Edgar Filing: WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION

Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)




ý		Quarterly Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
		For the quarterly period ended June 30, 2018 or

o		Transition Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
		For the transition period from__________ to __________

Commission file number: 001-32550

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)



Delaware		88-0365922
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)



One E. Washington Street Suite 1400, Phoenix, AZ		85004
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)

(602) 389-3500

(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company," and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.



Large accelerated filer	ý	Accelerated filer	¨

Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	¨

		Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý

As of July 26, 2018, Western Alliance Bancorporation had 105,864,560 shares of common stock outstanding.

Table of Contents

INDEX



		Page
PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION


Item 1.	Financial Statements (Unaudited)
	Consolidated Balance Sheets	4
	Consolidated Income Statements	5
	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income	6
	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity	7
	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows	8
	Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements	10
Item 2.	Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	64
Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	92
Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	94

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	94
Item 1A.	Risk Factors	94
Item 5.	Other Information	94
Item 6.	Exhibits	95

SIGNATURES		96

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PART I

GLOSSARY OF ENTITIES AND TERMS

The acronyms and abbreviations identified below are used in various sections of this Form 10-Q, including "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in Item 2 and the Consolidated Financial Statements and the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements in Item I of this Form 10-Q.



ENTITIES / DIVISIONS:
ABA	Alliance Bank of Arizona	HOA Services	Homeowner Associations Services
BON	Bank of Nevada	LVSP	Las Vegas Sunset Properties
Bridge	Bridge Bank	TPB	Torrey Pines Bank
Company	Western Alliance Bancorporation and subsidiaries	WA PWI, LLC	Western Alliance Public Welfare Investments, LLC
CSI	CS Insurance Company	WAB or Bank	Western Alliance Bank
FIB	First Independent Bank	WABT	Western Alliance Business Trust
HFF	Hotel Franchise Finance	WAL or Parent	Western Alliance Bancorporation
TERMS:
AFS	Available-for-Sale	GSE	Government-Sponsored Enterprise
ALCO	Asset and Liability Management Committee	HFI	Held for Investment
AOCI	Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income	HTM	Held-to-Maturity
ASC	Accounting Standards Codification	ICS	Insured Cash Sweep Service
ASU	Accounting Standards Update	IRC	Internal Revenue Code
Basel Committee	Basel Committee on Banking Supervision	ISDA	International Swaps and Derivatives Association
Basel III	Banking Supervision's December 2010 final capital framework	LIBOR	London Interbank Offered Rate
BOD	Board of Directors	LIHTC	Low-Income Housing Tax Credit
CDARS	Certificate Deposit Account Registry Service	MBS	Mortgage-Backed Securities
CDO	Collateralized Debt Obligation	NBL	National Business Lines
CEO	Chief Executive Officer	NOL	Net Operating Loss
CFO	Chief Financial Officer	NPV	Net Present Value
CRA	Community Reinvestment Act	OCC	Office of the Comptroller of the Currency
CRE	Commercial Real Estate	OCI	Other Comprehensive Income
Dodd-Frank Act	The Dodd-Frank Wall Street Reform and Consumer Protection Act of 2010	OREO	Other Real Estate Owned
EGRRCPA	The Economic Growth, Regulatory Relief, and Consumer Protection Act	OTTI	Other-than-Temporary Impairment
EPS	Earnings per share	PCI	Purchased Credit Impaired
EVE	Economic Value of Equity	SBA	Small Business Administration
Exchange Act	Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended	SBIC	Small Business Investment Company
FASB	Financial Accounting Standards Board	SEC	Securities and Exchange Commission
FDIC	Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation	SERP	Supplemental Executive Retirement Plan
FHLB	Federal Home Loan Bank	TCJA	Tax Cuts and Jobs Act
FRB	Federal Reserve Bank	TDR	Troubled Debt Restructuring
FVO	Fair Value Option	TEB	Tax Equivalent Basis
GAAP	U.S. Generally Accepted Accounting Principles	XBRL	eXtensible Business Reporting Language

