631,079

Foreclosed real estate (FRE)

FRE consists of properties acquired through mortgage loan foreclosure proceedings or in full or partial satisfaction of loans. The following table sets forth information regarding FRE as of June 30, 2018 and 2017:

(in thousands)	2018		2017
Residential real estate	$	119	$	-
Commercial real estate		-		799
Total foreclosed real estate	$	119	$	799

Index

Note 5.

Premises and Equipment

A summary of premises and equipment at June 30, 2018 and 2017, is as follows:

(In thousands)	2018			2017
Land	$	2,883		$	2,883
Building and improvements		16,006			15,822
Furniture and equipment		4,420			4,280
Less: accumulated depreciation		(10,005	)		(9,370	)
Total premises and equipment	$	13,304		$	13,615

Note 6.

Deposits

Major classifications of deposits at June 30, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows:

(In thousands)	2018		2017
Noninterest-bearing deposits	$	102,694	$	95,929
Certificates of deposit		51,317		53,742
Savings deposits		216,103		197,288
Money market deposits		133,753		119,806
NOW deposits		521,367		392,770
Total deposits	$	1,025,234	$	859,535

Advance payments by borrowers for taxes and insurance totaling $7,597,000 and $7,172,000 at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, are included in savings deposits.

Related party deposits are not material.

The following indicates the amount of certificates of deposit by time remaining to maturity as of June 30, 2018.


(In thousands)	3 Months or Less		3 to 6 Months		7 to 12 Months		Over 12 Months		Total
Certificates of deposit less than $100,000	$	19,369	$	4,158	$	4,311	$	11,107	$	38,945
Certificates of deposit $100,000 or more		2,757		1,138		1,643		6,834		12,372
Total certificates of deposit	$	22,126	$	5,296	$	5,954	$	17,941	$	51,317

The aggregate amount of certificates of deposit in denominations of $250,000 or more (the amount which exceeds the FDIC insurance limit) was $1,834,000 and $2,121,000 at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Certificates of deposit less than $100,000 due within 3 months or less, includes $15.0 million in brokered deposits at June 30, 2018.

Scheduled maturities of certificates of deposit at June 30, 2018 were as follows:

(In thousands)
The year ended June 30,
2019	$	33,376
2020		8,193
2021		6,908
2022		1,494
2023		1,346
	$	51,317

Index

Note 7.

Borrowings

At June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County had pledged approximately $283.6 million of its residential and commercial mortgage portfolios as collateral for borrowing and stand-by letters of credit at the Federal Home Loan Bank of New York (“FHLB”). The maximum amount of funding available from the FHLB was $232.3 million at June 30, 2018, of which $18.2 million in borrowings and $40.0 million of stand-by letters of credit were outstanding at June 30, 2018. There were no short-term or overnight borrowings outstanding at June 30, 2018. There were $6.9 million of short term or overnight borrowings outstanding at June 30, 2017 which carried an interest rate of 1.28%. Interest rates on short term borrowings are determined at the time of borrowing. Long-term fixed rate, fixed term advances totaled $18.2 million with a weighted average rate of 1.63% and a weighted average maturity of 22 months. The Bank of Greene County has established an Irrevocable Letter of Credit Reimbursement Agreement with the FHLB, whereby upon The Bank of Greene County’s request, on behalf of Greene County Commercial Bank, an irrevocable stand-by letter of credit is issued to secure municipal transactional deposit accounts. At June 30, 2018, $40.0 million of stand-by letters of credit with the FHLB have been issued to secure municipal transactional deposit accounts, on behalf of Greene County Commercial Bank. There were no stand-by letters of credit issued and outstanding at June 30, 2017.

The Bank of Greene County also pledges securities as collateral at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window for overnight borrowings. At June 30, 2018, approximately $1.7 million of collateral was available to be pledged against potential borrowings at the Federal Reserve Bank discount window. There were no balances outstanding with the Federal Reserve Bank at June 30, 2018 or 2017.

The Bank of Greene County has established unsecured lines of credit with Atlantic Central Bankers Bank and another financial institution for $6.0 million and $10.0 million, respectively. Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has also established an unsecured line of credit with Atlantic Central Bankers Bank for $7.5 million. The lines of credit provide for overnight borrowing and the interest rate is determined at the time of the borrowing. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no balances outstanding on any of these lines of credit.

Scheduled maturities of long-term borrowings at June 30, 2018 were as follows:

(In thousands)
Within the twelve months ended June 30,
2019	$	5,500
2020		6,000
2021		1,800
2022		4,850
	$	18,150

Note 8.

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss

The balances and changes in the components of accumulated other comprehensive loss as of June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, are presented in the following table:

	Unrealized gain (losses) on securities available- for-sale			Unrealized losses on securities transferred to held to maturity			Pension benefits			Total
Balance - June 30, 2016	$	1,224		$	(2	)	$	(1,947	)	$	(725	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassification		(612	)		-			221			(391	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		-			2			122			124
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the year ended June 30, 2017		(612	)		2			343			(267	)
Balance - June 30, 2017	$	612		$	-		$	(1,604	)	$	(992	)
											-
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassification		(659	)		-			163			(496	)
Amounts reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income		-			-			124			124
Other comprehensive (loss) income for the year ended June 30, 2018		(659	)		-			287			(372	)
Reclassification of stranded tax effect		57			-			(316	)		(259	)
Balance - June 30, 2018	$	10		$	-		$	(1,633	)	$	(1,623	)

Index

Note 9.

