UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
(Mark One)
þ | ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
For the Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2008
OR
¨ | TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934 |
Commission File Number 1-33805
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Delaware | 26-0354783 | |
(State of Incorporation) | (I.R.S. Employer Identification Number) |
9 West 57th Street, New York, New York 10019
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)
Registrants telephone number: (212) 790-0041
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:
Class A Shares | New York Stock Exchange | |
(Title of each class) | (Name of each exchange on which registered) |
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act. Yes ¨ No þ
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes þ No ¨
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrants knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ¨
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of large accelerated filer, accelerated filer and smaller reporting company in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act:
Large accelerated filer ¨ | Accelerated filer þ | Non-accelerated filer ¨ | Smaller reporting company ¨ | |||
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company) |
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes ¨ No þ
The aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2008 was approximately $684.4 million. As of March 1, 2009, there were 76,316,900 Class A Shares and 279,989,571 Class B Shares outstanding.
Documents Incorporated by Reference
Portions of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLCs Definitive Proxy Statement for its 2009 Annual Meeting of Shareholders to be held on May 13, 2009 are incorporated by reference into Part III.
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Item 1. |
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Item 1A. |
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Item 1B. |
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Item 2. |
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Item 3. |
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Item 4. |
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Item 5. |
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Item 6. |
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Item 7. |
Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
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Item 7A. |
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Item 8. |
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Item 9. |
Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |
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Item 9A. |
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Item 9B. |
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Item 10. |
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Item 11. |
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Item 12. |
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |
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Item 13. |
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |
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Item 14. |
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Item 15. |
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F-1 |
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Available Information
The principal executive offices of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC are located at 9 West 57th Street, New York, New York, 10019. The telephone number of our principal executive offices is (212) 790-0041. Our website address is www.ozcap.com. We make available free of charge on our public website our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to those reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after such material is electronically filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission, which we refer to as the SEC, pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, which we refer to as the Exchange Act. We also make available through our website other reports filed with or furnished to the SEC under the Exchange Act, as well as our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and other information related to our corporate governance. Printed copies of each of these documents may also be obtained upon request to the Company at 9 West 57th Street, New York, New York 10019, Attention: Office of the Secretary. The information posted on our website is not included as part of or incorporated into this annual report.
Any materials we file with the SEC may be read and copied at the SECs Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.E., Washington, DC, 20549. Information on the operation of the Public Reference Room may be obtained by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains a website at www.sec.gov that contains reports, proxy and information statements and other information regarding issuers that file electronically with the SEC. The reports and other materials that we file or furnish electronically with the SEC are available to the public through the SECs website.
On December 12, 2008, we submitted to the New York Stock Exchange the Annual CEO Certification required by Section 303A.12(a) of the New York Stock Exchange Listed Company Manual. We have also filed with this annual report as Exhibits 31.1 and 31.2 the certifications required under Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002.
In this annual report, references to Och-Ziff, our Company, the Company, we, us, or our refer, unless context requires otherwise, to Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, and its consolidated subsidiaries, including the Och-Ziff Operating Group. References to the Och-Ziff Operating Group refer, collectively, to OZ Management LP, a Delaware limited partnership, which we refer to as OZ Management, OZ Advisors LP, a Delaware limited partnership, which we refer to as OZ Advisors I, OZ Advisors II LP, a Delaware limited partnership, which we refer to as OZ Advisors II, and their consolidated subsidiaries. References to our intermediate holding companies refer, collectively, to Och-Ziff Holding Corporation, a Delaware corporation, which we refer to as Och-Ziff Corp, and Och-Ziff Holding LLC, a Delaware limited liability company, which we refer to as Och-Ziff Holding, both of which are wholly-owned subsidiaries of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC. References to our founding owners refer, collectively, to our founder, Mr. Daniel Och, our other partners at the time of our initial public offering (collectively with Mr. Och, our founding partners) and the Ziffs. References to the Ziffs refer to Ziff Brothers Investments, L.L.C. and certain of its affiliates and control persons, which, together with Mr. Och, founded our business in 1994. References to our partners refer to our founding partners and any partners admitted after our initial public offering. References to the Class A Shares, refer to our Class A Shares, representing Class A limited liability company interests of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, which are publicly-traded and listed on the New York Stock Exchange. References to Class B Shares refer to Class B Shares of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, which are not publicly-traded, are currently held solely by our founding partners and have no economic rights but entitle the holders thereof to one vote per share.
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Forward-Looking Statements
Some of the statements under Item 1. Business, Item 1A. Risk Factors, Item 7. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations and elsewhere in this annual report may be forward-looking statements, within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, which we refer to as the Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act that reflect our current views with respect to, among other things, future events and financial performance, strategies and expectations, including but not limited to statements regarding our ability to generate returns and preserve capital and our ability to expand our investment platforms. We generally identify forward-looking statements by terminology such as outlook, believe, expect, potential, continue, may, will, should, could, seeks, approximately, predicts, intends, plans, estimates, anticipates, opportunity, pipeline, comfortable, assume, remain, maintain, sustain, achieve or the negative version of those words or other comparable words. Any forward-looking statements contained in this annual report are based upon historical information and on our current plans, estimates and expectations. The inclusion of this or any other forward-looking information should not be regarded as a representation by us or any other person that the future plans, estimates or expectations contemplated by us will be achieved. Such forward-looking statements are subject to various risks and uncertainties and assumptions, including but not limited to global economic and market conditions, global business conditions, the success of government initiatives worldwide to address economic, market and business conditions, the conditions impacting the hedge fund industry, our ability to successfully compete for fund investors, professional investment talent and investment opportunity, our successful formulation and execution of business and growth strategies and our ability to appropriately manage conflicts of interest and tax and other regulatory factors relevant to our business, as well as assumptions relating to our operations, financial results, financial condition, business prospects, growth strategy and liquidity. If one or more of these or other risks or uncertainties materialize, or if our underlying assumptions prove to be incorrect, our actual results may vary materially from those indicated in these statements. These factors should not be construed as exhaustive and should be read in conjunction with the other cautionary statements that are included in this annual report, including the factors described in Item 1A. Risk Factors below. Other risks, or updates to the risks discussed below, may be described from time to time in our news releases and other filings made under the securities laws, including our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and our current reports on Form 8-K. There may be additional risks, uncertainties and factors that we do not currently view as material or that are not necessarily known. The forward-looking statements included in this document are made only as of the date of this document and we do not undertake any obligation to publicly update or review any forward-looking statement, whether as a result of new information, future developments or otherwise.
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Item 1. | Business |
Overview
Business Description
We are a leading global, institutional alternative asset management firm and one of the largest alternative asset managers in the world, with approximately $22.3 billion of assets under management for approximately 700 fund investors as of March 1, 2009. We have a strong track record spanning 15 years, which we believe places us among the longest standing alternative asset managers globally.
We were founded in 1994 by Mr. Daniel Och, together with the Ziffs, with the goal of building an enduring, world class investment management business. Since our formation, we have managed and operated our business with a global perspective, looking to take advantage of investment opportunities wherever they arise. We have been among the pioneers in building a global alternative investment platform, and have grown to approximately 400 personnel, with 150 investment professionals, including 17 partners, working from our headquarters in New York and offices in London, Hong Kong, Bangalore, Tokyo, and Beijing. Our London office houses our European investment capabilities. Over the past five years, we have established investment capabilities in Asia, managing assets out of our offices in Hong Kong, Bangalore, Tokyo, and Beijing.
We conduct substantially all of our operations through the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities and currently operate through a single operating segment, which we refer to as Och-Ziff Funds. Our other operations are currently comprised of our real estate business and our new businesses established to expand our private investment platform. Our operations, including our growth and expansion, have been financed primarily from cash flows generated by our operations. Our primary sources of revenues are management fees, which are based on the amount of our assets under management, and incentive income, which is based on our fund profits. Accordingly, for any given period our revenues will be heavily influenced by the combination of assets under management and the investment performance of our funds.
Investment Philosophy
Our funds seek to deliver consistent, positive, risk-adjusted returns to fund investors throughout market cycles, with a focus on risk management and capital preservation. We opportunistically determine portfolio composition and do not have any predetermined commitment to any given investment strategy or geography, valuing flexibility in our investment approach. Some of the main strategies we currently employ on a global basis include:
| Merger arbitrage, which generally involves multiple investments in entities contemplating a merger or similar business combination with the goal of realizing a profit from pricing discrepancies; |
| Convertible and derivative arbitrage, which generally involves investments in convertible and derivative securities to take advantage of price discrepancies between the convertible and derivative security and the underlying equity security or other convertible or derivative security. These investments may be made at multiple levels of an entitys capital structure to take advantage of valuation or other pricing discrepancies; |
| Equity restructuring, which seeks to realize a profit from corporate events such as spin-offs, recapitalizations and other corporate restructurings, whether company-specific or as a result of industry or economic conditions; |
| Credit and distressed credit investments, which includes high-yield debt investments in distressed businesses, investment in senior secured debt, structured products and similar securities and credit strategies; |
| Private investments, which includes asset-backed investments, investments in infrastructure projects and assets, leveraged buyouts and other public-to-private transactions and other special situations; and |
| Real estate, which includes investments in real property, multi-property portfolios, real estate related joint ventures, real estate operating companies and other real estate related assets. |
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Across our strategies, our investment decisions are based on a research-driven investment process involving extensive due diligence and qualitative and quantitative analysis, allowing us to capitalize on a wide variety of opportunities not limited to the strategies referenced above. This approach incorporates our international relationships and expertise across capital structures, industries and geographies and benefits from our dedicated and experienced industry specialists and private investment teams operating out of New York, London, Hong Kong, Bangalore, Tokyo, and Beijing.
We allocate capital among investment strategies on an opportunistic basis, meaning that we retain flexibility to invest in what we deem to be the most attractive opportunities at a given time, within the bounds of our overall investment philosophy and risk management process. In all of our strategies, our investment approach is defined by certain common elements:
| Disciplined investment and risk management process. Our investment process is based on fundamental research to support our understanding of the relationship between profit potential and risk. Our risk management process embraces both quantitative and qualitative analyses and is implemented at both the individual position and total portfolio levels. |
| Active management. We take an active, hands-on approach to identifying and managing our investments, using experienced in-house investment and risk control teams. |
| Focus on fundamentals. We approach investments in each of our strategies by focusing on the fundamental drivers of potential investment risk and return. We employ a disciplined investment process to evaluate the risk-adjusted return on capital from both new and incremental investments. |
| Preservation of capital. We believe that the preservation of capital is essential to our fund investors. Accordingly, we focus on ways to minimize downside risk in each of our strategies. We use sophisticated risk analysis and active portfolio management in an effort to limit our funds exposure to global market, economic and other risks across all of our strategies. |
| Synergies among our strategies. We believe the consistent interaction among the professionals across our strategies allows us to capitalize on attractive investment opportunities wherever they arise. Our funds invest across a broad range of asset classes and geographies, which enables us to develop investment themes and perspectives ranging from broad macro analysis to deep sector and company-specific knowledge. The investment professionals implementing our various strategies have broad-ranging skill sets, with expertise specific to each strategy. Our culture encourages our investment professionals to share information, expertise and investment and risk analysis methodologies across our strategies. |
Risk Management Principles and Practices
Our risk management principles and practices are a key element of our daily investment process and are implemented at both the individual position and total portfolio levels. We focus significant attention on these principles and practices, which embrace both quantitative and qualitative analyses intended to monitor financial risk and to preserve capital. For example, we may hedge credit risk, interest rate risk, currency risk and market exposures, engage in risk-driven portfolio diversification, and review and monitor industry exposures.
Our risk management processes are overseen by our Risk Committee. The Risk Committee meets regularly to review, among other information, data on risk exposure, including the results of stress-testing our portfolios under numerous scenarios, and the reasons underlying the past and expected results of our funds. The Risk Committee also discusses other general risks, including, but not limited to, global economic risks, geopolitical risks, counterparty risks and operational risks.
Our portfolio managers meet with our analysts daily to review inherent risks associated with positions in each portfolio. In our event-driven strategies, positions are generally hedged to limit losses in a downside scenario to 1% to 2% of net asset value. In our convertible strategies, which are principally volatility strategies, we employ advanced risk
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systems, among other measures, to monitor risk. There can be no assurances that appropriate hedges will be available or in place to successfully limit losses. In addition, we conduct daily reconciliations of our portfolios positions, market values and cash balances through a centralized financial controls system and team in New York.
Investment Performance
We believe one of the principal drivers of our ability to increase assets under management is the investment performance of our funds. We believe our historical ability to generate consistent positive returns with low leverage and low levels of volatility relative to the broader capital markets, and ability to preserve fund capital when markets decline, are hallmarks of our investment approach and key points of competitive differentiation for us.
The historical and potential future returns of the funds we manage are not directly linked to returns on our Class A Shares; therefore, superior investment performance of the funds we manage may not necessarily correspond to positive returns on an investment in our Class A Shares. Poor performance of the funds that we manage, however, would cause a decline in our revenue from such funds, which would have a negative effect on both our performance and on returns on an investment in our Class A Shares. An investment in our Class A Shares is not an investment in any of the Och-Ziff funds.
Moreover, with respect to the historical returns of our funds, our funds returns reflect investment opportunities and general global economic and market conditions that may not repeat themselves, and the rates of return reflect our historical cost structure, which may vary in the future due to factors beyond our control, including changes in applicable law. See Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our FundsThe historical returns attributable to our funds should not be considered as indicative of the future results of our funds or of our future results or of any returns expected on an investment in our Class A Shares.
The following table sets forth, as of December 31, 2008, the net annualized return, volatility, Sharpe Ratio and correlation to the S&P 500 Index of our flagship global multi-strategy fund, OZ Master Fund. Performance for OZ Master Fund is provided for illustrative purposes only. The OZ Master Fund includes every strategy and geography in which the Och-Ziff funds invest and constituted approximately 61% of our assets under management as of December 31, 2008. Our other funds implement geographical or strategy focused investment programs. The performance metrics for our other funds vary from those of OZ Master Fund, and such variance may be material. The performance reflected in the table below is not necessarily indicative of the future results of OZ Master Fund. There can be no assurance that any Och-Ziff fund will achieve comparable results.
1 Year | 3 Years | 5 Years | Strategy Inception |
|||||||||
Net Annualized Return |
||||||||||||
OZ Master Fund(a) |
-15.9 | % | 2.5 | % | 5.4 | % | 14.0 | % | ||||
S&P 500 Index(b) |
-37.0 | % | -8.4 | % | -2.2 | % | 6.9 | % | ||||
Correlation of OZ Master Fund to S&P 500 Index(c) |
0.78 | 0.81 | 0.78 | 0.55 | ||||||||
Volatility(d) |
||||||||||||
Master Fund Standard Deviation (Annualized) |
8.5 | 6.7 | 5.7 | 5.8 | ||||||||
S&P 500 Index Standard Deviation (Annualized) |
21.0 | 15.3 | 12.9 | 15.0 | ||||||||
Sharpe Ratio(e) |
||||||||||||
OZ Master Fund |
(2.18 | ) | (0.30 | ) | 0.30 | 1.66 | ||||||
S&P 500 Index |
(1.88 | ) | (0.84 | ) | (0.46 | ) | 0.16 |
(a) | Total net return for the OZ Master Fund represents a composite of the average return of the feeder funds that comprise the OZ Master Fund. Returns are presented on a total return basis, net of all fees and expenses (except incentive income on certain unrealized private investments that could reduce returns on these investments at the time of realization), and include the reinvestment of all dividends and income. Performance includes realized and unrealized gains and losses attributable to certain private and initial public offering investments |
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that are not allocated to all investors in the OZ Master Fund. Investors that do not participate in such investments or that pay different fees may experience materially different returns. Past performance is no guarantee of future results. For the period from 1994 through 1997, performance represents the performance of Och-Ziff Capital Management, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership that was managed by Daniel Och following an investment strategy that is substantially similar to that of the OZ Master Fund. In addition, during this period, performance was calculated by deducting management fees on a quarterly basis and incentive income on a monthly basis. Beginning January 1998, performance has been calculated by deducting both management fees and incentive income on a monthly basis from the composite returns of the OZ Master Fund. |
(b) | Readers should not assume that there is any material overlap between those securities in the portfolio of the OZ Master Fund and those that comprise the S&P 500 Index. It is not possible to invest directly in the S&P 500 Index. Returns of the S&P 500 Index have not been reduced by fees and expenses associated with investing in securities and include the reinvestment of dividends. The S&P 500 Index is an equity index owned and maintained by Standard & Poors, a division of McGraw-Hill, whose value is calculated as the free float-weighted average of the share prices of 500 large-cap corporations listed on the NYSE and Nasdaq. The comparison of S&P 500 Index performance relative to the OZ Master Funds performance should not be considered an indication of how the OZ Master Fund will perform relative to the S&P 500 Index in the future. |
(c) | Correlation to the returns of the S&P 500 Index represents a statistical measure of the degree to which the return of one portfolio is correlated to the return of another. It is expressed as a factor that ranges from -1.0 (perfectly inversely correlated) to +1.0 (perfectly positively correlated). |
(d) | Standard deviation is a statistical measure of the degree to which an individual value in a distribution tends to vary from the mean of the distribution. |
(e) | Sharpe Ratio represents a measure of the investment returns as adjusted for risk. The Sharpe Ratio is calculated by subtracting a risk-free rate from the composite returns, and dividing that amount by the standard deviation of the returns. A higher Sharpe Ratio indicates a portfolio that generates a return that is higher than would be expected for the level of risk in the portfolio as compared to the risk-free rate. The risk-free rate is one-month LIBOR. |
Assets Under Management
Our business and its operations have been financed primarily by cash flows generated by our operations. Our primary sources of revenues are management fees and incentive income. Management fees are based on assets under management. Incentive income, which is primarily earned on an annual basis, is based on profits that we generate for investors in the funds that we manage. Accordingly, for any given fiscal period our revenues will be heavily influenced by the combination of assets under management and the investment performance of our funds. The investment performance of our funds is pivotal to the long-term success of our business. To increase assets under management, our funds must attract new and maintain existing investment capital and realize gains that they can reinvest, all of which are dependent upon the performance of our funds.
Assets under management refers to the assets we manage, which equals the sum of net asset value (which we refer to as NAV, and which we define, with respect to any of our funds, accounts or portfolios as of any given date, as the assets minus liabilities of such fund, account or portfolio) and unfunded capital commitments of our private investment funds and our managed accounts. Our definition of assets under management is not based on any definition of assets under management that is set forth in the agreements governing the investment funds that we manage. Assets under management presented in this annual report include assets under management and investments in our funds by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties with respect to which, prior to our initial public offering, or IPO, we have not charged management fees or received incentive income. For periods following the IPO, however, we charge management fees and receive incentive income on new investments made by our partners in our funds (including the investment of the after-tax proceeds of the IPO and sale of shares to DIC Sahir, as defined below) other than investments made with distributions from deferred balances (as discussed below in Industry Overview).
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Our assets under management have grown from approximately $5.8 billion as of December 31, 2002 to approximately $27.0 billion as of December 31, 2008, representing a 29% compound annual growth rate. Assets under management declined from $33.4 billion as of December 31, 2007 to $27.0 billion as of December 31, 2008. This 19% annual decline was driven by performance-related depreciation of approximately $5.7 billion and net capital outflows of approximately $722 million, experienced primarily after August 2008 following a sharp acceleration of the global financial crisis that is continuing to date. Assets under management as of March 1, 2009 were $22.3 billion, a decrease of $4.7 billion from December 31, 2008 experienced mainly as a result of redemptions of $5.2 billion (net of capital inflows) from January 1, 2009 through March 1, 2009. We believe these redemptions were investors response to the continuing global financial crisis. As a result of these conditions, which may continue beyond 2009, we believe our growth rate for at least the near term to be lower than historic levels. We believe, however, that our long-standing business model, other competitive strengths and growth strategy will enable us to achieve future growth over the long term. See Item 7. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsBusiness Overview and Item 7. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsFactors Affecting Our Business.
Our Growth Strategy
Our principal focus is to create long-term value for our fund investors, primarily by generating positive, risk-adjusted returns and developing new, carefully-considered investment opportunities for our fund investors. We believe this philosophy will benefit our Class A shareholders over time. As we extend our track record of performance and grow and broaden our investment platforms and fund investor base, we expect to increase our assets under management and related earnings commensurately, subject to general global and economic conditions. Some of the specific components of our growth strategy include the continued expansion of our private investment platforms and the identification of new, complementary investment strategies, opportunities and distribution channels across the globe.
Our Structure
Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC
We are a publicly-traded holding company, and our primary assets are our ownership interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities, which we hold indirectly through two intermediate holding companies, Och-Ziff Corp and Och-Ziff Holding. We conduct substantially all of our business through the Och-Ziff Operating Group.
Initial Public Offering and Private Offering
In November 2007, we completed our IPO of 36 million Class A Shares and a private offering of approximately 38.1 million Class A Shares to DIC Sahir, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dubai International Capital LLC. We refer to the IPO and the private share sale to DIC Sahir collectively as the Offerings. The Offerings strengthened our brand visibility globally, while also providing us with the added capital to pursue growth opportunities. Our founding owners, including Daniel Och, reinvested substantially all of their $1.6 billion in after-tax proceeds from the Offerings into the Global Special Investments Master Fund, the primary vehicle by which we expect to grow our private investments business.
Reorganization
Prior to the Offerings, we completed a reorganization of our business, which we refer to as the Reorganization, whereby the ownership interests of our founding owners in the Och-Ziff Operating Group and the real estate management business were transferred to us. As part of the Reorganization, interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group held by our founding owners were reclassified as Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. The Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units not sold by our founding owners to us as part of our IPO, as described below, continue to be held by our founding owners and are exchangeable for our Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis, subject to vesting and other requirements, transfer and other restrictions and certain adjustments.
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We used the net proceeds from the Offerings to acquire a 19.2% interest in the Och-Ziff Operating Group in the form of Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units. The Och-Ziff Operating Group then used the proceeds to acquire from our founding owners Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units representing the 19.2% interest in the Och-Ziff Operating Group, which units were subsequently canceled. The Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units together with Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, which we refer to as Och-Ziff Operating Group Equity Units, represent all of the equity interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group.
Prior to the Reorganization, income allocations to our founding partners, other than Mr. Och, and to the Ziffs were recorded as expenses within allocations to non-equity partner interests and profit sharing, respectively, in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. For periods following the Reorganization, allocations to Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units are recorded within partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries in the consolidated and combined statements of operations, as these are equity interests held directly in the Och-Ziff Operating Group.
Class A Shares. Class A Shares represent limited liability company interests in our Company. The holders of Class A Shares are entitled to one vote per share held of record on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders and, as of December 31, 2008, represent 21.4% of our total combined voting power. The holders of Class A Shares are entitled to any distribution declared by our Board of Directors out of funds legally available therefore, subject to any statutory or contractual restrictions on the payment of distributions and to any restrictions on the payment of distributions imposed by the terms of any outstanding preferred shares. Additional Class A Shares are issuable upon exchange of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units by our founding owners, as described below, and upon vesting of equity awards granted in connection with and after our IPO under our Amended and Restated 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, which we refer to as the Plan.
Class B Shares. Class B Shares have no economic rights but entitle the holders of record to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of our shareholders. As of December 31, 2008, the Class B Shares represent 78.6% of our total combined voting power. The Class B Shares are not expected to be registered for public sale or listed on any securities exchange and are generally transferable by a holder in connection with a transfer of such holders Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. The Class B Shares currently are held solely by our founding partners and are intended solely to provide our partners with a voting interest in Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC commensurate with their economic interest in our business. Our partners have granted an irrevocable proxy to vote all of their Class B Shares to the Class B Shareholder Committee, the sole member of which is currently Mr. Och, as it may determine in its sole discretion. This proxy will terminate upon the later of (i) Mr. Ochs withdrawal, death or disability, or (ii) such time as our partners hold less than 40% of our total combined voting power. As a result, Mr. Och is currently able to control all matters requiring the approval of our shareholders. The Ziffs do not hold any of our Class B Shares.
Och-Ziff Operating Group Entities
We conduct all of our material business activities through the Och-Ziff Operating Group. Historically, we have used more than one Och-Ziff Operating Group entity to segregate operations for business, financial, tax and other reasons. We may increase or decrease the number of our Och-Ziff Operating Group entities and intermediate holding companies based on our views as to the appropriate balance between administrative convenience and continued business, financial, tax and other considerations.
The Och-Ziff Operating Group currently consists of OZ Management, OZ Advisors I and OZ Advisors II. All of our interests in OZ Management and OZ Advisors I are held through Och-Ziff Corp. All of our interests in OZ Advisors II are held through Och-Ziff Holding. Each intermediate holding company is the sole general partner of the applicable Och-Ziff Operating Group entity and, therefore, generally controls the business and affairs of such entity.
Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. As part of the Reorganization, each founding partners interest in an Och-Ziff Operating Group entity was reclassified as a Class A operating group unit, which represents a common equity interest in the respective Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. The Ziffs interest in our business was also
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reclassified as Class A operating group units representing an approximately 10% interest in the common equity of each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity immediately prior to the IPO, which proportionately reduced each partners common equity interest in the respective Och-Ziff Operating Group entity.
One Class A operating group unit in each of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities represents one Och-Ziff Operating Group A Unit. Our founding owners continue to own 100% of the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, which, as of December 31, 2008, represent an 80.3% ownership interest in the Och-Ziff Operating Group. Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units are exchangeable for our Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis, subject to certain exchange rate adjustments for splits, unit distributions and reclassifications and generally subject to ratable annual vesting through 2012, minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions.
Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units. We contributed our proceeds from the IPO and the sale of Class A Shares to DIC Sahir to our intermediate holding companies, which in turn contributed such proceeds to each of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities in exchange for Class B operating group units in each such entity. Each intermediate holding company holds a general partner interest and Class B operating group units in each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity that it controls. Och-Ziff Corp holds 100% of the Class B operating group units in each of OZ Management and OZ Advisors I, and Och-Ziff Holding holds 100% of the Class B operating group units in OZ Advisors II. One Class B operating group unit in each of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities represents one Och-Ziff Operating Group B Unit. Our intermediate holding companies continue to own 100% of the Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units, which, as of December 31, 2008, represent a 19.7% ownership interest in the Och-Ziff Operating Group. The Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units are economically identical to the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by our founding owners and represent common equity interests in our business, but are not exchangeable for Class A Shares and are not subject to vesting, forfeiture or minimum retained ownership requirements.
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The diagram below depicts our organizational structure as of December 31, 2008(1):
(1) | This diagram does not give effect to approximately 15,075,965 Class A restricted share units that were granted as of December 31, 2008 to our managing directors, other employees, and the independent members of our Board of Directors. Giving effect to the settlement of the 15,075,965 Class A restricted share units (assuming such units vest and are settled in Class A Shares), (i) our founding owners would hold 77.3% of the equity in our business and 75.4% of our total combined voting power, excluding the 1,146,101 Class A Shares, or 0.3% of our total combined voting power, purchased as of December 31, 2008 by Mr. Och in the open market pursuant to a plan adopted by Mr. Och on November 12, 2008, which is intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act (see note (3) below), (ii) DIC Sahir would hold indirectly 9.5% of the equity in our business and 10.3% of our total combined voting power and (iii) public shareholders would hold indirectly 9.5% of the equity in our business and 10.3% of our total combined voting power. Because the Ziffs do not hold any Class B Shares, the percentage of our total combined voting power held by the other founding owners, public shareholders and DIC Sahir will exceed their respective ownership percentages of the equity in our business. |
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(2) | Our founding owners include Mr. Och, the other founding partners and the Ziffs, who hold Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units and, in the case of Mr. Och also Class A Shares (see note (3) below), representing 39.8%, 32.8% and 8.0%, respectively, of the equity in our business (or 38.3%, 31.6% and 7.7%, respectively, assuming the vesting and settlement in Class A Shares of the 15,075,965 Class A restricted share units outstanding as of December 31, 2008). Our partners also hold Class C Non-Equity Interests as described below in note (5) below. |
(3) | Mr. Och holds Class B Shares representing 42.9% of the voting power of our Company and the other founding partners hold Class B Shares representing 35.7% of the voting power of our Company (or 41.2% and 34.2%, respectively, assuming the vesting and settlement in Class A Shares of the 15,075,965 Class A restricted share units granted as of December 31, 2008). In addition, Mr. Och controls an additional 0.3% of the combined voting power of our Class A Shares and Class B Shares through his direct ownership of 1,146,101 Class A Shares purchased as of December 31, 2008 in the open market pursuant to a plan adopted by Mr. Och on November 12, 2008, which is intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act. Our partners have granted an irrevocable proxy to vote all of their Class B Shares to the Class B Shareholder Committee, the sole member of which is currently Mr. Och, as it may determine in its sole discretion. The Ziffs do not hold any of our Class B Shares and, therefore, will not have any voting power in our Company unless they exchange their Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units into Class A Shares. |
(4) | The Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units and the Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units together represent all of the common equity interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities, and are referred to collectively as the Och-Ziff Operating Group Equity Units. The Och-Ziff Operating Group Equity Units have no preference or priority over other securities of the Och-Ziff Operating Group and, upon liquidation, dissolution or winding up, will be entitled to any assets remaining after payment of all debts and liabilities of the Och-Ziff Operating Group. |
(5) | The Class C non-equity interests, which we refer to as the Class C Non-Equity Interests, represent non-equity interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities. No holder of Class C Non-Equity Interests will have any right to receive distributions on such interests. Our founding partners hold all of the Class C Non-Equity Interests, which may be used for discretionary income allocations, if any, in the future. |
Industry Overview
The asset management business involves managing investments on behalf of third parties in exchange for contracted fees and other income. The industry manages trillions of dollars of assets, and can be broadly divided into two categories: traditional asset management, such as large mutual funds and separate account managers, and alternative asset management, such as hedge funds and private equity funds.
Alternative Asset Management / Hedge Funds
Alternative asset management, in general, involves a variety of investment strategies where the common element is the managers goal of delivering, within certain risk parameters, investment performance that is typically measured on an absolute return basis, meaning that performance is measured not by how well a fund performs relative to a benchmark index, but by how well the fund performs in absolute terms. These managers typically run pooled investment vehicles that are not subject to the investment limitations of traditional mutual funds and separate account managers. The investment vehicles managed by alternative asset managers may employ a wide variety of investment strategies. Alternative asset managers strive to produce investment returns that have a lower correlation to the broader market than do traditional asset management strategies. Alternative asset managers typically earn management fees based on the value of the investments they manage and earn incentive income based on the performance of such investments. Alternative investment funds are typically exempt from registration with regulatory authorities. Advisers of such funds in the U.S. may or may not be registered with the SEC under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, which we refer to as the Advisers Act. Investment vehicles employing alternative investment strategies are commonly referred to as hedge funds, among other things.
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The term hedge funds generally refers to privately held and unregistered collective investment vehicles. Because they are not subject to the investment limitations imposed by the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended, which we refer to as the 1940 Act, hedge funds differ from traditional investment vehicles, such as mutual funds, by the strategies they employ and the asset classes in which they invest. Asset classes in which hedge funds may invest are very broad and include liquid and illiquid securities, derivative instruments, asset-backed securities and a variety of other non-traditional assets, such as distressed securities and infrastructure investments, among others.
The increasing demand for hedge fund products by institutional investors was one of the main drivers of the hedge fund industrys historical growth. Institutional demand was driven by several factors, including the pursuit of higher returns compared to those generated by traditional equity and fixed income strategies, and the desire to diversify investment portfolios by investing in assets with low correlation to traditional asset classes or equity indices, and an increased level of comfort with hedge fund investments as the industry continues to mature. Alternative investment strategies still account for a relatively small portion of all institutional assets, signifying potential opportunity for future growth. The table below presents the cumulative capital allocated to the hedge fund industry historically.
During 2008 and continuing into 2009, the global financial crisis accelerated and deepened, and continues to date. Hedge funds and other alternative asset managers generally experienced declines in assets under management as a result of both redemptions and investment performance-related depreciation. As a result, hedge fund assets under management declined in 2008 and the industry continues to experience ongoing contraction and consolidation.
Historical Hedge Fund Assets Under Management
(dollars in billions as of December 31)
Source: Hedge Fund Research
Historically, we have achieved or exceeded the historical growth rates in assets under management for hedge funds generally. Since 2002 and through December 31, 2008, our compound annual growth rate was approximately 29%, compared to the industrys compound annual growth rate of 14%.
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Our Total Historical Assets Under Management(1)
(dollars in billions as of December 31)
(1) | Includes assets under management relating to deferred balances, which are made up of deferred incentive income receivables from our offshore funds, and investments in our funds by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties. As of December 31, 2008, approximately 9% of our assets under management represent investments by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties in our funds and deferred balances payable by our funds to OZ Management. As of such date, approximately 43% of these affiliated assets under management were not charged management fees and incentive income as they relate to pre-IPO investments. Prior to the IPO, we did not charge management fees and incentive income on investments made by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties. On and after the date of our IPO, we began charging management fees and are receiving incentive income on new investments made by our partners and certain other affiliated parties in our funds, including the reinvestment of the proceeds from our IPO and sale of shares to DIC Sahir, but excluding investments made with distributions of deferred balances. |
Our assets under management as of March 1, 2009 were $22.3 billion, a decrease of $4.7 from December 31, 2008 experienced mainly as a result of redemptions of $5.2 billion (net of capital inflows) from January 1, 2009 through March 1, 2009. For a further discussion of our assets under management and funds performance, see Item 7. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsAssets Under Management and Fund Performance.
Competition
We compete with many other firms in all aspects of our business, including raising funds, seeking investment opportunities and hiring and retaining professionals, and we expect our business will continue to be highly competitive. The hedge fund industry is currently undergoing contraction and consolidation, reducing the number of industry participants and generally resulting in the larger firms being better positioned to retain and gain market share. We compete in the United States and globally for investment opportunities, investor capital and talent. We face competitors that are larger than we are and have greater financial, technical and marketing resources. Certain of these competitors continue to raise additional amounts of capital to pursue investment strategies that may be similar to ours. Some of these competitors may also have access to liquidity sources that are not available to us, which may pose challenges for us with respect to investment opportunities. In addition, some of these competitors may have higher risk tolerances or make different risk assessments than we do, allowing them to consider a wider variety of investments and establish broader networks of business relationships. Our competitive position depends on our reputation, our
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investment performance and processes, the breadth of our business platform and our ability to continue to attract and retain qualified employees while managing compensation and other costs. For additional information regarding the competitive risks that we face, see Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our BusinessCompetitive pressures in the asset management business could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Our Fund Investors
As of March 1, 2009, we managed approximately $22.3 billion of assets for approximately 700 fund investors. Our funds have a diverse and sophisticated investor base, including many of the largest pension and profit-sharing funds, foundations, fund-of-funds, university endowments and financial institutions. Over our 15-year history we have developed long-standing relationships with many of the worlds largest institutional investors. Many of our investors are invested in more than one of our funds and have invested in our new funds at or near their launch dates. A significant portion of the capital we have raised to seed new funds has come from existing investors. No single investor in our funds, however, accounts for more than 3% of our assets under management as of March 1, 2009, and the top five fund investors accounted for approximately 12% of assets under management. As of March 1, 2009, approximately 9% of our assets under management represent investments by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties in our funds and deferred balances payable by our funds to OZ Management. As of such date, approximately 43% of these affiliated assets under management were not charged management fees and incentive income as they relate to pre-IPO investments and deferred balances.
Our Fund Structure
Our funds are typically organized using a master-feeder structure. This structure is commonly used in the hedge fund industry and calls for the establishment of one or more U.S. or non-U.S. feeder funds, which are managed by us but are separate legal entities and have different structures and operations designed for distinct groups of investors. These feeder funds hold direct or indirect interests in a master fund that is the primary investment vehicle for its feeder funds. Fund investors, including our partners, managing directors and other employees, invest directly into our feeder funds, which in turn invest in our master funds. Unlike private equity funds in which investors make capital commitments that are funded over a period of time, our fund investors generally fund their investment in a single lump-sum payment made at the outset of their investment. Our partners, managing directors and other employees fund their investments through the use of their own capital.
We have established various master funds, most of which are focused on a specific investment strategy or geographic region. Our flagship fund, the OZ Master Fund, is a global multi-strategy fund that participates in all of our investment strategies and all of the geographies in which we invest. Our master funds are managed by the Och-Ziff Operating Group. Any of our existing or future funds may invest using any alternative structure that is deemed useful or appropriate.
We have entered into agreements with each of our funds (other than our real estate funds) pursuant to which one or more of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities act as general partner or investment manager of each fund. The management and other offering and formation documents of our funds are substantially similar in form. The following describes the material economic terms of such agreements:
| Investors are able to invest in our funds as frequently as monthly. |
| Management fees from our funds range from 1.5% to 2.5% annually of the funds assets under management. Management fees are generally paid to us on a quarterly basis, in advance, based on the applicable funds net asset value at the beginning of the quarter. |
| Incentive income generally consists of 20% of a funds profits attributable to each investor, both realized and unrealized, calculated based on the fair value of the funds assets attributable to such investor and excluding unrealized profits on certain private investments. Incentive income is only earned if the profits attributable to an investor exceed losses, if any, attributable to such investor during the prior year, which we refer to as a high-water mark. Incentive income is calculated and distributed to us annually based on the funds |
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performance during the period, other than incentive income earned as a result of fund investor redemptions during interim periods. |
| Investors are initially subject to a lock-up of one to three years, with annual or quarterly liquidity opportunities thereafter, and have the right to redeem their interest in a fund in accordance with the terms of the funds organizational documents, which may include the right to redeem during the lock-up period subject to payment or any applicable fees. |
Our agreements with our funds also generally provide that we will not be liable to our funds or fund investors for actions taken with respect to the funds, provided that we reasonably believed such course of action to be in the best interests of the fund and that the action did not result from our negligence or dishonesty. Additionally, such agreements provide that our funds will indemnify us for any losses and expenses suffered in connection with our management of the funds, provided that any such losses or expenses did not result from our negligence or dishonesty.
Employees
As of December 31, 2008, we had 412 personnel (including 62 in the United Kingdom and 64 in Asia), with 150 investment professionals (including 36 in the United Kingdom and 40 in Asia).
Regulatory Matters
Our business is subject to extensive regulation, including periodic examinations, by governmental and self-regulatory organizations in the jurisdictions in which we operate around the world. The SEC regulates our activities as a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. We are also subject to regulation under the Exchange Act, the Securities Act and various other statutes. In addition, we are subject to regulation by the Department of Labor under the U.S. Employee Retirement Income Security Act of 1974, which we refer to as ERISA. In the United Kingdom, we are subject to regulation by the U.K. Financial Services Authority. Our Asian operations, and our investment activities around the globe, are subject to a variety of regulatory regimes that vary country by country, including the Financial Services Agency in Japan, the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong and the Securities and Exchange Board of India. Currently, governmental authorities in the U.S. and in the other countries in which we operate have proposed additional disclosure requirements and regulation of hedge funds and other alternative asset managers. For example, recent rulemaking by the SEC and other regulatory authorities outside the United States has imposed trading and reporting requirements on short selling, which could adversely affect trading opportunities, including hedging opportunities, for our funds. See Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our BusinessExtensive regulation of our business affects our activities and creates the potential for significant liabilities and penalties. Our reputation, business and operations could be materially affected by regulatory issues and Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Relating to Our BusinessIncreased regulatory focus could result in additional burdens on our business.
Global Compliance Program
We have implemented a global compliance program to address the legal and regulatory requirements that apply to our company-wide operations. We registered as an investment adviser with the SEC in 1999. Since that time our affiliated companies have registered with the U.K. Financial Services Authority, Japans Financial Services Agency, the Hong Kong Securities and Futures Commission and the Securities and Exchange Board of India. We have structured our global compliance program to address the requirements of each of these regulators as well as the requirements necessary to support our global securities trading operations. Our compliance program includes comprehensive policies and supervisory procedures implemented to monitor compliance. All employees attend mandatory compliance training programs to remain informed of our policies related to matters such as the handling of material non-public information and employee securities trading. In addition to a strong internal compliance function, we have strong relationships with a global network of local attorneys specializing in compliance matters to help us quickly identify and address compliance issues as they arise.
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Our Executive Officers
Set forth below is certain information regarding our executive officers, as of March 1, 2009.
Daniel S. Och, 48, is our founder, the Chief Executive Officer, an Executive Managing Director and the Chairman of our Board of Directors. Mr. Och joined the Board in connection with our IPO. He is also the Companys Chief Investment Officer and an officer and/or director of each of our indirect foreign operating subsidiaries, Och-Ziff Management Europe Limited, Och-Ziff Capital Management Hong Kong Limited, Och-Ziff Consulting (Beijing) Company Limited, Och-Ziff Japan Limited and Och-Ziff India Private Limited as well as Chief Executive Officer and an executive managing director at each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. Prior to founding Och-Ziff in 1994, Mr. Och spent eleven years at Goldman, Sachs & Co., where he was a Vice President. Mr. Och began his career at Goldman, Sachs & Co. in the Risk Arbitrage Department and was later Head of Proprietary Trading in the Equities Division and Co-Head of U.S. Equities Trading. Mr. Och has a B.S. in Finance from the Wharton School of the University of Pennsylvania.
Joel M. Frank, 53, is our Chief Financial Officer, an Executive Managing Director and a member of our Board of Directors. Mr. Frank joined the Board in connection with our IPO. Mr. Frank is also the Finance Officer for Och-Ziff Management Europe Limited, a director of Och-Ziff India Private Limited and Och-Ziff Consulting (Beijing) Company Limited as well as Chief Financial Officer and an executive managing director at each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. Prior to joining Och-Ziff at its inception in 1994, Mr. Frank spent six years at Rho Management Company, Inc. as its Chief Financial Officer. Mr. Frank was previously with Manufacturers Hanover Investment Corporation from 1983 to 1988 as Vice President and Chief Financial Officer, and was with Manufacturers Hanover Trust from 1977 to 1983. Mr. Frank holds a B.B.A. in Accounting from Hofstra University and an M.B.A. in Finance from Fordham University. Mr. Frank is a C.P.A. certified in the State of New York.
David Windreich, 51, is an Executive Managing Director and a member of our Board of Directors. Mr. Windreich joined the Board in connection with our IPO. Mr. Windreich is also the Head of U.S. Investing for Och-Ziff as well as an executive managing director at each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. Prior to joining Och-Ziff at its inception in 1994, Mr. Windreich was a Vice President in the Equity Derivatives Department at Goldman, Sachs & Co. Mr. Windreich became a Vice President in 1988 and began his career there in 1983. Mr. Windreich holds both a B.A. in Economics and an M.B.A. in Finance from the University of California, Los Angeles.
Michael L. Cohen, 37, is an Executive Managing Director, the Head of European Investing for Och-Ziff and a director of Och-Ziff Management Europe Limited as well as an executive managing director at each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. Mr. Cohen joined Och-Ziff in 1997 and helps manage our London office. Prior to joining us, Mr. Cohen served as an Equity Research Analyst at Franklin Mutual Advisory and as an Investment Banking Analyst at CS First Boston specializing in the financial services sector. Mr. Cohen holds a B.A. in Economics from Bowdoin College.
Zoltan Varga, 35, is an Executive Managing Director, the Head of Asian Investing for Och-Ziff and a director of Och-Ziff Consulting (Beijing) Company Limited as well as an executive managing director at each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. Mr. Varga joined Och-Ziff in 1998 and helps manage our Hong Kong office. Prior to joining Och-Ziff, Mr. Varga was an Analyst in the Mergers and Acquisitions Department at Goldman, Sachs & Co. Mr. Varga holds a B.A. in Economics from DePauw University.
Harold A. Kelly, 45, is an Executive Managing Director and the Head of Global Convertible and Derivative Arbitrage for Och-Ziff as well as an executive managing director at each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. Prior to joining Och-Ziff in 1995, Mr. Kelly had seven years of experience trading various financial instruments and held positions at Cargill Financial Services Corporation, Eagle Capital Management, Merrill Lynch International, Ltd. and Buchanan Partners, Ltd. Mr. Kelly earned his B.B.A. degree in Finance and also holds M.B.A. and Ph.D. degrees from The University of Georgia.
Jeffrey C. Blockinger, 39, is our Chief Legal Officer, Chief Compliance Officer and Secretary as well as a managing director at each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. Prior to joining Och-Ziff in April 2005, Mr. Blockinger
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was with Schulte, Roth and Zabel LLP from April 2003 to April 2005, Crowell & Moring LLP from January 2002 to April 2003 and Morgan, Lewis & Bockius LLP from September 1996 to January 2002. Mr. Blockinger earned a B.A. at Purdue University and holds a J.D. from the University of Miami School of Law. Mr. Blockinger is admitted to the bars of New York and the District of Columbia.
Item 1A. | Risk Factors |
Risks Related to Our Business
In the course of conducting our business operations, we are exposed to a variety of risks that are inherent to the alternative asset management business. A summary of some of the significant risks that have affected and could affect our competitive positioning, financial condition and results of operations is included below. Some of these risks are managed in accordance with the Companys established risk management policies and procedures, which are described in Item 1. BusinessOverviewRisk Management Principles and Practices.
Our business has been affected by the recent unprecedented conditions in the U.S. and global economies and in the capital markets worldwide. Record volatility, lack of liquidity and the resultant flight from equities to cash and cash equivalent holdings resulted in a substantial decline in value for virtually every asset class globally. The unique combination of these factors adversely affects our ability to consistently generate non-volatile investment performance, and to retain and attract new assets under management, which negatively impacts our financial condition and results of operations.
