Document
 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark One)
x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018
OR
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the transition period from                to
Commission File Number 0-30739
INSMED INCORPORATED
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Virginia
 
54-1972729
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. employer identification no.)
 
 
 
10 Finderne Avenue, Building 10
 
 
Bridgewater, New Jersey
 
08807
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip Code)
(908) 977-9900
(Registrant’s telephone number including area code)
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer x
 
Accelerated filer o
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
 
Smaller reporting company o
 
 
Emerging growth company o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x
As of April 30, 2018, there were 76,623,136 shares of the registrant’s common stock, $0.01 par value, outstanding.
 

Table of Contents

INSMED INCORPORATED
FORM 10-Q
FOR THE QUARTER ENDED MARCH 31, 2018
 
INDEX
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unless the context otherwise indicates, references in this Form 10-Q to “Insmed Incorporated” refers to Insmed Incorporated, a Virginia corporation, and “Company,” “Insmed,” “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Insmed Incorporated together with its consolidated subsidiaries. INSMED and CONVERT are trademarks of Insmed Incorporated. This Form 10-Q also contains trademarks of third parties. Each trademark of another company appearing in this Form 10-Q is the property of its owner.


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Table of Contents

PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION
 
ITEM 1. CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
INSMED INCORPORATED
Consolidated Balance Sheets
(in thousands, except par value and share data)
 
 
As of
 
As of
 
March 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
 
(unaudited)
 
 
Assets
 

 
 

Current assets:
 

 
 

Cash and cash equivalents
$
686,581

 
$
381,165

Prepaid expenses and other current assets
9,832

 
8,279

Total current assets
696,413

 
389,444

 
 
 
 
In-process research and development
58,200

 
58,200

Fixed assets, net
15,816

 
12,432

Other assets
2,724

 
1,971

Total assets
$
773,153

 
$
462,047

 
 
 
 
Liabilities and shareholders’ equity
 

 
 

Current liabilities:
 

 
 

Accounts payable
$
13,176

 
$
14,671

Accrued expenses
21,074

 
29,339

Other current liabilities
556

 
646

Total current liabilities
34,806

 
44,656

 
 
 
 
Long-term debt, net
302,706

 
55,567

Other long-term liabilities
785

 
765

Total liabilities
338,297

 
100,988

 
 
 
 
Shareholders’ equity:
 

 
 

Common stock, $0.01 par value; 500,000,000 authorized shares, 76,623,136 and 76,610,508 issued and outstanding shares at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively
766

 
766

Additional paid-in capital
1,460,460

 
1,318,181

Accumulated deficit
(1,026,409
)
 
(957,885
)
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)
39

 
(3
)
Total shareholders’ equity
434,856

 
361,059

Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity
$
773,153

 
$
462,047

 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements

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INSMED INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss (unaudited)
(in thousands, except per share data)
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
 
 
 
Revenues
$
—

 
$
—

 
 
 
 
Operating expenses:
 

 
 

Research and development
30,098

 
22,254

General and administrative
32,653

 
13,715

Total operating expenses
62,751

 
35,969

 
 
 
 
Operating loss
(62,751
)
 
(35,969
)
 
 
 
 
Investment income
2,040

 
154

Interest expense
(5,642
)
 
(1,474
)
Loss on extinguishment of debt
(2,209
)
 
—

Other income (expense), net
86

 
(95
)
Loss before income taxes
(68,476
)
 
(37,384
)
 
 
 
 
Provision for income taxes
48

 
30

 
 
 
 
Net loss
$
(68,524
)
 
$
(37,414
)
 
 
 
 
Basic and diluted net loss per share
$
(0.89
)
 
$
(0.60
)
 
 
 
 
Weighted average basic and diluted common shares outstanding
76,619

 
62,041

 
 
 
 
Net loss
$
(68,524
)
 
$
(37,414
)
Other comprehensive income:
 

 
 

Foreign currency translation gains
42

 
18

Total comprehensive loss
$
(68,482
)
 
$
(37,396
)
 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


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INSMED INCORPORATED
Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)
(in thousands)
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Operating activities
 

 
 

Net loss
$
(68,524
)
 
$
(37,414
)
Adjustments to reconcile net loss to net cash used in operating activities:
 

 
 

Depreciation
769

 
716

Stock-based compensation expense
5,674

 
4,032

Amortization of debt issuance costs
299

 
31

Accretion of debt discount
3,021

 
—

Accretion of back-end fee on debt
50

 
171

Changes in operating assets and liabilities:
 

 
 

Prepaid expenses and other assets
(2,217
)
 
352

Accounts payable
(828
)
 
(2,026
)
Accrued expenses and other
(6,283
)
 
(2,774
)
Net cash used in operating activities
(68,039
)
 
(36,912
)
Investing activities
 

 
 

Purchase of fixed assets
(5,365
)
 
(417
)
Net cash used in investing activities
(5,365
)
 
(417
)
Financing activities
 

 
 

Proceeds from exercise of stock options
142

 
565

Loss on extinguishment of debt
(2,209
)
 
—

Payment of debt
(55,000
)
 
—

Proceeds from issuance of 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2025
450,000

 
—

Payment of debt issuance costs
(14,141
)
 
—

Net cash provided by financing activities
378,792

 
565

Effect of exchange rates on cash and cash equivalents
28

 
12

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents
305,416

 
(36,752
)
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of period
381,165

 
162,591

Cash and cash equivalents at end of period
$
686,581

 
$
125,839

 
 
 
 
Supplemental disclosures of cash flow information:
 

 
 

Cash paid for interest
$
1,275

 
$
1,273

Cash paid for income taxes
$
54

 
$
17

 
See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements


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Table of Contents

INSMED INCORPORATED
NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
 
1.                                    The Company and Basis of Presentation

Insmed is a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the unmet needs of patients with rare diseases. The Company's lead product candidate is amikacin liposome inhalation suspension (ALIS), which is in late-stage development for adult patients with treatment refractory nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), a rare and often chronic infection that can cause irreversible lung damage and can be fatal. Our earlier clinical-stage pipeline includes INS1007 and INS1009. INS1007 is a novel oral, reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1), an enzyme responsible for activating neutrophil serine proteases, which are implicated in the pathology of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF) bronchiectasis. INS1009 is an inhaled nanoparticle formulation of a treprostinil prodrug that may offer a differentiated product profile for rare pulmonary disorders, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).

The Company was incorporated in the Commonwealth of Virginia on November 29, 1999 and its principal executive offices are in Bridgewater, New Jersey. The Company has legal entities in the United States (US), Ireland, Germany, France, the United Kingdom (UK), the Netherlands, and Japan. All intercompany transactions and balances have been eliminated in consolidation.
 
The accompanying unaudited interim consolidated financial statements have been prepared pursuant to the rules and regulations for reporting on Form 10-Q. Accordingly, certain information and disclosures required by accounting principles generally accepted in the US for complete consolidated financial statements are not included herein. The unaudited interim consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto included in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
 
The results of operations of any interim period are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations for the full year. The unaudited interim consolidated financial information presented herein reflects all normal adjustments that are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the financial position, results of operations and cash flows for the periods presented.
 
2.                                      Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
 
The following are the required interim disclosure updates to the Company's significant accounting policies described in Note 2 of the notes to the consolidated financial statements in the Company’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017:
 
Fair Value Measurements - The Company categorizes its financial assets and liabilities measured and reported at fair value in the financial statements on a recurring basis based upon the level of judgment associated with the inputs used to measure their fair value. Hierarchical levels, which are directly related to the amount of subjectivity associated with the inputs used to determine the fair value of financial assets and liabilities, are as follows:
 
•
Level 1 — Inputs are unadjusted, quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities at the measurement date.
 
•
Level 2 — Inputs (other than quoted prices included in Level 1) are either directly or indirectly observable for the assets or liability through correlation with market data at the measurement date and for the duration of the instrument’s anticipated life.
 
•
Level 3 — Inputs reflect management’s best estimate of what market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability at the measurement date.  Consideration is given to the risk inherent in the valuation technique and the risk inherent in the inputs to the model.
 
Each major category of financial assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis is categorized based upon the lowest level of significant input to the valuations. The fair value hierarchy also requires an entity to maximize the use of observable inputs and minimize the use of unobservable inputs when measuring fair value. Financial instruments in Level 1 generally include US treasuries and mutual funds listed in active markets.
 

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The Company’s only financial assets and liabilities which were measured at fair value as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were Level 1 and such assets were comprised of cash and cash equivalents of $686.6 million and $381.2 million, respectively.
 
The Company’s cash and cash equivalents permit daily redemption and the fair values of these investments are based upon the quoted prices in active markets provided by the holding financial institutions. Cash equivalents consist of liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less from the date of purchase. As of March 31, 2018, the Company's cash and cash equivalents balance included US treasury bills of $180.0 million.
 
The Company recognizes transfers between levels within the fair value hierarchy, if any, at the end of each quarter. There were no transfers in or out of Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company held no securities that were in an unrealized gain or loss position. The Company reviews the status of each security quarterly to determine whether an other-than-temporary impairment has occurred. In making its determination, the Company considers a number of factors, including: (1) the significance of the decline; (2) whether the securities were rated below investment grade; (3) how long the securities have been in an unrealized loss position; and (4) the Company’s ability and intent to retain the investment for a sufficient period of time for it to recover.
 
Net Loss Per Share - Basic net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted net loss per share is computed by dividing net loss by the weighted average number of common shares and other dilutive securities outstanding during the period. Potentially dilutive securities from stock options, restricted stock units (RSUs) and convertible debt securities would be anti-dilutive as the Company incurred a net loss. Potentially dilutive common shares resulting from the assumed exercise of outstanding stock options are determined based on the treasury stock method.
 