Employee Benefit Plans

Defined Benefit Plan

The Bank of Greene County maintains a single-employer defined benefit pension plan (the “Pension Plan”). Effective January 1, 2006, the Board of Directors of the Bank resolved to exclude from membership in the Pension Plan employees hired on or after January 1, 2006 and elected to cease additional benefit accruals to existing Pension Plan participants effective July 1, 2006. Substantially all Bank employees who were hired before January 1, 2006 and attained the age of 21 are covered by the Pension Plan. Under the Pension Plan, retirement benefits are primarily a function of both years of service and level of compensation, at July 1, 2006. This defined benefit pension plan is accounted for in accordance with FASB ASC Topic 715 guidance on “Compensation – Retirement Benefits, Defined Benefit Plans – Pension”, which requires the Company to recognize in its consolidated financial statements an asset for a plan’s overfunded status or a liability for a plan’s underfunded status. Changes in the funded status of the single-employer defined benefit pension plan are reported as a component of other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes, in the year in which changes occur.

Information regarding the single-employer defined benefit pension plan at June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

(In thousands)
Change in projected benefit obligation:	2018			2017
Benefit obligation at beginning of period	$	5,867		$	6,171
Interest cost		219			215
Actuarial loss		(250	)		(298	)
Benefits paid		(426	)		(221	)
Benefit obligation at June 30		5,410			5,867

Change in fair value of plan assets:
Fair value of plan assets at beginning of period		5,058			4,391
Actual return on plan assets		219			312
Employer contributions		-			576
Benefits paid		(426	)		(221	)
Fair value of plan assets at June 30		4,851			5,058
Underfunded status at June 30 included in other liabilities	$	559		$	809

The Company does not anticipate that it will make any contributions during the year ended June 30, 2019.

The components of net periodic pension costs related to the defined benefit pension plan for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were as follows:

(In thousands)	2018			2017
Interest cost	$	219		$	215
Expected return on plan assets		(247	)		(231	)
Amortization of net loss		168			197
Net periodic pension expense	$	140		$	181

The accumulated benefit obligation for the pension plan was $5.4 million and $5.9 million at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Changes in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive loss during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 consisted of the following:

(In thousands)	2018			2017
Actuarial gain on plan assets and benefit obligations	$	(389	)	$	(576	)
Deferred tax expense		(102	)		(233	)
Net change in plan assets and benefit obligations recognized in other comprehensive income	$	(287	)	$	(343	)

Index

Amounts recognized in our consolidated statements of financial condition related to our pension plan for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 are as follows:

(In thousands)
Other liabilities:	2018				2017
Projected benefit obligation in excess of fair value of pension plan		$	559			$	809
Accumulated other comprehensive loss, net of taxes:
Net losses and past service liability		$	(1,633	)		$	(1,604	)

The principal actuarial assumptions used were as follows:

Projected benefit obligation:	2018			2017
Discount rate		4.09	%		3.81	%
Net periodic pension expense:
Amortization period, in years		11			12
Discount rate		3.81	%		3.55	%
Expected long-term rate of return on plan assets		5.00	%		5.00	%

The discount rate used in the measurement of the Company’s pension obligation is based on the Citigroup Pension Liability Index based on expected benefit payments of the pension plan. The discount rates are evaluated at each measurement date to give effect to changes in the general interest rates. The expected long-term rate of return on plan assets reflects the average rate of earnings expected on the funds invested or to be invested to provide for the benefits included in the projected benefit obligation. The selected rate considers the historical and expected future investment trends of the present and expected assets in the plan. Since this is a frozen plan, the compensation rate is zero percent.

The weighted average asset allocation and fair value of our funded pension plan at June 30, 2018 and 2017 was as follows:

(Dollars in thousands)	2018 Fair Value				2017 Fair Value
Money market accounts	$	-	-	%	$	-	-	%
Mutual funds		4,851	100.0			5,058	100.0
Total plan assets	$	4,851	100.0	%	$	5,058	100.0	%

The fair value of assets within the pension plan was determined utilizing a quoted price in active markets at the measurement date. As such, these assets are classified as Level 1 within the “Fair Value Measurement” hierarchy.

The target allocation for investment in mutual funds is 60% consisting of short-term and intermediate-term fixed income bond funds and 40% large cap value funds. This allocation is consistent with our goal of preserving capital while achieving investment results that will contribute to the proper funding of pension obligations and cash flow requirements. Asset rebalancing is performed on a quarterly basis, with adjustments made when the investment mix varies by more than 5% from the target.

The amortization of accumulated other comprehensive income associated with the single employer defined benefit pension plan for the year ended June 30, 2019 is expected to be $139,000.