Conditions in the U.S. and global economies and in the capital markets worldwide have significantly deteriorated over the past 18 months, and a widening economic, financial and credit market crisis continues to contribute to unprecedented market turbulence, a lack of liquidity, rising mortgage default rates and substantial declines in the value of residential real estate and other asset classes. Write-downs and capital-related issues across all industries have resulted in the failures of multiple global financial institutions and other businesses, which have further negatively impacted the global economy. These factors continue to exacerbate adverse economic conditions globally, have heightened concerns about a prolonged global economic recession and have resulted in a significant loss of corporate and investor confidence. Furthermore, well-publicized scandals involving certain financial services firms have further eroded confidence in the global financial system. Although the U.S. and other governments have taken a number of significant steps to stem the crisis and improve economic and market conditions, such efforts to date have not brought sufficient stability or liquidity to the global financial markets or improved corporate and investor confidence. Global market conditions are rapidly changing and are inherently outside of our control and cannot be predicted. If these difficult conditions continue, they may further impact our investment performance and ability to retain and attract new assets under management, and may result in higher redemptions than what our funds have historically experienced. These factors may further reduce our revenues, Economic Income and the dividends we pay on our Class A Shares and may slow or reduce the long-term growth of our business. In particular, we may face the following heightened risks:
| Our funds investment performance may continue to be negatively impacted. Negative fund performance reduces assets under management, which decreases the management fees and incentive income we earn. Lower revenues result in lower Economic Income and therefore reduced dividends paid on our Class A Shares. |
| Incentive income, which historically has comprised a significant portion of our annual revenues, is contingent on our funds generating positive annual investment performance. Investors in our funds for the year ended December 31, 2008 generally experienced losses, resulting in a one-year high-water mark for such investors. Accordingly, our funds investment performance in 2009 will have to exceed those high-water marks in order for us to earn incentive income in 2009. As a result, we may not earn incentive income in 2009 for those funds. To the extent any of our funds continue to generate negative annual investment performance in 2009, we would not earn incentive income for that fund in 2009. Additionally, that fund would be subject to a high-water mark in 2010 which will reduce, and may eliminate, our ability to earn incentive income in that year for that fund. Failure to earn incentive income as a result of these high-water marks would adversely impact our financial condition and operations, including our ability to make distributions on our equity. |
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| In recent months, investors worldwide have reduced or eliminated their investments in many asset classes and maximized their cash or equivalent holdings as confidence in the global financial system has eroded significantly over the past several months, with investors reacting to reduced returns or losses on their capital investments, the lack of liquidity in the capital markets and a loss of confidence in the markets. These actions have resulted in increased redemptions for the asset management industry worldwide, including hedge funds. Redemption rates may stay elevated globally while market conditions remain unsettled. We are not immune to this trend and may see significant, additional redemptions from our funds, which would reduce our assets under management and, consequently, our revenues. Assets under management as of January 1, 2009 were $22.1 billion, which reflects redemptions for the month of December 2008 (net of January 1, 2009 capital inflows) of approximately $4.9 billion. By comparison, assets under management as of January 1, 2008 were $33.2 billion, which reflects redemptions for the month of December 2007 (net of January 1, 2008 capital inflows) of approximately $200 million. Our ability to attract new capital to our core funds or developing investment platforms may be limited until economic and market conditions improve and investors regain confidence in the global financial markets and in the alternative asset management industry. |
| Contraction and consolidation in the hedge fund industry is accelerating, as many hedge funds experience further substantial declines in investment performance, increased redemptions, or counterparty exposures which impair their businesses. Some of these funds have reduced or may reduce their fees or revise their fee structure in an attempt to avoid additional redemptions or otherwise remain competitive. We may need to consider similar actions to remain competitive, which could reduce our revenues. |
| Our industry has been and may continue to be subject to increased regulation and public scrutiny. Such additional regulation could increase our compliance costs or limit our ability to pursue investment opportunities. Recent rulemaking by the SEC and other regulatory authorities outside the United States has imposed trading and reporting requirements on short selling, which could adversely affect trading opportunities, including hedging opportunities, for our funds and disclosure of our hedging strategies. |
| Defaults by, or even rumors or questions about, the solvency of counterparties with which we execute transactions may increase our operational risks or transaction costs, which may result in lower investment performance by our funds. |
| A substantial portion of our compensation expense is in the form of annual bonuses to non-partner employees, which are variable and discretionary. In a typical year, the incentive income we earn funds a significant amount of the cash bonuses we pay. In 2008, our funds experienced losses and we did not earn any meaningful incentive income. In 2009, due to the presence of high-water marks, our ability to earn incentive income is reduced or may be eliminated and our ability to pay cash bonuses is reduced. This may affect our ability to retain and attract investment professionals and other personnel. |
| As of March 1, 2009, approximately 28% of our fund investor base was comprised of fund-of-funds. Fund-of-funds in general are under particular pressure as a result of the current conditions described above that are adversely impacting, among other things, investor confidence in such vehicles. Investors in many fund-of-funds have redeemed significant amounts of capital, which in turn has caused such entities to redeem capital invested in alternative asset managers. During the fourth quarter of 2008, a majority of our redemptions were from fund-of-funds. It is possible that, as a result of liquidity demands from their own investors, they may continue to seek to redeem additional capital from us. Material redemptions by this category of our fund investors could have an adverse impact on our business. |
The market price of our Class A Shares has experienced significant volatility and depreciation over the past year and may continue to be subject to wide fluctuations and further declines. In the event of future deterioration in business conditions, our Board may determine to take actions for the longer-term benefit of the Company, such as reducing or temporarily eliminating dividends on our Class A Shares or dividend equivalents on RSUs. If the prevailing economic, market and business conditions continue or worsen, we could experience continuing or increased adverse effects on our business, financial condition or results of operation.
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We are subject to counterparty default risks.
Our funds enter into numerous types of financing arrangements with a wide array of counterparties around the world, including loans, hedge contracts, swaps, repurchase agreements and other derivative and non-derivative contracts. The terms of these contracts are often customized and complex and many of these arrangements occur in markets or relate to products that are not currently subject to regulatory oversight. In particular, some of our funds utilize prime brokerage arrangements with a relatively limited number of counterparties, which has the effect of concentrating the transaction volume (and related counterparty default risk) of these funds with these counterparties.
Our funds are subject to the risk that the counterparty to one or more of these contracts defaults, either voluntarily or involuntarily, on its performance under the contract. Any such default may occur rapidly and without prior notice to us. Moreover, if a counterparty defaults, we may be unable to take action to cover our exposure, either because we lack the contractual ability or because market conditions make it difficult to take effective action. This inability could occur in times of market stress consistent with the current market conditions, which are precisely the times when defaults may be most like to occur.
In addition, our risk-management assessments may not accurately anticipate the impact of market stress or counterparty financial condition and, as a result, we may not take sufficient action to reduce our risks effectively. Although each of our funds regularly monitors its credit exposures, default risk may arise from events or circumstances that are difficult to detect, foresee or evaluate. In addition, concerns about, or a default by, one large participant could lead to significant liquidity problems for other participants, which may in turn expose us to significant losses.
In the event of a counterparty default, particularly a default by a major investment bank or other financial institution, one or more of our funds could incur material losses, and the resulting market impact of a major counterparty default could harm our business, results of operation and financial condition. In the event that one of our counterparties becomes insolvent or files for bankruptcy, our ability to eventually recover any losses suffered as a result of that counterpartys default may be limited by the liquidity of the counterparty or the applicable legal regime governing the bankruptcy proceeding.
The counterparty risks that we face have increased in complexity and magnitude as a result of the continued deterioration of conditions in the global financial markets and impairment or insolvency of a number of major financial institutions that serve as counterparties for derivative contracts and other financial instruments with our funds. The consolidation or elimination of counterparties may also result in concentration of counterparty risk. In addition, counterparties have generally reacted to the ongoing market volatility by tightening their underwriting standards and increasing their margin requirements for all categories of financing, which has the result of decreasing the overall amount of leverage available to our funds and increasing the costs of borrowing.
Because we are dependent on receiving cash from our funds, any loss suffered by a fund as a result of a counterparty default could also affect our investment performance and financial results.
Difficult global market, economic and geopolitical conditions adversely affect our business and cause significant fluctuations in equity and debt prices, interest rates, exchange rates, commodity prices and credit spreads. These factors materially adversely affect our business in many ways, including by reducing the value or performance of the investments made by our funds and by reducing the ability of our funds to raise or deploy capital, each of which would materially reduce our revenue and cash flow and materially adversely affect our financial condition.
If economic and market conditions continue to be unfavorable, our funds may not perform well and our funds may not be able to raise additional capital from fund investors. The success of our business is highly dependent upon conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions throughout the world that are outside of our control and difficult to predict. Factors such as interest rates, counterparty risks, availability of credit, inflation rates, economic uncertainty, changes in laws or regulation (including laws relating to taxation or regulation of the hedge fund industry), trade barriers, commodity prices, currency exchange rates and controls, and national and international
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political circumstances (including wars, terrorist acts or security operations) can have a material negative impact on the value of our funds portfolio investments or our general ability to conduct business, which in turn would reduce or even eliminate our revenues and profitability.
Unpredictable or unstable market conditions, including current market conditions, have resulted and may in the future result in reduced opportunities to find suitable risk-adjusted investments to deploy capital and make it more difficult to exit and realize value from our existing investments, which could materially adversely affect our ability to raise new funds and increase our assets under management. In addition, during such periods, financing and merger and acquisition activity may be greatly reduced, making it harder and more competitive for asset managers to find suitable event-driven opportunities. Also, during periods of adverse economic conditions or during a tightening of global credit markets, we may have difficulty obtaining funding for additional investments at attractive rates, which would further reduce our profitability.
If we fail to react appropriately to difficult market conditions, our funds could incur material losses. Recently, several hedge funds and other sophisticated financial institutions have failed to properly assess or effectively mitigate their exposure to adverse conditions in the global financial markets and the devaluation of most asset classes. We could suffer material adverse effects from these conditions, the overall tightening of global credit markets or other changes in market conditions or if we also fail to effectively mitigate our exposures to these market conditions.
Our business and financial condition may be adversely impacted by the highly variable nature of our revenue, net income and cash flow. Since we do not earn or record meaningful incentive income or accrue incentive compensation expense on a quarterly basis, our quarterly results are not expected to be indicative of our results for a full year, which may increase the volatility of the price of our Class A Shares.
Our revenue, net income and cash flow are all highly variable, primarily due to the fact that a substantial portion of our revenues historically has been and we expect will continue to be derived from incentive income from our funds, which is contingent on the funds annual investment performance. In addition, the investment return profiles of most of our funds can be volatile. We may also experience fluctuations in our results from quarter to quarter due to a number of other factors, including changes in the values of our funds investments, changes in the amount of distributions, dividends or interest paid in respect of investments, changes in our operating expenses, unexpected business developments and initiatives, the degree to which we encounter competition and general economic and market conditions, including but not limited to market volatility, declining asset values and lack of liquidity. Such variability and unpredictability may lead to volatility or declines in the trading price of our Class A Shares and cause our results for a particular period not to be indicative of our performance in a future period or particularly meaningful as a basis of comparison against results for a prior period. It may be difficult for us to achieve steady growth, or any growth at all, in net income and cash flow, which could in turn lead to significant adverse movements in the price of our Class A Shares or increased volatility in our Class A Share price generally.
The timing and receipt of incentive income generated by our funds is uncertain and will contribute to the volatility of our results. Given this uncertainty, we do not record incentive income on our interim financial statements other than incentive income earned as a result of investor redemptions during the period. Accordingly, our interim results are not indicative of the results we expect for a full year. In addition, incentive income depends on our funds performance and opportunities for realizing gains, which may be limited. We cannot predict when, or if, any realization of investments will occur. We recognize revenue on investments in our funds based on our allocable share of realized and unrealized gains (or losses) reported by such funds, and a decline in realized or unrealized gains, or an increase in realized or unrealized losses, would materially adversely affect our revenue, which could further increase the volatility of our quarterly results.
Our funds have high-water marks whereby, as a result of losses in the immediately preceding year, we do not earn incentive income during a particular year even though the fund had a positive return in such year. If a fund investor experiences losses in a given year, we will not be able to earn incentive income with respect to such investors investment in a fund in the following year until it surpasses the previous years high-water mark. The incentive
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income we earn is therefore dependent on the net asset value of each fund investors investment in the fund, which could lead to significant volatility in our results. See Risks Related to Our Business Our business has been affected by the recent unprecedented conditions in the U.S. and global capital markets. Record volatility, lack of liquidity and the resultant flight from equities to cash and cash equivalent holdings has resulted in a substantial decline in value for virtually every asset class globally. The unique combination of these factors adversely affects our ability to consistently generate non-volatile investment performance, and to retain and attract new assets under management, which negatively impacts our financial condition and results of operations.
Because our revenue, net income and cash flow can be highly variable from quarter to quarter and year to year, we generally do not provide any guidance regarding our expected quarterly and annual operating results. The lack of guidance may affect the expectations of public market analysts and may cause increased volatility in our Class A Share price.
Competitive pressures in the asset management business could adversely affect our business and results of operations.
Even as the hedge fund industry is currently undergoing contraction and consolidation, the asset management business remains intensely competitive, with competition based on a variety of factors, including investment performance, the quality of service provided to fund investors, brand recognition and business reputation. We compete for fund investors, investment professional talent and for investment opportunities with a number of hedge funds, private equity funds, specialized funds, traditional asset managers, commercial banks, investment banks and other financial institutions. A number of factors serve to increase our competitive risks:
| a number of our competitors have greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources and more personnel than we do; |
| several of our competitors have raised significant amounts of capital, and many of them have investment objectives that are similar to ours, which may create additional competition for investment opportunities and may reduce the size and duration of pricing inefficiencies that many alternative investment strategies seek to exploit; |
| some of our competitors have greater capital, lower targeted returns or greater sector or investment strategy specific expertise than we do, which creates competitive disadvantages with respect to certain investment opportunities; |
| some of our competitors may also have access to liquidity sources that are not available to us, which may create competitive disadvantages for us with respect to investment opportunities; |
| some of our competitors may have higher risk tolerances or different risk assessments which could allow them to consider a wider variety of investments and to bid more aggressively than us for investments that we may want to make; |
| despite the current market conditions, new competitors have entered into our business, including former star portfolio managers at large diversified financial institutions, major commercial and investment banks and other financial institutions; and |
| other industry participants will from time to time seek to recruit our investment professionals and other employees away from us. |
We may lose investment opportunities in the future if we do not match investment prices, structures and terms offered by competitors. Alternatively, we may experience decreased rates of return and increased risks of loss if we match investment prices, structures and terms offered by competitors. In addition, changes in the global capital markets could diminish the attractiveness of our funds relative to investments in other investment products. This competitive pressure could materially adversely affect our ability to make successful investments and limit our ability to raise future funds, either of which would materially adversely impact our business, revenue, results of operations and cash flow.
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If our absolute returns and the volatility of those returns do not meet the expectations of the investors in our funds, it will be difficult for our funds to raise capital and for us to grow our business. In addition, the allocation of increasing amounts of capital to alternative investment strategies over the long term by institutional and individual investors may lead to a reduction in profitable investment opportunities, including by driving prices for investments higher and increasing the difficulty of achieving consistent, positive returns. Competition for investors is based on a variety of factors, including:
| investment performance; |
| investor perception of investment managers ability, drive, focus and alignment of interest with them; |
| investor perception of robustness of business platform, investment and risk management processes; |
| quality of service provided to and duration of relationship with investors; |
| business reputation; and |
| level of fees and incentive income charged for services. |
If we are not able to successfully compete based on these and other factors, our assets under management, earnings and revenues may be reduced and our business may be materially adversely affected. Furthermore, if we are forced to compete with other alternative asset managers on the basis of price, we may not be able to maintain our current management fee and incentive income structures, which drive our revenue and earnings. We have historically competed for investors primarily on the investment performance of our funds, and not on the level of our fees or incentive income relative to those of our competitors. However, as the alternative asset management sector matures and addresses current market and competitive conditions, there is a risk that fees and incentive income will decline, without regard to the historical performance of a manager. Fee or incentive income reductions on existing or future funds, without corresponding increases in assets under management or decreases in our cost structure, could materially adversely affect our revenues and profitability.
Our business and financial condition may be adversely impacted by the loss of any of our key partners, particularly our founder Daniel Och.
The success of our business depends on the efforts, judgment and personal reputations of our key partners, particularly our founder, Daniel Och, and other members of our senior management team, including Joel Frank, David Windreich, Michael Cohen, Zoltan Varga and Harold Kelly. Our key partners reputations, expertise in investing and risk management, relationships with investors in our funds and third parties on whom our funds depend for investment opportunities and financing are each critical elements in operating and expanding our business. The loss of any of these individuals could harm our business and jeopardize our relationships with our fund investors and members of the business community. We believe our performance is highly correlated to the performance of these individuals. Accordingly, the retention of our key partners is crucial to our success, but none of them is obligated to remain actively involved with us. In addition, if any of our key partners were to join or form a competitor, some of our fund investors could choose to invest with that competitor rather than in our funds. The loss of the services of any of our key partners would have a material adverse effect on us, including our ability to retain and attract investors and raise new funds, and the performance of our funds. We do not carry any key man insurance that would provide us with proceeds in the event of the death or disability of any of our key partners.
Our ability to retain our professionals is critical to our success and our ability to grow depends on our ability to attract additional partners, managing directors and investment professionals.
Our most important asset is our employees, and our success is highly dependent upon the efforts of all of our partners, managing directors and investment professionals. Our future success and growth depend to a substantial degree on our ability to retain and motivate our partners and other key personnel and to strategically recruit, retain and motivate new talent, including new partners, managing directors and investment professionals. We may not be successful in our efforts to recruit, retain and motivate the required personnel as the market for qualified investment
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professionals is extremely competitive. In order to recruit and retain existing and future partners, we will need to maintain a flexible compensation program, including the ability to make cash income allocations to them and issue equity or other interests in our business including, without limitation, Class C Non-Equity Interests, with respect to which the Chairman of our Partner Management Committee, a committee of seven partners of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities (or, in the event there is no Chairman, the full Partner Management Committee by majority vote) in conjunction with the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors, will have the authority to declare distributions. To remain competitive in our ability to attract and retain qualified personnel, our total compensation and benefits expense could increase at a level that may adversely affect our profitability, and our cash available for distribution to the holders of the equity interests in our business, including our Class A shareholders, could be reduced. In addition, any issuances of equity interests in our business to current or future personnel would dilute Class A shareholders.
Our investment professionals possess substantial experience and expertise in investing, are responsible for locating and executing our funds investments, have significant relationships with the institutions that are the source of many of our funds investment opportunities, and in certain cases have strong relationships with our fund investors. Therefore, if our investment professionals join competitors or form competing companies it could result in the loss of significant investment opportunities and existing fund investor relationships. As a result, the loss of even a small number of our investment professionals could jeopardize the performance of our funds, which would have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.
Our operating group limited partnership agreements provide that the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by our partners are subject to vesting and forfeiture conditions. The Class A restricted share units that have been awarded to our managing directors and other employees are subject to certain vesting requirements. Further, all of our partners and managing directors are subject to certain restrictions with respect to competing with us, soliciting our employees and fund investors and disclosing confidential information about our business. These requirements and restrictions, however, lapse over time, may not be enforceable in all cases and can be waived by us at any time. There is no guarantee that these requirements and agreements or the forfeiture provisions of the Och-Ziff Operating Group limited partnership agreements or the agreements we have with our managing directors will prevent any of these professionals from leaving us, joining our competitors or otherwise competing with us. Any of these events could have a material adverse affect on our business.
Each of our funds has special withdrawal provisions pursuant to which the failure of Daniel Och to be actively involved in the business provides investors with the right to redeem from the funds. The loss of the services of Daniel Och would have a material adverse effect on each of our funds and on us.
Investors in each of our funds are generally given a one-time special redemption right (not subject to redemption fees) if Daniel Och dies or ceases to perform his duties with respect to the fund for 90 consecutive days or otherwise ceases to be involved in the activities of the Och-Ziff Operating Group. The death or inability of Mr. Och to perform his duties with respect to any of our funds for 90 consecutive days, or termination of Mr. Ochs involvement in the activities of the Och-Ziff Operating Group for any reason, could result in substantial redemption requests from investors in each of our funds. Any such event would have a direct material adverse effect on our revenues and earnings, and would likely harm our ability to maintain or grow assets under management in existing funds or raise additional funds in the future. Such withdrawals could lead possibly to a liquidation of our funds and a corresponding elimination of our management fees and potential to earn incentive income. The loss of Mr. Och could, therefore, ultimately result in a loss of substantially all of our revenues and earnings.
We have experienced both rapid growth and significant recent declines in assets under management. These events place significant demands on our administrative, operational and financial resources.
Our assets under management grew from approximately $5.8 billion as of December 31, 2002 to $33.4 billion as of December 31, 2007. Assets under management declined in 2008, particularly during the third and fourth quarters, to $27.0 billion as of December 31, 2008, due to fund investor redemptions and negative investment
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performance resulting from the unprecedented global economic and market conditions and related adverse conditions impacting us and other companies in the hedge fund industry. As of March 1, 2009, our assets under management further declined to $22.3 billion as these conditions continued.
Rapid changes in our assets under management can cause significant demands on our legal, accounting and operational infrastructure. The complexity of these demands, and the time and expense required to address them, is a function not simply of the amount by which our assets under management have changed, but of significant differences in the investing strategies employed within our funds. In addition, we are required to continuously develop our systems and infrastructure in response to the increasing sophistication of the investment management market and legal, accounting and regulatory developments.
Our future growth will depend on, among other things, our ability to maintain an operating platform and management system sufficient to address significant changes in our assets under management and relevant market conditions. Addressing these matters may require us to incur significant additional expenses and to commit additional senior management and operational resources, even if we are experiencing declines in assets under management. As a result, we face significant challenges:
| in maintaining adequate financial and business controls; |
| in implementing new or updated information and financial systems and procedures; and |
| in training, managing and appropriately sizing our work force and other components of our business on a timely and cost-effective basis. |
There can be no assurance that we will be able to manage our operations effectively or that we will be able to grow our business and assets under management, and any failure to do so could materially adversely affect our ability to generate revenue and control our expenses.
Operational risks may disrupt our business, result in losses or limit our operations and growth.
We rely heavily on our financial, accounting, trading and other data processing systems to, among other things, execute, confirm, settle and record transactions across markets and geographies in a time-sensitive, efficient and accurate manner. If any of these systems do not operate properly or are disabled, we could suffer financial loss, a disruption of our business, liability to our funds, regulatory intervention or reputational damage.
In addition, we operate a business that is highly dependent on information systems and technology. Our information systems and technology may not continue to be able to accommodate our operations and any future growth. Furthermore, the cost of maintaining such systems may increase from its current level. Such a failure to accommodate our operational needs, or an increase in costs related to such information systems, could have a material adverse effect on us.
We utilize our headquarters in New York City, where most of our personnel are located, for the continued operation of our business. We have taken precautions to limit the impact that a disruption to our New York headquarters could cause (for example, by ensuring our London office can operate independently of our other offices and establishing a SunGard hot site located in New Jersey, from which we could run our operations). Although these precautions have been taken, a disaster or a disruption in the infrastructure that supports our business, including a disruption involving electronic communications or other services used by us or third parties with whom we conduct business, or directly affecting our headquarters, could have a material adverse impact on our ability to continue to operate our business without interruption. Our disaster recovery programs may not be sufficient to mitigate the harm that may result from such a disaster or disruption. In addition, insurance and other safeguards might only partially reimburse us for our losses, if at all.
Finally, although we perform and back-up all key functions of our business, including portfolio valuation, internally, we rely on third-party service providers for certain aspects of our business, including for certain
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information systems and technology and administration of our funds. Severe interruptions or deteriorations in the performance of these third parties or failures of their information systems and technology could impair the quality of the funds operations and could impact our reputation and hence materially adversely affect our business.
The requirements of being a public entity may strain our resources.
As a public entity, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Exchange Act and requirements of the U.S. Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. These requirements may place a strain on our systems and resources. The Exchange Act requires that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition and operations. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, which is discussed below. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures, significant resources and management oversight is required. We have implemented additional procedures and processes for the purpose of addressing the standards and requirements applicable to public companies. In addition, any future growth will require us to commit additional management, operational and financial resources to maintain appropriate operational and financial systems to adequately support expansion. These activities may divert managements attention from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We have incurred and may continue to incur significant additional annual expenses related to these steps and, among other things, additional directors and officers liability insurance, director fees, reporting requirements of the SEC and other regulators, transfer agent fees, hiring additional accounting, legal and administrative personnel, increased auditing and legal fees and similar expenses.
We are subject to third-party litigation risk which could result in significant liabilities and reputational harm which could materially adversely affect our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity.
In general, we will be exposed to risk of litigation by our fund investors if our management of any fund is alleged to constitute negligence or dishonesty. Investors could sue us to recover amounts lost by our funds due to our alleged misconduct, up to the entire amount of the loss. Furthermore, we may be subject to litigation arising from investor dissatisfaction with the performance of our funds or from allegations that we improperly exercised control or influence over companies in which our funds have large investments. In addition, we are exposed to risks of litigation or investigation relating to transactions which presented conflicts of interest that were not properly addressed. In such actions we would be obligated to bear legal, settlement and other costs, which may be in excess of any available insurance coverage. In addition, although we are indemnified by our funds, our rights to indemnification may be challenged. If we are required to incur all or a portion of the costs arising out of litigation or investigations as a result of inadequate insurance proceeds, if any, or fail to obtain indemnification from our funds, our results of operations, financial condition and liquidity would be materially adversely affected.
In our funds, we are exposed to the risk of litigation if the funds suffer catastrophic losses due to the failure of a particular investment strategy or due to the trading activity of an employee who has violated market rules or regulations. Any litigation arising in such circumstances is likely to be protracted, expensive and surrounded by circumstances which are materially damaging to our reputation and our business. In addition, we face the risk of litigation from investors in our funds if we violate restrictions in such funds organizational documents (for example, by failing to adhere to the limits we have to set on maximum exposure by a fund to a single investment).
Certain of our funds are incorporated or formed under the laws of the Cayman Islands. Cayman Islands laws, particularly with respect to shareholders rights, partner rights and bankruptcy, differ from the laws of the United States and could change, possibly to the detriment of our funds and investment management subsidiaries.
Our failure to maintain effective internal control over financial reporting in accordance with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations, business and price of our Class A Shares.
The Sarbanes-Oxley Act and the related rules require our management to conduct annual assessments of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting and require a report by our independent registered public accounting firm addressing these assessments, as well as an independent audit of our internal control over financial
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reporting. To comply with Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act, we have documented formal policies, processes and practices related to financial reporting that are necessary to comply with Section 404. Such policies, processes and practices are important to ensure the identification of key financial reporting risks, assessment of their potential impact and linkage of those risks to specific areas and activities within our organization.
If we fail for any reason to comply with the requirements of Section 404 in a timely manner, our independent registered public accounting firm may not be able to certify as to our assessment concerning the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. Matters impacting our internal controls may cause us to be unable to report our financial information on a timely basis and thereby subject us to adverse regulatory consequences, including sanctions by the SEC or violations of applicable stock exchange listing rules. There could also be a negative reaction in the financial markets due to a loss of investor confidence in us and the reliability of our financial statements. Any such event could adversely affect our financial condition, results of operations and business, and lead to a decline in the price of our Class A Shares.
Extensive regulation of our business affects our activities and creates the potential for significant liabilities and penalties. Our reputation, business and operations could be materially affected by regulatory issues.
Our business is subject to extensive and complex regulation, including periodic examinations, by governmental and self-regulatory organizations in the jurisdictions in which we operate around the world. The SEC oversees our activities as a registered investment adviser under the Advisers Act. We are also subject to regulation under the Exchange Act and the Securities Act and various other statutes. In addition, we are subject to regulation by the Department of Labor under ERISA. In the United Kingdom, we are subject to regulation by the U.K. Financial Services Authority. Our Asian operations, and our investment activities around the globe, are subject to a variety of regulatory regimes that vary country by country, including the Financial Services Agency in Japan, the Securities and Futures Commission in Hong Kong and the Securities and Exchange Board of India.
Each of the regulatory bodies with jurisdiction over us has the authority to grant, and in specific circumstances to cancel, permissions to carry on our business and to conduct investigations and administrative proceedings. Such investigations can result in fines, suspensions of personnel or other sanctions, including censure, the issuance of cease-and-desist orders or the suspension or expulsion of a broker-dealer or investment adviser from registration or memberships. For example, a failure to comply with the obligations imposed by the Advisers Act, including record-keeping, advertising and operating requirements, disclosure obligations and prohibitions on fraudulent activities, or a failure to maintain our funds exemption from compliance with the 1940 Act could result in investigations, sanctions and reputational damage. Our funds are involved regularly in trading activities that implicate a broad number of U.S. and foreign securities law regimes, including laws governing trading on inside information, market manipulation and a broad number of technical trading requirements that implicate fundamental market regulation policies. Even if an investigation or proceeding did not result in a sanction or the sanction imposed against us or our personnel by a regulator were small in monetary amount, the adverse publicity relating to the investigation, proceeding or imposition of these sanctions could harm our reputation and cause us to lose existing investors or fail to gain new investors. Furthermore, the legal, technology and other costs associated with regulatory investigations could increase to such a level that they could have a material impact on our results.
In addition, we regularly rely on exemptions from various requirements of the Securities Act, the Exchange Act and ERISA in conducting our asset management activities. These exemptions are sometimes highly complex and may in certain circumstances depend on compliance by third parties whom we do not control. If for any reason these exemptions were to become unavailable to us, we could become subject to regulatory action or third-party claims and our business could be materially and adversely affected. See Risks Related to Our Organization and StructureIf we are deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, our business would be subject to applicable restrictions under that Act, which could make it impracticable for us to continue our business as contemplated and would have a material adverse impact on the market price of our Class A Shares. The requirements imposed by our regulators are designed primarily to ensure the integrity of the financial markets and to protect investors in our funds and are not designed to protect holders of our Class A Shares.
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At any time, the regulations applicable to us may be amended or expanded by the relevant regulatory authorities. If we are unable to correctly interpret and timely comply with any amended or expanded regulatory requirements, our business could be adversely impacted in a material way.
Increased regulatory focus could result in additional burdens on our business.
As a result of recent highly-publicized financial scandals, investors, regulators and the general public have exhibited concerns over the integrity of both the U.S. financial markets and the regulatory oversight of these markets. As a result, the business environment in which we operate is subject to heightened regulation. With respect to alternative asset management funds, in recent years, there has been debate in both U.S. and foreign governments about new rules or regulations, including increased oversight or taxation. As calls for additional regulation have increased, there may be a related increase in regulatory investigations of the trading and other investment activities of alternative asset management funds, including our funds. Such investigations may impose additional expenses on us, may require the attention of senior management and may result in fines if any of our funds are deemed to have violated any regulations.
In addition, the financial industry will likely become more highly regulated in the near future in response to the events of recent months, including the failure of sophisticated financial institutions to properly assess or effectively mitigate their exposure to market risks. Senior representatives of governmental regulatory agencies have commented about the perceived need for additional regulation of financial industry firms. Also, members of Congress have announced intentions to introduce legislation to require additional regulation, including requirements that credit default swaps and other derivatives be traded exclusively on regulated exchanges. Although potential regulatory changes are not yet known, such changes could have a meaningful impact on the financial industry.
We may be adversely affected if new or revised legislation or regulations are enacted, or by changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing rules and regulations imposed by the SEC, other U.S. or foreign governmental regulatory authorities or self-regulatory organizations that supervise the financial markets and their participants. Such changes could place limitations on the type of investor that can invest in alternative asset funds or on the conditions under which such investors may invest. Further, such changes may limit the scope of investing activities that may be undertaken by alternative asset managers as well as their funds. It is impossible to determine the extent of the impact of any new laws, regulations or initiatives that may be proposed, or whether any of the proposals will become law. Compliance with any new laws or regulations could be difficult and expensive and affect the manner in which we conduct business, which could have adverse impacts on our results of operations.
Our failure to deal appropriately with conflicts of interest could damage our reputation and materially adversely affect our business.
As we have expanded the scope of our business, we increasingly confront potential conflicts of interest relating to our funds investment activities. Certain of our funds have overlapping investment objectives and potential conflicts may arise with respect to our decisions regarding how to allocate investment opportunities among those funds. For example, a decision to acquire material non-public information about a company while pursuing an investment opportunity for a particular fund gives rise to a potential conflict of interest when it results in our having to restrict the ability of other funds to buy or sell securities in the public markets. In addition, investors (or holders of Class A Shares) may perceive conflicts of interest regarding investment decisions for funds in which our partners, who have and may continue to make significant personal investments, are personally invested.
It is possible that actual, potential or perceived conflicts could give rise to investor dissatisfaction or litigation or regulatory enforcement actions. Appropriately dealing with conflicts of interest is complex and difficult and our reputation could be damaged if we fail, or appear to fail, to deal appropriately with one or more potential or actual conflicts of interest. Regulatory scrutiny of, or litigation in connection with, conflicts of interest would have a material adverse effect on our reputation which would materially adversely affect our business in a number of ways, including an inability to raise additional funds and a reluctance of counterparties to do business with us.
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Employee misconduct could harm us by impairing our ability to attract and retain investors and subjecting us to significant legal liability and reputational harm.
There is a risk that our employees, including our partners, or our joint venture partners or consultants could engage in misconduct that materially adversely affects our business. We are subject to a number of obligations and standards arising from our asset management business and our authority over the assets we manage. The violation of these obligations and standards by any of our employees would materially adversely affect our investors and us. In addition, our business requires that we properly deal with confidential matters of great significance to companies in which we may invest. If our employees, joint venture partners or consultants were improperly to use or disclose confidential information, we could suffer serious harm to our reputation, financial position and current and future business relationships. It is not always possible to detect or deter misconduct, and the extensive precautions we take to detect and prevent this activity may not be effective in all cases. If one of our employees, joint venture partners or consultants were to engage in misconduct or were to be accused of such misconduct, our business and our reputation could be materially adversely affected.
We may enter into new businesses, make future strategic investments or acquisitions or enter into joint ventures, each of which may result in additional risks and uncertainties in our business.
We intend, to the extent that market conditions warrant, to grow our business by increasing assets under management and creating new investment platforms and businesses. Accordingly, we may pursue growth through strategic investments, acquisitions or joint ventures, which may include entering into new lines of business, such as the broker-dealer or financial advisory industries. In addition, we expect opportunities will arise to acquire, or enter into joint ventures with, other alternative or traditional asset managers. To the extent we make strategic investments or acquisitions, enter into joint ventures, or enter into a new line of business, we will face numerous risks and uncertainties, including risks associated with (i) the required investment of capital and other resources, (ii) the possibility that we have insufficient expertise to engage in such activities profitably or without incurring inappropriate amounts of risk, (iii) combining or integrating operational and management systems and controls, and (iv) loss of investors in our fund due to the perception that we are no longer focusing on our core fund management duties. Entry into certain lines of business may subject us to new laws and regulations with which we are not familiar, or from which we are currently exempt, and may lead to increased litigation and regulatory risk. If a new business generates insufficient revenues or if we are unable to efficiently manage our expanded operations, our results of operations will be materially adversely affected. In the case of joint ventures, we are subject to additional risks and uncertainties in that we may be dependent upon, and subject to liability, losses or reputational damage relating to, systems, controls and personnel that are not under our control.
We may use substantial amounts of borrowings to finance our business, which will expose us to substantial risks.
Historically, we have not used any material amount of borrowings to finance our business operations. In connection with the IPO and Reorganization, we entered into a $750 million term loan that was used to purchase interests in our real estate business and to make distributions to our founding owners. Depending on the facts and circumstances, we may eventually use a significant amount of borrowings to finance our business operations or growth. This will expose us to the typical risks associated with the use of substantial borrowings, including those discussed below under Risks Related to Our Funds Our funds may determine to use leverage in investments, which could materially adversely affect our ability to achieve positive rates of return on those investments. These risks could be exacerbated by the use of leverage by our funds to finance investments to enhance investment returns and could cause us to suffer a decline in any credit ratings assigned to us or our debt by rating agencies. Any such decline in ratings might result in an increase in borrowing costs and could otherwise adversely affect our business in a material way. In addition, as our long-term unsecured debt and committed secured credit facilities expire, or if our lenders fail, we will need to replace them by entering into new facilities or finding other sources of liquidity, and there is no guarantee that we will be able to do so on attractive terms or at all, particularly in a liquidity or other market crisis. See Item 7. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsLiquidity and Capital Resources for a further discussion of our liquidity.
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An increase in our borrowing costs may adversely affect our earnings and liquidity.
Our $750 million term loan will mature in July 2012, at which time we will be required to either refinance it by entering into new facilities, which could result in higher borrowing costs, or issuing equity, which would dilute existing shareholders. We could also repay the term loan by using cash on hand or cash from the sale of our assets, which would reduce amounts available for distribution to our Class A shareholders. No assurance can be given that we will be able to enter into new facilities or issue equity in the future on attractive terms, or at all. Our term loan is a LIBOR-based floating-rate obligation and the interest expense we incur varies with changes in the applicable LIBOR reference rate. See Item 7A. Qualitative and Quantitative Disclosures about Market RiskInterest Rate Risk, for additional information regarding the impact that a change in LIBOR would have on our annual interest expense associated with this term loan.
We also hold a note payable on our corporate aircraft in the amount of $16.8 million, the principal balance of which is due at maturity on May 31, 2011. The note bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.60%. The terms of the note require us to comply with certain covenants relating to minimum assets under management and economic income, among other items. We may determine to pre-pay some or all of the note or renegotiate the terms and conditions of the note. No assurance can be given that any refinancing would be available in the future on attractive terms. See Item 7. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsLiquidity and Capital Resources for additional information regarding the aircraft loan.
We may incur additional indebtedness in the future to finance our operations. An increase in interest rates would adversely affect the market value of any fixed-rate debt investments and/or subject them to prepayment or extension risk, which may adversely affect our earnings and liquidity.
Risks Related to Our Funds
Our results of operations are dependent on the performance of our funds. Poor fund performance will result in reduced revenues and earnings. Poor performance of our funds will make it difficult for us to retain or attract investors to our funds and to grow our business. The performance of each fund we manage is subject to some or all of the following risks.
Difficult market conditions can adversely affect our funds in many ways, including by negatively impacting the performance of our funds and reducing the ability of our funds to raise or deploy capital, which could materially reduce our revenue and adversely affect results of operations.
If economic and market conditions continue to be unfavorable during 2009, our funds may not perform well. Additionally, and we may not be able to raise capital in existing or new funds if market conditions remain unsettled. Our funds are materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions throughout the world. The global market and economic climate may continue to deteriorate because of many factors beyond our control, including but not limited to rising interest rates, inflation or deflation, further deterioration in the credit and financial markets, terrorism or political uncertainty, and the uncertain impact of recent monetary and fiscal stimulus actions taken on the parts of governments worldwide.
The unfavorable global economic and market conditions have adversely affected our operating performance in a number of ways, and if these conditions continue they may result in further reductions in our revenue and results of operations by causing:
| a continued decline in assets under management, resulting in lower management fees and incentive income; |
| an increase in the cost of financial instruments; |
| lower investment returns, thereby reducing incentive income; |
| reduced demand for assets held by our funds, which would negatively affect the funds ability to realize value from such assets; and |
| continued investor redemptions, resulting in lower fees and potential increased difficulty in raising new capital. |
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Furthermore, while difficult market and economic conditions and other factors may increase investment opportunities over the long-term, including with respect to the competitive landscape for the hedge fund industry, such conditions and factors also increase the risk of increased short-term losses and additional regulation, which may impair our business model and operations. Our funds may also be adversely affected by difficult market conditions if our investment professionals fail to predict the adverse effect of such conditions on particular investments, resulting in a significant reduction in the value of those investments. Moreover, challenging market conditions may prompt certain hedge funds to reduce the management fee and incentive income rates they charge. In response to competitive pressures or for any other reason, we may reduce or change the fee structures of our funds, thereby reducing the amount of fees and income that we may earn relative to assets under management.
The historical returns attributable to our funds should not be considered as indicative of the future results of our funds or of our future results or of any returns expected on an investment in our Class A Shares.
We have presented in this annual report under Item 1. BusinessOverviewInvestment Performance and elsewhere the net composite returns relating to the historical performance of our most significant funds, and also refer to other metrics associated with historical returns, such as risk and correlation measures. The returns are relevant to us primarily insofar as they are indicative of incentive income we have earned in prior years. Neither the historical nor the potential future returns of our funds are indicative of or expected to be indicative of returns on our Class A Shares; therefore, you should not conclude that positive performance of our funds will result in positive returns on an investment in Class A Shares. Poor performance of our funds, however, would cause a decline in our revenue, and would therefore have a negative effect on our performance and the returns on an investment in our Class A Shares. An investment in our Class A Shares is not an investment in any of the Och-Ziff funds.
Moreover, with respect to the historical returns of our funds:
| the historical returns of our funds should not be considered indicative of the future results that should be expected from such funds or from any future funds we may raise; |
| our funds returns prior to December 31, 2007 have benefited from investment opportunities and general market conditions that may not repeat themselves, and there can be no assurance that our current or future funds will be able to avail themselves of profitable investment opportunities; and |
| the rates of return reflect our historical cost structure, which may vary in the future due to factors beyond our control, including changes in law. |
Recent market and economic conditions, as well as widely publicized scandals involving certain financial institutions, have had an adverse impact on the hedge fund industry. The industry has experienced significant losses in assets under management during 2008 and it may not be able to recoup these losses or achieve historical growth rates, even if market and economic conditions stabilize. Our business may be adversely impacted by negative trends impacting the hedge fund industry as a whole, even if our business operations and infrastructure and fund performance can be positively differentiated from other hedge fund industry participants.
Poor performance of our funds would cause a decline in our revenue, income and cash flow and could materially adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital.
When our funds perform poorly, our revenue, income and cash flow decline because the value of our assets under management decreases, which in turn results in a reduction in management fees. An annual decrease in our investment returns would result in a reduction in incentive income and, if such decrease was substantial, could result in the elimination of incentive income for a given year. Poor performance of our funds makes it more difficult for us to raise new capital and may cause investors in our funds to redeem their investments. Investors and potential investors in our funds continually assess our funds performance, and our ability to raise capital for existing and future funds and avoid excessive redemption levels will depend on our funds continued satisfactory performance. Moreover, poor performance may cause us to reduce or change the fee structure of our funds, which may reduce the amounts of fees and income that we may earn relative to assets under management.
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Our funds may determine to use leverage in investments, which could materially adversely affect our ability to achieve positive rates of return on those investments.
Our funds may choose to use leverage as part of their respective investment programs, although historically they have not borrowed substantial capital either directly or through the use of derivative instruments. The use of leverage poses a significant degree of risk and enhances the possibility of a significant loss in the value of the investments in our funds. Our funds may borrow money from time to time to purchase or carry securities. The interest expense and other costs incurred in connection with such borrowing may not be recovered by appreciation in the securities purchased or carried, and will be lostand the timing and magnitude of such losses may be accelerated or exacerbatedin the event of a decline in the market value of such securities. Volatility in the credit markets increases the degree of risk associated with such borrowing. Gains realized with borrowed funds may cause the funds net asset value to increase at a faster rate than would be the case without borrowings. If investment results fail to cover the cost of borrowings, the funds net asset value could also decrease faster than if there had been no borrowings. Increases in interest rates could also decrease the value of fixed-rate debt investments that our funds make. To the extent our funds determine to significantly increase their use of leverage, any of the foregoing circumstances could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow. Furthermore, if our funds determine to use leverage, there is no assurance that terms would be favorable or even available.
If third-party investors in our funds exercise their right to remove us as investment manager or general partner of the funds, we would lose the assets under management in such funds which would eliminate our management fees and incentive income derived from such funds.
The governing agreements of most of our funds provide that, subject to certain conditions, third-party investors in those funds have the right, without cause, to vote to remove us as investment manager or general partner of the fund by a simple majority vote, resulting in the elimination of management fees and incentive income derived from those funds. In addition to having a significant negative impact on our revenue, net income and cash flow, the occurrence of such an event with respect to any of our funds would likely result in significant reputational damage to us.
Investors in our funds have the right to redeem their investments in our funds on a regular basis and could redeem a significant amount of assets under management during any given quarterly period, which would result in significantly decreased revenues.
Investors in our funds may generally redeem their investments in our funds on an annual or quarterly basis following the expiration of a specified period of time when capital may not be redeemed (typically between five and nine fiscal quarters), subject to the applicable funds specific redemption provisions. In a declining market, the pace of redemptions and consequent reduction in our assets under management could accelerate. The decrease in revenues that would result from significant redemptions in our funds could have a material adverse effect on our business, net income and cash flows. From January 1, 2008 to December 31, 2008, investors redeemed approximately $5.5 billion from our funds and investor net outflows from January 1, 2009 to March 1, 2009 were approximately $5.2 billion. Until market and economic conditions improve and investors regain confidence in the financial markets and investing, we may continue to experience significant redemptions. Furthermore, investors in our funds may be investors in other alternative asset managers that have restricted or suspended redemptions. Such investors may redeem capital from our funds, even if our performance is superior, due to an inability to redeem capital from other managers.
The due diligence process that we undertake in connection with investments by our funds may not reveal all facts that may be relevant in connection with making an investment.
Before making investments, particularly investments in securities that are not publicly-traded, we conduct due diligence that we deem reasonable and appropriate based on the facts and circumstances applicable to each investment. When conducting due diligence, we may be required to evaluate important and complex business, financial, tax, accounting, environmental and legal issues. Outside consultants, legal advisors, accountants and investment bankers may be involved in the due diligence process in varying degrees depending on the type of investment. Nevertheless, when
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conducting due diligence and making an assessment regarding an investment, we rely on the resources available to us, including information provided by the target of the investment and, in some circumstances, third-party investigations. The due diligence investigation that we will carry out with respect to any investment opportunity may not reveal or highlight all relevant facts that may be necessary or helpful in evaluating such investment opportunity. Moreover, such an investigation will not necessarily result in the investment being successful.
Our funds may invest in relatively high-risk, illiquid assets, and we may fail to realize any profits from these activities for a considerable period of time or lose some or all of our principal investments.
Our funds invest in securities that are not publicly-traded. In many cases, our funds may be prohibited by contract or by applicable securities laws from selling such securities for a period of time. Our funds will generally not be able to sell these securities publicly unless their sale is registered under applicable securities laws, or unless an exemption from such registration is available. The ability of many of our funds to dispose of such investments is heavily dependent on the public equity markets. Even if the securities are publicly-traded, large holdings of securities can often be disposed of only over a substantial length of time, exposing the investment returns to risks of downward movement in market prices during the required holding period. Accordingly, under certain conditions, our funds may be forced to either sell securities at lower prices than they had expected to realize or defer, potentially for a considerable period of time, sales that they had planned to make. Contributing capital to these investments is risky, and our funds may lose some or all of the principal amount of such investments.
Valuation methodologies for certain assets in our funds can be subject to significant subjectivity and the values of assets established pursuant to such methodologies may never be realized, which could result in significant losses for our funds.
There are no readily ascertainable market prices for a large number of the illiquid investments in our funds. The fair value of the investments of our funds is determined periodically by us using a number of methodologies. These methodologies are based on a number of factors, including the nature of the investment, the expected cash flows from the investment, bid or ask prices provided by third parties for the investment, the length of time the investment has been held, the trading price of securities (in the case of publicly-traded securities), restrictions on transfer and other recognized valuation methodologies. The methodologies we use in valuing individual investments are based on a variety of estimates and assumptions specific to the particular investments, and actual results related to the investment may vary materially as a result of the inaccuracy of such assumptions or estimates. These valuation methodologies can involve a significant degree of management judgment. In addition, because the illiquid investments held by our funds may be in industries or sectors which are unstable, in distress, or undergoing some uncertainty, such investments are subject to rapid changes in value caused by sudden company-specific or industry-specific developments.
Because valuations and in particular valuations of investments for which market quotations are not readily available, are inherently uncertain, may fluctuate over short periods of time and may be based on estimates, determinations of fair value may differ materially from the values that would have resulted if a ready market had existed. Even if market quotations are available for our investments, such quotations may not reflect the value that could actually be realized because of various factors, including the possible illiquidity associated with a large ownership position, subsequent illiquidity in the market for a companys securities, future market price volatility or the potential for a future loss in market value based on poor industry conditions on the markets view of overall company and management performance.
Because there is significant uncertainty in the valuation of or in the stability of the value of illiquid investments, the fair values of such investments as reflected in a funds net asset value do not necessarily reflect the prices that would actually be obtained when such investments are sold. Realizations at values significantly lower than the values at which investments have been reflected in fund net asset values would result in losses for the applicable fund, a decline in management fees and the loss of potential incentive income. Also, a situation where asset values turn out to be materially different from values reflected in fund net asset values may cause investors to lose confidence in us which could, in turn, result in redemptions from our funds or difficulties in our ability to raise additional capital.
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Our funds make investments in companies that we do not control, exposing us to the risk of decisions made by others with which we may not agree.
Investments by our funds will include investments in debt or equity of companies that we do not control. Such investments may be acquired by our funds through trading activities or through purchases of securities from the issuer. Those investments will be subject to the risk that the company in which the investment is made may make business, financial or management decisions with which we do not agree or that the majority stakeholders or the management of the company may take risks or otherwise act in a manner that does not serve our interests. In addition, we may make investments in which we share control over the investment with co-investors, which may make it more difficult for us to implement our investment approach or exit the investment when we otherwise would. If any of the foregoing were to occur, the values of investments by our funds could decrease and our financial condition, results of operations and cash flow could suffer as a result.
Our funds make investments in companies that are based outside of the United States, exposing us to additional risks not typically associated with investing in companies that are based in the United States.