The following table sets forth the reconciliation of the weighted average number of common shares used to compute basic and diluted net loss per share for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017:
 
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Numerator:
 

 
 

Net loss
$
(68,524
)
 
$
(37,414
)
Denominator:
 

 
 

Weighted average common shares used in calculation of basic net loss per share:
76,619

 
62,041

Effect of dilutive securities:
 

 
 

Common stock options
—

 
—

RSUs
—

 
—

Convertible debt securities
—

 
—

Weighted average common shares outstanding used in calculation of diluted net loss per share
76,619

 
62,041

Net loss per share:
 

 
 

Basic and Diluted
$
(0.89
)
 
$
(0.60
)
 
The following potentially dilutive securities have been excluded from the computations of diluted weighted average common shares outstanding as of March 31, 2018 and 2017 as their effect would have been anti-dilutive (in thousands):
 

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As of March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Stock options to purchase common stock
9,866

 
7,719

Unvested RSUs
234

 
89

Convertible debt securities
11,492

 
—

 
Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements - In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-15, Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230): Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments, which addressed eight specific cash flow issues with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. Among the updates, the standard requires debt extinguishment costs to be classified as cash outflows for financing activities. This standard update is effective as of the first quarter of 2018. As a result of the adoption of the standard, in the first quarter of 2018, the Company reported a $2.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt in the financing activities section of its consolidated statement of cash flows. The Company had no material debt extinguishment costs prior to the first quarter of 2018. There were no other significant impacts as a result of adopting this standard.

In August 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued Accounting Standards Update (ASU) No. 2014-15, Presentation of Financial Statements—Going Concern (Subtopic 205-40): Disclosure of Uncertainties about an Entity’s Ability to Continue as a Going Concern, which defines management’s responsibility to perform interim and annual assessments of an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern, and to provide related footnote disclosures if there is substantial doubt about its ability to continue as a going concern. The new standard was effective for the annual period ending after December 15, 2016, and for interim periods thereafter. The Company adopted ASU 2014-15 in the fourth quarter of 2016, which had no impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. The interim assessment during the first quarter of 2018 did not have an impact on the consolidated financial statements.
 
The Company had $686.6 million in cash and cash equivalents as of March 31, 2018 and reported a net loss of $68.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Historically, the Company has funded its operations through public offerings of equity securities and debt financings. To date, the Company has not generated material revenue from ALIS. The Company does not expect to generate material revenue unless or until marketing approval is received for ALIS. Accordingly, the Company expects to continue to incur losses while funding research and development (R&D) activities, regulatory submissions, potential commercial launch activities and general and administrative expenses. The Company expects its future cash requirements to be substantial, and the Company may need to raise additional capital to fund operations, to develop and commercialize ALIS, to develop INS1007 and INS1009 and to develop, acquire, in-license or co-promote other products that address orphan or rare diseases.

ASU 2014-15 requires the Company to evaluate whether it has sufficient resources to fund operations for 12 months from the filing date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q without regard to whether or not it can raise capital in the future. The Company believes it currently has sufficient funds to meet its financial needs for at least the next 12 months. In September 2017, the Company completed an underwritten offering of 14.1 million shares of its common stock for cash proceeds of $377.7 million, net of fees and expenses related to the offering. Further, in January 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2025 (the Convertible Notes) pursuant to an indenture, dated as of January 26, 2018, between the Company and Wells Fargo Bank, National Association (Wells Fargo), as trustee, as supplemented by the first supplemental indenture, dated January 26, 2018, between the Company and Wells Fargo (as supplemented, the Indenture). The Company sold $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, including the exercise in full of the underwriters' option to purchase additional Convertible Notes of $50.0 million. The Company's net proceeds from the offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $14.1 million, were approximately $435.9 million. The source, timing and availability of any future financing or other transaction will depend principally upon continued progress in the Company’s regulatory, development and pre-commercial activities. Any equity or debt financing will also be contingent upon equity and debt market conditions and interest rates at the time. If the Company is unable to obtain sufficient additional funds when required, the Company may be forced to delay, restrict or eliminate all or a portion of its R&D programs, pre-commercialization activities, or dispose of assets or technology.
 
In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU 2014-9, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606) which amended the existing accounting standards for revenue recognition. ASU 2014-9 establishes principles for recognizing revenue upon the transfer of promised goods or services to customers, in an amount that reflects the expected consideration received in exchange for those goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB deferred the effective date for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. The Company adopted ASU 2014-9 in the first quarter of 2018 and the impact of adoption is not material to its consolidated financial statements.

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New Accounting Pronouncements (Not Yet Adopted)—In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-2, Leases (Topic 842) in order to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet for those leases classified as operating leases under previous GAAP. ASU 2016-2 requires that a lessee should recognize a liability to make lease payments (the lease liability) and a right-of-use asset representing its right to use the underlying asset for the lease term on the balance sheet. ASU 2016-2 is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 (including interim periods within those periods) using a modified retrospective approach and early adoption is permitted. The Company expects to adopt ASU 2016-2 in the first quarter of 2019 and is in the process of evaluating the impact of adoption on its consolidated financial statements.

 
3.                                      Identifiable Intangible Asset
 
The Company believes there are no indicators of impairment relating to its in-process R&D intangible asset as of March 31, 2018. The Company will begin to amortize the intangible asset upon US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval of ALIS, if received, and include the expense in the Company's consolidated statement of comprehensive loss.
 
4.                                      Accrued Expenses
 
Accrued expenses consist of the following:
 
 
As of March 31,
2018
 
As of December 31,
2017
 
(in thousands)
Accrued clinical trial expenses
$
5,162

 
$
7,837

Accrued compensation
4,496

 
12,197

Accrued professional fees
5,760

 
4,500

Accrued technical operation expenses
2,058

 
2,182

Accrued interest payable
1,422

 
423

Accrued construction costs
1,185

 
1,719

Other accrued expenses
991

 
481

 
$
21,074

 
$
29,339

 
5.                                    Debt
 
In January 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of the Convertible Notes, in which the Company sold $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, including the exercise in full of the underwriters' option to purchase additional Convertible Notes of $50.0 million. The Company's net proceeds from the offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $14.1 million, were approximately $435.9 million. The Convertible Notes bear interest payable semiannually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2018. The Convertible Notes mature on January 15, 2025, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased.
    
On or after October 15, 2024, until the close of business on the second scheduled trading day immediately preceding January 15, 2025, holders may convert their Convertible Notes at any time. Upon conversion, holders may receive cash, shares of the Company's common stock or a combination of cash and shares of the Company's common stock, at the Company's option. The initial conversion rate is 25.5384 shares of common stock per $1,000 principal amount of Convertible Notes (equivalent to an initial conversion price of approximately $39.16 per share of common stock). The conversion rate will be subject to adjustment in some events but will not be adjusted for any accrued and unpaid interest.

Holders may convert their Convertible Notes prior to October 15, 2024, only under certain circumstances, subject to the conditions set forth in the Indenture, including any one of the following: (i) during the five business day period immediately after any five consecutive trading day period (the measurement period) in which the trading price per $1,000 principal amount of convertible notes, as determined following a request by a holder of the convertible notes, for each trading day of the measurement period was less than 98% of the product of the last reported sale price of the common stock and the conversion rate on such trading day, (ii) the Company elects to distribute to all or substantially all holders of the common stock (a) any

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rights, options or warrants (other than in connection with a stockholder rights plan for so long as the rights issued under such plan have not detached from the associated shares of common stock) entitling them, for a period of not more than 45 days from the declaration date for such distribution, to subscribe for or purchase shares of common stock at a price per share that is less than the average of the last reported sale prices of the common stock for the 10 consecutive trading day period ending on, and including, the trading day immediately preceding the declaration date for such distribution, or (b) the Company’s assets, debt securities or rights to purchase securities of the Company, which distribution has a per share value, as reasonably determined by the board of directors, exceeding 10% of the last reported sale price of the common stock on the trading day immediately preceding the declaration date for such distribution, (iii) if a transaction or event that constitutes a fundamental change or a make-whole fundamental change occurs, or if the Company is a party to (a) a consolidation, merger, combination, statutory or binding share exchange or similar transaction, pursuant to which the common stock would be converted into, or exchanged for, cash, securities or other property or assets, or (b) any sale, conveyance, lease or other transfer or similar transaction in one transaction or a series of transactions of all or substantially all of the consolidated assets of the Company and its subsidiaries, taken as a whole, all or any portion of the Convertible Notes may be surrendered by a holder for conversion at any time from or after the date that is 30 scheduled trading days prior to the anticipated effective date of the transaction, (iv) if during any calendar quarter commencing after the calendar quarter ending on March 31, 2018 (and only during such calendar quarter), the last reported sale price of the common stock for at least 20 trading days (whether or not consecutive) during the period of 30 consecutive trading days ending on the last trading day of the immediately preceding calendar quarter is greater than or equal to 130% of the conversion price on each applicable trading day, or, (v) if the Company sends a notice of redemption, a holder may surrender all or any portion of its Convertible Notes, to which the notice of redemption relates, for conversion at any time on or after the date the applicable notice of redemption was sent until the close of business on (a) the second business day immediately preceding the related redemption date or (b) if the Company fails to pay the redemption price on the redemption date as specified in such notice of redemption, such later date on which the redemption price is paid.
 