Expected benefit payments under the pension plan over the next ten years at June 30, 2018 are as follows:

(In thousands)
2019	$	272
2020		226
2021		231
2022		235
2023		235
2024-2028		1,238

Index

Defined Contribution Plan

The Bank of Greene County also participates in a defined contribution plan (the “Contribution Plan”) covering substantially all employees who have completed three months of service. The plan includes Section 401(k) and thrift provisions as defined under the Internal Revenue Code. The provisions permit employees to contribute up to 50% of their total compensation on a pre-tax basis. The Bank of Greene County matches employee contributions dollar for dollar for the first 3% and then 50% of the employee contributions up to the next 3%. Company contributions associated with the contribution plan amounted to $247,000 and $255,000 in the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”)

All Bank employees meeting certain age and service requirements are eligible to participate in the ESOP. Participants’ benefits become fully vested after three years of service. During the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Board of Directors authorized the payment of $120,000 and $110,000, respectively, to the ESOP trustee for the purposes of purchasing additional shares of stock to be allocated to employees as of December 2018 and 2017, respectively. ESOP expense was $115,000 and $113,000 for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There were no unearned shares at June 30, 2018 or 2017.

Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan

On June 21, 2010, the Board of Directors of The Bank of Greene County adopted The Bank of Greene County Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan (the “SERP Plan”), effective as of July 1, 2010. The SERP Plan provides a benefit from the Bank upon retirement, death or disability or voluntary or involuntary termination of service (other than “for cause”) to certain key senior executives of the Bank who are selected by the Board to participate. Accordingly, the SERP Plan obligates the Bank to make an allocation to each executive’s account on the first business day of each July and permits each executive to defer up to 50% of his or her base salary and 100% of his or her annual bonus to the SERP Plan, subject to the requirements of Section 409A of the Internal Revenue Code (“Code”). In addition, the Bank may, but is not required to, make additional discretionary contributions to the executives’ accounts from time to time. An executive becomes vested in the Bank’s contributions after 10 calendar years of service following the effective date of the SERP Plan, and is fully vested immediately for all deferral of salary and bonus. However, the Executive will vest in the present value of his or her account in the event of death, disability or a change in control of the Bank or the Company. In the event the executive is terminated involuntarily or resigns for good reason following a change in control, the present value of all remaining Bank contributions is accelerated and paid to the executive’s account, subject to potential reduction to avoid an excess parachute payment under Code Section 280G. In the event of the executive’s death, disability or termination within two years after a change in control, executive’s account will be paid in a lump sum to the executive or his beneficiary, as applicable. In the event the executive is entitled to a benefit from the SERP Plan due to retirement or other termination of employment, the benefit will be paid in 10 annual installments.

The net periodic pension costs related to the SERP for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 were $686,000 and $509,000, respectively, consisting primarily of service and interest costs. The total liability for the SERP was $3.9 million and $2.9 million as of June 30, 2018 and June 30, 2017, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.

Note 10.

Stock-Based Compensation

At June 30, 2018, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. had two stock-based compensation plans, which are described below.

Stock Option Plan

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. has a stock-based compensation plan (the “2008 Option Plan”) which allows the Company to issue up to 360,000 options and stock appreciation rights. In 2008, the Board of Directors granted 329,000 options and stock appreciation rights (in tandem) to buy stock under the 2008 Option Plan at an exercise price of $6.25, the fair value of the stock on that date. These options have a 10-year term and vested over a three year period upon meeting specific earnings performance goals.

A summary of the Company’s stock option activity and related information for its option plan for the years ended June 30, 2018, and 2017 is as follows:

	2018					2017
	Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share		Shares			Weighted Average Exercise Price Per Share
Outstanding at beginning of year		37,770		$	6.25		64,770		$	6.25
Exercised		(37,770	)	$	6.25		(27,000	)	$	6.25
Outstanding at period end		-		$	-		37,770		$	6.25
Exercisable at period end		-		$	-		37,770		$	6.25

Index

The intrinsic value of options both outstanding and exercisable was $0 at June 30, 2018, and $791,000 at June 30, 2017.

At June 30, 2018 and 2017, all outstanding options were fully vested, with no remaining compensation cost to be recognized. There were no stock options granted during the years ended June 30, 2018 or 2017. The total intrinsic value of the options exercised during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was approximately $997,000, and $339,000, respectively.

Phantom Stock Option Plan and Long-term Incentive Plan

The Greene County Bancorp, Inc. 2011 Phantom Stock Option and Long-term Incentive Plan (the “Plan”) was adopted effective July 1, 2011, to promote the long-term financial success of the Company and its subsidiaries by providing a means to attract, retain and reward individuals who contribute to such success and to further align their interests with those of the Company’s shareholders. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Plan had 5,800,000 and 3,600,000 options authorized, respectively, of which, 3,567,182 and 2,972,982 options had been granted to date, respectively. The Plan is intended to provide benefits to employees and directors of the Company or any subsidiary as designated by the Compensation Committee of the Board of Directors of the Company (“Committee”). A phantom stock option represents the right to receive a cash payment on the date the award vests. The participant receives an amount equal to the positive difference between the strike price on the grant date and the book value of a share of the Company stock on the determination date, which is the last day of the plan year that is the end of the third plan year after the grant date of the award, unless otherwise specified by the Committee. The strike price will be the price established by the Committee, which will not be less than 100% of the book value of a share on a specified date, as determined under generally accepted accounting principles (GAAP) as of the last day of the quarter ending on or immediately preceding the valuation date with adjustments made, in the sole discretion of the Committee, to exclude accumulated other comprehensive income (loss). The liability for the phantom stock option plan is re-measured at each reporting period based on the difference between the strike price and the current period end book value per share of the Company’s common stock, excluding accumulated other comprehensive income (loss).