All of our funds generally invest a significant portion of their assets in the equity, debt, loans or other securities of issuers located outside the United States. Investments in non-U.S. securities involve certain factors not typically associated with investing in U.S. securities, including risks relating to:
| currency exchange matters, including fluctuations in currency exchange rates and costs associated with conversion of investment principal and income from one currency into another; |
| less developed or efficient financial markets than in the United States, which may lead to potential price volatility and relative illiquidity; |
| the absence of uniform accounting, auditing and financial reporting standards, practices and disclosure requirements and less government supervision and regulation; |
| differences in the legal and regulatory environment, including less-developed bankruptcy laws; |
| fewer investor protections and less stringent requirements relating to fiduciary duties; |
| difficulties in enforcing contracts and filing claims under foreign legal systems; |
| less publicly available information in respect of companies in non-U.S. markets; |
| certain economic and political risks, including potential exchange control regulations and restrictions on our non-U.S. investments and repatriation of profits on investments or of capital invested, the risks of political, economic or social instability, the possibility of expropriation or confiscatory taxation and adverse economic and political developments; and |
| the possible imposition of non-U.S. taxes or withholding on income and gains recognized with respect to such securities. |
There can be no assurance that adverse developments with respect to such risks will not materially adversely affect our funds investments that are held in certain countries or the returns from these investments.
Risk management activities may materially adversely affect the return on our funds investments.
When managing our funds exposure to market risks, the relevant fund (or one of our affiliates on behalf of the funds) may from time to time use forward contracts, options, swaps, caps, collars and floors or pursue other strategies or use other forms of derivative instruments to limit its exposure to changes in the relative values of investments that may result from market developments, including changes in prevailing interest rates, currency exchange rates and commodity prices. The success of any hedging or other derivative transactions generally will depend on our ability to correctly predict market changes, the degree of correlation between price movements of a derivative instrument, the position being hedged, and the creditworthiness of the counterparty and other factors. As a result, while we may enter
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into a transaction in order to reduce our exposure to market risks, the transaction may result in poorer overall investment performance than if it had not been executed. Such transactions may also limit the opportunity for gain if the value of a hedged position increases. In addition, the degree of correlation between price movements of the instruments used in connection with hedging activities and price movements in a position being hedged may vary. For a variety of reasons, we may not seek or be successful in establishing a perfect correlation between the instruments used in a hedging or other derivative transaction and the position being hedged. An imperfect correlation could prevent us from achieving the intended result and could give rise to a loss. Also, it may not be possible to fully or perfectly limit our exposure against all changes in the value of our investment because the value of investments is likely to fluctuate as a result of a number of factors, some of which will be beyond our control or ability to hedge.
Certain of our investments may be concentrated in certain asset types or in a geographic region, which could exacerbate any negative performance of those funds to the extent those concentrated investments perform poorly.
The governing agreements of our funds generally contain only limited investment restrictions and only limited requirements as to diversification of fund investments, either by geographic region or asset type. During periods of difficult market conditions or slowdowns in these regions, any decrease in revenues and difficulty in obtaining access to financing may be exacerbated by any concentration of investments, which would result in lower investment returns for our funds.
Our funds investments are subject to numerous additional risks.
Our funds investments are subject to numerous additional risks, including the following:
| Generally, there are few limitations on the execution of our funds investment strategies, which are subject to the sole discretion of the investment manager or the general partner of such funds; |
| The funds may engage in short-selling, which is subject to the theoretically unlimited risk of loss because there is no limit on how much the price of a security may appreciate before the short position is closed out. A fund may be subject to losses if a security lender demands return of the lent securities and an alternative lending source cannot be found or if the fund is otherwise unable to borrow securities that are necessary to hedge its positions; |
| Our funds may be limited in their ability to engage in short-selling or other activities as a result of regulatory mandates. Such regulatory actions may limit our ability to engage in hedging activities and therefore impair our investment strategies; |
| The funds are exposed to the risk that a counterparty will not settle a transaction in accordance with its terms and conditions because of a credit or liquidity problem or because of a dispute over the terms of the contract (whether or not bona fide), thus causing the fund to suffer a loss. Counterparty default risk has increased significantly in recent months due, in part, to the collapse of certain sectors of the financial markets and the overall tightening of global credit markets, which have led to material liquidity constraints. In addition, it has become increasingly apparent that the financial health and strength of even the most well-established financial intermediaries and other counterparties may be difficult to assess and verify. Counterparty risk may be further accentuated for contracts with longer maturities where events may intervene to prevent settlement, or where the fund has concentrated its transactions with a single or small group of counterparties. Generally, the funds are not restricted from dealing with any particular counterparty or from concentrating any or all of their transactions with one counterparty. Moreover, the funds monitoring of the creditworthiness of their counterparties may prove insufficient. The absence of a regulated market to facilitate settlement may increase the potential for losses; |
| Credit risk may be exacerbated by another default by any one of several large institutions that are dependent on one another to meet their liquidity or operational needs, so that a default by one institution causes a series of defaults by the other institutions. This systemic risk could have a further material adverse effect on the financial intermediaries (such as prime brokers, clearing agencies, clearing houses, banks, securities firms and |
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exchanges) with which the funds transact on a daily basis. Although the U.S. government, including the U.S. Treasury Department and the Federal Reserve, has recently taken significant actions to prevent a systemic collapse, no assurance can be given that such actions to date will be sufficient or successful in all cases; |
| The efficacy of investment and trading strategies depends largely on the ability to establish and maintain an overall market position in a combination of financial instruments. A funds trading orders may not be executed in a timely and efficient manner due to various circumstances, including systems failures or human error. In such event, the funds might only be able to acquire some but not all of the components of the position, or if the overall position were to need adjustment, the funds might not be able to make such adjustment. As a result, the funds would not be able to achieve the market position selected by the management company or general partner of such funds, and might incur a loss in liquidating their position; |
| The funds are subject to risks due to potential illiquidity of assets. The funds may make investments or hold trading positions in markets or entities that are volatile and which are or may become illiquid. Timely divestiture or sale of trading positions can be impaired by decreased trading volume, increased price volatility, concentrated trading positions, limitations on the ability to transfer positions in highly specialized or structured transactions to which they may be a party, and changes in industry and government regulations. It may be impossible or costly for the funds to liquidate positions rapidly in order to meet any margin calls, withdrawal requests or otherwise, particularly if there are other market participants seeking to dispose of similar assets at the same time or the relevant market is otherwise moving against a position or in the event of trading halts or daily price movement limits on the market or otherwise; and |
| Fund investments are subject to risks relating to investments in commodities, futures, options and other derivatives, the prices of which are highly volatile and may be subject to the theoretically unlimited risk of loss in certain circumstances, including if the fund writes a call option. Price movements of commodities, futures and options contracts and payments pursuant to swap agreements are influenced by, among other things, interest rates, changing supply and demand relationships, trade, fiscal, monetary and exchange control programs and policies of governments and national and international political and economic events and policies. The value of futures, options and swap agreements also depends upon the price of the securities underlying them. In addition, the funds assets are subject to the risk of the failure of any of the exchanges on which their positions trade or of their clearinghouses or counterparties. |
Most of our funds utilize distressed debt and equity restructuring investment strategies which involve significant risks and potential additional liabilities.
Most of our funds invest a portion of their assets in issuers with weak financial conditions, poor operating results, substantial financial needs, negative net worth and/or special competitive problems. These funds may also invest in issuers that are involved in bankruptcy or reorganization proceedings. In such situations, it may be difficult to obtain full information as to the exact financial and operating conditions of these issuers. Furthermore, some of our funds distressed investments may not be widely traded or may have no recognized market. Depending on the specific funds investment profile, a funds exposure to such investments may be substantial in relation to the market for those investments and the acquired assets are likely to be illiquid and difficult to sell or transfer. As a result, it may take a number of years for the fair value of such investments to ultimately reflect their intrinsic value as perceived by us.
A central strategy of our equity restructuring investing is to predict the occurrence of certain corporate events, such as debt and/or equity offerings, reorganizations, mergers, takeover offers and other transactions. If we do not accurately predict these events, the market price and value of our funds investment could decline sharply.
In addition, these investments could subject our funds to certain potential additional liabilities that may exceed the value of their original investments. Under certain circumstances, payments or distributions on certain investments may be reclaimed if any such payment or distribution is later determined to have been a fraudulent conveyance, a preferential payment or similar transaction under applicable bankruptcy and insolvency laws. In addition, under certain circumstances, a lender that has inappropriately exercised control of the management and policies of a debtor
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may have its claims subordinated or disallowed, or may be found liable for damages suffered by parties as a result of such actions. In the case where the investment in securities of troubled companies is made in connection with an attempt to influence a restructuring proposal or plan of reorganization in bankruptcy, our funds may become involved in substantial litigation.
If our risk management systems are ineffective, we may be exposed to material unanticipated losses.
We continue to refine our risk management techniques, strategies and assessment methods. Our risk management techniques and strategies, however, may not fully mitigate the risk exposure of our funds in all economic or market environments, or against all types of risk, including risks that we might fail to identify or anticipate. Some of our strategies for managing risk in our funds are based upon our use of historical market behavior statistics. We apply statistical and other tools to these observations to measure and analyze the risks to which our funds are exposed. Any failures in our risk management techniques and strategies to accurately quantify such risk exposure could limit our ability to manage risks in the funds or to seek positive, risk-adjusted returns. In addition, any risk management failures could cause fund losses to be significantly greater than the historical measures predict. Furthermore, our mathematical modeling does not take all risks into account. Our more qualitative approach to managing those risks could prove insufficient, exposing us to material unanticipated losses. See Item 1. BusinessOverviewRisk Management Principles and Practices.
We are subject to risks in using prime brokers, custodians, administrators and other agents.
All of our funds depend on the services of prime brokers, custodians, administrators or other agents to carry out certain securities transactions. In the event of the insolvency of a prime broker and/or custodian, the funds might not be able to recover equivalent assets in full as they may rank among the prime brokers and custodians unsecured creditors in relation to assets which the prime broker or custodian borrows, lends or otherwise uses. In addition, the funds cash held with a prime broker or custodian may not be segregated from the prime brokers or custodians own cash, and the funds will therefore rank as unsecured creditors in relation thereto.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
Control by Mr. Och of the total combined voting power of our shares could cause or prevent us from engaging in certain transactions, which could adversely affect the market price of the Class A Shares or deprive our Class A shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium as part of a sale of our Company.
As of December 31, 2008, our partners control approximately 78.6% of the combined voting power of our Class A Shares and Class B Shares through their ownership of 100% of our Class B Shares. Each of our partners has granted to the Class B Shareholder Committee, the sole member of which is currently our founder, Mr. Och, an irrevocable proxy to vote all of their shares as the Committee may determine in its sole discretion. This proxy will terminate upon the later of (i) Mr. Ochs withdrawal, death or disability, or (ii) such time as our partners hold less than 40% of our total combined voting power. Accordingly, Mr. Och currently has the ability to elect a majority of the members of our Board of Directors and thereby control our management and affairs. In addition, he currently is able to determine the outcome of all matters requiring shareholder approval and will be able to cause or prevent a change of control of our Company or a change in the composition of our Board of Directors, and could preclude any unsolicited acquisition of our Company. In addition, as of December 31, 2008, Mr. Och controls an additional 0.3% of the combined voting power of our Class A Shares and Class B Shares through his direct ownership of 1,146,101 Class A Shares purchased on the open market pursuant to a plan adopted by Mr. Och on November 12, 2008, which is intended to comply with Rule 10b5-1(c) of the Exchange Act. The control of voting power by Mr. Och could deprive Class A shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium for their Class A Shares as part of a sale of our Company, and might ultimately affect the market price of the Class A Shares. Upon Mr. Ochs withdrawal, death or disability, the Class B Shareholder Committee will consist of either (i) the remaining members of the Partner Management Committee, who shall act by majority vote in such capacity, or (ii) a partner elected by majority vote of the remaining members of the Partner Management Committee to serve as the sole member of the Class B Shareholder Committee.
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Because our partners control more than 50% of our voting power, we are eligible for the controlled company exception from NYSE requirements that our Board of Directors be comprised of a majority of independent directors and that our Compensation Committee and Nominating, Corporate Governance and Conflicts Committee consist solely of independent directors. Although we do not currently intend to utilize this exception, we may in the future determine to do so.
In addition, the shareholders agreement among us and our partners, in their capacity as the Class B shareholders, provides the Class B Shareholder Committee, so long as our partners and their permitted transferees continue to hold more than 40% of the total combined voting power of our outstanding Class A Shares and Class B Shares, with approval rights over a variety of significant Board actions, including:
| any incurrence of indebtedness, other than intercompany indebtedness, in one transaction or a series of related transactions, by us or any of our subsidiaries or controlled affiliates in an amount in excess of approximately 10% of the then existing long-term indebtedness of us and our subsidiaries; |
| any issuance by us or any of our subsidiaries or controlled affiliates, in any transaction or series of related transactions, of equity or equity-related shares which would represent, after such issuance, or upon conversion, exchange or exercise, as the case may be, at least 10% of the total combined voting power of our outstanding Class A Shares and Class B Shares other than (i) pursuant to transactions solely among us and our wholly-owned subsidiaries, (ii) upon issuances of securities pursuant to the Plan, (iii) upon the exchange by our partners of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for our Class A Shares pursuant to the exchange agreement or (iv) upon conversion of convertible securities or upon exercise of warrants or options, which convertible securities, warrants or options are either outstanding on the date of, or issued in compliance with, the shareholders agreement; |
| any equity or debt commitment or investment or series of related equity or debt commitments or investments by us or any of our subsidiaries or controlled affiliates in an unaffiliated entity or related group of entities in an amount greater than $250 million; |
| any entry by us, any subsidiary or controlled affiliate into a new line of business that does not involve investment management and that requires a principal investment in excess of $100 million; |
| the adoption of a shareholder rights plan; |
| any appointment or removal of a chief executive officer or co-chief executive officer; or |
| the termination of the employment of an executive officer or the active involvement of a partner with us or any of our subsidiaries or controlled affiliates without cause. |
In addition, our operating agreement requires that we obtain the consent of the Class B Shareholder Committee for specified actions primarily relating to our structure so long as any Class B Shares are outstanding. Our structure is intended to ensure that we maintain exchangeability of Class A Shares and Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units on a one-for-one basis. Accordingly, the Class B Shareholder Committee will have the right to approve or consent to actions that could result in an economic disparity between holders of our Class A Shares and other classes of equity, such as the issuance of certain securities, making certain capital contributions, owning or disposing of certain assets, incurring certain indebtedness and conducting business outside of the Och-Ziff Operating Group.
Our operating agreement contains provisions that reduce fiduciary duties of our directors and officers with respect to potential conflicts of interest against such individuals and limit remedies available to our Class A shareholders against such individuals for actions that might otherwise constitute a breach of duty. Our operating agreement contains provisions limiting the liability of our officers and directors to us, which also reduces remedies available to our Class A shareholders for certain acts by such persons.
Our operating agreement provides that in the event a potential conflict of interest exists or arises between any of our partners, our officers, our directors or their respective affiliates, on the one hand, and us, any of our subsidiaries or any of our shareholders, on the other hand, a resolution or course of action by our Board of Directors shall be deemed
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approved by all of our shareholders, and shall not constitute a breach of the fiduciary duties of members of the Board to us or our shareholders, if such resolution or course of action is (i) approved by our Nominating, Corporate Governance and Conflicts Committee, which is composed of independent directors, (ii) approved by shareholders holding a majority of our shares that are disinterested parties, (iii) on terms no less favorable than those generally provided to or available from unrelated third parties, or (iv) fair and reasonable to us. Accordingly, if such a resolution or course of action is approved by our Nominating, Corporate Governance and Conflicts Committee or otherwise meets one or more of the above criteria, shareholders will not be able to successfully assert a claim that such resolution or course of action constituted a breach of fiduciary duties owed to our shareholders by our officers, directors and their respective affiliates. Under the Delaware General Corporation Law, which we refer to as the DGCL, in contrast, a corporation is not permitted to automatically exempt Board members from claims of breach of fiduciary duty under such circumstances.
Our operating agreement also provides that to the fullest extent permitted by applicable law our directors or officers will not be liable to us other than in instances of fraud, gross negligence and willful misconduct. Accordingly, unless our officers and directors commit acts of fraud, gross negligence or willful misconduct, our shareholders may not have remedies available against such individuals under applicable law. Under the DGCL, in contrast, a director or officer would be liable to us for (i) breach of duty of loyalty to us or our shareholders; (ii) intentional misconduct or knowing violations of the law that are not done in good faith; (iii) improper redemption of stock or declaration of a dividend, or (iv) a transaction from which the director derived an improper personal benefit.
Our operating agreement also provides that we will indemnify our directors and officers for acts or omissions to the fullest extent permitted by law other than in instances of fraud, gross negligence and willful misconduct, against all expenses and liabilities (including judgments, fines, penalties, interest, amounts paid in settlement with the approval of the Company and counsel fees and disbursements) arising from the performance of any of their obligations or duties in connection with their service to us or the operating agreement, including in connection with any civil, criminal, administrative, investigative or other action, suit or proceeding to which any such person may hereafter be made party by reason of being or having been one of our directors or officers. Under the DGCL, in contrast, a corporation can only indemnify directors and officers for acts or omissions if the director or officer acted in good faith, in a manner he reasonably believed to be in the best interests of the corporation, and, in a criminal action, if the officer or director had no reasonable cause to believe his conduct was unlawful.
Because our partners hold their economic interest in our business directly in the Och-Ziff Operating Group, conflicts of interest may arise between them and holders of our Class A Shares.
As of December 31, 2008, our partners held 72.3% of the equity in the Och-Ziff Operating Group directly through Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, rather than through ownership of our Class A Shares, our partners may have conflicting interests with holders of Class A Shares or with us. For example, our partners will have different tax positions from holders of our Class A Shares which could influence decisions of the Class B Shareholder Committee and also our Board of Directors regarding whether and when to dispose of assets, and whether and when to incur new or refinance existing indebtedness, especially in light of the existence of the tax receivable agreement. Decisions with respect to these and other operational matters could affect the timing and amounts of payments due to our founding owners under the tax receivable agreement. In addition, the structuring of future transactions and investments may take into consideration the partners tax considerations even where no similar benefit would accrue to us.
We intend to pay regular distributions but our ability to do so may be limited by our holding company structure, as we are dependent on distributions from the Och-Ziff Operating Group to make distributions and to pay taxes and other expenses.
As a holding company, our ability to make distributions or to pay taxes and other expenses is subject to the ability of our subsidiaries to provide cash to us. We intend to make quarterly distributions to our Class A shareholders. Accordingly, we expect to cause the Och-Ziff Operating Group to make distributions to holders of the Och-Ziff Operating Group Equity Units, currently our intermediate holding companies and our founding owners, pro rata in an
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amount sufficient to enable us to pay corresponding distributions to our Class A shareholders and make required tax payments; however, no assurance can be given that such distributions will or can be made. Our Board of Directors can change our distribution policy or reduce or eliminate our distributions at any time, in its discretion. In addition, the Och-Ziff Operating Group is required to make minimum tax distributions to its direct unitholders, to which our Class A shareholders will not be entitled, as distributions on Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units to our intermediate holding companies may be used to settle tax liabilities, if any, or other obligations. As a result, Class A shareholders may not receive any distributions at a time when our founding owners are receiving distributions on their Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. If the Och-Ziff Operating Group has insufficient funds to make such distributions, we may have to borrow additional funds or sell assets, which could materially adversely affect our liquidity and financial condition.
Furthermore, by paying cash distributions rather than investing that cash in our business, we might risk slowing the pace of our growth, or not having a sufficient amount of cash to fund our operations, new investments or unanticipated capital expenditures, should the need arise.
The declaration and payment of any future distributions will be at the sole discretion of our Board of Directors, which may change our distribution policy at any time. Because we have historically earned and recognized most of our incentive income in the fourth quarter of each year, we anticipate that quarterly distributions in respect of the first three calendar quarters will be disproportionate to distributions in respect of the last calendar quarter, which will typically be paid in the first calendar quarter of the following year. Our Board of Directors will take into account such factors as it may deem relevant, including general economic and business conditions; our strategic plans and prospects; our business and investment opportunities; our financial condition and operating results; working capital requirements and anticipated cash needs; contractual restrictions and obligations, including payment obligations pursuant to the tax receivable agreement and restrictions pursuant to our term loan; legal, tax and regulatory restrictions; and other restrictions and implications on the payment of distributions by us to our Class A shareholders or by our subsidiaries to us and such other factors as our Board of Directors may deem relevant. Any compensatory payments made to our employees, as well as payments that Och-Ziff Corp makes under the tax receivable agreement and distributions to holders of Och-Ziff Operating Group Equity Units in respect of their tax liabilities arising from their direct ownership of Och-Ziff Operating Group Equity Units, will reduce amounts that would otherwise be available for distribution on our Class A Shares. In addition, any discretionary income allocations on the Class C Non-Equity Interests as determined by the Chairman of the Partner Management Committee (or, in the event there is no Chairman, the full Partner Management Committee acting by majority vote) in conjunction with our Compensation Committee, will also reduce amounts available for distribution to our Class A shareholders. We have granted Class A restricted share units to our managing directors, other employees, and independent members of our Board of Directors, which accrue distributions to be paid if and when the underlying Class A restricted share units vest. Distributions may be paid in cash or in additional Class A restricted share units that accrue additional distributions and will be settled at the same time the underlying Class A restricted share units vest.
The declaration and payment of any distribution may be subject to legal, contractual or other restrictions. For example, as a Delaware limited liability company, we are not permitted to make distributions if and to the extent that after giving effect to such distributions, our liabilities would exceed the fair value of our assets. In addition, we will not be permitted to make distributions if we are in default under our term loan, and the term loan limits the amount of distributions we can pay to our free cash flow, as such term is defined in the term loan. Our cash needs and payment obligations may fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter, and we may have material unexpected expenses in any period. This may cause amounts available for distribution to significantly fluctuate from quarter to quarter or may reduce or eliminate such amounts.
The vast majority of cash and investment assets reflected on our historical audited combined balance sheets for periods ending on and prior to December 31, 2006 belongs to our funds which are presented on a consolidated basis under U.S. GAAP. We depend on the cash we receive from the Och-Ziff Operating Group.
Our historical audited combined financial information for periods ended on and prior to December 31, 2006 includes significant investment asset balances, cash and restricted cash that is owned by our consolidated funds. Although the investments, cash and other assets of certain of our funds were historically included in our consolidated
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statements for financial reporting purposes, such assets were not available to us to pay distributions or for other liquidity needs but rather were property of the relevant fund. Following changes made to our fund documents, most of our domestic funds are no longer included in our combined financial statements as of January 1, 2007 and none of our offshore funds is included as of June 30, 2007. As a result, such funds assets no longer appear on the face of our balance sheets. We depend on distributions from the Och-Ziff Operating Group for cash and the Och-Ziff Operating Group depends primarily on the management fees and incentive income it receives from our funds and its portion of the distributions made by the funds, if any, for cash.
We are required to pay our founding owners for most of the tax benefits we realize as a result of the tax basis step-up we receive in connection with taxable exchanges by our founding owners of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units or our acquisitions of those units from our founding owners.
At any time and from time to time, subject to vesting, minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions, each of our founding owners has, and each of our future owners may have, the right to exchange its Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for our Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis (or, at our option, a cash equivalent) in a taxable transaction. These taxable exchanges, as well as other acquisitions of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units from our owners, may result in increases in the tax depreciation and amortization deductions, as well as an increase in the tax basis of other assets, of the Och-Ziff Operating Group that otherwise would not have been available. These increases in tax depreciation and amortization deductions, as well as the tax basis of other assets, may reduce the amount of tax that our corporate taxpayer intermediate holding company that holds interests in an Och-Ziff Operating Group entity would otherwise have been required to pay in the future, although the Internal Revenue Service may challenge all or part of increased deductions and tax basis increase, and a court could sustain such a challenge.
In connection with the IPO, we entered into a tax receivable agreement with our founding owners that provides for the payment by the corporate taxpayers (including Och-Ziff if it is treated as a corporate taxpayer) to those owners of 85% of the amount of tax savings, if any, that the corporate taxpayers actually realize (or are deemed to realize in the case of an early termination payment by the corporate taxpayers or a change of control, as discussed below) as a result of these increases in tax deductions and tax basis of the Och-Ziff Operating Group. The amounts to be paid will reflect the fact that payments under the tax receivable agreement may result in further tax savings, and thus may give rise to additional payment obligations thereunder. The obligation to pay 85% of the amount of such cash savings to our founding owners is an obligation of the corporate taxpayers and not of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities. Future cash savings and related payments to our founding owners in respect of subsequent exchanges would be in addition to these amounts. We may need to incur debt to finance payments under the tax receivable agreement to the extent our cash resources are insufficient to meet our obligations under the tax receivable agreement, which may or may not be available on favorable terms if at all. The actual increase in tax basis of the Och-Ziff Operating Group assets resulting from an exchange or from payments under the tax receivable agreement, as well as the amortization thereof and the timing and amount of payments under the tax receivable agreement, will vary based upon a number of factors (including the law as in effect at the time of an exchange or a payment under the tax receivable agreement, the timing of future exchanges, the timing and amount of prior payments under the tax receivable agreement, the price of our Class A Shares at the time of any exchange, the composition of the Och-Ziff Operating Groups assets at the time of any exchange, the extent to which such exchanges are taxable and the amount and timing of the income of Och-Ziff Corp and our other intermediate corporate taxpayers that hold Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units in connection with an exchange, if any). Depending upon the outcome of these factors, payments that we may be obligated to make to our partners and the Ziffs under the tax receivable agreement in respect of exchanges are likely to be substantial. In light of the numerous factors affecting our obligation to make payments under the tax receivable agreement, however, the timing and amounts of any such actual payments are not reasonably ascertainable. See Item 7. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsLiquidity and Capital Resources.
Were the IRS to challenge a tax basis increase, our owners who have received payments under the tax receivable agreement will not reimburse the corporate taxpayers for any such payments that have been previously made. As a result, in certain circumstances, payments could be made to our owners under the tax receivable agreement in excess
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of the corporate taxpayers cash tax savings. The corporate taxpayers ability to achieve benefits from any tax basis increase, and the payments to be made under this agreement, will depend upon a number of factors, including the timing and amount of our future income.
Decisions made by the partners in the course of running our business, in particular decisions made with respect to the sale or disposition of assets or change of control, may influence the timing and amount of payments that are payable to an exchanging or selling owner under the tax receivable agreement. In general, earlier disposition of assets following an exchange or acquisition transaction will tend to accelerate such payments and increase the present value of the tax receivable agreement, and disposition of assets before an exchange or acquisition transaction will tend to increase an owners tax liability without giving rise to any rights to receive payments under the tax receivable agreement.
In addition, the tax receivable agreement provides that, upon a merger, asset sale or other form of business combination or certain other changes of control, the corporate taxpayers (or their successors) obligations with respect to exchanged or acquired units (whether exchanged or acquired before or after such change of control) would be based on certain prescribed assumptions, including that the corporate taxpayers would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the deductions arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement. Accordingly, obligations under the tax receivable agreement may make it more expensive for third parties to acquire control of us and make it more difficult for the holders of Class A Shares to recognize a premium in connection with any such transaction. See Item 7. Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of OperationsLiquidity and Capital ResourcesDistributions, Future Liquidity and Capital Needs.
If we are deemed an investment company under the Investment Company Act of 1940, our business would be subject to applicable restrictions under that Act, which could make it impracticable for us to continue our business as contemplated and would have a material adverse impact on the market price of our Class A Shares.
We do not believe that we are an investment company under the 1940 Act because the nature of our assets and the sources of our income exclude us from the definition of an investment company under the 1940 Act. In addition, we believe our Company is not an investment company under Section 3(b)(1) of the 1940 Act because we are primarily engaged in a non-investment company business. We intend to continue to conduct our operations so that we will not be deemed an investment company. If we were to be deemed an investment company, restrictions imposed by the 1940 Act, including limitations on our capital structure and our ability to transact with affiliates, could make it impractical for us to continue our business as contemplated. In addition, we would no longer be treated, for U.S. federal income tax purposes, as a partnership and our earnings would become taxable as a corporation, which could have a material adverse effect on our business and the price of our Class A Shares.
Risks Related to Our Shares
The market price and trading volume of our Class A Shares has been and may continue to be highly volatile, which could result in rapid and substantial losses for our shareholders.
The market price of our Class A Shares has declined significantly from its price at the time of our November 2007 initial public offering and has been and may continue to be highly volatile and subject to wide fluctuations. In addition, the trading volume in our Class A Shares may fluctuate and cause significant price variations to occur. The market price of our Class A Shares may fluctuate or decline significantly in the future. Some of the factors that could negatively affect the price of our Class A Shares or result in fluctuations in the price or trading volume of our Class A Shares include:
| reductions in our assets under management, whether due to poor investment performance by our funds or redemptions by investors in our funds; |
| global market and economic conditions; |
| loss of investor confidence in the global financial markets and investing in general and in alternative asset managers in particular; |
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| actions taken by other hedge funds with respect to pricing, fund structure, redemptions, recruiting and compensation; |
| inability to execute on business strategies or plans; |
| variations in our quarterly operating results; |
| failure to meet our earnings estimates; |
| publication of research reports about us or the asset management industry or the failure of securities analysts to cover our Class A Shares in the future; |
| additions to or departures of our partners and other key management personnel; |
| adverse market reaction to any indebtedness we may incur or securities we may issue in the future; |
| actions by shareholders; |
| changes in market valuations of similar companies; |
| speculation in the press or investment community about our business; |
| changes or proposed changes in laws or regulations or differing interpretations thereof affecting our business or enforcement of these laws and regulations, or announcements relating to these matters; and |
| adverse publicity about the asset management industry generally or individual scandals, specifically. |
The price of our Class A Shares may decline due to the large number of shares eligible for future sale and for exchange into Class A Shares.
The market price of our Class A Shares could decline as a result of sales of a large number of our Class A Shares or the perception that such sales could occur. These sales, or the possibility that these sales may occur, also might make it more difficult for us to sell equity securities in the future at a time and price that we deem appropriate. As of December 31, 2008, 76,279,134 Class A Shares were outstanding, 15,075,965 Class A restricted share units were outstanding pursuant to the Plan, and approximately 40.6 million Class A Shares remain available for future grant under the Plan. The Class A Shares reserved under the Plan are increased on the first day of each fiscal year during the Plans term by the positive difference, if any, of (i) 15% of the number of outstanding Class A Shares (assuming the exchange of all outstanding Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for Class A Shares) on the last day of the immediately preceding fiscal year over (ii) the number of shares reserved for issuance under the Plan as of such date.
As of December 31, 2008, our founding owners owned an aggregate of 311,099,524 Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. Each founding owner has the right to exchange each of its Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for one of our Class A Shares (or, at our option, a cash equivalent), subject to vesting, minimum retained ownership requirements and transfer restrictions.
We have entered into a registration rights agreement with our founding owners such that our partners will have the ability to cause us to register the Class A Shares they acquire upon exchange of their Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units or otherwise and our partners and the Ziffs will have certain piggyback registration rights in connection with registered offerings of our securities. In addition, we will be required to file a shelf registration statement on or prior to the fifth anniversary of the IPO covering the resale of all Class A Shares held by our partners and the Ziffs or issuable upon exchange of their Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units.
As of December 31, 2008, 15,075,965 Class A restricted share units are outstanding, which units may be settled at the election of a majority of our Board of Directors in Class A Shares or cash. Subject to continued employment over the vesting period, the underlying Class A Shares will be issued, or cash in lieu thereof will be paid, as such restricted share units vest. We filed a registration statement on Form S-8 to register an aggregate of 57,785,714 Class A Shares reserved for issuance under the Plan (not including automatic annual increases thereto). As a result, any Class A Shares issued in respect of the Class A restricted share units will be freely transferable by non-affiliates upon issuance and by affiliates under Rule 144, without regard to holding period limitations.
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DIC Sahir owns 38,138,571 of our Class A Shares, which it purchased from us concurrent with the consummation of our IPO pursuant to a Securities Purchase and Investment Agreement. Under the terms of such agreement, DIC Sahir is subject to transfer restrictions that generally terminate with respect to 25% of such shares on each of the first five anniversaries of the purchase date. Upon the lapse of these restrictions, DIC Sahir will be able to sell these Class A Shares and is entitled to certain registration rights commencing on November 19, 2009. The terms of the Securities Purchase and Investment Agreement restrict DIC Sahir and its controlled affiliates from purchasing any additional Class A Shares. We may determine at any time to waive or amend any provisions of the Securities Purchase and Investment Agreement, including the ownership threshold set forth therein.
Our partners beneficial ownership of Class B Shares, our shareholders agreement, the tax receivable agreement and anti-takeover provisions in our charter documents and Delaware law could delay or prevent a change in control.
Our partners own all of our Class B Shares, which as of December 31, 2008, represent approximately 78.6% of the total voting power of our Company. In addition, our partners have granted an irrevocable proxy to vote all of such shares to the Class B Shareholder Committee (the sole member of which is currently Mr. Och) as it may determine in its sole discretion. This proxy will terminate upon the later of (i) Mr. Ochs withdrawal, death or disability or (ii) such time as our partners hold less than 40% of our total combined voting power. As a result, Mr. Och is currently able to control all matters requiring the approval of shareholders and will be able to prevent a change in control of our Company. In addition, under the shareholders agreement entered into in connection with the IPO, the Class B Shareholder Committee has approval rights with respect to certain actions of our Board of Directors, including actions relating to a potential change in control, so long as our partners continue to hold at least 40% of our total combined voting power and has the ability to initially designate five of the seven nominees to our Board of Directors, and, under our operating agreement, the Class B Shareholder Committee will have certain consent rights with respect to structural and other changes involving our Company. See Risks Related to Our Organization and StructureControl by Mr. Och of the combined voting power of our shares could cause or prevent us from engaging in certain transactions, which could adversely affect the market price of the Class A Shares or deprive our Class A shareholders of an opportunity to receive a premium as part of a sale of our Company.
In addition, the tax receivable agreement provides that, upon a merger, asset sale or other form of business combination or certain other changes of control, the corporate taxpayers (or any successors) obligations with respect to exchanged or acquired units (whether exchanged or acquired before or after such change of control) would be based on certain prescribed assumptions, including that the corporate taxpayers would have sufficient taxable income to fully utilize the deductions arising from the increased tax deductions and tax basis and other benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement. The provisions may make it more difficult and expensive for a third party to acquire control of us even if a change of control would be beneficial to the interests of our shareholders.
In addition, provisions in our operating agreement may make it more difficult and expensive for a third party to acquire control of us even if a change of control would be beneficial to the interests of our shareholders. For example, our operating agreement provides for a staggered board of directors, requires advance notice for proposals by shareholders and nominations, places limitations on convening shareholder meetings, and authorizes the issuance of preferred shares that could be issued by our Board of Directors to thwart a takeover attempt. The market price of our Class A Shares could be adversely affected to the extent that Mr. Ochs control over us, as well as provisions of our operating agreement, discourage potential takeover attempts that our shareholders may favor.
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Risks Related to Taxation
Our structure involves complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. Our structure also is subject to potential legislative, judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.
The U.S. federal income tax treatment of holders of the Class A Shares depends in some instances on determinations of fact and interpretations of complex provisions of U.S. federal income tax law for which no clear precedent or authority may be available. You should be aware that the U.S. federal income tax rules are constantly under review by persons involved in the legislative process, the IRS, and the U.S. Treasury Department, frequently resulting in revised interpretations of established concepts, statutory changes, revisions to regulations and other modifications and interpretations. The IRS pays close attention to the proper application of tax laws to partnerships. The present U.S. federal income tax treatment of an investment in the Class A Shares may be modified by administrative, legislative or judicial interpretation at any time, possibly on a retroactive basis, and any such action may affect investments and commitments previously made. For example, changes to the U.S. federal tax laws and interpretations thereof could make it more difficult or impossible to meet the qualifying income exception for us to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes that is not taxable as a corporation, affect or cause us to change our investments and commitments, change the character or treatment of portions of our income (including, for instance, treating carried interest income as entirely ordinary income), affect the tax considerations of an investment in us and adversely affect an investment in our Class A Shares. Carried interest is a term often used in the marketplace as a general reference to describe a general partners right to receive its incentive income in the form of a profit allocation eligible for capital gains tax treatment (to the extent that the carried interest consists of capital gains). See Members of the United States Congress have introduced legislation that would, if enacted, preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly-traded partnership rules. Our structure also is subject to potential judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.
Our organizational documents and agreements permit the Board of Directors to modify our operating agreement from time to time, without the consent of the holders of Class A Shares, in order to address certain changes in U.S. federal income tax regulations, legislation or interpretation. In some circumstances, such revisions could have a material adverse impact on some or all of the holders of our Class A Shares. Moreover, we will apply certain assumptions and conventions in an attempt to comply with applicable rules and to report income, gain, deduction, loss and credit to holders in a manner that reflects such holders beneficial ownership of partnership items, taking into account variation in ownership interests during each taxable year because of trading activity. However, these assumptions and conventions may not be in compliance with all aspects of applicable tax requirements. It is possible that the IRS will assert successfully that the conventions and assumptions used by us do not satisfy the technical requirements of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended, and/or Treasury regulations and could require that items of income, gain, deductions, loss or credit, including interest deductions, be adjusted, reallocated, or disallowed, in a manner that adversely affects holders of the Class A Shares.
Members of the United States Congress have introduced legislation that would, if enacted, preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly-traded partnership rules and treat certain of our offshore funds as domestic corporations. Our structure also is subject to potential judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis.
On June 14, 2007, the Chairman and the Ranking Republican Member of the United States Senate Committee on Finance introduced legislation that would tax as corporations publicly-traded partnerships that directly or indirectly derive income from investment adviser or asset management services. The Chairman and the Ranking Republican Member stated that they do not believe that proposed public offerings of private equity and hedge fund management firms are consistent with the intent of the existing rules regarding publicly-traded partnerships because the majority of their income is from the active provision of services to investment funds and limited partner investors in such funds. As explained in the technical explanation accompanying the proposed legislation:
Under the bill, the exception from corporate treatment for a publicly-traded partnership does not apply to any partnership that, directly or indirectly, has any item of income or gain (including
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capital gains or dividends), the rights to which are derived from services provided by any person as an investment adviser, as defined in the Advisers Act, or as a person associated with an investment adviser, as defined in that Act. Further, the exception from corporate treatment does not apply to a partnership that, directly or indirectly, has any item of income or gain (including capital gains or dividends), the rights to which are derived from asset management services provided by an investment adviser, a person associated with an investment adviser, or any person related to either, in connection with the management of assets with respect to which investment adviser services were provided. For purposes of the bill, these determinations are made without regard to whether the person is required to register as an investment adviser under the Advisers Act.
If enacted in the form in which it was introduced by the Chairman and the Ranking Republican Member of the United States Senate Committee on Finance, the proposed legislation would be applicable to taxable years of a partnership beginning on or after June 14, 2007. On June 20, 2007, a Congressman from Vermont introduced legislation in the House of Representatives that is substantially similar to the legislation introduced by the Chairman and the Ranking Republican Member of the United States Senate Committee on Finance. In addition, on June 22, 2007, members of the United States House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means, including the Chairman, introduced legislation in the House of Representatives that would have the effect of treating publicly-traded partnerships that derive income directly or indirectly from investment management services as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes (although no effective date for such legislation has been proposed to date).
On October 25, 2007, the Chairman of the United States House of Representatives Committee on Ways and Means introduced comprehensive tax legislation that includes provisions that, if enacted in their proposed form, would have the effect of causing publicly-traded partnerships that derive income from investment management services to be treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes, similar to the proposal introduced on June 22, 2007, and would increase the amortization period for assets such as goodwill from 15 to 20 years.
On June 25, 2008, legislation was passed in the House that would have the effect of treating income recognized from carried interests as ordinary fee income, thereby effectively causing such income to be treated as nonqualifying income under the publicly traded partnership rules. This provision would preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes unless we were to hold interests in entities earning such income through taxable subsidiary corporations. President Obama has indicated during the recent presidential campaign that he would support changing the tax treatment of carried interests, and on February 26, 2009, President Obamas staff released an outline of his fiscal year 2010 budget proposal which includes a proposal to tax carried interests as ordinary income.
As a result of widespread budget deficits, several states are evaluating proposals to subject partnerships to entity level taxation through the imposition of state income, franchise or other forms of taxation. If any version of these legislative proposals were to be enacted into law in the form in which it was introduced, or if other similar legislation were enacted or any other change in the tax laws, rules, regulations or interpretations were to preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly-traded partnership rules or otherwise impose additional taxes, Class A shareholders would be negatively impacted because we would incur a material increase in our tax liability as a public company from the date any such changes became applicable to us, which could result in a reduction in the value of our Class A Shares.
On March 2, 2009, Senator Carl Levin introduced the Stop Tax Haven Abuse Act in the United States Senate, similar to a prior legislative proposal from 2007. Among other effects, this proposal would, if enacted in its current form, subject our offshore funds to significant U.S. federal income taxes and potentially state and local taxes, which would adversely affect our ability to raise capital from foreign investors and certain tax-exempt investors.
You may be subject to U.S. federal income tax on your share of our taxable income, regardless of whether you receive any cash distributions from us.
So long as we are not required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act and 90% of our gross income for each taxable year constitutes qualifying income within the meaning of the Code on a continuing basis, we will be treated, under current law, as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes and not as an association or a publicly-traded partnership taxable as a corporation. You may be subject to U.S. federal, state, local and possibly, in some cases, foreign income taxation on your allocable share of our items of income, gain, loss, deduction and credit
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(including our allocable share of those items of any entity in which we invest that is treated as a partnership or is otherwise subject to tax on a flow-through basis) for each of our taxable years ending with or within your taxable year, regardless of whether or not you receive cash distributions from us. You may not receive cash distributions equal to your allocable share of our net taxable income or even the tax liability that results from that income. In addition, certain of our holdings, including holdings, if any, in a Controlled Foreign Corporation, which we refer to as CFC, and a Passive Foreign Investment Company, which we refer to as PFIC, may produce taxable income prior to the receipt of cash relating to such income, and holders of our Class A Shares that are United States persons will be required to take such income into account in determining their taxable income. Under our operating agreement, in the event of an inadvertent partnership termination in which the IRS has granted us limited relief, each holder of our Class A Shares also is obligated to make such adjustments as are required by the IRS to maintain our status as a partnership. Such adjustments may require persons who hold our Class A Shares to recognize additional amounts in income during the years in which they hold such shares. We may also be required to make payments to the IRS.
There can be no assurance that amounts paid as distributions on Class A Shares will be sufficient to cover the tax liability arising from ownership of Class A Shares.
Any distributions paid on Class A Shares will not take into account your particular tax situation (including the possible application of the alternative minimum tax) and, therefore, because of the foregoing as well as other possible reasons, may not be sufficient to pay your full amount of tax based upon your share of our net taxable income. In addition, the actual amount and timing of distributions will always be subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors and we cannot assure you that we will in fact pay cash distributions as currently intended. In particular, the amount and timing of distributions will depend upon a number of factors, including, among others:
| general business and economic conditions and our strategic plans and prospects; |
| amounts necessary or appropriate to provide for the conduct of our business, including to pay operating and other expenses; |
| amounts necessary to make appropriate investments in our business and our funds and the timing of such investments; |
| our actual results of operations and financial condition; |
| restrictions imposed by our operating agreement and Delaware law; |
| contractual restrictions, including restrictions imposed by our term loan and payment obligations under our tax receivable agreement; |
| cash income allocations to our partners, if any, and compensatory payments made to our employees; |
| the amount of cash that is generated by our investments or to fund liquidity needs; |
| contingent liabilities; and |
| other factors that our Board of Directors deems relevant. |
Even if we do not distribute cash in an amount that is sufficient to fund your tax liabilities, you will still be required to pay income taxes on your share of our taxable income.
If we were to be treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, the value of the Class A Shares may be adversely affected.
We have not requested, and do not plan to request, a ruling from the IRS on our treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, or on any other matter affecting us. Under current law and assuming full compliance with the terms of our operating agreement (and other relevant documents), we believe that we would be treated as a partnership, and not as an association or a publicly-traded partnership taxable as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
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In general, if an entity that would otherwise be classified as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes is a publicly-traded partnership (as defined in the Code) it will be nonetheless treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, unless the exception described below, and upon which we intend to rely, applies. A publicly-traded partnership will, however, be treated as a partnership, and not as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes, so long as 90% or more of its gross income for each taxable year constitutes qualifying income within the meaning of the Code and it is not required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. We refer to this exception as the qualifying income exception.
Qualifying income generally includes dividends, interest, capital gains from the sale or other disposition of stocks and securities and certain other forms of investment income. We expect that our income generally will consist of interest and dividends (including dividends from Och-Ziff Corp), capital gains and other types of qualifying income, such as income from notional principal contracts, securities loans, options, forward contracts and future contracts. No assurance can be given as to the types of income that will be earned in any given year. If we fail to satisfy the qualifying income exception described above, items of income and deduction would not pass through to holders of the Class A Shares and holders of the Class A Shares would be treated for U.S. federal (and certain state and local) income tax purposes as shareholders in a corporation. In such a case, we would be required to pay income tax at regular corporate rates on all of our income. In addition, we would likely be liable for state and local income and/or franchise taxes on all of such income. Moreover, dividends to holders of the Class A Shares would constitute ordinary dividend income taxable to such holders to the extent of our earnings and profits, and the payment of these dividends would not be deductible by us. Taxation of us as a publicly-traded partnership taxable as a corporation could result in a material adverse effect on our cash flow and the after-tax returns for holders of Class A Shares and thus could result in a substantial reduction in the value of the Class A Shares.
Tax gain or loss on disposition of our Class A Shares could be more or less than expected.
If you sell your Class A Shares, you will recognize a gain or loss equal to the difference between the amount realized and the adjusted tax basis in those Class A Shares. Prior distributions to you in excess of the total net taxable income allocated to you, which decreased the tax basis in your Class A Shares, will in effect become taxable income to you if the Class A Shares are sold at a price greater than your tax basis in those Class A Shares, even if the price is less than the original cost.
We treat each purchaser of our Class A Shares as having the same tax benefits without regard to the Class A Shares purchased. The IRS may challenge this treatment, which could adversely affect the value of our Class A Shares.
Because we cannot match transferors and transferees of Class A Shares, we will adopt depreciation and amortization positions that may not conform with all aspects of existing Treasury regulations. A successful IRS challenge to those positions could adversely affect the amount of tax benefits available to our holders. It also could affect the timing of these tax benefits or the amount of gain on the sale of Class A Shares and could have a negative impact on the value of our Class A Shares or result in audits of and adjustments to our holders tax returns.
As we currently do not intend to make, or cause to be made, an otherwise available election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code to adjust our asset basis or the asset basis of OZ Advisors II, a holder of Class A Shares could be allocated more taxable income in respect of those shares prior to disposition than if such an election were made.
We currently do not intend to make, or cause to be made, an election to adjust asset basis under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code with respect to the Registrant. If no such election is made with respect to the Registrant and OZ Advisors II, there will generally be no adjustment to the basis of the assets of OZ Advisors II upon our acquisition of interests in OZ Advisors II in connection with the IPO or upon a subsequent exchange of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for Class A Shares, or to the assets of the Registrant or of OZ Advisors II upon a subsequent transferees acquisition of Class A Shares from a prior holder of such shares, even if the purchase price for those interests or shares, as applicable, is greater than the share of the aggregate tax basis of the assets of the Registrant or OZ Advisors II attributable to those interests or units immediately prior to the acquisition. Consequently, upon a
47
sale of an asset by the Registrant or OZ Advisors II, gain allocable to a holder of Class A Shares could include built-in gain in the asset existing at the time the Registrant acquired those interests, or such holder acquired such shares, which built-in gain would otherwise generally be eliminated if a Section 754 election had been made.