The Convertible Notes can be settled in cash, common stock, or a combination of cash and common stock at the Company's option, and thus, the Company determined the embedded conversion options in the convertible notes are not required to be separately accounted for as a derivative. However, since the Convertible Notes are within the scope of the accounting guidance for cash convertible instruments, the Company is required to separate the Convertible Notes into liability and equity components. The carrying amount of the liability component was calculated by measuring the fair value of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component. The fair value was based on data from readily available pricing sources which utilize market observable inputs and other characteristics for similar types of instruments. The carrying amount of the equity component representing the embedded conversion option was determined by deducting the fair value of the liability component from the gross proceeds of the Convertible Notes. The excess of the principal amount of the liability component over its carrying amount is amortized to interest expense over the expected life of a similar liability that does not have an associated equity component using the effective interest method. The equity component is not remeasured as long as it continues to meet the conditions for equity classification in the accounting guidance for contracts in an entity’s own equity. The fair value of the liability component of the Convertible Notes on the date of issuance was estimated at $309.1 million using an effective interest rate of 7.6%, and accordingly, the equity component on the date of issuance was $140.9 million. The discount is being amortized to interest expense over the term of the Convertible Notes, which results in a remaining period of approximately 6.8 years.

For the quarter ended March 31, 2018, total interest expense related to the Convertible Notes was $4.7 million, which includes the contractual interest coupon, the amortization of the issuance costs, and accretion of debt discount, as described in the table below. The following table presents the components of the Company’s debt balance as of March 31, 2018 (in thousands):
 
 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2025
$
450,000

 Debt issuance costs, unamortized
(9,424
)
 Discount on debt
(137,870
)
Long-term debt, net
$
302,706

 
As of March 31, 2018, future principal repayments of the debt for each of the fiscal years through maturity were as follows (in thousands):
 

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Year Ending December 31:
 

2018
$
—

2019
—

2020
—

2021
—

2022
—

2023 and thereafter
450,000

 
$
450,000

 
The estimated fair value of the liability component of the Convertible Notes (categorized as a Level 2 liability for fair value measurement purposes) was determined using current market factors and the ability of the Company to obtain debt at comparable terms to those that are currently in place.  The Company believes the estimated fair value at March 31, 2018 approximates the carrying amount.

In February 2018, the Company used part of the net proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Notes to pay off its outstanding debt to Hercules Capital (Hercules). The payments to Hercules consisted of $55.0 million for the principal amount and an additional $3.2 million in back-end fees, outstanding interest, and prepayment penalty fees, which resulted in a $2.2 million loss on extinguishment of debt in the quarter ended March 31, 2018.    


Interest Expense

The following table sets forth the total interest expense recognized in the periods presented (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Contractual interest expense
$
2,272

 
$
1,272

Amortization of debt issuance costs
299

 
31

Accretion of back-end fee on debt
50

 
171

Accretion of debt discount
3,021

 
—

Total interest expense
$
5,642

 
$
1,474


 
6.                                      Shareholders’ Equity
 
Common Stock — As of March 31, 2018, the Company had 500,000,000 shares of common stock authorized with a par value of $0.01 and 76,623,136 shares of common stock issued and outstanding. In addition, as of March 31, 2018, the Company had reserved 9,865,574 shares of common stock for issuance upon the exercise of outstanding stock options and 234,373 shares of common stock for issuance upon the vesting of RSUs. The Company has also reserved 11,492,280 shares of common stock for issuance upon conversion of the Convertible Notes, subject to adjustment in accordance with the Indenture.    

In January 2018, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, including the exercise in full of the underwriter's option to purchase additional Convertible Notes. The fair value of the liability component of the Convertible Notes on the date of issuance was estimated at $309.1 million, and accordingly, the equity component (included in additional paid-in capital) on the date of issuance was calculated as $140.9 million using the residual method as further described in Note 5 Debt.

In September 2017, the Company completed an underwritten public offering of 14,123,150 shares of the Company’s common stock, which included the underwriter’s exercise in full of its over-allotment option of 1,842,150 shares, at a price to the public of $28.50 per share.  The Company’s net proceeds from the sale of the shares, after deducting the underwriter’s discount and offering expenses of $24.8 million, were $377.7 million.
 
Preferred Stock — As of March 31, 2018, the Company had 200,000,000 shares of preferred stock authorized with a par value of $0.01 and no shares of preferred stock were issued and outstanding.


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7.                                      Stock-Based Compensation
 
The Company’s current equity compensation plan, the 2017 Incentive Plan, was approved by shareholders at the Company’s Annual Meeting of Shareholders on May 18, 2017. The 2017 Incentive Plan is administered by the Compensation Committee and the Board of Directors of the Company. Under the terms of the 2017 Incentive Plan, the Company is authorized to grant a variety of incentive awards based on its common stock, including stock options (both incentive stock options and non-qualified stock options), RSUs, performance options/shares and other stock awards, as well as pay incentive bonuses to eligible employees and non-employee directors. On May 18, 2017, upon the approval of the 2017 Incentive Plan by shareholders, 5,000,000 shares were authorized for issuance thereunder, plus any shares subject to then-outstanding awards under the 2015 Incentive Plan and the 2013 Incentive Plan that subsequently were canceled, terminated unearned, expired, were forfeited, lapsed for any reason or were settled in cash without the delivery of shares. As of March 31, 2018, 3,643,015 shares remained for future issuance under the 2017 Incentive Plan. The 2017 Incentive Plan will terminate on April 3, 2027 unless it is extended or terminated earlier pursuant to its terms. In addition, from time to time, the Company makes inducement grants of stock options. These awards are made pursuant to the NASDAQ inducement grant exception as a component of new hires’ employment compensation in connection with the Company’s equity grant program. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company granted inducement stock options covering 236,730 shares of the Company's common stock to new employees.
 
Stock Options - The Company calculates the fair value of stock options granted using the Black-Scholes valuation model. The following table summarizes the Company’s grant date fair value and assumptions used in determining the fair value of all stock options granted during the periods presented:

 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Volatility
67%-68%
 
73%-74%
Risk-free interest rate
2.25%-2.65%
 
1.86%-1.99%
Dividend yield
0.0%
 
0.0%
Expected option term (in years)
5.08
 
6.25
Weighted average fair value of stock options granted
$17.07
 
$9.18
 
For each period presented, the volatility factor was based on the Company’s historical volatility during the expected option term. Estimated forfeitures are based on the actual percentage of option forfeitures since the closing of the Company’s merger with Transave, Inc. in December 2010. The expected option term for these grants was determined using the Company’s historical exercise behavior.
 
From time to time, the Company grants performance-condition options to certain of its employees. Vesting of these options is subject to the Company achieving certain performance criteria established at the date of grant and the grantees fulfilling a service condition (continued employment). As of March 31, 2018, the Company had performance options totaling 133,334 shares outstanding which had not yet met the recognition criteria.
 
The following table summarizes the Company’s aggregate stock option activity for the three months ended March 31, 2018:
 
 
Number of
Shares
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Weighted
Average
Remaining
Contractual
Life in Years
 
Aggregate
Intrinsic
Value (in
thousands)
Options outstanding at December 31, 2017
8,608,921

 
$
14.08

 
 
 
 

Granted
1,322,350

 
$
29.51

 
 
 
 

Exercised
(12,628
)
 
$
11.23

 
 
 
 

Forfeited or expired
(53,069
)
 
$
15.70

 
 
 
 

Options outstanding at March 31, 2018
9,865,574

 
$
16.14

 
7.49
 
$
73,003

Vested and expected to vest at March 31, 2018
9,499,525

 
$
15.97

 
7.44
 
$
71,286

Exercisable at March 31, 2018
4,679,778

 
$
12.97

 
6.17
 
$
44,855


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The total intrinsic value of stock options exercised during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 was $0.2 million and $0.5 million, respectively.
 
As of March 31, 2018, there was $44.7 million of unrecognized compensation expense related to unvested stock options which is expected to be recognized over a weighted average period of 2.73 years. Included in unrecognized compensation expense was $1.1 million related to outstanding performance-condition options. These performance-condition options will vest, and compensation expense will be recognized, in the period when FDA approval of ALIS is received in the US. The following table summarizes the range of exercise prices and the number of stock options outstanding and exercisable as of March 31, 2018:
 
Outstanding as of March 31, 2018
 
Exercisable as of March 31, 2018
Range of Exercise Prices ($)
 
Number of Options
 
Weighted Average Remaining Contractual Term (in years)
 
Weighted Average Exercise Price ($)
 
Number of Options
 
Weighted Average Exercise Price ($)
$
3.03

 
$
6.90

 
1,107,302

 
4.48
 
$
4.01

 
1,069,802

 
$
3.91

$
6.96

 
$
10.85

 
1,068,246

 
8.01
 
$
10.76

 
419,017

 
$
10.62

$
11.14

 
$
12.58

 
1,085,440

 
6.12
 
$
12.17

 
799,415

 
$
12.17

$
12.66

 
$
13.67

 
1,031,771

 
8.46
 
$
13.59

 
329,907

 
$
13.53

$
13.94

 
$
16.07

 
1,191,255

 
7.24
 
$
15.28

 
666,341

 
$
15.12

$
16.09

 
$
17.16

 
1,489,378

 
8.47
 
$
16.70

 
350,612

 
$
16.18

$
17.24

 
$
22.76

 
1,436,957

 
6.77
 
$
21.11

 
1,009,373

 
$
21.07

$
22.84

 
$
30.46

 
1,279,095

 
9.66
 
$
29.05

 
35,311

 
$
23.80

$
30.86

 
$
31.78

 
155,960

 
9.74
 
$
31.10

 
—

 
$
—

$
32.46

 
$
32.46

 
20,170

 
9.76
 
$
32.46

 
—

 
$
—


Restricted Stock and Restricted Stock Units — The Company may grant restricted stock (RS) and RSUs to eligible employees, including its executives, and non-employee directors. Each share of RS vests, and each RSU represents a right to receive one share of the Company’s common stock, upon the completion of a specific period of continued service or achievement of a certain milestone. RS and RSU awards are valued at the market price of the Company’s common stock on the date of grant. The Company recognizes noncash compensation expense for the fair values of these RS and RSU awards on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period of these awards. The following table summarizes the Company’s RSU award activity during the three months ended March 31, 2018:
 