A summary of the Company’s phantom stock option activity and related information for its option plan for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 is as follows:

	2018			2017
Number of options outstanding at beginning of year		1,522,720			1,352,554
Options granted		594,200			578,200
Options forfeited		(27,000	)		-
Options paid in cash upon vesting		(455,760	)		(408,034	)
Number of options outstanding at period end		1,634,160			1,522,720

(In thousands)	2018		2017
Cash paid out on options vested	$	1,187	$	845
Compensation expense recognized		2,140		1,448

The total liability for the long-term incentive plan was $3.0 million and $2.0 million at June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in accrued expenses and other liabilities.

Index

Note 11.

Earnings Per Share

Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing net income by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted earnings per share is computed in a manner similar to that of basic earnings per share except that the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding is increased to include the number of incremental common shares that would have been outstanding under the treasury stock method if all potentially dilutive common shares (such as stock options) issued became vested during the period. There were no anti-dilutive securities or contracts outstanding during the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

	2018		2017

Net Income	$	14,408,000	$	11,187,000
Weighted Average Shares – Basic		8,513,558		8,495,022
Effect of Dilutive Stock Options		21,351		18,107
Weighted Average Shares - Dilute		8,534,909		8,513,129

Earnings per share - Basic	$	1.69	$	1.32
Earnings per share - Diluted	$	1.69	$	1.31

Note 12.

Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes consists of the following for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

(In thousands)	2018		2017
Current expense:
Federal	$	3,819	$	3,591
State		220		409
Total current expense		4,039		4,000
Deferred expense (benefit)		56		(259	)
Total provision for income taxes	$	4,095	$	3,741

The effective tax rate differs from the federal statutory rate as follows for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:

	2018			2017
Tax based on federal statutory rate		28.10	%		34.00	%
State income taxes, net of federal benefit		0.49			0.89
Tax-exempt income		(7.03	)		(8.20	)
Captive insurance premium income		(1.78	)		(2.28	)
Other, net		2.35			0.55
Total income tax expense		22.13	%		24.96	%

The components of the deferred tax assets and liabilities at June 30 were as follows:

(In thousands)	2018		2017
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for loan losses	$	3,142	$	4,220
Pension benefits		146		310
Other benefit plans		1,388		1,957
Total deferred tax assets		4,676		6,487

Deferred tax liabilities:
Depreciation		919		1,392
Loan costs		763		1,051
Real estate investment trust income		2,253		3,052
Unrealized gains on securities		3		379
Other		189		224
Total deferred tax liabilities		4,127		6,098
Net deferred tax asset included in prepaid expenses and other assets	$	549	$	389

Index

Income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases at currently enacted income tax rates applicable to the period in which the deferred tax assets and liabilities are expected to be realized or settled.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of the evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

On December 22, 2017, the U.S. Government enacted comprehensive tax legislation commonly referred to as the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”). The Act amends the Internal Revenue Code to reduce tax rates and modify policies, credits, and deductions for individuals and businesses. For businesses, the Act reduces the corporate federal tax rate from a maximum of 35% to a flat 21% rate. The corporate tax rate reduction was effective January 1, 2018. Because the Company has a fiscal year end of June 30, the reduced corporate tax rate will result in the application of a blended federal statutory tax rate for its fiscal year 2018 and then a flat 21% thereafter. See the effective tax rate table above.

Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years in which those temporary differences are expected to be recovered or settled. As a result of the reduction in the corporate income tax rate under the Act, the Company revalued its deferred tax assets and liabilities at December 31, 2017. These re-measurements resulted in a discrete tax benefit of $251,000 that was recognized during the three months ended December 31, 2017. The Company’s revaluation of its deferred tax assets and liabilities is subject to further clarification of the Tax Act and refinements of its estimates. As a result, the actual impact on the deferred tax assets and liabilities and income tax expense due to the Tax Act may vary from the amounts estimated.

The Company accounts for uncertain tax positions if it is more likely than not, based on technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgments.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties on income taxes, if any, as a component of the provision for income taxes.

As of June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company did not have any uncertain tax positions. The Company does not expect to have any changes in unrecognized tax benefits as a result of settlements with taxing authorities during the next twelve months. At June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County had an unrecaptured pre-1988 Federal bad debt reserve of approximately $1.8 million for which no Federal income tax provision has been made. A deferred tax liability has not been provided on this amount as management does not intend to redeem stock, make distributions or take other actions that would result in recapture of the reserve. As of June 30, 2018, tax years ended June 30, 2015 through June 30, 2017, remain open and are subject to Federal and New York State taxing authority examination.

Note 13.

Commitments and Contingent Liabilities

In the normal course of business there are various commitments and contingent liabilities outstanding pertaining to the granting of loans and the lines of credit, which are not reflected in the accompanying consolidated financial statements.

The Bank of Greene County’s unfunded loan commitments and unused lines of credit are as follows at June 30, 2018 and 2017:

(In thousands)	2018		2017
Unfunded loan commitments	$	36,624	$	41,082
Unused lines of credit		58,863		51,440
Total commitments	$	95,487	$	92,522

Commitments to extend credit in the form of loan commitments and lines of credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being fully drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Bank of Greene County evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral, if any, required upon an extension of credit is based on management’s evaluation of customer credit. Commitments to extend mortgage credit are primarily collateralized by first liens on real estate. Collateral on extensions of commercial lines of credit vary but may include accounts receivable, inventory, property, plant and equipment, and income producing commercial property.