The sale or exchange of 50% or more of our capital and profit interests will result in the termination of our partnership for federal income tax purposes.
We will be considered to have been terminated as a partnership for federal income tax purposes if there is a sale or exchange of 50% or more of the total interests in our capital and profits within a 12-month period. A termination would, among other things, result in the closing of our taxable year for all holders and could result in a deferral of depreciation deductions allowable in computing our taxable income.
Complying with certain tax-related requirements may cause us to forego otherwise attractive business or investment opportunities or enter into acquisitions, borrowings, financings or arrangements we may not have otherwise entered into.
In order for us to be treated as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, and not as an association or publicly-traded partnership taxable as a corporation, we must meet the qualifying income exception discussed above on a continuing basis and we must not be required to register as an investment company under the 1940 Act. In order to effect such treatment we (or our subsidiaries) may be required to invest through foreign or domestic corporations, forego attractive business or investment opportunities or enter into borrowings or financings we may not have otherwise entered into. This may adversely affect our ability to operate solely to maximize our cash flow. Our structure also may impede our ability to engage in certain corporate acquisitive transactions because we generally intend to hold all of our assets through the Och-Ziff Operating Group. In addition, we may be unable to participate in certain corporate reorganization transactions that would be tax free to our holders if we were a corporation. To the extent we hold assets other than through the Och-Ziff Operating Group, we will make appropriate adjustments to the Och-Ziff Operating Group agreements so that distributions to partners and us would be the same as if such assets were held at that level.
We may not be able to invest in certain assets, other than through a taxable corporation.
In certain circumstances, we or one of our subsidiaries may have an opportunity to invest in certain assets through an entity that is characterized as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes, where the income of such entity may not be qualifying income for purposes of the publicly-traded partnership rules. In order to manage our affairs so that we will meet the qualifying income exception, we may either refrain from investing in such entities or, alternatively, we may structure our investment through an entity classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. If the entity were a U.S. corporation, it would be subject to U.S. federal income tax on its operating income, including any gain recognized on its disposal of its interest in the entity in which the opportunistic investment has been made, as the case may be, and such income taxes would reduce the return on that investment.
Our intermediate holding company, Och-Ziff Corp, is subject to corporate income taxation in the United States.
In light of the publicly-traded partnership rules, a significant portion of our activities is conducted through Och-Ziff Corp, which is treated as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Och-Ziff Corp could be liable for significant U.S. federal income taxes and applicable state, local and other taxes that would not otherwise be incurred if it were subject to tax on a flow-through basis, which could adversely affect the value of your investment. Dividends paid by Och-Ziff Corp from time to time will then be included in our income. Prior to the IPO, we were not subject to taxation as a corporation. Since the IPO, our effective tax rate and tax expense has been significantly higher than prior to the IPO.
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The IRS could assert that we are engaged in a U.S. trade or business and that some portion of our income is properly treated as effectively connected income, which we refer to as ECI, with respect to non-U.S. holders of Class A Shares. Moreover, certain REIT dividends and other stock gains may be treated as effectively connected income with respect to non-U.S. holders of Class A Shares.
While we expect that our method of operation will not result in a determination that we are engaged in a U.S. trade or business, there can be no assurance that the IRS will not assert successfully that we are engaged in a U.S. trade or business and that some portion of our income is properly treated as ECI with respect to non-U.S. holders. Moreover, dividends paid by an investment that we make in a Real Estate Investment Trust, which we refer to as a REIT, that is attributable to gains from the sale of U.S. real property interests will, and sales of certain investments in the stock of U.S. corporations owning significant U.S. real property may, be treated as effectively connected income with respect to non-U.S. holders. In addition, certain income of non-U.S. holders from U.S. sources not connected to any such U.S. trade or business conducted by us could be treated as ECI. To the extent our income is treated as ECI, non-U.S. holders generally would be subject to withholding tax on their allocable shares of such income, would be required to file a U.S. federal income tax return for such year reporting their allocable shares of income effectively connected with such trade or business and any other income treated as ECI, and would be subject to U.S. federal income tax at regular U.S. tax rates on any such income (state and local income taxes and filings may also apply in that event). Non-U.S. holders that are treated as corporations for U.S. federal income tax purposes may also be subject to a 30% branch profits tax on such income.
Class A shareholders may be subject to foreign, state and local taxes and return filing requirements as a result of investing in our Class A Shares.
While it is expected that our method of operation will not result in a determination that the holders of our Class A Shares, solely on account of their ownership of Class A Shares, are engaged in trade or business so as to be taxed on any part of their allocable shares of our income or subjected to tax return filing requirements in any jurisdiction in which we conduct activities or own property, there can be no assurance that the Class A shareholders, on account of owning Class A Shares, will not be subject to certain taxes, including foreign, state and local income taxes, unincorporated business taxes and estate, inheritance or intangible taxes, imposed by the various jurisdictions in which we conduct activities or own property now or in the future, even if the Class A shareholders do not reside, or are not otherwise subject to such taxes, in any of those jurisdictions. Consequently, Class A shareholders also may be required to file foreign, state and local income tax returns in some or all of these jurisdictions. Furthermore, Class A shareholders may be subject to penalties for failure to comply with those requirements. It is the responsibility of each Class A shareholder to file all United States federal, foreign, state and local tax returns that may be required of such Class A shareholder.
Our delivery of required tax information for a taxable year may be subject to delay, which may require Class A shareholder to request an extension of the due date for their income tax returns.
We have agreed to use reasonable efforts to furnish to you tax information (including Schedule K-1) which describes your allocable share of our income, gains, losses and deductions for our preceding taxable year. Delivery of this information by us will be subject to delay in the event of, among other reasons, the late receipt of any necessary tax information from lower-tier entities. It is therefore possible that, in any taxable year, our shareholders will need to apply for extensions of time to file their tax returns.
An investment in Class A Shares will give rise to UBTI to certain tax-exempt holders of Class A Shares.
Due to ownership interests we will hold in entities that are treated as partnerships, or are otherwise subject to tax on a flow-through basis, which will incur indebtedness or may engage in a trade or business, we will derive unrelated business taxable income, which we refer to as UBTI, from debt-financed property or from such trade or business, as applicable, and, thus, an investment in Class A Shares will give rise to UBTI to certain tax-exempt holders of Class A Shares. Och-Ziff Holding may borrow funds from Och-Ziff Corp or third parties from time to time to make investments. These investments will give rise to UBTI from debt-financed property.
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We may hold or acquire certain investments through an entity classified as a PFIC or CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
Certain of our investments may be in foreign corporations or may be acquired through a foreign subsidiary that would be classified as a corporation for U.S. federal income tax purposes. Such an entity may be a PFIC or a CFC for U.S. federal income tax purposes. U.S. holders of Class A Shares indirectly owning an interest in a PFIC or a CFC may experience adverse U.S. tax consequences.
Item 1B. Unresolved | Staff Comments |
None.
Item 2. | Properties |
Our principal executive offices are located in leased office space in New York. We also lease space for our operations in London, Hong Kong, Bangalore, Tokyo and Beijing. The terms of the above leases vary, but generally are long-term. We believe that our existing facilities are adequate to meet our current requirements and we anticipate that suitable additional or substitute space will be available, as necessary, upon favorable terms.
Item 3. | Legal Proceedings |
We are not currently subject to any pending judicial, administrative or arbitration proceedings that we expect to have a material impact on our results of operations or financial condition. We may from time to time be involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of our business. Like other businesses in our industry, we are subject to scrutiny by the regulatory agencies that have or may in the future have regulatory authority over us and our business activities, which could result in regulatory agency investigations or litigation related to regulatory compliance matters. See Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our BusinessExtensive regulation of our business affects our activities and creates the potential for significant liabilities and penalties. Our reputation, business and operations could be materially affected by regulatory issues and Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our BusinessIncreased regulatory focus could result in additional burdens on our business.
Item 4. | Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders |
None.
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Item 5. | Market for Registrants Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities |
Market for Registrants Common Equity
Our Class A Shares are listed and trading on the New York Stock Exchange, which we refer to as the NYSE, under the symbol OZM since the completion of our initial public offering on November 14, 2007. The following table presents information on the high and low last reported trading prices as reported on the NYSE for our Class A Shares for the periods indicated:
Price Range of Our Class A Shares | ||||||
High | Low | |||||
2008 |
||||||
First quarter |
$ | 26.10 | $ | 19.48 | ||
Second quarter |
$ | 22.24 | $ | 18.25 | ||
Third quarter |
$ | 18.80 | $ | 11.69 | ||
Fourth quarter |
$ | 11.20 | $ | 3.98 | ||
2007 |
||||||
November 14, 2007 to December 31, 2007 |
$ | 30.65 | $ | 22.85 |
Our Class B Shares are not listed on the NYSE and there is no other established trading market for such shares. All of our Class B Shares are owned by our founding partners and have no economic rights, but entitle holders to one vote per share on all matters submitted to a vote of our Class A shareholders.
As of March 1, 2009, there were three holders of record of our Class A Shares. A substantially greater number of holders of our Class A Shares are street name or beneficial holders, whose shares are held of record by banks, brokers and other financial institutions.
Dividends
The following table presents the cash dividends paid on our Class A Shares:
Payment Date |
Record Date | Dividend per Share | |||
February 12, 2008 |
December 31, 2007 | $ | 1.20 | ||
May 7, 2008 |
April 1, 2008 | $ | 0.08 | ||
August 12, 2008 |
July 1, 2008 | $ | 0.11 | ||
November 12, 2008 |
October 1, 2008 | $ | 0.025 | ||
February 19, 2009 |
December 31, 2008 | $ | 0.05 |
Our ability to pay dividends to our Class A shareholders depends on a number of factors that our Board of Directors takes into account as it may deem relevant. These factors include: revenues earned and profits generated by the Och-Ziff Operating Group; general economic, market and business conditions worldwide; our strategic plans and prospects; the impact of tax and other regulatory factors relevant to our structure and operations; our business and investment opportunities; our financial condition and operating results; working capital requirements and anticipated cash needs; the ability of the Och-Ziff Operating Group to secure additional sources of liquidity; and contractual obligations, including payment obligations pursuant to the tax receivable agreement and our term loan.
Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities; Use of Proceeds from Registered Securities
None.
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Item 6. | Selected Financial Data |
As of and for the Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | 2005 | 2004 | ||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||||||
Selected Operating Statement Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Total revenues |
$ | 604,384 | $ | 1,501,975 | $ | 1,005,833 | $ | 511,808 | $ | 285,926 | ||||||||||
Total expenses |
2,057,904 | 4,703,313 | 1,089,968 | 747,133 | 414,110 | |||||||||||||||
Total other income (loss) |
(170,971 | ) | 2,470,625 | 3,290,175 | 1,640,983 | 1,167,756 | ||||||||||||||
Income taxes |
40,066 | 63,963 | 23,327 | 9,898 | 9,785 | |||||||||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
1,153,961 | (120,350 | ) | (2,594,706 | ) | (1,134,869 | ) | (836,007 | ) | |||||||||||
Net Income (Loss) |
$ | (510,596 | ) | $ | (915,026 | ) | $ | 588,007 | $ | 260,891 | $ | 193,780 | ||||||||
Selected Balance Sheet Data |
||||||||||||||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 81,403 | $ | 614,159 | $ | 23,590 | $ | 69,550 | $ | 27,800 | ||||||||||
Assets of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
$ | 209,635 | $ | 159,611 | $ | 35,967,024 | $ | 24,184,369 | $ | 16,002,932 | ||||||||||
Total assets |
$ | 2,002,981 | $ | 3,510,320 | $ | 36,075,049 | $ | 24,305,342 | $ | 16,076,195 | ||||||||||
Debt obligations |
$ | 764,889 | $ | 766,983 | $ | 17,862 | $ | 18,740 | $ | 19,619 | ||||||||||
Liabilities of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
$ | | $ | 8 | $ | 14,260,142 | $ | 9,543,812 | $ | 5,264,619 | ||||||||||
Total liabilities |
$ | 2,222,143 | $ | 3,390,059 | $ | 15,050,088 | $ | 10,021,681 | $ | 5,608,569 | ||||||||||
Partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries |
$ | 210,944 | $ | 293,016 | $ | 19,777,297 | $ | 13,544,966 | $ | 9,972,112 | ||||||||||
Total shareholders equity (deficit) |
$ | (430,107 | ) | $ | (172,755 | ) | $ | 1,247,664 | $ | 738,695 | $ | 495,514 | ||||||||
Assets Under Management |
||||||||||||||||||||
Balancebeginning of period |
$ | 33,387,455 | $ | 22,621,115 | $ | 15,627,165 | $ | 11,251,377 | $ | 5,748,172 | ||||||||||
Net flows |
(722,135 | ) | 7,591,631 | 4,135,235 | 3,117,263 | 4,569,085 | ||||||||||||||
Appreciation (depreciation) |
(5,710,714 | ) | 3,174,709 | 2,858,715 | 1,258,525 | 934,120 | ||||||||||||||
Balanceend of period |
$ | 26,954,606 | $ | 33,387,455 | $ | 22,621,115 | $ | 15,627,165 | $ | 11,251,377 | ||||||||||
Och-Ziff Funds Segment Economic Income |
||||||||||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 571,274 | $ | 476,907 | $ | 302,835 | $ | 204,331 | $ | 132,762 | ||||||||||
Incentive income |
12,201 | 637,243 | 651,498 | 289,934 | 217,244 | |||||||||||||||
Other revenues |
3,554 | 11,391 | 5,788 | 1,172 | 231 | |||||||||||||||
Total Segment Revenue |
587,029 | 1,125,541 | 960,121 | 495,437 | 350,237 | |||||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
141,255 | 207,379 | 184,962 | 103,040 | 45,922 | |||||||||||||||
Non-compensation expenses |
129,970 | 99,723 | 46,174 | 36,934 | 21,230 | |||||||||||||||
Total Segment Expenses |
271,225 | 307,102 | 231,136 | 139,974 | 67,152 | |||||||||||||||
Segment Economic Income |
$ | 315,804 | $ | 818,439 | $ | 728,985 | $ | 355,463 | $ | 283,085 | ||||||||||
Assets under management as of March 1, 2009 were $22.3 billion, a decrease of $4.7 billion from December 31, 2008 experienced mainly as a result of redemptions of $5.2 billion (net of capital inflows) from January 1, 2009 through March 1, 2009. We believe these redemptions were due to investors liquidity needs as a result of the continuing global financial and credit crisis and related lack of liquidity.
As of January 1, 2007, we no longer consolidated most of our domestic funds due to changes in the substantive rights afforded to the unaffiliated limited partners of those funds. Similar changes to the rights of unaffiliated shareholders in the offshore funds were made that resulted in the deconsolidation of all of the offshore funds as of
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June 30, 2007. As a result, selected operating and balance sheet data presented for 2007 are not comparable to data presented for the other periods presented above. See Note 5 to the consolidated and combined financial statements included within Item 8 of this annual report for additional information regarding the deconsolidation of these funds.
For periods prior to the Reorganization, income allocations to our founding owners, other than to Daniel Och, were recognized as expenses in our financial statements. As part of the Reorganization, the interests held by our founding owners were reclassified into common equity interests directly in the Och-Ziff Operating Group. Following the Reorganization, allocations to our founding owners are recorded within partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries. The reclassification of our founding owners interests into equity interests resulted in significant one-time charges and will result in continuing significant non-cash charges in future periods. Accordingly, total expenses reflected in our historical results are not indicative of amounts expected to be recognized in future periods.
The performance measure for the Och-Ziff Funds segment, our single reportable segment, is Economic Income, which management uses to evaluate the overall performance of and make operating decisions for the Och-Ziff Funds segment. Management believes that investors should review the same performance measure that it uses to analyze our core business performance. Economic Income is a pre-tax measure that (i) presents the segments results of operations without the impact of eliminations resulting from the consolidation of any of the Och-Ziff funds; (ii) recognizes the full amount of cash compensation expense on the date it is paid irrespective of any requisite service period or deferral; and (iii) excludes the following: Reorganization expenses, equity-based compensation expense, allocation to non-equity partner interests, profit sharing, net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures, depreciation, changes in tax receivable agreement liability, income taxes and partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries.
Economic Income may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. We use Economic Income as a measure of our segments operating performance, not as a measure of liquidity. Economic Income should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income, net income, operating cash flows, investing and financing activities, or other income or cash flow statement data prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP). As a result of the adjustments made to arrive at Economic Income described above, Economic Income has certain limitations in that it does not take into account certain items included or excluded under U.S. GAAP, including income or losses allocated to our other operations. Management compensates for these limitations by using Economic Income as a supplemental measure to the U.S. GAAP results to provide a more complete understanding of our segments performance as management measures it. For a reconciliation of Economic Income to total Company net income (loss) for the periods presented and additional information regarding the reconciling adjustments discussed above, please see Note 16 to our consolidated and combined financial statements included in this annual report.
The following table sets forth our net loss and basic and diluted net loss per Class A Share for the year ended December 31, 2008, and the period from November 14, 2007 to December 31, 2007:
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
November 14, 2007 through December 31, 2007 |
|||||||
Net Loss (in thousands) |
$ | (510,596 | ) | $ | (826,559 | ) | ||
Net Loss Per Class A Share |
||||||||
Basic and Diluted |
$ | (6.86 | ) | $ | (11.15 | ) | ||
Average Class A Shares Outstanding |
||||||||
Basic and Diluted |
74,398,336 | 74,138,572 | ||||||
Earnings per share information for periods prior to the Offerings is not presented, as we were not a public company and had a sole equity holder entitled to all earnings. Additionally, our Class B Shares represent voting interests and do not participate in the earnings of the Company. Accordingly, no earnings per share information related to our Class B Shares is presented.
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Item 7. | Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations |
This discussion contains forward-looking statements, which involve numerous risks and uncertainties, including, but not limited to, those described in Part IItem 1A. Risk Factors of this annual report. This Managements Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations should be read in conjunction with the consolidated and combined financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. Actual results may differ materially from those contained in any forward-looking statements.
Business Overview
We are a leading global alternative asset management firm with offices in New York, London, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Bangalore and Beijing. We provide investment management services to our various multi-strategy hedge funds and separately managed accounts to a diverse group of institutional investors worldwide, including pension and profit-sharing funds, foundations, fund-of-funds, university endowments and other financial institutions. We were founded in 1994 by Daniel Och in partnership with Ziff Brothers Investments with the goal of building an enduring, world class investment management business. Since our inception, we have managed our business with a global perspective, taking advantage of investment opportunities wherever they arise. We have been among the pioneers of the hedge fund industry in building out a global investment platform.
Our funds seek to deliver consistent, positive, risk-adjusted returns throughout market cycles. Our fund investors measure our investment performance on an absolute return basis rather than relative to a benchmark index, value non-volatile returns as compared to the capital markets and consider preservation of capital during periods of market decline as important as attractive returns when the capital markets experience positive performance.
We conduct substantially all of our operations through our one reportable segment, the Och-Ziff Funds segment, which provides management and advisory services to our hedge funds and separately managed accounts, excluding substantially all of our real estate funds. Our funds employ a global multi-strategy investment approach, with a focus on low volatility and minimal use of leverage. Some of the main strategies our funds employ include merger arbitrage, convertible and derivative arbitrage, equity restructuring, credit and distressed investments, private investments and real estate. The following are our most significant funds:
| OZ Master FundOur flagship fund, a global multi-strategy fund that participates in all our investment strategies across all the geographies in which we invest. |
| OZ Europe Master FundA multi-strategy fund focused on investments in Europe. |
| OZ Asia Master FundA multi-strategy fund focused on investments in Asia. |
| OZ Global Special Investments Master FundA fund focused on private investments that will allow us to increase the investment strategies and geographic reach we can offer our fund investors, which is a central component of our growth strategy. |
Our other operations are currently comprised of our real estate business, which manages and provides advisory services to our real estate funds. Investments in new businesses established to expand certain of our private investment platforms are also included in other operations. These other operations, which are in early growth stages do not meet the thresholds of a reportable business segment under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP).
Our operations have been financed primarily by cash flow generated by our business. Our principal sources of revenues are management fees, which are based on the amount of our assets under management, and incentive income, which is based on the investment performance of our funds. Accordingly, for any given fiscal period, our revenues will be driven by the combination of assets under management and the investment performance of our funds.
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Initial Public Offering and Private Offering
In November 2007, we completed our initial public offering, or IPO, of 36 million Class A Shares and a private offering of approximately 38.1 million Class A Shares to DIC Sahir, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dubai International Capital LLC. We refer to the IPO and the private share sale to DIC Sahir collectively as the Offerings. The Offerings strengthened our brand visibility globally, while also providing us with the added capital to pursue growth opportunities. Our founding owners, including Daniel Och, reinvested substantially all of their $1.6 billion in after-tax proceeds from the Offerings into the Global Special Investments Master Fund, the primary vehicle by which we expect to grow our private investments business.
Factors Affecting Our Business
As a global alternative asset manager, our business is impacted by financial and economic conditions in the United States, Europe and Asia and elsewhere in the world. During 2008, and continuing to date, global economic conditions significantly deteriorated with weakness becoming far-reaching and pervasive across economies, markets and asset classes worldwide. The global financial markets have experienced unprecedented levels of instability, an acute contraction in the availability of credit and substantial declines. The failure or insolvency of a number of leading financial institutions, concerns about the capital adequacy of financial institutions worldwide and asset write-downs have spurred government bodies and central banks worldwide to implement significant measures to increase liquidity, prevent the insolvency of entities deemed too big to fail and avert both a collapse of the global banking system and a deep, prolonged global recession. The uncertainty of the success of these measures, together with increasing mortgage default rates, a sharp contraction in real estate values and well-publicized scandals involving certain financial institutions have seriously eroded investor and corporate confidence. These factors have exacerbated the flight from equities to cash and equivalent holdings and resulted in an unprecedented decline in value for virtually every asset class worldwide.
For the hedge fund industry, 2008 was one of the most difficult years on record, with substantial declines in investment performance and increased redemptions experienced by many participants due to the adverse developments in the global economy and financial markets described above. Capital allocated to hedge funds has declined significantly as investors, particularly fund-of-funds, sought to re-balance or reduce exposures to the equity markets and to alternative asset managers in response to the difficult environment. In light of market conditions that remain unstable globally, investor confidence remains low and investors are expected to continue to have liquidity demands that may cause them to reduce exposures further. As a result, many hedge funds have imposed gates, suspended or frozen redemptions or otherwise constrained investor liquidity.
As a result of all of these conditions, contraction and consolidation within the hedge fund industry is accelerating as industry participants with significantly decreased assets under management are facing not only an erosion in investor confidence, but also reduced revenues and challenges to operate profitably. Industry participants are under pressure to improve performance, retain and attract assets, reduce costs and improve risk management processes, even as the industry-wide redemption cycle continues.
We are not immune to the conditions impacting the global economy and financial markets or the hedge fund industry. During 2008, our funds experienced negative investment performance and increased redemptions. Our assets under management have declined from $33.4 billion as of December 31, 2007 to $22.3 billion as of March 1, 2009. Global economic and market conditions continue to be difficult, as described above, and we believe that the industry-wide redemption cycle is not yet over. These conditions will continue to affect our business and, as other alternative asset managers continue to restrict fund investor liquidity, it is possible that we could continue to experience elevated redemptions relative to historic levels.
Our ability to grow revenues and expand our business is dependent on attracting new assets under management from existing and new investors. Our success in doing so is dependent on our ability to preserve capital and successfully extend our performance track record. However, until current conditions improve and markets stabilize, our business may be adversely impacted by several factors. In particular:
| As a result of negative investment performance in 2008, we entered 2009 with high-water marks, which obligates us to make our fund investors whole for the full amount of their losses in 2008 before we can begin |
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to earn incentive income in 2009. Current market conditions may make it difficult for us to exceed those high-water marks in 2009, or to generate incentive income on any new capital flows that we may receive. |
| The ongoing factors leading to the current instability in the global financial markets may cause investors to continue to redeem investments in our funds, which may result in further declines in our assets under management and correspondingly reduced management fee revenues. |
| As a result of our reduced assets under management and our 2009 high-water marks, we may earn lower revenues in 2009 than in the prior year. To address this, we will continue to evaluate our business in terms of the economic environment and the investment opportunities available. This evaluation is ongoing, and permits us flexibility in how we balance the allocation of our resources. |
Although these challenges are significant, we believe that the attributes central to our business model position us to capitalize on the opportunities that we believe will arise from current economic conditions, and contribute to the expansion of our business as the capital markets recover. There are several competitive strengths we possess and various market factors that will affect our ability to attract new assets under management over time:
| We are a leading, institutional global alternative asset manager, with an established track record. During 2008, we significantly outperformed the major equity indices and we believe our investment performance record positions us to gain a greater share of market inflows as the markets recover and institutional investors increase their demand for hedge fund products. Historically, demand for hedge fund products by institutional investors has been one of the main drivers of the growth of the hedge fund industry. This demand has been driven by their pursuit of higher returns compared to those generated by traditional equity and fixed income strategies and desire to diversify by allocating capital to asset managers whose investment returns have a low correlation to the broader equity markets. Therefore, we believe institutional investors will continue to allocate a portion of their capital to us to diversify their investment strategies and enhance their returns. |
| We have a diversified global alternative investment platform. Our global presence, respected brand name and financial and intellectual capital enable us to identify and quickly respond to investment opportunities. As markets normalize, we believe that there is significant potential for us to further develop our private investment platforms that capitalize on emerging markets, real estate, energy and alternative energy, which we believe are important areas of long-term growth. |
| Our investment approach is defined by a rigorous, research-driven investment process based on extensive quantitative and qualitative analysis. We generally make investments where our analytical processes lead us to believe that we have expertise and a competitive advantage and then only in positions for which we believe the risks are reasonable and manageable. We believe our investment process will allow us to capitalize on the investment opportunities we expect to see as current economic and market conditions improve and enable us to expand our business over the long term. |
| Historically, we have generated investment returns without the extensive use of leverage, and we will continue to manage our business with a consistent and disciplined focus on preserving investor capital during down markets, relying on our risk management process. |
Our ability to grow our revenues and expand our business depends on generating positive investment performance and attracting new assets under management from existing and new investors. In particular, we believe that the ongoing contraction and consolidation in the hedge fund industry will allow us to emerge as a stronger leader in the industry, with an enhanced competitive position that will provide fund investors with compelling opportunities. We also believe that institutional investors will continue to allocate a portion of their capital to the leading alternative asset managers that remain stable and emerge from the current crisis. We expect to benefit from this anticipated trend. For a more detailed description of how economic and global financial market conditions can materially affect our investment performance, growth strategies and financial performance, see Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our Business and Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Our Funds in this annual report.
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Understanding Our Results
Assets Under Management and Fund Performance
Our results are primarily driven by the combination of assets under management and the investment performance of our funds. Positive investment performance and preservation of fund investor capital are the principal determinants of the long-term success of our business because they enable us to grow assets under management organically as well as attract new capital and minimize redemptions by our fund investors. Conversely, poor investment performance slows our growth, decreases our assets under management and can result in investor redemptions from our funds.
We typically accept new investors and additional investments from existing investors into our funds on a monthly basis on the first day of each month. Investors in our funds (other than investors in special investments, certain real estate funds and other new businesses) have the right to redeem their interests in a fund, generally on a quarterly basis (although some investors may redeem their interests in a fund monthly), following an initial lock-up period of one to three years. The lock-up requirements for the funds may generally be waived or modified in the sole discretion of the funds general partner or board of directors, as applicable. The ability of investors to contribute capital to and redeem capital from our funds causes our assets under management to fluctuate from period to period. Fluctuations in assets under management also result from our funds investment performance due to the retention or reinvestment of fund profits and impact of fund losses. Fluctuations in assets under management due to investor contributions and redemptions and resulting from fund performance directly impact the revenues we earn from management fees and incentive income.
As our assets under management fluctuate, our management fee revenues fluctuate. Management fee rates typically range from 1.5% to 2.5% of assets under management annually and currently average approximately 1.7%, taking into account non-fee paying assets under management. Management fees are calculated on a quarterly basis, based on assets under management as of the first day of each quarter. Capital contributions made during a quarter are charged a pro rata management fee. Requests for redemptions submitted during a quarter generally are paid on the first day of the following quarter. Accordingly, quarterly redemptions generally will have no impact on management fees during the quarter in which they are submitted. Instead, these redemptions decrease assets under management as of the first day of the following quarter, which reduces management fees for that quarter. In addition, annual fund investment performance determines the amount of incentive income we will earn, because generally we earn 20% of any net profits earned by the funds on an annual basis.
Accordingly, our revenues are directly impacted by the value of our assets under management. Management fees are directly impacted by any increase or decrease in our assets under management, whether due to investor capital flows or fund investment performance, while incentive fees are directly impacted by our funds performance and indirectly impacted by increases and decreases in assets under management. To the extent that our assets under management change, our total revenues will change. For example, a $1 billion increase or decrease in assets under management would generally increase or decrease annual management fees by approximately $17 million, assuming no material changes in current average management fee rates and taking into account non-fee paying assets under management. If net profits attributable to a fee-paying fund investor were $1 billion, we generally would earn incentive income equal to $200 million, assuming no change in current incentive income rates. For most of our funds, there is a one-year high-water mark in years when our funds experience negative investment performance. Generally, if the high-water mark is not recouped during the year following the loss, the high-water mark is eliminated, allowing us to earn incentive income during the second year following the loss, even if the full amount of the investors prior years loss had not been recouped. If the high-water mark is recouped during the year, we would then be able to earn incentive income during that year.
Information with respect to our assets under management throughout this annual report, including the tables set forth in this discussion and analysis, includes deferred balances, which are made up of incentive income receivables from our offshore funds that were deferred prior to the Offerings, and investments by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties. Prior to the IPO, we did not charge management fees or earn incentive income on investments
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made by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties. Following our IPO, we began charging management fees and earning incentive income on new investments made in our funds by our partners and certain other affiliated parties, including the reinvestment by our partners of the after-tax proceeds from the Offerings, other than the reinvestment by our founding partners of deferred balances. As of December 31, 2008, approximately 9% of our assets under management represented investments by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties in our funds and the deferred balances. As of this date, approximately 43% of these affiliated assets under management are not charged management fees and are not subject to an incentive income allocation, as they relate primarily to pre-IPO investments and deferred balances.
Reorganization
Prior to the Offerings, we completed a reorganization of our business, which we refer to as the Reorganization, whereby the general partner interests in each of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities and the real estate management business were transferred to us. As part of the Reorganization, interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group held by our founding owners were reclassified as Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. These units are held by our founding owners and are exchangeable for our Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis, subject to vesting and other requirements, transfer and other restrictions and certain adjustments.
We used the net proceeds from the Offerings to acquire a 19.2% interest in the Och-Ziff Operating Group in the form of Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units. The Och-Ziff Operating Group then used the proceeds to acquire from our founding owners Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units representing the 19.2% interest in the Och-Ziff Operating Group, which units were subsequently canceled. The Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units together with Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, which we refer to as Och-Ziff Operating Group Equity Units, represent all of the equity interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group.
Prior to the Reorganization, income allocations to our founding partners, other than Mr. Och, and to the Ziffs were recorded as expenses within allocations to non-equity partner interests and profit sharing, respectively, in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. For periods following the Reorganization, allocations to Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units are recorded within partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries in the consolidated and combined statements of operations, as these are equity interests held directly in the Och-Ziff Operating Group.
Consolidation of Och-Ziff Funds
For the year ended December 31, 2006, we consolidated all of our domestic funds into our results of operations, resulting in the elimination of management fees and incentive income earned from these funds. In addition, for the year ended December 31, 2006, and the six months ended June 30, 2007, we consolidated all of our offshore funds into our results of operations, resulting in the elimination of management fees and incentive income earned from those funds. These eliminations had no impact on our net income, as the amounts earned were captured within our net share of income from these funds. We deconsolidated our domestic funds on January 1, 2007, and our offshore funds on June 30, 2007. As a result, revenues earned from those funds are no longer eliminated in consolidation following such dates. Following the deconsolidation, income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds, expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds, net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds and the portion of partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries attributable to the consolidated funds have been insignificant to our results.
We continue to consolidate our real estate funds; however, management fees from the real estate funds, included in our other operations, are not eliminated in consolidation, as such fees are paid to us directly by investors in these funds. In addition, our managed accounts are not consolidated into our results, as we do not control those accounts.
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Revenues
We generate revenue through two principal sources: management fees and incentive income. The amount of revenues earned from those sources is directly related to the amount of our assets under management and the investment performance of our funds. Management fees are directly impacted by any increase or decrease in our assets under management, while incentive fees are impacted by our funds performance and any increase or decrease in assets under management. To the extent that our assets under management decrease due to investor withdrawals or performance, our total revenues will decrease.
| Management fees. We earn management fees as follows: |
Hedge Funds and Managed Accounts. Management fees range from 1.5% to 2.5% annually of assets under management. Management fees are generally paid to us on a quarterly basis, at the beginning of the quarter, based on assets under management at the beginning of the quarter. Management fees are prorated for capital inflows and redemptions during the quarter. Accordingly, changes in our management fee revenues each quarter are influenced by changes in the opening balances of assets under management, changes in average management fee rates and the relative magnitude and timing of inflows and redemptions during the respective quarter.
Real Estate Funds. Management fees from the Och-Ziff real estate funds are generally charged at an annual rate of 1.5% of the total capital commitments during the investment period and 1.5% of invested capital after the investment period has ended. Management fees are generally paid to us on a quarterly basis, at the beginning of the quarter, and are prorated for changes in capital commitments throughout the investment period and invested capital after the investment period.
| Incentive Income. We earn incentive income based on the performance of the Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts. Incentive income is typically equal to 20% of the net realized and unrealized profits earned for the full year that are attributable to each investor, but excludes unrealized profits on certain private investments. Incentive income on private investments is earned in the year of the sale or realization of the private investment. For most of our funds, there is a one-year high-water mark, except for the OZ Global Special Investments Master Fund, which has a perpetual high-water mark. |
Prior to the deconsolidation of most of our funds in 2007, income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds was a significant component of our total revenues. Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds consists of interest income, dividend income and other revenues related to the lending of securities and other miscellaneous items.
Expenses
Our core operating expenses consist of compensation and benefits; interest expense; and general, administrative and other expenses.
| Compensation and Benefits. Compensation and benefits is comprised of salaries and benefits, guaranteed and discretionary cash bonuses and equity-based compensation. Annual incentive compensation is variable and discretionary, and the amount paid is generally based on total annual revenues. Generally, compensation and benefits comprise a significant portion of total expenses, with annual discretionary incentive compensation comprising a large portion of total compensation and benefits expense. This annual compensation expense historically has been funded by total revenues, which include incentive income earned at the end of a calendar year. In any year where annual revenues are less than the prior year, incentive compensation may be less than in the prior year and is typically funded through a combination of cash on hand and equity in the form of Class A restricted share units, or RSUs. |
| Interest Expense. Amounts included within interest expense relate primarily to the note payable on our corporate aircraft and, subsequent to July 2, 2007, interest expense on our $750 million term loan. |
| General, Administrative and Other. General, administrative and other expenses are primarily related to professional services, occupancy and equipment, business development expenses, information processing and |
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communications, insurance, changes in the tax receivable agreement liability and other miscellaneous expenses. |
Prior to the Reorganization, income allocations to our founding partners other than Mr. Och and the Ziffs on their interests in our business were recorded as allocations to non-equity partners and profit sharing expenses, respectively. As part of the Reorganization, these interests were reclassified as Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, resulting in significant non-cash charges that we have recorded within Reorganization expenses in our consolidated and combined statements of operations. The estimated future Reorganization expenses related to the amortization of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by our partners is expected to be approximately $1.7 billion per year from 2009 through 2011 and $1.5 billion in 2012.
Prior to the deconsolidation of most of our funds in 2007, expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds was a significant component of our total expenses. Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds consists of interest expense, dividend expense, stock loan fees and other expenses.
Other Income (Loss)
Our other income (loss) consists of (i) net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures, and (ii) net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds.
| Net Earnings (Losses) on Deferred Balances and Investments in Och-Ziff Funds and Joint Ventures. Net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures primarily consists of the following: (i) net earnings (losses) on deferred balances; (ii) net earnings (losses) on investments in our funds made by us, on behalf of our partners, prior to 2008; (iii) net earnings (losses) on investments in our funds made by us to economically hedge certain deferred compensation plans indexed to fund performance; and (iv) net losses on investments in joint ventures. |
| Net Gains (Losses) of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds. Prior to the deconsolidation of most of our funds in 2007, net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds was a significant component of our other income (loss). Net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds consists of realized and unrealized gains and losses on investments and derivative contracts. |
Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries represents ownership interests held by parties other than us and is primarily made up of: (i) fund investors interests in consolidated Och-Ziff funds; and (ii) Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by our founding owners. Increases or decreases in this item related to the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units are driven by the earnings or losses of the Och-Ziff Operating Group allocated to such units to the extent that cumulative losses do not reduce partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries to a deficit position. Subsequent to the adoption of SFAS No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statementsan amendment of ARB No. 51 (SFAS 160), we will no longer absorb losses when cumulative losses reduce partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries to a deficit position. See Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements for additional information regarding the adoption of SFAS 160.
Prior to the deconsolidation of most of our funds in 2007, partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries related to fund investors interests in consolidated Och-Ziff funds and was a significant component of our results.
Income Taxes
The computation of the effective tax rate and provision for each interim period requires certain estimates and significant judgment including, but not limited to, the expected operating income for the year, projections of the proportion of income earned and taxed in foreign jurisdictions, permanent differences, and the likelihood of
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recovering deferred tax assets existing as of December 31, 2008. The estimates and judgments used to compute the provision for income taxes may change as new events occur, additional information is obtained or as the tax laws and regulations change.
Members of the United States Congress have introduced legislation that would, if enacted, preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly-traded partnership rules and that would have the effect of treating income recognized from carried interests as ordinary fee income, thereby effectively causing such income to be treated as nonqualifying income under the publicly-traded partnership rules. If these proposals, or similar legislation, are enacted, we would incur a material increase in our tax liability. See Item 1A. Risk FactorsRisks Related to Taxation Members of the United States Congress have introduced legislation that would, if enacted, preclude us from qualifying for treatment as a partnership for U.S. federal income tax purposes under the publicly-traded partnership rules. Our structure also is subject to potential judicial or administrative change and differing interpretations, possibly on a retroactive basis for additional information.
Assets Under Management and Fund Performance
Assets Under Management
Our assets under management include deferred balances, amounts invested by us and certain amounts invested by our founding partners and other affiliated parties for which we charge no management fees and receive no incentive income. As of December 31, 2008, approximately 9% of our assets under management represented investments by us, our partners and certain other affiliated parties in our funds and the deferred balances. As of this date, approximately 43% of these affiliated assets under management are not charged management fees and are not subject to an incentive income allocation, as they relate primarily to pre-IPO investments and deferred balances. In addition, we calculate management fees based on assets under management at the beginning of the period. The amounts presented below are net of management fees and incentive income. Accordingly, the assets under management presented in the following table are not the amounts used to calculate management fees for the respective periods.
The following table sets forth assets under management of our most significant funds (by asset size):
December 31, | |||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||
OZ Master Fund |
$ | 16,396,290 | $ | 19,771,142 | $ | 15,448,591 | |||
OZ Europe Master Fund |
$ | 5,084,094 | $ | 6,415,782 | $ | 3,480,901 | |||
OZ Asia Master Fund |
$ | 2,438,913 | $ | 3,852,118 | $ | 2,332,093 | |||
OZ Global Special Investments Master Fund |
$ | 1,910,139 | $ | 2,081,960 | $ | 194,511 |
Assets under management presented in this table do not include assets under management related to our real estate funds, the separate accounts we manage on behalf of certain institutions or certain other funds, which collectively were approximately $1.2 billion as of December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006.
The following table sets forth the changes to our assets under management:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||
Balance-beginning of period |
$ | 33,387,455 | $ | 22,621,115 | $ | 15,627,165 | ||||
Net flows |
(722,135 | ) | 7,591,631 | 4,135,235 | ||||||
Appreciation (depreciation) |
(5,710,714 | ) | 3,174,709 | 2,858,715 | ||||||
Balance-end of period |
$ | 26,954,606 | $ | 33,387,455 | $ | 22,621,115 | ||||
Average assets under management |
$ | 31,803,729 | $ | 28,110,364 | $ | 19,005,764 |
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Our assets under management declined substantially during 2008 due primarily to trading losses and write-downs in our private investments related to the unprecedented global capital market conditions, particularly during the second half of 2008. These conditions resulted in substantial declines in the values of most asset classes worldwide, a continued lack of liquidity across the global capital markets, record levels of volatility in the equity markets worldwide, the failures or reorganizations of certain significant global financial institutions and other businesses, and government interventions globally in efforts to stem a deeper global economic crisis. Our business has been adversely affected by these global market conditions. As a result, the investment returns in each of our master funds were adversely affected, most significantly in the second half of the year.
In 2008, our funds experienced both performance-related depreciation of $5.7 billion and net investor outflows of $722 million, which were comprised of $4.8 billion of inflows and $5.5 billion of outflows, as institutional investors re-balanced, reduced or eliminated their exposures to hedge funds and the capital markets generally in response to challenging market conditions. In addition, the performance-related depreciation of our funds resulted in a minimal amount of incentive income earned in 2008.
Assets under management as of March 1, 2009 were $22.3 billion, a decrease of $4.7 billion from December 31, 2008, mainly as a result of net investor outflows of $5.2 billion from January 1, 2009 through March 1, 2009. We believe these redemptions were investors response to the continuing global financial crisis. As a result of these conditions, which may continue beyond 2009, we believe our growth rate for at least the near term to be lower than historic levels. As a result, we expect that management fees will be lower in future quarters compared to prior periods until global economies and markets stabilize and assets under management begin to increase. In addition, due to the high-water marks set in 2008, we may not earn incentive income in 2009 with respect to fund investor losses resulting from negative fund investment performance for the year. See Liquidity and Capital Resources for additional information about our liquidity.
Assets under management were $33.4 billion as of December 31, 2007, 48% billion higher than the $22.6 billion in assets under management as of December 31, 2006. The $10.8 billion year-over-year increase was driven principally by performance-related appreciation of $3.2 billion and net inflows of $7.6 billion, which were comprised of $10.0 billion of inflows and $2.4 billion of outflows, which included the reinvestment by the Companys founding partners and the Ziffs of approximately $1.6 billion in after-tax proceeds from the Offerings.
In 2006, growth in assets under management was driven by net inflows of $4.1 billion, which were comprised of $6.4 billion of inflows and $2.3 billion of outflows, and performance-related appreciation of $2.9 billion as our funds delivered positive investment performance.
Fund Performance
Performance information for our most significant master funds is included throughout this discussion and analysis to facilitate an understanding of our results of operations for the periods presented. The performance information reflected in this discussion and analysis is not indicative of the performance of our Class A Shares and is also not necessarily indicative of the future results of any particular fund. An investment in our Class A Shares is not an investment in any of our funds. There can be no assurance that any of our master funds or our other existing and future funds will achieve similar results.
The table below sets forth performance information for our most significant master funds. These net returns represent a composite of the average net returns of the feeder funds that comprise each of the master funds presented and are presented on a total return basis, net of all fees and expenses (except incentive income earned on certain unrealized private investments that could reduce returns at the time of realization) and include the reinvestment of all dividends and income. These net returns also include realized and unrealized gains and losses attributable to certain private and IPO investments that are not allocated to all investors in the funds.
Net Return for the Year Ended December 31, |
|||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||
OZ Master Fund |
-15.9 | % | 11.5 | % | 14.8 | % | |||
OZ Europe Master Fund |
-17.4 | % | 14.8 | % | 22.3 | % | |||
OZ Asia Master Fund |
-30.9 | % | 12.2 | % | 14.0 | % | |||
OZ Global Special Investments Master Fund |
-8.3 | % | 17.2 | % | 13.9 | % |
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In 2008, the majority of the performance-related depreciation was due to unprecedented market volatility, a lack of liquidity across markets worldwide and the ensuing flight from equities to cash and cash equivalent holdings which began in September and persisted through the remainder of 2008. These factors resulted in substantial declines in the value of almost every asset class globally.
In the second half of 2007, risks related to defaults on sub-prime mortgages and declining residential real estate values led to significant dislocations in the global credit markets. This was particularly evident in the third quarter when we saw a mid-quarter decline of 10% to 15% in the global equity markets, and in the last two months of the fourth quarter when we also saw broad global market declines. The diversification of our business by strategy and geography, combined with the active management of our exposures and focus on preservation of fund capital, enabled us to deliver strong investment performance and attract additional capital into our funds.
Among the key contributors to our positive performance in 2006 was the realization of certain private investments by our funds. Additionally, performance was positively impacted by, among other things, increased investment opportunities arising from robust equity markets in the United States and Europe.
Results of Operations
In the discussion and analysis that follows, certain line items are not comparable from period to period as a result of the deconsolidation of our offshore funds on June 30, 2007 and our domestic funds on January 1, 2007, and as a result of the Reorganization in 2007. In these instances, we have identified the percentage change as NM (not meaningful). To provide comparative information of our operating results for the periods presented, a discussion of Economic Income of the Och-Ziff Funds segment, our only reportable segment, follows the discussion of our total Company U.S. GAAP results. Economic Income reflects, on a consistent basis for all periods presented in our financial statements, income earned from the Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts, excluding the real estate funds that are included within other operations and currently are not significant to our results. Economic Income excludes certain adjustments required under U.S. GAAP. See Segment AnalysisOch-Ziff FundsEconomic Income and Note 16 of the consolidated and combined financial statements included in this annual report for a reconciliation of Economic Income to total Company U.S. GAAP results.
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Year Ended December 31, 2008 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues |
|||||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 576,265 | $ | 317,756 | $ | 258,509 | NM | ||||||||
Incentive income |
12,201 | 632,690 | (620,489 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Other revenues |
4,109 | 11,637 | (7,528 | ) | -65 | % | |||||||||
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
11,809 | 539,892 | (528,083 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Total Revenues |
604,384 | 1,501,975 | (897,591 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Expenses |
|||||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
261,830 | 238,331 | 23,499 | 10 | % | ||||||||||
Allocations to non-equity partner interests |
(38,328 | ) | 574,326 | (612,654 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Reorganization expenses |
1,698,989 | 3,333,396 | (1,634,407 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Profit sharing |
(4,751 | ) | 106,644 | (111,395 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Interest expense |
33,948 | 24,240 | 9,708 | 40 | % | ||||||||||
General, administrative and other |
102,222 | 83,241 | 18,981 | 23 | % | ||||||||||
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
3,994 | 343,135 | (339,141 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Total Expenses |
2,057,904 | 4,703,313 | (2,645,409 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Other Income (Loss) |
|||||||||||||||
Net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures |
(153,337 | ) | 118,335 | (271,672 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
(17,634 | ) | 2,352,290 | (2,369,924 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Total Other Income (Loss) |
(170,971 | ) | 2,470,625 | (2,641,596 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Loss Before Income Taxes and Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
(1,624,491 | ) | (730,713 | ) | (893,778 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Income taxes |
40,066 | 63,963 | (23,897 | ) | -37 | % | |||||||||
Loss Before Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
(1,664,557 | ) | (794,676 | ) | (869,881 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
1,153,961 | (120,350 | ) | 1,274,311 | NM | ||||||||||
Net Loss |
$ | (510,596 | ) | $ | (915,026 | ) | $ | 404,430 | NM | ||||||
Revenues
Management Fees. The following table sets forth the components of our management fees:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Och-Ziff Funds segment: |
|||||||||||||||
Hedge funds |
$ | 559,995 | $ | 464,624 | $ | 95,371 | 21 | % | |||||||
Managed accounts |
11,279 | 12,283 | (1,004 | ) | -8 | % | |||||||||
Och-Ziff real estate funds |
5,245 | 5,245 | | 0 | % | ||||||||||
Eliminated in consolidation |
(254 | ) | (164,396 | ) | 164,142 | NM | |||||||||
Total |
$ | 576,265 | $ | 317,756 | $ | 258,509 | NM | ||||||||
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Management fees increased in 2008 by $258.5 million from 2007. This increase was primarily the result of the decrease in management fees eliminated in consolidation. As previously discussed, our offshore funds were consolidated for the first half of 2007, resulting in the elimination of a substantial portion of our management fees earned during that period. The remaining increase was driven by higher average assets under management during 2008.