 
Number of
RSUs
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Price ($)
Outstanding at December 31, 2017
46,914

 
$
17.16

Granted
187,549

 
30.46

Released
—

 
—

Forfeited
(90
)
 
30.46

Outstanding at March 31, 2018
234,373

 
$
27.80

 
The following table summarizes the aggregate stock-based compensation expense recorded in the Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss related to stock options and RSUs during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017:
 

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Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
(in millions)
Research and development expenses
$
1.9

 
$
1.5

General and administrative expenses
3.8

 
2.5

Total
$
5.7

 
$
4.0

 
8.                                      Income Taxes
 
The Company’s provision for income taxes was $48,000 and $30,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The provision for income taxes in all periods was a result of certain of the Company’s subsidiaries in Europe, which had taxable income during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. In jurisdictions where the Company has net losses, there was a full valuation allowance recorded against the Company’s deferred tax assets and therefore no tax benefit was recorded.

The Company remeasured certain deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the rates at which they are expected to reverse in the future, which is generally 21%. The Company recorded a provisional amount of $94.0 million as of December 31, 2017 related to the remeasurement of certain deferred tax balances, offset by the write-down of the full valuation allowance recorded. Upon further analyses of certain aspects of the Tax Cut and Jobs Act and refinement of the Company's calculations during the three months ended March 31, 2018, the Company determined that the provisional amount would not need to be adjusted.

The Company is subject to US federal, US state and foreign income taxes. In regards to foreign income taxes, the Company was subject to a one-time transition tax based on its total earnings and profits, which are generally deferred from US income taxes under previous US law. Due to the aggregate loss position of our foreign subsidiaries, the Company did not record any provisional amount for the one-time transition tax liability at December 31, 2017.

The Company is subject to US federal and state income taxes and the statute of limitations for tax audit is open for the federal tax returns for the years ended 2014 and later, and is generally open for certain states for the years 2013 and later. The Company has incurred net operating losses since inception, except for the year ended December 31, 2009. Such loss carryforwards would be subject to audit in any tax year in which those losses are utilized, notwithstanding the year of origin. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had recorded no reserves for unrecognized income tax benefits, nor had it recorded any accrued interest or penalties related to uncertain tax positions. The Company does not anticipate any material changes in the amount of unrecognized tax positions over the next 12 months.

 
9.                                      Commitments and Contingencies
 
The Company has an operating lease for office and laboratory space located in Bridgewater, NJ, its corporate headquarters, for which the initial lease term expires in November 2019. Future minimum rental payments under this lease are $1.7 million. In July 2016, the Company signed an operating lease for additional laboratory space located in Bridgewater, NJ for which the initial lease term expires in December 2021. Future minimum rental payments under this lease are $1.8 million.
 
Rent expense charged to operations was $0.4 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Future minimum rental payments required under the Company’s operating leases for the period from April 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018 and for each of the five years thereafter are as follows (in thousands):


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Year Ending December 31:
 

2018 (remaining)
$
1,145

2019
1,421

2020
477

2021
498

2022
—

2023
—

 
$
3,541

 
Legal Proceedings
 
On July 15, 2016, a lawsuit captioned Hoey v. Insmed Incorporated, et al, No. 3:16-cv-04323-FLW-TJB (D.N.J. July 15, 2016) was filed in the US District Court for the District of New Jersey on behalf of a putative class of investors who purchased the Company’s common stock from March 18, 2013 through June 8, 2016. The complaint alleged that the Company and certain of its executives violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 (Exchange Act) by misrepresenting and/or omitting the likelihood of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) approving the Company’s European marketing authorization application (MAA) for use of ALIS in the treatment of NTM lung disease and the likelihood of commercialization of ALIS in Europe.
 
On October 25, 2016, the Court issued an order appointing Bucks County Employees Retirement Fund as lead plaintiff for the putative class. On December 15, 2016, the lead plaintiff filed an amended complaint that shortened the putative class period for the Exchange Act claims to March 26, 2014 through June 8, 2016 and added claims under Sections 11, 12, and 15 of the Securities Act of 1933 (Securities Act) on behalf of a putative class of investors who purchased common stock in or traceable to the Company’s March 31, 2015 public offering. The amended complaint named as defendants in the Securities Act claims the Company, certain directors and officers, and the investment banks who served as underwriters in connection with the secondary offering. The amended complaint alleged defendants violated the Securities Act by using a purportedly misleading definition of “culture conversion” and supposedly failing to disclose in the offering materials purported flaws in its Phase 2 study that made the secondary offering risky or speculative and sought damages in an unspecified amount. The Company moved to dismiss the amended complaint on March 1, 2017.

On February 15, 2018, the Court issued a decision granting the motion and dismissing the amended complaint without prejudice as to all defendants. On March 22, 2018 after the lead plaintiffs failed to file an amended complaint, the Court entered final judgment in favor of the defendants, and dismissed the case with prejudice. The deadline for appeal has now passed and the Company considers the case closed.
 
From time to time, the Company is a party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of business. While the outcomes of these matters are uncertain, management does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on the Company’s consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

ITEM 2.  MANAGEMENT’S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
Cautionary Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements
 
This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements that involve substantial risks and uncertainties. "Forward-looking statements," as that term is defined in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, are statements that are not historical facts and involve a number of risks and uncertainties. Words herein such as "may," "will," "should," "could," "would," "expects," "plans," "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "projects," "predicts," "intends," "potential," "continues," and similar expressions (as well as other words or expressions referencing future events, conditions or circumstances) identify forward-looking statements.
              Forward-looking statements are based on our current expectations and beliefs, and involve known and unknown risks, uncertainties and other factors, which may cause our actual results, performance and achievements and the timing of certain events to differ materially from the results, performance, achievements or timing discussed, projected, anticipated or indicated in any forward-looking statements. Such risks, uncertainties and other factors include, among others, the following:

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•
risks that data from the remainder of the treatment and off-treatment phases of the CONVERT study (the CONVERT study or the 212 study) will not be consistent with the top-line six-month results of the study;

•
uncertainties in the research and development of our existing product candidates, including due to delays in data readouts, such as the full data from the CONVERT study, patient enrollment and retention or failure of our preclinical studies or clinical trials to satisfy pre-established endpoints, including secondary endpoints in the CONVERT study and endpoints in the CONVERT extension study (the 312 study);
•
risks that subsequent data from the 312 study will not be consistent with the interim results;
•
failure to obtain, or delays in obtaining, regulatory approval from the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA), Japan’s Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW) and Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA), the European Medicines Agency (EMA), and other regulatory authorities for our product candidates or their delivery devices, such as the eFlow Nebulizer System, including due to insufficient clinical data, selection of endpoints that are not satisfactory to regulators, complexity in the review process for combination products or inadequate or delayed data from a human factors study required for US regulatory approval;
•
failure to maintain regulatory approval for our product candidates, if received, due to a failure to satisfy post-approval regulatory requirements, such as the submission of sufficient data from confirmatory clinical studies;
•
safety and efficacy concerns related to our product candidates;
•
lack of experience in conducting and managing preclinical development activities and clinical trials necessary for regulatory approval, including the regulatory filing and review process;
•
failure to comply with extensive post-approval regulatory requirements or imposition of significant post‑approval restrictions on our product candidates by regulators;
•
uncertainties in the rate and degree of market acceptance of product candidates, if approved;
•
inability to create an effective direct sales and marketing infrastructure or to partner with third parties that offer such an infrastructure for distribution of our product candidates, if approved;
•
inaccuracies in our estimates of the size of the potential markets for our product candidates or limitations by regulators on the proposed treatment population for our product candidates;
•
failure of third parties on which we are dependent to conduct our clinical trials, to manufacture sufficient quantities of our product candidates for clinical or commercial needs, including our raw materials suppliers, or to comply with our agreements or laws and regulations that impact our business;
•
inaccurate estimates regarding our future capital requirements, including those necessary to fund our ongoing clinical development, regulatory and commercialization efforts as well as milestone payments or royalties owed to third parties;
•
failure to develop, or to license for development, additional product candidates, including a failure to attract experienced third-party collaborators;
•
uncertainties in the timing, scope and rate of reimbursement for our product candidates;
•
changes in laws and regulations applicable to our business and failure to comply with such laws and regulations;
•
inability to repay our existing indebtedness or to obtain additional capital when needed on desirable terms or at all;
•
failure to obtain, protect and enforce our patents and other intellectual property and costs associated with litigation or other proceedings related to such matters;

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•
restrictions imposed on us by license agreements that are critical for our product development, including our license agreements with PARI Pharma GmbH (PARI) and AstraZeneca AB (AstraZeneca), and failure to comply with our obligations under such agreements;
•
competitive developments affecting our product candidates and potential exclusivity related thereto;
•
the cost and potential reputational damage resulting from litigation to which we are or may be a party, including, without limitation, the class action lawsuit against us that recently was dismissed without prejudice;
•
loss of key personnel; and
•
lack of experience operating internationally.
We caution readers not to place undue reliance on any such forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made. Any forward-looking statement is based on information current as of the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and speaks only as of the date on which such statement is made. Actual events or results may differ materially from the results, plans, intentions or expectations anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors, many of which are beyond our control. More information on factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those anticipated is included from time to time in our reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC), including, but not limited to, those described in the sections titled “Risk Factors” and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017. We disclaim any obligation, except as specifically required by law, and the rules of the SEC, to publicly update or revise any such statements to reflect any change in our expectations or in events, conditions or circumstances on which any such statements may be based, or that may affect the likelihood that actual results will differ from those set forth in the forward-looking statements.
 