Index

Note 14.

Operating Leases

The Bank of Greene County has non-cancelable lease commitments for six branch locations. These leases include obligations for real estate taxes, insurance and maintenance expenses. Total lease expense was $178,000 and $156,000 for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Minimum non-cancelable lease commitments for future years ending June 30 are as follows:

(In thousands)


The year ended June 30,	Annual Lease Payments
2019	$	292
2020		272
2021		247
2022		204
2023		161
Thereafter		338

Note 15.

Concentrations of Credit Risk

The Bank of Greene County grants residential, consumer and commercial loans to customers primarily located in the mid-Hudson valley region of New York, including Greene County. Over the last several years the Company has emphasized expansion into new markets in southern Albany, Columbia and Ulster counties. Although The Bank of Greene County has a diversified loan portfolio, a substantial portion of its debtors’ ability to honor their contracts is dependent upon employment and other economic factors throughout Greene and its contiguous counties.

Note 16.

Fair Value Measurements and Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sale transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of June 30, 2018 and 2017 and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at each period-end.

The following information should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful.

The FASB ASC Topic on “Fair Value Measurement” established a fair value hierarchy that prioritized the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1: Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2: Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3: Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported with little or no market activity).

An asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

Index

For assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis, the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy used are as follows:

			Fair Value Measurements Using
(In thousands)	June 30, 2018		Quoted Prices In Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	$	5,531	$	-	$	5,531	$	-
State and political subdivisions		92,255		-		92,255		-
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		3,247		-		3,247		-
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		18,069		-		18,069		-
Corporate debt securities		1,704		1,704		-		-
Equity securities		217		217		-		-
Securities available-for-sale	$	121,023	$	1,921	$	119,102	$	-

			Fair Value Measurements Using
(In thousands)	June 30, 2017		Quoted Prices In Active Markets For Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
Assets:
U.S. Government sponsored enterprises	$	4,717	$	-	$	4,717	$	-
State and political subdivisions		58,112		-		58,112		-
Mortgage-backed securities-residential		4,913		-		4,913		-
Mortgage-backed securities-multi-family		20,765		-		20,765		-
Asset-backed securities		1		1		-		-
Corporate debt securities		2,791		2,791		-		-
Equity securities		184		184		-		-
Securities available-for-sale	$	91,483	$	2,976	$	88,507	$	-

Certain investments that are actively traded and have quoted market prices have been classified as Level 1 valuations. Other available-for-sale investment securities have been valued by reference to prices for similar securities or through model-based techniques in which all significant inputs are observable and, therefore, such valuations have been classified as Level 2.

In addition to disclosures of the fair value of assets on a recurring basis, FASB ASC Topic on “Fair Value Measurement” requires disclosures for assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis, such as impaired assets, in the period in which a re-measurement at fair value is performed. Loans are generally not recorded at fair value on a recurring basis. Periodically, the Company records nonrecurring adjustments to the carrying value of loans based on fair value measurements for partial charge-offs of the uncollectible portions of those loans. Nonrecurring adjustments also include certain impairment amounts for collateral-dependent loans calculated as required by the “Receivables – Loan Impairment” subtopic of the FASB ASC when establishing the allowance for credit losses. Impaired loans are those loans for which the Company has re-measured impairment generally based on the fair value of the underlying collateral supporting the loan and, as a result, the carrying value of the loan less the calculated valuation amount may not necessarily represent the actual fair value of the loan. Real estate collateral is typically valued using independent appraisals or other indications of value based on recent comparable sales of similar properties or assumptions generally observable in the marketplace and the related nonrecurring fair value measurement adjustments have generally been classified as Level 3. Estimates of fair value used for other collateral supporting commercial loans generally are based on assumptions not observable in the marketplace and therefore such valuations have been classified as Level 3.

Index

							Fair Value Measurements Using
(In thousands)	Recorded Investment		Related Allowance		Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
June 30, 2018
Impaired loans	$	2,799	$	482	$	2,317	$	-	$	-	$	2,317
Foreclosed real estate		119		-		119		-		-		119

June 30, 2017
Impaired loans	$	1,175	$	330	$	845	$	-	$	-	$	845
Foreclosed real estate		799		-		799		-		-		799

The following table presents additional quantitative information about assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis and for which Level 3 inputs were utilized to determine fair value:


(Dollars in thousands)	Fair Value		Valuation Technique	Unobservable Input	Range			Weighted Average
June 30, 2018
Impaired Loans	$	1,687	Appraisal of collateral⁽¹⁾	Appraisal adjustments⁽²⁾		26.58%-31.00	%		28.17	%
				Liquidation expenses⁽³⁾		4.14%-7.26	%		5.07	%
		630	Discounted cash flow	Discount rate		4.19%-6.63	%		5.36	%
Foreclosed real estate		119	Appraisal of collateral⁽¹⁾	Appraisal adjustments⁽²⁾		0.00%-0.00	%		0.00	%
				Liquidation expenses⁽³⁾		8.99%-11.78	%		9.92	%
June 30, 2017
Impaired loans	$	845	Appraisal of collateral⁽¹⁾	Appraisal adjustments⁽²⁾		25.00%-42.52	%		28.46	%
				Liquidation expenses⁽³⁾		3.45%-7.38	%		5.93	%
Foreclosed real estate		799	Appraisal of collateral⁽¹⁾	Appraisal adjustments⁽²⁾		0.00%-0.00	%		0.00	%
				Liquidation expenses⁽³⁾		11.64%-17.92	%		16.29	%

⁽¹⁾	Fair value is generally determined through independent third-party appraisals of the underlying collateral, which generally includes various Level 3 inputs which are not observable.