Our management fees before the impact of eliminations were 1.8% and 1.7% of our average assets under management in 2008 and 2007, respectively. While the ratio of management fees before the impact of eliminations to average assets under management in 2008 was 1.8%, our average management fee rate is approximately 1.7%, as the performance-related depreciation experienced in the fourth quarter of 2008 reduced our average assets under management but did not impact our management fees, as management fees are generally calculated at the beginning of each quarter. See Segment Analysis for a discussion of management fees earned by the Och-Ziff Funds segment before the impact of eliminations in consolidation.
Incentive Income. The following table sets forth the components of our incentive income:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Och-Ziff Funds segment: |
||||||||||||||
Hedge funds |
$ | 12,201 | $ | 621,578 | $ | (609,377 | ) | -98 | % | |||||
Managed accounts |
| 15,665 | (15,665 | ) | -100 | % | ||||||||
Eliminated in consolidation |
| (4,553 | ) | 4,553 | NM | |||||||||
Total |
$ | 12,201 | $ | 632,690 | $ | (620,489 | ) | NM | ||||||
Incentive income decreased in 2008 by $620.5 million from 2007. This decrease was the result of the negative performance by our funds in 2008 previously discussed. The $12.2 million incentive income earned in 2008 primarily related to the redemptions from our fund investors during the year. In 2009, we will generally not begin to earn any incentive income on existing capital from individual fund investors until the losses incurred in 2008 have been recovered. We may earn incentive income on any new capital invested in our funds, to the extent we generate a positive return on such capital. See Liquidity and Capital Resources for a discussion of our high-water marks.
Income of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds. The following table sets forth income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds by amounts earned from funds that we continue to consolidate and amounts earned from funds we no longer consolidate:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||
From funds we continue to consolidate |
$ | 11,809 | $ | 11,718 | $ | 91 | 1 | % | |||||
From funds we no longer consolidate |
| 528,174 | (528,174 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 11,809 | $ | 539,892 | $ | (528,083 | ) | NM | |||||
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds decreased in 2008 by $528.1 million from 2007. Substantially all of the income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in 2007 was related to our offshore funds, which we consolidated through June 30, 2007. Subsequent to June 30, 2007, income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds relates primarily to our real estate funds, which we continue to consolidate. We expect these amounts to continue to be insignificant to our operating results in future periods.
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Expenses
Compensation and Benefits. Compensation and benefits expenses increased in 2008 by $23.5 million from 2007. This 10% increase was driven by an increase of $96.0 million relating to the non-cash amortization of RSUs. No RSUs were issued prior to our IPO in November 2007. This increase was offset by an $89.1 million decrease in bonus expense due to significantly lower incentive income in 2008, which resulted from the negative annual performance of our funds. The remaining increase was due primarily to annualized salary and benefit expenses related to our growth in headcount that occurred in 2007 due to the additional infrastructure needed to become a public company and to support the growth in our business. Our worldwide headcount grew from 399 at December 31, 2007 to 412 at December 31, 2008.
Allocations to Non-Equity Partner Interests. Allocations to non-equity partner interests decreased in 2008 by $612.7 million from 2007 as a result of the reclassification of non-equity partner interests as Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units at the time of the Reorganization. As a result of this reclassification, income allocations to our partners other than Mr. Och following the Reorganization are no longer treated as expenses under U.S. GAAP. Only allocations of earnings on deferred balances, net of taxes, are treated as expenses following the Reorganization.
Reorganization Expenses. The following table sets forth the components of our Reorganization expenses:
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||
2008 | 2007 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Charge for units purchased with proceeds from initial public offering |
$ | | $ | 1,088,640 | |||
Charge for units purchased with proceeds from DIC Sahir offering |
| 1,129,744 | |||||
Charge for units held by Ziffs after the Offerings |
| 945,743 | |||||
Amortization of units held by partners after the Offerings |
1,698,989 | 212,792 | |||||
Transfer of residual non-equity partners and profit sharing interests to equity |
| (43,523 | ) | ||||
Total |
$ | 1,698,989 | $ | 3,333,396 | |||
Reorganization expenses decreased in 2008 by $1.6 billion from 2007. In 2008, these expenses represent the amortization of the fair value of unvested Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by our founding partners after the Offerings. In 2007, Reorganization expenses were comprised primarily of the amortization of the fair value of unvested Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by our founding partners after the Offerings in addition to various one-time charges related to the units issued to the partners and the Ziffs for which there was no substantive service or performance requirement. These include the units issued to the Ziffs in addition to the units purchased from the partners with the proceeds from the Offerings. The estimated future Reorganization expenses related to the amortization of the fair value of the remaining unvested Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by our partners is expected to be approximately $1.7 billion per year from 2009 through 2011 and $1.5 billion in 2012. Accordingly, we expect to continue to report a U.S. GAAP net loss in each of these years.
Profit Sharing. Profit sharing expense decreased in 2008 by $111.4 million from 2007 as a result of the reclassification of the Ziffs profit sharing interest in our business as Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units at the time of the Reorganization. As a result of this reclassification, income allocations to the Ziffs following the Reorganization are no longer treated as expenses under U.S. GAAP. Only allocations of earnings on deferred balances, net of taxes, are treated as expenses following the Reorganization.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased in 2008 by $9.7 million from 2007. The 40% increase was primarily due to a full year of interest expense incurred on our $750 million term loan in 2008. We entered into the term loan in July 2007; therefore, interest expense was only incurred for the second half of that year.
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General, Administrative and Other Expenses. The following table sets forth the components of our general, administrative and other expenses:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Professional services |
$ | 41,725 | $ | 36,363 | $ | 5,362 | 15 | % | ||||||
Occupancy and equipment |
18,700 | 15,929 | 2,771 | 17 | % | |||||||||
Information processing and communications |
15,881 | 10,834 | 5,047 | 47 | % | |||||||||
Business development |
11,648 | 9,355 | 2,293 | 25 | % | |||||||||
Other expenses |
15,944 | 10,760 | 5,184 | 48 | % | |||||||||
103,898 | 83,241 | 20,657 | 25 | % | ||||||||||
Changes in tax receivable agreement liability |
(1,676 | ) | | (1,676 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Total General, Administrative and Other |
$ | 102,222 | $ | 83,241 | $ | 18,981 | 23 | % | ||||||
General, administrative and other expenses increased in 2008 by $19.0 million from 2007. In 2008, we recognized a reduction of expenses in the amount of $1.7 million related to a decrease in the tax receivable agreement liability. This decrease was driven by a change in the estimated future tax savings resulting from the sale of interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group by our founding owners at the time of the Offerings. See Liquidity and Capital ResourcesDividends, Distributions, Future Liquidity and Capital NeedsTax receivable agreement for additional information. The remainder of the increase was driven principally by higher insurance costs recorded within other expenses, as well as the impact of annualized expenses related to the infrastructure build-out associated with becoming a public company and growth in our business that occurred primarily in 2007.
Expenses of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds. The following table sets forth expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds by amounts from funds that we continue to consolidate and that we no longer consolidate:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||
From funds we continue to consolidate |
$ | 3,994 | $ | 2,892 | $ | 1,102 | 38 | % | |||||
From funds we no longer consolidate |
| 340,243 | (340,243 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 3,994 | $ | 343,135 | $ | (339,141 | ) | NM | |||||
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds decreased in 2008 by $339.1 million from 2007. Substantially all of the expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in 2007 were related to our offshore funds, which we consolidated through June 30, 2007. Subsequent to June 30, 2007, expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds relate primarily to our real estate funds, which we continue to consolidate. We expect these amounts to continue to be insignificant to our operating results in future periods.
Other Income (Loss)
Net Earnings (Losses) on Deferred Balances and Investments in Och-Ziff Funds and Joint Ventures. The following table sets forth: (i) net earnings (losses) on deferred balances; (ii) net earnings (losses) on investments in Och-Ziff funds; (iii) net losses on joint ventures; and (iv) amounts eliminated in consolidation:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Net earnings (losses) on deferred balances |
$ | (141,900 | ) | $ | 245,051 | $ | (386,951 | ) | -158 | % | |||||
Net earnings (losses) on investments in Och-Ziff funds |
(3,835 | ) | 59,729 | (63,564 | ) | -106 | % | ||||||||
Net losses on joint ventures |
(7,644 | ) | | (7,644 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Eliminated in consolidation |
42 | (186,445 | ) | 186,487 | NM | ||||||||||
Total |
$ | (153,337 | ) | $ | 118,335 | $ | (271,672 | ) | NM | ||||||
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Net earnings on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures decreased in 2008 by $271.7 million from 2007. As a result of the consolidation of our offshore funds for the first six months of 2007, net earnings on deferred balances and investments in those funds were eliminated during this period. Following the deconsolidation, these amounts are no longer eliminated in consolidation.
The decrease in net earnings on deferred balances before the impact of eliminations was driven by the $485.8 million decrease in deferred balances. We no longer defer the collection of incentive income from our funds and we expect to collect and in turn, distribute over the next two years to our partners and the Ziffs, the outstanding deferred balances. In 2008, we paid out 50 percent of the deferred balances that were outstanding as of December 31, 2006, plus the 2007 earnings on the deferred balances. We expect to collect in 2009 an amount equal to 25 percent of the deferred balances that were outstanding as of December 31, 2006, net of losses on the deferred balances for 2008. We expect to collect any remaining deferred balances in 2010. Accordingly, we expect net earnings (losses) on deferred balances to become insignificant as we collect and distribute these balances to our partners and the Ziffs.
The decrease in net earnings on investments in Och-Ziff funds before the impact of eliminations was primarily related to amounts invested by us, on behalf of our partners, which were withdrawn and distributed to our partners in December 2007.
The net loss on joint ventures in 2008 of $7.6 million primarily relates to our share of start-up costs of our African joint venture, which is a start-up business that, as of December 31, 2008, had generated a minimal amount of revenues.
Net Gains (Losses) of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds. The following table sets forth net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds by net gains (losses) from funds that we continue to consolidate and net gains (losses) from funds we no longer consolidate:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
From funds we continue to consolidate |
$ | (17,634 | ) | $ | 14,957 | $ | (32,591 | ) | -218 | % | ||||
From funds we no longer consolidate |
| 2,337,333 | (2,337,333 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Total |
$ | (17,634 | ) | $ | 2,352,290 | $ | (2,369,924 | ) | NM | |||||
Net gains of consolidated Och-Ziff funds decreased in 2008 by $2.4 billion from 2007. Substantially all of the net gains of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in 2007 were related to our offshore funds, which we consolidated through June 30, 2007. Subsequent to June 30, 2007, net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds relate primarily to our real estate funds, which we continue to consolidate. We expect these amounts to continue to be insignificant to our operating results in future periods.
Income Taxes
Income tax expense decreased in 2008 by $23.9 million from 2007. This decrease was primarily due to a decrease in the profitability of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities. The decrease was offset by an $8.3 million tax shortfall of tax benefits accrued in accordance with FAS 123(R) related to RSUs that vested in 2008. In addition, the decrease was also offset by a $2.5 million increase in tax expense related to the effect of a change in estimated state and local income tax rates effective in future periods.
The Registrant and the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities are partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result of our legal structure, a portion of the income we earn is subject to corporate level tax rates in the U.S. and foreign jurisdictions. The provision for income taxes includes U.S. federal, state, local and foreign taxes at an effective tax rate of -8.52% for the year ended December 31, 2008, compared to an effective tax rate of -7.52% for
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the year ended December 31, 2007. These effective tax rates were driven primarily by the following: (i) only a portion of the income we earn is subject to U.S. federal, state and local corporate income taxes; (ii) a portion of the income we earn is subject to the New York City unincorporated business tax; (iii) certain foreign subsidiaries are subject to foreign corporate income taxes; and (iv) the Reorganization expenses are non-deductible for income tax purposes.
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, we were not required to establish a liability for uncertain tax positions under FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109. In addition, as of December 31, 2008, we had net operating loss carryforwards for federal income taxes of $24.6 million and for state and local income taxes of $2.8 million that will expire by December 31, 2028.
Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries
The following table sets forth the components of partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
From funds we continue to consolidate |
$ | 10,035 | $ | (23,477 | ) | $ | 33,512 | -143 | % | |||||
From funds we no longer consolidate |
| (2,169,940 | ) | 2,169,940 | NM | |||||||||
Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units |
1,048,929 | 2,091,469 | (1,042,540 | ) | -50 | % | ||||||||
Other |
94,997 | (18,402 | ) | 113,399 | NM | |||||||||
Total |
$ | 1,153,961 | $ | (120,350 | ) | $ | 1,274,311 | NM | ||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries increased in 2008 by $1.3 billion from 2007. The increase was primarily as a result of a decrease in allocable income related to funds we no longer consolidate, offset by the decrease in net losses allocated to the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by our partners and the Ziffs.
The decrease from funds we no longer consolidate was due to the deconsolidation of our offshore funds on June 30, 2007, as amounts related to these funds are no longer recognized in our results following the deconsolidation. Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries from funds that we continue to consolidate relate primarily to our real estate funds, which we currently expect to continue to be insignificant to our operating results in future periods.
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries related to the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, which represented an approximately 80.3% economic interest in our business as of December 31, 2008, is expected to continue to significantly reduce our net loss in future periods, as a majority of the losses of the Och-Ziff Operating Group are allocated to these interests.
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Year Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Revenues |
|||||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 317,756 | $ | 13,739 | $ | 304,017 | NM | ||||||||
Incentive income |
632,690 | 15,851 | 616,839 | NM | |||||||||||
Other revenues |
11,637 | 3,801 | 7,836 | 206 | % | ||||||||||
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
539,892 | 972,442 | (432,550 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Total Revenues |
1,501,975 | 1,005,833 | 496,142 | NM | |||||||||||
Expenses |
|||||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
238,331 | 168,961 | 69,370 | 41 | % | ||||||||||
Allocations to non-equity partner interests |
574,326 | 277,711 | 296,615 | NM | |||||||||||
Reorganization expenses |
3,333,396 | | 3,333,396 | NM | |||||||||||
Profit sharing |
106,644 | 97,977 | 8,667 | NM | |||||||||||
Interest expense |
24,240 | 1,183 | 23,057 | NM | |||||||||||
General, administrative and other |
83,241 | 48,515 | 34,726 | 72 | % | ||||||||||
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
343,135 | 495,621 | (152,486 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Total Expenses |
4,703,313 | 1,089,968 | 3,613,345 | NM | |||||||||||
Other Income |
|||||||||||||||
Net earnings on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds |
118,335 | | 118,335 | NM | |||||||||||
Net gains of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
2,352,290 | 3,290,175 | (937,885 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Total Other Income |
2,470,625 | 3,290,175 | (819,550 | ) | NM | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes and Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
(730,713 | ) | 3,206,040 | (3,936,753 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Income taxes |
63,963 | 23,327 | 40,636 | 174 | % | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
(794,676 | ) | 3,182,713 | (3,977,389 | ) | NM | |||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
(120,350 | ) | (2,594,706 | ) | 2,474,356 | NM | |||||||||
Net Income (Loss) |
$ | (915,026 | ) | $ | 588,007 | $ | (1,503,033 | ) | NM | ||||||
Revenues
Management Fees and Incentive Income. The following table sets forth the components of our management fees and incentive income:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Management Fees |
||||||||||||||
Och-Ziff Funds segment: |
||||||||||||||
Hedge funds |
$ | 464,624 | $ | 294,341 | $ | 170,283 | 58 | % | ||||||
Managed accounts |
12,283 | 8,494 | 3,789 | 45 | % | |||||||||
Och-Ziff real estate funds |
5,245 | 5,245 | | 0 | % | |||||||||
Eliminated in consolidation |
(164,396 | ) | (294,341 | ) | 129,945 | NM | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 317,756 | $ | 13,739 | $ | 304,017 | NM | |||||||
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Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Incentive Income |
|||||||||||||||
Och-Ziff Funds segment: |
|||||||||||||||
Hedge funds |
$ | 621,578 | $ | 635,647 | $ | (14,069 | ) | -2 | % | ||||||
Managed accounts |
15,665 | 15,851 | (186 | ) | -1 | % | |||||||||
Eliminated in consolidation |
(4,553 | ) | (635,647 | ) | 631,094 | NM | |||||||||
Total |
$ | 632,690 | $ | 15,851 | $ | 616,839 | NM | ||||||||
Management fees and incentive income increased in 2007 by $304.0 million and $616.8 million, respectively, from 2006. As previously discussed, all of our funds were consolidated in 2006 and our offshore funds were consolidated for the first six months of 2007 resulting in the elimination of a substantial portion of our management fees and incentive income earned during those periods. Our management fees before the impact of eliminations were approximately 1.7% and 1.6% of our average assets under management in 2007 and 2006, respectively. See Segment AnalysisOch-Ziff FundsYear Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006 for a discussion on management fees and incentive income earned from the Och-Ziff Funds segment before the impact of eliminations in consolidation.
Income of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds. The following table sets forth income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds by amounts earned from funds that we continue to consolidate and amounts earned from funds we no longer consolidate:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||
From funds we continue to consolidate |
$ | 11,718 | $ | 8,752 | $ | 2,966 | 34 | % | |||||
From funds we no longer consolidate |
528,174 | 963,690 | (435,516 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 539,892 | $ | 972,442 | $ | (432,550 | ) | NM | |||||
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds decreased in 2007 by $432.6 million from 2006 primarily as a result of the deconsolidation of our domestic funds on January 1, 2007, and the deconsolidation of our offshore funds on June 30, 2007. Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds from funds we continue to consolidate relate primarily to our real estate funds.
Expenses
Compensation and Benefits. Compensation and benefits expenses increased in 2007 by $69.4 million from 2006. This 41% increase was primarily due to a $60.7 million increase in salaries, bonuses and related expenses primarily attributable to an increase in our worldwide headcount from 267 at December 31, 2006 to 399 at December 31, 2007, and a $20.6 million increase related to the amortization of prior year deferred compensation awards. In addition, non-cash amortization of RSUs in 2007 was $13.4 million, which relates primarily to awards granted in November 2007 at the time of our IPO. These increases were offset in part by $25.3 million in compensation to certain employees in 2006 who were made partners in 2007; therefore, payments to such partners in 2007 are no longer included in compensation and benefits.
Allocations to Non-Equity Partner Interests. Allocations to non-equity partner interests increased in 2007 by $296.6 million from 2006. The increase was driven by the term loan distributions made to the founding partners other than Daniel Och of $301.0 million in 2007 and an increase of $172.4 million related to the amortization of previously deferred income allocations subject to vesting. These increases were offset by a decrease in 2007 income allocations of $176.8 million, as income allocations to our partners other than Mr. Och following the Reorganization, including the allocation of incentive income at the end of 2007, are no longer treated as expenses under U.S. GAAP.
71
Reorganization Expenses. Reorganization expenses for the year ended December 31, 2007 of $3.3 billion were comprised of the following:
(dollars in thousands) |
||||
Charge for units purchased with proceeds from initial public offering |
$ | 1,088,640 | ||
Charge for units purchased with proceeds from DIC Sahir offering |
1,129,744 | |||
Charge for units held by Ziffs after the Offerings |
945,743 | |||
Amortization of units held by partners after the Offerings |
212,792 | |||
Transfer of residual non-equity partners and profit sharing interests to equity |
(43,523 | ) | ||
Total |
$ | 3,333,396 | ||
In connection with the Reorganization, we recorded a one-time charge for the proceeds from the Offerings used to acquire interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group from our partners and the Ziffs. In addition, the fair value of the remaining Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by the Ziffs after the Offerings was recorded as a one-time charge due to a lack of any service or performance requirements.
Profit Sharing. Profit sharing expense increased in 2007 by $8.7 million from 2006. The increase in profit sharing expense resulted from the $72.6 million term loan distributions made to the Ziffs in 2007, offset by a decrease in 2007 income allocations of $63.9 million, as income allocations to the Ziffs following the Reorganization, including the allocation of incentive income at the end of 2007, are no longer treated as expenses under U.S. GAAP.
Interest Expense. Interest expense increased in 2007 by $23.1 million from 2006, of which $23.0 million related to our $750 million term loan entered into on July 2, 2007. See Liquidity and Capital ResourcesDebt Obligations for additional information regarding our debt obligations.
General, Administrative and Other Expenses. General, administrative and other expenses increased in 2007 by $34.7 million from 2006. This 72% increase is primarily due to $14.3 million of expenses associated with expenses incurred in the preparation for our IPO and the remaining increase primarily attributable to expenses incurred to support the growth of our operations.
Expenses of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds. The following table sets forth expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds by amounts from funds that we continue to consolidate and amounts from funds we no longer consolidate:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||
From funds we continue to consolidate |
$ | 2,892 | $ | 1,851 | $ | 1,041 | 56 | % | |||||
From funds we no longer consolidate |
340,243 | 493,770 | (153,527 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 343,135 | $ | 495,621 | $ | (152,486 | ) | NM | |||||
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds decreased in 2007 by $152.5 million from 2006 primarily as a result of the deconsolidation of our domestic funds on January 1, 2007, and the deconsolidation of our offshore funds on June 30, 2007. Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds from funds we continue to consolidate relate primarily to our real estate funds.
72
Other Income
Net Earnings on Deferred Balances and Investments in Och-Ziff Funds. The following table sets forth the components of our net earnings on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||
Net earnings on deferred balances |
$ | 245,051 | $ | 188,077 | $ | 56,974 | 30 | % | ||||||
Net earnings on investments in Och-Ziff funds |
59,729 | 52,296 | 7,433 | 14 | % | |||||||||
Eliminated in consolidation |
(186,445 | ) | (240,373 | ) | 53,928 | NM | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 118,335 | $ | | $ | 118,335 | NM | |||||||
Net earnings on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds were $118.3 million in 2007. As a result of the consolidation of all of our domestic funds in 2006 and our offshore funds for the first half of 2007, earnings on deferred balances and investments in those funds were eliminated during the periods consolidated. Following the deconsolidation, these amounts are no longer eliminated in consolidation.
Net earnings on investments in Och-Ziff funds before the impact of eliminations increased in 2007 compared to 2006 primarily due to the increase in our investments in Och-Ziff funds towards the end of 2006, which contributed to earnings in 2007. These amounts were primarily related to amounts invested by us, on behalf of our partners, which were withdrawn and distributed to our partners in December 2007.
Deferred balances before the impact of eliminations were $1.0 billion and $1.4 billion as of December 31, 2007 and 2006, respectively. While these deferred balances decreased 26% year-over-year, earnings on these amounts before the impact of eliminations increased 30%. This increase was primarily as a result of an increase of $406.4 million of additional deferred income receivable recorded on December 31, 2006 related to 2006 incentive income from our offshore funds, which contributed to earnings in 2007. In addition, on December 31, 2007, we collected $529.7 million of these deferred balances, which were in turn distributed to our partners in January 2008.
Net Gains of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds. The following table sets forth net gains of consolidated Och-Ziff funds by net gains from funds that we continue to consolidate and net gains from funds we no longer consolidate:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||
From funds we continue to consolidate |
$ | 14,957 | $ | 37,569 | $ | (22,612 | ) | -60 | % | ||||
From funds we no longer consolidate |
2,337,333 | 3,252,606 | (915,273 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Total |
$ | 2,352,290 | $ | 3,290,175 | $ | (937,885 | ) | NM | |||||
Net gains of consolidated Och-Ziff funds decreased in 2007 by $937.9 million from 2006 primarily as a result of the deconsolidation of our domestic funds on January 1, 2007, and the deconsolidation of our offshore funds on June 30, 2007. Net gains of consolidated Och-Ziff funds from funds we continue to consolidate relate primarily to our real estate funds.
Income Taxes
Income taxes increased in 2007 by $40.6 million from 2006. This increase was primarily due to federal income taxes of $24.6 million in 2007. Prior to the Reorganization and Offerings, we were only subject to certain local, state and foreign income taxes on our operations; however, due to the addition of a corporate tax paying entity into our
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structure, certain income allocated to our Class A shareholders has become subject to U.S. federal corporate-level income tax. The remaining increase was driven by an increase in the taxable profits of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities due to the growth in assets under management, resulting in higher management fees.
Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries
The following table sets forth the components of partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | ||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
From funds we continue to consolidate |
$ | (23,477 | ) | $ | (44,019 | ) | $ | 20,542 | -47 | % | |||||
From funds we no longer consolidate |
(2,169,940 | ) | (2,550,137 | ) | 380,197 | -15 | % | ||||||||
Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units |
2,091,469 | | 2,091,469 | NM | |||||||||||
Other |
(18,402 | ) | (550 | ) | (17,852 | ) | NM | ||||||||
Total |
$ | (120,350 | ) | $ | (2,594,706 | ) | $ | 2,474,356 | NM | ||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries decreased in 2007 by $2.5 billion from 2006. Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries for the year ended December 31, 2007, exceeded income before partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries, as these amounts are largely attributable to fund investors in the consolidated Och-Ziff funds. Our fund investors interests in consolidated funds do not participate in the operating loss of the Och-Ziff Operating Group, which was $2.6 billion in 2007. This loss was primarily due to the Reorganization expenses and increased allocations to non-equity partner interests previously discussed.
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries related to funds we no longer consolidate decreased primarily as a result of the deconsolidation of our domestic funds on January 1, 2007, and the deconsolidation of our offshore funds on June 30, 2007. Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries related to funds we continue to consolidate relate primarily to our real estate funds.
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries relates to the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, which represented an approximately 80.8% economic interest in our business as of December 31, 2007.
Segment Analysis
Och-Ziff FundsEconomic Income
We conduct substantially all of our operations through the Och-Ziff Funds segment. The performance measure for the Och-Ziff Funds segment is Economic Income, which management uses to evaluate the financial performance of and make operating decisions for the segment. Accordingly, management assesses its core business by analyzing the performance of the Och-Ziff Funds segment and believes that investors should review the same performance measure that it uses to analyze our segment and core business performance. The businesses and investments that are not included in the Och-Ziff Funds segment are currently not significant to our overall financial results. In addition, management believes that Economic Income is helpful to an understanding of our segment results of operations because it reflects the results of our core business on a consistent basis for all periods presented.
Economic Income is a pre-tax measure that (i) presents the segments results of operations without the impact of eliminations resulting from the consolidation of any of the Och-Ziff funds; (ii) recognizes the full amount of cash compensation expense on the date it is paid irrespective of any requisite service period or deferral; and (iii) excludes the following: Reorganization expenses, equity-based compensation expense, allocation to non-equity partner interests, profit sharing, net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures, depreciation, changes in the tax receivable agreement liability, income taxes and partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries.
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Prior to the third quarter of 2007, interest income and interest expense were excluded from Economic Income, as these amounts were not significant. As a result of the increase in interest expense relating to our $750 million term loan entered into in July 2007, interest expense is now included in Economic Income. Separately, interest income is now also included in Economic Income. Amounts in the prior periods have been restated to present Economic Income on a comparable basis.
Prior to the second quarter of 2008, the fair value of equity-based compensation that was awarded, excluding awards made at the time of the Offerings, was recorded as an expense on the date of the award within compensation and benefits when calculating Economic Income. Beginning in the second quarter of 2008, we no longer record expenses related to equity-based compensation within Economic Income. As a result of this change, compensation expense of $1.8 million and $7.4 million related to the fair value of RSUs awarded and recorded in the first quarter of 2008 and fourth quarter of 2007, respectively, has been excluded from compensation expense for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, to present Economic Income on a comparable basis.
Economic Income may not be comparable to similarly titled measures used by other companies. We use Economic Income as a measure of our segments operating performance, not as a measure of liquidity. Economic Income should not be considered in isolation or as a substitute for operating income, net income, operating cash flows, investing and financing activities, or other income or cash flow statement data prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. As a result of the adjustments made to arrive at Economic Income described above, Economic Income has certain limitations in that it does not take into account certain items included or excluded under U.S. GAAP, including income or losses allocated to our other operations. Management compensates for these limitations by using Economic Income as a supplemental measure to the U.S. GAAP results to provide a more complete understanding of our segments performance as management measures it. For a reconciliation of Economic Income to total Company net income (loss) for the periods presented and additional information regarding the reconciling adjustments discussed above, please see Note 16 to our consolidated and combined financial statements included in this annual report.
Year Ended December 31, 2008 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||
Economic Income Revenues |
|||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 571,274 | $ | 476,907 | $ | 94,367 | 20 | % | |||||
Incentive income |
12,201 | 637,243 | (625,042 | ) | -98 | % | |||||||
Other revenues |
3,554 | 11,391 | (7,837 | ) | -69 | % | |||||||
Total Economic Income Revenues |
587,029 | 1,125,541 | (538,512 | ) | -48 | % | |||||||
Economic Income Expenses |
|||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
141,255 | 207,379 | (66,124 | ) | -32 | % | |||||||
Non-compensation expenses |
129,970 | 99,723 | 30,247 | 30 | % | ||||||||
Total Economic Income Expenses |
271,225 | 307,102 | (35,877 | ) | -12 | % | |||||||
Economic Income |
$ | 315,804 | $ | 818,439 | $ | (502,635 | ) | -61 | % | ||||
Economic Income Analysis
Economic Income for 2008 totaled $315.8 million, a 61% decrease from 2007 Economic Income of $818.4 million. This decrease was driven primarily by the year-over-year decline in incentive income. The 2008 Economic Income margin, which is calculated as the ratio of Economic Income to Economic Income revenues, was 54%, 19 percentage points lower than the 2007 margin of 73% primarily due to lower incentive income, offset by higher management fees and lower operating expenses.
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Economic Income Revenues
Management Fees. Management fees for the segment increased in 2008 by $94.4 million from 2007. The 20% increase was primarily driven by the increase in the average assets under management we experienced in 2008.
Incentive Income. Incentive income for the segment decreased in 2008 by $625.0 million from 2007. The 98% decrease was driven by the negative performance of our funds in 2008 resulting from the challenging market conditions previously discussed.
Economic Income Expenses
Compensation and Benefits. Compensation and benefits expenses decreased in 2008 by $66.1 million from 2007. The 32% decrease was driven by the $85.2 million decrease in cash bonus expense in 2008. This decrease was partially offset by an increase in salaries and benefits resulting primarily from annualized salary and benefit expenses related to our growth in headcount that occurred in 2007 due to the additional infrastructure needed to become a public company and to support the growth in our business.
Non-compensation Expenses. The following table presents the components of our non-compensation expenses:
Year Ended December 31, | Change | |||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | $ | % | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Professional services |
$ | 41,249 | $ | 36,316 | $ | 4,933 | 14 | % | ||||
Interest expense |
33,948 | 24,240 | 9,708 | 40 | % | |||||||
Occupancy and equipment |
15,444 | 11,848 | 3,596 | 30 | % | |||||||
Information processing and communications |
13,193 | 10,834 | 2,359 | 22 | % | |||||||
Business development |
11,606 | 9,349 | 2,257 | 24 | % | |||||||
Other expenses |
14,530 | 7,136 | 7,394 | 104 | % | |||||||
Total Non-compensation Expenses |
$ | 129,970 | $ | 99,723 | $ | 30,247 | 30 | % | ||||
Non-compensation expenses increased in 2008 by $30.2 million from 2007. The increase was driven primarily by a full year of interest expense recorded in 2008 on our $750 million term loan compared to six months of interest expense recorded in 2007, as the loan was entered into during the third quarter of that year. The remainder of the increase was driven principally by higher insurance costs recorded within other expenses, as well as the impact of annualized expenses related to the infrastructure build-out associated with becoming a public company and growth in our business in 2007.
Year Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006
Year Ended December 31, | Change | ||||||||||||
2007 | 2006 | $ | % | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||
Economic Income Revenues |
|||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 476,907 | $ | 302,835 | $ | 174,072 | 57 | % | |||||
Incentive income |
637,243 | 651,498 | (14,255 | ) | -2 | % | |||||||
Other revenues |
11,391 | 5,788 | 5,603 | 97 | % | ||||||||
Total Economic Income Revenues |
1,125,541 | 960,121 | 165,420 | 17 | % | ||||||||
Economic Income Expenses |
|||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
207,379 | 184,962 | 22,417 | 12 | % | ||||||||
Non-compensation expenses |
99,723 | 46,174 | 53,549 | 116 | % | ||||||||
Total Economic Income Expenses |
307,102 | 231,136 | 75,966 | 33 | % | ||||||||
Economic Income |
$ | 818,439 | $ | 728,985 | $ | 89,454 | 12 | % | |||||
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Economic Income Analysis
Economic Income for 2007 totaled $818.4 million, a 12% increase from 2006 Economic Income of $729.0 million. The 2007 Economic Income margin, which is calculated as the ratio of Economic Income to Economic Income revenues, was 73%, three percentage points lower than the 2006 margin of 76%. This decrease in our Economic Income margin was driven by the increase in operating expenses, most notably compensation and benefits, interest expense on our $750 million term loan and increased professional services expenses, offset by increases in management fees driven by the increase in assets under management.
Economic Income Revenues
Management Fees. Management fees for the segment increased in 2007 by $174.1 million from 2006. This 57% increase was primarily driven by the year-over-year increase in assets under management on which we earned fees.
Incentive Income. Incentive income decreased in 2007 by $14.3 million from 2006. The slight decline occurred as the impact of a larger base of fee-paying assets on which incentive income was earned was offset by lower fund performance. While incentive fees declined slightly year-to-year due to the challenging market conditions, 2007 was a strong year as we continued to deliver positive, absolute returns and continued to outperform the broader equity markets during this volatile period.
Economic Income Expenses
Compensation and Benefits. Compensation and benefits expenses increased in 2007 by $22.4 million from 2006. The 12% increase was driven primarily by the increase in worldwide headcount in order to accommodate asset growth and the infrastructure needed to become a public company. This increase was offset by a decrease of $25.3 million as a result of certain employees who were made partners in 2007; therefore, payments to such partners in 2007 are no longer included in compensation and benefits expense and therefore have no effect on Economic Income.
Non-compensation Expenses. Non-compensation expenses increased in 2007 by $53.5 million from 2006. The 116% increase in non-compensation expenses was driven by increased interest expense of $23.1 million primarily related to our $750 million term loan entered into in July 2007 and $14.3 million of expenses incurred in the preparation of our IPO. The remaining increase was primarily attributable to expenses incurred to support the growth of our operations.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
The working capital needs of our business have historically been met and continue to be met through cash generated from management fees and incentive income earned by the Och-Ziff Operating Group from our funds and managed accounts. We currently do not incur any indebtedness to fund our on-going operations, but have outstanding indebtedness that was incurred in connection with the Reorganization and to refinance our corporate aircraft. We expect that our primary working capital liquidity needs over the next 12 months will be to:
| pay our operating expenses, primarily consisting of compensation and benefits, as well as any related tax withholding obligations, and general and administrative expenses; |
| repay borrowings and related interest expense; |
| provide capital to facilitate the growth of our existing business; |
| pay income taxes and amounts to our partners and the Ziffs with respect to the tax receivable agreement as discussed below; |
| make cash distributions to holders of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units and pay dividends to our Class A shareholders; and |
| make planned distributions of the deferred balances to our partners and the Ziffs as discussed below. |
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Our funds assets under management and investment performance directly impact our ability to generate management fees and earn incentive income. Management fees earned from our funds have historically been an important source of cash for our operating expenses and payments to our owners with respect to their interests in our business. Management fees generally range from 1.5% to 2.5% annually of assets under management. Management fees are paid to us at the beginning of each quarter, based on the amount of assets under management at the beginning of the quarter. Accordingly, changes in the quarterly beginning balances of fee-paying assets under management, whether due to fund investment performance and/or capital inflows and redemptions, together with any changes in management fee rates will generally result in changes to our management fee revenues from quarter to quarter. Net capital flows during the quarter may also impact management fees during the quarter, although the magnitude of this impact is dependent on the timing and size of the net flows.
In addition, the amount of assets under management and our funds investment performance drive how much incentive income we earn, which has been another important source of liquidity. Incentive income is typically equal to 20% of the net realized and unrealized profits earned for a full year that is attributable to each investor, but excludes unrealized profits on certain private investments. The only incentive income that is recognized during the first three quarters of any year relates to profits earned on fund investor redemptions during a particular quarter.
Accordingly, our revenues, and therefore cash available to fund operations, are directly impacted by the amount of our assets under management, which is determined by our funds investment performance and fund investor capital inflows and redemptions. To the extent our assets under management change, our total revenues will change. For example, as to management fees, a $1 billion change in assets under management would generally increase or decrease annual management fees and cash to fund operations by approximately $17 million, assuming no material changes in current management fee rates and taking into account non-fee paying assets under management. As to incentive income, if net profits attributable to a fee-paying fund investor were $1 billion, we generally would earn incentive income equal to $200 million, assuming no change in current incentive income rates. Most of our funds have a one-year high-water mark in any year when the fund experiences negative investment performance. This means that if an investor were to lose money in our fund in a current year, we would have to recoup that loss before incentive income could be earned in the following year. Even if the loss is not recouped up to the high-water mark during the year following the loss, the high-water mark is eliminated, allowing us to earn incentive income during the second year following the loss.
Investors in our funds as of December 31, 2008 generally experienced losses, resulting in a high-water mark for the investors in our funds. Accordingly, our funds investment performance in 2009 will have to exceed the high-water marks for each such investor in order for us to earn incentive income with respect to their accounts for existing capital in 2009. We are not required to meet any high-water marks for investors who experienced losses and subsequently redeemed their capital in 2008. Furthermore, any contributions from new or existing fund investors in 2009 would not be subject to any existing high-water mark in 2009.
As discussed in Understanding Our ResultsRevenuesManagement Fees and Our Funds Liquidity and Capital Resources, we believe that we are able to monitor expected management fees and manage expenses in order to meet our operating needs. Our largest core operating expense historically has been annual incentive compensation, which is variable and discretionary based on our annual revenues and our funds annual investment performance. Accordingly, as our cash flow varies, we believe we have the flexibility to adjust this significant expense as needed to maintain sufficient liquidity.
Based on our historical results, managements experience, our current business strategy and current assets under management, we believe that our existing cash resources together with cash generated from management fees will be sufficient to meet our anticipated working capital and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months. In addition, as necessary, we believe that we will be able to adjust our expense infrastructure in order to maintain positive operating cash flow. Nevertheless, if we generate insufficient cash flows from operations to meet our short-term liquidity needs, we may have to borrow funds or sell assets, subject to existing contractual arrangements.
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We expect to meet our longer-term liquidity requirements, including the repayment of our debt obligations, through the generation of management fees and incentive income. Over the long term, we believe we will be able to increase our assets under management and realize positive fund investment performance, which we expect will allow us to generate greater management fees and incentive income.
To maintain maximum flexibility to meet demands and opportunities both in the short and long term, and subject to existing contractual arrangements, we may want to retain cash, or raise or borrow additional funds to:
| support the future growth in our business; |
| create new or enhance existing products and investment platforms in our private investments business; |
| repay borrowings; |
| pursue new investment opportunities; and |
| develop new distribution channels. |
We may also incur additional indebtedness or raise capital under certain circumstances in order for us to maximize our growth potential and flexibility in responding to opportunities and challenges. Current market conditions may make it more difficult or costly to raise or borrow additional funds. Excessive costs or other significant market barriers may limit or prevent us from maximizing our growth potential and flexibility.
Debt Obligations
Term Loan. On July 2, 2007, we entered into a $750 million term loan bearing an interest rate of LIBOR plus 0.75%. The term loan will mature in July 2012 and is secured by a first priority lien on substantially all of our assets. Commencing on December 31, 2008, the term loan is payable in equal quarterly installments in an aggregate annual amount equal to 1% of the original principal amount borrowed under the term loan, and the balance will be payable upon maturity.
The term loan includes provisions that restrict our ability to further encumber our assets and make certain distributions. Specifically, subject to certain exceptions and without the prior consent of a majority of the lenders, we generally are prohibited from:
| incurring further secured indebtedness; |
| engaging in certain transactions with shareholders or affiliates; |
| engaging in a substantially different line of business; and |
| amending our organizational documents in a manner materially adverse to the lenders. |
The term loan permits us to incur unsecured indebtedness so long as, after giving effect to the incurrence of such indebtedness, we are in pro forma compliance with a total leverage ratio of 3.0 to 1.0 and no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing. As of December 31, 2008, we have not incurred any unsecured indebtedness. The term loan does not include any financial maintenance covenants, such as minimum requirements relating to assets under management or profitability. We will not be permitted to make distributions from the Och-Ziff Operating Group to our Class A shareholders or the holders of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units if we are in default under the term loan. The term loan also limits the amount of distributions we can pay in a 12-month period to our free cash flow. Free cash flow for any period includes the combined net income or loss of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities, excluding certain subsidiaries, subject to certain additions and deductions for taxes, interest, depreciation, amortization and other non-cash charges for such period, less total interest paid, expenses in connection with the purchase of property and equipment, distributions to equity holders to pay taxes, realized gains or losses on investments and dividends and interest from investments. As of December 31, 2008, distributions from the Och-Ziff Operating Group were in compliance with the free cash flow covenant.
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Aircraft Loan. On May 30, 2008, we refinanced the remaining principal balance of $16.8 million on the original note on our corporate aircraft. The new loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.60% and the principal balance is due at maturity on May 31, 2011. The terms of the note require us to comply with the following financial maintenance covenants in order for us to avoid an event of default:
| Annual management fees and incentive income and all other revenues earned by the Och-Ziff Operating Group must not fall below $298.7 million, tested annually; |
| The revenues earned by the Och-Ziff Operating Group less compensation expenses and all other cash operating expenses must exceed three times the annual principal payments and interest payments due on all direct or indirect debt of the Och-Ziff Operating Group, tested quarterly; |
| Maintain average cash, unrestricted marketable securities and other liquid investments that may be converted to cash within 90 days equal to at least the outstanding principal balance of the note, tested quarterly; and |
| Minimum assets under management of $20.0 billion, tested quarterly. |
Upon an event of default, subject to certain cure periods set forth in the note, the lender may declare all amounts outstanding under the note to be due and payable. The terms of the note also require us to make one or more prepayments of the note or post cash collateral with the lender in the event that the outstanding principal balance of the loan at any time exceeds an amount equal to 65% of the fair market value of the aircraft, as determined by the lender pursuant to an appraisal obtained by the lender no more than once every 24 months. We may determine to pre-pay some or all of the note or renegotiate the terms and conditions of the note. No assurance can be given that any refinancing would be available in the future on attractive terms.
Dividends, Distributions, Future Liquidity and Capital Needs
The following table presents the cash dividends paid on our Class A Shares and the related cash distributions made on Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by the partners and the Ziffs in 2008:
Class A Shares |
||||||||
Payment Date |
Record Date | Dividend per Share |
Distributions on Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units (in thousands) | |||||
February 12, 2008 |
December 31, 2007 | $ | 1.20 | $ | 384,497 | |||
May 7, 2008 |
April 1, 2008 | $ | 0.08 | $ | 51,954 | |||
August 12, 2008 |
July 1, 2008 | $ | 0.11 | $ | 63,592 | |||
November 12, 2008 |
October 1, 2008 | $ | 0.025 | $ | 37,332 | |||
February 19, 2009 |
December 31, 2008 | $ | 0.05 | $ | 15,555 |
Our ability to make cash distributions to our partners and the Ziffs and pay dividends to our Class A shareholders depends on a number of factors that our Board of Directors takes into account as it may deem relevant. These factors include: revenues earned and profits generated by the Och-Ziff Operating Group; general economic and business conditions; our strategic plans and prospects; our business and investment opportunities; our financial condition and operating results; working capital requirements and anticipated cash needs; the ability of the Och-Ziff Operating Group to secure additional sources of liquidity; and contractual obligations, including payment obligations pursuant to the tax receivable agreement and our $750 million term loan. If we generate insufficient cash flows from operations to make such distributions or payments, we may need to borrow funds or sell assets, subject to existing contractual obligations, which would negatively impact our liquidity. In addition, we may not be able to obtain additional financing on terms that are acceptable, if at all.
Restricted Share Units (RSUs). Substantially all of the RSUs that we have awarded to date to our managing directors, other employees and independent members of our Board of Directors accrue dividend equivalents equal to the dividend amounts paid on our Class A Shares. To date, these dividend equivalents have been awarded in the form of additional RSUs, which accrue additional dividends. The dividend equivalents will be paid if and when the related
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RSUs vest. Our Board of Directors will determine whether the RSUs and any related dividend equivalents will be settled in Class A Shares or in cash. We may withhold shares to satisfy the tax withholding obligations of holders of vested RSUs and dividend equivalents, which may result in the use of cash from operations or borrowings to satisfy these tax withholding payments.
Tax Receivable Agreement. We may also be required to make payments under the tax receivable agreement that we entered into in connection with the Offerings. The purchase by the Och-Ziff Operating Group of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units from our founding owners with proceeds from the Offerings, and the future taxable exchanges by our partners of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for our Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis (or, at our option, a cash equivalent), resulted, and, in the case of future exchanges, are anticipated to result, in an increase in the tax basis of the assets of the Och-Ziff Operating Group that would not otherwise have been available. We anticipate that any such tax basis adjustment resulting from an exchange will be allocated principally to certain intangible assets of the Och-Ziff Operating Group, and the tax benefits to be derived therefrom principally through amortization of the basis adjustment over a 15-year period. Consequently, these tax basis adjustments will increase, for tax purposes, our depreciation and amortization expense and will therefore reduce the amount of tax that Och-Ziff Corp and any other future intermediate corporate taxpaying entities that acquire Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units in connection with an exchange, if any, would otherwise be required to pay in the future. Accordingly, pursuant to the tax receivable agreement, such corporate taxpaying entities (including Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC if it is treated as a corporate taxpayer) will pay to our founding owners 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that these entities actually realize as a result of such increases in tax basis. Payments under the tax receivable agreement are anticipated to increase the tax basis adjustment to intangible assets resulting from a prior exchange, with such increase being amortized over the remainder of the amortization period applicable to the original basis adjustment to such intangible assets resulting from such prior exchange. It is anticipated that this will result in increasing annual amortization deductions in the taxable years of and after such increases to the original basis adjustments, and potentially will give rise to increasing tax savings with respect to such years and correspondingly increasing payments under the tax receivable agreement.
As of December 31, 2008, assuming no material changes in the relevant tax law and that we generate sufficient taxable income to realize the full tax benefit of the increased amortization resulting from the increase in tax basis of our assets, the cash savings to our intermediate holding companies from the purchase of Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units in the Offerings would aggregate approximately $1.0 billion over the next 13 years, resulting in payments to our partners and the Ziffs of 85% of such cash savings over the same period of time. Future cash savings and related payments to our partners under the tax receivable agreement in respect of subsequent exchanges would be in addition to these amounts. The obligation to pay 85% of the amount of such cash savings to our founding owners is an obligation of the intermediate corporate taxpaying entities and not of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities. We may need to incur debt to finance payments under the tax receivable agreement to the extent the entities within the Och-Ziff Operating Group do not distribute cash to our intermediate corporate tax paying entities in an amount sufficient to meet our obligations under the tax receivable agreement.