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto included elsewhere in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the consolidated financial statements and related notes thereto in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
 
OVERVIEW
     We are a global biopharmaceutical company focused on the unmet needs of patients with rare diseases. Our lead product candidate is amikacin liposome inhalation suspension (ALIS), which is in late-stage development for adult patients with treatment refractory nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease caused by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC), a rare and often chronic infection that can cause irreversible lung damage and can be fatal. Our earlier clinical-stage pipeline includes INS1007 and INS1009. INS1007 is a novel oral, reversible inhibitor of dipeptidyl peptidase 1 (DPP1), an enzyme responsible for activating neutrophil serine proteases, which are implicated in the pathology of chronic inflammatory lung diseases, such as non-cystic fibrosis (non-CF) bronchiectasis. INS1009 is an inhaled nanoparticle formulation of a treprostinil prodrug that may offer a differentiated product profile for rare pulmonary disorders, including pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH).
The table below summarizes the current status and anticipated milestones for our principal product candidates: ALIS, INS1007, and INS1009.


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Product Candidate/Target
Indications
 
Status
 
Next Expected Milestones
ALIS for NTM lung infections
 
• We announced top-line data for the CONVERT study in September 2017. Based on top-line results, the CONVERT study met its primary endpoint of culture conversion, which we defined as three consecutive negative monthly sputum cultures by month six with statistical and clinical significance, with 29% of patients in the ALIS plus current guideline-based therapy (GBT) arm achieving culture conversion, compared to 9% of patients in the GBT-only arm (p<0.0001).
• We announced interim data from the CONVERT study and the 312 extension study in January 2018, which we view as consistent with the six-month results of the CONVERT study. The recent data included interim long-term durability data for the CONVERT study and interim efficacy data for the 312 study.
 
• We filed a new drug application (NDA) for approval of ALIS with the US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) at the end of March 2018.

• The FDA has designated ALIS as an orphan drug, a breakthrough therapy, and a qualified infectious disease product (QIDP), and the European Commission has granted an orphan designation for ALIS for the treatment of NTM lung disease.

 
• The FDA has 60 days from its receipt of our NDA to review the submission to determine if it is complete and acceptable for filing. We are pursuing accelerated approval of ALIS pursuant to Section 506(c) of the Federal Food Drug and Cosmetic Act and 21 C.F.R. Part 314 Subpart H (Accelerated Approval of New Drugs for Serious or Life-Threatening Illnesses) (Subpart H) based on the six-month data from the CONVERT study.

• We intend to seek marketing approvals for ALIS in certain countries outside the US, such as Japan, when sufficient data are available. If approved, we expect ALIS would be the first inhaled therapy specifically indicated for the treatment of NTM lung disease caused by MAC in North America, Japan and Europe.
 
• If approved, we plan to commercialize ALIS in the US, Japan, certain countries in Europe, and certain other countries.

INS1007 (oral reversible inhibitor of DPP1) for non-CF bronchiectasis and other rare diseases

 
• We are enrolling patients in the WILLOW study, a global phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel-group, multi-center clinical study to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of INS1007 administered once daily for 24 weeks in subjects with non-CF bronchiectasis.
 
• We are currently assessing regulatory strategies which could expedite the development and regulatory reviews of INS1007 in the US and the EU.

 
• We expect to continue to advance enrollment in the WILLOW clinical study of INS1007 during 2018.

• We are exploring the potential of INS1007 in various neutrophil-driven inflammatory conditions.
INS1009 (inhaled nanoparticle formulation of a treprostinil prodrug) for rare pulmonary disorders

 
• The results of our phase 1 study of INS1009 were presented at the European Respiratory Society international congress in September 2016.
 
  • We believe INS1009 may offer a differentiated product profile for rare pulmonary disorders, including PAH, and we are currently evaluating our options to advance its development including exploring its use as an inhaled dry powder formulation.

 
Our earlier-stage pipeline includes preclinical compounds that we are evaluating in multiple rare diseases of unmet medical need, including methicillin-resistant staph aureus (MRSA) and NTM. To complement our internal research and development, we actively evaluate in-licensing and acquisition opportunities for a broad range of rare diseases.


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Our Strategy
 
Our strategy focuses on the needs of patients with rare diseases. We are currently primarily focused on the development and commercialization of ALIS. We are not aware of any approved inhaled therapies specifically indicated to treat NTM lung disease in North America, Japan or Europe. While we believe that ALIS has the potential to treat a number of different bacterial infections, we are prioritizing securing US regulatory approval of ALIS for adult patients with treatment refractory NTM lung disease caused by MAC. We are also advancing earlier-stage programs in other rare pulmonary disorders.
 
Our current priorities are as follows:
 
•
Completing the CONVERT study and the 312 study;

•
Securing approval for the ALIS NDA from the FDA, under Subpart H, based on the six-month data from the CONVERT study;
•
Ensuring our product supply chain will support the commercialization, if approved, and potential future life cycle management programs of ALIS;
•
Preparing for potential commercialization of ALIS in the US, Japan, certain countries in Europe, and certain other countries;
•
Developing the core value dossier to support the global reimbursement of ALIS;
•
Supporting further research and lifecycle management strategies for ALIS, including exploring the potential use of ALIS as part of a front-line, multi-drug regimen and as maintenance monotherapy to prevent recurrence (defined as true relapse or reinfection) of NTM lung disease;
•
Enrolling patients in the WILLOW phase 2 study of INS1007 in non-CF bronchiectasis;
•
Exploring INS1009 for use as an inhaled dry powder formulation and generating preclinical findings from our earlier-stage program(s); and
•
Expanding our rare disease pipeline through corporate development.
 
Product Pipeline
 
ALIS for Patients with NTM Lung Disease
 
Our lead product candidate is ALIS, a novel, once-daily liposomal formulation of amikacin that is in late-stage clinical development for adult patients with treatment refractory NTM lung disease caused by MAC, a rare and often chronic infection that can cause irreversible lung damage and can be fatal. Amikacin solution for parenteral administration is an established drug that has activity against a variety of NTM; however, its use is limited by the need to administer it intravenously and by toxicity to hearing, balance, and kidney function (Peloquin et al., 2004). Unlike amikacin solution for intravenous administration, our advanced liposome technology uses charge-neutral liposomes to deliver amikacin directly to the lung where it is taken up by the lung macrophages where the NTM infection resides. This technology prolongs the release of amikacin in the lungs, while minimizing systemic exposure thereby, offering the potential for decreased systemic toxicities. ALIS’s ability to deliver high levels of amikacin directly to the lung distinguishes it from intravenous amikacin. ALIS is administered once-daily, using a portable aerosol delivery system, via an optimized, investigational eFlow® Nebulizer System manufactured by PARI.
 
The FDA has designated ALIS as an orphan drug, a breakthrough therapy, and a QIDP for NTM lung disease. Orphan designated drugs are eligible for seven years of exclusivity for the orphan indication. QIDP designation features an additional five years of exclusivity for the designated indication. As a result, if ALIS is approved in the US, we expect FDA to grant a total of 12 years of exclusivity in the indication for which ALIS is approved. A QIDP-designated product is eligible for fast track status and is often granted priority review status. A priority review designation for a drug that is not a new molecular entity means the FDA’s goal is to take action on the NDA within six months following receipt of the NDA.

 
The CONVERT Study and 312 Study
 

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CONVERT Top‑Line Efficacy Data
The CONVERT study is a randomized, open-label global phase 3 clinical study of ALIS in adult patients with treatment refractory NTM lung disease caused by MAC. We announced top-line data for the CONVERT study in September 2017. The CONVERT study enrolled 336 adult patients with NTM lung disease caused by MAC who were refractory to at least six months' treatment with a multi-drug, guideline-based therapy (GBT). After a screening period of up to 10 weeks, eligible patients were randomized 2:1 to once-daily ALIS plus GBT or GBT only. The primary endpoint of the study was the proportion of patients achieving culture conversion, which we defined as three consecutive monthly negative sputum cultures, by month six. Based on top-line results, the CONVERT study met its primary endpoint, with 29% of patients in the ALIS plus GBT arm achieving culture conversion, compared to 9% of patients in the GBT-only arm (p<0.0001).

We also reported top-line data for certain secondary and exploratory endpoints for the first six months of the study. Top‑line data for the six-minute walk test indicated no statistically significant difference between patients in the two arms of the study. However, an analysis of these data (per a pre-specified exploratory endpoint) showed that patients who achieved culture conversion in either arm demonstrated an improvement in six-minute walk distance when compared to patients who did not culture convert (p=0.0108). Top-line data for the secondary endpoint of time to conversion demonstrated that patients in the GBT-only arm took approximately 30% longer to convert when compared to patients on ALIS plus GBT (p<0.0001). We are continuing our analysis of the impact of conversion on a variety of other clinical measures.