⁽²⁾	Appraisals may be adjusted downwards by management for qualitative factors such as economic conditions. Higher downward adjustments are caused by negative changes to the collateral or conditions in the real estate market, actual offers or sales contracts received or age of the appraisal.

⁽³⁾	Appraisals may be adjusted downwards by management for items such as the estimated costs to liquidate the collateral.

No other financial assets or liabilities were re-measured during the year on a nonrecurring basis.

The carrying amounts reported in the statements of financial condition for cash and cash equivalents, long term certificate of deposits, accrued interest receivable and accrued interest payable approximate their fair values. Fair values of securities are based on quoted market prices (Level 1), where available, or matrix pricing (Level 2), which is a mathematical technique, used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices. The carrying amount of Federal Home Loan Bank stock approximates fair value due to its restricted nature. Fair values for variable rate loans that reprice frequently, with no significant credit risk, are based on carrying value. Fair value for fixed rate loans are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers of similar credit quality. Fair values disclosed for demand and savings deposits are equal to carrying amounts at the reporting date. The carrying amounts for variable rate money market deposits approximate fair values at the reporting date. Fair values for fixed rate certificates of deposit are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered in the market on similar certificates. Fair value for Federal Home Loan Bank long term borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flows and interest rates currently being offered on similar borrowings. The carrying value of short-term Federal Home Loan Bank borrowings approximates its fair value.

The fair value of commitments to extend credit is estimated based on an analysis of the interest rates and fees currently charged to enter into similar transactions, considering the remaining terms of the commitments and the credit-worthiness of the potential borrowers. At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the estimated fair values of these off-balance sheet financial instruments were immaterial, and are therefore excluded from the table below.

Index

The carrying amounts and estimated fair value of financial instruments are as follows:

(In thousands)	June 30, 2018				Fair Value Measurements Using
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	26,504	$	26,504	$	26,504	$	-	$	-
Long term certificate of deposit		2,385		2,385		2,385		-		-
Securities available-for-sale		121,023		121,023		1,921		119,102		-
Securities held-to-maturity		274,550		274,177		-		274,177		-
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		1,545		1,545		-		1,545		-
Net loans receivable		704,431		698,879		-		-		698,879
Accrued interest receivable		5,057		5,057		-		5,057		-
Deposits		1,025,234		1,025,302		-		1,025,302		-
Borrowings from Federal Home Loan Bank		18,150		17,755		-		17,755		-
Accrued interest payable		88		88		-		88		-

(In thousands)	June 30, 2017				Fair Value Measurements Using
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		(Level 1)		(Level 2)		(Level 3)
Cash and cash equivalents	$	16,277	$	16,277	$	16,277	$	-	$	-
Long term certificate of deposit		2,145		2,145		2,145		-		-
Securities available-for-sale		91,483		91,483		2,976		88,507		-
Securities held-to-maturity		223,830		228,452		-		228,452		-
Federal Home Loan Bank stock		2,131		2,131		-		2,131		-
Net loans receivable		624,187		629,690		-		-		629,690
Accrued interest receivable		4,033		4,033		-		4,033		-
Deposits		859,535		859,715		-		859,715		-
Borrowings from Federal Home Loan Bank		29,550		29,411		-		29,411		-
Accrued interest payable		92		92		-		92		-

Note 17.

Regulatory Matters

The Bank of Greene County and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Greene County Commercial Bank, are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements can result in certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank and the Commercial Bank must meet specific guidelines that involve quantitative measures of assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance-sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. Capital amounts and classifications are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors. As of June 30, 2018, the most recent notification from regulators categorized the banks as “well capitalized” under the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action. There are no conditions or events since that notification that management believes have changed the Bank’s category.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth in the table below). In July 2013, the Office of the Comptroller of the Currency and the other federal bank regulatory agencies issued a final rule that will revise their leverage and risk-based capital requirements and the method for calculating risk-weighted assets to make them consistent with agreements that were reached by the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision and certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. Among other things, the rule establishes a new common equity Tier 1 minimum capital requirement (4.5% of risk-weighted assets), increases the minimum Tier 1 capital to risk-based assets requirement (from 4% to 6% of risk-weighted assets) and assigns a higher risk weight (150%) to exposures that are more than 90 days past due or are on nonaccrual status and to certain commercial real estate facilities that finance the acquisition, development or construction of real property. The final rule also requires unrealized gains and losses on certain “available-for-sale” securities holdings to be included for purposes of calculating regulatory capital unless a one-time opt-out is exercised. Additional constraints will also be imposed on the inclusion in regulatory capital of mortgage-servicing assets, defined tax assets and minority interests. The rule limits a banking organization’s capital distributions and certain discretionary bonus payments if the banking organization does not hold a “capital conservation buffer” consisting of 2.5% of common equity Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets in addition to the amount necessary to meet its minimum risk-based capital requirements. The final rule became effective for The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank on January 1, 2015. The capital conservation buffer requirement will be phased in, increasing incrementally by 0.625% each year, beginning January 1, 2016 and ending January 1, 2019, when the full capital conservation buffer requirement will be effective. Management believes that, as of June 30, 2018, The Bank of Greene County and Greene County Commercial Bank met all capital adequacy requirements to which they are subject.

