UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

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FORM 10-K

________________

(Mark One)



For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

OR

 



For the transition period from              to              

Commission File Number 51018

The Bancorp, Inc.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



 

 



Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (302) 385-5000





Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:





Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act:





Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒ 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(a) of the Act.    Yes  ☐    No  ☒ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.    Yes  ☒    No  ☐ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes  ☒    No  ☐ 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒ 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.    

Large accelerated filer ☐Accelerated filer ☒

Non-accelerated filer ☐Smaller Reporting Company ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).    Yes  ☐    No  ☒ 

The aggregate market value of the common shares of the registrant held by non-affiliates of the registrant, based upon the closing price of such shares on June 30, 2016 of $6.02, was approximately $214.8 million. 

As of March 8, 2017,  55,646,412 shares of common stock, par value $1.00 per share, of the registrant were outstanding.



DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

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Portions of the proxy statement for registrant’s 2017 Annual Meeting of Shareholders are incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K.

 

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FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS



The Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, encourages companies to disclose forward-looking information so that investors can better understand a company’s future prospects and make informed investment decisions. This report contains such “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, or Securities Act, and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or Exchange Act.



Words such as “anticipates,” “estimates,” “expects,” “projects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “should” and words and terms of similar substance used in connection with any discussion of future operating and financial performance identify forward-looking statements. Unless we have indicated otherwise, or the context otherwise requires, references in this report to “we,” “us,” and “our” or similar terms, are to The Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiaries.



We claim the protection of safe harbor for forward-looking statements provided in the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These statements may be made directly in this report and they may also be incorporated by reference in this report to other documents filed with the SEC, and include, but are not limited to, statements about future financial and operating results and performance, statements about our plans, objectives, expectations and intentions with respect to future operations, products and services, and other statements that are not historical facts. These forward-looking statements are based upon the current beliefs and expectations of our management and are inherently subject to significant business, economic and competitive uncertainties and contingencies, many of which are difficult to predict and generally beyond our control.  In addition, these forward-looking statements are subject to assumptions with respect to future business strategies and decisions that are subject to change.  Actual results may differ materially from the anticipated results discussed in these forward-looking statements.



The following factors, among others, could cause actual results to differ materially from the anticipated results or other expectations expressed in the forward-looking statements: 



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We caution you not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this report.  All subsequent written and oral forward-looking statements attributable to us or any person acting on our behalf are expressly qualified in their entirety by the cautionary statements contained or referred to in this section.  Except to the extent required by applicable law or regulation, we undertake no obligation to update these forward-looking statements to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this filing or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.



























































































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PART I

Item 1. Business.  

Overview

We are a Delaware financial holding company and our primary subsidiary is The Bancorp Bank, which we wholly own and which we refer to as the Bank. The vast majority of our revenue and income is currently generated through the Bank.  In our continuing operations, we have four primary lines of specialty lending: securities backed lines of credit, or SBLOC, automobile fleet and other equipment leasing, Small Business Administration, or SBA, loans and loans generated for sale into capital markets primarily through both commercial mortgage backed securities, or CMBS and collateralized loan obligations, or CLOs.  SBLOCs are loans which are generated through institutional banking affinity groups and are collateralized by marketable securities. SBLOCs are typically offered in conjunction with brokerage accounts and are offered nationally.  Automobile fleet and other equipment leases are generated in a number of Atlantic Coast and other states.  SBA loans and loans generated for sale into CMBS and securitization capital markets are made nationally.  At December 31, 2016, SBLOC, leasing, SBA and loans for sale in secondary markets totaled $630.4 million,  $346.6 million, $369.8 million (including SBA loans held for sale) and  $509.1 million (excluding SBA loans held for sale), respectively, and comprised approximately 33%, 18%, 20% and 27% of our loan portfolio and commercial loans held for sale.  Our investment portfolio amounted to $1.34 billion at December 31, 2016, representing a decrease from the prior year as a portion of repayments and sales proceeds funded loan growth.    

For our institutional banking, including SBLOC and our other deposit generating activities, we focus on providing our services to organizations with a pre-existing customer base who can use one or more selected banking services tailored to support or complement the services provided by these organizations to their customers.  These services include private label banking for investment advisory companies through our institutional banking department; credit and debit card processing for merchants affiliated with independent service organizations; and prepaid cards for general purpose card sponsors, insurers, incentive plans, large retail chains, consumer service organizations and others. We typically provide these services under the name and through the facilities of each organization with whom we develop a relationship.  We refer to this, generally, as affinity group banking.  Our prepaid card, private label banking for investment advisory companies and card payment processing are our primary sources of deposits.  The vast majority of our services are provided in the United States.  We are in process of selling or winding down our minimal European operations.

Our main office is located at 409 Silverside Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19809 and our telephone number is (302) 385-5000. Our web address is www.thebancorp.com. We make available free of charge on our website our Annual Report on Form 10-K, Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, Current Reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports and our proxy statements as soon as reasonably practicable after we file them with the SEC.  Investors are encouraged to access these reports and other information about our business on our website, www.thebancorp.com.  Information found on our website is not part of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.  We also will provide copies of our Annual Report on Form 10-K, free of charge, upon written request to our Investor Relations Department at our address for our principal executive offices, 409 Silverside Road, Wilmington, Delaware 19809.  Also posted on our website, and available in print upon request by any shareholder to our Investor Relations Department, are the charters of the standing committees of our Board of Directors and standards of conduct governing our directors, officers and employees.

Our Strategies 

Our principal strategies are to:



Fund our Loan and Investment Portfolio Growth through Low-cost Deposits and Generate Non-interest Income from Prepaid Cards and Other Areas. Our principal focus is to grow our specialty lending operations and investment portfolio, and fund these loans and investments through a variety of sources that provide low cost and stable deposits.  Funding sources include prepaid cards, institutional banking money market accounts and card payment processing.  We derive the largest component of our deposits and non-interest income from our prepaid card operations.       

  

Develop Relationships with Affinity Groups to Gain Sponsored Access to their Membership, Client or Customer Bases to Market our Services.  We seek to develop relationships with organizations with established membership, client or customer bases.

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Through these affinity group relationships, we gain access to an organization’s members, clients and customers under the organization’s sponsorship. We believe that by marketing targeted products and services to these constituencies through their pre-existing relationships with the organizations, we will continue to generate lower cost deposits, generate fee income and, with respect to private label banking, lower our customer acquisition costs and build close customer relationships.



Use Our Existing Infrastructure as a Platform for Growth.  We have made significant investments in our banking infrastructure to support our growth. We believe that this infrastructure can accommodate significant additional growth without proportionate increases in expense. We believe that this infrastructure enables us to maximize efficiencies through economies of scale as we grow without adversely affecting our relationships with our customers.



Deposit Products and Services.  



We offer a range of products and services to our affinity groups and their client bases, including:

 



Lending Activities



In the third quarter of 2014, we discontinued our commercial lending operations following our determination that those operations were inconsistent with our strategic focus on generating low cost deposits and deploying that funding into lower risk, more granular and national lines of business.  On the date of discontinuance, September 30, 2014 there was approximately $1.1 billion in book value of loans in the discontinued portfolio. Loans with an approximate face and book value of $267.6 million and $192.7 million, respectively, were securitized in the fourth quarter of 2014 to a private securitization entity. The securitization is managed by an independent investor, which contributed $16 million of equity to that entity.  The balance of the sale was financed by the Bank and is reflected on our consolidated balance sheet as investment in unconsolidated entity.  After $74.9 million of loan charges reflected in the difference between the face value and book value of the loans securitized, we recognized a gain of $17.0 million.  In the second quarter of 2015, $149.6 million of loans were sold at a gain of approximately $2.2 million.  In the third quarter of 2016, $64.6 million of loans were sold. At December 31, 2016, our discontinued loan portfolio amounted to $340.4 million, which was net of $50.9 million of fair value marks, and included both commercial loans and residential first mortgages.  In 2016, a $43.0 million loss for discontinued operations resulted primarily from loans against a Florida mall which were written down by $23.9 million as a result of an “as is” appraisal when the loans became non-performing. We currently focus our lending activities upon four specialty lending segments:  SBLOC loans, automobile fleet and other equipment leasing, SBA loans and loans originated for sale into CMBS securitization capital markets. 



SBLOC.  We make loans to individuals, trusts and entities which are secured by a pledge of marketable securities maintained in one or more accounts with respect to which we obtain a securities account control agreement.  The securities pledged may be either debt or equity securities or a combination thereof, but all such securities must be listed for trading on a national securities exchange or automated inter-dealer quotation system. SBLOCs are typically payable on demand.  Most of our SBLOCs are drawn to meet a specific need of the borrower (such as for bridge financing of real estate) and are typically drawn for 12 to 18 months at a time.  Maximum SBLOC line amounts are calculated by applying a standard ‘advance rate’ calculation against the eligible security type depending on asset class:  typically up to 50% for equity securities and mutual fund securities and 80% for investment grade (Standard & Poor’s rating of BBB- or higher or Moody’s rating of Baa3 or higher) municipal or corporate debt securities. Borrowers generally must have a credit score of 660 or higher, although we may allow exceptions based upon a review of the borrower’s income, assets and other credit information. All SBLOCs are with full recourse to the borrower. The underlying securities that act as collateral for our SBLOC commitments are monitored on a daily basis to confirm the composition of the client portfolio and its daily market value.  Although these accounts are closely monitored, severely falling markets or sudden drops in price with respect to individual pledged securities could result in the loan being under-collateralized and consequently in default and, upon sale of the collateral, could result in losses to the Bank. 



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Leases.  We provide lease financing for commercial and government automobile fleets and, to a lesser extent, provide lease financing for other equipment. Our leases are either open end or closed end. An open end lease is one in which, at the end of the lease term, the lessee must pay us the difference between the amount at which we sell the leased asset and the stated “residual value.” “Residual value” is a contractual value agreed to by the parties at the inception of a lease as to the value of the leased asset at the end of the lease term. A closed end lease is one in which no such payment is due on lease termination.  In a closed end lease, the risk that the amount received on a sale of the leased asset will be less than the residual value is assumed by us, as lessor. While we do not have specific underwriting criteria for our lease financing, we analyze information we obtain about the lessee, including financial statements and credit reports, to determine the lessee’s ability to perform its obligations.



SBA Loans.  We participate in two loan programs established by the SBA: the 7(a) Loan Guarantee Program and the 504 Fixed Asset Financing Program.  The 7(a) Loan Guarantee Program is designed to help small business borrowers start or expand their businesses by providing partial guarantees of loans made by banks and non-bank lending institutions for specific business purposes, including long or short term working capital; funds for the purchase of equipment, machinery, supplies and materials; funds for the purchase, construction or renovation of real estate; and funds to acquire, operate or expand an existing business or  refinance existing debt, all under conditions established by the SBA.  The terms of the loans must come within parameters set by the SBA, including borrower eligibility, loan maturity, and maximum loan amount. 7(a) loans must be secured by all available business assets and personal real estate until the recovery value equals the loan amount or until all personal real estate of the borrower have been pledged.  Personal guarantees are required from all owners of 20% or more of the equity of the business, although lenders may also require personal guarantees of owners of less than 20%.  Loan guarantees can range to 85% of loan principal for loans of up to $150,000 and 75% for loans in excess of that amount.



The SBA loan guaranty is typically paid to the lender after the liquidation of all collateral but may be paid prior to liquidation of certain assets, mitigating the losses due to collateral deficiencies up to the percentage of the guarantee. To maintain the guarantee, we must comply with applicable SBA regulations, and we risk loss of the guarantee should we fail to comply.  7(a) loan amounts are not limited to a percentage of estimated collateral value and are instead based on the business’s ability to repay the loan from its cash flow. If the business generates inadequate cash flow to repay principal and interest and borrowers are otherwise unable to repay the loan, losses may result if related collateral is sold for less than the unguaranteed balance of the loan. Because these loans are generally at variable rates, higher rate environments will increase required payments from borrowers, with increased payment default risk.  As a result of a wide variety of collateral with very specific uses, markets for resale of the collateral may be limited, which could adversely affect amounts realized upon sale.  The 7(a) program is funded through annual appropriations approved by Congress matching funding requirements for loans approved within the budget year.  Should those appropriations be reduced or cease, our ability to make 7(a) loans will be curtailed or terminated.



The 504 Fixed Asset Financing Program is designed to provide small businesses with financing for the purchase of fixed assets, including real estate and buildings; the purchase of improvements to real estate; the construction of new facilities or modernizing, renovating or converting existing facilities; the purchase of long-term machinery and equipment;  and debt refinancing .  A 504 loan may not be used for working capital, trading asset purchases or investment in rental real estate.  In a 504 financing, the borrower must supply 10% of the financing amount, we provide 50% of the financing amount and a Certified Development Company, or CDC, provides 40% of the financing amount.  If the borrower has less than two years of operating history or if the assets being financed are considered “special purpose,” the funding percentages are 15%, 50% and 35%, respectively. If both conditions are met, the funding percentages are 20%, 50% and 30%, respectively. We receive a first lien on the assets being financed and the CDC receives a second lien.  Personal guarantees of the principal owners of the business are required.  The funds for the CDC loans are raised through a monthly auction of bonds that are guaranteed by the U.S. government and, accordingly, if the government guarantees are curtailed or terminated, our ability to make 504 loans would be curtailed or terminated.  Certain basic loan terms, as with the 7(a) program, are established by the SBA, including borrower eligibility, maximum loan amount, maximum maturity date, interest rates and loan fees.  While real estate is appraised and values are established for other collateral, and the loan amount is limited to a percentage of cost of the assets being acquired by the borrower, such amounts may not be realized upon resale if the borrower defaults and the Bank forecloses on the collateral.



SBA 7(a) and 504 loans may include construction advances which are subject to risk inherent to construction projects, including environmental risks, engineering defects, contractor risk, and risk of project completion.  Delays in construction may also compromise the owner’s business plan and result in additional stresses on cash flow required to service the loan.  Higher than expected construction costs may also result, impacting repayment capability and collateral values. 



Additionally, the Bank makes SBA loans to franchisees of various business concepts, including loans to multiple franchisees with the same concept.  In making loans to franchisees, we consider franchisee failure rates for the specific franchise concept.

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However, factors adversely affecting a specific type of franchisor or franchise concept, including in particular risks that a franchise concept loses popularity with consumers or encounters negative publicity about its products or services, could harm the value not only of a particular franchisee’s business but also of multiple loans to other franchisees with the same concept.



Loans Originated for Sale into Secondary Securities Markets.We originate loans for sale into secondary securities markets which are typically packaged into securitizations by the buyers.  These loans are typically collateralized by various types of commercial real estate, including retail space, office space, apartments and hotels, and are with recourse only to the properties securing the loans, are not guaranteed by the borrower and, accordingly, depend on cash reserves and cash generated by the underlying properties for repayment.  Some of these loans are variable rate and, as a result, higher market rates will result in higher payments and greater cash flow requirements, although rates are capped to mitigate that risk.  Inadequate sales at retail properties and inadequate occupancy rates for office space, apartments and hotels may negatively impact loan repayment.  Should cash flow and available cash reserves prove inadequate to cover debt service on these loans, repayment will depend upon the sales price of the property.  Because these loans are being originated for resale, the underwriting criteria used are those that buyers in the capital markets indicate are the parameters under which they are willing to buy the loans, including interest rate, loan to value ratio and maturity; however, in the period during which we hold a loan prior to sale, property values may fall below appraised values and below the outstanding balance of the loan which would reduce the price at which we could sell the loan.  Inadequate retail sales or occupancy, in addition to impacting repayment, may also result in a lower realizable sales price.  While we historically have been successful in selling to these markets, adverse market conditions may delay, or possibly preclude, expected sales into the secondary market or cause losses upon any resale. To mitigate these risks, we establish guidelines for the maximum amounts of such loans we will hold on our balance sheet.



Affinity Banking

Private Label Banking.  For our private label banking, we create unique banking websites for each affinity group, enabling the affinity group to provide its members with the banking services and products we offer or just those banking services and products it believes will be of interest to its members.  We design each website to carry the brand of the affinity group and carry the “look and feel” of the affinity group’s own website.  Each such website, however, indicates that we are the provider of banking services.  To facilitate the creation of these individualized banking websites, we have packaged our products and services into a series of modules, with each module providing a specific service, such as deposit products, electronic payment systems and loans.  Each affinity group selects from our menu of service modules those that it wants to offer its members or customers.  We and the affinity group also may create products and services, or modify products and services already on our menu, that specifically relate to the needs and interests of the affinity group’s members or customers.  We pay fees to certain affinity groups based upon deposits and loans they generate. These fees vary, and certain fees increase as market interest rates increase, while other fee rates are fixed.  We include these fees as a component of interest expense in calculating our net interest margin.  These fees totaled $7.4 million, $9.3 million and $7.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 respectively. The reduction in 2016 reflected the sale of health savings accounts in the latter part of 2015. These amounts include fees paid related to prepaid cards, card payment processing and institutional banking which are described below.

Prepaid Cards.  We have developed prepaid card programs for general purpose re-loadable cards, insurance indemnity payments, flexible spending account funds, corporate and incentive rewards, payroll cards, consumer gift cards and others.  Our cards are offered to end users through our relationships with insurers, benefits administrators, third-party administrators, corporate incentive companies, rebate fulfillment organizations, payroll administrators, large retail chains and consumer service organizations.  Our cards are network-branded through our agreements with Visa, MasterCard, and Discover.  The majority of fees we earn result from contractual fees paid by third party sponsors, computed on a per transaction basis, and monthly service fees. Additionally, we earn interchange fees paid through settlement associations such as Visa, which are also determined on a per transaction basis.  Prepaid cards also provide us with low cost deposits from the amounts delivered to us to fund the cards.  Our prepaid card programs are offered predominantly in the United States. We are planning to sell our operations in the European Union where our subsidiaries offered prepaid card and electronic money issuing services. If not sold, we will wind down those operations. Our European operations contributed less than 1% of total prepaid card revenue. For information relating to current constraints on our prepaid card programs resulting from consent orders we have entered into with federal banking authorities, see “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business-The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and the supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements on us and the Bank.”

Card Payment and ACH Processing.  We act as the depository institution for the processing of credit and debit card payments made to various businesses.  We also act as the bank sponsor and depository institution for independent service

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organizations that process such payments and for other companies, such as payroll companies for which we process their ACH payments.  We have designed products that enable those organizations to more easily process electronic payments and to better manage their risk of loss.  Our services also enable independent service organizations to provide their members with access to their account balances through the Internet.  These relationships are a source of demand deposits and fee income. 

Institutional Banking.  We have developed strategic relationships with limited-purpose trust companies, registered investment advisers, broker-dealers and other firms offering institutional banking services.  We provide customized, private label demand, money market and security backed loan products to the client base of these groups.



Other Operations



Account Services.  Account holders may access our products through the website of their affinity group or other organizational affiliate, or through our website, from any personal computer with a secure web browser, regardless of its location.  This access allows account holders to apply for loans, review account activity, enter transactions into an online account register, pay bills electronically, receive statements electronically and print bank statements.



Call Centers.  We have call center operations that serve as inbound customer support.  The call center provides account holders or potential account holders with assistance accessing the Bank’s products and services, and in resolving any problems that may arise in the servicing of accounts or other banking products.  A third party servicer provides virtually all customer support except for institutional banking.  Located in Manila, Philippines, TELUS International operates 24 hours a day, seven days a week.  

Third-Party Service Providers.  To reduce operating costs and capitalize on the technical capabilities of selected vendors, we outsource certain bank operations and systems to third-party service providers, principally the following:

Because we outsource these operational functions to experienced third-party service providers that have the capacity to process a high volume of transactions, we believe we can more readily and cost-effectively respond to growth than if we sought to develop these capabilities internally.  Should any of our current relationships terminate, we believe we could secure the required services from an alternative source without material interruption of our operations.

European Prepaid Operations.  Transact Payments Limited, or TPL, our wholly-owned subsidiary, is a prepaid product issuer (termed electronic money in Europe) organized in Gibraltar and licensed by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission or the FSC.  TPL issues prepaid products throughout the European Union (EU) and European Economic Area (EEA) with service and support provided by three service subsidiaries.  We are planning to sell all of these European operations or, if not sold, we will wind them down.

Sales and Marketing

Affinity Group Banking.  Because of the national scope of our affinity group banking operation, we use a personal sales/targeted media advertising approach to market to existing and potential commercial affinity group organizations.  The affinity group organizations with which we have relationships perform marketing functions to ultimate individual customers. Our marketing program to affinity group organizations consists of:

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Loan Administration Offices.  We maintain offices to market and administer our leasing programs in Crofton, Maryland, Kent, Washington, Charlotte, North Carolina, Parsippany, New Jersey and Orlando, Florida.  We maintain SBA loan offices in Chicago, Illinois and Raleigh, North Carolina.  

Technology



Primary Domestic System Architecture.  We provide financial products and services through a highly-secure three-tiered architecture using commercially available software.  We maintain a platform of several web technologies, databases, firewalls, and licensed and proprietary financial services software to support our unique client base.  User activity is distributed using load-balancing technologies and our proprietary design, with internally developed software and third-party equipment. We also use third party data processors.  The goal of our systems designs is to service our client requirements efficiently, which has been accomplished using data and service replication between multiple data centers.  The system’s flexible architecture is designed to meet current capacity needs and allow expansion for future demands.  In addition to built-in redundancies, we continuously operate automated internal monitoring tools and use independent third parties to continuously monitor our systems.

Domestic and European Prepaid Security.  All our systems are subject to regular certification for data security standards under multiple certification requirements. 

Intellectual Property and Other Proprietary Rights

A significant portion of the core and Internet banking systems and operations we use comes from third-party providers.  Our proprietary intellectual property includes the software for creating affinity group bank websites.  We rely principally upon trade secret and trademark law to protect our intellectual property.  We do not typically enter into intellectual property-related confidentiality agreements with our affinity group customers because we maintain control over the software used to create the sites and their banking functions rather than licensing them for customers to use.  Moreover, we believe that factors such as the relationships we develop with our affinity group and banking customers, the quality of our banking products, the level and reliability of the service we provide, and the customization of our products and services to meet the needs of our affinity groups are substantially more significant to our ability to succeed.

Competition

We compete with numerous banks and other financial institutions such as finance companies, leasing companies, credit unions, insurance companies, money market funds, investment firms and private lenders, as well as online lenders and other non-traditional competitors.  Our primary competitors in each of our business lines differ significantly from those in our other business lines principally because few financial institutions compete against us in all business segments in which we operate.  A number of banks and other financial institutions compete with us in the prepaid card market; however, we do not believe that any single bank or group of banks is a predominant provider.  We believe that our ability to compete successfully depends on a number of factors, including:

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If we experience difficulty in any of these areas, our competitive position could be materially adversely affected, which would affect our growth, our profitability and, possibly, our ability to continue operations.  With respect to our affinity group operations, we believe we can compete effectively as a result of our ability to customize our product offerings to the affinity group’s needs.  We believe that the costs of entry, especially compliance costs, to offering prepaid cards through affinity groups are relatively high and somewhat prohibitive to new competitors.  We have competed successfully with institutions much larger than ourselves; however, many of our competitors have larger customer bases, greater name recognition, greater financial and other resources and longer operating histories which may impact our ability to compete.  Our future success will depend on our ability to compete effectively in a highly competitive market.



Regulation Under Banking Law



Overview

We are regulated extensively under both federal and state banking law and related regulations in the United States, and TPL is extensively regulated by the laws and related regulations of Gibraltar and of EU and EEA member countries in which it issues prepaid products.  We are a Delaware corporation and a financial holding company registered with the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the Federal Reserve.  We are subject to supervision and regulation by the Federal Reserve and the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner, or the Commissioner.  The Bank, as a state-chartered, nonmember depository institution, is supervised by the Commissioner, as well as the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC.  TPL is a Gibraltar e-money licensee and is supervised by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission.

The Bank is subject to requirements and restrictions under federal and state law, including requirements to maintain reserves against deposits, restrictions on the types and amount of loans that may be made and the interest that may be charged, and limitations on the types of investments that may be made and the types of services that may be offered.  Various consumer laws and regulations also affect the Bank’s operations.  Any change in the regulatory requirements and policies by the Federal Reserve, the FDIC, the Commissioner, the United States Congress, or the states in which our customers reside could have a material adverse impact on us, the Bank and our operations. We have entered into consent orders with the FDIC and have received a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve which have imposed certain restrictions upon us and the Bank. See “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business-The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve have imposed certain restrictions and requirements on us and the Bank.”

Certain regulatory requirements applicable to us and the Bank are referred to below or elsewhere herein.  The description of statutes and regulations is not intended to be a complete explanation of such statutes and regulations or their effects on the Bank or us and is qualified in its entirety by reference to the actual statutes and regulations.

Federal Regulation

As a financial holding company, we are subject to regular examination by the Federal Reserve and must file annual reports and provide any additional information that the Federal Reserve may request.  Under the Bank Holding Company Act of 1956, as amended, which we refer to as the BHCA, a financial holding company may not directly or indirectly acquire ownership or control of more than 5% of the voting shares or substantially all of the assets of any bank, or merge or consolidate with another financial holding company, without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve.