The actual increase in tax basis of the Och-Ziff Operating Group assets resulting from an exchange or from payments under the tax receivable agreement, as well as the amortization thereof and the timing and amount of payments under the tax receivable agreement, will vary based upon a number of factors, including those described below:
| The amount and timing of the income of Och-Ziff Corp will impact the payments to be made under the tax receivable agreement. To the extent that Och-Ziff Corp does not have sufficient taxable income to utilize the amortization deductions available as a result of the increased tax basis in the Och-Ziff Operating Group assets, payments required under the tax receivable agreement would be reduced. |
| The price of our Class A Shares at the time of any exchange will determine the actual increase in tax basis of the Och-Ziff Operating Group assets resulting from such exchange; payments under the tax receivable agreement resulting from future exchanges, if any, will be dependent in part upon such actual increase in tax basis. |
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| The composition of the Och-Ziff Operating Groups assets at the time of any exchange will determine the extent to which Och-Ziff Corp may benefit from amortizing its increased tax basis in such assets and thus will impact the amount of future payments under the tax receivable agreement resulting from any future exchanges. |
| The extent to which future exchanges are taxable will impact the extent to which Och-Ziff Corp will receive an increase in tax basis of the Och-Ziff Operating Group assets as a result of such exchanges, and thus will impact the benefit derived by Och-Ziff Corp and the resulting payments, if any, to be made under the tax receivable agreement. |
Depending upon the outcome of these factors, payments that we may be obligated to make to our partners and the Ziffs under the tax receivable agreement in respect of exchanges could be substantial. In light of the numerous factors affecting our obligation to make payments under the tax receivable agreement; however, the timing and amounts of any such actual payments are not reasonably ascertainable.
Tax Liability Distributions. In accordance with the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities limited partnership agreements, we may cause the applicable Och-Ziff Operating Group entities to distribute cash, on a pro rata basis, to direct holders of Och-Ziff Operating Group Equity Units in an amount at least equal to the presumed maximum tax liabilities arising from the direct ownership of such units. The presumed maximum tax liabilities are based upon the presumed maximum income allocable to any such unit holder at the maximum combined U.S. federal, New York State and New York City tax rates. Holders of our Class A Shares may not receive any distributions at a time when our founding owners are receiving distributions on their Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, as distributions on Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units to our intermediate holding companies may be used to settle tax liabilities, if any, or other obligations. Such tax distributions will take into account the disproportionate income allocation (but not a disproportionate cash allocation) to the unit holders with respect to built-in gain assets, if any, at the time of the Offerings. Consequently, Och-Ziff Operating Group tax distributions may be greater than if such assets had a tax basis equal to their value at the time of the Offerings.
Deferred Balances Distributions. Historically, we deferred collection of a certain portion of incentive income receivable from our offshore funds. As a result of a change in the method of accounting used for U.S. income tax purposes by certain of our subsidiaries, we no longer defer the collection of such receivables. We expect that all deferred balances, which as of December 31, 2008, were $558.5 million, will be paid to us over the next two years. In 2008, we paid out 50 percent of the deferred balances that were outstanding as of December 31, 2006, plus the 2007 earnings on the deferred balances. We expect to collect in 2009 an amount approximately equal to 25 percent of the deferred balances that were outstanding as of December 31, 2006, net of any changes in the value of the deferred balances experienced in 2008. We expect to collect any remaining deferred balances in 2010. Ninety-five percent of the amount due each year is payable in January, while the remaining five percent is required to be paid upon completion of the audited financial statements of the relevant funds for the previous year. Such amounts, in turn, will be distributed to our founding owners and, therefore, will not benefit our Class A shareholders.
Our Funds Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our funds have access to liquidity from our prime brokers and other counterparties. Additionally, our funds may have committed facilities in addition to regular financing from our counterparties. These sources of liquidity provide our funds with additional financing resources, allowing them to take advantage of opportunities in the global marketplace.
Our funds current liquidity position could be adversely impacted by any substantial, unanticipated investor redemptions from our funds that are made within a short time period. Capital contributions from investors in our funds generally are subject to initial lock-up periods of one to three years. Following the expiration of these lock-up periods, investors may redeem capital generally on a quarterly basis. We accept capital contributions from investors on a regular basis, which results in the staggering of the commencement and expiration of lock-up periods. The staggering of these lock-up and redemption periods allows us to manage our liquidity position.
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We also follow a diligent risk management process and regularly monitor the liquidity of our funds portfolios in relation to economic and market factors and the timing of potential investor redemptions. As a result of this process, we may determine to reduce exposure or increase the liquidity of our funds portfolios at any time, whether in response to global economic and market conditions, redemption requests or otherwise. For these reasons, we believe we will be well prepared to address market conditions and redemption requests, as well as any other events, with limited impact on our funds liquidity position. Nevertheless, any significant redemptions made during a single quarter could adversely affect our funds liquidity position, as we may determine to meet redemptions by using our funds available cash or selling assets (possibly at a loss). Such actions would result in lower assets under management, which would reduce the amount of management fees and incentive income we may earn. Our funds could also meet redemptions by increasing leverage, provided we are able to obtain financing on reasonable terms. We believe our funds have sufficient liquidity to meet any anticipated redemptions for the foreseeable future.
Cash Flows Analysis
The consolidation of our offshore funds during the first six months of 2007 and all of our funds during 2006 resulted in substantially higher amounts of cash flows from operating and financing activities during those periods as compared to periods following the deconsolidation of these funds, as the contributions by our fund investors and the investing activities of these funds were included in our consolidated and combined cash flows prior to their deconsolidation. As a result, the cash flow amounts from operating and financing activities for the year ended December 31, 2008, are not comparable to the amounts presented for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006.
Operating Activities. Net cash from operating activities was $733.8 million, $(2.1) billion and $(4.2) billion for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The net increase of approximately $2.9 billion in 2008 was primarily a result of the consolidation of our offshore funds for the first six months of 2007, as the investing activities of these funds were included in our cash flows from operating activities through the date of deconsolidation. For the year ended December 31, 2008, cash flows from operating activities are primarily related to the collection of 2007 incentive income and management fees for 2008, less interest expense and other operating expenses. Additionally, we collected $529.7 million of deferred balances in December 2007 and an additional $343.9 million in 2008. These amounts were distributed to our founding owners, net of taxes, during 2008. Deferred balances distributed to Mr. Och in the amount of $577.2 million, net of taxes, are included within cash flows from financing activities.
Investing Activities. There were no significant changes in cash flows from investing activities for the periods presented, as investment-related cash flows of the consolidated Och-Ziff funds are classified within operating activities in our consolidated and combined statements of cash flows.
Financing Activities. Net cash from financing activities was $(1.2) billion, $2.8 billion and $4.2 billion for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. The net decrease of approximately $4.0 billion in 2008 was primarily a result of consolidation of our offshore funds for the first six months of 2007, as fund investor contributions in our consolidated offshore funds were included as cash flows from financing activities through the date of deconsolidation. For the year ended December 31, 2008, cash flows from financing activities are primarily related to the dividends paid of $104.9 million to our Class A shareholders and distributions to our partners and the Ziffs of $537.4 million on their Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. In addition, as discussed above, deferred balances distributed to Mr. Och in the amount of $577.2 million, net of taxes, and distributions of 2007 pre-Reorganization income in the amount of $83.6 million reduced net cash from financing activities in 2008.
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Contractual Obligations
The following table summarizes our contractual cash obligations as of December 31, 2008, and the effect such obligations are expected to have on our liquidity and cash flows in future periods:
Less than 1 Year | 1 - 3 Years | 3 - 5 Years | Thereafter | Total | |||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||
Long-term debt, including interest thereon(a) |
$ | 24,318 | $ | 802,343 | $ | | $ | | $ | 826,661 | |||||
Operating leases(b) |
15,395 | 48,403 | 50,868 | 70,646 | 185,312 | ||||||||||
Tax receivable agreement(c) |
36,409 | 115,430 | 127,646 | 578,108 | 857,593 | ||||||||||
Purchase obligations(d) |
| 1,000 | 32,000 | 23,000 | 56,000 | ||||||||||
Total Contractual Obligations |
$ | 76,122 | $ | 967,176 | $ | 210,514 | $ | 671,754 | $ | 1,925,566 | |||||
(a) | Long-term debt represents our $750 million term loan entered into in July 2007 and the note payable entered into in May 2008 used to refinance the remaining principal balance on the original note for our corporate aircraft. In addition, expected future interest payments on these loans has been included using the LIBOR rates that were in effect as of December 31, 2008. |
(b) | Operating leases are related to rental payments to be made under various leases for office space. Our obligations for operating leases increased significantly in 2008 primarily as a result of entering into long-term lease arrangements for expanded office space in New York and London. |
(c) | Tax receivable agreement represents our obligation to pay our founding owners 85% of realized future tax savings resulting from the purchase by the Och-Ziff Operating Group of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units from our founding owners with proceeds from the Offerings, and the future taxable exchanges by our founding owners of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for our Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis (or, at our option, a cash equivalent) as previously discussed. The amounts presented above represent the maximum amounts that would be payable under the tax receivable agreement assuming that we will have sufficient taxable income each year to fully realize the expected tax savings. In light of the numerous factors affecting our obligation to make such payments, the timing and amounts of any such actual payments may differ materially from those presented in the table. See Liquidity and Capital ResourcesDistributions, Future Liquidity and Capital NeedsTax Receivable Agreement for more information. |
(d) | In August 2008, we paid $3 million for an option to purchase a replacement corporate aircraft. We have the right to terminate the option any time prior to delivery of the aircraft, which is scheduled for 2015. If we terminate the option, we may be entitled to a refund of $1.5 million of the $3 million option price. Our aircraft is used primarily for business purposes. |
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
As of December 31, 2008, we did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
Critical accounting policies are those that require us to make significant judgments, estimates or assumptions that affect amounts reported in our consolidated and combined financial statements or the notes thereto. We base our judgments, estimates and assumptions on current facts, historical experience and various other factors that we believe to be reasonable and prudent. Actual results may differ materially from these estimates. See Note 2 to our audited consolidated and combined financial statements included in this annual report, for a description of our accounting policies. The following is a summary of what we believe to be our most critical accounting policies and estimates:
Fair Value of Investments
The valuation of investments held by our funds is the most critical estimate made by management impacting our results. The Och-Ziff funds are considered investment companies for U.S. GAAP purposes under the AICPA Audit and Accounting GuideInvestment Companies (the AICPA Guide). Pursuant to the AICPA Guide,
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investments of these funds are carried at their estimated fair values. For periods prior to June 30, 2007, during which we consolidated our offshore funds and periods prior to January 1, 2007, during which we consolidated our offshore and domestic funds, the valuation of investments had significant impacts on various line items in our financial statements and notes thereto. For periods following the deconsolidation of most of our funds in 2007, the valuation of investments in our funds continues to have impacts on our results, as our management fees and incentive income are determined based on the fair value of the investments held by the funds.
Effective January 1, 2008, we adopted Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (SFAS 157), which among other things, requires enhanced classification and disclosures about financial instruments carried at fair value. SFAS 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs used in valuation models or techniques that measure fair value. Fair value represents the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability (an exit price) in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date. Assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified into one of the following categories:
| Level I Quoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Assets and liabilities included in this category include listed equities and listed derivatives. As required by SFAS 157, we do not adjust the quoted price for these assets or liabilities, even in situations where we may hold a large position and a sale could reasonably impact the quoted market price. While our funds may hold Level I assets and liabilities in their portfolios, as of December 31, 2008, we did not hold any Level I assets or liabilities directly or indirectly through the consolidated funds. |
| Level II Fair value is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies based on pricing inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date. Assets and liabilities generally included in this category include corporate bonds and loans, less liquid and restricted equity securities and certain over-the-counter derivatives. While our funds may hold Level II assets and liabilities in their portfolios, as of December 31, 2008, we did not hold any Level II assets or liabilities directly or indirectly through the consolidated funds. |
| Level III Fair value is determined based on pricing inputs that are unobservable and includes situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The determination of fair value for assets and liabilities in this category requires significant management judgment or estimation. Assets and liabilities that are included in this category generally include general and limited partnership interests in corporate private equity and real estate. In addition, funds not consolidated by us may hold additional types of Level III assets and liabilities, such as mezzanine funds, distressed debt and non-investment grade residual interests in securitizations and collateralized debt obligations. While our funds may hold Level III liabilities in their portfolios, as of December 31, 2008, we did not hold any Level III liabilities directly or indirectly through the consolidated funds. |
Valuation of Investments. Fair value generally represents the amount at which an investment could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale. The fair value of our funds investments is based on observable market prices when available. Such prices are based on the last sales price on the date of determination, or, if no sales occurred on such day, at the bid price at the close of business on such day and if sold short, at the asked price at the close of business on such day. Futures and options contracts are valued based on closing market prices. Forward and swap contracts are valued based on market rates or prices obtained from recognized financial data service providers.
We, as the investment manager of the Och-Ziff funds, determine the fair value of investments that are not actively traded on a recognized securities exchange or otherwise lack a readily ascertainable market value. We generally determine the fair value of investments with no readily ascertainable market value to be initially the acquisition cost of such investments when we believe this is the best indicator of fair value. We continuously monitor and carefully
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consider events and developments related to the underlying portfolio companies of an investment to determine whether a change to the current carrying value is appropriate. Examples of such events and developments include: (i) a material equity financing of the company underlying the investment involving a sophisticated investor; (ii) the development of an interdealer or private market; (iii) defaults on obligations or a bankruptcy filing by the company; and (iv) a definitive agreement whereby the company is being acquired. In these situations we may determine that an investments fair value is no longer its cost.
For investments with no readily ascertainable market value where we determine that cost is not the best indicator of fair value, we determine fair value using a number of methodologies and procedures, including but not limited to (i) performing comparisons with prices of comparable or similar securities; (ii) obtaining valuation-related information from issuers; (iii) consulting other analytical data and indicators of value; (iv) amounts invested in these investments; (v) financial information provided by the management of these investees; (vi) observable market data for similar assets and liabilities; and/or (vii) related transactions subsequent to the acquisition of the investment. The methodologies and procedures used will be based on the specific attributes related to an investment and available market data and comparative information, depending on what we believe to be the most reliable information at the time.
Significant judgment and estimation goes into the assumptions that drive our valuation methodologies and procedures for Level III assets and the actual amounts ultimately realized could differ materially from the values estimated based on the use of these methodologies.
We have established an internal control infrastructure over the valuation of financial instruments that requires ongoing independent oversight by our financial control group as well as periodic audits by our internal audit function. These management control functions are independent of the trading and investing functions. We have also established a valuation committee, comprised of individuals who are independent of our investment professionals, responsible for overseeing our financial control group and monitoring the pricing of our funds investments.
We employ adequate, qualified resources to ensure that the financial control and internal audit groups are able to function at the highest quality level. Our internal control infrastructure utilizes an effective and appropriate level of segregation of duties. Specifically, the financial control group is responsible for establishing and monitoring compliance with valuation policies, as well as reporting compliance with these policies to our Audit Committee. Our internal audit group employs a risk-based program of audit coverage to provide an independent assessment of the design and effectiveness of key controls over our operations, regulatory compliance, valuation of financial instruments and reporting. Additionally, internal audit meets with management to evaluate and provide guidance on the existing risk framework and control environment assessments. Within the trading and investing functions, we have established policies and procedures that require approval of all new transaction types, transaction pricing sources, and fair valuation hierarchy coding within our financial reporting system. The appropriate internal and external resources with technical expertise and product, market and industry knowledge, perform independent verification of prices, profit and loss review, and validation of valuation models used in our valuation process. The analysis used in measuring the fair value of financial instruments is generally related to the level of observable pricing inputs. For Level III inputs that are less observable, to the extent possible, procedures have been established to discuss the valuation methodology, including pricing techniques, with senior management of the trading and investing functions, compare the inputs to observable inputs for similar positions, review subsequent secondary market activities, and perform comparison of actual versus projected cash flows.
As a result of the deconsolidation of most of our funds in 2007, our only assets carried at fair value as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 are the deferred balances and the investment holdings of our real estate funds, which we continue to consolidate. The deferred balances and the investments held by the real estate funds are predominately valued using sources other than observable market data, which are considered to be within Level III of the SFAS 157 hierarchy.
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The following table sets forth the fair values of assets classified as Level III within the fair value hierarchy and a brief description of the valuation technique for each type of asset:
Assets Recorded at Fair Value |
December 31, 2008 | Valuation Technique | ||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||
Deferred balances, at fair value |
$ | 558,530 | Deferred balances are valued based on net asset value information provided by the underlying Och-Ziff funds. The underlying investments within these funds are carried at fair value and are comprised of Levels I, II, and III financial instruments. | |||
Investments, at fair value (assets of consolidated Och-Ziff funds) |
208,508 | Investments, which are primarily related to holdings of the real estate funds, are initially valued at transaction price and subsequently valued based on third-party investments, pending transactions or changes in financial ratios (e.g., earnings multiples) and discounted cash flow models. | ||||
Total Level III assets, at fair value |
767,038 | |||||
Level III assets for which we do not bear economic exposure |
(765,090 | ) | ||||
Net Economic Exposure to Level III Assets |
$ | 1,948 | ||||
Level III assets for which we do not bear economic exposure include (i) deferred balances, as changes in the fair value of such receivables are offset by changes in a corresponding liability to our founding owners; and (ii) substantially all of the investments of consolidated Och-Ziff funds, as substantially all of the changes in the fair values of these investments are absorbed by fund investors in these consolidated funds (i.e., partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries).
Impact of Fair Value Measurement on Our Results. A 10% change in the fair value of the investments held by our funds would have the following effects on our results:
Och-Ziff Funds |
Och-Ziff Real Estate Funds | |||
Management fees |
Generally, a 10% change in the period subsequent to the change in fair value. | None, as management fees are currently based on committed capital. | ||
Incentive income |
Generally, an immediate 10% impact if the change in fair value continues at the end of the measurement period, at which time incentive income is recognized. | None, as incentive income is based on realized profits, subject to clawback. | ||
Net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds |
Generally insignificant, as substantially all of such earnings (losses) are related to amounts owed to our founding partners and employees under deferred compensation arrangements; therefore, an offsetting liability is generally accrued. | None, as such amounts are eliminated in consolidation. |
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Och-Ziff Funds |
Och-Ziff Real Estate Funds | |||
Net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
Insignificant, as substantially all of such funds were deconsolidated in 2007. | Immediate impact, as such funds continue to be consolidated. Impact is insignificant as substantially all of the impact is offset by a corresponding change in partners and others interest in income of consolidated subsidiaries. |
As management fees are charged based on the fair value of assets under management subject to fees at the beginning of the period, a 10% change in the fair value of the investments held by the Och-Ziff funds as of December 31, 2008, would impact management fees calculated on January 1, 2009 by approximately $10.5 million.
Our results are not expected to be significantly impacted by changes in fair value that impact the net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in the foreseeable future as a result of the deconsolidation of substantially all of our funds in 2007 and that substantially all of these impacts are absorbed by fund investors interests in these funds (i.e. partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries).
Variable Interest Entities
The determination of whether or not to consolidate a variable interest entity (VIE) under U.S. GAAP requires a significant amount of judgment concerning the degree of control over an entity by its holders of variable interests. To make these judgments, management has conducted an analysis, on a case-by-case basis, of the relation of the holders of variable interests to each other, the design of the entity, the expected operations of the entity, which holder of variable interests is most closely associated to the entity and which holder of variable interests is the primary beneficiary required to consolidate the entity. Upon the occurrence of certain events, such as redemptions by all unaffiliated investors in any fund and modifications to fund organization documents and investment management agreements, management reviews and reconsiders its previous conclusion regarding the status of an entity as a variable interest entity and whether we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary who consolidates such entity.
Income Taxes
We use the asset and liability method of accounting for deferred income taxes pursuant to Statement of Financial Accounting Standards No. 109, Accounting for Income Taxes (SFAS 109). Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax consequences attributable to temporary differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Under SFAS 109, a valuation allowance is established when management believes it is more likely than not that a deferred tax asset will not be realized.
Substantially all of our deferred tax asset relates to the goodwill and other intangible assets deductible for tax purposes by Och-Ziff Corp that arose in connection with the purchase of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units from our founding owners with proceeds from the Offerings and from subsequent payments to our founding owners made under the tax receivable agreement. In accordance with relevant provisions of the Internal Revenue Code, we expect to take these goodwill and other intangible deductions over the 15-year period following the Offerings and the additional 20-year loss carryforward period available to us. Our analysis of whether we expect to have sufficient future taxable income to realize these deductions is based solely on estimates over this period.
We generated taxable income in the amount of $73.5 million in 2008 before taking into account deductions related to the amortization of the goodwill and other intangible assets. We determined that we would need to generate taxable income of at least $2.2 billion over the remaining 13-year amortization period and the additional 20-year loss carryforward period available to us in order to fully realize the deferred tax asset. In this regard, Reorganization expenses, allocations to non-equity partners and profit sharing expenses are considered permanent book to tax
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differences and, therefore, do not impact taxable income. Accordingly, while we reported net losses on a U.S. GAAP basis in 2007 and 2008, and expect to continue to report a U.S. GAAP net loss through 2012, we generated income on a tax basis over these prior periods and, as of December 31, 2008, using the estimates and assumptions discussed below, we expect to generate sufficient taxable income on a tax basis through 2012 and over the period for which estimates have been prepared in order to fully realize this deferred tax asset.
To generate $2.2 billion in taxable income over the remaining amortization and loss carryforward periods available to us, we estimated that, based on assets under management of $22.1 billion as of January 1, 2009, we would need to generate a minimum compound annual growth rate in assets under management of approximately 1.2% over the period for which the taxable income estimate relates to fully realize the deferred tax asset, assuming no performance-related growth and therefore no incentive income. The assumed nature and amount of this estimated growth rate are not based on historical results or current expectations of future growth; however, the other assumptions underlying the taxable income estimate, such as general maintenance of current expense ratios and cost allocation percentages among the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities, which impact the amount of taxable income flowing through our legal structure, are based on our near-term operating budget. If our actual growth rate in assets under management falls below this minimum threshold for any extended time during the period for which these estimates relate and we do not otherwise experience offsetting growth rates in other periods, we may not generate taxable income sufficient to realize the deferred tax asset and may need to record a valuation allowance. Management regularly reviews the model used to generate the estimates, including the underlying assumptions. If it determines that a valuation allowance is required for any reason, the amount would be determined based on the relevant circumstances at that time. To the extent we record a valuation allowance against our deferred tax asset related to the goodwill and other intangible assets, we would record a corresponding decrease in the liability to our founding owners under the tax receivable agreement equal to 85% of such amount; therefore, net earnings would only be impacted by 15% of any valuation allowance recorded against the deferred tax asset.
Actual taxable income may be different than the estimate described above, which was prepared solely for the purpose of determining whether we currently expect to have sufficient future taxable income to realize the deferred tax asset. Furthermore, actual or estimated future taxable income may be materially impacted by significant changes in assets under management, whether as a result of fund investment performance or fund investor contributions or redemptions, significant changes to the assumptions underlying our estimates, future changes in income tax law, state income tax apportionment or other factors.
Based on the analysis set forth above, we have determined that it is not necessary to record a valuation allowance with respect to our deferred tax asset related to the goodwill and other intangible assets deductible for tax purposes as of December 31, 2008. We have, however, determined that we may not realize certain deferred tax credits related to our state income taxes. Accordingly, a valuation allowance in the amount of $2.2 million has been established for these credits.
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8, Disclosures by Public Entities (Enterprises) about Transfers of Financial Assets and Interests in Variable Interest Entities (FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8). FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8 requires an entity to provide additional disclosures about transfers of financial assets and its involvement with variable interest entities. FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8 is effective for the first reporting period ending after December 15, 2008. See Note 6 to our consolidated and combined financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for the additional disclosures required by FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8.
In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Including an Amendment of FASB Statement No. 115 (SFAS 159). SFAS 159 permits an entity to elect to measure certain financial instruments and certain other items at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. SFAS 159 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. The adoption of SFAS 159 did
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not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations, as we did not elect to carry any items at fair value as a result of the adoption of SFAS 159.
In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS 157. SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and requires expanded disclosures about fair value measurements. SFAS 157 is effective for reporting periods beginning after November 15, 2007. As described above, the adoption of SFAS 157 did not have a material impact on our financial position or results of operations upon adoption. See Note 4 to our consolidated and combined financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for the expanded disclosures required upon the adoption of SFAS 157.
Future Adoption of New Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141 (revised 2007), Business Combinations (SFAS 141(R)). SFAS 141(R) requires assets acquired, liabilities assumed, contractual contingencies and contingent consideration to be measured at their fair values at the acquisition date. In addition, SFAS 141(R) requires subsequent adjustments to any acquisition-related estimates to be recognized in net income rather than as an adjustment to the purchase price. SFAS 141(R) is effective for business combinations completed in periods beginning on or after December 15, 2008. SFAS 141(R) will impact how we record the acquired assets and liabilities of any future business combinations; however, the adoption of SFAS 141(R) will not have an impact on our financial position or results of operations at the date of adoption.
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS 160. SFAS 160 requires a company to clearly identify and present ownership interests in subsidiaries held by parties other than the company within the shareholders equity (deficit) section of the consolidated balance sheets. SFAS 160 also requires (i) the amount of consolidated net income attributable to the controlling and to the noncontrolling interests be clearly identified and presented on the face of the consolidated statement of operations; (ii) acquisitions of noncontrolling interests to be accounted for as equity transactions with no step-up to fair value; (iii) when a subsidiary is deconsolidated, any retained noncontrolling interests and the gain or loss upon deconsolidation be measured at fair value; and (iv) losses to be allocated to noncontrolling interests regardless of whether cumulative losses have exceeded the noncontrolling interests in the subsidiarys capital. SFAS 160 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The adoption of SFAS 160 will result in the reclassification of noncontrolling interests (partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries) into shareholders deficit at the date of adoption. In addition, we will no longer absorb losses when cumulative losses applicable to partners and others interests in a consolidated subsidiary exceed the partners and others interests in the subsidiarys capital.
Item 7A. | Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk |
Our predominant exposure to market risk is related to our role as general partner or investment manager for the Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts and the sensitivities to movements in the fair value of their investments that may adversely affect our management fees and incentive income.
Fair value of the financial assets and liabilities of the Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts may fluctuate in response to changes in the value of securities, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices and interest rates. The net effect of these fair value changes impacts the net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in our consolidated and combined statements of operations; however, the majority of these fair value changes are absorbed by the investors of these funds. To the extent the Och-Ziff funds are not consolidated, the fair value changes in the assets and liabilities of the Och-Ziff funds affect our management fees. Our earnings on investments in Och-Ziff funds will impact our net income (loss) in a similar way.
Our risk management principles and practices are a key element of our daily investment process and are implemented at both the individual position and total portfolio levels. We focus significant attention on these principles and practices, which embrace both quantitative and qualitative analyses intended to monitor financial risk
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and to preserve capital. For example, we may hedge credit risk, interest rate risk, currency risk and market exposures and engage in risk-driven portfolio diversification and review and monitor industry exposures.
Our risk management processes are overseen by our Risk Committee. The Risk Committee meets regularly to review, among other information, data on risk exposure, including the results of stress-testing our portfolios under numerous scenarios, and the reasons underlying the past and expected results of our funds. The Risk Committee also discusses other general risks, including, but not limited to geopolitical risks, counterparty risks and operational risks.
Our portfolio managers meet with our analysts daily to review inherent risks associated with positions in each portfolio. In our event-driven strategies, positions are generally hedged to limit losses in a downside scenario to 1% to 2% of net asset value. In our convertible strategies, which are principally volatility strategies, we employ advanced risk systems, among other measures, to monitor risk. There can be no assurances that appropriate hedges will be available or in place to successfully limit losses.
Impact on Management Fees
Our management fees are based on the net asset value of the Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts. Accordingly, management fees will change in proportion to changes in the market value of investments held by the Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts.
Impact on Incentive Income
Our incentive income is generally based on a percentage of profits of the various Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts, which is impacted by global economies and market conditions and other factors. Major factors that will influence the degree of impact include fund performance in relation to how the investments held are impacted by changes in the market and fund performance during the period of any loss carry forward or high-water mark; consequently, incentive income cannot be readily predicted or estimated.
Market Risk
A 10% change in the fair value of the investments held by our funds as of December 31, 2008, would result in a change of approximately $2.7 billion in our assets under management and would impact management fees by approximately $10.5 million. To the extent such change was continuing as of the end of the fiscal year, it could significantly affect our incentive income.
Exchange Rate Risk
Our funds hold investments denominated in non-U.S. dollar currencies, primarily the British Pound Sterling and the Euro, which may be affected by movements in the rate of exchange between the U.S. dollar and foreign currencies. We estimate that, as of December 31, 2008, a 10% weakening or strengthening of the U.S. dollar against all or any combination of currencies to which our funds have exposure to exchange rates would not have a material effect on our revenues, net loss or Economic Income.
Interest Rate Risk
Our funds have financing arrangements and hold credit instruments that accrue interest at variable rates. Interest rate changes may therefore impact the amount of interest payments, future earnings and cash flows. In the event LIBOR, and rates directly or indirectly tied to LIBOR, were to increase by 10% over LIBOR as of December 31, 2008, based on our funds debt investments and obligations as of December 31, 2008, we estimate that the net effect on interest income and interest expense would not result in a material impact to our earnings. A tightening of credit and an increase in prevailing interest rates could make it more difficult for us to raise capital and sustain our growth rate.
91
In addition, our debt obligations bear interest at rates indexed to LIBOR. For every increase or decrease of 10% in LIBOR as of December 31, 2008, our annual interest expense will increase or decrease by approximately $1.1 million.
Credit Risk
Credit risk is the risk that counterparties or debt issuers may fail to fulfill their obligations or that the collateral value may become inadequate to cover our exposure. We manage credit risk by monitoring the credit exposure to and the creditworthiness of counterparties, requiring additional collateral where appropriate.
Item 8. | Financial Statements and Supplementary Data |
Our financial statements, the related notes thereto, and the report of independent auditors are included in this annual report beginning on page F-1.
Item 9. | Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure |
There were no changes in and disagreements with accountants on accounting and financial disclosure.
Item 9A. | Controls and Procedures |
Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
We maintain disclosure controls and procedures, as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Exchange Act, that are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SECs rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow for timely decisions regarding required disclosure. In designing and evaluating the disclosure controls and procedures, management recognized that any controls and procedures, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable assurance of achieving the desired control objectives, and management is required to apply its judgment in evaluating the cost-benefit relationship of possible controls and procedures.
As of December 31, 2008, we carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the design and operation of our disclosure controls and procedures. Based on the foregoing, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective and were operating at the reasonable assurance level.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting, as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act, that occurred in the fourth quarter of 2008 that materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls
Our management, including the Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, does not expect that our disclosure controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control systems objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to
92
error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of the effectiveness of controls to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.
Managements Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles and includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets, (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors, and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Managements assessment included evaluation of elements such as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment.
Based on our assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the fiscal year. We reviewed the results of managements assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board of Directors.
Our independent registered public accounting firm, Ernst & Young LLP, independently assessed the effectiveness of the companys internal control over financial reporting. Ernst & Young has audited our financial statements included in this annual report and issued an attestation report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, which is set forth below.
93
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm on Effectiveness
of Internal Control over Financial Reporting
The Board of Directors and Shareholders of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC
We have audited Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal ControlIntegrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the COSO criteria). Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLCs management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting, and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Managements Annual Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the companys internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
A companys internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A companys internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the companys assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.
In our opinion, Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on the COSO criteria.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated and combined statements of operations, changes in shareholders deficit, and cash flows of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries (prior to November 14, 2007, Och-Ziff Operating Group) for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, and our report dated March 11, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
New York, New York
March 11, 2009
94
Item 9B. | Other Information |
None.
Item 10. | Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance |
The information required by Item 10 will be included in the Definitive Proxy Statement for our 2009 Annual Meeting of Shareholders, which we refer to as the Proxy Statement, under the headings Corporate Governance, Election of Directors, Our Executive Officers, Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance, and Code of Ethics and is incorporated herein by reference.
We have adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all our directors, officers and employees. Our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics is posted in the For Shareholders section of our website, www.ozcap.com. We will provide you with print copies of our code free of charge on written request to the Company at 9 West 57th Street, New York, New York 10019, Attention: Office of the Secretary. We intend to disclose any amendments to, or waivers from, provisions of our code that applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or controller, or any person performing in similar functions, on our website promptly following the date of such amendment or waiver.
Item 11. | Executive Compensation |
The information required by Item 11 will be included in the Proxy Statement under the heading Executive and Director Compensation and is incorporated herein by reference.
The Compensation Committee Report contained in our Proxy Statement shall not be deemed soliciting material or filed with the SEC or otherwise subject to the liabilities of Section 18 of the Exchange Act, nor shall it be deemed incorporated by reference in any filing under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically request that such information be treated as soliciting material or specifically incorporate such information by reference into a document filed under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act.
Item 12. | Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters |
The information required by Item 12 will be included in the Proxy Statement under the heading Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 13. | Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence |
The information required by Item 13 will be included in the Proxy Statement under the headings Corporate GovernanceCorporate Governance Guidelines, Corporate GovernanceDirector Independence and Policy on Transactions and Arrangements with Related Persons and Related Party Transactions and is incorporated herein by reference.
Item 14. | Principal Accountant Fees and Services |
The information required by Item 14 will be included in the Proxy Statement under the heading Ratification of the Appointment of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and is incorporated herein by reference.
95
Item 15. | Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules |
1. | The financial statements included in this annual report are listed on page F-1. |
2. | Financial Statement Schedules: |
None.
3. | Exhibits included or incorporated by reference herein: |
See Exhibit Index.
96
Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.
Dated: March 11, 2009
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC | ||
By: |
/s/ Joel M. Frank | |
Joel M. Frank | ||
Chief Financial Officer |
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.
Signature |
Title |
Date | ||
/s/ Daniel S. Och Daniel S. Och |
Chief Executive Officer, Executive Managing Director, Chairman of the Board of Directors (Principal Executive Officer) |
March 11, 2009 | ||
/s/ Joel M. Frank Joel M. Frank |
Chief Financial Officer, Executive Managing Director, Director (Principal Financial and Principal Accounting Officer) |
March 11, 2009 | ||
/s/ David Windreich David Windreich |
Executive Managing Director and Director |
March 11, 2009 | ||
/s/ Allan S. Bufferd Allan S. Bufferd |
Director |
March 11, 2009 | ||
/s/ William C. Cobb William C. Cobb |
Director |
March 11, 2009 | ||
/s/ Jerome P. Kenney Jerome P. Kenney |
Director |
March 11, 2009 | ||
/s/ Jeffrey R. Leeds Jeffrey R. Leeds |
Director |
March 11, 2009 |
97
Exhibit No. |
Description | |
3.1 | Certificate of Formation of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, dated as of June 6, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.1 to Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed October 12, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). | |
3.2 | Second Amended and Restated Limited Liability Company Agreement of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, dated as of November 13, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed March 26, 2008. | |
4.1 | Specimen of Class A Specimen Share Certificate (included in Exhibit 3.2) | |
4.2 | Class B Shareholders Agreement by and among Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLCand the Class B Shareholders, dated as of November 13, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.2 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on March 26, 2008. | |
4.3 | Registration Rights Agreement by and among inter alia Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, dated as of November 19, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.3 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on March 26, 2008. | |
4.4 | Registration Rights Agreement by and among Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and DIC Sahir Limited, dated as of November 19, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 4.4 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on March 26, 2008. | |
10.1+ | Form of Managing Director Agreement, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on March 26, 2008. | |
10.2 | Form of Indemnification Agreement, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 to Amendment No. 4 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed on October 17, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). | |
10.3* | First Amended and Restated Tax Receivable Agreement by and among inter alia Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, Och-Ziff Holding Corp., Och-Ziff Holding LLC, OZ Management LP, OZ Advisors LP, and OZ Advisors II LP, dated as of January 12, 2009. | |
10.4 | Exchange Agreement by and among the Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, Och-Ziff Corp., Och-Ziff Holding, OZ Management, OZ Advisors, OZ Advisors II, and the Och-Ziff Limited Partners and Class B Shareholders, dated as of November 13, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.4 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on March 26, 2008. | |
10.5+ | Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC Amended and Restated 2007 Equity Incentive Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Registration Statement on Form S-8, filed on November 12, 2008 (File No. 333-155315). | |
10.6 | Form of Deferred Fee Agreement and Deferred Income Allocation Plan, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.6 to Amendment No. 8 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed November 8, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). | |
10.7 | Amended and Restated Credit and Guaranty Agreement, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.7 to Amendment No. 7 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed October 29, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). | |
10.8 | Certificate of Incorporation of Och-Ziff Holding Corporation, dated as of July 12, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.8 to Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed October 12, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). | |
10.9 | Bylaws of Och-Ziff Holding Corporation, dated as of July 17, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.9 to Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed October 12, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). |
98
Exhibit No. |
Description | |
10.10 | Certificate of Formation of Och-Ziff Holding LLC, dated as of June 13, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.10 to Amendment No. 3 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed October 12, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). | |
10.11 | Second Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of Och-Ziff Holding LLC, dated as of November 11, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.11 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on March 26, 2008. | |
10.12 | Second Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of OZ Advisors LP, dated as of April 10, 2008, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on March 26, 2008. | |
10.13 | Third Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of OZ Advisors II LP, dated as of April 10, 2008, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.2 of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the period ended June 30, 2008, filed on August 11, 2008. | |
10.14 | Third Amended and Restated Limited Partnership Agreement of OZ Management LP, dated as of February 11, 2008, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.1 of our Quarterly Report on Form 10-K for the period ended June 30, 2008, filed on August 11, 2008. | |
10.15+ | Employment Agreement by and between Zoltan Varga and a subsidiary of the Registrant, dated as of November 5, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.15 to Amendment No. 8 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed November 8, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). | |
10.16 | Securities Purchase and Investment Agreement, by and among Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC, DIC Sahir Limited and Dubai International Capital LLC, dated as of October 29, 2007, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.16 to Amendment No. 7 to our Registration Statement on Form S-1, filed October 29, 2007 (File No. 333-144256). | |
10.17+ | Form of Independent Director Award Agreement, incorporated herein by reference to Exhibit 10.20 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2007, filed on March 26, 2008. | |
10.18* | Amended and Restated First Priority Aircraft Mortgage and Security Agreement, dated as of May 30, 2008, made by 57 Aviation Services, LLC in favor of Citicorp USA, Inc. | |
10.19* | Promissory Note, dated May 30, 2008, made by 57 Aviation Services, LLC in favor of Citicorp USA, Inc. | |
10.20* | Guaranty of Payment, dated May 30, 2008, by and among, OZ Management LP, OZ Advisors LP and OZ Advisors II LP and Citicorp USA, Inc. | |
21.1* | Subsidiaries of the Registrant | |
23.1* | Consent of Ernst & Young LLP | |
31.1* | Certificate of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. | |
31.2* | Certificate of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Rule 13a-14(a)/Rule 15d-14(a) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. | |
32.1* | Certification pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002. |
* | Filed herewith |
+ | Management contract, compensatory plan or arrangement |
99
Index to Consolidated and Combined Financial Statements
F-2 | ||
Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 |
F-3 | |
F-4 | ||
F-5 | ||
F-6 | ||
F-8 |
F-1
Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated and combined statements of operations, changes in shareholders deficit, and cash flows of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries (prior to November 14, 2007, Och-Ziff Operating Group) for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Companys management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.
In our opinion, the financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the consolidated financial position of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries at December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the related consolidated and combined statements of operations and cash flows of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries (prior to November 14, 2007, Och-Ziff Operating Group) for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2008, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and Subsidiaries internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2008, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated March 11, 2009 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.
/s/ Ernst & Young LLP
New York, New York
March 11, 2009
F-2
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
December 31, | ||||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||
Assets |
||||||||
Cash and cash equivalents |
$ | 81,403 | $ | 614,159 | ||||
Income and fees receivable |
30,151 | 646,985 | ||||||
Due from affiliates |
2,276 | 1,454 | ||||||
Deferred balances, at fair value |
558,530 | 1,044,284 | ||||||
Deferred income tax asset |
980,788 | 935,175 | ||||||
Other assets, net (includes investments in Och-Ziff Funds of $22,356 and $15,996, respectively) |
140,198 | 108,652 | ||||||
Assets of consolidated Och-Ziff funds: |
||||||||
Investments, at fair value |
208,508 | 158,857 | ||||||
Other assets of Och-Ziff funds |
1,127 | 754 | ||||||
Total Assets |
$ | 2,002,981 | $ | 3,510,320 | ||||
Liabilities and Shareholders Deficit |
||||||||
Liabilities |
||||||||
Due to affiliates |
$ | 1,388,183 | $ | 2,419,059 | ||||
Debt obligations |
764,889 | 766,983 | ||||||
Profit sharing payable |
16,500 | 73,144 | ||||||
Other liabilities |
52,572 | 130,865 | ||||||
Liabilities of consolidated Och-Ziff funds: |
||||||||
Redemptions payable |
| 8 | ||||||
Total Liabilities |
2,222,144 | 3,390,059 | ||||||
Commitments and Contingencies (Note 15) |
||||||||
Partners and Others Interests in Consolidated Subsidiaries |
210,944 | 293,016 | ||||||
Shareholders Deficit |
||||||||
Class A Shares, no par value, 1,000,000,000 shares authorized, 76,279,134 and 74,138,572 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively |
| | ||||||
Class B Shares, no par value, 750,000,000 shares authorized, 279,989,571 shares issued and outstanding as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively |
| | ||||||
Paid-in capital |
1,137,161 | 775,744 | ||||||
Retained deficit |
(1,567,305 | ) | (948,499 | ) | ||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income |
37 | | ||||||
Total Shareholders Deficit |
(430,107 | ) | (172,755 | ) | ||||
Total Liabilities and Shareholders Deficit |
$ | 2,002,981 | $ | 3,510,320 | ||||
See notes to consolidated and combined financial statements.
F-3
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||
Revenues |
||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 576,265 | $ | 317,756 | $ | 13,739 | ||||||
Incentive income |
12,201 | 632,690 | 15,851 | |||||||||
Other revenues |
4,109 | 11,637 | 3,801 | |||||||||
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
11,809 | 539,892 | 972,442 | |||||||||
Total Revenues |
604,384 | 1,501,975 | 1,005,833 | |||||||||
Expenses |
||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
261,830 | 238,331 | 168,961 | |||||||||
Allocations to non-equity partner interests |
(38,328 | ) | 574,326 | 277,711 | ||||||||
Reorganization expenses |
1,698,989 | 3,333,396 | | |||||||||
Profit sharing |
(4,751 | ) | 106,644 | 97,977 | ||||||||
Interest expense |
33,948 | 24,240 | 1,183 | |||||||||
General, administrative and other |
102,222 | 83,241 | 48,515 | |||||||||
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
3,994 | 343,135 | 495,621 | |||||||||
Total Expenses |
2,057,904 | 4,703,313 | 1,089,968 | |||||||||
Other Income (Loss) |
||||||||||||
Net earnings (losses) on deferred balances |
(141,900 | ) | 60,956 | | ||||||||
Net earnings (losses) on investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures |
(11,437 | ) | 57,379 | | ||||||||
Net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
(17,634 | ) | 2,352,290 | 3,290,175 | ||||||||
Total Other Income (Loss) |
(170,971 | ) | 2,470,625 | 3,290,175 | ||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes and Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
(1,624,491 | ) | (730,713 | ) | 3,206,040 | |||||||
Income taxes |
40,066 | 63,963 | 23,327 | |||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
(1,664,557 | ) | (794,676 | ) | 3,182,713 | |||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
1,153,961 | (120,350 | ) | (2,594,706 | ) | |||||||
Net Income (Loss) |
$ | (510,596 | ) | $ | (915,026 | ) | $ | 588,007 | ||||
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
November 14, 2007 through December 31, 2007 |
|||||||||||
Net Loss (in thousands) |
$ | (510,596 | ) | $ | (826,559 | ) | ||||||
Net Loss Per Class A Share |
||||||||||||
Basic and Diluted |
$ | (6.86 | ) | $ | (11.15 | ) | ||||||
Average Class A Shares Outstanding |
||||||||||||
Basic and Diluted |
74,398,336 | 74,138,572 | ||||||||||
Dividends Paid per Class A Share |
$ | 1.415 | ||||||||||
See notes to consolidated and combined financial statements.
F-4
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS DEFICIT
Och-Ziff Operating Group |
Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC | ||||||||||||||||||||||
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Partners Equity (Deficit) |
Number of Class A Shares |
Number of Class B Shares |
Paid-in Capital |
Retained Deficit |
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment |
Total Shareholders Deficit |
|||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands, except share amounts) | |||||||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2005 |
$ | 738,695 | | | $ | | $ | | $ | | $ | | |||||||||||
Capital distributions |
(79,038 | ) | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||
Net income |
588,007 | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2006 |
1,247,664 | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
Capital contributions |
47 | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
Capital distributions |
(1,792,820 | ) | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||
Net loss |
(88,467 | ) | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||
Immediately Prior to Reorganization and Offerings |
(633,576 | ) | | | | | | | |||||||||||||||
Effects of Reorganization and Offerings (See Note 3): |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Issuance of Class A shares |
| 74,138,572 | | 2,341,654 | | | 2,341,654 | ||||||||||||||||
Issuance of Class B shares |
| | 279,989,571 | 1 | | | 1 | ||||||||||||||||
Dilution from the Offerings and allocation of partners deficit at Reorganization to retained deficit |
121,931 | | | (1,609,444 | ) | (121,940 | ) | | (1,731,384 | ) | |||||||||||||
Allocation of partners deficit at Reorganization to partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries |
511,645 | | | | | | | ||||||||||||||||
Share-based compensation |
| | | 2,581 | | | 2,581 | ||||||||||||||||
Impact of amortization of Reorganization charges to paid-in capital |
| | | 40,952 | | | 40,952 | ||||||||||||||||
Net loss |
| | | | (826,559 | ) | | (826,559 | ) | ||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2007 |
| 74,138,572 | 279,989,571 | 775,744 | (948,499 | ) | | (172,755 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Cash dividends declared on Class A Shares |
| | | | (104,907 | ) | | (104,907 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Dividend equivalents on restricted share units |
| | | 3,303 | (3,303 | ) | | | |||||||||||||||
Share-based compensation |
| 2,140,562 | | 17,216 | | | 17,216 | ||||||||||||||||
Adjustment to impact of issuance of Class A Shares (See Note 3) |
| | | 12,045 | | | 12,045 | ||||||||||||||||
Impact of amortization of Reorganization charges to paid-in capital |
| | | 328,853 | | | 328,853 | ||||||||||||||||
Comprehensive income: |
|||||||||||||||||||||||
Net loss |
| | | | (510,596 | ) | | (510,596 | ) | ||||||||||||||
Foreign currency translation adjustment |
| | | | | 37 | 37 | ||||||||||||||||
Total comprehensive income |
(510,559 | ) | |||||||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2008 |
$ | | 76,279,134 | 279,989,571 | $ | 1,137,161 | $ | (1,567,305 | ) | $ | 37 | $ | (430,107 | ) | |||||||||
See notes to consolidated and combined financial statements.