Index

(Dollars in thousands)	Actual					For Capital Adequacy Purposes					To Be Well Capitalized Under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions					Capital Conservation Buffer
The Bank of Greene County	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Actual			Required
As of June 30, 2018:

Total risk-based capital	$	102,549		15.5	%	$	53,024		8.0	%	$	66,280		10.0	%		7.472	%		1.875	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		94,148		14.2			39,768		6.0			53,024		8.0			8.205			1.875
Common equity tier 1 capital		94,148		14.2			29,826		4.5			43,082		6.5			9.705			1.875
Tier 1 leverage ratio		94,148		8.2			45,789		4.0			57,236		5.0			4.225			1.875

As of June 30, 2017:

Total risk-based capital	$	87,719		15.8	%	$	44,433		8.0	%	$	55,542		10.0	%		7.794	%		1.250	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		80,671		14.5			33,325		6.0			44,433		8.0			8.525			1.250
Common equity tier 1 capital		80,671		14.5			24,994		4.5			36,102		6.5			10.024			1.250
Tier 1 leverage ratio		80,671		8.5			38,056		4.0			47,571		5.0			4.479			1.250

Greene County Commercial Bank
As of June 30,2018:

Total risk-based capital	$	40,286		47.1	%	$	6,837		8.0	%	$	8,546		10.0	%		39.139	%		1.875	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		40,286		47.1			5,128		6.0			6,837		8.0			41.139			1.875
Common equity tier 1 capital		40,286		47.1			3,846		4.5			5,555		6.5			42.639			1.875
Tier 1 leverage ratio		40,286		9.1			17,747		4.0			22,184		5.0			5.080			1.875

As of June 30, 2017:

Total risk-based capital	$	30,095		40.1	%	$	6,011		8.0	%	$	7,514		10.0	%		32.053	%		1.250	%
Tier 1 risk-based capital		30,095		40.1			4,508		6.0			6,011		8.0			34.053			1.250
Common equity tier 1 capital		30,095		40.1			3,381		4.5			4,884		6.5			35.550			1.250
Tier 1 leverage ratio		30,095		9.6			12,508		4.0			15,635		5.0			5.624			1.250

Index

Note 18.

Condensed Financial Statements of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

The following condensed financial statements summarize the financial position and the results of operations and cash flows of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. for the periods indicated.

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Financial Condition

At June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands)

ASSETS	2018		2017
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,476	$	2,015
Investment in subsidiaries		94,681		81,540
Prepaid expenses and other assets		116		53
Total assets	$	96,273	$	83,608

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Total liabilities	$	82	$	87
Total shareholders’ equity		96,191		83,521
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	96,273	$	83,608

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Income

For the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands)

	2018		2017
INCOME:
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries	$	12,812	$	9,484
Dividend distributed by subsidiary		1,914		1,904
Interest-earning deposits		2		6
Total Income		14,728		11,394

OPERATING EXPENSES:
Legal fees		56		46
Other		264		161
Total operating expenses		320		207
Net income	$	14,408	$	11,187

Index

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Comprehensive Income

For the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands)

	2018			2017
Net income	$	14,408		$	11,187
Other comprehensive loss:
Unrealized holding losses on available-for-sale securities,
net of income tax benefit of ($319) and ($392), respectively		(659	)		(612	)

Accretion of unrealized loss on securities transferred to held-to-maturity, net of income tax expense of $- and $1, respectively		-			2

Pension actuarial gain, net of income tax expense of $58 and $158, respectively		163			221

Amortization of pension actuarial losses recognized in salaries and benefits, net of income taxes of $44 and $75, respectively		124			122

Total other comprehensive loss net of taxes		(372	)		(267	)

Comprehensive income	$	14,036		$	10,920

Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

For the Years Ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

(In thousands)

Cash flow from operating activities:	2018			2017
Net Income	$	14,408		$	11,187

Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Undistributed earnings of subsidiaries		(12,812	)		(9,484	)
Tax benefit of stock based compensation		-			(51	)
Net increase in prepaid expenses and other assets		(63	)		(5	)
Net (decrease) increase in total liabilities		(6	)		27
Net cash provided by operating activities		1,527			1,674

Cash flows from Investing Activities:
Investment in subsidiary		(700	)		(600	)
Net cash used by investing activities		(700	)		(600	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Payment of cash dividends		(1,526	)		(1,920	)
Proceeds from exercise of stock options		160			169
Excess tax benefit from share-based payment arrangements		-			51
Net cash used in financing activities		(1,366	)		(1,700	)
Net decrease in cash and cash equivalents		(539	)		(626	)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		2,015			2,641
Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	1,476		$	2,015

Index

Note 19.