Permitted Activities.  The BHCA generally limits the activities of a financial holding company and its subsidiaries to that of banking, managing or controlling banks, or any other activity that is determined to be so closely related to banking or to managing or controlling banks that an exception is allowed for those activities.  These activities include, among other things, and subject to limitations, operating a mortgage company, finance company, credit card company or factoring company; performing data processing operations; the issuance and sale of consumer-type payment instruments; provide investment and financial advice; acting as an

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insurance agent for particular types of credit related insurance and providing specified securities brokerage services for customers.  In November 2012, we began conducting permissible activities through TPL, an electronic money issuer organized and licensed in Gibraltar. In 2017 we expect to sell or wind down our minimal European operations conducted through TPL.

Change in Control.    The BHCA prohibits a company from acquiring control of a financial holding company without prior Federal Reserve approval.  Similarly, the Change in Bank Control Act, which we refer to as the CBCA, prohibits a person or group of persons from acquiring “control” of a financial holding company unless the Federal Reserve has been notified and has not objected to the transaction.  In general, under a rebuttable presumption established by the Federal Reserve, the acquisition of 10% or more of any class of voting securities of a financial holding company is presumed to be an acquisition of control of the holding company if: 

An acquisition of 25% or more of the outstanding shares of any class of voting securities of a financial holding company is conclusively deemed to be the acquisition of control.  In determining percentage ownership for a person, Federal Reserve policy is to count securities obtainable by that person through the exercise of options or warrants, even if the options or warrants have not then vested.

The Federal Reserve has revised its minority investment policy statement, under which, subject to the filing of certain commitments with the Federal Reserve, an investor can acquire up to one-third of our equity without being deemed to have engaged in a change in control, provided that no more than 15% of the investor’s equity is voting stock.  This revised policy statement also permits non-controlling passive investors to engage in interactions with our management without being considered as controlling our operations.

Regulatory Restrictions on Dividends.  It is the policy of the Federal Reserve that financial holding companies should pay cash dividends on common stock only out of income available over the past year and only if prospective earnings retention is consistent with the organization’s expected future needs and financial condition.  The policy provides that financial holding companies should not maintain a level of cash dividends that undermines the financial holding company’s ability to serve as a source of strength to its banking subsidiaries.  See “Holding Company Liability,” below.  Federal Reserve policies also affect the ability of a financial holding company to pay in-kind dividends.

Various federal and state statutory provisions limit the amount of dividends that subsidiary banks can pay to their holding companies without regulatory approval.  The Bank is also subject to limitations under state law regarding the payment of dividends, including the requirement that dividends may be paid only out of net profits.  See “Delaware Regulation” below.  In addition to these explicit limitations, federal and state regulatory agencies are authorized to prohibit a banking subsidiary or financial holding company from engaging in unsafe or unsound banking practices.  Depending upon the circumstances, the agencies could take the position that paying a dividend would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice. In August 2015, we consented to the issuance of a consent order amendment pursuant to which the payment of dividends by the Bank to us would require prior FDIC approval, and received a Federal Reserve supervisory letter pursuant to which any payment of dividends by us would require prior approval from the Federal Reserve. See “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business-The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve have imposed certain restrictions and requirements on us and the Bank.”

Because we are a legal entity separate and distinct from the Bank, our right to participate in the distribution of assets of the Bank, or any other subsidiary, upon the Bank’s or the subsidiary’s liquidation or reorganization will be subject to the prior claims of the Bank’s or subsidiary’s creditors.  In the event of liquidation or other resolution of an insured depository institution, the claims of depositors and other general or subordinated creditors have priority of payment over the claims of holders of any obligation of the institution’s holding company or any of the holding company’s shareholders or creditors.

Holding Company Liability.  Under Federal Reserve policy, a financial holding company is expected to act as a source of financial strength to each of its banking subsidiaries and commit resources to their support.  The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act, or the Dodd-Frank Act, codified this policy as a statutory requirement.  Under this requirement, we are expected to commit resources to support the Bank, including at times when we may not be in a financial position to provide such

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resources.  As discussed below under “Prompt Corrective Action,” a financial holding company in certain circumstances could be required to guarantee the capital plan of an undercapitalized banking subsidiary.

In the event of a financial holding company’s bankruptcy under Chapter 11 of the U.S. Bankruptcy Code, the trustee will be deemed to have assumed, and is required to cure immediately, any deficit under any commitment by the debtor holding company to any of the federal banking agencies to maintain the capital of an insured depository institution, and any claim for breach of such obligation will generally have priority over most other unsecured claims.

Capital Adequacy. The Federal Reserve and the FDIC have issued standards for measuring capital adequacy for financial holding companies and banks.  These standards are designed to provide risk-based capital guidelines and to incorporate a consistent framework.  The risk-based guidelines are used by the agencies in their examination and supervisory process, as well as in the analysis of any applications.  As discussed below under “Prompt Corrective Action,” a failure to meet minimum capital requirements could subject us or the Bank to a variety of enforcement remedies available to federal regulatory authorities, including, in the most severe cases, termination of deposit insurance by the FDIC and placing the Bank into conservatorship or receivership.

In general, these risk-related standards require banks and financial holding companies to maintain capital based on “risk-adjusted” assets so that the categories of assets with potentially higher credit risk will require more capital backing than categories with lower credit risk.  In addition, banks and financial holding companies are required to maintain capital to support off-balance sheet activities such as loan commitments. 

As a result of the Dodd-Frank Act, our financial holding company status depends upon our maintaining our status as “well capitalized” and “well managed” under applicable Federal Reserve regulations.  If a financial holding company ceases to meet these requirements, the Federal Reserve may impose corrective capital and/or managerial requirements on the financial holding company and place limitations on its ability to conduct the broader financial activities permissible for financial holding companies.  In addition, the Federal Reserve may require divestiture of the holding company’s depository institution if the deficiencies persist. 

The standards classify total capital for this risk-based measure into two tiers, referred to as Tier 1 and Tier 2.  Tier 1 capital consists of common shareholders’ equity, certain non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock, and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries, less certain adjustments.  Tier 2 capital consists of the allowance for loan and lease losses (within certain limits), perpetual preferred stock not included in Tier 1, hybrid capital instruments, term subordinate debt, and intermediate-term preferred stock, less certain adjustments.  Together, these two categories of capital comprise a bank’s or financial holding company’s “qualifying total capital.” However, capital that qualifies as Tier 2 capital is limited in amount to 100% of Tier 1 capital in testing compliance with the total risk-based capital minimum standards.  Banks and financial holding companies must have a minimum ratio of 8% of qualifying total capital to total risk-weighted assets, and a minimum ratio of 4% of qualifying Tier 1 capital to total risk-weighted assets.  At December 31, 2016, we and the Bank had total capital to risk-adjusted assets ratios of 13.63% and 13.53%, respectively, and Tier 1 capital to risk-adjusted assets ratios of 13.34% and 13.24%, respectively.

In addition, the Federal Reserve and the FDIC have established minimum leverage ratio guidelines.  The principal objective of these guidelines is to constrain the maximum degree to which a financial institution can leverage its equity capital base.  It is intended to be used as a supplement to the risk-based capital guidelines.  These guidelines provide for a minimum ratio of Tier 1 capital to adjusted average total assets of 3% for financial holding companies that meet certain specified criteria, including those having the highest regulatory rating.  Other financial institutions generally must maintain a leverage ratio of at least 3% plus 100 to 200 basis points.  The guidelines also provide that financial institutions experiencing internal growth or making acquisitions will be expected to maintain strong capital positions substantially above minimum supervisory levels, without significant reliance on intangible assets.  Furthermore, the banking agencies have indicated that they may consider other indicia of capital strength in evaluating proposals for expansion or new activities.  At December 31, 2016 we and the Bank had leverage ratios of 6.90% and 6.84%, respectively. 

The federal banking agencies’ standards provide that concentration of credit risk and certain risks arising from nontraditional activities, as well as an institution’s ability to manage these risks, are important factors to be taken into account by them in assessing a financial institution’s overall capital adequacy.  The risk-based capital standards also provide for the consideration of interest rate risk in the agency’s determination of a financial institution’s capital adequacy.  The standards require financial institutions to effectively measure and monitor their interest rate risk and to maintain capital adequate for that risk.  These standards can be expected to be amended from time to time.

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The Dodd-Frank Act includes certain related provisions which are often referred to as the “Collins Amendment.”  These provisions are intended to subject bank holding companies to the same capital requirements as their bank subsidiaries and to eliminate or significantly reduce the use of hybrid capital instruments, especially trust preferred securities, as regulatory capital.  Under the Collins Amendment, trust preferred securities issued by a company, such as our company, with total consolidated assets of less than $15 billion before May 19, 2010 and treated as regulatory capital are grandfathered, but any such securities issued later are not eligible as regulatory capital.  The federal banking regulators issued final rules setting minimum risk-based and leverage capital requirements for holding companies and banks on a consolidated basis that are no less stringent than the generally applicable requirements in effect for depository institutions under the prompt corrective action regulations discussed below and other components of the Collins Amendment.  



Basel III Capital Rules

In July 2013, our primary federal regulator, the Federal Reserve, and the Bank’s primary federal regulator, the FDIC, approved final rules, which we refer to as the New Capital Rules, establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations.  The New Capital Rules generally implement the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s December 2010 final capital framework referred to as “Basel III” for strengthening international capital standards.  The New Capital Rules substantially revise the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and their depository institution subsidiaries, including us and the Bank, as compared to the current U.S. general risk-based capital rules.  The New Capital Rules revise the definitions and the components of regulatory capital, as well as address other issues affecting the numerator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios.  The New Capital Rules also address asset risk weights and other matters affecting the denominator in banking institutions’ regulatory capital ratios and replace the existing general risk-weighting approach, which was derived from the Basel Committee’s 1988 “Basel I” capital accords, with a more risk-sensitive approach based, in part, on the “standardized approach” in the Basel Committee’s 2004 “Basel II” capital accords.  In addition, the New Capital Rules implement certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act, including the requirements of Section 939A to remove references to credit ratings from the federal agencies’ rules.  The New Capital Rules became effective for us and the Bank on January 1, 2015, subject to phase-in periods for certain of their components and other provisions.



Among other matters, the New Capital Rules: (i) introduce a new capital measure called “Common Equity Tier 1,” or CET1 and related regulatory capital ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets; (ii) specify that Tier 1 capital consists of CET1 and “Additional Tier 1 capital” instruments meeting certain revised requirements; (iii) mandate that most deductions/adjustments to regulatory capital measures be made to CET1 and not to the other components of capital; and (iv) expand the scope of the deductions from and adjustments to capital as compared to existing regulations.  Under the New Capital Rules, for most banking organizations, the most common form of Additional Tier 1 capital is non-cumulative perpetual preferred stock and the most common form of Tier 2 capital is subordinated notes and a portion of the allocation for loan and lease losses, in each case, subject to the New Capital Rules’ specific requirements.



Minimum capital ratios in effect at December 31, 2016were as follows:





The New Capital Rules also introduce a new “capital conservation buffer”, composed entirely of CET1, on top of these minimum risk-weighted asset ratios.  The capital conservation buffer is designed to absorb losses during periods of economic stress. Banking institutions with a ratio of CET1 to risk-weighted assets above the minimum but below the capital conservation buffer will face constraints on dividends, equity repurchases and compensation based on the amount of the shortfall.  Thus, when fully phased-in on January 1, 2019, we and the Bank will be required to maintain such additional capital conservation buffer of 2.5% of CET1, effectively resulting in minimum ratios of (i) CET1 to risk-weighted assets of at least 7%, (ii) Tier 1 capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 8.5%, and (iii) Total capital to risk-weighted assets of at least 10.5%.



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The New Capital Rules provide for a number of deductions from and adjustments to CET1.  These include, for example, the requirement that deferred tax assets arising from temporary differences that could not be realized through net operating loss carrybacks and significant investments in non-consolidated financial entities be deducted from CET1 to the extent that any one such category exceeds 10% of CET1 or all such items, in the aggregate, exceed 15% of CET1.



In addition, under the current general risk-based capital rules, the effects of accumulated other comprehensive income or loss, or AOCI, items included in shareholders’ equity (for example, marks-to-market of securities held in the available for sale portfolio) under U.S. GAAP are reversed for the purposes of determining regulatory capital ratios.  Pursuant to the New Capital Rules, the effects of certain AOCI items are not excluded; however, non-advanced approaches banking organizations, including us and the Bank, may make a one-time permanent election to continue to exclude these items.  This election had to be made concurrently with the first filing of certain of our and the Bank’s periodic regulatory reports in the beginning of 2015.  We and the Bank made this election in order to avoid significant variations in the level of capital depending upon the impact of interest rate fluctuations on the fair value of our securities portfolio.  The New Capital Rules also preclude certain hybrid securities, such as trust preferred securities, from inclusion in bank holding companies’ Tier 1 capital, subject to grandfathering in the case of bank holding companies, such as us, that had less than $15 billion in total consolidated assets as of December 31, 2009.  Implementation of the deductions and other adjustments to CET1 began on January 1, 2015 and will be phased-in over a 4-year period (beginning at 40% on January 1, 2015 and an additional 20% per year thereafter).  The implementation of the capital conservation buffer will begin on January 1, 2016 at the 0.625% level and increase by 0.625% on each subsequent January 1, until it reaches 2.5% on January 1, 2019.



With respect to the Bank, the New Capital Rules revise the “prompt corrective action” or PCA, regulations adopted pursuant to Section 38 of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, by: (i) introducing a CET1 ratio requirement at each PCA category (other than critically undercapitalized), with the required CET1 ratio being 6.5% for well-capitalized status; (ii) increasing the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio requirement for each category, with the minimum Tier 1 capital ratio for well-capitalized status being 8% (as compared to the current 6%); and (iii) eliminating the current provision that provides that a bank with a composite supervisory rating of 1 may have a 3% leverage ratio and still be adequately capitalized.  The New Capital Rules do not change the total risk-based capital requirement for any PCA category.



The New Capital Rules prescribe a new standardized approach for risk weightings that expand the risk-weighting categories from the current four Basel I-derived categories (0%, 20%, 50% and 100%) to a larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets, generally ranging from 0% for U.S. government and agency securities, to 600% for certain equity exposures, and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset classes. 

We believe that we and the Bank will continue to be able to meet targeted capital ratios. Actual ratios are shown in the following paragraph.



Prompt Corrective Action.  Federal banking agencies must take prompt supervisory and regulatory actions against undercapitalized depository institutions pursuant to the Prompt Corrective Action provisions of the Federal Deposit Insurance Act.  Depository institutions are assigned one of five capital categories—“well capitalized,” “adequately capitalized,” “undercapitalized,” “significantly undercapitalized,” and “critically undercapitalized”—and are subjected to differential regulation corresponding to the capital category within which the institution falls.  Under certain circumstances, a well-capitalized, adequately capitalized or undercapitalized institution may be treated as if the institution were in the next lower capital category.  As we describe in Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Liquidity and Capital Resources,” an institution is deemed to be well capitalized if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 10%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 6.0% and a leverage ratio of at least 5%.  An institution is adequately capitalized if it has a total risk-based capital ratio of at least 8%, a Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio of at least 4% and a leverage ratio of at least 4%.  At December 31, 2016, our total risk-based capital ratio was 13.63%, our Tier 1 risk-based capital ratio was 13.34% and our leverage ratio was 6.90% while the Bank’s ratios were 13.53%, 13.24% and 6.84%, respectively and, accordingly, both we and the Bank were “well capitalized” within the meaning of the regulations.  A depository institution is generally prohibited from making capital distributions (including paying dividends) or paying management fees to a holding company if the institution would thereafter be undercapitalized.  Adequately capitalized institutions cannot accept, renew or roll over brokered deposits except with a waiver from the FDIC, and are subject to restrictions on the interest rates that can be paid on such deposits.  Undercapitalized institutions may not accept, renew, or roll over brokered deposits.

Bank regulatory agencies are permitted or, in certain cases, required to take action with respect to institutions falling within one of the three undercapitalized categories.  Depending on the level of an institution’s capital, the agency’s corrective powers include, among other things:

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A banking institution that is undercapitalized must submit a capital restoration plan.  This plan will not be accepted unless, among other things, the banking institution’s holding company guarantees the plan up to an agreed-upon amount.  Any guarantee by a depository institution’s holding company is entitled to a priority of payment in bankruptcy.  Failure to implement a capital plan, or failure to have a capital restoration plan accepted, may result in a conservatorship or receivership.

As noted above, the New Capital Rules became effective as of January 1, 2015, with the first measurement date as of March 31, 2015 subject to phased implementation in certain respects, and revised the PCA regulations. We are in compliance with these rules.

Insurance of Deposit Accounts.  The Bank’s deposits are insured to the maximum extent permitted by the Deposit Insurance Fund or DIF.  Upon enactment of the Emergency Economic Stabilization Act of 2008 on October 3, 2008, federal deposit insurance coverage levels under the DIF temporarily increased from $100,000 to $250,000 per deposit category, per depositor, per institution, through December 31, 2009.  On May 20, 2009, the Helping Families Save Their Homes Act extended the temporary increase through December 31, 2012.  The Dodd-Frank Act permanently increases the maximum amount of deposit insurance to $250,000 per deposit category, per depositor, per institution retroactive to January 1, 2008.  The Dodd-Frank Act provided unlimited deposit insurance coverage on non-interest bearing transaction accounts through December 31, 2012.  Due to the expiration of this unlimited deposit insurance on December 31, 2012 beginning January 1, 2013 deposits held in non-interest bearing transaction accounts are aggregated with any interest-bearing deposits the owner my hold in the same ownership category, and the combined total is insured up to at least $250,000. 

As the insurer, the FDIC is authorized to conduct examinations of, and to require reporting by, FDIC-insured institutions.  The FDIC also may prohibit any FDIC-insured institution from engaging in any activity the FDIC determines by regulation or order to pose a serious threat to the DIF.  The FDIC also has the authority to initiate enforcement actions against banks.

The FDIC has implemented a risk-based assessment system under which FDIC-insured depository institutions pay annual premiums at rates based on their risk classification.  A bank’s risk classification is based on its capital levels and the level of supervisory concern the bank poses to the regulators.  Institutions assigned to higher risk classifications (that is, institutions that pose a greater risk of loss to the DIF) pay assessments at higher rates than institutions that pose a lower risk.  A decrease in the Bank’s capital ratios or the occurrence of events that have an adverse effect on a bank’s asset quality, management, earnings, liquidity or sensitivity to market risk could result in a substantial increase in deposit insurance premiums paid by the Bank, which would adversely affect earnings.  In addition, the FDIC can impose special assessments in certain instances.  The range of assessments in the risk-based system is a function of the reserve ratio in the DIF.  Each insured institution is assigned to one of four risk categories based on supervisory evaluations, regulatory capital levels and certain other factors.  An institution’s assessment rate depends upon the category to which it is assigned.  Unlike the other categories, Risk Category I contains further risk differentiation based on the FDIC’s analysis of financial ratios, examination component ratings and other information.  Assessment rates are determined by the FDIC and, including potential adjustments to reflect an institution’s risk profile, currently range from five to nine basis points for the healthiest institutions (Risk Category I) to 35 basis points of assessable liabilities for the riskiest (Risk Category IV).  Rates may be increased an additional ten basis points depending on the amount of brokered deposits utilized.  The above rates apply to institutions with assets under $10 billion.  Other rates apply for larger or “highly complex” institutions.  The FDIC may adjust rates uniformly from one quarter to the next, except that no single adjustment can exceed three basis points.  At December 31, 2016, the Bank’s DIF assessment rate was 27 basis points.  A reduction in the assessment rate will depend on future FDIC evaluations of the Bank.

Pursuant to the Dodd-Frank Act, the FDIC has established 2.0% as the designated reserve ratio (DRR), that is, the ratio of the DIF to insured deposits of the total industry.  The FDIC has adopted a plan under which it will meet the statutory minimum DRR of

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1.35% by September 30, 2020, the deadline imposed by the Dodd-Frank Act.  The Dodd-Frank Act requires the FDIC to offset the effect on institutions with assets of less than $10 billion of the increase in the statutory minimum DRR to 1.35% from the former statutory minimum of 1.15%.  The FDIC proposed rules in October 2015 regarding the offset.  Under the proposal, banks with less than $10 billion in assets would receive an assessment credit for the portion of their assessments that contribute to the increase from 1.15% to 1.35%.  These rules have not yet been finalized.

Loans-to-One Borrower.  Generally, a bank may not make a loan or extend credit to a single or related group of borrowers in excess of 15% of its unimpaired capital and surplus.  An additional amount may be lent, equal to 10% of unimpaired capital and surplus, if such loan is secured by specified collateral, generally readily marketable collateral (which is defined to include certain financial instruments and bullion) and real estate.  At December 31, 2016, the Bank’s limit on loans-to-one borrower was $44.3 million ($73.8 million for secured loans). 

Transactions with Affiliates and other Related Parties.  There are various legal restrictions on the extent to which a financial holding company and its nonbank subsidiaries can borrow or otherwise obtain credit from banking subsidiaries or engage in other transactions with or involving those banking subsidiaries.  The Bank’s authority to engage in transactions with related parties or “affiliates” (that is, any entity that controls, controlled by or is under common control with an institution, including us and our non-bank subsidiaries) is limited by Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation W promulgated thereunder.  Section 23A restricts the aggregate amount of covered transactions with any individual affiliate to 10% of the Bank’s capital and surplus.  At December 31, 2016, we were not indebted to the Bank.  The aggregate amount of covered transactions with all affiliates is limited to 20% of the Bank’s capital and surplus.  Certain transactions with affiliates are required to be secured by collateral in an amount and of a type described in Section 23A and the purchase of low quality assets from affiliates is generally prohibited.  Section 23B generally provides that certain transactions with affiliates, including loans and asset purchases, must be on terms and under circumstances, including credit standards, that are substantially the same or at least as favorable to the institution as those prevailing at the time for comparable transactions with non-affiliated companies.



The Dodd-Frank Act generally enhances the restrictions on transactions with affiliates under Section 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act, including an expansion of the definition of “covered transactions” and an increase in the amount of time for which collateral requirements regarding covered credit transactions must be satisfied.  Insider transaction limitations are expanded through the strengthening of loan restrictions to insiders and the expansion of the types of transactions subject to the various limits, including derivatives transactions, repurchase agreements, reverse repurchase agreements and securities lending or borrowing transactions.  Restrictions are also placed on certain assets sales to and from an insider to an institution including requirements that such sales be on market terms and, in certain circumstances, approved by the institution’s board of directors.

The Bank’s authority to extend credit to its directors, executive officers and 10% shareholders, as well as to entities controlled by such persons, is governed by the requirements of Sections 22(g) and 22(h) of the Federal Reserve Act and Regulation O of the Federal Reserve.  Among other things, these provisions require that extensions of credit to insiders (i) be made on terms that are substantially the same as, and follow credit underwriting procedures that are not less stringent than, those prevailing for comparable transactions with unaffiliated persons and that do not involve more than the normal risk of repayment or present other unfavorable features; and (ii) not exceed certain limitations on the amount of credit extended to such persons, individually and in the aggregate, which limits are based, in part, on the amount of the Bank’s capital.  In addition, extensions of credit in excess of certain limits must be approved by the Bank’s board of directors.  At December 31, 2016 and 2015, loans to these related parties included in Assets held for sale amounted to $649,000 and $1.8 million.

Standards for Safety and Soundness.  The Federal Deposit Insurance Act requires each federal banking agency to prescribe for all insured depository institutions standards relating to, among other things, internal controls, information and audit systems, loan documentation, credit underwriting, interest rate risk exposure, asset growth, compensation, fees, benefits and such other operational and managerial standards as the agency deems appropriate.  The federal banking agencies have adopted final regulations and Interagency Guidelines Prescribing Standards for Safety and Soundness to implement these safety and soundness standards.  The guidelines set forth the safety and soundness standards that the federal banking agencies use to identify and address problems at insured depository institutions before capital becomes impaired.  If the appropriate federal banking agency determines that an institution fails to meet any standard prescribed by the guidelines, the agency may require the institution to submit to the agency an acceptable plan to achieve compliance with the standard.

Privacy.  Financial institutions are required to disclose their policies for collecting and protecting confidential information. Customers generally may prevent financial institutions from sharing nonpublic personal financial information with nonaffiliated third

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parties except under narrow circumstances, such as the processing of transactions requested by the consumer or when the financial institution is jointly sponsoring a product or service with a nonaffiliated third party.  Additionally, financial institutions generally may not disclose consumer account numbers to any nonaffiliated third party for use in telemarketing, direct mail marketing or other marketing to consumers.  The Bank has adopted privacy standards that we believe will satisfy regulatory scrutiny, and communicates its privacy practices to its customers through privacy disclosures designed in a manner consistent with recommended model forms.

The Fair and Accurate Credit Transactions Act of 2003, known as the FACT Act, provides consumers with the ability to restrict companies from using certain information obtained from affiliates to make marketing solicitations.  In general, a person is prohibited from using information received from an affiliate to make a solicitation for marketing purposes to a consumer, unless the consumer is given notice and had a reasonable opportunity to opt out of such solicitations.  The rule permits opt-out notices to be given by any affiliate that has a pre-existing business relationship with the consumer and permits a joint notice from two or more affiliates.  Moreover, such notice would not be applicable if the company using the information has a pre-existing business relationship with the consumer.  This notice may be combined with other required disclosures, including notices required under other applicable privacy provisions.