F-5
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Cash Flows from Operating Activities |
||||||||||||
Net income (loss) |
$ | (510,596 | ) | $ | (915,026 | ) | $ | 588,007 | ||||
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash from operating activities: |
||||||||||||
Reorganization expenses |
1,698,989 | 3,333,396 | | |||||||||
Amortization of share-based compensation |
102,025 | 13,410 | | |||||||||
Amortization of deferred compensation |
10,480 | 106,906 | 17,978 | |||||||||
Depreciation and amortization |
6,642 | 4,218 | 3,262 | |||||||||
Goodwill impairment |
| 2,856 | | |||||||||
Deferred income taxes |
22,601 | (7,881 | ) | 14,100 | ||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
(1,153,961 | ) | 120,350 | 2,594,706 | ||||||||
Operating cash flows due to changes in: |
||||||||||||
Income and fees receivable |
616,834 | (616,662 | ) | (6,170 | ) | |||||||
Due from affiliates |
(822 | ) | 36,355 | (11,472 | ) | |||||||
Deferred balances, at fair value |
485,754 | 475,921 | | |||||||||
Other assets, net |
(18,423 | ) | 99,550 | (5,120 | ) | |||||||
Assets of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
(50,024 | ) | (5,309,686 | ) | (11,782,655 | ) | ||||||
Due to affiliates |
(342,008 | ) | (17,126 | ) | 221,167 | |||||||
Profit sharing payable |
(56,644 | ) | (56,722 | ) | 53,710 | |||||||
Other liabilities |
(77,003 | ) | 57,899 | 6,000 | ||||||||
Liabilities of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 542,508 | 4,103,893 | |||||||||
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Operating Activities |
733,844 | (2,129,734 | ) | (4,202,594 | ) | |||||||
Cash Flows from Investing Activities |
||||||||||||
Loan to joint venture partners |
(11,870 | ) | | | ||||||||
Repayment of loan to joint venture partners |
11,870 | | | |||||||||
Investments in joint ventures |
(12,902 | ) | | | ||||||||
Return of investments in joint ventures |
6,346 | | | |||||||||
Acquisition of additional interest in real estate business |
| (28,359 | ) | | ||||||||
Purchases of fixed assets |
(11,753 | ) | (5,751 | ) | (13,513 | ) | ||||||
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities |
(18,309 | ) | (34,110 | ) | (13,513 | ) | ||||||
F-6
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS(Continued)
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Cash Flows from Financing Activities |
||||||||||||
Net proceeds from issuance of Class A Shares in initial public offering |
| 1,088,640 | | |||||||||
Net proceeds from issuance of Class A Shares to DIC Sahir |
| 1,129,744 | | |||||||||
Costs directly associated with issuance of Class A Shares |
| (17,387 | ) | | ||||||||
Withholding taxes paid on vested restricted Class A Share Units |
(3,546 | ) | | | ||||||||
Purchase of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units |
| (2,218,384 | ) | | ||||||||
Proceeds from term loan |
| 750,000 | | |||||||||
Repayments of debt obligations |
(2,094 | ) | (879 | ) | (878 | ) | ||||||
Och-Ziff Operating Group capital contributions made prior to Reorganization |
| 47 | | |||||||||
Och-Ziff Operating Group capital distributions declared prior to Reorganization |
(660,792 | ) | (484,781 | ) | (79,038 | ) | ||||||
Dividends on Class A Shares |
(104,907 | ) | | | ||||||||
Partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries contributions |
127,952 | 3,581,845 | 6,982,580 | |||||||||
Partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries distributions |
(604,904 | ) | (1,074,432 | ) | (2,732,517 | ) | ||||||
Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities |
(1,248,291 | ) | 2,754,413 | 4,170,147 | ||||||||
Net Increase (Decrease) in Cash and Cash Equivalents |
(532,756 | ) | 590,569 | (45,960 | ) | |||||||
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period |
614,159 | 23,590 | 69,550 | |||||||||
Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Period |
$ | 81,403 | $ | 614,159 | $ | 23,590 | ||||||
Supplemental Disclosure of Cash Flow Information |
||||||||||||
Cash paid during the period: |
||||||||||||
Interest |
$ | 44,751 | $ | 79,932 | $ | 185,307 | ||||||
Income taxes |
$ | 87,967 | $ | 10,103 | $ | 11,701 | ||||||
See Note 2 for non-cash items related to the in-kind distribution of investments in Och-Ziff funds.
See Note 5 for non-cash items related to the deconsolidation of Och-Ziff funds.
See notes to consolidated and combined financial statements.
F-7
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
DECEMBER 31, 2008
1. | BUSINESS OVERVIEW |
Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC (the Registrant), a Delaware limited liability company, together with its consolidated subsidiaries (collectively, the Company), is a global alternative asset management firm with offices in New York, London, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Bangalore and Beijing. The Company provides investment management services to its various multi-strategy hedge funds (the Och-Ziff funds) and separately managed accounts on behalf of a diverse group of institutional investors worldwide, including pension and profit-sharing funds, endowments, foundations and other financial institutions. The Och-Ziff funds seek to deliver consistent, positive, risk-adjusted returns throughout market cycles, with a focus on risk management and capital preservation.
The Companys principal sources of revenues are management fees, which are calculated based on the amount of its assets under management, and incentive income, which is calculated based on the annual performance of the Och-Ziff funds and separately managed accounts. Accordingly, for any given period, the Companys revenues will be heavily influenced by the combination of assets under management and the annual investment performance of the Och-Ziff funds.
The Company conducts substantially all of its operations through its one reportable segment, the Och-Ziff Funds segment, which provides management and advisory services to the Companys hedge funds and separately managed accounts. The funds main investment strategies include merger arbitrage, convertible arbitrage, equity restructuring, credit and distressed investments, and private investments.
The Companys other operations are currently comprised of its real estate business, which provides advisory services to the Companys real estate funds. Also included in other operations are investments in new businesses established to expand the Companys private investment platforms. The businesses and investments included in the Companys other operations do not meet the thresholds of a reportable business segment under U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (U.S. GAAP).
In November 2007, the Company completed its initial public offering (IPO) of 36 million Class A Shares and a private offering of approximately 38.1 million Class A Shares to DIC Sahir, a wholly-owned subsidiary of Dubai International Capital LLC (collectively, the Offerings). The Company used the net proceeds from the Offerings to acquire a 19.2% interest in OZ Management LP, OZ Advisors LP and OZ Advisors II LP (collectively, the Och-Ziff Operating Group) from the partners and the Ziffs, who collectively held all of the interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group prior to the Offerings. The Company conducts substantially all of its operations through the Och-Ziff Operating Group. As of December 31, 2008, the partners and the Ziffs direct interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group had decreased to approximately 80.3% as a result of the vesting of restricted share units (RSUs) further described in Note 8.
Prior to the Offerings, the Company completed a reorganization of entities under the common control of Daniel Och (the Reorganization), whereby the general partner interests in each of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities and the real estate management business were transferred to the Company. As the Registrant, the Och-Ziff Operating Group and the real estate management business were under the common control of Daniel Och at the time of the Reorganization, the transfer of control of the Och-Ziff Operating Group and the real estate management business to the Registrant was accounted for as a transaction among entities under common control. As a result, the assets, liabilities and statements of operations and cash flows of the Registrant, the Och-Ziff Operating Group and the real estate management business were combined and carried forward at their existing carrying values. For additional information regarding the Offerings and Reorganization, see Note 3.
F-8
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
The term partners refers to the Companys founder, Daniel Och, and the other limited partners of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities. The Company transacts its business primarily in the United States and substantially all of its revenues are generated domestically. The liability of the Companys shareholders is limited to the extent of their capital contributions.
2. | BASIS OF PRESENTATION AND RECENT ACCOUNTING PRONOUNCEMENTS |
Basis of Presentation
The consolidated and combined financial statements are prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP. All significant intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation. Certain prior-period amounts have been reclassified to conform to the current period presentation.
Prior to the Reorganization, the Companys combined financial statements included the accounts of Och-Ziff Capital Management Group LLC and various operating entities under common control, which consisted primarily of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities, various operating entities related to the Companys real estate management business and certain Och-Ziff funds. Substantially all of the entities included in the combined financial statements at the time of the Reorganization are included in the consolidated financial statements subsequent to the Reorganization.
Substantially all of the Och-Ziff funds were consolidated through December 31, 2006 as a result of the Company holding a controlling financial interest in such funds. As of January 1, 2007, the Company no longer consolidated most of the domestic Och-Ziff funds due to substantive rights afforded to the unaffiliated limited partners of these funds. In addition, as of June 30, 2007, the Company no longer consolidated any of the offshore Och-Ziff funds due to similar changes made to the rights afforded to the unaffiliated shareholders of these funds. Accordingly, activity through such dates related to these consolidated Och-Ziff funds is included in the Companys consolidated and combined statements of operations and statements of cash flows. The Company continues to consolidate its real estate funds and certain other hedge funds in which the Company continues to hold a controlling financial interest. For additional information regarding the deconsolidation of the Och-Ziff funds, see Note 5.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with U.S. GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated and combined financial statements of the Company. The most critical of these estimates are related to fair value measurements of the assets and liabilities of the Company and the Och-Ziff funds, the accounting treatment for variable interest entities and the ability to realize the Companys deferred tax assets. While management believes that the estimates utilized in preparing the consolidated and combined financial statements are reasonable and prudent, actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
Consolidation Policies
The consolidated and combined financial statements include the accounts of the Registrant and entities in which it, directly or indirectly, is determined to have a controlling financial interest under the following set of guidelines:
| Variable Interest Entities (VIEs)In accordance with Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) Interpretation No. 46(R), Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities, an interpretation of ARB No. 51 (FIN 46(R)), the Company must determine whether, if by design, an entity has equity investors who lack the |
F-9
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
characteristics of a controlling financial interest or does not have sufficient equity at risk to finance its expected activities without additional subordinated financial support from other parties. If an entity has either of these characteristics, it is considered a VIE and must be consolidated by its primary beneficiary, which is defined as the party that, along with its affiliates and de facto agents, absorbs a majority of the VIEs expected losses or receives a majority of the expected residual returns as a result of holding variable interests. |
| Voting Interest EntitiesFor entities determined not to be VIEs, the Company must determine whether it holds a controlling financial interest as determined under Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51, Consolidated Financial Statements (ARB 51), as amended by FASB Statement of Financial Accounting Standard (SFAS) No. 94, Consolidation of All Majority-Owned Subsidiaries (SFAS 94). In accordance with ARB 51 and SFAS 94, the Company consolidates those entities in which it has an investment of greater than 50% and has control over significant operating, financial and investing decisions of the entity. |
Additionally, in accordance with Emerging Issues Task Force (EITF) Issue No. 04-5, Determining Whether a General Partner, or the General Partners As a Group, Controls a Limited Partnership or Similar Entity When the Limited Partners Have Certain Rights, the Company consolidates entities in which the Company is a substantive, controlling general partner and the limited partners have no substantive rights to impact ongoing governance and operating activities.
Revenue Recognition Policies
The Company has two principal sources of revenue: management fees and incentive income. These revenues are derived from the Companys agreements with the Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts. The agreements are automatically renewed on an annual basis unless the agreements are terminated by the general partner or directors of the Och-Ziff funds or by the managed account holder. Certain investments held by employees, partners and other affiliates of the Company in the Och-Ziff funds are not subject to management fees or incentive income charges. See Note 14 for additional information regarding waived fees.
| Management FeesManagement fees, which are typically 1.5% to 2.5% of assets under management, are recognized over the period during which the related services are performed and the amounts have been contractually earned. |
| Incentive IncomeIncentive income is based on the performance of the Och-Ziff funds and managed accounts. Incentive income is typically equal to 20% of the net realized and unrealized profits earned for the full year that is attributable to each investor, but excludes unrealized profits on private investments. Incentive income on private investments is earned in the year of the sale or realization of the private investment. Substantially all of the Companys incentive income is recorded at the end of the fourth quarter of each year, when all contingencies have been resolved. The only incentive income recognized during interim periods relates to fund investor redemptions during the period. |
For most of the Och-Ziff funds, there is a one-year high-water mark. This means that if a fund were to lose money for all of its investors in the current year, the loss would have to be recouped before incentive income can be earned in the next year. If the high-water mark is not recouped the next year, in the following year it is reset to zero, thus allowing the Company to earn incentive income on income generated in that year, except for the OZ Global Special Investments Master Fund, which has a perpetual high-water mark precluding receipt of any incentive income until the fund has recovered the loss. Incentive income from the Och-Ziff funds, excluding the Och-Ziff real estate funds, and the managed accounts is not subject to any other performance criteria and, once earned, is not subject to repayment.
F-10
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Incentive income from the Och-Ziff real estate funds is based on profits realized from investments in those funds. If upon the disposition of an investment, the aggregate incentive income paid to the Company exceeds the amount due based on the aggregate performance of the fund, the excess is required to be paid back to the fund (clawback). Incentive income collected from the Och-Ziff real estate funds is recorded as unearned revenue within other liabilities until the time all clawback contingencies have been resolved.
Other Revenues
Other revenues consist primarily of interest income earned on the Companys cash and cash equivalents and revenue related to non-business use of the corporate aircraft by Mr. Och. Interest income is recognized on an accrual basis when earned. Revenues earned from non-business use of the corporate aircraft are recognized on an accrual basis based on actual flight hours. See Note 14 for additional information regarding non-business use of the corporate aircraft.
Compensation and Benefits
The Company recognizes compensation and benefits expenses over the related service period. Compensation expense that is determined based on incentive income is not recognized before the incentive income is recognized at year-end as described above. A portion of discretionary incentive awards to certain employees is deferred and recognized over the requisite service period (typically two years).
Share-Based Compensation
The Company accounts for share-based compensation arrangements in accordance with SFAS No. 123(R), Share-Based Payments (SFAS 123(R)). SFAS 123(R) requires that compensation expense related to share-based payments be based on the grant-date fair value and recognized over the requisite service period. An estimated forfeiture assumption is established on the grant date based on current and historical information and is reviewed periodically for any necessary adjustments. A change in the forfeiture assumption is recognized in the period in which such change occurs. Expenses associated with the Companys share-based compensation plans are recorded within compensation and benefits in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. See Note 8 for additional information on the Companys share-based compensation plan.
Allocation to Non-Equity Partner Interests
Prior to the Reorganization, interests in the Company held by the partners, excluding Daniel Och, were not considered equity interests for U.S. GAAP purposes. Allocations to such partners interests were treated as expenses and recorded within allocations to non-equity partner interests in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. Unpaid allocations to non-equity partners are recorded within due to affiliates in the consolidated balance sheets.
As further described in Note 3, the interests held by non-equity partners prior to the Reorganization were reclassified as equity interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group at the time of the Reorganization. Accordingly, allocation to non-equity partner interests subsequent to the Reorganization relate solely to earnings on incentive income allocations deferred prior to the Reorganization (See Deferred Balances below).
F-11
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Ziffs Profit Sharing Agreement
Prior to the Reorganization, Ziff Brothers Investments, L.L.C. and certain of its affiliates (the Ziffs) were entitled to 12.5% of management fees and incentive income earned by the Company, net of certain expenses, in exchange for having provided the initial funding for the Och-Ziff funds. Amounts payable under the agreement were accrued when the underlying management fees and incentive income were earned by the Company. As described further in Note 3, the Ziffs profit sharing interest was reclassified as equity interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group at the time of the Reorganization. Accordingly, profit sharing expenses subsequent to the Reorganization relate solely to earnings on profit sharing allocations deferred prior to the Reorganization (See Deferred Balances below).
Income Taxes
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities resulting from temporary differences between the U.S. GAAP and tax bases of assets and liabilities are measured at the balance sheet date using enacted tax rates expected to apply to taxable income in the years the temporary differences are expected to reverse.
The realization of deferred income tax assets depends upon the existence of sufficient taxable income within the carryback or carryforward periods under the tax law in the applicable tax jurisdiction. A valuation allowance is established when management determines, based on available information, that it is more likely than not that deferred tax assets will not be realized. Significant judgment is required in determining whether a valuation allowance should be established, as well as the amount of such allowance.
Future events such as changes in tax legislation could have an impact on the provision for income taxes and the effective tax rate. Any such changes could significantly affect the amounts reported in the consolidated and combined financial statements in the year these changes occur.
The Company records interest and penalties related to income taxes within income taxes in the consolidated and combined statements of operations.
Cash and Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments that have an original maturity from the date of purchase of three months or less to be cash equivalents. Cash equivalents are recorded at amortized cost plus accrued interest. As of December 31, 2008, substantially all of the Companys cash and cash equivalents, which consist primarily of money market investments, were held with one major financial institution and exposes the Company to a certain degree of credit risk. The Company records cash and cash equivalents of the Och-Ziff funds held at prime brokers within other assets of Och-Ziff funds in the consolidated balance sheets.
Deferred Balances
Historically, the Company deferred collection of a certain portion of incentive income receivable from the offshore Och-Ziff funds. Such deferrals were made in conjunction with deferrals of payment of incentive income allocations by the partners and the Ziffs. As a result of a change in method of accounting for U.S. income tax purposes made in 2007, the Company no longer defers the collection of incentive income. The remaining deferred balances will be paid by the funds to the Company over the next two years. These amounts will, in turn, be distributed to the partners and the Ziffs over the same period. Prior to the change in method of accounting, certain partners were required to defer a portion of their incentive income allocations for a period of two years. Allocations to
F-12
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
non-equity partners for these deferred amounts were subject to forfeiture and recognized as expense over the two-year requisite service period. In connection with the change in method of accounting, any remaining service requirements were shortened and deemed fully vested as of January 1, 2008.
During the deferral period, the Company elected to have these deferred amounts indexed to the performance of either an Och-Ziff fund or another approved asset as determined by the Company. Earnings on deferred balances will be offset as follows:
Earnings Credited To |
Offsetting Expense Recorded Within | |
Daniel Och |
Partners and others interest in income of consolidated subsidiaries | |
Non-equity partners (prior to Reorganization) |
Allocations to non-equity partner interests | |
Ziffs |
Profit sharing |
Upon the adoption of SFAS No. 155, Accounting for Certain Hybrid Financial Instruments (SFAS 155), the Company elected to record the deferred balances, which are considered hybrid financial instruments, at fair value with changes in fair value recorded within earnings on deferred balances in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. Prior to the deconsolidation of the offshore Och-Ziff funds further described in Note 5, deferred balances and earnings on these balances were eliminated in consolidation.
Fixed Assets
Fixed assets consist primarily of a corporate aircraft, leasehold improvements, computer hardware and software, furniture, fixtures and office equipment. Fixed assets are recorded at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization within other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets. The Company capitalizes eligible costs associated with the acquisition or development of internal-use software. Once the software is ready for its intended use, these capitalized costs are amortized and reviewed periodically for impairment. Depreciation and amortization of fixed assets are calculated using the straight-line method over depreciable lives of: fifteen years for the corporate aircraft, the shorter of the related lease term or expected useful life for leasehold improvements and three to seven years for all other fixed assets.
Investments in Och-Ziff Funds
The Companys investments in the Och-Ziff funds are accounted for using the equity method of accounting, as the Company has the ability to exercise significant influence on these funds. The Companys earnings from these investments are recorded within earnings on investments in Och-Ziff funds in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. The carrying value of these investments approximates fair value, as the net assets of the underlying funds are recorded at their estimated fair value and is recorded within other assets, net. Prior to the deconsolidation of the Och-Ziff funds, these investments were eliminated in consolidation. On December 1, 2007, the Company made an in-kind distribution of investments in the Och-Ziff funds in the amount of $221.9 million to Daniel Och and $69.2 million to the other partners.
F-13
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Foreign Currency
The functional currency of each of the Companys subsidiaries is the U.S. dollar. Monetary assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are translated into U.S. dollars at the closing rates of exchange on the balance sheet date. These transaction gains and losses are recorded as other expenses within general, administrative and other in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. Transaction gains or losses arising from changes in exchange rates related to investments held by the consolidated funds are recorded within net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in the consolidated and combined statements of operations.
The Company has an investment in a joint venture whose functional currency is the Pound Sterling. This investment is translated into U.S. dollars at the closing rates of exchange on the balance sheet date. The translation-related gains and losses are recorded as an adjustment to accumulated other comprehensive income in the Companys consolidated balance sheets.
Policies of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds
Certain Och-Ziff funds in which the Company has only minor economic interests are included in the Companys consolidated and combined financial statements. The majority ownership interests in these funds, which are not held by the Company, are reflected within partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries in the consolidated balance sheets. The management fees and incentive income from the consolidated Och-Ziff funds are eliminated in consolidation; however, the Companys share of the net income from these funds is increased by the amount of these eliminated fees and incentive income. Accordingly, the consolidation of these Och-Ziff funds has no net effect on the Companys net income (loss) or shareholders deficit.
Each of the Och-Ziff funds is, for U.S. GAAP purposes, an investment company under the AICPA Audit and Accounting GuideInvestment Companies (the AICPA Guide). The Company has retained the specialized accounting of these funds in accordance with EITF Issue No. 85-12, Retention of Specialized Accounting for Investments in Consolidation.
The Och-Ziff funds are generally structured through master-feeder arrangements, whereby the feeder funds make their investments primarily in master funds. In instances where consolidated Och-Ziff feeder funds own all of the outstanding equity shares of an affiliated master fund, the Company consolidates such master fund. Pursuant to the AICPA Guide, the consolidated Och-Ziff funds investments are reflected in the consolidated and combined financial statements at their estimated fair values with changes in unrealized gains and losses included within net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds.
Income of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds consists primarily of interest income and dividend income. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis using the effective interest method. The consolidated Och-Ziff funds may place debt obligations, including bank debt and other participation interests, on non-accrual status and, when necessary, reduce current interest income by charging off any interest receivable when collection of all or a portion of such accrued interest has become doubtful. The balance of non-accrual investments as of December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the impact of such investments for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, were not significant. Dividend income is recorded on the ex-dividend date.
F-14
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Expenses of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds consist primarily of interest expense, dividend expense and stock loan fees. Interest expense is recorded on an accrual basis using the effective interest method. Dividend expense is recorded on the ex-dividend date, net of any applicable tax withholdings. Stock loan fees are recorded on an accrual basis as incurred.
Investments
Investments, at fair value include the consolidated Och-Ziff funds investments in securities, investment companies and other investments. Securities transactions are recorded on a trade-date basis. Realized gains and losses on sales of investments of the Och-Ziff funds are determined on a specific identification basis and are included within net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in the consolidated and combined statements of operations.
Securities listed on one or more national securities exchanges are stated at the closing price on the date of determination. Securities that are not exchange traded or for which exchange quotations are not readily available are valued at the latest price obtained from one or more dealers making a market for such securities or at estimated fair values as determined in good faith, using observable market data where applicable and involving some degree of judgment. Securities for which exchange quotations are not readily available may include specific classes or series of an issuers equity or debt securities and securities traded over-the-counter (OTC).
Investments in other investment companies are recorded at fair value based upon information provided by the management of the underlying investment companies.
The consolidated and combined financial statements include investments, such as investments in equity and debt of private and closely held companies, whose estimated fair values, in the absence of readily ascertainable market values, are determined by methods and procedures including but not limited to: (i) performing comparisons with prices of comparable or similar securities; (ii) obtaining valuation-related information from issuers; and/or (iii) consulting other analytical data and indicators of value. In addition, for certain securities, subsequent investments and related transactions in the security may be used to estimate their fair values.
In addition, various real estate equity interests, which may be in the form of general and limited partnerships, real estate investment trusts and limited liability companies are also included within investments, at fair value. For the Companys real estate equity interests, fair value is based upon discounting the expected cash flows from the investments or a multiple of earnings. In addition, the Company considers recent sales as well as offers on investments that it deems likely to close in the near future. In reaching its final determination of fair value, the Company considers many factors including, but not limited to, the operating cash flows and financial performance of the properties relative to budgets or projections, property types and geographic locations, expected exit timing and strategy and any specific rights or terms associated with the investment.
Securities Purchased Under Agreements to Resell and Securities Sold Under Agreements to Repurchase
As a result of the deconsolidation of most of the Och-Ziff funds in 2007, the Company had no securities purchased under agreements to resell (reverse repurchase agreements) and securities sold under agreements to repurchase (repurchase agreements) as of December 31, 2008 and 2007.
F-15
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Prior to the deconsolidation of most of the Och-Ziff funds in 2007, the Company, through the consolidated Och-Ziff funds, entered into reverse repurchase agreements and repurchase agreements representing short-term collateralized financing transactions. The Company received securities to collateralize amounts furnished under reverse repurchase agreements on terms that permitted the Company to re-pledge or resell the securities to others. Interest earned on these transactions is recorded as interest income within income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in the consolidated and combined statements of operations.
The Company provided securities to counterparties to collateralize amounts borrowed under repurchase agreements on terms which permitted the counterparties to re-pledge or resell the securities to others. Interest expense incurred on these transactions is recorded as interest expense within expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in the consolidated and combined statements of operations.
Securities Lending
As a result of the deconsolidation of most of the Och-Ziff funds in 2007, the Company had no securities lending transactions as of December 31, 2008 and 2007.
Prior to the deconsolidation of most of the Och-Ziff funds in 2007, the Company, through the consolidated Och-Ziff funds, loaned certain of its securities to its clearing brokers. The Company generally received cash collateral equal to or greater than the market value of the securities owned. The securities were valued on a daily basis and additional collateral was received as needed. Securities loaned were treated as financing transactions and remained recorded within investments, at fair value in the consolidated balance sheets. The amount of cash collateral received was recorded as a liability of the consolidated Och-Ziff funds in the consolidated balance sheets. Income and expenses associated with securities lending transactions are recorded as interest income and interest expense, respectively, within income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds and expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds, respectively, in the consolidated and combined statements of operations.
Derivatives
As a result of the deconsolidation of most of the Och-Ziff funds in 2007, the Company had no derivatives as of December 31, 2008 and 2007.
Prior to the deconsolidation of most of the Och-Ziff funds in 2007, the Company, through the consolidated Och-Ziff funds, used derivative contracts primarily to structure investments to attain certain objectives, as well as to limit certain types of risk. Derivative contracts included futures, forward foreign currency contracts, OTC options, exchange traded options, warrants, rights, contracts for differences and total return, asset, credit default and interest rate swaps. All derivatives were recorded at fair value.
Swaps, other than credit default swaps, represent agreements between two parties to make payments based upon the performance of certain underlying assets. The consolidated Och-Ziff funds were obligated to pay, or entitled to receive, the net difference in the value at the onset of the swap compared to the value at the termination or reset date of the swap. The ultimate gain or loss was dependent upon the prices of the underlying financial instruments at the settlement date.
Credit default swaps entitled the consolidated Och-Ziff funds to receive periodic payments as the provider of credit protection or obligated the Company to make periodic payments as the receiver of credit protection based upon a specific credit event occurring.
F-16
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Futures contracts represent firm commitments to buy or sell an agreed quantity of an underlying asset at a specified value and date. Initial margin was paid upon entering into the contract and variation margin was paid or received by the consolidated Och-Ziff funds each day, depending on the daily fluctuations in the fair value of the contract. The change in fair value was recorded as an unrealized gain or loss in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. The ultimate gain or loss was equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the onset and the value of the contract at settlement date.
Forward foreign currency contracts represent agreements with counterparties to exchange currencies at agreed-upon rates based upon predetermined notional amounts. The consolidated Och-Ziff funds used forward foreign currency contracts to reduce exposures to fluctuations in foreign exchange rates. The ultimate gain or loss was equal to the difference between the value of the contract at the onset and the value of the contract at settlement date, or the date on which the consolidated Och-Ziff funds entered into an offsetting contract.
The consolidated Och-Ziff funds purchased and wrote put and call options through listed exchanges and in the OTC market. Purchased options provided the consolidated Och-Ziff funds with the opportunity to purchase (call option) or to sell (put option) an underlying asset at an agreed-upon value either on or before the expiration of the option. Options written by the consolidated Och-Ziff funds provided the purchaser of the option the opportunity to purchase from or sell to the consolidated Och-Ziff funds an underlying asset at an agreed-upon value either on or before the expiration of the option.
The consolidated Och-Ziff funds determined the fair values of derivative contracts by using quoted market prices when available, otherwise, they were based on pricing models that consider the time value of money, volatility, and the current market and contractual prices of the underlying financial instruments. Generally, option pricing methodology is dependent on the geographic market in which the individual option trades and whether the option is exchange-traded or OTC. The pricing methodologies used included: (i) obtaining the midpoint between the last bid and asked prices; (ii) determining the last reported sales prices; or (iii) obtaining a broker quote on the date of determination.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2008, the FASB issued FASB Staff Position No. 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8, Disclosures by Public Entities (Enterprises) about Transfers of Financial Assets and Interests in Variable Interest Entities (FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8). FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8 requires an entity to provide additional disclosures about transfers of financial assets and its involvement with variable interest entities. FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8 is effective for the first reporting period ending after December 15, 2008. See Note 6 for the additional disclosures required by FSP FAS 140-4 and FIN 46(R)-8.
In February 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 159, The Fair Value Option for Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities Including an Amendment of FASB Statement No. 115 (SFAS 159). SFAS 159 permits an entity to elect to measure certain financial instruments and certain other items at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in earnings. SFAS 159 is effective for fiscal years beginning after November 15, 2007. The adoption of SFAS 159 did not have an impact on the Companys financial position or results of operations, as the Company did not elect to carry any items at fair value as a result of the adoption of SFAS 159.
In September 2006, the FASB issued SFAS No. 157, Fair Value Measurements (SFAS 157). SFAS 157 defines fair value, establishes a framework for measuring fair value, and requires expanded disclosures about fair value measurements. SFAS 157 is effective for reporting periods beginning after November 15, 2007. The adoption of
F-17
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
SFAS 157 did not have a material impact on the Companys financial position or results of operations upon adoption. See Note 4 for the expanded disclosures required upon the adoption of SFAS 157.
Future Adoption of Accounting Pronouncements
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 141 (revised 2007), Business Combinations (SFAS 141(R)). SFAS 141(R) requires assets acquired, liabilities assumed, contractual contingencies and contingent consideration to be measured at their fair values at the acquisition date. In addition, SFAS 141(R) requires subsequent adjustments to any acquisition-related estimates to be recognized in net income rather than as an adjustment to the purchase price. SFAS 141(R) is effective for business combinations completed in periods beginning on or after December 15, 2008. SFAS 141(R) will impact how the Company records the acquired assets and liabilities of any future business combinations; however, the adoption of SFAS 141(R) will not have an impact on the Companys financial position or results of operations at the date of adoption.
In December 2007, the FASB issued SFAS No. 160, Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statementsan amendment of ARB No. 51 (SFAS 160). SFAS 160 requires a company to clearly identify and present ownership interests in subsidiaries held by parties other than the company within the shareholders equity (deficit) section of the consolidated balance sheets. SFAS 160 also requires (i) the amount of consolidated net income attributable to the controlling and to the noncontrolling interests to be clearly identified and presented on the face of the consolidated statement of operations; (ii) acquisitions of noncontrolling interests to be accounted for as equity transactions with no step-up to fair value; (iii) when a subsidiary is deconsolidated, any retained noncontrolling interests and the gain or loss upon deconsolidation to be measured at fair value; and (iv) losses to be allocated to the noncontrolling interests regardless of whether cumulative losses have exceeded the noncontrolling interests in the subsidiarys capital. SFAS 160 is effective for reporting periods beginning on or after December 15, 2008. The adoption of SFAS 160 will result in the reclassification of noncontrolling interests (partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries) into shareholders deficit at the date of adoption. In addition, as a result of the adoption of SFAS 160, the Company will no longer absorb losses when cumulative losses applicable to partners and others interests in a consolidated subsidiary exceed the partners and others interests in the subsidiarys capital.
3. REORGANIZATION AND OFFERINGS
As part of the Reorganization, the capital structure of each of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities was converted from a capital account structure, with Daniel Och holding the sole U.S. GAAP equity capital account of each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity, to a unitized structure consisting of Class A Common Units and Class B Common Units. The term Och-Ziff Operating Group A Unit is used to refer collectively to a Class A Common Unit of each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. Similarly, the term Och-Ziff Operating Group B Unit is used to refer collectively to a Class B Common Unit of each Och-Ziff Operating Group entity. As part of the Reorganization, Daniel Ochs equity interests, the other partners non-equity interests and the Ziffs profit sharing interests were reclassified as Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units.
The following Och-Ziff Operating Group Units represent all of the equity interests of the Och-Ziff Operating Group:
| Och-Ziff Operating Group A UnitsThe Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units are held by the partners and the Ziffs. Once vested, such units may be exchanged for Class A Shares of the Registrant on a one-for-one basis, subject to certain transfer restrictions for the five years following the Offerings. |
| Och-Ziff Operating Group B UnitsThe Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units represent the Companys interest in the Och-Ziff Operating Group. |
F-18
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
At the time of the Reorganization, the Company issued the partners a number of Class B Shares equal to the number of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units held by each partner. These shares entitle the partners to one vote per share on matters submitted to shareholders for approval; however, these shares do not participate in the earnings of the Company, as the partners participate in the economics of the Och-Ziff Operating Group through their direct ownership of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. The partners granted to the Class B shareholder committee, currently consisting solely of Mr. Och, an irrevocable proxy to vote their Class B Shares in concert. The Ziffs do not hold any Class B Shares. Upon the exchange of an Och-Ziff Operating Group A Unit for a Class A Share of the Registrant by a partner, the corresponding Class B Share is canceled and an Och-Ziff Operating Group B Unit is issued to the Company.
The reclassification of Mr. Ochs equity interests as Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units was accounted for as a recapitalization of the business similar to a reverse stock split followed by an issuance of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, which was accounted for as a share-based payment under SFAS No. 123(R). Additionally, the reclassification of the non-equity partners and Ziffs interests into Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units was accounted for as a share-based payment under SFAS No. 123(R). In accordance with SFAS No. 123(R), the following charges associated with the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units are recorded within Reorganization expenses:
| Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units Purchased from the Partners and the Ziffs with Proceeds from the OfferingsThe units purchased with proceeds from the Offerings were not subject to any service or performance requirements; therefore, the fair value of these units were recognized as a one-time charge based on the net cash proceeds from the Offerings received by the partners and the Ziffs similar to a share-based payment settled in cash under SFAS No. 123(R). |
| Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units Held by Partners after the OfferingsThe charge for units held by the partners after the Offerings is based on the fair value of such units, calculated using the IPO price of the Companys Class A Shares less a 5% discount for transfer restrictions that remain in place after vesting, or $30.40 per Och-Ziff Operating Group A Unit. The fair value of these units is being amortized on a straight-line basis over the requisite five-year service period following the Offerings. Any units forfeited are redistributed among the remaining partners and accounted for as a new grant at such time. Any redistributed units will vest over the remaining five-year period beginning on the date of the Offerings. Amortization of these redistributed units is also included within Reorganization expenses. |
| Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units Held by Ziffs after the OfferingsAs these units are not subject to any substantive service or performance requirements, the charge for the issuance of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units to the Ziffs was recognized as a one-time charge at the time of the Reorganization. The charge related to the units held by the Ziffs after the Offerings is based on the fair value of such units, calculated using the IPO price of the Companys Class A Shares less a 5% discount for transfer restrictions that remain in place after the date of the Offerings, or $30.40 per Och-Ziff Operating Group A Unit. |
F-19
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
The table below presents the activity related to unvested Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for the year ended December 31, 2008. The 31,109,953 Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units granted to the Ziffs are not included in the table below, as these units are not subject to any substantive service or performance requirements and were deemed to be immediately vested at the time of the Reorganization under SFAS 123(R).
Unvested Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units |
Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | |||||
Beginning of Year |
279,989,571 | $ | 30.40 | |||
Forfeited |
(3,549,522 | ) | $ | 30.40 | ||
Granted (redistribution of forfeited units to remaining partners) |
3,549,522 | $ | 4.93 | |||
Vested |
(55,997,914 | ) | $ | 30.40 | ||
End of Year |
223,991,657 | $ | 30.00 | |||
As of December 31, 2008, the total unrecognized Reorganization expenses amounted to $6.5 billion with a weighted-average amortization period of 3.9 years.
At the time of the Offerings, the Company recorded an increase to paid-in capital in the amount of $937.7 million related to deferred tax assets arising from the sale of the partners equity interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group to the public and DIC Sahir. This deferred tax asset is derived from goodwill recognized for tax purposes that is expected to be subsequently amortized and result in future taxable deductions and cash savings to the Company. In addition, the Company entered into a tax receivable agreement to pay 85% of these tax savings to the partners; therefore, a liability in the amount of $797.1 million was established at the time of the Offerings. In 2008, the Company finalized valuations needed to estimate the future taxable deductions created in connection with the sale of the partners equity interests in the Och-Ziff Operating Group to the public and DIC Sahir, which resulted in an increase to the deferred tax assets of $80.3 million and an increase to the liability for amounts payable under the tax receivable agreement of $68.3 million, for a net increase to paid-in capital of $12.0 million.
4. FAIR VALUE MEASUREMENTS
Effective January 1, 2008, the Company adopted SFAS 157, which among other things, requires enhanced classification and disclosures about financial instruments carried at fair value. SFAS 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy for the inputs used in valuation models and techniques used to measure fair value. Fair value represents the price that would be received upon the sale of an asset or paid upon the transfer of a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date (an exit price).
Assets and liabilities measured at fair value are classified into one of the following categories:
| Level IQuoted prices are available in active markets for identical assets or liabilities as of the reporting date. Assets and liabilities included in this category include listed securities. |
| Level IIFair value is determined through the use of models or other valuation methodologies based on pricing inputs that are either directly or indirectly observable as of the reporting date. Assets and liabilities generally included in this category include corporate bonds and loans, less liquid and restricted equity securities and certain OTC derivatives. |
| Level IIIFair value is determined based on pricing inputs that are unobservable and includes situations where there is little, if any, market activity for the asset or liability. The determination of fair value for assets |
F-20
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
and liabilities in this category requires significant management judgment or estimation. Assets and liabilities that are included in this category generally include general and limited partnership interests in corporate private equity and real estate. |
In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, the determination of the classification of an asset or liability within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The Companys assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
As of December 31, 2008, the Company did not have any liabilities carried at fair value. The following table summarizes the Companys assets carried at fair value within the SFAS 157 fair value hierarchy levels as of December 31, 2008:
Level I | Level II | Level III | Total | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Deferred balances, at fair value |
$ | | $ | | $ | 558,530 | $ | 558,530 | ||||
Investments, at fair value |
$ | | $ | | $ | 208,508 | $ | 208,508 |
Deferred balances are valued based on net asset value information provided by the Och-Ziff funds. The investments within these funds are carried at fair value and are categorized as Level I, II, and III financial instruments. Investments, which are primarily related to holdings of the Och-Ziff real estate funds, are initially valued at transaction price and subsequently valued based on third-party investments, pending transactions or changes in financial ratios (e.g., earnings multiples) and discounted cash flow models.
The following table summarizes the changes in the Companys Level III assets for the year ended December 31, 2008:
Deferred Balances, at Fair Value |
Investments, at Fair Value |
Total | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2007 |
$ | 1,044,284 | $ | 158,857 | $ | 1,203,141 | ||||||
Net losses on deferred balances |
(141,900 | ) | | (141,900 | ) | |||||||
Net losses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| (17,634 | ) | (17,634 | ) | |||||||
Collection of deferred balances |
(343,854 | ) | | (343,854 | ) | |||||||
Investment purchases, net |
| 67,285 | 67,285 | |||||||||
As of December 31, 2008 |
$ | 558,530 | $ | 208,508 | $ | 767,038 | ||||||
Amounts related to assets that continue to be held as of December 31, 2008: |
||||||||||||
Net losses on deferred balances |
$ | (141,900 | ) | $ | | $ | (141,900 | ) | ||||
Net losses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| (18,894 | ) | (18,894 | ) | |||||||
Total |
$ | (141,900 | ) | $ | (18,894 | ) | $ | (160,794 | ) | |||
F-21
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
5. CONSOLIDATED OCH-ZIFF FUNDS
Income, Expenses and Net Gains (Losses) of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds
As a result of the deconsolidation of the offshore Och-Ziff funds on June 30, 2007, and the deconsolidation of the domestic Och-Ziff funds on January 1, 2007, the amounts presented for income, expenses and net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds for the year ended December 31, 2008, have decreased significantly compared to the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006.
The following table presents the components of income, expenses and net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds as reported in the consolidated and combined statements of operations:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||
Income of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds |
||||||||||||
Interest income |
$ | 108 | $ | 416,115 | $ | 768,503 | ||||||
Dividend income |
| 78,437 | 154,963 | |||||||||
Other revenues of Och-Ziff funds |
11,701 | 45,340 | 48,976 | |||||||||
Total Income of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds |
$ | 11,809 | $ | 539,892 | $ | 972,442 | ||||||
Expenses of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds |
||||||||||||
Interest expense |
$ | | $ | 152,160 | $ | 210,919 | ||||||
Dividend expense |
| 102,291 | 139,245 | |||||||||
Stock loan fees |
| 59,336 | 112,044 | |||||||||
Other expenses of Och-Ziff funds |
3,994 | 29,348 | 33,413 | |||||||||
Total Expenses of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds |
$ | 3,994 | $ | 343,135 | $ | 495,621 | ||||||
Net Gains (Losses) of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds |
||||||||||||
Net realized gains on investments |
$ | 1,691 | $ | 1,767,911 | $ | 3,294,632 | ||||||
Net unrealized gains (losses) on investments |
(19,325 | ) | 557,897 | 442,148 | ||||||||
Net realized and unrealized foreign currency losses |
| (24,415 | ) | (50,079 | ) | |||||||
Net realized and unrealized gains (losses) on derivative contracts |
| 50,897 | (396,526 | ) | ||||||||
Total Net Gains (Losses) of Consolidated Och-Ziff Funds |
$ | (17,634 | ) | $ | 2,352,290 | $ | 3,290,175 | |||||
Deconsolidation of Domestic Och-Ziff Funds
As of January 1, 2007, the Company, as general partner, is no longer required to consolidate most of the domestic Och-Ziff funds, since as of such date, the unrelated limited partners of these funds had the substantive ability to remove the Company as general partner by a simple majority vote. In addition, in instances where consolidated Och-Ziff feeder funds own all of the outstanding equity shares of an affiliated master fund, the Company consolidates the master fund. As a result of the deconsolidation of most of the domestic Och-Ziff funds on January 1, 2007, most of the master funds are no longer wholly owned by funds consolidated by the Company, and therefore, have been deconsolidated by the Company as of the same date.
F-22
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
The deconsolidation of the domestic Och-Ziff funds resulted in the following non-cash adjustments to the Companys balance sheet as of January 1, 2007:
Impact of Deconsolidation | ||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||
Assets |
||||
Income and fees receivable |
$ | (296 | ) | |
Due from affiliates |
15,334 | |||
Other assets (Investments in Och-Ziff funds) |
407,096 | |||
Assets of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
(15,502,406 | ) | ||
Total Assets |
$ | (15,080,272 | ) | |
Liabilities and Shareholders Deficit |
||||
Liabilities of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
$ | (11,004,008 | ) | |
Partners and Others Interests in Consolidated Subsidiaries |
(4,076,264 | ) | ||
Total Shareholders Deficit |
| |||
Total Liabilities and Shareholders Deficit |
$ | (15,080,272 | ) | |
Deconsolidation of Offshore Och-Ziff Funds
As of June 30, 2007, the Company, as the investment manager with decision-making rights, is no longer required to consolidate the offshore Och-Ziff funds, since as of such date, the unrelated investors of these funds had the substantive ability to remove the Company as the investment manager by a simple majority vote. In addition, as a result of the deconsolidation of the offshore Och-Ziff funds, one additional master fund is no longer consolidated by the Company as of June 30, 2007.
The deconsolidation of the offshore Och-Ziff funds resulted in the following non-cash adjustments to the Companys balance sheet as of June 30, 2007:
Impact of Deconsolidation | ||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||
Assets |
||||
Income and fees receivable |
$ | 14,528 | ||
Deferred balances, at fair value |
1,520,205 | |||
Other assets (Investments in Och-Ziff funds) |
17,765 | |||
Assets of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
(25,610,083 | ) | ||
Total Assets |
$ | (24,057,585 | ) | |
Liabilities and Shareholders Deficit |
||||
Liabilities of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
$ | (2,930,219 | ) | |
Partners and Others Interests in Consolidated Subsidiaries |
(21,127,366 | ) | ||
Total Shareholders Deficit |
| |||
Total Liabilities and Shareholders Deficit |
$ | (24,057,585 | ) | |
F-23
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
6. VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITIES
In the ordinary course of business, the Company sponsors the formation of various entities considered VIEs under FIN 46(R). These VIEs are primarily funds in which the Company serves as the general partner or the investment manager with decision making rights, and kick-out or liquidation rights, if any, were not deemed to be substantive as a result of these rights being held by related parties of the Company. The Companys involvement with these funds is limited to providing investment management services in exchange for a management fee and incentive income allocation. The Companys exposure to loss with these entities is limited to a decrease in the management fees and incentive income allocations earned in future periods. The net assets these VIEs was $21.0 billion as of December 31, 2008. The Company does not provide, nor is required to provide, any type of financial or other support to these entities.
The Companys determination of whether it is the primary beneficiary of a VIE is based on an analysis of which variable interest holder of a VIE is exposed to the majority of the expected losses or receives a majority of the expected residual returns. Fund investors are entitled to all of the economics of these VIEs with the exception of the management fee (generally 1.5% to 2.5%) and incentive income allocation (generally 20% of net appreciation in a given year), if any, earned by the Company. Accordingly, the Companys determination of which variable interest holder is exposed to the majority of the expected losses or receives a majority of the expected residual returns is not impacted by changes in the underlying assumptions made regarding future results or expected cash flows of these VIEs.
The following table sets forth the assets and liabilities of funds consolidated by the Company, as primary beneficiary, under FIN 46(R) as of December 31, 2008:
(dollars in thousands) | |||
Assets |
|||
Assets of consolidated Och-Ziff funds: |
|||
Investments, at fair value |
$ | 39,831 | |
Other assets of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
313 | ||
Total Assets |
$ | 40,144 | |
Partners and Others Interests in Consolidated Subsidiaries |
$ | 39,624 |
The assets presented above are only available for use by the fund to which they belong and are not available for use by the Company. The liabilities of these consolidated funds have no recourse to the general credit of the Company. The Company consolidates various funds not considered to be VIEs, and therefore, the assets and liabilities of those funds are not included in the table above.
The Companys variable interests in funds considered to be VIEs that are not consolidated relate primarily to management fees and incentive income earned from those VIEs. As of December 31, 2008, the only assets related to these variable interests amounted to $16.7 million, which are included within income and fees receivable in the Companys consolidated balance sheets. In addition, the Company holds variable interests in certain joint ventures deemed to be VIEs under FIN 46(R). The Companys exposure to loss for these joint ventures is limited to its investments in these entities, which totaled $3.3 million as of December 31, 2008, and are recorded within other assets in the Companys consolidated balance sheets. The Company has not recorded any liabilities with respect to VIEs not consolidated.