The protocol for the CONVERT study incorporates feedback from the FDA and the EMA via its scientific advice working party process, as well as local health authorities in other countries, including Japan’s PMDA. Because the CONVERT study met the primary endpoint of culture conversion at month six based on the top-line results, we submitted an NDA for ALIS to the FDA at the end of March 2018 pursuant to Subpart H, which permits the FDA to approve a product candidate based on a surrogate or intermediate endpoint subject to the requirement that we conduct post-approval studies to verify and describe the clinical benefit of the product. We expect to receive a six-month priority review from the FDA. We believe that efficacy data from the CONVERT study at month six will be sufficient to support the accelerated approval of ALIS. We expect that full approval would be contingent on FDA review of, among other things, the final analyses of durability of culture conversion for converters.

CONVERT Top-Line Safety and Tolerability Data
Approximately 98% of patients in the ALIS plus GBT arm of the CONVERT study experienced at least one treatment-emergent adverse event (TEAE), compared to 91% of patients in the GBT-only arm, with most events being mild or moderate in severity. A greater percentage of patients in the ALIS plus GBT arm than in the GBT-only arm experienced TEAEs involving dysphonia, cough, haemoptysis, dyspnoea, oropharyngeal pain, diarrhea, nausea, and fatigue. Based on our review of the top-line study safety data, the incidence of dysphonia, cough and dyspnoea among patients in the ALIS plus GBT arm generally decreased after the second study month. Approximately 20% and 18% of patients in the ALIS plus GBT arm and GBT-only arm of the study, respectively, experienced at least one serious treatment emergent adverse event (STEAE). The table below provides additional information regarding certain STEAEs experienced by patients in the CONVERT study.
 
 
2:1 Randomization
Patients Reporting STEAEs >3% in Either Arm
 
ALIS + GBT (n=223)
GBT (n=112)
Patients Reporting At Least One STEAE
 
20.2% (45)
17.9% (20)
System Organ Class
 
Preferred Term
 
 
Respiratory, Thoracic, Mediastinal Disorders
 
11.7% (26)
9.8% (11)
 
Hemoptysis
2.7% (6)
4.5% (5)
 
COPD (exacerbation)
3.1% (7)
0.9% (1)
Infections and Infestations
 
9.0% (20)
5.4% (6)
 
Pneumonia
3.6% (8)
1.8% (2)
Cardiac Disorders
 
0.4% (1)
4.5% (5)
Patient Deaths
 
2.7% (6)
4.5% (5)

There were no distinctions between treatment arms for adverse events of hearing loss or renal impairment, side effects commonly associated with the intravenous use of amikacin. As of September 2017, the overall dropout rate in the CONVERT study was 16.1%, with an 8.9% dropout rate in the GBT-only arm and a 19.6% dropout rate in the ALIS plus GBT arm. As of December 2017, the overall dropout rate in the CONVERT study was 18% (n=60/336).

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CONVERT Long-Term Durability Data

In January 2018 we announced interim data on the durability of culture conversion, as defined by patients that have completed treatment and continued in the CONVERT study off all therapy for three months, which we expect will be the endpoint necessary to support full regulatory approval in the US. The following data are interim results observed through December 2017, and have not been further analyzed. As of December 2017, of the 75 patients achieving culture conversion in the CONVERT study, 53 of these patients were evaluable for durability of culture conversion three months after the completion of treatment. Interim data for durability of culture conversion as of December 2017 on these 53 patients are detailed below:
 
Evaluable Number of Patients
as of December 2017 (At Least Three Months Post Treatment)*
Percent with Durable Culture
Conversion Three Months
After Completion
of All Treatment
Converters in the ALIS + GBT arm (n=65)
46
60.9% (28/46)
Converters in the GBT‑only arm (n=10)
7
0.0% (0/7)

* Evaluable number of patients includes all patients who reached three months post-treatment and all patients who discontinued prior to three months post-treatment.

312 Study
 
All non-converters in the CONVERT study, as determined at the month eight visit, may be eligible to enter the 312 study which is a separate 12-month, single-arm, open-label study. The purpose of the 312 study is to further evaluate the safety and tolerability of long-term treatment with ALIS added to GBT. The secondary endpoints of the 312 study include evaluating the proportion of patients achieving culture conversion (three consecutive monthly negative sputum cultures) by month six and the proportion of patients achieving culture conversion by month 12 (end of treatment).

312 Study Interim Efficacy Data
In January 2018, we also announced interim data for the 312 study, which enrolled 163 adult patients with NTM lung disease caused by MAC who completed six months of treatment in the CONVERT study, but did not demonstrate culture conversion by Month 6. The following data are interim results observed through December 2017, and have not been further analyzed. Patients in the ALIS plus GBT arm of the CONVERT study and patients in the GBT-only arm of the CONVERT study who did not achieve culture conversion by Month 6 had the option to enroll in the 312 study at Month 8. Under the study protocol, non-converting patients from both arms of the CONVERT study will receive 12 months of ALIS plus GBT in the 312 study. We will also use the data from this trial to further assess the impact of the addition of ALIS to background GBT on sputum culture conversion, by Month 6.
As of December 2017, of the 163 patients enrolled in the 312 study, 124 patients were evaluable for culture conversion. Descriptive interim culture conversion data as of December 2017 for these 124 patients are detailed below. The interim culture conversion data has not been statistically analyzed.
 
Number of Patients Completing Six Months of Treatment in the 312 study as of December 2017 **
Percent Achieving Sputum
Culture Conversion by
Month 6 in the 312 study
Patients who received GBT only in the 212 study and crossed over to receive six months of treatment with ALIS + GBT (n=90)
67
28.4% (19/67)
Patients who received ALIS + GBT in the 212 study and crossed over to continue treatment in the 312 study, to receive a combined total of 14 months of ALIS + GBT treatment in both studies (n=73)
57
12.3% (7/57)

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** Includes all patients completing six months of treatment, all patients who discontinued prior to six months and all ongoing patients prior to six months who completed two months of treatment.
312 Study Interim Safety and Tolerability Data
We have not yet performed a final analysis of any safety data for the 312 study. However, based on an interim review of data available from the 312 study, we believe that STEAEs were similar to the STEAEs we reported in September 2017 as part of our top-line data results for the 212 study. As of December 2017, the overall dropout rate in the 312 study was 24% (n=39/163).
Further Research and Lifecycle Management for ALIS
 
We are currently exploring and supporting research and lifecycle management programs for ALIS beyond refractory NTM lung infections caused by MAC. Specifically, we are evaluating future study designs focusing on the MAC disease treatment pathway, including front-line treatment and monotherapy maintenance to prevent recurrence (defined as true relapse or reinfection) of NTM lung disease. In addition, we are evaluating non-MAC NTM species, such as M. abscessus. If the data from the CONVERT study are sufficient to support our marketing authorization applications (MAAs) and regulatory bodies approve ALIS, such lifecycle management studies could enable us to reach more potential patients. These initiatives may include new clinical studies sponsored by us or investigator-initiated studies, which are clinical studies initiated and sponsored by physicians or research institutions with funding from us.
 
Market Opportunity for ALIS in NTM Lung Disease in 2018

NTM lung disease is associated with increased rates of morbidity and mortality, and MAC is the predominant pathogenic species in NTM lung disease in the US, Japan and Europe. The prevalence of NTM lung disease has increased over the past two decades, and we believe it is an emerging public health concern worldwide. Based on currently available information from external sources, including market research funded by us and third parties, and internal analyses and calculations, we estimate potential patient populations in the US, Japan and EU5 (comprised of France, Germany, Italy, Spain and the United Kingdom) for 2018 as follows:

Potential Market
 
Estimated Number of Patients with Diagnosed NTM Lung Disease
Estimated Number of Patients Treated for NTM Lung Disease Caused by MAC
Estimated Number of Patients Refractory to Treatment
United States
 
75,000-105,000
40,000-50,000
10,000-15,000
Japan
 
125,000-145,000
60,000-70,000
15,000-18,000
EU5
 
14,000
4,400
1,400

We are not aware of any approved inhaled therapies specifically indicated for NTM lung disease in North America, Japan or Europe. Current guideline-based approaches for NTM lung disease, including those from the American Thoracic Society and Infectious Diseases Society of America, involve multi-drug regimens not approved for the treatment of NTM lung disease and treatment that could last two years or more. Based on a burden of illness study that we conducted in the US with a major medical benefits provider, we previously concluded that patients with NTM lung disease are costly to healthcare plans, while a recent claims-based study in the US has shown that patients with NTM lung disease have higher resource utilization and costs than their age and gender-matched controls. Accordingly, we believe that a significant market opportunity for ALIS in NTM lung disease exists in the US and internationally. 
We are currently exploring the NTM market opportunity for ALIS in Japan. The CONVERT study included a comprehensive pharmacokinetic sub-study in Japanese subjects in lieu of a separate local pharmacokinetic study in Japan, as agreed with the PDMA. If the data from the CONVERT study are sufficient to support our MAAs, and the FDA approves ALIS, we expect our first regulatory filing outside the US to be in Japan. We have established a Japanese legal entity and began hiring local employees in 2018 to closely manage our regulatory and pre-commercial activities.
 
INS1007
 
INS1007 is a small molecule, oral, reversible inhibitor of DPP1, which we licensed from AstraZeneca in October 2016. DPP1 is an enzyme responsible for activating neutrophil serine proteases in neutrophils when they are formed in the bone

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marrow. Neutrophils are the most common type of white blood cell and play an essential role in pathogen destruction and inflammatory mediation. Neutrophils contain the neutrophil serine proteases, neutrophil elastase, proteinase 3, and cathepsin G, that have been implicated in a variety of inflammatory diseases. In chronic inflammatory lung diseases, neutrophils accumulate in the airways and release active neutrophil serine proteases in excess that cause lung destruction and inflammation. INS1007 may decrease the damaging effects of inflammatory diseases, such as non-CF bronchiectasis, by inhibiting DPP1 and its activation of neutrophil serine proteases. Non-CF bronchiectasis is a progressive pulmonary disorder in which the bronchi become permanently dilated due to chronic inflammation and infection. Currently, there is no cure, and we are not aware of any FDA-approved therapies specifically indicated for non-CF bronchiectasis.
 