Section 315 of the FACT Act requires each financial institution or creditor to develop and implement a written Identity Theft Prevention Program to detect, prevent and mitigate identity theft in connection with the opening of certain accounts or certain existing accounts.  In accordance with this rule, the Bank was required to adopt “reasonable policies and procedures” to:



Bank Secrecy Act: Anti-Money Laundering and Related Regulations.  The Bank Secrecy Act, which we refer to as BSA, requires the Bank to implement a risk-based compliance program in order to protect the Bank from being used as a conduit for financial or other illicit crimes including but not limited to money laundering and terrorist financing.  These rules are administered by the Financial Crimes Enforcement Network, a bureau of the U.S. Treasury Department, which we refer to as FinCEN.  Under the law, the Bank must have a board-approved written BSA-Anti-Money Laundering, which we refer to as AML, program which must contain the following key requirements:  (1)  appointing responsible persons to manage the program, including a BSA Officer; (2)  ongoing training of all appropriate Bank staff and management on BSA-AML compliance;  (3) developing a system of internal controls (including appropriate policies, procedures and processes); and (4) requiring independent testing to ensure effective implementation of the program and appropriate compliance.  Under BSA regulations, the Bank is subject to various reporting requirements such as currency transaction reporting (CTR)  for all cash transactions initiated by or on behalf of a customer which, when aggregated, exceed $10,000 per day.  The Bank is also required to monitor customer activity and transactions and file a suspicious activity report, or SAR, when suspicious activity is observed and the applicable dollar threshold for the observed suspicious activity is met.  The BSA also contains numerous recordkeeping requirements.  For a description of a consent order with the FDIC under the BSA that imposes certain requirements on the Bank, see Item 7, “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations-Recent Developments” and “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business-The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve have imposed certain restrictions and requirements on us and the Bank.”

On June 21, 2010, FinCEN proposed new rules as directed by the Credit Card Accountability Responsibility and Disclosure Act of 2009 to expand the reach of BSA-AML related compliance responsibilities to certain defined “prepaid access providers and sellers, a class of money services businesses formerly either outside or lightly regulated under the BSA.”  On July 26, 2011, FinCEN issued its final rule imposing these affirmative BSA-AML compliance obligations.  The Bank has evaluated the impact of these rules on its operations and its third-party relationships, and has established internal processes accordingly. 

On May 11, 2016, FinCEN issued a final rule related to Customer Due Diligence (CDD) under the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA) for banks and other covered financial institutions, which we refer to as the “CDD Rule”.  The CDD Rule became effective on July 11, 2016, and imposes a new requirement that the Bank identify and verify the identity of the natural persons who are beneficial owners of legal entity customers.  Financial institutions must be in full compliance by May 11, 2018.  As a covered institution, the Bank will be required to maintain written compliance procedures that are “reasonably designed to identify and verify the beneficial owners of legal entity customers,” except for those specifically excluded from the definition of “legal entity customer.” The new procedures must

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outline how the Bank will identify and verify each beneficial owner at the time a new account is opened.  The Bank has begun to prepare for compliance with this new requirement.    

USA PATRIOT Act. The Uniting and Strengthening America by Providing Appropriate Tools Required to Intercept and Obstruct Terrorism Act of 2001, which we refer to as the USA PATRIOT Act, amended, in part, the BSA, by, in pertinent part, criminalizing the financing of terrorism and augmenting the existing BSA framework by strengthening customer identification procedures, requiring financial institutions to have due diligence procedures, including enhanced due diligence procedures and, most significantly, improving information sharing between financial institutions and the U.S. government. 

Under the USA PATRIOT Act, FinCEN can send bank regulatory agencies lists of the names of persons suspected of involvement in terrorist activities or money laundering.  The Bank must search its records for any relationships or transactions with persons on those lists.  If the Bank finds any relationships or transactions, it must report specific information to FinCEN and implement other internal compliance procedures in accordance with the Bank’s BSA-AML compliance procedures. 

The Office of Foreign Assets Control, which we refer to as OFAC, is a division of the U.S. Treasury Department,  and administers and enforces economic and trade sanctions based on U.S. foreign policy and national security goals against targeted foreign countries, terrorists, international narcotics traffickers, and those engaged in activities related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction.  OFAC functions under the President’s wartime and national emergency powers, as well as under authority granted by specific legislation, to impose controls on transactions and freeze assets under U.S. jurisdiction.  In addition, many of the sanctions are based on United Nations and other international mandates, and typically involve close cooperation with allied governments.  OFAC maintains lists of names of persons and organizations suspected of aiding, harboring or engaging in terrorist acts, as well as sanctions programs for certain countries.  If the Bank finds a name on any transaction, account or wire transfer that is on an OFAC list, the Bank must freeze or block such account, and perform additional procedures as required by OFAC regulations.  The Bank filters its customer base and transactional activity against OFAC-issued lists.  The Bank performs these checks utilizing purpose directed software, which is updated each time a modification is made to the lists provided by OFAC and other agencies.

Unfair or Deceptive or Abusive Acts or Practices.  Section 5 of the Federal Trade Commission Act prohibits all persons, including financial institutions, from engaging in any unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce.  The Dodd-Frank Act codifies this prohibition, and expands it even further by prohibiting “abusive” practices as well.  These prohibitions, which we refer to as UDAAP, apply in all areas of the Bank, including marketing and advertising practices, product features, terms and conditions,  operational practices, and the conduct of third parties with whom the Bank may partner or on whom the Bank may rely in bringing Bank products and services to consumers.

Other Consumer Protection-Related Laws and Regulations.  The Bank is subject to a wide range of consumer protection laws and regulations which may have an enterprise-wide impact or may principally govern its lending or deposit operations.  To the extent the Bank engages third party service providers in any aspect of its products and services, these third parties may also be subject to compliance with applicable law, and must therefore be subject to Bank oversight.

The Bank’s loan operations are also subject to federal consumer protection laws applicable to credit transactions, including:

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In addition, interest and other charges collected or contracted for by the Bank will be subject to state usury laws and federal laws concerning interest rates.



The deposit operations of the Bank are subject to various consumer protection laws including but not limited to:





Final Prepaid Account Rule Amending Regulation E and Regulation Z.  On October 5, 2016  the CFPB published it’s which we call the Final Prepaid Rule.  



On October 5, 2016, the CFPB released its final Prepaid Card Rule (Final Prepaid Rule), which it first proposed by publication on December 23, 2014.  The Final Prepaid Rule regulates “prepaid accounts” under Regulation E and “hybrid prepaid-credit cards” under Regulation Z.  The Final Prepaid Rule did not materially deviate from the terms of the proposed rule that we have disclosed in previous filings.    



The Final Prepaid Rule includes a significant number of changes to the regulatory framework for prepaid products, some of which include: (a) establishing a definition of “prepaid account” within Regulation E that includes reloadable and non-reloadable physical cards, as well as codes or other devices, and focuses on how the product is issued and used;   (b) modifying Regulation E to require that  short form and long form disclosures be provided  to a consumer prior to a consumer agreeing to acquire a prepaid account with certain exceptions and with specified forms that, if used, would provide a safe harbor for financial institutions; (c) extending to  prepaid accounts the periodic transaction history and statement requirements of Regulation E currently applicable to payroll and Federal government benefit accounts; (d) extending the error resolution and limited liability provisions of Regulation E currently applicable to payroll cards to registered network branded prepaid cards; (e) requiring financial institutions to post prepaid account agreements to the issuers’ websites and to submit them to the CFPB; (f) extending Regulation Z’s credit card rules and disclosure requirements to prepaid accounts that provide overdraft protection and other credit features; (g)  requiring an issuer to obtain a prepaid account holder’s consent prior to adding overdraft services or other credit features and prohibiting the issuer from adding overdraft services or other credit features for at least 30 calendar days after a consumer registers the prepaid account; (h) prohibiting the application of different terms and conditions, such as charging different fees, to a prepaid account depending on whether the consumer elects to link the prepaid account to overdraft services or other credit features.



The Final Prepaid Rule is scheduled to become effective on October 1, 2017. However certain provisions related to the submission of cardholder agreements to the CFPB are not effective until October 1, 2018. The Bank is preparing itself for compliance with its requirements.



Community Reinvestment Act.    Under the Community Reinvestment Act of 1977, which we refer to as the CRA, a federally-insured institution has a continuing and affirmative obligation to help meet the credit needs of its community, including low-and moderate-income neighborhoods, consistent with the safe and sound operation of the institution. The Bank shall delineate one or more

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assessment areas within which the FDIC evaluates the bank's record of helping to meet the credit needs of its community.  The CRA further requires that a record be kept of whether a financial institution meets its community’s credit needs, which record will be taken into account when evaluating applications for, among other things, domestic branches and mergers and acquisitions. The regulations promulgated pursuant to the CRA contain three evaluation tests which are part of the traditional CRA evaluation:





               In the alternative to the traditional evaluation tests summarized above, the CRA permits a financial institution to develop its own strategic plan setting forth specific goals for CRA compliance and related performance ratings.  If approved by its regulator, a financial institution may operate under its strategic plan and CRA ratings will be applied based on an institution’s performance under its approved strategic plan.



The Bank was examined for CRA compliance in 2015 and received a “needs to improve” rating for the 2015 examination which covered the period from 2012 through June 2, 2015. As a result of the current rating, certain business restrictions are in place, including FDIC limits on change in control, new branches, branch relocation, main office relocation, and mergers (regular, interim or corporate reorganizations).  The Federal Reserve Bank restrictions include limitations on holding company commencement of direct or indirect new financial activity and holding company change in control.  The Federal Housing Finance Agency has also imposed restrictions on receiving long-term advances and participating in their Affordable Housing Program and Community Investment Cash Advances Program. 

Given the nature of the private label branchless banking services the Bank offers, during the course of the examination the Bank elected to develop a CRA Strategic Plan to meet its regulatory requirements.  The Bank’s CRA Strategic Plan was approved by the FDIC and became effective on July 1, 2016. The Bank began to operate under its CRA Strategic Plan at that time.  The Bank continues to closely monitor its performance in alignment with the CRA Strategic Plan to meet the specified lending, service and investment requirements.  During its next CRA examination, the Bank will undergo a “hybrid” CRA examination which will apply the traditional CRA evaluation standards for the period of June 2, 2015 to June 30, 2016 and will assess the Bank’s performance under its CRA Strategic Plan from July 1, 2016 to the specified examination date. 



Enforcement.  Under the Federal Deposit Insurance Act, the FDIC has the authority to bring actions against a bank and all affiliated parties, including stockholders, attorneys, appraisers and accountants, who knowingly or recklessly participate in wrongful actions likely to have an adverse effect on the bank.  Formal enforcement action may range from the issuance of a capital directive or cease and desist order to removal of officers and/or directors to institution of receivership or conservatorship proceedings, or termination of deposit insurance.  Civil penalties cover a wide range of violations and can amount to $25,000 per day, or even $1 million per day in especially egregious cases.  Federal law also establishes criminal penalties for certain violations.



Federal Reserve System. Federal Reserve regulations require banks to maintain non-interest bearing reserves against their transaction accounts (primarily negotiated order of withdrawal, or NOW, and regular checking accounts).  For 2016, Federal Reserve regulations generally required that reserves be maintained against aggregate transaction accounts as follows: for accounts aggregating $95.0 million or less (subject to adjustment by the Federal Reserve), the reserve requirement is 3%; and, for accounts aggregating greater than $95.0 million, the reserve requirement is 10% (subject to adjustment by the Federal Reserve to between 8% and 14%).  The first $15.2 million of otherwise reservable balances (subject to adjustments by the Federal Reserve) are exempt from the reserve requirements.  At December 31, 2016, the Bank met these requirements by maintaining $283.1 million in cash and balances at the Federal Reserve Bank.



Regulatory Reform



On July 21, 2010, the Dodd-Frank Act was signed into law.  The Dodd-Frank Act (as amended) implements far-reaching changes across the financial regulatory landscape, including provisions that, among other things, will (or have already):



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Many aspects of the Dodd-Frank Act are subject to rulemaking and will take effect over several years.  Specific rulemaking intended to implement provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act is underway and is addressed elsewhere in this section as applicable.  It is difficult to predict the extent to which the Dodd-Frank Act or the resulting regulations may impact us.  However, compliance with these new laws and regulations may increase our costs, limit our ability to pursue attractive business opportunities, cause us to modify our strategies and business operations and increase our capital requirements and constraints, any of which may have a material adverse impact on our business, financial condition, liquidity or results of operations.  We cannot predict whether, or in what form any proposed regulation or statute will be adopted or the extent to which our business may be affected by any new regulation or statute.



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Volcker Rule Adoption.  On December 10, 2013, five financial regulatory agencies, including our primary federal regulators the Federal Reserve and the FDIC, adopted final rules (the “Final Volcker Rules”) implementing the Volcker Rule embodied in Section 13 of the Bank Holding Company Act, which was added by Section 619 of the Dodd-Frank Act.  The Final Volcker Rules prohibit banking entities from (1) engaging in short-term proprietary trading for their own accounts, and (2) having certain ownership interests in and relationships with hedge funds or private equity funds (“covered funds”).  The Final Volcker Rules also require each regulated entity to establish an internal compliance program that is consistent with the extent to which it engages in activities covered by the Final Volcker Rules, which must include (for the largest entities) making regular reports about those activities to regulators.  Smaller banks and community banks, including the Bank, are afforded some relief under the Final Volcker Rules.  Smaller banks, including the Bank, that are engaged only in exempted proprietary trading, such as trading in U.S. government, agency, state and municipal obligations, are exempt from compliance program requirements.  Moreover, even if a community or small bank engages in proprietary trading or covered fund activities under the Final Volcker Rules, they need only incorporate references to the Volcker Rule into their existing policies and procedures.  The Final Rules became effective April 1, 2014, but the conformance period was extended from its statutory end date of July 21, 2014 until July 21, 2017.  We do not at this time expect the Final Volcker Rules to have a material impact on our operations. 



 Consumer Protections for Remittance Transfers.  On February 7, 2012, the CFPB published a final rule to implement Section 1073 of the Dodd-Frank Act.  The final rule creates a comprehensive set of consumer protections for remittance transfers sent by consumers in the United States to parties in foreign countries.  The final rule, among other things, mandates certain disclosures and consumer cancellation rights for foreign remittances covered by the rule.



Federal Regulatory Guidance on Incentive Compensation.  On June 21, 2010, federal banking regulators released final guidance on sound incentive compensation policies for banking organizations.  This guidance, which covers all employees that have the ability to materially affect the risk profile of an organization either individually or as part of a group, is based upon  key principles including: (1) incentive compensation arrangements at a banking organization should provide employees incentives that appropriately balance risk and financial results in a manner that does not encourage employees to expose their organizations to imprudent risk; (2) these arrangements should be compatible with effective controls and risk-management; and (3) these arrangements should be supported by strong corporate governance, including active and effective oversight by the organization’s board of directors.  The final guidance seeks to address the safety and soundness risks of incentive compensation practices to ultimately be sure that compensation practices are not structured in a manner to give employees incentives to take imprudent risks.  Federal regulators intend to actively monitor the actions being taken by banking organizations with respect to incentive compensation arrangements and will review and update their guidance as appropriate to incorporate best practices that emerge.



The Federal Reserve will review, as part of the regular, risk-focused examination process, the incentive compensation arrangements of banking organizations such as ours that are not considered “large, complex banking organizations.”  These reviews will be tailored to each organization based on the scope and complexity of the organization’s activities and the prevalence of incentive compensation arrangements.  The findings of the supervisory initiatives will be included in reports of examination.  Deficiencies will be incorporated into the organization’s supervisory ratings, which can affect the organization’s ability to make acquisitions and take other actions.  Enforcement actions may be taken against a banking organization if its incentive compensation arrangements, or related risk-management controls or governance processes, pose a risk to the organization’s safety and soundness and the organization is not taking prompt and effective measures to correct the deficiencies.



In February 2011, the Federal Reserve, the Office of Comptroller of the Currency and the FDIC approved a joint proposed rulemaking to implement Section 956 of the Dodd-Frank Act, which prohibits incentive-based compensation arrangements that encourage inappropriate risk taking by covered financial institutions and that are deemed to be excessive, or that may lead to material losses. 

Effect of Governmental Monetary Policies. The commercial banking business is affected not only by general economic conditions but also by both U.S. fiscal policy and the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve.  Some of the instruments of fiscal and monetary policy available to the Federal Reserve include changes in the discount rate on member bank borrowings, the fluctuating availability of borrowings at the “discount window,” open market operations, the imposition of and changes in reserve requirements against member banks’ deposits and assets of foreign branches, the imposition of and changes in reserve requirements against certain borrowings by banks and their affiliates, and the placing of limits on interest rates that member banks may pay on time and savings deposits.  Such policies influence to a significant extent the overall growth of bank loans, investments, and deposits and the interest rates charged on loans or paid on time and savings deposits (see “Item 7 Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”).  We cannot predict the nature of future fiscal and monetary policies and the effect of such policies on the future business and our earnings.

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Delaware Regulation



General. As a Delaware financial holding company, we are subject to the supervision of and periodic examination by the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner and must comply with the reporting requirements of the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner.  The Bank, as a banking corporation chartered under Delaware law, is subject to comprehensive regulation by the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner, including regulation of the conduct of its internal affairs, the extent and exercise of its banking powers, the issuance of capital notes or debentures, any mergers, consolidations or conversions, its lending and investment practices and its revolving and closed-end credit practices.  The Bank also is subject to periodic examination by the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner and must comply with the reporting requirements of the Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner.  The Delaware Office of the State Bank Commissioner has the power to issue cease and desist orders prohibiting unsafe and unsound practices in the conduct of a banking business.

 

Limitation on Dividends.  Under Delaware banking law, the Bank’s directors may declare dividends on common or preferred stock of so much of its net profits as they judge expedient; but the Bank must, before the declaration of a dividend on common stock from net profits, carry 50% of its net profits of the preceding period for which the dividend is paid to its surplus fund until its surplus fund amounts to 50% of its capital stock and thereafter must carry 25% of its net profits for the preceding period for which the dividend is paid to its surplus fund until its surplus fund amounts to 100% of its capital stock.  The Bank’s payment of dividends is also governed by federal banking laws and regulations promulgated by the FDIC, and by an amendment to the 2014 Consent Order with the FDIC which provides that any payment of dividends by the Bank must receive prior approval from the FDIC.



Gibraltar and European Union Regulation



TPL, our wholly-owned subsidiary, is an electronic money issuer organized in Gibraltar and licensed by the Gibraltar Financial Services Commission or the FSC.  As a licensed e-money issuer operating in Gibraltar and in other countries in the EU and EEA, TPL is subject to the laws and regulations of Gibraltar and any EU or EEA countries in which it does or may operate.  TPL is subject to supervision and regulation by the FSC.  As TPL’s primary regulator, the FSC conducts regular examinations of TPL and TPL must file annual and other periodic reports.



Laws applicable to TPL include, without limitation, the Financial Services (Electronic Money) Regulations of 2011, which we refer to as the E-Money Regulations, promulgated by the FSC and the Data Protection Directive (Directive 95/46/EC) as amended.  The E-Money Regulations impose upon TPL substantive rules governing TPL’s operation of e-money services, including rules requiring TPL to maintain certain minimum capital levels, governing the safeguarding of cardholder funds, and penalties for any violations.  Any change in the laws, regulations and policies of the Gibraltar Parliament, the European Union, its member countries, or any other country in which TPL operates, could have a material adverse impact on TPL and its operations.



Our operations in Europe have been minimal. A definitive agreement to sell TPL has been signed and is scheduled to close in the second quarter of 2017. If the sale does not close, we plan to wind down the operations and exit all European operations.



Employees

As of December 31, 2016, we had 589 full-time employees and believe our relationships with our employees to be good. Our employees are not employed under a collective bargaining agreement. 

Item 1A. Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Our Business

Our business may be affected materially by various risks and uncertainties.  Any of the risks described below or elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K or our other SEC filings, as well as other risks we have not identified, may have a material negative impact on our financial condition and operating results. 

The Bank’s allowance for loan losses may not be adequate to cover actual losses.



Like all financial institutions, the Bank maintains an allowance for loan losses to provide for probable losses inherent in its loan portfolio. At December 31, 2016, the ratios of the allowance for loan losses to total loans and to non performing loans were,

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respectively, 0.52% and 174.29%. The Bank’s allowance for loan losses may not be adequate to cover actual loan losses and future provisions for loan losses could materially and adversely affect the Bank’s operating results. The Bank’s allowance for loan losses is determined by management after analyzing historical loan losses, current trends in delinquencies and charge-offs, plans for problem loan resolution, changes in the size and composition of the loan portfolio and industry information.  Also included in management’s estimates for loan losses are considerations with respect to the impact of economic events, the outcome of which are uncertain.  The determination by management of the allowance for loan losses involves a high degree of subjectivity and requires management to estimate current and future credit risk based on both qualitative and quantitative facts, each of which is subject to significant change.  The amount of future loan losses is susceptible to changes in economic, operating and other conditions, including changes in interest rates that may be beyond the Bank’s control, and these loan losses may exceed current estimates.  Bank regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, review the Bank’s loans and allowance for loan losses.  Although we believe that the Bank’s allowance for loan losses is adequate to provide for probable losses and that the methodology used by the Bank to determine the amount of both the allowance and provision is effective, we cannot assure you that we will not need to increase the Bank’s allowance for loan losses, change our methodology for determining our allowance and provision for loan losses or that our regulators will not require us to increase this allowance.  Any of these occurrences could materially reduce our earnings and profitability and could result in our sustaining losses.  For risks which are specific to the different types of loans we make and which could impact the allowance for loan losses, see Item 1,” Business –Lending Activities.”



The Bank may suffer losses in its loan portfolio despite its underwriting practices.



The Bank seeks to mitigate the risks inherent in its loan portfolio by adhering to specific underwriting practices.  These practices vary depending on the facts and circumstances of each loan, but generally include analysis of a borrower’s prior credit history, financial statements, tax returns and cash flow projections, valuation of certain types of collateral based on reports of independent appraisers and verification of liquid assets.  Although the Bank believes that its underwriting criteria are appropriate for the various kinds of loans it makes, the Bank may incur losses on loans that meet its underwriting criteria, and these losses may exceed the amounts set aside as reserves in the Bank’s allowance for loan losses.  If the level of non-performing assets increases, interest income will be reduced.  If we experience loan defaults in excess of amounts that we have included in our allowance for loan losses, we will have to increase the provision for loan losses which will reduce our income and might cause us to incur losses.



Weak conditions in the U.S. economy and the credit markets have had, and may continue to have, significant adverse effects on our assets and operating results.



Since the end of the recession in 2009, the United States economy has been subject to low rates of growth in general and, in particular localities, recession-like conditions have occurred.  As a result, the financial system in the United States, including credit markets and markets for real estate and real-estate related assets, have periodically been subject to weakness.  These weaknesses have episodically resulted in declines in the availability of credit, reduction in the values of real estate and real estate–related assets, the reduction of markets for those assets and impairment of the ability of certain borrowers to repay their obligations.  As a result of these conditions, we have been increasing our provision for loan losses, and have experienced an increase in the amount of loans charged off and non-performing assets in our Philadelphia based commercial loan portfolio which is now reflected in discontinued operations.  Rated investment securities, generally considered to be less risky than loans, have in recent economic periods, in certain instances, experienced greater than expected losses, which could recur.  The Federal Reserve has continued to maintain interest rates at historically low levels to foster a more rapid and full recovery.  However, a continuation of weak economic conditions could further harm our financial condition and results of operations.  



We are subject to extensive government regulation and supervision.



The Bancorp, Inc. and its subsidiary The Bancorp Bank, are subject to extensive federal and state regulation and supervision.  Banking regulations are primarily intended to protect customers, depositors’ funds, the federal deposit insurance funds and the banking system as a whole, not stockholders.  These regulations affect the Bank’s lending practices, capital structure and requirements, investment activities, dividend policy, product offerings, expansionary strategies and growth, among other things.  The legal and regulatory landscape is frequently changing as Congress and the regulatory agencies having jurisdiction over our operations adopt or amend laws, or change interpretation of existing statutes, regulations or policies.  These changes could affect the Company and the Bank in substantial and unpredictable ways.  Additionally, while we have policies and procedures designed to prevent violations of the extensive federal and state regulations that we are subject to, there can be no assurance that such violations will not occur.  Failure to comply with these statutes, regulations or policies could result in sanctions against us or the Bank by regulatory agencies, civil money penalties, reputational damage, and a downgrade in the Bank’s ratings for capital adequacy, asset quality,

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management, earnings, liquidity and market sensitivity, any of which alone or in combination could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.



The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements upon us and the Bank.



The Bank entered into a Stipulation and Consent to the Issuance of a Consent Order effective August 7, 2012, which we refer to as the 2012 Consent Order.  The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any charges of unsafe or unsound banking practices or violations of law or regulation.  Under the 2012 Consent Order, the Bank agreed to increase its supervision of third party relationships, develop new written compliance and related internal audit compliance programs, develop a new third-party risk management program and screen new third party relationships as provided in the Consent Order. As part of the Consent Order, the Bank agreed to pay a civil money penalty in the amount of $172,000, which was paid in 2012. The 2012 Consent Order was amended and restated in 2015 as noted below.