F-24
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
7. OTHER ASSETS AND OTHER LIABILITIES
Other Assets, Net
The following table presents the components of other assets, net as reported in the consolidated balance sheets:
December 31, | ||||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||
Fixed Assets: |
||||||||
Corporate aircraft |
$ | 22,600 | $ | 22,600 | ||||
Leasehold improvements |
20,556 | 14,608 | ||||||
Computer hardware and software |
17,776 | 14,349 | ||||||
Furniture, fixtures and equipment |
4,139 | 2,428 | ||||||
Accumulated depreciation and amortization |
(19,633 | ) | (14,409 | ) | ||||
Fixed assets, net |
45,438 | 39,576 | ||||||
Goodwill |
22,691 | 22,691 | ||||||
Investments in Och-Ziff funds |
22,356 | 15,996 | ||||||
Current income taxes receivable |
15,668 | 5,835 | ||||||
Prepaid expenses |
13,987 | 5,508 | ||||||
Intangible assets, net |
5,855 | 6,605 | ||||||
Investments in joint ventures |
3,273 | | ||||||
Other |
10,930 | 12,441 | ||||||
Total Other Assets, Net |
$ | 140,198 | $ | 108,652 | ||||
The Company recorded depreciation and amortization expenses of $6.6 million, $4.2 million and $3.3 million within general, administrative and other in the consolidated and combined statements of operations for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
Other Liabilities
The following table presents the components of other liabilities as reported in the consolidated balance sheets:
December 31, | ||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||
Deferred income tax liability |
$ | 19,315 | $ | 30,110 | ||
Unearned revenues |
11,172 | 13,753 | ||||
Compensation payable |
5,385 | 8,215 | ||||
Current income taxes payable |
1,932 | 63,724 | ||||
Interest payable |
| 11,258 | ||||
Other |
14,768 | 3,805 | ||||
Total Other Liabilities |
$ | 52,572 | $ | 130,865 | ||
F-25
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
8. SHARE-BASED COMPENSATION
An RSU entitles the holder to receive a Class A Share or cash equal to the fair value of a Class A Share, at the election of the Companys Board of Directors, upon completion of the requisite service period. RSUs outstanding as of a dividend record date are entitled to receive dividend equivalents declared by the Company throughout the RSU vesting period. These dividend equivalents are subject to forfeiture in the event the underlying RSU is forfeited.
The Company recognizes compensation expense equal to the market value of the Companys Class A Shares at the date of grant, adjusted for forfeiture assumptions, on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period. Prior to the Companys IPO, the Company did not award any RSUs. The following table presents activity related to the Companys RSUs:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||
Restricted Share Units, Beginning of Year |
13,959,579 | | ||||
Granted |
5,954,035 | 13,990,830 | ||||
Settled in Class A Shares or canceled to satisfy tax withholding obligation |
(2,955,527 | ) | | |||
Forfeited |
(1,882,122 | ) | (31,251 | ) | ||
Restricted Share Units, End of Year |
15,075,965 | 13,959,579 | ||||
Of the 15,075,965 RSUs outstanding as of December 31, 2008, 241,533 have been fully amortized and are included in the total weighted average Class A Shares outstanding for basic earnings per share. See Note 12.
The total fair value of RSUs settled in Class A Shares for the year ended December 31, 2008 was $9.3 million. The Company withheld 814,965 RSUs with a fair value of $3.5 million to satisfy tax withholding obligations, of which $2.8 million was recorded as a decrease to partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries and $698 thousand was recorded as a decrease to the Companys paid-in capital.
The following table presents activity related to the Companys unvested RSUs for the year ended December 31, 2008:
2008 | Weighted-Average Grant-Date Fair Value | |||||
Unvested Restricted Share Units, Beginning of Year |
13,959,579 | $ | 31.91 | |||
Granted |
5,954,035 | $ | 12.58 | |||
Vested |
(3,197,060 | ) | $ | 30.72 | ||
Forfeited |
(1,882,122 | ) | $ | 29.40 | ||
Unvested Restricted Share Units, End of Year |
14,834,432 | $ | 23.98 | |||
The weighted-average grant-date fair value of RSUs granted during 2008 and 2007 was $12.58 and $31.91, respectively. As of December 31, 2008, total unrecognized compensation expense related to RSUs was approximately $351.9 million with a weighted-average amortization period of 3.27 years. For the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company recognized amortization expense related to RSUs of $102.0 million and $13.4 million, respectively.
In 2008, the Company agreed to grant to certain employees a number of RSUs over the next five years with a total fair value of $35.0 million, of which $7.0 million will be granted each year beginning in 2009. These RSUs will not be subject to any further service period once granted; therefore, in accordance with SFAS 123(R), the Company is
F-26
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
amortizing the fair value of $35.0 million ratably over the service period that precedes the grant date. The total number of RSUs to be issued each year will be determined by the Companys Class A Share price for the twenty days prior to each grant date. Accordingly, these RSUs are not included in the tables presented above. In addition, until these RSUs are granted, they will not be entitled to dividend equivalents.
9. DEBT OBLIGATIONS
The following table presents the Companys outstanding debt obligations as reported in the consolidated balance sheets:
December 31, | ||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||
Term loan |
$ | 748,125 | $ | 750,000 | ||
Note payable on corporate aircraft |
16,764 | 16,983 | ||||
Total Debt Obligations |
$ | 764,889 | $ | 766,983 | ||
The following table presents the Companys scheduled principal repayments and maturities for its outstanding debt:
Principal Repayments | |||
(dollars in thousands) | |||
2009 |
$ | 7,500 | |
2010 |
7,500 | ||
2011 |
24,264 | ||
2012 |
725,625 | ||
2013 |
| ||
Total Principal Repayments |
$ | 764,889 | |
Term Loan
On July 2, 2007, the Company entered into the following term loan:
Principal amount borrowed |
$750,000,000 | |
Annual interest rate |
LIBOR + 0.75% | |
Term (Maturity Date) |
5 years (July 2, 2012) | |
Pledged collateral |
First priority lien on substantially all of the Companys assets. | |
Principal repayment |
Commencing December 31, 2008, quarterly payments equal to an annual rate of 1.00% of principal amount borrowed. Balance due at maturity. |
F-27
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
The term loan includes provisions that restrict the Companys ability to further encumber its assets and make certain distributions. Specifically, subject to certain exceptions and without the prior consent of a majority of the lenders, the Company generally is prohibited from:
| incurring further secured indebtedness; |
| engaging in certain transactions with shareholders or affiliates; |
| engaging in a substantially different line of business; and |
| amending its organizational documents in a manner materially adverse to the lenders. |
The term loan permits the Company to incur unsecured indebtedness so long as, after giving effect to the incurrence of such indebtedness, it is in pro forma compliance with a total leverage ratio of 3.0 to 1.0 and no default or event of default has occurred and is continuing. The term loan does not include any financial maintenance covenants, such as minimum requirements relating to assets under management or profitability. The Company will not be permitted to make distributions from the Och-Ziff Operating Group to its Class A shareholders or the holders of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units if it is in default under the term loan. The term loan also limits the amount of distributions the Company can pay in a 12-month period to its free cash flow. Free cash flow for any period includes the combined net income or loss of the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities, excluding certain subsidiaries, subject to certain additions and deductions for taxes, interest, depreciation, amortization and other non-cash charges for such period, less total interest paid, expenses in connection with the purchase of property and equipment, distributions to equity holders to pay taxes, realized gains or losses on investments and dividends and interest from investments.
Note Payable on Corporate Aircraft
On May 30, 2008, the Company refinanced the remaining principal balance on the original note payable on its corporate aircraft. The following are the principal terms of the note payable:
Principal amount borrowed |
$16,763,719 | |
Annual interest rate |
LIBOR + 1.60% | |
Term (Maturity Date) |
3 years (May 31, 2011) | |
Pledged collateral |
First priority lien on corporate aircraft. | |
Principal repayment |
Principal due at maturity. |
The terms of the note require the Company to comply with the following financial maintenance covenants in order for it to avoid an event of default:
| Annual management fees and incentive income and all other revenues earned by the Och-Ziff Operating Group must not fall below $298.7 million, tested annually; |
| The revenues earned by the Och-Ziff Operating Group less compensation expenses and all other cash operating expenses must exceed three times the annual principal payments and interest payments due on all direct or indirect debt of the Och-Ziff Operating Group, tested quarterly; |
| Maintain average cash, unrestricted marketable securities and other liquid investments that may be converted to cash within 90 days equal to at least the outstanding principal balance of the note, tested quarterly; and |
| Minimum assets under management of $20.0 billion, tested quarterly. |
Upon an event of default, subject to certain cure periods set forth in the note, the lender may declare all amounts outstanding under the note to be due and payable. The terms of the note also require the Company to make
F-28
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
one or more prepayments of the note or post cash collateral with the lender in the event that the outstanding principal balance of the loan at any time exceeds an amount equal to 65% of the fair market value of the aircraft, as determined by the lender pursuant to an appraisal obtained by the lender no more than once every 24 months.
Och-Ziff Real Estate Funds Credit Facility
On July 31, 2006, the Och-Ziff real estate funds entered into a syndicated credit facility under which, as of December 31, 2008, the maximum amount available for borrowings was $71.9 million. Borrowings under the credit facility are recorded as liabilities by the investment subsidiaries using the facility. In accordance with the AICPA Guide, investment subsidiaries are not consolidated, but are carried at fair value within other investments, at fair value. Accordingly, such borrowings are not included within debt obligations in the Companys consolidated balance sheets.
The credit facility allows for loan borrowings and letters of credit to be issued. The following table presents information regarding the credit facility:
Borrowings |
Letters of Credit | |||
Annual interest rate |
LIBOR + 0.70% or greater of (i) prime rate and (ii) federal funds rate + 0.50% | Letters of credit drawn: 0.825% Unused facility fee: 0.15% | ||
Pledged collateral |
None. Secured by unfunded commitments by the Company and fund investors. | None. Secured by unfunded commitments by the Company and fund investors. | ||
Outstanding borrowings / letters of credit drawn as of December 31, |
2008: $40.0 million 2007: $24.5 million |
2008: $5.6 million 2007: $12.3 million | ||
Average interest rate for the years ended December 31, |
2008: 1.42% 2007: 5.66% |
2008: 0.825% 2007: 0.825% |
The Och-Ziff real estate funds are jointly and severally liable for the indebtedness. The credit facility terminates on July 31, 2009, or earlier based on invested capital and the fund investors obligation to fund committed capital.
10. PARTNERS AND OTHERS INTERESTS IN INCOME OF CONSOLIDATED SUBSIDIARIES
Partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries represent the ownership interests in the Companys consolidated subsidiaries held by the Companys partners and entities or persons other than the Company. In accordance with ARB 51, when cumulative losses applicable to partners and others interests in a consolidated subsidiary exceed the partners and others interest in the subsidiarys capital, the excess is charged against the Companys retained deficit, except in cases where an interest holder has a binding obligation to make good on such losses, in which case such balance is recorded within other assets. Subsequent profits earned by a subsidiary for which excess losses were charged against the Companys retained deficit are allocated to the Companys retained deficit until the prior losses are completely offset. Once such prior excess loss charges have been completely offset, subsequent profits are allocated on a pro rata basis between the Company on the one hand and the partners and other holders of interests in consolidated subsidiaries on the other. As a result, the amount that is ultimately recognized as partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries will fluctuate each period as a percentage of income (loss) before partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries.
F-29
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
The following table presents the changes in partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries:
Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units (Partners and Ziffs) |
Consolidated Funds (Fund Investors) |
Other | Total | |||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2005 |
$ | | $ | 13,546,737 | $ | (1,771 | ) | $ | 13,544,966 | |||||||
Net capital contributions |
| 3,636,404 | 1,221 | 3,637,625 | ||||||||||||
Partners and others interest in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
| 2,594,156 | 550 | 2,594,706 | ||||||||||||
As of December 31, 2006 |
| 19,777,297 | | 19,777,297 | ||||||||||||
Net capital contributions (distributions) |
| 3,391,182 | (18,402 | ) | 3,372,780 | |||||||||||
Impact of deconsolidation of Och-Ziff funds |
| (25,203,630 | ) | | (25,203,630 | ) | ||||||||||
Dilution from the Offerings and allocation of partners deficit at Reorganization to partners and others interest in consolidated subsidiaries |
1,097,807 | | | 1,097,807 | ||||||||||||
Impact of Reorganization charges on partners and others interest in consolidated subsidiaries |
1,117,583 | | | 1,117,583 | ||||||||||||
Share-based compensation |
10,829 | | | 10,829 | ||||||||||||
Partners and others interest in income of consolidated subsidiaries: |
||||||||||||||||
Income (loss) allocated to partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
(2,353,951 | ) | 2,193,417 | 15,111 | (145,423 | ) | ||||||||||
Partners and others deficit charged against the Companys retained deficit |
262,482 | | 3,291 | 265,773 | ||||||||||||
Partners and others interest in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
(2,091,469 | ) | 2,193,417 | 18,402 | 120,350 | |||||||||||
As of December 31, 2007 |
134,750 | 158,266 | | 293,016 | ||||||||||||
Net capital contributions (distributions) |
(537,375 | ) | 62,713 | 94,997 | (379,665 | ) | ||||||||||
Impact of Reorganization charges on partners and others interest in consolidated subsidiaries |
1,370,136 | | | 1,370,136 | ||||||||||||
Share-based compensation |
81,264 | | | 81,264 | ||||||||||||
Impact of dividend equivalents to RSUs on retained deficit component |
(13,868 | ) | | | (13,868 | ) | ||||||||||
Impact of dividend equivalents to RSUs on paid-in capital component |
13,868 | | | 13,868 | ||||||||||||
Accumulated other comprehensive income foreign currency translation adjustment |
154 | | | 154 | ||||||||||||
Partners and others interest in income of consolidated subsidiaries: |
||||||||||||||||
Loss allocated to partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
(1,237,905 | ) | (10,035 | ) | (96,128 | ) | (1,344,068 | ) | ||||||||
Partners and others deficit charged against the Companys retained deficit |
188,976 | | 1,131 | 190,107 | ||||||||||||
Partners and others interest in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
(1,048,929 | ) | (10,035 | ) | (94,997 | ) | (1,153,961 | ) | ||||||||
As of December 31, 2008 |
$ | | $ | 210,944 | $ | | $ | 210,944 | ||||||||
Excess cumulative losses applicable to partners and others deficit charged against the Companys retained deficit |
$ | 451,458 | $ | | $ | 4,422 | $ | 455,880 | ||||||||
F-30
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Paid-in capital of the Och-Ziff Operating Group is allocated pro rata between the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, which interest is reflected within partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries, and Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units, which interests are reflected within the Companys paid-in capital. As a result, increases in the Och-Ziff Operating Groups paid-in capital resulting from the amortization of share-based compensation and Reorganization expenses is allocated pro rata between partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries and the Companys paid-in capital.
Earnings of the Och-Ziff Operating Group are allocated on a pro rata basis between the Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, which interests are reflected within partners and others interests in the income of consolidated subsidiaries, and Och-Ziff Operating Group B Units, which interests are reflected within the Companys retained deficit. As a result, any dividend equivalents declared on RSUs are recorded as increases in the Companys retained deficit and the retained deficit component of partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries on the same pro rata basis as earnings of the Och-Ziff Operating Group are allocated. Dividend equivalents declared on outstanding RSUs to date were awarded in the form of additional RSUs. These dividend equivalents will vest if and when the related underlying RSUs vest; therefore, the increases in retained deficit discussed above have been offset by an increase to the Companys paid-in capital and the paid-in capital component of partners and others interests in consolidated subsidiaries. As dividend equivalents on outstanding RSUs are contingent upon the vesting of the underlying RSUs, a forfeiture provision has been included in the accrual of such dividend equivalents.
Acquisition of Partners and Others Interests in Consolidated Subsidiaries
On October 25, 2007, the Company acquired an additional 25% interest in its domestic real estate operations from one of its joint venture partners for $28.4 million, of which $(3.8) million was allocated to the fair value of the net liabilities acquired, $6.7 million was allocated to other intangible assets, with a useful life and weighted-average amortization period of nine years, and the remaining $25.5 million was allocated to goodwill. These intangible assets are primarily related to management agreements the Company has with the Och-Ziff real estate funds and the Companys rights to future earnings related to the real estate business and are included within other assets, net in the consolidated balance sheets. The estimated future amortization expense related to these intangible assets for the next five years is expected to be approximately $749 thousand each year. Of the $25.5 million allocated to goodwill, $2.9 million was deemed to be impaired at the acquisition date based on the valuation performed as of such date and recorded within general, administrative and other expenses. The fair value of the reporting unit was determined using a discounted cash flow analysis based on the reporting units projected cash flows.
F-31
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
11. GENERAL, ADMINISTRATIVE AND OTHER
The following table presents the components of general, administrative and other expenses as reported in the consolidated and combined statements of operations:
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | ||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||
Professional services |
$ | 41,725 | $ | 36,363 | $ | 12,522 | ||||
Occupancy and equipment |
18,700 | 15,929 | 13,443 | |||||||
Information processing and communications |
15,881 | 10,834 | 5,463 | |||||||
Business development |
11,648 | 9,355 | 7,696 | |||||||
Other expenses |
15,944 | 10,760 | 9,391 | |||||||
103,898 | 83,241 | 48,515 | ||||||||
Changes in tax receivable agreement liability |
(1,676 | ) | | | ||||||
Total General, Administrative and Other |
$ | 102,222 | $ | 83,241 | $ | 48,515 | ||||
Amortization expense related to the intangible assets acquired in connection with the 25% acquisition of the real estate business described in Note 10 of $751 thousand and $137 thousand is included within other expenses for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
12. EARNINGS PER SHARE
Basic earnings per share (EPS) is computed by dividing income available to Class A shareholders by the weighted-average number of Class A Shares outstanding for the period. In addition, vested RSUs that have not been settled in Class A Shares as of the end of the period in the amount of 241,533 have been included in weighted average Class A Shares outstanding in the calculation of basic and diluted EPS. The following table presents the computation of basic and diluted EPS:
Net Earnings Applicable to Class A Shareholders |
Weighted Average Class A Shares Outstanding |
Earnings Per Class A Share |
Number of Antidilutive Units Excluded from Diluted Calculation | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
||||||||||||
Basic EPS |
$ | (510,596 | ) | 74,398,336 | $ | (6.86 | ) | |||||
Effect of dilutive securities: |
||||||||||||
Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units |
| | 311,099,524 | |||||||||
Class A Restricted Share Units |
| | 14,834,432 | |||||||||
Diluted EPS |
$ | (510,596 | ) | 74,398,336 | $ | (6.86 | ) | |||||
November 14, 2007 through December 31, 2007 |
||||||||||||
Basic EPS |
$ | (826,559 | ) | 74,138,572 | $ | (11.15 | ) | |||||
Effect of dilutive securities: |
||||||||||||
Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units |
| | 311,099,524 | |||||||||
Class A Restricted Share Units |
| | 13,959,579 | |||||||||
Diluted EPS |
$ | (826,559 | ) | 74,138,572 | $ | (11.15 | ) | |||||
F-32
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
EPS for the year ended December 31, 2006, and for the period from January 1, 2007 through November 13, 2007 is not presented, as the Company was not publicly owned and had a sole equity holder entitled to all earnings. The Companys Class B Shares represent voting interests and do not participate in the earnings of the Company. Accordingly, there is no EPS related to the Companys Class B Shares.
13. INCOME TAXES
Prior to the Offerings, the Company was not subject to U.S. federal income tax but was subject to New York City Unincorporated Business Tax on a portion of its U.S. earnings, as well as income taxes in foreign jurisdictions where the Company conducts business. Following the Offerings, a portion of the Companys income is subject to U.S. federal, state, local and foreign income taxes at corporate tax rates.
The following table presents the components of the Companys provision for income taxes:
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||
Current: |
|||||||||||
Federal income taxes |
$ | (5,008 | ) | $ | 20,470 | $ | | ||||
State and local income taxes |
18,486 | 39,929 | 6,984 | ||||||||
Foreign income taxes |
3,987 | 11,445 | 2,243 | ||||||||
17,465 | 71,844 | 9,227 | |||||||||
Deferred: |
|||||||||||
Federal income taxes |
25,779 | 4,142 | | ||||||||
State and local income taxes |
(3,698 | ) | (9,582 | ) | 14,100 | ||||||
Foreign income taxes |
520 | (2,441 | ) | | |||||||
22,601 | (7,881 | ) | 14,100 | ||||||||
Total Provision for Income Taxes |
$ | 40,066 | $ | 63,963 | $ | 23,327 | |||||
F-33
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Deferred income tax assets and liabilities represent the tax effects of the temporary differences between the U.S. GAAP bases and tax bases of the Companys assets and liabilities. The following table presents the Companys deferred income tax assets and liabilities:
December 31, | |||||||
2008 | 2007 | ||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||
Deferred Income Tax Assets: |
|||||||
Tax goodwill |
$ | 966,243 | $ | 931,155 | |||
Net operating loss |
10,395 | | |||||
Investment in partnerships |
2,990 | 1,188 | |||||
Employee compensation |
440 | 2,254 | |||||
Other |
2,871 | 1,033 | |||||
982,939 | 935,630 | ||||||
Valuation allowance |
(2,179 | ) | | ||||
Total Deferred Income Tax Assets |
980,760 | 935,630 | |||||
Deferred Income Tax Liabilities: |
|||||||
Deferred incentive income |
(19,926 | ) | 30,092 | ||||
Depreciation |
639 | 473 | |||||
Total Deferred Income Tax Liabilities |
(19,287 | ) | 30,565 | ||||
Net Deferred Income Tax Assets |
$ | 961,473 | $ | 905,065 | |||
For the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company recorded a valuation allowance of $2.2 million pertaining to state and local tax credit carryforwards based on managements assessment of the factors impacting the ability to realize these deferred tax assets within the limited carryforward period available.
The following is a reconciliation of the U.S. federal statutory rate to the Companys effective income tax rate:
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||
Statutory U.S. federal income tax rate |
35.00 | % | 35.00 | % | 35.00 | % | |||
Income passed through to partners |
-24.21 | % | -22.01 | % | -35.00 | % | |||
Reorganization expenses |
-14.92 | % | -15.96 | % | 0.00 | % | |||
Foreign income taxes |
-0.79 | % | -1.06 | % | 0.37 | % | |||
State and local income taxes |
-1.81 | % | -3.30 | % | 3.45 | % | |||
Other, net |
-1.79 | % | -0.19 | % | 0.00 | % | |||
Effective Income Tax Rate |
-8.52 | % | -7.52 | % | 3.82 | % | |||
The Registrant and the Och-Ziff Operating Group entities are partnerships for U.S. federal income tax purposes. As a result of this structure, the Companys effective tax rate was reduced by 24.21%. In addition, reorganization expenses incurred in connection with the Reorganization, which relate to the reclassification of the partners and the Ziffs pre-Reorganization interests as Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units, are permanent differences for income tax purposes, which reduced the effective income tax rate by 14.92%.
F-34
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
As of December 31, 2008, the Company had foreign tax credit carryforwards of approximately $778 thousand that expire by December 31, 2018, and state and local tax credits of $2.2 million that expire by December 31, 2015. In addition, the Company has net operating loss carryforwards for federal income taxes of $24.6 million and for state and local income taxes of $2.8 million, which will expire by December 31, 2028.
The Company files income tax returns with the U.S. federal government and various state and local jurisdictions, as well as foreign jurisdictions. The income tax years under examination vary by jurisdiction. With a few exceptions, the Company is no longer subject to U.S. federal, state and local, or foreign income tax examinations by tax authorities for years prior to 2005.
As of and for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, the Company was not required to establish a liability for uncertain tax positions under FASB Interpretation No. 48, Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109.
14. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS
Due to Affiliates
The following table presents the components of due to affiliates as reported in the consolidated balance sheets:
December 31, | ||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||
Amounts payable under tax receivable agreement |
$ | 857,593 | $ | 797,055 | ||
Och-Ziff Operating Group distributions declared prior to Reorganization |
342,943 | 1,100,069 | ||||
Allocations to non-equity partner interests payable |
187,647 | 521,935 | ||||
Total Due To Affiliates |
$ | 1,388,183 | $ | 2,419,059 | ||
Payments under Tax Receivable Agreement
As further discussed in Note 15, the Company entered into an agreement with the partners and the Ziffs, whereby the Company would pay the partners and the Ziffs 85% of any tax savings resulting from the purchase of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units at the time of the Offerings or as a result of any subsequent exchanges of their interests for Class A Shares. For the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company paid the partners and the Ziffs $6.1 million for tax savings realized during the year, including interest thereon.
F-35
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Management Fees and Incentive Income Earned from Och-Ziff Funds
The Company earns substantially all of its management fees and incentive income directly from the Och-Ziff funds, which are considered related parties, as the Company manages the operations of and makes investment decisions for these funds. Management fees related to the real estate funds included within the Companys other operations are collected directly from the investors in those funds and, therefore, are not considered revenues earned from related parties. The table below presents management fees and incentive income earned from related parties. Prior to the deconsolidation of the domestic and offshore Och-Ziff funds in 2007, management fees and incentive income earned from these related parties were eliminated in consolidation; therefore, no amounts are presented below for the year ended December 31, 2006.
Year Ended December 31, | ||||||
2008 | 2007 | |||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||
Management fees |
$ | 559,742 | $ | 300,229 | ||
Incentive income |
$ | 12,201 | $ | 617,025 |
Management Fees and Incentive Income Earned from Affiliates and Waived Fees
The Company charged management fees and earned incentive income of $22.9 million and $30 thousand, respectively, on investments in the Och-Ziff funds by partners and other related parties for the year ended December 31, 2008, and charged management fees and earned incentive income of $2.0 million and $1.7 million, respectively, for the year ended December 31, 2007. The Company did not earn any management fees related to investments by partners and other related parties during the year ended December 31, 2006, as prior to the Offerings the Company did not charge management fees or earn incentive income on investments made by partners, employees and other affiliates in the Och-Ziff funds. Following the Offerings, the Company has waived management fees and incentive income for investments made by employees and certain other related parties, for amounts invested by the founding partners prior to the Offerings and for the reinvestment of deferred incentive income by the founding partners. As a result, management fees of $20.4 million, $29.0 million and $17.3 million and incentive income of $25 thousand, $51.6 million and $48.9 million were waived during the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
Corporate Aircraft
The Companys corporate aircraft is used primarily for business purposes. From time to time, Mr. Och uses the aircraft for personal use. The Company recorded revenues of $447 thousand, $644 thousand and $985 thousand for Mr. Ochs personal use of the corporate aircraft based on market rates for the use of a private aircraft for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively.
Related Party Investment
The Company earned approximately $648 thousand during the year ended December 31, 2006 on investments in a fund managed by a family member of Mr. Och. Income from these investments is included within net gains (losses) of consolidated Och-Ziff funds in the consolidated and combined statements of operations. These investments were sold in 2006.
F-36
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
15. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES
Tax Receivable Agreement
The purchase of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units from the partners and the Ziffs with the proceeds from the Offerings, as well as future taxable exchanges by the partners and the Ziffs of Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units for Class A Shares on a one-for-one basis (or, at the Companys option, a cash equivalent), are expected to result in an increase in the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of the Och-Ziff Operating Group that would not otherwise have been available. As a result, the Company expects that in future periods, the amount of tax that it otherwise would have been required to pay will be reduced. Pursuant to the tax receivable agreement entered into among the Company, the partners and the Ziffs, the Company has agreed to pay to the partners and the Ziffs 85% of the amount of tax savings actually realized by the Company.
The Company recorded its estimate of future payments under the tax receivable agreement by recording a decrease to paid-in capital and an increase in amounts due to affiliates in the consolidated and combined financial statements. Subsequent adjustments to the liability for future payments under the tax receivable agreement related to changes in estimated future tax rates or state income tax apportionment are recognized through current period earnings within general, administrative and other expenses in the consolidated and combined statements of operations.
The estimate and timing of future payments under the tax receivable agreement involves several assumptions that do not account for the significant uncertainties associated with these potential payments, including an assumption that Och-Ziff Corp will have sufficient taxable income in the relevant tax years to utilize the tax benefits that would give rise to an obligation to make payments. The timing and amount of any actual payments under the tax receivable agreement will vary based upon a number of factors.
The table below presents the maximum amounts that would be payable under the tax receivable agreement assuming that we will have sufficient taxable income each year to fully realize the expected tax savings. In light of the numerous factors affecting our obligation to make such payments, the timing and amounts of any such actual payments may differ materially from those presented in the table.
(dollars in thousands) | |||
2009 |
$ | 36,409 | |
2010 |
37,372 | ||
2011 |
38,436 | ||
2012 |
39,622 | ||
2013 |
40,955 | ||
Thereafter |
664,799 | ||
Total Payments under Tax Receivable Agreement |
$ | 857,593 | |
F-37
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Lease Obligations
The Company has non-cancelable operating leases for its headquarters in New York and its offices in London, Hong Kong, Tokyo, Bangalore and Beijing. As of December 31, 2008, future minimum rental commitments under these lease contracts are:
Minimum Rental Commitments | |||
(dollars in thousands) | |||
2009 |
$ | 15,395 | |
2010 |
15,373 | ||
2011 |
16,515 | ||
2012 |
16,515 | ||
2013 |
16,515 | ||
Thereafter |
104,999 | ||
Total Minimum Rental Commitments |
$ | 185,312 | |
The Company records rent expense on a straight-line basis over the lease term, including any rent holiday periods. Rent expenses of $12.3 million, $9.2 million and $7.6 million were incurred for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively, and are recorded within general, administrative and other in the consolidated and combined statements of operations.
Litigation
From time to time, the Company is involved in litigation and claims incidental to the conduct of the Companys business. The Company is also subject, from time to time in the ordinary course of business, to reviews, inquiries and investigations by regulatory agencies that have regulatory authority over the Companys business activities. The Company is currently not subject to any pending judicial, administrative or arbitration proceedings that are expected to have a material impact on the Companys results of operations or financial condition.
Investment Commitments
As of December 31, 2008, the Company, through a consolidated Och-Ziff fund, had a commitment to fund investments in the amount of $195.4 million. This commitment will be funded through contributions from investors in the fund, as the Company is only the investment manager and not an investor of the fund. The Company expects this commitment to be funded over the next six to eight years. In addition, the Company has committed to fund a portion of the annual operating budget for a joint venture, currently approximately $4.7 million, which the Company expects to fund over the course of the year. The joint venture periodically returns substantially all of the capital that is contributed, as expenses incurred by the joint venture are generally reimbursed by the projects it manages.
Other Contingencies
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into contracts that provide a variety of general indemnifications. Such contracts include those with certain service providers, brokers and trading counterparties. Any exposure to the Company under these arrangements could involve future claims that may be made against the Company. Currently, no such claims exist or are expected to arise and, accordingly, the Company has not accrued any liability in connection with such indemnifications.
F-38
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
16. SEGMENT INFORMATION
The Och-Ziff Funds segment represents the Companys core business, as substantially all of the Companys operations are conducted through this segment. The Och-Ziff Funds segment provides management and advisory services to the Companys hedge funds and separately managed accounts.
The Companys other operations are currently comprised of its real estate business, which manages and provides advisory services to the Companys real estate funds. Also included in other operations are investments in new businesses established to expand the Companys private investment platforms. The businesses and investments included in the Companys other operations are currently not significant to its overall financial results and are not included in the performance measure of the Och-Ziff Funds segment, Economic Income. Management does not regularly review assets by segment in assessing segment performance and the allocation of company resources; therefore, the Company does not present total assets by operating segment.
Och-Ziff Funds Segment
Economic Income is a pre-tax measure of the performance of the Och-Ziff Funds segment that (i) presents the segments results of operations without the impact of eliminations resulting from the consolidation of any of the Och-Ziff funds, (ii) recognizes the full amount of cash compensation as an expense on the date it is awarded irrespective of any requisite service period or deferral, and (iii) excludes the following: Reorganization expenses, equity-based compensation expense, allocations to non-equity partner interests, profit sharing, net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures, depreciation, changes in tax receivable agreement liability, income taxes and partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries. Management uses Economic Income to evaluate the performance of and make operating decisions for the Och-Ziff Funds segment. Management believes that investors should review the same performance measure that it uses to analyze the Companys core business performance. Please see the footnotes that follow the reconciliation tables below for additional information regarding the adjustments made to arrive at Economic Income.
Prior to the third quarter of 2007, interest income and interest expense were insignificant and excluded from Economic Income. As a result of the increase in interest expense related to the Companys $750 million term loan entered into in July 2007, interest expense is now included in Economic Income. Separately, interest income is now also included in Economic Income. Amounts in the prior periods have been restated to present Economic Income on a comparable basis.
Prior to the second quarter of 2008, the full grant-date fair value of equity-based compensation awarded to employees, excluding RSU awards made at the time of the Offerings, was recorded as bonus expense on the grant date of the award within compensation and benefits when calculating Economic Income. Beginning in the second quarter of 2008, the Company no longer records expenses related to equity-based compensation within Economic Income. As a result of this change, compensation expense of $1.8 million and $7.4 million related to the fair value of RSUs awarded and recorded in the first quarter of 2008 and fourth quarter of 2007 has been excluded from compensation expense for the year ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, to present Economic Income on a comparable basis.
F-39
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
The following table presents Economic Income for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006:
Year Ended December 31, | |||||||||
2008 | 2007 | 2006 | |||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||
Economic Income Revenues |
|||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 571,274 | $ | 476,907 | $ | 302,835 | |||
Incentive income |
12,201 | 637,243 | 651,498 | ||||||
Other revenues |
3,554 | 11,391 | 5,788 | ||||||
Total Economic Income Revenues |
587,029 | 1,125,541 | 960,121 | ||||||
Economic Income Expenses |
|||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
141,255 | 207,379 | 184,962 | ||||||
Non-compensation expenses |
129,970 | 99,723 | 46,174 | ||||||
Total Economic Income Expenses |
271,225 | 307,102 | 231,136 | ||||||
Economic Income |
$ | 315,804 | $ | 818,439 | $ | 728,985 | |||
F-40
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
The tables below present the Och-Ziff Funds Economic Income, other operations and the related adjustments necessary to reconcile the Och-Ziff Funds Economic Income to the Companys consolidated and combined net income (loss). For a description of these adjustments, see the notes following the tables.
Och-Ziff Funds Economic Income |
Other Operations |
Reconciling Adjustments | Total Company |
||||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2008 |
Funds Consolidation |
Other Adjustments |
|||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
|||||||||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 571,274 | $ | 5,245 | $ | (254 | ) | $ | | $ | 576,265 | ||||||||
Incentive income |
12,201 | | | | 12,201 | ||||||||||||||
Other revenues |
3,554 | 555 | | | 4,109 | ||||||||||||||
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 11,702 | 107 | | 11,809 | ||||||||||||||
Total Revenues |
587,029 | 17,502 | (147 | ) | | 604,384 | |||||||||||||
Expenses |
|||||||||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
141,255 | 13,975 | | 106,600 | (a)(b) | 261,830 | |||||||||||||
Allocations to non-equity partner interests |
| | | (38,328 | ) (c) | (38,328 | ) | ||||||||||||
Reorganization expenses |
| | | 1,698,989 | (d) | 1,698,989 | |||||||||||||
Profit sharing |
| | | (4,751 | ) (e) | (4,751 | ) | ||||||||||||
Interest expense |
33,948 | | | | 33,948 | ||||||||||||||
General, administrative and other |
96,022 | 1,986 | | 4,214 | (f) | 102,222 | |||||||||||||
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 3,340 | 654 | | 3,994 | ||||||||||||||
Total Expenses |
271,225 | 19,301 | 654 | 1,766,724 | 2,057,904 | ||||||||||||||
Other Loss |
|||||||||||||||||||
Net losses on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds and joint ventures |
| (7,644 | ) | | (145,693 | ) (g) | (153,337 | ) | |||||||||||
Net losses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| (13,453 | ) | (4,181 | ) | | (17,634 | ) | |||||||||||
Total Other Loss |
| (21,097 | ) | (4,181 | ) | (145,693 | ) | (170,971 | ) | ||||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes and Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
315,804 | (22,896 | ) | (4,982 | ) | (1,912,417 | ) | (1,624,491 | ) | ||||||||||
Income taxes |
| 241 | | 39,825 | (f) | 40,066 | |||||||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
315,804 | (23,137 | ) | (4,982 | ) | (1,952,242 | ) | (1,664,557 | ) | ||||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
| 2,895 | 4,982 | 1,146,084 | (f) | 1,153,961 | |||||||||||||
Net Income (Loss) |
$ | 315,804 | $ | (20,242 | ) | $ | | $ | (806,158 | ) | $ | (510,596 | ) | ||||||
F-41
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Och-Ziff Funds Economic Income |
Other Operations |
Reconciling Adjustments | Total Company |
||||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2007 |
Funds Consolidation |
Other Adjustments |
|||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
|||||||||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 476,907 | $ | 5,245 | $ | (164,396 | ) | $ | | $ | 317,756 | ||||||||
Incentive income |
637,243 | | (4,553 | ) | | 632,690 | |||||||||||||
Other revenues |
11,391 | 246 | | | 11,637 | ||||||||||||||
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 11,436 | 528,456 | | 539,892 | ||||||||||||||
Total Revenues |
1,125,541 | 16,927 | 359,507 | | 1,501,975 | ||||||||||||||
Expenses |
|||||||||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
207,379 | 3,513 | | 27,439 | (a)(b) | 238,331 | |||||||||||||
Allocations to non-equity partner interests |
| 734 | | 573,592 | (c) | 574,326 | |||||||||||||
Reorganization expenses |
| | | 3,333,396 | (d) | 3,333,396 | |||||||||||||
Profit sharing |
| 227 | | 106,417 | (e) | 106,644 | |||||||||||||
Interest expense |
24,240 | | | | 24,240 | ||||||||||||||
General, administrative and other |
75,483 | 3,678 | | 4,080 | (f) | 83,241 | |||||||||||||
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 2,664 | 340,471 | | 343,135 | ||||||||||||||
Total Expenses |
307,102 | 10,816 | 340,471 | 4,044,924 | 4,703,313 | ||||||||||||||
Other Income |
|||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds |
| | (186,445 | ) | 304,780 | (g) | 118,335 | ||||||||||||
Net gains of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 14,929 | 2,337,361 | | 2,352,290 | ||||||||||||||
Total Other Income |
| 14,929 | 2,150,916 | 304,780 | 2,470,625 | ||||||||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes and Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
818,439 | 21,040 | 2,169,952 | (3,740,144 | ) | (730,713 | ) | ||||||||||||
Income taxes |
| 111 | | 63,852 | (f) | 63,963 | |||||||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
818,439 | 20,929 | 2,169,952 | (3,803,996 | ) | (794,676 | ) | ||||||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
| (27,873 | ) | (2,169,952 | ) | 2,077,475 | (f) | (120,350 | ) | ||||||||||
Net Income (Loss) |
$ | 818,439 | $ | (6,944 | ) | $ | | $ | (1,726,521 | ) | $ | (915,026 | ) | ||||||
F-42
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Och-Ziff Funds Economic Income |
Other Operations |
Reconciling Adjustments | Total Company |
||||||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2006 |
Funds Consolidation |
Other Adjustments |
|||||||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | |||||||||||||||||||
Revenues |
|||||||||||||||||||
Management fees |
$ | 302,835 | $ | 5,245 | $ | (294,341 | ) | $ | | $ | 13,739 | ||||||||
Incentive income |
651,498 | | (635,647 | ) | | 15,851 | |||||||||||||
Other revenues |
5,788 | 41 | (2,028 | ) | | 3,801 | |||||||||||||
Income of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 8,476 | 963,966 | | 972,442 | ||||||||||||||
Total Revenues |
960,121 | 13,762 | 31,950 | | 1,005,833 | ||||||||||||||
Expenses |
|||||||||||||||||||
Compensation and benefits |
184,962 | 4,129 | | (20,130 | ) (a)(b) | 168,961 | |||||||||||||
Allocations to non-equity partner interests |
| 212 | | 277,499 | (c) | 277,711 | |||||||||||||
Profit sharing |
| 69 | | 97,908 | (e) | 97,977 | |||||||||||||
Interest expense |
1,183 | | | | 1,183 | ||||||||||||||
General, administrative and other |
44,991 | 260 | | 3,264 | (f) | 48,515 | |||||||||||||
Expenses of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 1,587 | 494,034 | | 495,621 | ||||||||||||||
Total Expenses |
231,136 | 6,257 | 494,034 | 358,541 | 1,089,968 | ||||||||||||||
Other Income |
|||||||||||||||||||
Net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds |
| | (240,372 | ) | 240,372 | (g) | | ||||||||||||
Net gains of consolidated Och-Ziff funds |
| 37,430 | 3,252,745 | | 3,290,175 | ||||||||||||||
Total Other Income |
| 37,430 | 3,012,373 | 240,372 | 3,290,175 | ||||||||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Income Taxes and Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
728,985 | 44,935 | 2,550,289 | (118,169 | ) | 3,206,040 | |||||||||||||
Income taxes |
| 246 | | 23,081 | (f) | 23,327 | |||||||||||||
Income (Loss) Before Partners and Others Interests in Income of Consolidated Subsidiaries |
728,985 | 44,689 | 2,550,289 | (141,250 | ) | 3,182,713 | |||||||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
| (44,417 | ) | (2,550,289 | ) | | (2,594,706 | ) | |||||||||||
Net Income (Loss) |
$ | 728,985 | $ | 272 | $ | | $ | (141,250 | ) | $ | 588,007 | ||||||||
The following is a summary of the adjustments made to U.S. GAAP net income (loss) for the Och-Ziff Funds segment to arrive at Economic Income for the segment:
Funds Consolidation. Economic Income reflects management fees and incentive income earned from each of the Companys hedge funds and separately managed accounts, excluding the Companys real estate funds and investments in new businesses, which are included within the Companys other operations. The impacts of consolidation and the related eliminations of the Och-Ziff funds are not included in Economic Income.
F-43
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
(PRIOR TO NOVEMBER 14, 2007, OCH-ZIFF OPERATING GROUP)
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED AND COMBINED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS(Continued)
DECEMBER 31, 2008
Other Adjustments. Economic Income is calculated by:
(a) | recognizing deferred cash compensation expense in full in the period in which it is awarded, as management determines the total amount of compensation based on the Companys performance in the year of the award. |
(b) | excluding equity-based compensation expense, as management does not consider these expenses when evaluating Economic Income for the Och-Ziff Funds segment. |
(c) | excluding allocations to non-equity partner interests. Management reviewed the performance of the Och-Ziff Funds segment before it made any allocations to the Companys non-equity founding partners for periods prior to the Reorganization. For these periods, allocations to the founding partners, other than Mr. Och, were treated as expenses for U.S. GAAP purposes. Following the Reorganization, only allocations related to earnings on previously deferred incentive income allocations to non-equity partner interests are incurred and these allocations are excluded from Economic Income. |
(d) | excluding Reorganization expenses, which are non-cash expenses directly attributable to the reclassification of interests held by the founding partners and the Ziffs prior to the Reorganization into Och-Ziff Operating Group A Units. |
(e) | excluding the profit sharing expenses related to the Ziffs interest in the Company. Management reviewed the performance of the Och-Ziff Funds segment before it made any allocations to the Ziffs for periods prior to the Reorganization. Following the Reorganization, only profit sharing expenses related to the allocation of earnings on previously deferred incentive income allocations to the Ziffs are incurred and these allocations are excluded from Economic Income. |
(f) | excluding depreciation, changes in the tax receivable agreement liability, income taxes and partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries, as management does not consider these items when evaluating the performance of the Och-Ziff Funds segment. |
(g) | excluding the net earnings (losses) on deferred balances and investments in Och-Ziff funds, as these amounts primarily relate to earnings (losses) on amounts due to affiliates for deferred or reinvested incentive income previously allocated to the founding partners and the Ziffs, and earnings (losses) on amounts due to employees under deferred cash compensation arrangements that are indexed to the returns of certain funds. |
Substantially all of the Companys revenues are earned from the Och-Ziff funds. For the year ended December 31, 2008, the Company recorded revenues of $160.5 million, $104.4 million, $76.3 million and $61.8 from four individual Och-Ziff funds within the Och-Ziff Funds segment, each of which represented more than 10% of the Companys total revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2007, the Company recorded revenues of $144.0 million within the Och-Ziff Funds segment from a single Och-Ziff fund that represented more than 10% of the Companys total revenues. For the year ended December 31, 2006, the Company did not earn revenues greater than 10% of total revenues from any single fund, as substantially all of the Companys management fees and incentive income were eliminated in the consolidation of all of the Och-Ziff funds.
F-44
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Quarterly Results (Unaudited)
The following tables present the Companys unaudited quarterly results for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007:
Year Ended December 31, 2008 | ||||||||||||||||
First | Second | Third | Fourth | |||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands, except per share amounts) | ||||||||||||||||
Selected Operating Statement Data |
||||||||||||||||
Total revenues |
$ | 147,827 | $ | 153,217 | $ | 157,042 | $ | 146,298 | ||||||||
Total expenses |
512,807 | 522,184 | 505,511 | 517,402 | ||||||||||||
Total other income (loss) |
(6,077 | ) | 1,404 | (19,535 | ) | (146,763 | ) | |||||||||
Income taxes |
3,226 | 4,735 | 14,735 | 17,370 | ||||||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
106,165 | 311,497 | 313,295 | 423,004 | ||||||||||||
Net Loss |
$ | (268,118 | ) | $ | (60,801 | ) | $ | (69,444 | ) | $ | (112,233 | ) | ||||
Net Loss Per Class A Share |
||||||||||||||||
Basic |
$ | (3.62 | ) | $ | (0.82 | ) | $ | (0.94 | ) | $ | (1.49 | ) | ||||
Diluted |
$ | (3.62 | ) | $ | (1.05 | ) | $ | (1.07 | ) | $ | (1.49 | ) | ||||
Average Class A Shares Outstanding |
||||||||||||||||
Basic |
74,138,572 | 74,138,572 | 74,138,572 | 75,171,980 | ||||||||||||
Diluted |
74,138,572 | 385,238,096 | 385,238,096 | 75,171,980 | ||||||||||||
Year Ended December 31, 2007 | ||||||||||||||||
First | Second | Third | Fourth | |||||||||||||
(dollars in thousands) | ||||||||||||||||
Selected Operating Statement Data |
||||||||||||||||
Total revenues |
$ | 284,366 | $ | 300,452 | $ | 146,966 | $ | 770,191 | ||||||||
Total expenses |
263,528 | 321,172 | 484,751 | 3,633,862 | ||||||||||||
Total other income |
1,030,167 | 1,349,748 | 7,389 | 83,321 | ||||||||||||
Income taxes |
3,640 | 3,643 | 8,066 | 48,614 | ||||||||||||
Partners and others interests in income of consolidated subsidiaries |
(962,177 | ) | (1,211,133 | ) | (1,452 | ) | 2,054,412 | |||||||||
Net Income (Loss) |
$ | 85,188 | $ | 114,252 | $ | (339,914 | ) | $ | (774,552 | ) | ||||||
November 14, 2007 through December 31, 2007 |
||||||||||||||||
Net Loss (in thousands) |
$ | (826,559 | ) | |||||||||||||
Net Loss Per Class A Share |
||||||||||||||||
Basic and Diluted |
$ | (11.15 | ) | |||||||||||||
Average Class A Shares Outstanding |
||||||||||||||||
Basic and Diluted |
74,138,572 | |||||||||||||||
F-45
OCH-ZIFF CAPITAL MANAGEMENT GROUP LLC
SUPPLEMENTAL FINANCIAL INFORMATION(Continued)
These results were prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP and reflect all normal recurring adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair presentation of the results. As discussed in Note 1 to the consolidated and combined financial statements, the results presented above are those of the combined Och-Ziff Operating Group and the Registrant and its consolidated subsidiaries for periods prior to the Reorganization.
In 2007, the Company deconsolidated most of the Och-Ziff funds; therefore, the individual components of net income (loss) are not comparable from period to period. In addition, as a result of the Reorganization discussed in Note 3, total expenses incurred prior to the Reorganization are not comparable to total expenses incurred subsequent to the Reorganization.
The Company records substantially all of its incentive income from funds in the fourth quarter each year. Additionally, discretionary bonuses are determined and recorded in the fourth quarter each year, which results in substantially higher expenses in the fourth quarter results.
F-46