The WILLOW Study
 
The WILLOW study is a global phase 2, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled, parallel group, multi-center clinical study to assess the efficacy, safety and tolerability, and pharmacokinetics of INS1007 administered once daily for 24 weeks in subjects with non-CF bronchiectasis. We commenced enrollment in the WILLOW study in December 2017. In addition, we are exploring the potential of INS1007 in various neutrophil-driven inflammatory conditions.
 
Phase 1 Study Results
 
In a phase 1 study of healthy volunteers conducted by AstraZeneca, INS1007 (previously AZD7986) was well tolerated and demonstrated inhibition of the activity of the neutrophil serine protease neutrophil elastase in a dose and concentration dependent manner. In preclinical studies, it was shown to reversibly inhibit DPP1 and the activation of neutrophil serine proteases within maturing neutrophils.
 
INS1009
 
INS1009 is an investigational sustained-release inhaled treprostinil prodrug nanoparticle formulation that has the potential to address certain of the current limitations of existing prostanoid therapies. We believe that INS1009 prolongs duration of effect and may provide PAH patients with greater consistency in pulmonary arterial pressure reduction over time. Current inhaled prostanoid therapies must be dosed four to nine times per day for the treatment of PAH. Reducing dose frequency has the potential to ease patient burden and improve compliance. Additionally, we believe that INS1009 may be associated with fewer side effects, including elevated heart rate, low blood pressure, and severity and/or frequency of cough, associated with high initial drug levels and local upper airway exposure when using current inhaled prostanoid therapies. We believe INS1009 may offer a differentiated product profile for rare pulmonary disorders, including PAH, and we are currently evaluating our options to advance its development, including exploring its use as an inhaled dry powder formulation.
 
Phase 1 Study Results
 
In late 2014, we had a pre-IND meeting with the FDA for INS1009 and clarified that, subject to final review of the preclinical data, INS1009 could be eligible for an approval pathway under Section 505(b)(2) of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FDCA) (505(b)(2) approval). Like a traditional NDA that is submitted under Section 505(b)(1) of the FDCA, a 505(b)(2) NDA must establish that the drug is safe and effective, but unlike a traditional NDA, the applicant may rely at least in part on studies not conducted by or for the applicant and for which the applicant does not have a right of reference. The ability to rely on existing third-party data to support safety and/or effectiveness can reduce the time and cost associated with traditional NDAs.
 
We have completed a phase 1 study of INS1009. The phase 1 study was a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled single ascending dose study of INS1009 for inhalation to determine its safety, tolerability, and pharmacokinetics in healthy volunteers. Twenty-four (24) patients were enrolled and received INS1009 with cohorts of eight patients receiving doses of 85 micrograms (mcg), 170 mcg, 340 mcg or placebo. Participants in the first cohort (8 patients) received a single dose of open label treprostinil (Tyvaso®) at 54 mcg 24 hours prior to receiving INS1009 at 85 mcg. The 85 mcg dose of INS1009 provides an equivalent amount of treprostinil on a molar basis as the 54 mcg dose of Tyvaso. The peak treprostinil serum concentration was approximately 90% lower after INS1009 administration compared with Tyvaso, which could indicate a reduced future adverse event (AE) profile. The pharmacokinetic characteristics also supported once- or twice-daily dosing. The longer half-life of treprostinil for INS1009 was likely due to a sustained pulmonary release. The AE profile was consistent with other inhaled prostanoids. These data were presented at the European Respiratory Society international congress in September 2016.


KEY COMPONENTS OF OUR STATEMENT OF OPERATIONS

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Research and Development (R&D) Expenses
R&D expenses consist of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for personnel serving in our research and development functions, including medical affairs. Expenses also include other internal operating expenses, the cost of manufacturing our drug candidate(s) for clinical study, the cost of conducting clinical studies, and the cost of conducting preclinical and research activities. In addition, our R&D expenses include payments to third parties for the license rights to products in development (prior to marketing approval), such as for INS1007. Our expenses related to manufacturing our drug candidate(s) for clinical studies and commercial inventory prior to regulatory approvals are primarily related to activities at contract manufacturing organizations (CMOs) that manufacture our product candidates for our use, including purchases of active pharmaceutical ingredients. R&D expenses also include spending to build-out the CMO facilities to prepare for our future global production requirements. Our expenses related to clinical trials are primarily related to activities at contract research organizations that conduct and manage clinical trials on our behalf.
Since 2011, we have focused our development activities principally on our proprietary, advanced liposomal technology designed specifically for inhaled therapies. Our development efforts since 2015 have principally related to the development of ALIS in the NTM lung disease indication described above.
General and Administrative Expenses
General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, benefits and other related costs, including stock-based compensation, for our non-employee directors and personnel serving in our executive, finance and accounting, legal, pre-commercial, corporate development, information technology, program management and human resource functions. General and administrative expenses also include professional fees for legal services, including fees incurred in connection with the securities litigation discussed in Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements - “Commitments and Contingencies - Legal Proceedings” and patent-related expenses, consulting services including for pre-commercial planning activities such as non-branded disease awareness, insurance, board of director fees, tax and accounting services.
Investment Income and Interest Expense
Investment income consists of interest income earned on our cash and cash equivalents. Interest expense consists primarily of contractual interest expense, amortization of debt issuance costs and accretion of debt discount. Debt issuance costs are amortized and the debt discount is accreted to interest expense using the effective interest rate method over the term of the debt. Unamortized debt issuance costs associated with extinguished debt are expensed in the period of the extinguishment.

 
RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
 
Comparison of the Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 and 2017
 
Net Loss
 
Net loss for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 was $68.5 million, or $0.89 per share—basic and diluted, compared with a net loss of $37.4 million, or $0.60 per share—basic and diluted, for the quarter ended March 31, 2017. The $31.1 million increase in our net loss for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017 was primarily due to:
 
•
Increased R&D expenses of $7.8 million, primarily resulting from an increase in external manufacturing expenses and higher compensation and related expenses due to an increase in headcount; and
•
Increased general and administrative expenses of $18.9 million, resulting from an increase in consulting fees relating to pre-commercial planning activities and higher compensation and related expenses due to an increase in headcount.
 
In addition, there was a $4.2 million increase in interest expense resulting from the issuance of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of 1.75% convertible senior notes due 2025 (the Convertible Notes) in connection with the public offering that occurred in January 2018.
 
R&D Expenses
 

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R&D expenses for the quarters ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were comprised of the following components (in thousands):
 
 
Quarters Ended March 31,
 
Increase (decrease)
 
2018
 
2017
 
$
 
%
External Expenses
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Clinical development & research
$
7,818

 
$
8,488

 
$
(670
)
 
(7.9
)%
Manufacturing
7,934

 
2,744

 
5,190

 
189.1
 %
Regulatory and quality assurance
1,630

 
1,356

 
274

 
20.2
 %
Subtotal—external expenses
$
17,382

 
$
12,588

 
$
4,794

 
38.1
 %
Internal Expenses
 

 
 

 
 

 
 

Compensation and related expenses
$
9,883

 
$
7,650

 
$
2,233

 
29.2
 %
Other internal operating expenses
2,833

 
2,016

 
817

 
40.5
 %
Subtotal—internal expenses
$
12,716

 
$
9,666

 
$
3,050

 
31.6
 %
Total
$
30,098

 
$
22,254

 
$
7,844

 
35.2
 %
 
R&D expenses increased to $30.1 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2018 from $22.3 million in the same period in 2017. The $7.8 million increase was primarily due to an increase of $5.2 million in external manufacturing expenses, specifically related to purchases of ALIS raw materials, CMO expenses related to ALIS commercial inventory production, and construction costs relating to the build-out of a third party CMO production facility. In addition, there was a $2.2 million increase in compensation and related expenses due to an increase in headcount in the quarter ended March 31, 2018 as compared to the prior year period.
 
General and Administrative Expenses
 
General and administrative expenses for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 were comprised of the following (in thousands):
 
 
Quarters Ended March 31,
 
Increase (decrease)
 
2018
 
2017
 
$
 
%
General & administrative
$
13,519

 
$
8,654

 
$
4,865

 
56.2
%
Pre-commercial expenses
19,134

 
5,061

 
14,073

 
278.1
%
Total general & administrative expenses
$
32,653

 
$
13,715

 
$
18,938

 
138.1
%
 
General and administrative expenses increased to $32.7 million during the quarter ended March 31, 2018 from $13.7 million in the same period in 2017. The $18.9 million increase was primarily due to $8.9 million in higher compensation and related expenses due to an increase in headcount, including the hiring of our field force, and $7.6 million in consulting fees relating to pre-commercial planning activities for the preparation for the post-approval launch of ALIS, including non-branded disease awareness, patient support planning, field operations and other professional fees. In addition, there was an increase of $1.6 million related to software licenses and fees and training costs for the field force hired in the first quarter of 2018.
 
Interest Expense
 
Interest expense was $5.6 million for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 as compared to $1.5 million in the same period in 2017. The $4.2 million increase in interest expense in the quarter ended March 31, 2018 as compared to the prior year quarter relates to the issuance of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes in January 2018. The interest expense on the Convertible Notes for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 is based on an effective interest rate of 7.6%.
 