On June 5, 2014, the Bank entered into a Stipulation and Consent to the Issuance of a Consent Order with the FDIC, which we refer to as the 2014 Consent Order.  The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any charges of unsafe or unsound banking practices or violations of law or regulation relating to the Bank’s Bank Secrecy Act, or BSA, compliance program.  The 2014 Consent Order requires the Bank to take certain affirmative actions to comply with its BSA obligations.  See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations – Recent Developments.”  Satisfaction of the requirements of the 2014 Consent Order is subject to the review of the FDIC and the Delaware State Bank Commissioner.  The Bank has and expects to continue to expend significant management and financial resources to address the Bank’s BSA compliance program which will reduce our net income. Expenses associated with the required look back review were significant in 2015 and 2016. The look back review was completed in the third quarter of 2016.

Until the Bank submits to the FDIC a  report summarizing the completion of certain BSA-related corrective action (“BSA Report”), the 2014 Consent Order restricts the Bank from signing and boarding new independent sales organizations, establishing new non-benefit reloadable prepaid card programs and originating Automated Clearing House transactions for new merchant-related payments.  Until the BSA Report is submitted to and approved by the FDIC and Delaware State Bank Commissioner, those aspects of the growth of our card payment processing and prepaid card operations will be affected, which, unless offset by growth from existing customers and new customers in other areas of our prepaid card operations, could reduce growth of our deposits and non-interest income and, possibly, limit our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms. 



On August 27, 2015, the Bank entered into an Amendment to Consent Order, or the 2014 Consent Order Amendment, with the FDIC, amending the 2014 Consent Order.  The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any additional charges of unsafe or unsound banking practices or violations of law or regulation relating to continued weaknesses in the Bank’s BSA compliance program.  The 2014 Consent Order Amendment provides that the Bank shall not declare or pay any dividend without the prior written consent of the FDIC and for certain assurances regarding management.



On May 11, 2015, the Federal Reserve issued a letter, or the Supervisory Letter, to us as a result of the 2014 Consent Order and the 2014 Consent Order Amendment, (which, at the time of the Supervisory Letter, was in proposed form), which provides that we shall not pay any dividends on our common stock or make any distributions to TPL or its subsidiaries, or make any interest payments on our trust preferred securities, without the prior written approval of the Federal Reserve.  It further provides that we may not incur any debt (excluding payables in the ordinary course of business) or redeem any shares of our stock, without the prior written approval of the Federal Reserve.



On December 23, 2015, the Bank entered into a Stipulation and Consent to the Issuance of an Amended Consent Order, Order for Restitution, and Order to Pay Civil Money Penalty with the FDIC, which we refer to as the 2015 Consent Order. The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any charges of violations of law or regulation.  The 2015 Consent Order amends and restates in its entirety the terms of the 2012 Consent Order. 



The 2015 Consent Order was based on FDIC allegations regarding electronic fund transfer, or EFT, error resolution practices, account termination practices and fee practices of various third parties with whom the Bank had previously provided, or currently provides, deposit-related products which we refer to as Third Parties.  The 2015 Consent Order continues the Bank's obligations originally set forth in the 2012 Consent Order, including its obligations to increase board oversight of the Bank's compliance management system, or CMS, improve the Bank's CMS, enhance its internal audit program, increase its management and oversight of Third Parties, and correct any apparent violations of law.

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In addition to restating the general terms of the 2012 Consent Order, the 2015 Consent Order directs the Bank’s Board to establish a Complaint and Error Claim Oversight and Review Committee, which we refer to as the Complaint and Error Claim Committee to review and oversee the Bank’s processes and practices for handling, monitoring and resolving consumer complaints and EFT error claims (whether received directly or through Third Parties) and to review management's plans for correcting any weaknesses that may be found in such processes and practices  The Bank’s Board of Directors appointed the required Complaint and Error Claim Committee on January 29, 2016.



The 2015 Consent Order also requires the Bank to implement a corrective action plan, or CAP, to remediate and provide restitution to those prepaid cardholders who asserted or attempted to assert, or were discouraged from initiating EFT error claims and to provide restitution to cardholders harmed by EFT error resolution practices.    The 2015 Consent Order requires that if, through the CAP, the Bank identifies prepaid cardholders who have been adversely affected by a denial or failure to resolve an EFT error claim, the Bank will ensure that monetary restitution is made.  Neither we nor the Bank can predict the amount of any restitution which may be required, or the amount, if any, that the Bank may pay in connection therewith.  Under the Bank's agreements with Third Parties, we believe that restitution is reimbursable to the Bank.  The CAP is currently being implemented. To date, no restitution under the CAP has been made.



The 2015 Consent Order also imposed a $3 million civil money penalty on the Bank, which the Bank has paid and which was recognized as expense in the fourth quarter of 2015.



We cannot assure you that our regulators will ultimately determine that we have met all of the requirements of the 2014 Consent Order, the 2014 Consent Order Amendment, the 2015 Consent Order or the Supervisory Letter to their satisfaction. We refer collectively to the 2014 Consent Order, the 2014 Consent Order Amendment and the 2015 Consent Order, as the Consent Orders.  If our regulators believe that we have not made sufficient progress in complying with these Consent Orders, they could seek to impose additional regulatory requirements, operational restrictions, enhanced supervision and/or civil money penalties.  If any of these measures is imposed in the future, it could reduce our earnings, result in our incurring losses or otherwise materially adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations and reduce or eliminate our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms. 



Our reputation and business could be damaged by our entry into the Consent Orders with the FDIC and other negative publicity.



Reputational risk, or the risk to our business, earnings and capital from negative publicity, is inherent in our business.  Negative publicity can result from actual or alleged conduct in a number of areas, including legal and regulatory compliance, lending practices, corporate governance, litigation, inadequate protection of customer data, ethical behavior of our employees, and from actions taken by regulators and others as a result of that conduct.  Damage to our reputation, including as a result of negative publicity associated with the Consent Orders or the Supervisory Letter and the class action filed in July 2014, now or in the future could impact our ability to attract new and maintain existing loan and deposit customers, employees and business relationships, and could result in the imposition of additional regulatory requirements, operational restrictions, enhanced supervision and/or civil money penalties.  Such damage could also adversely affect our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms.



The provisions contained in the Consent Orders present interpretive challenges that may give rise to a difference of interpretation by us and our regulators.



The provisions of the Consent Orders and the Supervisory Letter are subject to interpretation and may give rise to differing views between us and our regulators with respect to their scope and application.  Accordingly, management, employees at all levels, and legal counsel of the Bank face significant challenges in applying the terms of the Consent Orders and the Supervisory Letter to the myriad factual scenarios that arise in the ordinary course of business.  While we have sought, and will continue to seek, guidance from our regulators as to the application of the Consent Orders and the Supervisory Letter on our business, there can be no assurance that our regulators will provide such guidance or that we and our regulators will interpret the terms of the Consent Orders and the Supervisory Letter uniformly in every instance. 



If the regulators interpret the Consent Orders or the Supervisory Letter in a manner contrary to our interpretation despite our good faith efforts to comply, the FDIC may conclude a violation has occurred, which may result in the imposition of additional regulatory requirements, operational restrictions, enhanced supervision and/or civil money penalties.



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We may have difficulty managing our growth which may divert resources and limit our ability to expand our operations successfully.



 Our future profitability will depend in part on our continued ability to grow; however, we may not be able to sustain our historical growth rate or be able to grow.  Our future success will depend on the ability of our officers and key employees to continue to implement and improve our operational, financial and management controls, reporting systems and procedures and manage a growing number of customer relationships.  We may not implement improvements to our management information and control systems in an efficient or timely manner and may discover deficiencies in existing systems and controls.  Consequently, any future growth may place a strain on our administrative and operational infrastructure.  Any such strain could increase our costs, reduce or eliminate our profitability and reduce the price at which our common shares trade.



New lines of business, and new products and services may result in exposure to new risks. 



The Bank has introduced, and in the future may introduce, new products and services to differing markets either alone or in conjunction with third parties.  New lines of business, products or services could have a significant impact on the effectiveness of our system of internal controls or the controls of third parties and could reduce our revenues and potentially generate losses.  There are material inherent risks and uncertainties associated with offering new products and services, especially when new markets are not fully developed or when the laws and regulations regarding a new product are not mature.  New products and services, or entrance into new markets, may require substantial time, resources and capital, and profitability targets may not be achieved.  Factors outside of our control, such as developing laws and regulations, regulatory orders, competitive product offerings and changes in commercial and consumer demand for products or services may also materially impact the successful launch and implementation of new products or services.  Failure to manage these risks, or failure of any product or service offerings to be successful and profitable, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.



Changes in interest rates and loan production could reduce our income, cash flows and asset values.



A significant portion of our income and cash flows depends on the difference between the interest rates we earn on interest earning assets, such as loans and investment securities, and the interest rates we pay on interest-bearing liabilities such as deposits and borrowings.  The value of our assets, and particularly loans with fixed or capped rates of interest, may also vary with interest rate changes.  We discuss the effects of interest rate changes on the market value of our portfolio and net interest income in “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Asset and Liability Management.” Interest rates are highly sensitive to many factors which are beyond our control, including general economic conditions and policies of various governmental and regulatory agencies and, in particular, the Federal Reserve.  Changes in monetary policy, including changes in interest rates, will influence not only the interest we receive on our loans and investment securities and the amount of interest we pay on deposits, but also our ability to originate loans and obtain deposits and our costs in doing so.  If the rate of interest we pay on our deposits and other borrowings increases more than the rate of interest we earn on our loans and other investments, our net interest income, and therefore our earnings, could decline or we could sustain losses.  Our earnings could also decline or we could sustain losses if the rates on our loans and other investments fall more quickly than those on our deposits and other borrowings.  While the Bank is generally asset sensitive, which implies that significant increases in market rates would generally increase margins, while decreases in interest rates would generally decrease margins, we cannot assure you that increases or decreases in margins will follow such a pattern in the future. Our net interest income is also determined by our level of loan production  to replace loan payoffs and to grow our different loan portfolios. In the case of loans held for sale into secondary markets or securitizations, loans must be originated to replace loans sold to maintain related net interest income. Loan demand may vary for economic and competitive reasons and we cannot assure you that historical rates of loan growth will continue or as to other loan production. 



We are subject to lending risks.



There are risks inherent in making all loans.  These risks include interest rate changes over the time period in which loans may be repaid and changes in the national economy or local economies in which our borrowers operate. Such changes may impact the ability of our borrowers to repay their loans or the value of the collateral securing those loans.  Although we have discontinued our Philadelphia-based commercial lending operations, we still hold a significant number of commercial, construction and commercial mortgage loans with relatively large balances. The deterioration of one or a few of these loans would cause a significant increase in non-performing loans, notwithstanding that such loans are now held for sale.  Weak economic conditions have caused increases in our delinquent and defaulted loans in recent years.  We cannot assure you that we will not experience further increases in delinquencies and defaults or that any such increases will not be material.  On a consolidated basis, an increase in non-performing loans could result in an increase in our provision for loan losses or in loan charge-offs and consequent reductions in our earnings.  Our specialty lending

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operations are subject to additional risks including, with respect to our SBA loans, the risk that the U.S.  Government’s partial guaranty on SBA loans is withdrawn due to noncompliance with regulations.  For other risks which are specific to the different types of loans we make and which could impact our allowance for loan losses, see Item 1,” Business –Lending Activities.”



There is a significant concentration in prepaid card fee income which is subject to various risks.



We realize a significant portion of our revenues from prepaid card and other prepaid products and services.  Actions by government agencies relating to service charges, or increased regulatory compliance costs, could result in reductions in income which may not be offset by reductions in expense. Some of our clients have significant volume, the loss of which would materially affect our revenues. Prepaid card deposits comprise a significant portion of the Bank’s deposits.



Regulatory and legal requirements applicable to the prepaid card industry are unique and frequently changing.



Achieving and maintaining compliance with frequently changing legal and regulatory requirements requires a significant investment in qualified personnel, hardware, software and other technology platforms, external legal counsel and consultants and other infrastructure components both in the United States.  These investments may not ensure compliance or otherwise mitigate risks involved in this business.  Our failure to satisfy regulatory mandates applicable to prepaid financial products could result in actions against us by our regulators, legal proceedings being instituted against us by consumers, or other losses, each of which could reduce our earnings or result in losses, make it more difficult to conduct our operations, or prohibit us from conducting specific operations.  Other risks related to prepaid cards include competition for prepaid and other payment mediums, possible changes in the rules of networks, such as Visa and MasterCard and others, in which the Bank operates and state regulations related to prepaid cards including escheatment.



The potential for fraud in the card payment industry is significant.



Issuers of prepaid cards and other companies have suffered significant losses in recent years with respect to the theft of cardholder data that has been illegally exploited for personal gain.  The theft of such information is regularly reported and affects individuals and businesses.  Losses from various types of fraud have been substantial for certain card industry participants.  The Bank in many cases has indemnification agreements with third parties; however, such indemnifications may not fully cover losses.  Although fraud has not had a material impact on the profitability of the Bank, it is possible that such activity could impact the Bank in the future.



Risk management processes and strategies must be effective, and concentration of risk increases the potential for losses.



Our risk management processes and strategies must be effective, otherwise losses may result.  We manage asset quality, liquidity, market sensitivity, operational, regulatory, third-party vendor and partner relationship risks and other risks through various processes and strategies throughout the organization.  If our risk management judgments and strategies are not effective, or unanticipated risks arise, our income could be reduced or we could sustain losses.



We may depend in part upon wholesale and brokered certificates of deposit to satisfy funding needs.



In the future we may rely in part on funds provided by wholesale deposits and brokered certificates of deposit to support the growth of our loan portfolio.  Wholesale and brokered certificates of deposit are highly sensitive to changes in interest rates and, accordingly, can be a more volatile source of funding. 



Use of wholesale and brokered deposits involves the risk that growth supported by such deposits would be halted, or the Bank’s total assets could contract, if the rates offered by the Bank were less than offered by other institutions seeking such deposits, or if the depositors were to perceive a decline in the Bank’s safety and soundness, or both.  In addition, if we were unable to match the maturities of the interest rates we pay for wholesale and brokered certificates of deposit to the maturities of the loans we make using those funds, increases in the interest rates we pay for such funds could decrease our consolidated net interest income.  Moreover, if the Bank ceases to be categorized as “well capitalized” under banking regulations, it will be prohibited from accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits without the consent of the FDIC. 



Our prepaid card and other deposits obtained with the assistance of third parties have been classified as brokered. 



In December 2014, the FDIC issued new guidance classifying prepaid deposits and other deposits obtained in cooperation with third parties as brokered deposits, resulting in the vast majority of the Bank’s deposits being classified as brokered.  We do not

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believe that these deposits are subject to the volatility risks associated with brokered wholesale deposits or brokered certificates of deposit. However, if the Bank ceases to be categorized as “well capitalized” under banking regulations, it will be prohibited from accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits without the consent of the FDIC. In such a case, the FDIC’s refusal to grant consent to our accepting, renewing or rolling over brokered deposits could effectively restrict or eliminate the ability of the Bank to operate its business lines as presently conducted.



We operate in highly competitive markets.

We face substantial competition in all phases of our operations from a variety of different competitors, including commercial banks and their holding companies, savings and loan associations, mutual savings banks, credit unions, leasing companies, consumer finance companies, factoring companies, insurance companies and money market mutual funds and card issuers.

We face national and even global competition with respect to our other products and services, including payment acceptance products and services, healthcare payment solutions, private label banking, fleet leasing, government guaranteed lending and prepaid payment solutions.  Our commercial partners and banking customers for these products and services are located throughout the United States and, with respect to prepaid and electronic money payment solutions, the United States and the European Union, and the competition is strong in each category.  We encounter competition from some of the largest financial institutions in the world as well as smaller specialized regional banks and financial service companies.  Increased competition with any of these product or service offerings could result in reduced pricing and lower profit margins, fragmented market share and a failure to enjoy economies of scale, loss of customer and depositor base, and other risks that individually, or in the aggregate, could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

Some of the financial services organizations with which we compete are not subject to the same degree of regulation as federally-insured and regulated financial institutions such as ours.  As a result, those competitors may be able to access funding and provide various services more easily or at less cost than we can.

We derive a significant percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts we generate through affinity groups.



We derive a significant percentage of our deposits, total assets and income from deposit accounts we generate through affinity groups.  Deposits related to our top twenty affinity groups totaled $2.70 billion at December 31, 2016.  We provide oversight over our affinity groups which must meet all internal and regulatory requirements.  We may exit relationships where such requirements are not met or be required by our regulators to exit such relationships. Also, an affinity group could terminate a relationship with us for many reasons, including being able to obtain better terms from another provider or dissatisfaction with the level or quality of our services.  If an affinity group relationship were to be terminated, it could materially reduce our deposits, assets and income.  We cannot assure you that we could replace such relationship. If we cannot replace such relationship, we may be required to seek higher rate funding sources as compared to the exiting affinity group and interest expense might increase.  We may also be required to sell securities or other assets to meet funding needs which would reduce revenues or potentially generate losses.

Our affinity group marketing strategy has been adopted by other institutions with which we compete.

Several online banking operations as well as the online banking programs of conventional banks have instituted affinity group marketing strategies similar to ours.  As a consequence, we have encountered competition in this area and anticipate that we will continue to do so in the future.  This competition may increase our costs, reduce our revenues or revenue growth or, because we are a relatively small banking operation without the name recognition of other, more established banking operations, make it difficult for us to compete effectively in obtaining affinity group relationships.

Our lending limit may adversely affect our competitiveness.

Our regulatory lending limit as of December 31, 2016 to any one customer or related group of customers was $44.3 million for unsecured loans and $73.8 million for secured loans.  Our lending limit is substantially smaller than that of many financial institutions with which we compete.  While we believe that our lending limit is sufficient for our targeted market of small to mid-size businesses within the four specialty lending operations upon which we focus as well as affinity group members, it may in the future

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affect our ability to attract or maintain customers or to compete with other financial institutions.  Moreover, to the extent that we incur losses and do not obtain additional capital, our lending limit, which depends upon the amount of our capital, will decrease.

Environmental liability associated with lending activities could result in losses.

In the course of our business, we may foreclose on and take title to properties securing our loans.  If hazardous substances were discovered on any of these properties, we may be liable to governmental entities or third parties for the costs of remediation of the hazard, as well as for personal injury and property damage.  Many environmental laws can impose liability regardless of whether we knew of, or were responsible for, the contamination.  In addition, if we arrange for the disposal of hazardous or toxic substances at another site, we may be liable for the costs of cleaning up and removing those substances from the site, even if we neither own nor operate the disposal site.  Environmental laws may require us to incur substantial expenses and may materially limit use of properties we acquire through foreclosure, reduce their value or limit our ability to sell them in the event of a default on the loans they secure. In addition, future laws or more stringent interpretations or enforcement policies with respect to existing laws may increase our exposure to environmental liability.

As a financial institution whose principal medium for delivery of banking services is the Internet, we are subject to risks particular to that medium and other technological risks and costs.

We utilize the Internet and other automated electronic processing in our banking services without physical locations, as distinguished from the Internet banking service of an established conventional bank.  Independent Internet banks often have found it difficult to achieve profitability and revenue growth.  Several factors contribute to the unique problems that Internet banks face.  These include concerns for the security of personal information, the absence of personal relationships between bankers and customers, the absence of loyalty to a conventional hometown bank, the customer’s difficulty in understanding and assessing the substance and financial strength of an Internet bank, a lack of confidence in the likelihood of success and permanence of Internet banks and many individuals’ unwillingness to trust their personal assets to a relatively new technological medium such as the Internet.  As a result, many potential customers may be unwilling to establish a relationship with us.

Many conventional financial institutions offer the option of Internet banking and financial services to their existing and prospective customers.  The public may perceive conventional financial institutions as being safer, more responsive, more comfortable to deal with and more accountable as providers of their banking and financial services, including their Internet banking services.  We may not be able to offer Internet banking and financial services and personal relationship characteristics that have sufficient advantages over the Internet banking and financial services and other characteristics of established conventional financial institutions to enable us to compete successfully.

Moreover, both the Internet and the financial services industry are undergoing rapid technological changes, with frequent introductions of new technology-driven products and services.  In addition to improving the ability to serve customers, the effective use of technology increases efficiency and enables financial institutions to reduce costs.  Our ability to compete will depend, in part, upon our ability to address the needs of our customers by using technology to provide products and services that will satisfy customer demands, as well as to create additional efficiencies in our operations.  Many of our competitors have substantially greater resources to invest in technological improvements.  We may not be able to implement effectively new technology-driven products and services or be successful in marketing these products and services to our customers.  Such products may also prove costly to develop or acquire.

Our operations may be interrupted if our network or computer systems, or those of our providers, fail.

Because we deliver our products and services over the Internet and outsource several critical functions to third parties, our operations depend on our ability, as well as that of our service providers, to protect computer systems and network infrastructure against interruptions in service due to damage from fire, power loss, telecommunications failure, physical break-ins and computer hacking or similar catastrophic events.  Our operations also depend upon our ability to replace a third-party provider if it experiences difficulties that interrupt our operations or if an operationally essential third-party service terminates.  Service interruptions to customers may adversely affect our ability to obtain or retain customers and could result in regulatory sanctions.  Moreover, if a customer were unable to access his or her account or complete a financial transaction due to a service interruption, we could be subject to a claim by the customer for his or her loss.  While our accounts and other agreements contain disclaimers of liability for these kinds of losses, we cannot predict the outcome of litigation if a customer were to make a claim against us.

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A failure of cyber security may result in a loss of customers and our being liable for damages for such failure.

A significant barrier to online and other financial transactions is the secure transmission of confidential information over public networks and other mediums.  The systems we use rely on encryption and authentication technology to provide secure transmission of confidential information.  Advances in computer capabilities, new discoveries in the field of cryptography or other developments could result in a compromise or breach of the algorithms used to protect customer transaction data.  If we, or another provider of financial services through the Internet, were to suffer damage from a security breach, public acceptance and use of the Internet as a medium for financial transactions could suffer.  Any security breach could deter potential customers or cause existing customers to leave, thereby impairing our ability to grow and maintain profitability and, possibly, our ability to continue delivering our products and services through the Internet.  We could also be liable for any customer damages arising from such a breach.  Other cyber threats involving theft of confidential information could also result in liability.  Although we, with the help of third-party service providers, intend to continue to implement security technology and establish operational procedures to prevent security breaches, these measures may not be successful.

We outsource many essential services to third-party providers who may terminate their agreements with us, resulting in interruptions to our banking operations.

We obtain essential technological and customer services support for the systems we use from third-party providers.  We outsource our check processing, check imaging, transaction processing, electronic bill payment, statement rendering, and other services to third-party vendors.  For a description of these services, see Item 1, “Business—Other Operations—Third-Party Service Providers.” Our agreements with each service provider are generally cancelable without cause by either party upon specified notice periods.  If one of our third-party service providers terminates its agreement with us and we are unable to replace it with another service provider, our operations may be interrupted.  Even a temporary disruption in services could result in our losing customers, incurring liability for any damages our customers may sustain, or losing revenues.    Moreover, there can be no assurance that a replacement service provider will provide its services at the same or a lower cost than the service provider it replaces.

We may be affected by government regulation including those mandating capital levels and those specifying limitations resulting from Community Reinvestment Act limitations.

We are subject to extensive federal and state banking regulation and supervision, which has increased in the past several years as a result of stresses the financial system has undergone for an extended period of years.  The regulations are intended primarily to protect our depositors’ funds, the federal deposit insurance funds and the safety and soundness of the Bank, not our shareholders. Regulatory requirements affect lending practices, product offerings, capital structure, investment practices, dividend policy and growth.  A failure by either the Bank or us to meet regulatory capital requirements will result in the imposition of limitations on our operations and could, if capital levels drop significantly, result in our being required to cease operations.  Regulatory capital requirements must also be satisfied such that mandated capital ratios are maintained as the Bank grows, or growth may be required to be curtailed.  Moreover, a failure by either the Bank or us to comply with regulatory requirements regarding lending practices, investment practices, customer relationships, anti-money laundering detection and prevention, and other operational practices (see "Business--Regulation Under Banking Law" and “Risk Factors- The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve Bank, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements upon us and the Bank”) could result in regulatory sanctions and possibly third-party liabilities.  Changes in governing law, regulations or regulatory practices could impose additional costs on us or impair our ability to obtain deposits or make loans and, as a consequence, our consolidated revenues and profitability.

As a Delaware-chartered bank whose depositors and financial services customers are located in several states, the Bank may be subject to additional licensure requirements or other regulation of its activities by state regulatory authorities and laws outside of Delaware.  If the Bank’s compliance with licensure requirements or other regulation becomes overly burdensome, we may seek to convert its state charter to a federal charter in order to gain the benefits of federal preemption of some of those laws and regulations. Conversion of the Bank to a federal charter will require the prior approval of the relevant federal bank regulatory authorities, which we may not be able to obtain.  Moreover, even if we obtain approval, there could be a significant period of time between our application and receipt of the approval, and/or any approval we do obtain may be subject to burdensome conditions or restrictions.