Subsequent events

On July 18, 2018, Greene County Bancorp, Inc. announced that its Board of Directors had approved a quarterly cash dividend of $0.10 per share on the Company’s common stock. The dividend reflects an annual cash dividend rate of $0.40 per share which represents a 2.6% increase from the previous annual cash dividend rate of $0.39 per share. The dividend was payable to stockholders of record as of August 15, 2018, and was paid on August 31, 2018. The MHC did not waive its right to receive this dividend.

ITEM 9.

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

The “Proposal II - Ratification of Appointment of Auditors” section of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s 2018 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 9A.

Controls and Procedures

Under the supervision and with the participation of management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, we evaluated the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934) at the end of the period covered by the report. Based upon that evaluation, the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that, as of the end of the period covered by this report, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed in the reports that the Company files or submits under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms. There has been no change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting during the Company’s fourth quarter of the year ended June 30, 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s report on internal control over financial reporting appears in Part II, Item 8 of this Report. The registered public accounting firm that audited the Company’s financial statements included in this report has issued a report on the Company’s internal controls over financial reporting, which is included in Part II, Item 8 of this Report.

ITEM 9B.

Other Information

None.

Index

PART III

ITEM 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance

The “Proposal I - Election of Directors” section of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s definitive Proxy Statement for Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s 2018 Annual Meeting of Shareholders (the “2018 Proxy Statement”) is incorporated herein by reference.

The Company has adopted a Code of Ethics that is applicable to the Company’s officers, directors and employees, including its principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or persons performing similar functions. The Code of Ethics is available on the Company’s website at www.tbogc.com. Amendments to and waivers from the Code of Ethics will also be disclosed on the Company’s website.

ITEM 11.

Executive Compensation

The “Proposal I - Election of Directors” section of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s 2018 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The “Proposal I - Election of Directors” section of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s 2018 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions and Director Independence

The “Transactions with Certain Related Persons” section of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s 2018 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

ITEM 14.

Principal Accountant Fees and Services

The “Proposal II - Ratification of Appointment of Auditors” section of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s 2018 Proxy Statement is incorporated herein by reference.

Index

PART IV

ITEM 15.

Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

(a)(1)

The following financial statements and Reports of Bonadio & Co., LLP are included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K:

Reports of Bonadio & Co., LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Report of BDO USA, LLP, Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Consolidated Statements of Condition as of June 30, 2018 and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Income for the years ended June 30, 2018, and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity for the years ended June 30, 2018 and 2017

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Unaudited Quarterly Financial Data

(a)(2)

List of Financial Schedules

Not applicable

(a)(3)

Exhibits

3.1

Certification of Incorporation of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s Registration statement on SB-2, file No. 333-63681 (the “SB-2”)).

3.2

Bylaws of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s SB-2)

4.0

Form of Stock Certificate of Greene County Bancorp, Inc. (incorporated herein by reference to the Form SB-2)

10.1

Employee Stock Ownership Plan (incorporated herein by reference to Greene County Bancorp, Inc.’s SB-2)

10.2

Employment agreement between the Registrant and Donald E. Gibson, and Michelle M. Plummer effective July 1, 2007, as amended and incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Form 8-K (Exhibit 10.2 and 10.3) filed on December 2, 2008.

10.3

Employment agreement between the Registrant and Stephen E. Nelson, effective July 1, 2008, incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Form 8-K (Exhibit 10.1) filed on December 2, 2008.

10.4

Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan, effective July 1, 2010, incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s 2010 Proxy Statement filed on September 27, 2010.

10.5

Greene County Bancorp, Inc. 2011 Phantom Stock Option and Long Term Incentive Plan, effective July 1, 2011, as amended and incorporated by reference from the Registrant’s Form 8-K (Exhibit 10.1), filed on June 20, 2018.

21.0

Subsidiaries of Greene County Bancorp, Inc.

31.1

Certification of Chief Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

31.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.1

Certification of Executive Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

32.2

Certification of Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

101

The following materials from Greene County Bancorp, Inc. Form 10-K for the year ended June 30, 2018, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL): (i) the Consolidated Statements of Income, (ii) the Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Changes in Shareholders’ Equity, (v) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows and (vi) related notes, tagged as blocks of text and in detail.

Index

ITEM 16.

Form 10-K Summary

None.

SIGNATURES

In accordance with Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.

	GREENE COUNTY BANCORP, INC.

Date: September 12, 2018	By: /s/ Donald E. Gibson
	Donald E. Gibson
	President and Chief Executive Officer

In accordance with the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

By: /s/ Michelle M. Plummer

Michelle M. Plummer, CPA, CGMA

Executive Vice President,

Chief Operating Officer and Chief Financial Officer

Date: September 12, 2018

By: /s/ Jay P. Cahalan

Jay P. Cahalan

Director

Date: September 12, 2018

By: /s/ David H. Jenkins

David H. Jenkins, DVM

Director

Date: September 12, 2018

By: /s/ Peter W. Hogan, CPA

Peter W. Hogan, CPA

Director

Date: September 12, 2018

By: /s/ Charles H. Schaefer

Charles H. Schaefer

Director

Date: September 12, 2018

By: /s/ Paul Slutzky

Paul Slutzky

Director

Date: September 12, 2018

By: /s/ Martin C. Smith

Martin C. Smith

Chairman of the Board

Date: September 12, 2018