 
LIQUIDITY AND CAPITAL RESOURCES
 
Overview
 

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There is considerable time and cost associated with developing a potential pharmaceutical product to the point of regulatory approval and commercialization. In recent years, we have funded our operations through public offerings of equity securities and debt financings. We expect to continue to incur losses both in our US and certain international entities, as we plan to fund research and development activities and commercial launch activities.
    
In January 2018, we completed an underwritten public offering of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes, including the exercise in full of the underwriter's option to purchase additional Convertible Notes. Our net proceeds from the offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $14.1 million, were $435.9 million.
    
In September 2017, we completed an underwritten public offering of 14,123,150 shares of our common stock, which included the underwriter’s exercise in full of its over-allotment option of 1,842,150 shares, at a price to the public of $28.50 per share.  Our net proceeds from the sale of the shares, after deducting underwriting discounts and offering expenses of $24.8 million, were $377.7 million.

We may need to raise additional capital to fund our operations, to develop and commercialize ALIS if approved, to develop INS1007 and INS1009, and to develop, acquire, in-license or co-promote other products that address orphan or rare diseases. We believe we currently have sufficient funds to meet our financial needs for at least the next 12 months. We may opportunistically raise additional capital and may do so through equity or debt financing(s), strategic transactions or otherwise. We expect such additional funding, if any, would be used to continue to develop our potential product candidates, to pursue the license or purchase of other technologies, to commercialize our product candidates or to purchase other products. During 2018, we plan to continue to fund further clinical development of ALIS and INS1007, support efforts to obtain regulatory approvals, and prepare for commercialization of ALIS. Our cash requirements in 2018 will be impacted by a number of factors, the most significant of which are expenses related to the CONVERT and 312 studies and pre-commercialization efforts for ALIS, and to a lesser extent, expenses related to INS1007 and future ALIS clinical trials. We expect our operating expenses to continue to significantly increase in 2018 as compared to 2017.

Cash Flows
 
As of March 31, 2018, we had cash and cash equivalents of $686.6 million, as compared with $381.2 million as of December 31, 2017. The $305.4 million increase was due primarily to the net cash proceeds from our issuance of Convertible Notes in January 2018, partially offset by cash used in operating activities and, to a lesser extent, cash used in investing activities. Our working capital was $661.6 million as of March 31, 2018 as compared with $344.8 million as of December 31, 2017.
 
Net cash used in operating activities was $68.0 million and $36.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The net cash used in operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 was primarily for the pre-commercial, clinical and manufacturing activities related to ALIS, as well as general and administrative expenses. In addition, net cash used in operating activities during the three months ended March 31, 2018 included clinical trial expenses related to INS1007.
 
Net cash used in investing activities was $5.4 million and $0.4 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The net cash used in investing activities in 2018 was primarily related to the purchase of fixed assets for our long-term production capacity build-out at our CMO. The net cash used in investing activities in 2017 related to payments for the build-out of our lab facility in Bridgewater, New Jersey.
 
Net cash provided by financing activities was $378.8 million and $0.6 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018 included net cash proceeds of $435.9 million from our issuance of Convertible Notes in January 2018, partially offset by the February 2018 pay-off of our outstanding debt to Hercules Capital (Hercules) in the amount of $55.0 million. Net cash provided by financing activities for the three months ended March 31, 2017 was cash proceeds from stock option exercises.

Contractual Obligations
 
There were no material changes outside of the ordinary course of business in our contractual obligations during the three months ended March 31, 2018 from those disclosed in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources—Contractual Obligations” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, except for the following:


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In January 2018, we completed an underwritten public offering of $450.0 million aggregate principal amount of Convertible Notes pursuant to an indenture between the Company and Wells Fargo, as trustee. Our net proceeds from the offering, after deducting underwriting discounts and commissions and other offering expenses of $14.1 million, were approximately $435.9 million. The Convertible Notes bear interest payable semiannually in arrears on January 15 and July 15 of each year, beginning on July 15, 2018. The Convertible Notes mature on January 15, 2025, unless earlier converted, redeemed, or repurchased. The Convertible Notes are convertible into common stock of the Company under certain circumstances described in the indenture. See Note 5 to our Consolidated Financial Statements - “Debt” for more information.

In February 2018, we used part of the net proceeds from the issuance of the Convertible Notes to pay off the outstanding debt owed to Hercules. The payments consisted of $55.0 million for the principal amount and an additional $3.2 million in back-end fees, outstanding interest, and prepayment penalties. As a result, we incurred a $2.2 million loss on the extinguishment of debt in the quarter ended March 31, 2018.

As of March 31, 2018, future payments under our long-term debt agreements, capital leases, minimum future payments under non-cancellable operating leases and minimum future payment obligations are as follows:
 
Total
Less than 1 year
1 ‑ 3 Years
4 ‑ 5 Years
After 5 Years
 
(in thousands)
Debt obligations
 
 
 
 
 
     Debt maturities
$
450,000

$
—

$
—

$
—

$
450,000

     Contractual interest
54,906

7,328

15,750

15,750

16,078

Operating leases
3,541

1,518

1,648

375

—

Purchase obligations
4,725

2,700

2,025

—

—

Total contractual obligations
$
513,172

$
11,546

$
19,423

$
16,125

$
466,078

This table does not include: (a) any milestone payments which may become payable to third parties under our license and collaboration agreements as the timing and likelihood of such payments are not known; (b) any royalty payments to third parties as the amounts of such payments, timing and/or the likelihood of such payments are not known; or (c) contracts that are entered into in the ordinary course of business which are not material in the aggregate in any period presented above.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We do not have any off-balance sheet arrangements, other than operating leases, that have or are reasonably likely to have a current or future material effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources. We do not have any interest in special purpose entities, structured finance entities or other variable interest entities.

CRITICAL ACCOUNTING POLICIES
 
There have been no material changes to our critical accounting policies as disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. For the required interim disclosure updates related to our accounting policies, see Note 2 to our Consolidated Financial Statements — “Summary of Significant Accounting Policies” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

ITEM 3.                                                QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
 
As of March 31, 2018, our cash and cash equivalents were in cash accounts or were invested in US treasury bills and money market funds. Money market accounts are not insured by the federal government.
 
As of March 31, 2018, we had $450.0 million of Convertible Notes outstanding which bear interest at a coupon rate of 1.75%. If a 10% change in interest rates had occurred on March 31, 2018, it would not have had a material effect on the fair value of our debt as of that date, nor would it have had a material effect on our future earnings or cash flows.
 
The majority of our business is conducted in US dollars. However, we do conduct certain transactions in other currencies, including Euros, British Pounds, and Japanese Yen. Historically, fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates

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have not materially affected our results of operations and during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, our results of operations were not materially affected by fluctuations in foreign currency exchange rates.
 
ITEM 4.                                                CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
 
Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
 
Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our principal executive officer and principal financial officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures as of March 31, 2018.  The term “disclosure controls and procedures,” as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the Exchange Act), means controls and other procedures that are designed to provide reasonable assurance that information required to be disclosed by us in the periodic reports that we file or submit with the SEC is recorded, processed, summarized and reported, within the time periods specified in the SEC’s rules and forms, and to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.  Based on that evaluation as of March 31, 2018, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures are effective at the reasonable assurance level.
 
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
 
There were no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the three months ended March 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.
 
PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
 
ITEM 1.                                                LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
 
See Note 9 to our Consolidated Financial Statements — “Commitments and Contingencies — Legal Proceedings” in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for a description of our material legal proceedings. From time to time, we are also party to various lawsuits, claims and other legal proceedings that arise in the ordinary course of our business. While the outcomes of these matters are uncertain, management does not expect that the ultimate costs to resolve these matters will have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

ITEM 1A.                                       RISK FACTORS
 
There have been no material changes during the quarter ended March 31, 2018 to our risk factors as previously disclosed in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

ITEM 2.                                                UNREGISTERED SALES OF EQUITY SECURITIES AND USE OF PROCEEDS
 
There were no unregistered sales of the Company’s equity securities during the quarter ended March 31, 2018.
 

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ITEM 6.                                                EXHIBITS
 
Exhibit Index
 
Articles of Incorporation of Insmed Incorporated, as amended through June 14, 2012 (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to Insmed Incorporated’s Annual Report on Form 10-K filed on March 18, 2013).
 
 
 
 
Amended and Restated Bylaws of Insmed Incorporated (incorporated by reference from Exhibit 3.1 to Insmed Incorporated’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q filed on August 6, 2015).
 
 
 
 
Certification of William H. Lewis, Chief Executive Officer of Insmed Incorporated, pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 
 
Certification of Paolo Tombesi, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) of Insmed Incorporated, pursuant to Rules 13a-14(a) and 15d-14(a) promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as adopted pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 
 
Certification of William H. Lewis, Chief Executive Officer of Insmed Incorporated, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 
 
Certification of Paolo Tombesi, Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial and Accounting Officer) of Insmed Incorporated, pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.
 
 
 
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The following materials from Insmed Incorporated’s quarterly report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended March 31, 2018 formatted in XBRL (eXtensible Business Reporting Language): (i) Consolidated Balance Sheets as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Loss for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, (iii) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, and (iv) Notes to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.


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SIGNATURE
 
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
 
 
 
INSMED INCORPORATED
 
 
 
 
 
 
Date: May 2, 2018
By
/s/ Paolo Tombesi
 
 
Paolo Tombesi
 
 
Chief Financial Officer
 
 
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)


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