The Bank was examined for CRA compliance in 2015 and received a “needs to improve” rating for the 2015 examination which covered the period from 2012 through June 2, 2015. As a result of the downgraded rating, certain business restrictions are in

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place, including FDIC limits on change in control, new branches, branch relocation, main office relocation, and mergers (regular, interim or corporate reorganizations).  The Federal Reserve Bank restrictions include limitations on holding company commencement of direct or indirect new financial activity and holding company change in control.  The Federal Housing Finance Agency has also imposed restrictions on receiving long-term advances and participating in their Affordable Housing Program and Community Investment Cash Advances Program.   The Bank has obtained approval of a CRA Strategic Plan which will govern CRA evaluation from and after July 1, 2016.  The CRA Plan has specific  targets for loans, investments, community service and other CRA criteria which we believe will satisfy regulatory expectations to restore a satisfactory rating.  We are in the process of implementing that plan. 





Implemented, proposed and future regulatory and legislative financial reforms may result in new laws and regulations that we expect will increase our compliance burdens and operating costs.



The passage of new laws and the adoption of new rules and regulations cannot be fully or accurately predicted.  Any such proposed laws and regulations may limit our operations, require higher levels of capital and liquidity, create additional compliance burdens, or otherwise impact our operations.  The passage of the Dodd-Frank Act in 2010, and the rules and regulations emanating therefrom, have significantly changed, and will continue to change the bank regulatory structure, and affect the lending, deposit, investment, trading and operating activities of financial institutions and their holding companies.  The Dodd-Frank Act requires various federal agencies to adopt a broad range of new implementing rules and regulations, and to prepare numerous studies and reports for Congress.  While a significant number of regulations have already been promulgated to implement the Dodd-Frank Act, many of the details and much of the impact of the Dodd-Frank Act may not be known for lengthy periods, which could have a material adverse effect on the financial services industry, generally, and our company in particular.

 The Dodd-Frank Act’s “Durbin Amendment,” which applies to all banks, required the Federal Reserve to adopt a rule establishing debit card interchange fee standards and limits and prohibiting network exclusivity and routing requirements. The Dodd-Frank Act exempts from the debit card interchange fee standards any issuing bank that, together with its affiliates, have assets of less than $10 billion.  Because of our asset size, we are exempt from the debit card interchange fee standards but may lose the exemption if it is amended or we, together with our subsidiaries, surpass $10 billion in assets.

The Federal Reserve has implemented  routing regulatory requirements to prohibit network exclusivity arrangements on debit card transactions and ensure merchants will have choices in debit card routing, which apply to us.  The regulations require issuers to make at least two unaffiliated networks available to the merchant, without regard to the method of authentication (PIN or signature), for both debit cards and prepaid cards.  As currently applied, a card issuer can guarantee compliance with the network exclusivity regulations by enabling the debit card to process transactions through one signature network and one unaffiliated PIN network.  Cards usable only with PINs must be enabled with two unaffiliated PIN networks.

On March 21, 2014, the United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit upheld the Federal Reserve’s rules on network exclusivity and interchange fees as written and thereby rejected a challenge brought by a group of merchant trade associations.  On January 21, 2015, the Supreme Court of the United States declined to take an appeal filed by the plaintiff merchant trade associations, effectively ending the litigation and upholding the Federal Reserve’s final rules regarding network exclusivity and interchange fees as written.



It is difficult to predict at this time what specific impact many aspects of the Dodd-Frank Act and the yet to be written implementing rules and regulations will have on regional banks; however, we expect that at a minimum they will increase our operating and compliance costs and obligations, which could reduce or eliminate our ability to generate profits.



On October 5, 2016, the Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) released its final Prepaid Card Rule (Final Prepaid Rule), which it first proposed by publication on December 23, 2014.  The effective date of the Final Prepaid Rule is October 1, 2017, but applicability of certain requirements of the Final Prepaid Rule are delayed until October 1, 2018.  The Final Prepaid Rule represents a material change in the rules and regulations governing prepaid cards.  We rely on prepaid cards as the largest single component of our deposits and the largest single component of our non-interest income.  We cannot reasonably quantify the financial impact, if any, that implementation of the Prepaid Card Rule may have on the Bank’s business, financial condition, or results of operations.



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A further downgrade of the U.S. government credit rating could negatively impact our investment portfolio and other operations.       

A significant amount of our investment portfolio is rated by outside ratings agencies as explicitly or implicitly backed by the United States government.  In 2011, the credit rating of the United States government was lowered, and it is possible it may be downgraded further, based upon rating agencies’ evaluations of the effect of increasing levels of government debt and related Congressional actions.  A lowering of the United States government credit ratings may reduce the market value or liquidity of our investment portfolio.

Potential acquisitions may disrupt our business and dilute stockholder value.  



Acquiring other banks or businesses involves various risks commonly associated with acquisitions, including, among other things:





From time to time we evaluate merger and acquisition opportunities and conduct due diligence activities related to possible transactions with other financial institutions and financial services companies.  As a result, merger or acquisition discussions and, in some cases, negotiations may take place and future mergers or acquisitions involving cash, debt or equity securities may occur at any time.  Acquisitions typically involve the payment of a premium over book and market values, and, therefore, some dilution of our tangible book value and net income per common share may occur in connection with any future transaction.  Furthermore, failure to realize the expected revenue increases, cost savings, increases in geographic or product presence, and/or other projected benefits from an acquisition could have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations. The Consent Orders likely constrain us from making acquisitions.



We may be subject to potential liability and business risk from actions by our regulators related to supervision of third parties.



Our regulators or auditors may require us to increase the level and manner of our oversight of the third parties from which we acquire deposit accounts and with which we offer products and services.  Although we have added significant compliance staff and have used outside consultants, our internal and external compliance examiners must be satisfied with the results of such augmentation and enhancement. We cannot assure you that we will satisfy all related requirements. See “Risk Factors- The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements upon us and the Bank”.  Not achieving a compliance management system which is deemed adequate could result in sanctions against the Bank.  Our ongoing review and analysis of our compliance management system and implementation of any changes resulting from that review and analysis will likely result in increased non-interest expense.



The Bank may be subject to civil money penalties in connection with examination findings.

 

Like all regulated banking institutions, we are at risk of the imposition of civil money penalties by our regulators, based on, among other things, apparent violations of law, repeat violations, or supervisory determinations of non-compliance with any consent order.  Depending on the circumstances, the imposition and size of any such penalty is at the discretion of the regulator.  The FDIC has informed us that certain actions of third parties through which we issue prepaid cards are being scrutinized by the FDIC.  The

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FDIC has further informed us that it may take the position that certain operational aspects related to these card programs may implicate non-compliance with unfair or deceptive acts or practices laws or other regulations.  While the Bank is contractually indemnified for related losses, civil money penalties, if assessed against the Bank, are not recoverable from third parties.



The appraised fair value of the assets from our discontinued commercial loan operations may be more than the amounts received upon sale or other disposition.



Various internal and external inputs were utilized to analyze fair value  of the discontinued commercial loan portfolio and the investment in unconsolidated entity which reflects the financing of the securitization of a portion of the discontinued assets. The valuations are estimates and actual sales prices could be significantly less than the estimates, which could materially affect our results of operations in future quarters.



We cannot predict whether income resulting from the reinvestment of proceeds from the loans we hold will match or exceed the income from the sold loans.



We are seeking to sell the loans in our discontinued commercial loan operations and expect that we will obtain a significant amount of cash from these sales.  Although we believe, based upon current market conditions, that we will be able to invest such proceeds profitably, reinvestment income is difficult to predict and depends upon a number of economic and market conditions beyond our control, including interest rates and the availability of suitable investments. We cannot assure you that we will be able to generate the same level of income from the reinvested proceeds as we generated from the loan portfolio being sold, or that suitable investments will be available to us.  If not, our revenues and net income could be reduced materially.



Any future FDIC insurance premium increases will adversely affect our earnings.

   

Any further assessments or special assessments that the FDIC levies will be recorded as an expense during the appropriate period and will decrease our earnings.  On February 9, 2011, the FDIC adopted a final rule which redefines the deposit insurance assessment base as required by the Dodd-Frank Act.  The final rule sets the deposit insurance assessment base as average consolidated total assets minus average tangible equity.  It also sets a new assessment rate schedule which reflects assessment rate adjustments based upon regulatory examination classification with increased rates for brokered deposits.  The final rule became effective on April 1, 2011.  If the Bank’s rating is changed, insurance premiums will increase which will adversely affect our earnings.  At December 31,  2016 the Bank’s FDIC premium was increased to 27 basis points as a result of new guidance by the FDIC which reflected its previous reclassification of the vast majority of the Bank’s deposits as brokered.  A reduction in the assessment rate will depend on future FDIC evaluations of the Bank.

 

We have had material weaknesses in internal control over financial reporting in the past and cannot assure you that additional material weaknesses will not be identified in the future. Our failure to implement and maintain effective internal control over financial reporting could result in material misstatements in our financial statements which could require us to restate financial statements, cause investors to lose confidence in our reported financial information and have a negative effect on our stock price.



As previously reported, our management had identified material weaknesses in our internal and disclosure controls over financial reporting that affected our financial statements for the fiscal years ended December 31, 2012, 2013 and 2014 and prior periods. These weaknesses related to the timing of the recognition of loan losses and the recognition of other loan losses and resulted in a restatement of our financial statements for such periods. We believe these weaknesses have been remediated. However, we cannot assure you that additional significant deficiencies or material weaknesses in our internal control over financial reporting will not be identified in the future.  Any failure to maintain or implement required new or improved controls, or any difficulties we encounter in their implementation, could result in additional material weaknesses, cause us to fail to meet our periodic reporting obligations or result in material misstatements in our financial statements.  Any such failure could also adversely affect the results of periodic management evaluations and annual auditor attestation reports regarding the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting required under Section 404 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and the rules promulgated under Section 404. The existence of a material weakness could result in errors in our financial statements that could result in a restatement of financial statements, cause us to fail to meet our reporting obligations and cause investors or customers to lose confidence in our reported financial information, leading to a decline in our stock price or a loss of business, and could result in stockholder actions against us for damages. 



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Risks related to ownership of our common stock.



The trading volume in our common stock is less than that of many financial services companies, which may reduce the price at which our common stock would otherwise trade.



Although our common stock is traded on The NASDAQ Global Select Market, the trading volume is less than that of many financial services companies.  A public trading market having the desired characteristics of depth, liquidity and orderliness depends on the presence in the marketplace of willing buyers and sellers of our common stock at any given time.  This presence depends on the individual decisions of investors and general economic and market conditions over which we have no control.  Given the lower trading volume of our common stock, significant sales of our common stock, or the expectation of these sales, could cause our stock price to fall.



An investment in our common stock is not an insured deposit.



Our common stock is not a bank deposit and, therefore, is not insured against loss by the FDIC, any other deposit insurance fund or by any other public or private entity.  Investment in our common stock is inherently risky for the reasons described in this “Risk Factors” section and is subject to the same market forces that affect the price of common stock in any company.  As a result, if you acquire our common stock, you may lose some or all of your investment.



Our ability to issue additional shares of our common stock, or the issuance of such additional shares, may reduce the price at which our common stock trades.



We cannot predict whether future issuances of shares of our common stock or the availability of shares for resale in the open market will decrease the market price per share of our common stock.  We are not restricted from issuing additional shares of common stock, including any securities that are convertible into or exchangeable for, or that represent the right to receive shares of common stock.  Sales of a substantial number of shares of our common stock in the public market or the perception that such sales might occur could materially adversely affect the market price of the shares of our common stock.  The exercise of any options granted to directors, executive officers and other employees under our stock compensation plans, the vesting of restricted stock grants, the issuance of shares of common stock in acquisitions and other issuances of our common stock also could have an adverse effect on the market price of the shares of our common stock.  The existence of options, or shares of our common stock reserved for issuance as restricted shares of our common stock may materially adversely affect the terms upon which we may be able to obtain additional capital in the future through the sale of equity securities. 

 

Future offerings of debt, which would be senior to our common stock upon liquidation, and/or preferred equity securities which may be senior to our common stock for purposes of dividend distributions or upon liquidation, may reduce the market price at which our common stock trades.



In the future, we may attempt to increase our capital resources or, if the Bank’s capital ratios fall below the required minimums, we could be forced to raise additional capital by making additional offerings of debt or preferred equity securities, including medium-term notes, senior or subordinated notes or preferred stock.  Upon liquidation, holders of our debt securities and shares of preferred stock and lenders with respect to other borrowings will receive distributions of our available assets prior to the holders of our common stock.  Holders of our common stock are not entitled to preemptive rights or other protections against dilution.



The Bank’s ability to pay dividends is subject to regulatory limitations which, to the extent we require such dividends in the future, may affect our ability to pay our obligations and pay dividends.



We are a separate legal entity from the Bank and our other subsidiaries, and we do not have significant operations of our own.  We have historically depended on the Bank’s cash and liquidity as well as dividends to pay our operating expenses.  Various federal and state statutory provisions limit the amount of dividends that subsidiary banks can pay to their holding companies without regulatory approval.  The Bank is also subject to limitations under state law regarding the payment of dividends, including the requirement that dividends may be paid only out of net profits.  In addition to these explicit limitations, it is possible, depending upon the financial condition of the Bank and other factors, that federal and state regulatory agencies could take the position that payment of dividends by the Bank would constitute an unsafe or unsound banking practice and may therefore seek to prevent the Bank from paying such dividends.  Moreover, under the 2014 Consent Order Amendment, the Bank may not pay dividends without the approval of the FDIC. See “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business-The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements upon us and the Bank.” Although we believe we

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have sufficient existing liquidity for our needs for the foreseeable future, there is risk that, if the amendment remains undischarged for a lengthy period and the Bank is unable to obtain FDIC approval for one or more dividends, we may not be able to service our obligations as they become due or to pay dividends on our common stock or preferred stock. Even if, absent the amendment, the Bank has the capacity to pay dividends, it is not obligated to pay the dividends.  Its Board of Directors may determine, as it did in the past, to retain some or all of its earnings to support or increase its capital base. Moreover, even if the Bank receives permission to pay dividends to us, under the Supervisory Letter, we may not pay dividends to our stockholders without the consent of the Federal Reserve until the Supervisory Letter is discharged.



Anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation, bylaws and Delaware law may make it more difficult for holders of our common stock to receive a change in control premium.



Certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and bylaws could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest more difficult, even if such events were perceived by many of our stockholders as beneficial to their interests.  These provisions include in particular our ability to issue shares of our common stock and preferred stock with such provisions as our board of directors may approve without further shareholder approval.  In addition, as a Delaware corporation, we are subject to Section 203 of the Delaware General Corporation Law which, in general, prevents an interested stockholder, defined generally as a person owning 15% or more of a corporation’s outstanding voting stock, from engaging in a business combination with our company for three years following the date that person became an interested stockholder unless certain specified conditions are satisfied.



Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments.



The staff of the SEC has commented on three of our loan relationships, now included in discontinued operations, requesting detailed information concerning the amount and timing of our recognition of impairment losses originally reported in the first quarter of 2014, with respect to those relationships.  As a result of these comments, we analyzed the relationships and on March 29, 2015 our audit committee, as reported in a Form 8-K filed April 1, 2015, determined that certain of our financial statements could not be relied upon and that such charges should be restated to prior periods.  Upon resulting analysis of other unrelated loan charges, losses on other loans were also restated to prior periods including previously unreported losses.  The restatements were made in our Form 10-K for 2014. We cannot assure you that the staff of the SEC will not have further comments related to the foregoing. 



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Item 2. Properties.  

Our executive office and banking facility are located at 409 Silverside Road, Wilmington, Delaware.  We maintain business development offices in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, New York, New York, Chicago, Illinois, and Raleigh, North Carolina.  Leasing offices are located in Charlotte, North Carolina, Crofton, Maryland, Orlando, Florida, Kent, Washington and Parsippany, New Jersey.  Prepaid card offices are located in the United States in Sioux Falls, South Dakota and Minneapolis, Minnesota and in Europe at Lozenetaz, Sofia, Bulgaria and Ocean Village, Gibraltar. BSA/AML offices are in Tampa, Florida.  We also lease space in San Francisco, California for a sales office for our payments businesses. Locations and certain additional information regarding our offices and other material properties at December 31, 2016 are listed below.  We own a property in Orlando, Florida which houses our leasing operations business, consisting of a stand-alone building of 8,850 square feet. 

We believe that our offices are suitable and adequate for our operations.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings.  



For a discussion of the consent orders issued by the FDIC to the Bank and a supervisory letter the Company received from the Federal Reserve , see Part II, Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations- Regulatory Actions” and “Risk Factors- Risks relating to Our Business, The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements upon us and the Bank”



On July 17, 2014, a class action securities complaint captioned Fletcher v. The Bancorp Inc., et al., was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware.   A consolidated version of that class action complaint was filed before the same court on January 23, 2015 on behalf of Lead Plaintiffs Arkansas Public Employees Retirement System and Arkansas Teacher Retirement System under the caption of In Re The Bancorp, Inc. Securities Litigation, Case No. 14-cv-0952 (SLR).  On October 26, 2015, Lead Plaintiffs filed an amended consolidated complaint against Bancorp, Betsy Z. Cohen, Paul Frenkiel, Frank M. Mastrangelo

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and Jeremy Kuiper, which alleges that during a class period beginning January 26, 2011 through June 26, 2015, the defendants made materially false and/or misleading statements and/or failed to disclose that (i) Bancorp had wrongfully extended and modified problem loans and under-reserved for loan losses due to adverse loans, (ii) Bancorp’s operations and credit practices were in violation of the Bank Secrecy Act (BSA), and (iii) as a result, Bancorp’s financial statements, press releases and public statements were materially false and misleading during the relevant period. The amended consolidated complaint further alleged that, as a result, the price of Bancorp’s common stock was artificially inflated and fell once the defendants’ misstatements and omissions were revealed, causing damage to the plaintiffs and the other members of the class.  The complaint asked for an unspecified amount of damages, prejudgment and post-judgment interest and attorneys’ fees.  On July 27, 2016, we and all other individually-named defendants entered into a Stipulation and Agreement of Settlement (Settlement Agreement) with respect to the consolidated class action.  Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, we agreed to pay $17.5 million to the plaintiffs as full and complete settlement of the litigation.  All amounts paid by us were fully funded by the Company’s insurance carriers.  All terms of the Settlement Agreement were approved by the Court on December 15, 2016.



The Company received a subpoena from the SEC, dated March 22, 2016, relating to an investigation by the SEC of the Company's restatement of its financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2010 through December 31, 2013 and the interim periods ended March 31, 2014, June 30, 2014 and September 30, 2014, which restatement was filed with the SEC on September 28, 2015, and the facts and circumstances underlying the restatement.  The Company is cooperating fully with the SEC's investigation.  The costs to respond to the subpoena and cooperate with the SEC's investigation have been material and we expect such costs to continue to be material at least through the completion of the SEC’s investigation.



On June 30, 2016, the Company received written notice from the Internal Revenue Service that it will be conducting an audit of the Company's tax returns for the tax years 2012, 2013 and 2014.  The audit is in process.



The Company received a letter, dated August 1, 2016, demanding inspection of its books and records pursuant to Section 220 of the Delaware General Corporation Law from legal counsel representing a shareholder (the "Demand Letter"). The Company, through outside legal counsel, responded to the Demand Letter by permitting the shareholder to inspect certain of the Company’s books and records and by objecting to other requests.  On January 30, 2017, the shareholder filed a complaint in the Court of Chancery of the State of Delaware seeking an order from the court, pursuant to Section 220 of the DGCL, compelling the Company to permit the shareholder to inspect additional books and records of the Company.  The Company believes that its original response to the Demand Letter was appropriate in all respects and intends to defend against the complaint. Both the Demand Letter and the complaint threaten the commencement of a shareholder’s derivative suit against certain officers and directors of the Company seeking damages and other remedies on behalf of the Company.  We have been advised by our counsel in the matter that reasonably possible losses cannot be estimated.



In addition, we are a party to various routine legal proceedings arising out of the ordinary course of our business.  Management believes that none of these actions, individually or in the aggregate, will have a material adverse effect on our financial condition or operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures.  

Not applicable.

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PART II

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.



Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ National Market under the symbol “TBBK.” The following table sets forth the range of high and low sales prices for the indicated periods for our common stock.







As of March 8, 2017, there were 55,646,412 shares of common stock outstanding held of record by 104 persons.



We have not paid cash dividends on our common stock since our inception, and do not plan to pay cash dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future. Our payment of dividends is subject to restrictions discussed in Item 1, “Business—Regulation under Banking Law,”  and to a supervisory letter issued by the Federal Reserve discussed in Item 1A, “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business-The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements upon us and the Bank.”  Moreover, irrespective of such restrictions, it is our intent to retain earnings, if any, to increase our capital and fund the development and growth of our operations subject to regulatory restrictions. Our board of directors will determine any changes in our dividend policy based upon its analysis of factors it deems relevant.  We expect that these factors would include our earnings, financial condition, cash requirements, regulatory capital levels and available investment opportunities. 



Share Repurchase Plan



In 2011 we adopted a common stock repurchase program.  Shares repurchased will reduce the amount of shares outstanding.  Repurchased shares may be reissued for various corporate purposes.  We have repurchased 100,000 shares of a total maximum number of 750,000 shares authorized by the Board of Directors.  Unless modified or revoked by the Board, this authorization does not expire; however, under the Supervisory Letter (as long as it remains unchanged or undischarged), we may not repurchase common stock without the prior approval of the Federal Reserve.  See Item 1A “Risk Factors- Risks relating to Our Business, The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements upon us and the Bank”.

 There were no shares repurchased in 2016 or 2015.



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Performance graph 



The following graph compares the performance of our common stock to the NASDAQ Composite Index and the NASDAQ Bank Stock Index.  The graph shows the value of $100 invested in our common stock and both indices on December 31, 2011 for a five year period and the change in the value of our common stock compared to the indices as of the end of each year.  The graph assumes the reinvestment of all dividends.  Historical stock price performance is not necessarily indicative of future stock price performance.















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The following graph reflects stock performance since 2011, compared to the KBW bank index,  which is an industry recognized peer group of regional and money center banks. 







































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Item 6. Selected Financial Data.



The following table sets forth selected financial data as of and for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013, and 2012.   We derived the selected financial data from our consolidated financial statements for those periods included in this annual report on Form 10-K or our prior annual reports on Form 10-K.   Our historical financial information for the three years ended December 31, 2014 has been adjusted to reflect the discontinuance of our commercial lending operations.  As a result, our results of operations for the three years ended December 31, 2014 may not be comparable to the results of our operations reported for the prior periods.  In addition, we have reclassified certain amounts in our historical audited consolidated financial statements, including amounts related to assets and liabilities reclassified as held for sale during these periods.  These reclassifications had no effect on our reported net income (loss).  



You should read the selected financial data in this table together with, and such selected financial data is qualified by reference to, our consolidated financial statements and the notes to those restated consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of this report and “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in Item 7 of this report.























































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Item 7. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.



The following discussion provides information to assist in understanding our financial condition and results of operations. This discussion should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes appearing in Item 8 of this report.

Overview

In 2016, we recorded a net loss of $56.8 million in continuing operations which reflected $37.5 million of charges to our retained interest in a securitization of a portion of our discontinued commercial loan portfolio which we refer to as Walnut Street.  The charges to the Company’s retained interest in Walnut Street reflected continued clarification of  market and credit loss related assumptions based on information from available sources including updated market information and projections of potential future loan losses based on  new facts or circumstances. The loss also reflected $29.1 million of BSA lookback expenses paid to an outside consultant, which concluded in the third quarter of 2016. Net interest income increased 28.6% to $90.0 million from $69.9 million in 2015, primarily reflecting loan growth in  SBLOC, SBA and leasing balances, and, for loans generated for sale in secondary markets, interest earned until those loans were sold or securitized. In both December 2016 and 2015, the Federal Reserve increased short term rates by 25 basis points, which also contributed to increased net interest income in 2016. The 2016 increase and any future rate increases,  should  increase net interest income in 2017, partially offset by lesser expected increases in deposit rates.  In 2016 compared to 2015, the primary driver of recurring fee income, prepaid fees, increased 8% to $51.3 million. Gain on sale of loans decreased $7.2 million reflecting a reduction in the volume of sales and reduced margins. The reduced sales reflected reduced originations which reflected greater competition for such loans among other factors. In 2016 and 2015, total non-interest expense  reflected significant increases for salary expense in various departments and expenditures for BSA lookback consultants required by the Bank’s regulators. As noted, the BSA lookback expenditures were completed in the third quarter of 2016. Significant staff position reductions at the end of third quarter 2016 resulted in a decrease in non-interest expense in fourth quarter 2016. The reductions were made proportionately on a company-wide basis, to limit the impact on any single department operationally, or on customers. We have targeted additional significant reductions in non-interest expenses which should be reflected in our 2017 results. 



On December 15, 2016 the court approved settlement of a class action securities complaint captioned Fletcher v. The Bancorp Inc., et al., which was filed in the United States District Court for the District of Delaware and was pending since June, 2014.   Under the terms of the Settlement Agreement, we agreed to pay $17.5 million to the plaintiffs as full and complete settlement of the litigation.  All amounts paid by us (including attorneys’ fees) were fully funded by the Company’s insurance carriers. 



In 2014, we discontinued our Philadelphia commercial lending operations following our determination that those operations were inconsistent with our strategic focus on generating low cost deposits and deploying that funding into lower risk, more granular and national lines of business and investment securities.  We currently focus our lending activities upon four specialty lending segments: SBLOC loans, SBA loans, automobile fleet and other equipment leasing, and the origination of loans for sale into commercial securitizations.  The majority of the  $40.0 million loss in discontinued operations resulted from loans against a Florida mall which were written down by $23.9 million as a result of an “as is” appraisal when the loans became non-performing. The Bank has assumed legal ownership and possession of the mall and intends to market it for sale.



We are working with our regulators to satisfy BSA and other compliance requirements and believe we are progressing. Our BSA and compliance efforts included the use of BSA consultants which resulted in our incurring significant costs: $29.1 million in 2016, $41.4 million in 2015 and $8.8 million in 2014. As noted previously, those expenses ended in the third quarter of 2016. Increases in salary expense for 2016 reflected the addition of new positions to enhance BSA and compliance infrastructure. At the end of the third quarter of 2016, staff reductions were made on a bankwide and department wide basis which resulted in lower salary expense in the fourth quarter of 2016 compared to the prior quarter. We believe we have identified $20 million of expense reductions for 2017, and are pursuing these reductions aggressively; however, we cannot assure you that we will achieve all or any of those reductions in 2017. From year end 2015 to year end 2016, SBLOC loans, SBA loans and leasing grew 9%, 20% and 50%, respectively. On balance sheet commercial loans originated for sale into capital markets for securitizations also contributed to  net interest income prior to their sale. As a result of this loan growth, our continuing low cost of deposits and increases in short term market interest rates, our net interest income grew the aforementioned 28.6%. We expect that anticipated increases in short term market rates by the Federal Reserve, should they be made, will increase net interest income as a result of the relatively high proportion of rate sensitive assets, with lesser increases expected in funding costs.  The primary driver of non-interest income, prepaid fees, grew by the aforementioned 8% in 2016 which reflected growth in existing clients and the addition of new clients.  At year end 2016 our net

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discontinued assets amounted to $360.7 million compared to $583.9 million at year end 2015. As these balances are reduced, either through sales or repayment, we plan to invest the proceeds into our continuing lending lines.

 

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our accounting and reporting policies conform with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States and to general practices within the financial services industry. The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported in the consolidated financial statements and the accompanying notes.  Actual results could differ from those estimates. We believe that the determination of our allowance for loan and lease losses and our determination of the fair value of financial instruments involve a higher degree of judgment and complexity than our other significant accounting policies.

We determine our allowance for loan and lease losses with the objective of maintaining a reserve level we believe to be sufficient to absorb our estimated probable credit losses.  We base our determination of the adequacy of the allowance on periodic evaluations of our loan portfolio and other relevant factors.  However, this evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates, including, among others, expected default probabilities, the amount of loss we may incur on a defaulted loan, expected commitment usage, the amounts and timing of expected future cash flows on impaired loans, value of collateral, estimated losses on consumer loans and residential mortgages, and general amounts for historical loss experience.  We also evaluate economic conditions and uncertainties in estimating losses and inherent risks in our loan portfolio.  To the extent actual outcomes differ from our estimates, we may need additional provisions for loan losses.  Any such additional provisions for loan losses will be a direct charge to our earnings.  See “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses”.

The fair value of a financial instrument is defined as the amount at which the instrument could be exchanged in a current transaction between willing parties, other than in a forced or liquidation sale.  We estimate the fair value of a financial instrument using a variety of valuation methods.  Where financial instruments are actively traded and have quoted market prices, quoted market prices are used for fair value.  When the financial instruments are not actively traded, other observable market inputs, such as quoted prices of securities with similar characteristics, may be used, if available, to determine fair value.  When observable market prices do not exist, we estimate fair value.  Our valuation methods and inputs consider factors such as types of underlying assets or liabilities, rates of estimated credit losses, interest rate or discount rate and collateral.  Our best estimate of fair value involves assumptions including, but not limited to, various performance indicators, such as historical and projected default and recovery rates, credit ratings, current delinquency rates, loan-to value ratios and the possibility of obligor refinancing.

At the end of each quarter, we assess the valuation hierarchy for each asset or liability measured.  From time to time, assets or liabilities may be transferred within hierarchy levels due to changes in availability of observable market inputs to measure fair value at the measurement date.  Transfers into or out of hierarchy levels are based upon the fair value at the beginning of the reporting period.

We periodically review our investment portfolio to determine whether unrealized losses on securities are temporary, based on evaluations of the creditworthiness of the issuers or guarantors, and underlying collateral, as applicable.  In addition, we consider the continuing performance of the securities. We recognize credit losses through the consolidated statement of operations.   If management believes market value losses are temporary and that we have the ability and intention to hold those securities to maturity, we recognize the reduction in other comprehensive income, through equity.  We evaluate whether an other than temporary impairment exists by considering primarily the following factors: (a) the length of time and extent to which the fair value has been less than the amortized cost of the security, (b) changes in the financial condition, credit rating and near-term prospects of the issuer, (c) whether the issuer is current on contractually obligated interest and principal payments, (d) changes in the financial condition of the security’s underlying collateral and (e) the payment structure of the security.  If other than temporary impairment is determined, we estimate expected future cash flows to determine the credit loss amount with a quantitative and qualitative process that incorporates information received from third-party sources along with internal assumptions and judgments regarding the future performance of the security.

We account for our stock-based compensation plans based on the fair value of the awards made, which include stock options, restricted stock, and performance based shares.  To assess the fair value of the awards made, management makes assumptions as to expected stock price volatility, option terms, forfeiture rates and dividend rates.  All of these estimates and assumptions may be susceptible to significant change that may impact earnings in future periods.

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We account for income taxes under the liability method whereby we determine deferred tax assets and liabilities based on the difference between the carrying values on our consolidated financial statements and the tax basis of assets and liabilities as measured by the enacted tax rates which will be in effect when these differences reverse.  Deferred tax expense (benefit) is the result of changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities.

Financial Statement Restatement

We have adjusted our financial statement presentation for items related to discontinued operations. Separately, we have restated our financial statements for periods from 2010 through September 30, 2014, the last date through which financial statements previously had been filed prior to our filing of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2014 in September 2015.  The restatement reflected the recognition of provisions for loan losses and loan charge-offs for discontinued operations in periods earlier than those in which those charges were initially recognized.  The majority of these loan charges were originally recognized in 2014, primarily in the third quarter, when commercial lending operations were discontinued.  An additional $28.5 million of discontinued operations losses that were not previously reported were included within these periods.  Also, $12.7 million of losses incurred in 2015 related to loans that were resolved before the issuance date of our financial statements, were reflected in our 2014 financial statements.  Substantially all of the losses and corresponding restatement adjustments resulted from the discontinued commercial loan operations.



Regulatory Actions

The Bank has entered into a Stipulation and Consent to the Issuance of a Consent Order, or the 2014 Consent Order, with the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation, or FDIC, which became effective on June 5, 2014.  The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any charges of unsafe or unsound banking practices or violations of law or regulation relating to the Bank’s Bank Secrecy Act, or BSA, compliance program. 

The Bank entered into a Stipulation and Consent to the Issuance of a Consent Order effective August 7, 2012, which we refer to as the 2012 Consent Order.  The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any charges of unsafe or unsound banking practices or violations of law or regulation.  Under the 2012 Consent Order, the Bank agreed to increase its supervision of third party relationships, develop new written compliance and related internal audit compliance programs, develop a new third-party risk management program and screen new third party relationships as provided in the Consent Order. As part of the Consent Order, the Bank agreed to pay a civil money penalty in the amount of $172,000, which was paid in 2012.  The 2012 Consent Order was amended and restated in 2015 as noted below.



On June 5, 2014, the Bank entered into a Stipulation and Consent to the Issuance of a Consent Order with the FDIC, which we refer to as the 2014 Consent Order.  The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any charges of unsafe or unsound banking practices or violations of law or regulation relating to the Bank’s Bank Secrecy Act, or BSA, compliance program.  The 2014 Consent Order requires the Bank to take certain affirmative actions to comply with its BSA obligations.  See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Conditions and Results of Operations – Recent Developments.”  Satisfaction of the requirements of the 2014 Consent Order is subject to the review of the FDIC and the Delaware State Bank Commissioner.  The Bank has and expects to continue to expend significant management and financial resources to address the Bank’s BSA compliance program which will reduce our net income. Expenses associated with the required look back review were significant in 2015 and 2016. The look back review was completed in the third quarter of 2016.

Until the Bank submits to the FDIC a  report summarizing the completion of certain BSA-related corrective action (“BSA Report”), the 2014 Consent Order restricts the Bank from signing and boarding new independent sales organizations, establishing new non-benefit reloadable prepaid card programs and originating Automated Clearing House transactions for new merchant-related payments.  Until the BSA Report is submitted to and approved by the FDIC and Delaware State Bank Commissioner, those aspects of the growth of our card payment processing and prepaid card operations will be affected, which, unless offset by growth from existing customers and new customers in other areas of our prepaid card operations, could reduce growth of our deposits and non-interest income and, possibly, limit our ability to raise additional capital on acceptable terms. 



On August 27, 2015, the Bank entered into an Amendment to Consent Order, or the 2014 Consent Order Amendment, with the FDIC, amending the 2014 Consent Order.  The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any additional charges of unsafe or unsound banking practices or violations of law or regulation relating to continued weaknesses in the Bank’s BSA

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compliance program.  The 2014 Consent Order Amendment provides that the Bank shall not declare or pay any dividend without the prior written consent of the FDIC and for certain assurances regarding management.



On May 11, 2015, the Federal Reserve issued a letter, or the Supervisory Letter, to us as a result of the 2014 Consent Order and the 2014 Consent Order Amendment, (which, at the time of the Supervisory Letter, was in proposed form), which provides that we shall not pay any dividends on our common stock or make any distributions to TPL or its subsidiaries, or make any interest payments on our trust preferred securities, without the prior written approval of the Federal Reserve.  It further provides that we may not incur any debt (excluding payables in the ordinary course of business) or redeem any shares of our stock, without the prior written approval of the Federal Reserve.



On December 23, 2015, the Bank entered into a Stipulation and Consent to the Issuance of an Amended Consent Order, Order for Restitution, and Order to Pay Civil Money Penalty with the FDIC, which we refer to as the 2015 Consent Order. The Bank took this action without admitting or denying any charges of violations of law or regulation.  The 2015 Consent Order amends and restates in its entirety the terms of the 2012 Consent Order. 



The 2015 Consent Order was based on FDIC allegations regarding electronic fund transfer, or EFT, error resolution practices, account termination practices and fee practices of various third parties with whom the Bank had previously provided, or currently provides, deposit-related products which we refer to as Third Parties.  The 2015 Consent Order continues the Bank's obligations originally set forth in the 2012 Consent Order, including its obligations to increase board oversight of the Bank's compliance management system, or CMS, improve the Bank's CMS, enhance its internal audit program, increase its management and oversight of Third Parties, and correct any apparent violations of law.



In addition to restating the general terms of the 2012 Consent Order, the 2015 Consent Order directs the Bank’ Board to establish a Complaint and Error Claim Oversight and Review Committee, which we refer to as the Complaint and Error Claim Committee to review and oversee the Bank’s processes and practices for handling, monitoring and resolving consumer complaints and EFT error claims (whether received directly or through Third Parties) and to review management's plans for correcting any weaknesses that may be found in such processes and practices.  The Bank’s Board of Directors appointed the required Complaint and Error Claim Committee on January 29, 2016.



The 2015 Consent Order also requires the Bank to implement a corrective action plan, or CAP, to remediate and provide restitution to those prepaid cardholders who asserted or attempted to assert, or were discouraged from initiating EFT error claims and to provide restitution to cardholders harmed by EFT error resolution practices.    The 2015 Consent Order requires that if, through the CAP, the Bank identifies prepaid cardholders who have been adversely affected by a denial or failure to resolve an EFT error claim, the Bank will ensure that monetary restitution is made.  Neither we nor the Bank can predict the amount of any restitution which may be required, or the amount, if any, that the Bank may pay in connection therewith.  Under the Bank's agreements with Third Parties, we believe that restitution is reimbursable to the Bank.  The CAP is currently being implemented. To date, no restitution under the CAP has been made.



The 2015 Consent Order also imposed a $3 million civil money penalty on the Bank, which the Bank has paid and which was recognized as expense in the fourth quarter of 2015.  

In December 2014, the FDIC issued new guidance which reclassified the Bank’s prepaid card deposits and most other deposits as brokered deposits because such deposits are obtained with the assistance of third parties.  The reclassification resulted in a 10 basis point increase in our assessment rate which is reflected in the increased FDIC insurance expense in 2015 compared to the prior year.  A reduction in the assessment rate will depend on future FDIC evaluations of the Bank.  The Bank’s deposits do not exhibit the volatility normally associated with brokered deposits obtained through deposit brokers and are considered to be stable and low cost.

Results of Operations 

Overview:  Net interest income continued its upward trend in 2016 and 2015 primarily as a result of higher loan balances, notwithstanding historically low market interest rates resulting from continuing Federal Reserve actions to maintain low rates for extended periods. In both December 2016 and 2015, the Federal Reserve increased short term rates by 25 basis points, which also contributed to increased net interest income in 2016.  The 2016 increase, and any future rate increases, should further increase net interest income in  2017, partially offset by lesser expected increases in deposit rates.  As a result of the continued low rate

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environment, loan yields had declined while investment security yields remained flat in 2015 compared to 2014.  Reflecting  the December 2015 Federal Reserve increase, loan and investment securities yields increased in 2016 because a significant portion of those assets immediately adjust to changes in rates.  Deposit rates remained at low levels in 2016, 2015 and 2014, and were minimally in excess of 0%.  The growth in net interest income resulted primarily from loan growth in targeted specialty lending segments, primarily SBLOC, SBA, leasing, and loans generated for sale in secondary capital markets for commercial loan securitizations.  Non-interest income in 2016 decreased as a result of 2015 gains of $33.5 million on the sale of our health savings business and $14.4 million on the sale of our tax exempt bond portfolio.  In 2016 compared to 2015, the primary driver of recurring fee income, prepaid fees, increased $3.8 million to $51.3 million. Gain on sale of loans decreased $7.2 million reflecting a reduction in the volume of sales and reduced margins as a result of increased competition.  A total of $37.5 million of charges to the retained interest in Walnut Street reflected continued clarification of  market and credit loss related assumptions based on information from available sources including updated market information and projections of potential future loan losses based on  new facts or circumstances.  Additional personnel for BSA and other regulatory compliance, especially for prepaid cards, and additional staffing expense for the loan resale division were, with other infrastructure costs, reflected in higher non-interest expense in 2015 and again in 2016 compared to their respective prior years. The BSA costs, which amounted to $29.1 million and the $37.5 million of Walnut Street losses were the primary factors in the 2016 loss which amounted to $56.8 million.   At the end of the third quarter of 2016, company-wide staff reductions were made and salary expense in the fourth quarter of 2016 decreased, which reversed the prior trend of increases. In the latter part of 2016, decreases in non interest expense categories, including salary, BSA lookback, consulting and others reflected the initiation of a program by management, to significantly reduce non interest expense on a category by category basis, based on identified cost savings.  The timing of such savings is difficult to predict.

In 2014, the Bank discontinued its regional Philadelphia commercial loan division to focus on its aforementioned national specialty lending lines of business. The majority of a $40.0 million loss in 2016 in discontinued operations resulted from loans against a Florida mall which were written down by $23.9 million as a result of an “as is” appraisal when the loans became non-performing. We have taken ownership of that mall property and, through a third party, are planning to sell it. At year end 2016 our net discontinued assets amounted to $360.7 million compared to $583.9 million at year end 2015.  Net commercial discontinued loans totaled $274.6 million at year end 2016.  These loans consisted primarily of loans secured by commercial real estate.  As these balances are reduced, either through sales or repayment, we plan to invest the proceeds into our continuing lending lines.  Efforts to sell these loans continue and if not sold, the loans will be retained. We also retain the financing receivable of $126.9 million from the 2014 Walnut Street securitization.

At December 31, 2016, our continuing specialty lending total loans amounted to $1.22 billion, an increase of $144.8 million over the $1.08 billion balance at December 31, 2015.  Our investment securities available for sale increased $178.5 million to $1.25 billion from $1.07 billion between those respective dates. The increase in our investment securities balances reflected taxable investment security purchases to replace the sales of tax exempt municipal bonds in fourth quarter 2016.  The tax exempt sales were made to more rapidly utilize deferred tax assets.  We have and are in the process of exiting non-strategic deposit relationships which do not provide the opportunity to generate other income.  These exits are planned to reduce excess balances at the Federal Reserve Bank.  While such balances are not at risk at that government institution, they distort leverage capital ratios. 

Net Income: 2016 compared to 2015. While in 2016 we incurred a net loss, we plan to return to profitability in 2017, especially as a result of continuing revenue from loan growth, the staff reductions implemented at the end of third quarter 2016 and the implementation of a program  to execute on other identified company-wide expense reductions.  We cannot assure you, however, that we will be able to implement our program successfully, or as to the magnitude or timing of any cost reductions that may result from the program.  The staff reductions were made proportionately on a company-wide basis, to limit the impact on any single department operationally, or on customers.  We are aggressively pursuing identified expense reductions in data processing, consulting, printing and supplies, travel and other areas.  Net loss from continuing operations was $56.8 million in 2016 reflecting a tax benefit rate of 18.2% instead of the statutory 34% as a result of additional valuation allowances against deferred tax assets.  That net loss compared to net income from continuing operations of $5.4 million in 2015.  While in 2016, net interest income grew by $20.0 million, and BSA lookback expense decreased by $12.4 million, 2016 BSA lookback expense still amounted to $29.1 million.  Additionally in 2016 there was a $16.8 million increase in other non interest expenses and $37.5 million of charges from the change in value of our investment in the unconsolidated entity, Walnut Street.  The remaining BSA lookback expense, increases in other non interest expense and the Walnut Street charge resulted in the 2016 loss.  The $37.5 million of charges to the retained interest in Walnut Street reflected continued clarification of market and credit loss related assumptions based on information from available sources including updated market information and projections of potential future loan losses based on new facts or circumstances.  As a result of deferred tax assets relating primarily to Walnut Street and discontinued loan charges, at December 31, 2016 approximately $25.0 million of valuation allowances against income taxes had been established and are expected to reverse in future periods.  The amount

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of those reversals and corresponding decreases to income tax expense in any period will depend on the level of taxable income and projected period of utilization of the deferred tax assets.  Accordingly, net income will be increased by the reductions to income tax expense resulting from the reversal of the deferred tax valuation allowances.  The BSA lookback expense concluded in third quarter 2016.  Additionally, at the end of the third quarter of 2016, significant bank-wide and department-wide reductions were made in staffing and in the fourth quarter, non interest expense was reduced compared to third quarter 2016.  The $20.0 million or 28.6% increase in 2016 net interest income over 2015 resulted primarily from loan growth in targeted specialty lending segments, primarily SBLOC, SBA, leasing, and loans generated for sale in secondary capital markets for commercial loan securitizations.  Prepaid fee income grew 8.1% to approximately $51.3 million. The largest increase in other non interest expense in 2016 was in salary which increased $13.6 million.  Staff additions and related increases in costs were made to our BSA and regulatory compliance functions and to our information technology, institutional banking and SBA departments.    At the end of the third quarter of 2016, company-wide staff reductions were made and salary expense in the fourth quarter of 2016 decreased, which reversed an increasing trend. Legal expense increased $2.9 million reflecting increased SEC subpoena expense related to the restatement of the financial statements. We expect SEC subpoena expense to continue to be significant through the completion of the SEC’s inquiries.  Software expense increased $3.9 million which reflected additional information technology infrastructure to improve efficiency and scalability including BSA software to satisfy BSA regulatory requirements. A decrease in other non interest expense of $3.7 million resulted primarily from a $3 million civil money penalty recognized in 2015.  Reflecting these changes, net loss from continuing operations amounted to $56.8 million in 2016 compared to net income of $5.4 million in 2015 or a continuing operations loss per diluted share of $1.28 compared to continuing operations income per diluted share of $.14 in 2015.  Net loss from discontinued operations was $39.7 million for 2016 compared to net income from discontinued operations of $8.1 million for 2015.  Including discontinued operations, diluted loss per share was $2.17 for 2016 compared to diluted income per share of $.35 for 2015 on net loss of $96.5 million and net income of  $13.4 million, respectively.

Net Income: 2015 compared to 2014.  Income from continuing operations before income taxes was $6.8 million in 2015 compared to $7.3 million in 2014 reflecting increased net interest and non-interest income mostly offset by non-interest expense. In 2015 there was a $34.0 million increase in non-interest income, (excluding securities gains and other-than-temporary impairment, or OTTI, charges), which reflected a $33.5 million gain on sale of the health savings portfolio and there was a $10.5 million increase in net interest income. These increases were more than offset by an $898,000 increase in the provision for loan and lease losses, a $32.6 million increase in BSA related consulting expenses and a $25.5 million increase in other non-interest expense.  Of that $25.5 million increase, $7.9 million resulted from higher salary and employee benefits expense primarily as a result of staff additions, with the balance of the increase resulting from other expenses principally including higher FDIC insurance, software expense, legal expense, data processing expense and a $3.0 million civil money penalty in connection with the 2015 Consent Order.  Staff additions were made to our BSA and regulatory compliance functions due to increased regulatory requirements and to our SBA, leasing, SBLOC and CMBS loan origination and sales departments to accommodate their growth.  Data processing and software expense categories increased $3.5 million as a result of an increased number of accounts and transaction volume and for prepaid card and other software to improve efficiency and scalability.  FDIC insurance expense increased $4.5 million, reflecting a $293,000 assessment due to the prior period financial restatements and the reclassification of the majority of the Bank’s deposits as brokered, with reductions in future assessment rates dependent on future FDIC evaluations of the Bank.  Depreciation, rent and other occupancy costs increased $1.2 million reflecting additional main office operations space, BSA staff space and additional office space for our CMBS loan origination and sales department.  The $34.0 million increase in non-interest income (excluding securities gains and OTTI charges) reflected: a $33.5 million gain on sale of the majority of our health savings portfolio, a $3.8 million decrease in prepaid card fees which reflected the exit of a large relationship in 2014; and a $2.5 million decrease in gain on sale of loans reflecting lower market spreads.  Other non-interest income increases included a $2.7 million gain on warrants related to one of our customer’s equity offerings.  Higher net interest income resulted primarily from higher loan balances.  Reflecting the impact of tax exempt municipal bond income, income tax expense for 2015 was $1.5 million, significantly below the 34% statutory rate.  Reflecting a tax benefit resulting from the reversal of valuation allowances, income tax benefit for continuing operations was $14.5 million in 2014.  Reflecting these changes, net income from continuing operations amounted to $5.4 million in 2015, compared to $21.8 million in 2014 or a continuing operations income per diluted share of $.14 compared to continuing operations income per diluted share of $.57 in 2014.  Net income from discontinued operations was $8.1 million for 2015 compared to net income from discontinued operations of $35.3 million for 2014.  Including discontinued operations, diluted income per share was $.35 for 2015 compared to diluted income per share of $1.49 for 2014 on net income of $13.4 million and $57.1 million, respectively.

Net Interest Income: 2016 compared to 2015. Our net interest income for 2016 increased to $90.0 million, an increase of $20.0 million or 28.6%, from $69.9 million for 2015, reflecting an $18.7 million or 22.4% increase in interest income to $102.2 million from $83.5 million for 2015.  The increase in net interest income resulted primarily from higher loan balances in various lending categories including SBLOC, SBA leasing and loans generated for sale in secondary markets until those loans were sold or

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securitized. Additionally, in both December 2016 and 2015 the Federal Reserve  increased short term rates by 25 basis points.  Those increases resulted in higher yields on those loans and securities which immediately adjust to changes in market interest rates.  The 2016 increase and any future rate increases we expect should further increase net interest income.  Our average loans and leases increased 26.6% to $1.61 billion in 2016 from $1.27 billion for 2015, while related interest income increased $17.7 million on a tax equivalent basis.  Our average investment securities decreased 5.9% to $1.36 billion for 2016 from $1.44 billion for 2015, while related interest income decreased $4.2 million on a tax equivalent basis. We decreased our nontaxable investment securities portfolio because our deferred tax assets were available to eliminate federal income taxes in future periods, precluding the need for tax exempt income in the short term.  We decreased our taxable investment portfolio to reinvest in higher yielding SBA, leasing and SBLOC loans.  Interest expense decreased by $1.3 million in 2016 compared to 2015, reflecting lower average deposit balances, as yields were comparable in both periods.

Our net interest margin (calculated by dividing net interest income by average interest-earning assets) for 2016 increased 37 basis points to 2.74% from 2.37% for 2015. The increase reflected lower balances maintained at the Federal Reserve.  Deposits invested at the Federal Reserve bore interest at only 50 basis points beginning in fourth quarter 2015 and 25 basis points previously. The increase also reflected an increased yield on loans and securities which repriced immediately to the 25 basis point rate increase by the Federal Reserve in December 2015.  For 2016, the average yield on our interest-earning assets increased to 2.98% from 2.44% for 2015, an increase of 54 basis points.  The cost of total deposits remained flat at 0.30% for 2016 and 2015.  The cost of total deposits and interest bearing liabilities also remained flat at 0.31% for 2016 and 2015.  In 2016, average demand and interest checking deposits amounted to $3.35 billion, compared to $3.98 billion in 2015, a decrease of 15.8%. The decrease primarily reflected our exit from less profitable deposit relationships, including the sale of health savings accounts.  Average savings and money market balances comprise a minimal portion of the Bank’s liabilities and, while they grew in 2016, their yield decreased, consistent with the strategy to exit less profitable deposit relationships.  As a result of that strategy, in 2016, average total deposits decreased 12.4% to $3.82 billion, compared to $4.36 billion in 2015.  In 2017, we plan to continue to exit non-strategic and less profitable deposit relationships which do not present the opportunity to generate other income.  Such deposit relationships increase balances at the Federal Reserve earning low yields and distort capital ratios by increasing average assets, thereby decreasing the leverage capital ratio.

Net Interest Income: 2015 compared to 2014. Our net interest income for 2015 increased to $69.9 million, an increase of $10.5 million or 17.7%, from $59.4 million for 2014, reflecting a $12.8 million or 18.1% increase in interest income to $83.5 million from $70.7 million for 2014.  The increase in net interest income resulted primarily from higher loan balances.  Our average loans and leases increased 37.9% to $1.27 billion in 2015 from $921.1 million for 2014, while related interest income increased $13.7 million on a tax equivalent basis.  Our average investment securities decreased 4.4% to $1.44 billion for 2015 from $1.51 billion for 2014, while related interest income decreased $1.6 million on a tax equivalent basis.  We decreased our investment portfolio to reinvest in higher yielding SBA, leasing and SBLOC loans. Interest expense increased by $2.3 million in 2015 compared to 2014, reflecting higher average deposit balances and a 4 basis point increase in rates.

Our net interest margin for 2015  decreased 23 basis points to 2.37% from 2.60% for 2014. The decrease reflected higher balances maintained at the Federal Reserve.  Deposits invested at the Federal Reserve bore interest at only 50 basis points beginning in fourth quarter 2015 and 25 basis points previously.  The decrease also reflected lower balances of discontinued assets (primarily loans) held for sale and lower loan yields.  For 2015, the average yield on our interest-earning assets increased to 2.44% from 2.42% for 2014, an increase of 2 basis points. The cost of total deposits increased to 0.30% for 2015 from 0.26% for 2014, an increase of 4 basis points.   The cost of total deposits and interest bearing liabilities increased to 0.31% in 2015 compared to 0.27% in 2014, an increase of 4 basis points.  In 2015, average demand and interest checking deposits amounted to $3.98 billion, compared to $3.75 billion in 2014, an increase of 6.1%.    The increase primarily reflected increased balances in institutional banking and card payment processing deposits.  In 2015, average total deposits increased 5.7% to $4.36 billion, compared to $4.12 billion in 2014.  Average savings and money market balances were lower in 2015 reflecting our strategy of exiting higher cost deposits.

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Average Daily Balances. The following table presents the average daily balances of assets, liabilities and shareholders’ equity and the respective interest earned or paid on interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities, as well as average rates for the periods indicated:



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In 2016, average interest-earning assets decreased to $3.46 billion, a decrease of $225.1 million, or 6.1%, from 2015.  The decrease reflected a $468.4 million decrease in interest earning deposits at the Federal Reserve Bank.  These balances were reduced as a result of the exit of non-strategic and less profitable deposit relationships, including health savings accounts discussed previously. Those decreases more than offset a $337.7 million, or 26.6%, increase in average balances of loans and leases.  Average balances of investment securities decreased $84.5 million, or 5.9% as investment security maturities were reinvested into higher yielding loans.  Average demand and interest checking deposits decreased $628.3 million, or 15.8% as non-strategic and less profitable deposits were exited, including the sale of health savings accounts.  



Volume and Rate Analysis.   The following table sets forth the changes in net interest income attributable to either changes in volume (average balances) or to changes in average rates from 2014 through 2016 on a tax equivalent basis.   The changes attributable to the combined impact of volume and rate have been allocated proportionately to the changes due to volume and the changes due to rate.





Provision for Loan and Lease Losses.   Our provision for loan and lease losses was $3.4 million for 2016, $2.1 million for 2015 and $1.2 million for 2014.  Provisions are based on our evaluation of the adequacy of our allowance for loan and lease losses, particularly in light of current economic conditions.  That evaluation reflected the impact of the levels of charge-offs which totaled $1.5 million, $1.4 million and $1.5 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, and growth in loan portfolios.   The increase in the 2016 provision over 2015 reflected  higher SBA loan and leasing provisions which reflected higher levels of classified loans and growth in those portfolios. The increase in the 2015 provision over 2014 reflected an increased provision for other consumer loans which  reflected  higher levels of classified loans.  At December 31, 2016, our allowance for loan and lease losses amounted to $6.3 million or 0.52% of total loans.  We believe that our allowance is adequate to cover expected losses.  For more information about our

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provision and allowance for loan and lease losses and our loss experience see “Financial Condition—Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses” and “Summary of Loan and Lease Loss Experience,” below.

Non-Interest Income.  Non-interest income was $42.5 million for 2016, compared to $133.1 million for 2015.  The $90.6 million decrease reflected a $33.5 million gain on sale of the majority of our health savings business and $14.4 million of securities gains in 2015.  The health savings sale resulted from a strategy to decrease non-strategic and less profitable deposits and the securities gains resulted from the sale of substantially the entire tax-exempt municipal bond portfolio in the fourth quarter of 2015.  The sales were made to accelerate the Bank’s utilization of deferred tax assets and a portion of the proceeds were invested in taxable securities with slightly higher yields.  The 2016 reduction also included $37.5 million of charges for the change in value of investment in unconsolidated entity which consists of Walnut Street. The charges reflected continued clarification of  market and credit loss related assumptions based on information from available sources including updated market information and projections of potential future loan losses based on new facts or circumstances.  Prepaid card fees increased $3.8 million, or 8.1%, from $47.5 million to $51.3 million in 2016 as a result of the addition of new clients and organic growth from existing clients.  Commercial loan sales income decreased $7.2 million to $2.9 million reflecting a lower volume of loan sales and lower margins reflecting increased competition. In 2016, service fees on deposit accounts decreased $2.3 million, or 31.3%, to $5.1 million,  reflecting the impact of the sale of the majority of our healthcare accounts, which was partially offset by increases in service charges on retirement accounts. The sale of  health savings accounts also was reflected in the elimination of the debit card income in 2016, which had totaled $1.6 million in 2015. Health savings account holders utilized debit cards to access their accounts, which resulted in fee income.  



Non-interest income was $133.1 million for 2015, compared to $85.0 million for 2014.  The $48.0 million, or 56.5%, increase in non-interest income in 2015 reflected a $33.5 million gain on sale of the majority of our health savings business in 2015.  It also reflected $14.4 million of securities gains resulting from the sale of substantially the entire tax-exempt municipal bond portfolio in the fourth quarter of 2015.  The sales were made to accelerate the Bank’s utilization of deferred tax assets and a portion of the proceeds were invested in taxable securities with slightly higher yields.  Prepaid card fees decreased 7.4%, to $47.5 million from $51.3 million in 2014 which reflected the exit of a large relationship in 2014 as described in our Current Report on Form 8-K filed April 15, 2014.  Commercial loan sales income decreased $2.5 million to $10.1 million reflecting lower market spreads.  In 2015, service fees on deposit accounts increased $1.1 million, or 17.8%, reflecting increased service charges on healthcare and retirement accounts, and card payment processing fees increased $329,000, or 6.1%, as a result of higher volumes of card payment processing and clearing house payments and ACH transactions. Change in value of investment in unconsolidated entity increased  $1.7 million reflecting interest received and valuation changes.  The investment in unconsolidated entity resulted from our partial financing of the Walnut Street securitization that purchased a portion of our discontinued loans.  Other non-interest income increased $3.5 million to $5.3 million from $1.9 million in 2014.  The increase reflected a $2.7 million gain on warrants related to one of our customer’s equity offerings. 



Non-Interest Expense.  Total non-interest expense in 2016 was $198.6 million, an increase of $4.5 million or 2.3% over the $194.1 million in 2015.  In 2016, there was a decrease of $12.4 million in BSA lookback consulting expenses, which ended in the third quarter of 2016.  Lookback expenses were being incurred to analyze historical transactions for potential BSA exceptions as required by the 2014 Consent Order.  That decrease was offset by a $13.6 million increase in salary expense which amounted to $82.0 million in 2016, an increase of 19.8% over the $68.4 million in 2015. Staff additions and related increases in costs were made to our BSA and regulatory compliance functions and to our information technology, institutional banking and SBA departments. At the end of the third quarter of 2016, significant bank-wide and department-wide reductions were made in staffing and, in the fourth quarter, noninterest expense was reduced compared to third quarter 2016.  Depreciation and amortization increased $235,000 to $5.0 million, or 5.0%, from $4.7 million in 2015, which reflected additional leasehold improvements and equipment for staff additions and information technology upgrades. Rent and occupancy increased $661,000 to $6.3 million, or 11.7%, from $5.7 million in 2015, which reflected a new sales office in San Francisco, leasing sales offices in Washington state and New Jersey and an SBA office in North Carolina.  Data processing expense increased $339,000, or 2.4%, to $14.7 million from $14.4 million in 2015, reflecting increased transaction volume.  Printing and supplies expense increased $315,000 or 11.9% to $3.0 million from $2.7 million in 2015 reflecting mailings related to service charge increases and other periodic communications with customers. Audit expense decreased $898,000 or 44.8% to $1.1 million from $2.0 million in 2015. The lower expense in 2016 reflected lower compliance audit expense and the transfer of certain audit functions in-house.  Legal expense increased $2.9 million, or 74.6%, to $6.7 million from $3.8 million in 2015.  The increase in legal expense reflected higher fees related to regulatory matters including fees associated with an SEC subpoena related to the restatement of the financial statements (see ” Regulatory Actions”). Amortization of intangible assets increased $217,000 or 18.3% to $1.4 million in 2016 from $1.2 million in 2015. The increased resulted from the amortization of customer intangibles resulting from the purchase of lease receivables.  FDIC insurance decreased $1.2 million or 10.8% to $10.1 million from $11.3 million for 2015.  The decrease resulted primarily from decreased average deposits. In 2015, we also had an additional assessment of approximately $293,000 due to the prior period financial restatements.  Software expense increased $3.9

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million or 54.6% to $11.2 million from $7.2 million in 2015.  The increase reflected additional information technology infrastructure  to improve efficiency and scalability including BSA software to satisfy BSA regulatory requirements.  Insurance expense increased $372,000 or 19.3% to $2.3 million from $1.9 million in 2015.  The increase reflected higher limits and premiums for cyber and director and officer coverages.  Telecom and information technology network communications expense were comparable in both years at $2.0 million. Securitization and servicing expense decreased $904,000 or 46.4% to $1.0 million from $1.9 million in 2015 reflecting a lower volume of sales.  Consulting expense increased $1.1 million or 24.7% to $5.4 million from $4.3 million in 2015. The increased expense reflected consulting related to reducing European prepaid operations expense, a more scalable SBLOC loan processing system, consulting for information related to internal reporting and investor relations consulting.  Other non-interest expense decreased $3.7 million or 17.4% to $17.4 million from $21.1 million in 2015. The decrease  reflected a $3 million civil money penalty assessed in 2015 in connection with the amendment to the 2014 Consent Order, a $1.0 million decrease in other operating taxes and a $372,000 decrease in meals and entertainment.  A definitive sales agreement for European prepaid operations  was signed in first quarter 2017 which is expected to close in second quarter 2017. If the sale does not close, a wind down of operations is likely. European operations have been minimal, but some reductions in non-interest expense are likely.



Total non-interest expense in 2015 was $194.1 million, an increase of $58.1 million or 42.7% over the $136.0 million in 2014.  The increase reflected an increase of $32.6 million in BSA and lookback consulting expenses. Salaries and employee benefits amounted to $68.4 million in 2015, an increase of $7.9 million or 13.0% over the $60.5 million in 2014.  The increase reflected staff additions and related expense for BSA and regulatory compliance and to our SBA, SBLOC, leasing and CMBS loan origination and sales departments to accommodate their growth.  Depreciation and amortization increased $224,000 to $4.7 million, or 5.0%, from $4.5 million in 2014, which reflected additional leasehold improvements and equipment for staff additions and information technology upgrades to existing equipment.  Rent and occupancy increased $965,000 to $5.7 million, or 20.6%, from $4.7 million in 2014, which reflected additional main office operations space, BSA staff space and additional office space for our CMBS loan origination and sales department.  Data processing expense increased to $14.4 million, an increase of approximately $1.2 million or 8.7% from $13.2 million in 2014, reflecting increased account and transaction volume.  Printing and supplies increased $422,000 or 18.9% to $2.7 million from $2.2 million in 2014, reflecting printing costs associated with an increased number of accounts.  Audit expense increased $576,000 or 40.4% to $2.0 million from $1.4 million in 2014. The higher expense in 2015 reflected increased BSA audit expense for European operations.  Legal expense increased $1.7 million, or 82.1%, to $3.8 million from $2.1 million in 2014.  The increase in legal expense reflected higher fees related to regulatory matters.  FDIC insurance increased $4.5 million or 66.3% to $11.3 million from $6.8 million for 2014.  The increase resulted primarily from a higher assessment rate and increased average deposits.  In 2015, we also had an additional assessment of approximately $293,000 due to the prior period financial statement restatements.  In December 2014, the FDIC issued new guidance which reclassified the Bank’s prepaid card deposits and most of its other deposits as brokered, which resulted in a 10 basis point increase in the assessment rate. Software expense increased $2.3 million or 47.1% to $7.2 million from $4.9 million in 2014.  The increase included prepaid card and other software to improve efficiency and scalability and the write-off of capitalized software projects related to the health savings business which was sold.  Insurance expense increased $223,000 or 13.1% to $1.9 million from $1.7 million in 2014.  The increase reflected the impact of increased premiums for several coverages.  Telecom and information technology network communications expense decreased $515,000 or 20.3% to $2.0 million from $2.5 million in 2014 reflecting the timing of the resolution of billing disputes.  Securitization and servicing expenses, which may vary depending upon the securitization into which they are being sold, increased $105,000 or 5.7% to $1.9 million from $1.8 million in 2014.  Consulting increased $881,000 or 25.5% to $4.3 million from $3.5 million in 2014.  The increase reflected $586,000 of expense for the independent review of our BSA/AML compliance programs, including consulting related to the internal audit of those programs.  Other non-interest expense increased $5.0 million or 31.3% to $21.1 million from $16.0 million in 2014.  The $5.0 million increase primarily reflected increases as follows: $3.0 million for a civil money penalty in connection with the amendment to the 2014 Consent Order, $543,000 in travel, $543,000 in prepaid card losses, $307,000 in directors fees, $306,000 in customer identification or verification expense, $238,000 in operating taxes, $212,000 in postage and $124,000 in correspondent bank fees.

Income Tax Benefit and Expense

Income tax benefit for continuing operations was $12.7 million for 2016 versus expense of $1.5 million for 2015 and benefit of $14.5 million for 2014. The tax benefit rate of 18.2% in 2016 is lower than the 34% statutory rate as a result of additional  allowances against deferred tax assets recognized in that year.   The effective tax rate for 2015 was 21.2% which reflected the impact of tax exempt municipal securities income.  The disproportionate tax benefit in 2014 reflected the reversal of valuation allowances against deferred tax assets.  As a result of increases in deferred tax assets in 2016 relating primarily to Walnut Street and discontinued loan charges, at December 31, 2016 we increased valuation allowances to $25.0 which are expected to reverse in future periods. The

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amount of those reversals and corresponding decreases to income tax expense in any period will depend on the level of taxable income and projected period of utilization of the deferred tax assets.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity defines our ability to generate funds to support asset growth, meet deposit withdrawals, satisfy borrowing needs and otherwise operate on an ongoing basis.  We invest the funds we do not need for daily operations primarily in our interest-bearing account at the Federal Reserve Bank.

Our primary source of funding has been deposits.  While there was a decrease in deposits of $176.5 million in 2016, liquidity within the available for sale securities portfolio and balances at the Federal Reserve exceeded $1.0 billion at December 31, 2016.  While there was a net outflow of deposits in 2016, significant liquidity continued to be invested overnight at the Federal Reserve.  Our deposit levels in  2016 continued to exceed our ability to deploy the funds in prudent loans. Loan repayments, also a source of funds, were exceeded by new loan disbursements during 2016. While we do not have a traditional branch system, we believe that our core deposits, which include our demand, interest checking, savings and money market accounts, have similar characteristics to those of a bank with a branch system.  We believe that the rate on our deposits is at or below competitors’ rates.  The focus of our business model is to identify affinity groups that control significant amounts of deposits as part of their business.  A key component to the model is that the affinity group deposits are both stable and “sticky,” in the sense that they do not react to fluctuations in the market.  However, certain components of the deposits do experience seasonality, creating greater excess liquidity at certain times in 2016. The largest deposit inflows occur in the first quarter of the year when we receive tax refund payments from the U.S. treasury which are loaded onto prepaid cards. Balances decrease as the card balances are spent.  We plan to exit additional deposit relationships including the remainder of the health savings accounts not sold in 2015.  These reductions are planned to reduce excess balances at the Federal Reserve Bank which earn low rates and distort leverage capital ratios.



Historically, we have also used sources outside of our deposit products to fund our loan growth, including Federal Home Loan Bank (FHLB) advances, repurchase agreements, and institutional (brokered) certificates of deposit. In 2016, the vast majority of our funding was derived from prepaid cards and transaction accounts. While the FDIC now classifies prepaid and most of our other deposits obtained with the cooperation of third parties as brokered, they continue to acknowledge that such deposits are stable and low cost.  We maintain secured borrowing lines with the FHLB and the Federal Reserve.  As of December 31, 2016, we had a $501.3 million line of credit with the FHLB and, as of January 31, 2016, we had  a  $224.8 million line with the Federal Reserve.  These lines may be collateralized by specified types of loans or securities.  As of December 31, 2016, we had no amounts outstanding on these borrowing lines.  We expect to continue to maintain our facilities with the FHLB and Federal Reserve.   We actively monitor our positions and contingent funding sources on a daily basis. 



In 2011, we adopted a common stock repurchase program.  Share repurchases will reduce the amount of shares outstanding.  Repurchased shares may be reissued for various corporate purposes.  As of December 31, 2014, we had repurchased 100,000 shares of a total 750,000 maximum number of shares authorized by the Board of Directors.  The 100,000 shares were repurchased in 2011 at an average cost of $8.66 per share.  We did not repurchase any shares in 2016, 2015 and 2014 and, pursuant to the Supervisory Letter, must obtain the consent of the Federal Reserve for any future repurchases. 



As a result of the discontinuance of our commercial loan operations, we have received and expect to continue to receive during 2017,  cash proceeds from the sale or repayment of discontinued loans.  We currently anticipate that these proceeds will be deployed into loans in our continuing operations.   Approximately $360.7 million of discontinued assets remained on the balance sheet as of December 31, 2016, consisting primarily of loans secured by commercial real estate. If not sold, these loans will be retained until repaid. We also retain the financing receivable from the 2014 Walnut Street securitization of a portion of the discontinued commercial loans. At December 31, 2016 the balance of that receivable was $126.9 million.



Included in our cash and cash-equivalents at December 31, 2016, were $955.7 million of interest-earning deposits which primarily consisted of deposits with the Federal Reserve. Traditionally, we sell our excess funds overnight to other financial institutions, with which we have correspondent relationships, to obtain better returns.  As federal funds rates became comparable to the 50 basis point level offered by the Federal Reserve through December 2016, we adjusted our strategy to retain our excess funds at the Federal Reserve, which also offers the full guarantee of the federal government.



In 2016, sales and repayments of investment securities  were exceeded by purchases of $549.5 million which reflected purchases to replace sales of tax exempt securities in the fourth quarter of 2016. In 2015, sales and repayments of securities exceeded

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purchases, with related funding used for loan funding while in 2014, purchases exceeded sales and repayments by $232.6 million. At December 31, 2016, we had outstanding commitments to fund loans, including unused lines of credit, of $1.09  billion. Additionally, funding was directed at cash outflows for net loan growth of  $146.4 million in 2016, $205.0 million in 2015 and $240.0 million in 2014.



To manage excess cash balances maintained at the Federal Reserve, the Bank has exited and will likely continue to exit less profitable deposit relationships. High cash balances, notwithstanding that they are invested at the Federal Reserve, distort the leverage capital ratio by increasing the asset base on which that ratio is derived.  



As a holding company conducting substantially all of our business through our subsidiaries, our need for liquidity consists principally of cash needed to make required interest payments on our trust preferred securities.  As of December 31, 2016, we had approximate cash reserves of  $8.3 million at the holding company. Current quarterly interest payments on the $13.4 million of trust preferred securities are approximately $135,000 based on a floating rate of 3.25% over the three-month London Interbank Offered Rate, or LIBOR.  As a result of a Supervisory Letter, Federal Reserve approval is required for any dividend from us, and FDIC approval is required for any dividend from the Bank to us, which, apart from the $8.3 million of cash on hand, is our principal source of liquidity.  See Item 1, “Business—Regulation under Banking Law,”  and Item 1A, “Risk Factors-Risks Relating to Our Business-The entry into the Consent Orders, as amended, and a supervisory letter from the Federal Reserve, have imposed certain restrictions and requirements upon us and the Bank”. The Federal Reserve approved the payment of the interest due March 15, 2017 on our trust preferred securities.  Future payments are subject to future approval by the Federal Reserve. 



We expect that the conditions under which the 2014 Consent Order Amendment was issued will be remediated and the FDIC will permit the Bank to resume paying dividends to us to fund holding company operations.  There can, however, be no assurance that the FDIC will, in fact, allow the resumption of Bank dividends to us upon completion of the remediation or, if allowed, as to the timing thereof. Accordingly, there is risk that we will need to obtain alternate sources of funding at the holding company level to service our trust preferred securities.  There can be no assurance that such sources would be available to us on acceptable terms or at all.



We must comply with capital adequacy guidelines issued by the FDIC.  A bank must, in general, have a Tier 1 leverage ratio of 5.0%, a ratio of Tier I capital to risk-weighted assets of 8.0%, a ratio of total capital to risk-weighted assets of 10.0% and a ratio of common equity to risk-weighted assets of 6.50% to be considered “well capitalized”. The Tier I leverage ratio is the ratio of Tier 1 capital to average assets for the period. “Tier I capital” includes common shareholders’ equity, certain qualifying perpetual preferred stock and minority interests in equity accounts of consolidated subsidiaries, less intangibles.  At December 31, 2016, we were “well capitalized” under banking regulations.



The following table sets forth our regulatory capital amounts and ratios for the periods indicated:



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Asset and Liability Management



The management of rate sensitive assets and liabilities is essential to controlling interest rate risk and optimizing interest margins.  An interest rate sensitive asset or liability is one that, within a defined time period, either matures or experiences an interest rate change in line with general market rates.  Interest rate sensitivity measures the relative volatility of an institution’s interest margin resulting from changes in market interest rates.



As a financial institution, potential interest rate volatility is a primary component of our market risk.  Fluctuations in interest rates will ultimately impact the level of our earnings and the market value of all of our interest-earning assets, other than those with short-term maturities.  We do not own any trading assets.  We use hedging transactions only for commercial loans originated for sale into secondary securities markets. 



We have adopted policies designed to stabilize net interest income and preserve capital over a broad range of interest rate movements.  To effectively administer the policies and to monitor our exposure to fluctuations in interest rates, we maintain an asset/liability committee, consisting of the Bank’s Chief Accounting Officer, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Credit Officer. This committee meets quarterly to review our financial results, develop strategies to optimize margins and to respond to market conditions.  The primary goal of our policies is to optimize margin and manage interest rate risk, subject to overall policy constraints for prudent management of interest rate risk.



We monitor, manage and control interest rate risk through a variety of techniques, including use of traditional interest rate sensitivity analysis (also known as “gap analysis”) and an interest rate risk management model.  With the interest rate risk management model, we project future net interest income and then estimate the effect of various changes in interest rates and balance sheet growth rates on that projected net interest income.  We also use the interest rate risk management model to calculate the change in net portfolio value over a range of interest rate change scenarios. Traditional gap analysis involves arranging our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities by repricing periods and then computing the difference (or “interest rate sensitivity gap”) between the assets and liabilities that we estimate will reprice during each time period and cumulatively through the end of each time period.

 

Both interest rate sensitivity modeling and gap analysis are done at a specific point in time and involve a variety of significant estimates and assumptions.  Interest rate sensitivity modeling requires, among other things, estimates of how much and when yields and costs on individual categories of interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities will respond to general changes in market rates, future cash flows and discount rates.  Gap analysis requires estimates as to when individual categories of interest-sensitive assets and liabilities will reprice, and assumes that assets and liabilities assigned to the same repricing period will reprice at the same time and in the same amount.  Gap analysis does not account for the fact that repricing of assets and liabilities is discretionary and subject to competitive and other pressures.  A gap is considered positive when the amount of interest rate sensitive assets exceeds the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities.  A gap is considered negative when the amount of interest rate sensitive liabilities exceeds interest rate sensitive assets.  During a period of falling interest rates, a positive gap would tend to adversely affect net interest income, while a negative gap would tend to result in an increase in net interest income, all else equal.   During a period of rising interest rates, a positive gap would tend to result in an increase in net interest income while a negative gap would tend to affect net interest income adversely.



The following table sets forth the estimated maturity or repricing structure of our interest-earning assets and interest-bearing liabilities at December 31, 2016.   Except as stated below, the amounts of assets or liabilities shown which reprice or mature during a particular period were determined in accordance with the contractual terms of each asset or liability.  Loans currently at their interest rate floors are classified at their maturity date, though they are tied to variable interest rates.  The majority of demand and interest-bearing demand deposits and savings deposits are assumed to be “core” deposits, or deposits that will generally remain with us regardless of market interest rates.  We estimate the repricing characteristics of these deposits based on historical performance, past experience, judgmental predictions and other deposit behavior assumptions.  However, we may choose not to reprice liabilities proportionally to changes in market interest rates for competitive or other reasons.  Additionally, although non-interest bearing demand accounts are not paid interest we estimate certain of the balances will reprice as a result of the fees that are paid to the affinity groups which are based upon a rate index and therefore included in interest expense.  The table does not assume any prepayment of fixed-rate loans and mortgage-backed securities are scheduled based on their anticipated cash flow, including prepayments based on historical data and current market trends.  The table does not necessarily indicate the impact of general interest rate movements on our net interest income because the repricing and related behavior of certain categories of assets and liabilities is beyond our control as, for example, prepayments of loans and withdrawal of deposits.  As a result, certain assets and liabilities indicated as repricing within a stated period may in fact reprice at different times and at different rate levels.

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The method used to analyze interest rate sensitivity in this table has a number of limitations.  Certain assets and liabilities may react differently to changes in interest rates even though they reprice or mature in the same or similar time periods.  The interest rates on certain assets and liabilities may change at different times than changes in market interest rates, with some changing in advance of changes in market rates and some lagging behind changes in market rates.  Additionally, the actual prepayments and withdrawals we experience when interest rates change may deviate significantly from those assumed in calculating the data shown in the table.



Because of the limitations in the gap analysis discussed above, we believe that interest sensitivity modeling may more accurately reflect the effects of our exposure to changes in interest rates, notwithstanding its own limitations.   Net interest income simulation considers the relative sensitivities of the consolidated balance sheet including the effects of interest rate caps on adjustable rate mortgages and the relatively stable aspects of core deposits.  As such, net interest income simulation is designed to address the probability of interest rate changes and the behavioral response of the consolidated balance sheet to those changes.  Market Value of Portfolio Equity, or MVPE, represents the fair value of the net present value of assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet items.



We believe that the assumptions utilized in evaluating our estimated net interest income are reasonable; however, the interest rate sensitivity of our assets, liabilities and off-balance sheet financial instruments as well as the estimated effect of changes in interest rates on estimated net interest income could vary substantially if different assumptions are used or actual experience differs from presumed behavior of various deposit and loan categories.  The following table shows the effects of interest rate shocks on our MVPE and net interest income.  Rate shocks assume that current interest rates change immediately and sustain parallel shifts.  For interest rate increases or decreases of 100 and 200 basis points, our policy includes a guideline that our MVPE ratio should not decrease more than 10% and 15%, respectively, and that net interest income should not decrease more than 10% and 15%, respectively. As illustrated in the following table, we complied with our asset/liability policy at December 31, 2016.  While our modeling suggests an increase in market rates will have a positive impact on margin (as shown in the table below), the amount of such increase cannot be determined, and there can be no assurance any increase will be realized.    





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If we should experience a mismatch in our desired gap ranges or an excessive decline in our MVPE subsequent to an immediate and sustained change in interest rate, we have a number of options available to remedy such a mismatch.  We could restructure our investment portfolio through the sale or purchase of securities with more favorable repricing attributes.  We could also emphasize loan products with appropriate maturities or repricing attributes, or we could emphasize deposits or obtain borrowings with desired maturities.



We do not use derivatives except for swaps for fixed rate loans which are originated for sale into securitizations. The swaps hedge interest rate risk between the time the loans are disbursed and sold.

 

Historically, we have used variable rate commercial loans as the principal means of limiting interest rate risk. Both the Bank’s SBLOC and SBA loans are primarily variable rate. We continue to evaluate market conditions and may change our current gap strategy in response to changes in those conditions.

Financial Condition

General.  Our total assets at December 31, 2016 were $4.86 billion, of which our total loans and loans held for sale from continuing operations were $1.89 billion and our assets held for sale (from discontinued operations) were $360.7 million,  $340.4 million of which were loans.  At December 31, 2015 our total assets were $4.77 billion, of which our total loans and loans held for sale from continuing operations were $1.57 billion  and our assets held for sale (from discontinued operations) were $583.9 million, $568.7 million of which were loans.  Investment securities available for sale increased to $1.25 billion at December 31, 2016 from $1.07 billion at December 31, 2015.  The increase in total assets at December 31, 2016 reflected purchases of investment securities to replace tax exempt securities sold in the fourth quarter of 2015 and increases in loans in our targeted lending categories.

Interest earning deposits and federal funds sold.  At December 31, 2016, we had a total of $955.7 million of interest earning deposits, comprised primarily of balances at the Federal Reserve, which pays interest on such balances.

Investment portfolio. The Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 320, Investments—Debt and Equity Securities, requires that debt and equity securities classified as available-for-sale be reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from earnings and reported in other comprehensive income. Accordingly, marking an available-for-sale portfolio to market results in fluctuations in the level of shareholders’ equity and equity-related financial ratios as market interest rates and market demand for such securities cause the fair value of fixed-rate securities to fluctuate.  Debt securities for which we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity are classified as held-to-maturity and are carried at amortized cost.

For detailed information on the composition and maturity distribution of our investment portfolio, see Note D to the Consolidated Financial Statements. Total investment securities increased to $1.34 billion on December 31, 2016, an increase of $178.4 million or 15.3% from a year earlier.  The increase in investment securities was primarily a result of taxable bond purchases in 2016 to replace tax exempt securities sales in the fourth quarter of 2015. The purchases included significant amounts of collateralized loan obligations.

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Other securities included in the held-to-maturity classification at December 31, 2016 consisted of three securities secured by diversified portfolios of corporate securities, one bank senior note and two single-issuer trust preferred securities.



A total of $18.0 million of other debt securities - single issuers is comprised of the following: (i) amortized cost of the two single-issuer trust preferred securities of $11.0 million, of which one security for $1.9 million was issued by a bank and one security for $9.1 million was issued by an insurance company; and (ii) the book value of a bank senior note of $7.0 million. 



A total of $75.5 million of other debt securities – pooled is comprised of three securities consisting of diversified portfolios of corporate securities.



The following table provides additional information related to our single issuer trust preferred securities as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands):



Under the accounting guidance related to the recognition of other-than-temporary impairment charges on debt securities, an impairment on a debt security is deemed to be other-than-temporary if it meets either of the following conditions: i) we intend to sell or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before a recovery in value, or ii) we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis of the security.  If we intend to sell or it is more likely than not we will be required to sell the security before a recovery in value, a charge is recorded in net realized losses in the consolidated statement of operations equal to the difference between the fair value and amortized cost basis of the security.  For those other-than-temporarily impaired debt securities which do not meet the first condition and for which we do not expect to recover the entire amortized cost basis, the difference between the security’s amortized cost basis and the fair value is separated into the portion representing a credit impairment, which is recorded in net realized losses in the consolidated statement of operations, and the remaining impairment, which is recorded in other comprehensive income.  Generally, a security’s credit impairment is the difference between its amortized cost basis and the best estimate of its expected future cash flows discounted at the security’s effective yield prior to impairment.  The previous amortized cost basis less the impairment recognized in net realized losses on the consolidated income statement becomes the security’s new cost basis.  We recognized no other-than-temporary impairment charges related to trust preferred securities classified in our held-to-maturity portfolio for 2016, 2015 and 2014. 

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The following table presents the book value and the approximate fair value for each major category of our investment securities portfolio.  At December 31, 2016 and 2015, our investments were categorized as either available-for-sale or held-to-maturity (in thousands).













Investments in Federal Home Loan and Atlantic Central Bankers Bank stock are recorded at cost and amounted to $1.6 million at December 31, 2016 and $1.1 million at December 31, 2015.    



At December 31, 2016 and 2015, investment securities with a fair value of approximately $0 million and $19.2 million, respectively, were pledged to secure securities sold under repurchase agreements as required or permitted by law. The balance of pledged securities was reduced to $0 as balances requiring pledging were not expected to increase from minimal levels exceeded by deposit insurance.  At December 31, 2016 and 2015, investment securities with a fair value of approximately $607.2 million and $453.4 million, respectively, were pledged to secure a line of credit with the FHLB and a letter of credit with that institution.    



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The following tables show the contractual maturity distribution and the weighted average yields of our investment securities portfolio as of December 31, 2016 (in thousands):























* The average yield of asset backed securities is as follows: collateralized loan obligation securities 2.85%, federally insured student loan securities 1.94%, other asset-backed securities 2.53%.

** If adjusted to their taxable equivalents,  yields would approximate 0.02%, 2.65%, 4.47% and 6.44% for zero to one year, one to five years, five to ten years and over ten years, respectively at a Federal tax rate of 34%













Loan Portfolio. We have developed a detailed credit policy for our lending activities and utilize loan committees to oversee the lending function.  SBLOC and other consumer loans, SBA, Leases and CMBS each have their own loan committee.  The Chief Executive Officer, Chief Credit Officer and the Bank’s Senior Credit Officer serve on all committees.  Each committee also includes lenders from that particular type of specialty lending.  The Chief Credit Officer is responsible for both regulatory compliance and adherence to our internal credit policy.  Key committee members have lengthy experience and certain of them have had similar positions at substantially larger institutions.

We originate substantially all of our portfolio loans, although from time to time we purchase lease pools. If a proposed loan should exceed our lending limit, we would sell a participation in the loan to another financial institution.  The following table summarizes our loan portfolio, not including loans held for sale, by loan category for the periods indicated (in thousands):



*The following table shows SBA loans and SBA loans held for sale for the periods indicated (in thousands):







The following table presents selected loan categories by maturity for the periods indicated (in thousands):







Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses.  We review the adequacy of our allowance for loan and lease losses on at least a quarterly basis to determine a provision for loan losses in an amount necessary to maintain our allowance at a level that is appropriate, based on management’s estimate of inherent losses.  Our estimates of loan and lease losses are intended to, and, in management’s opinion, do meet the criteria for accrual of loss contingencies in accordance with ASC 450, Contingencies and ASC 310, Receivables.  The process of evaluating this adequacy has two basic elements: first, the identification of problem loans or leases based on current financial information and the fair value of the underlying collateral; and second, a methodology for estimating general loss reserves.  For loans or leases classified as “special mention,” “substandard” or “doubtful,” we reserve all estimated losses at the time we classify the loan or lease.  This “specific” portion of the allowance is the total of potential, although unconfirmed, losses for individually classified loans.  In this process, we establish specific reserves based on an analysis of the most probable sources of repayment and liquidation of collateral.  While each impaired loan is individually evaluated, not every loan requires a reserve when the collateral value and estimated cash flows exceed the current balance.



The second phase of our analysis represents an allocation of the allowance.  This methodology analyzes pools of loans that have similar characteristics and applies historical loss experience and other factors for each pool including management’s experience with similar loan and lease portfolios at other institutions, the historic loss experience of our peers and a review of statistical information from various industry reports to determine the allocable portion of the allowance.  This estimate is intended to represent the potential unconfirmed and inherent losses within the portfolio.  Individual loan pools are created for major loan categories:

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SBLOCs, SBA loans, direct lease financing and other specialty lending and consumer loans.  We augment historical experience for each loan pool by accounting for such items as current economic conditions, current loan portfolio performance, loan policy or management changes, loan concentrations, increases in our lending limit, average loan size and other factors as appropriate.  Our chief credit officer oversees the loan review department which measures the adequacy of the allowance for loan and lease losses independently of loan production officers. A description of loan review coverage targets is as follows.



At December 31, 2016, approximately 48% of the total continuing loan portfolio had been reviewed as a result of the coverage of each loan portfolio type.  The loan review policy guidelines were revised in December 2015 to establish threshold coverages for each loan portfolio.  The targeted coverages and scope of the reviews are risk-based and vary according to each portfolio.



Security Backed Lines of Credit – The targeted review threshold  is 40% with the largest 25% of SBLOCs by commitment to be reviewed annually. At December 31, 2016 approximately 44% of the SBLOC portfolio had been reviewed. 



 SBA Loans – The targeted review threshold  is 100%, less guaranteed portions of any purchased loans and loans funded within 90 days of quarter end which are reviewed in the subsequent quarter.  Although loans are not typically purchased, loans for CRA purposes are periodically purchased. Within the quarter following December 31, 2016, the 100%  threshold was met for the portfolio, excluding government guaranteed purchased loans.



   Leasing – The targeted review threshold  is 50%.  At December 31, 2016, approximately 36% of the leasing portfolio had been reviewed.  The review threshold is $1,000,000 which is measured on a relationship basis. The loan review department has targeted meeting the threshold by April 30, 2017.



Commercial Mortgaged Backed Securities (Floating Rate) – The targeted review threshold  is 100%. Floating rate loans will be reviewed initially within 90 days of funding and will be monitored on an ongoing basis as to payment status. Subsequent reviews will be performed based on a sampling each quarter.  Each floating rate loan will be reviewed if any available extension options are exercised. Within the quarter following December 31, 2016,  the 100% threshold was met for the portfolio outstanding at December 31, 2016. 



CMBS (Fixed Rate) - CMBS fixed rate loans will generally not be reviewed as they are sold on the secondary market in a relatively short period of time.  100% of fixed rate loans that are unable to be readily sold on the secondary market and remain on the bank's books after nine months will be reviewed at least annually.  Within the quarter following December 31, 2016, the 100% threshold was met for the portfolio outstanding at December 31, 2016. 



Specialty Lending - Specialty Lending, defined as commercial loans unique in nature that do not fit into other established categories, have a review coverage threshold of 100% for non-Community Reinvestment Act, or CRA loans.  At December 31, 2016, approximately 100% of the non CRA loans had been reviewed.

 

Home Equity Lines of Credit, or HELOC – The targeted review threshold  is 50%.  The largest 25% of HELOCs by commitment to be reviewed annually.  At December 31, 2016, approximately 83% of the HELOC portfolio had been reviewed.

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The following table presents delinquencies by type of loan for December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):





The increase in direct lease financing 30-59 day delinquencies resulted from leases to one state government which were subsequently cured.



Although we consider our allowance for loan and lease losses to be adequate based on information currently available, future additions to the allowance may be necessary due to changes in economic conditions, our ongoing loss experience and that of our peers, changes in management’s assumptions as to future delinquencies, recoveries and losses, deterioration of specific credits and management’s intent with regard to the disposition of loans and leases.



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The following table presents an allocation of the allowance for loan and lease losses among the types of loans or leases in our portfolio at December 31, 2016, 2015, 2014, 2013 and 2012 (in thousands): 







Summary of Loan and Lease Loss Experience.   The following tables summarize our credit loss experience for each of the periods indicated (in thousands):







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The following table summarizes select asset quality ratios for each of the periods indicated:



(1) Nonperforming loans are defined as nonaccrual loans and loans 90 days past due and still accruing interest and are both included in our ratios.

The ratio of the allowance for loan and lease losses to total loans increased to 0.52% at December 31, 2016 from 0.41% at December 31, 2015, which reflected a higher allowance for SBA loans and leases as  a result of increased classified loans in those portfolios. Reserves on specific classified loans reflect one component of the allowance.  Our loan loss methodology also includes the measurement of historical net charge-offs by loan category. The resulting ratios are applied against current outstanding balances for each loan category. Those computed reserves are added to the aforementioned reserves on specific classified loans and, with an allocation for economic and other factors, comprise the required level of the allowance for loan losses (see “Allowance for Loan and Lease Losses”). For the year 2016, the largest segment of the loan portfolio continued to be SBLOC, which has historically experienced low levels of losses as a result of the marketable securities collateralizing these loans and related loan to value requirements (see Item 1. “Business-Lending-SBA Loans”). The ratio of the allowance for loan losses to non-performing loans decreased to 174.29% at December 31, 2016 from 188.84% in 2015 reflecting an increase in non-performing loans which exceeded the relative increase in the allowance for loan losses. The ratio of nonperforming assets to total assets increased to .08% from .05% as a result of the increase in nonperforming assets. The ratio of net charge-offs to average loans decreased to 0.09% for 2016 compared to 0.11% for the prior year,  primarily as result of increased average loan balances in 2016, as net charge-offs increased minimally in that year. 

 Net charge-offs.  Net charge-offs of $1.4  million in 2016 were slightly more than  the $1.3 million  in 2015 and slightly reduced from the $1.5 million in 2014.  The majority of charge-offs in those years were in other consumer loans including home equity lines of credit, a product no longer offered.

Non-performing loans,  loans 90 days delinquent and still accruing, and troubled debt restructurings.  Loans are considered to be non-performing if they are on a non-accrual basis or they are past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest.   A loan which is past due 90 days or more and still accruing interest remains on accrual status only when it is both adequately secured as to principal and interest, and is in the process of collection.  Troubled debt restructurings are loans with terms that have been renegotiated to provide a reduction or deferral of interest or principal because of a weakening in the financial positions of the borrowers.  The following tables summarize our non–performing loans, other real estate owned (OREO) and our loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest (in thousands). 







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The loans that were modified during the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015 and considered troubled debt restructurings are as follows (in thousands):







The balances below provide information as to how the loans were modified as troubled debt restructured loans at December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):









As of December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, we had no commitments to lend additional funds to loan customers whose terms have been modified in troubled debt restructurings. 



The following table summarizes as of December 31, 2016 loans that were restructured within the last 12 months that have subsequently defaulted (in thousands).









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The following table provides information about impaired loans at December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):







We had $3.0 million of non-accrual loans at December 31, 2016 compared to $1.9 million of non-accrual loans at December 31, 2015.  The activity in non-accrual loans reflected $4.4 million of loans placed on non-accrual status, partially offset by $1.3 million of loan charge-offs, $1.4 million of loan payments, $556,000 for participations sold and $104,000 of loans transferred to OREO.    Loans past due 90 days or more still accruing interest amounted to $661,000 and  $403,000 at December 31, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively. The $258,000 increase reflected $5.1 million of additions, partially offset by $4.7 million of loan payments, $60,000 of charge-offs and $32,000 of transfers to repossessed assets. We had a single property addition to OREO for $104,000 in 2016 and which was outstanding at December 31, 2016 and no OREO in 2015.   



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We evaluate loans under an internal loan risk rating system as a means of identifying problem loans. The following table provides information by credit risk rating indicator for each segment of the loan portfolio excluding loans held for sale at the dates indicated (in thousands):







*For information on targeted loan review thresholds see “Allowance for Loan Losses”

 

Investment in Unconsolidated Entity.   On December 30, 2014, the Bank entered into an agreement for, and closed on, the sale of a portion of its discontinued commercial loan portfolio.  The purchaser of the loan portfolio was a newly formed entity, Walnut Street 2014-1 Issuer, LLC or Walnut Street.  The price paid to the Bank for the loan portfolio with a face value of approximately $267.6 million was approximately $209.6 million, of which approximately $193.6 million was in the form of two notes issued by Walnut Street to the Bank; a senior note in the principal amount of approximately $178.2 million bearing interest at 1.5% per year and maturing in December 2024 and a subordinate note in the principal amount of approximately $15.4 million, bearing interest at 10.0% per year and maturing in December 2024.  In 2016, there was a $37.5 million reduction in value of these notes and as of December 31, 2016 a balance of $126.9 million remained on the balance sheet.  



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Deposits.  A primary source of funding is deposit acquisition.  We offer a variety of deposit accounts with a range of interest rates and terms, including prepaid cards, demand and money market accounts.  Our primary strategic focus is growing these accounts through affinity groups.  At December 31, 2016, we had total deposits of $4.24 billion compared to $4.41 billion at December 31, 2015, which reflected a decrease of $176.5 million or 4.0% between 2016 and 2015. These balances were reduced as a result of the exit of non strategic and less profitable deposit relationships, including health savings accounts discussed previously. The following table presents the average balance and rates paid on deposits for the periods indicated (in thousands):











Borrowings.  We  had no outstanding advances from the FHLB at December 31, 2016 on our line of credit with them but did have a $70.0 million letter of credit outstanding . The Bank also has a line of credit with the Federal Reserve, which we discuss in “Liquidity and Capital Resources”.  We used these lines minimally in 2016, as a result of deposit growth.  We had no outstanding amounts borrowed on the Bank’s lines of credit at December 31, 2016. We do not have any policy prohibiting us from incurring debt. 









As of December 31, 2016, we have two established statutory business trusts: The Bancorp Capital Trust II and The Bancorp Capital Trust III, which we refer to as the Trusts.  In each case, we own all the common securities of the Trust.  These Trusts issued preferred capital securities to investors and invested the proceeds in us through the purchase of junior subordinated debentures issued by us.  These debentures are the sole assets of the trusts.  The $10.3 million of debentures issued to The Bancorp Capital Trust II on November 28, 2007, mature on March 15, 2038 and bear interest equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 3.25%.  The $3.1 million of

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debentures issued to The Bancorp Capital Trust III on November 28, 2007 mature on March 15, 2038, and bear interest at a floating annual rate equal to 3-month LIBOR plus 3.25%.

Long-term Borrowings

Long-term borrowings of $263.1 million reflected the proceeds of loans sold into a securitization which, at December 31, 2016 was accounted for as a secured borrowing. In the first quarter of 2017, the documentation required for true sale accounting was completed and the sale was recorded in that quarter.

Shareholders’ Equity

At December 31, 2016,  we had $299.0 million in shareholders’ equity.  In September 2016, we issued 17.5 million shares of our common stock, par value $1.00, at an offering price of $4.50 per share in a private offering.  The sale of the common stock resulted in net proceeds to us, after underwriting discounts, commissions and expenses, of approximately $74.8 million.



Discontinued Operations  



As of December 31, 2016 “Assets Held For Sale” reflected the $360.7 million balance of discontinued operations assets, which included $340.4 million of net loans and $14.7 of other real estate owned. A total of approximately $267.6 million par value of loans were sold in the fourth quarter of 2014. See “Investment in Unconsolidated Entity” above.  In the second quarter of 2015, $149.6 million of loans were sold at a net gain of $2.2 million. In the third quarter of 2016, $64.6 million of loans were sold at a minimal gain.



Off-balance Sheet Commitments

We are party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of our customers.  These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit.  These instruments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in our consolidated financial statements.

Credit risk is defined as the possibility of sustaining a loss due to the failure of the other parties to a financial instrument to perform in accordance with the terms of the contract.  The maximum exposure to credit loss under commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit is represented by the contractual amount of these instruments.  We use the same underwriting standards and policies in making credit commitments as we do for on-balance sheet instruments.

Financial instruments whose contract amounts represent potential credit risk for us at December 31, 2016, were our commitments to extend credit, which were approximately $1.09 billion, and standby letters of credit, which were approximately $3.9 million, at December 31, 2016.

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract.  Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and many require the payment of a fee.  Standby letters of credit are conditional commitments issued that guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party.  Since we expect that many of the commitments or letters of credit we issue will not be fully drawn upon, the total commitment or letter of credit amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements.  We evaluate each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis.  We base the amount of collateral we obtain when we extend credit on our credit evaluation of the customer. Collateral held varies but may include real estate, marketable securities, pledged deposits, equipment and accounts receivable.

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Contractual Obligations and Other Commitments

The following table sets forth our contractual obligations and other commitments, including off-balance sheet commitments, representing required and potential cash outflows as of December 31, 2016:



Impact of Inflation

The primary impact of inflation on our operations is on our operating costs.  Unlike most industrial companies, virtually all of the assets and liabilities of a financial institution are monetary in nature. As a result, interest rates have a more significant impact on a financial institution’s performance than the effects of general levels of inflation.  Interest rates do not necessarily move in the same direction or in the same magnitude as the price of goods and services.  While we anticipate that inflation will affect our future operating costs, we cannot predict the timing or amounts of any such effects.

Recently Issued Accounting Standards

Information on recent accounting pronouncements is set forth in Note B, item 21, to the consolidated financial statements included in this report and is incorporated herein by this reference.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

Information with respect to quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk is included under the section entitled “Asset and Liability Management” in Part 2 Item 7 “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. 

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Item 8. Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.











REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM



Board of Directors and Shareholders

The Bancorp, Inc.

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Bancorp, Inc. (a Delaware corporation) and subsidiaries (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, changes in shareholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016. These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. An audit also includes assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of The Bancorp, Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2016 in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in the 2013 Internal Control—Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 16, 2017 expressed an unmodified opinion.



/s/ GRANT THORNTON LLP

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 16, 2017





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THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS



The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements. 

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THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

 CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS







The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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9,533

















The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE BANCORP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN SHAREHOLDERS' EQUITY

For the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014

(in thousands except share data)









The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

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THE BANCORP, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(dollars in thousands except per share data)





The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.