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Item 1.	Financial Statements

WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(Unaudited)
	(in thousands, except shares and per share amounts)
Assets:
Cash and due from banks	$	171,298		$	181,191
Interest-bearing deposits in other financial institutions	335,520			235,577
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	506,818			416,768
Money market investments	5			—
Investment securities - AFS, at fair value; amortized cost of $3,280,814 at June 30, 2018 and $3,515,401 at December 31, 2017	3,199,015			3,499,519
Investment securities - HTM, at amortized cost; fair value of $274,718 at June 30, 2018 and $256,314 at December 31, 2017	280,186			255,050
Equity securities	143,490			—
Investments in restricted stock, at cost	65,955			65,785
Loans - HFI, net of deferred loan fees and costs	16,138,260			15,093,935
Less: allowance for credit losses	(147,083		)	(140,050		)
Net loans held for investment	15,991,177			14,953,885
Premises and equipment, net	115,378			118,719
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	27,541			28,540
Bank owned life insurance	168,753			167,764
Goodwill	289,895			289,895
Other intangible assets, net	10,056			10,853
Deferred tax assets, net	39,097			5,780
Investments in LIHTC	304,112			267,023
Other assets	225,974			249,504
Total assets	$	21,367,452		$	20,329,085
Liabilities:
Deposits:
Non-interest-bearing demand	$	7,947,906		$	7,433,962
Interest-bearing	10,139,622			9,538,570
Total deposits	18,087,528			16,972,532
Customer repurchase agreements	18,021			26,017
Other borrowings	75,000			390,000
Qualifying debt	361,060			376,905
Other liabilities	434,159			333,933
Total liabilities	18,975,768			18,099,387
Commitments and contingencies (Note 12)
Stockholders’ equity:
Common stock - par value $0.0001; 200,000,000 authorized; 107,629,478 shares issued at June 30, 2018 and 107,057,520 at December 31, 2017	10			10
Treasury stock, at cost (1,753,107 shares at June 30, 2018 and 1,570,155 shares at December 31, 2017)	(50,971		)	(40,173		)
Additional paid in capital	1,438,857			1,424,540
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income	(51,315		)	(3,145		)
Retained earnings	1,055,103			848,466
Total stockholders’ equity	2,391,684			2,229,698
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	21,367,452		$	20,329,085

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED INCOME STATEMENTS



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Interest income:
Loans, including fees	$	222,035		$	183,657		$	427,994		$	356,210
Investment securities	25,975			19,286			51,747			35,858
Dividends	2,197			1,921			3,675			4,149
Other	1,395			2,089			2,883			3,001
Total interest income	251,602			206,953			486,299			399,218
Interest expense:
Deposits	19,849			9,645			34,022			18,057
Other borrowings	1,936			59			3,262			249
Qualifying debt	5,695			4,493			10,664			8,831
Other	14			13			23			29
Total interest expense	27,494			14,210			47,971			27,166
Net interest income	224,108			192,743			438,328			372,052
Provision for credit losses	5,000			3,000			11,000			7,250
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	219,108			189,743			427,328			364,802
Non-interest income:
Service charges and fees	5,672			5,203			11,417			9,941
Income from equity investments	2,517			1,318			3,977			2,010
Card income	2,033			1,516			4,005			3,008
Foreign currency income	1,181			832			2,383			1,874
Income from bank owned life insurance	1,167			973			2,095			1,921
Lending related income and gains (losses) on sale of loans, net	1,047			227			2,025			649
Gain (loss) on sales of investment securities, net	—			(47		)	—			588
Unrealized (losses) gains on assets measured at fair value, net	(685		)	—			(1,759		)	(1		)
Other income	512			579			944			1,210
Total non-interest income	13,444			10,601			25,087			21,200
Non-interest expense:
Salaries and employee benefits	61,785			52,273			123,918			103,893
Legal, professional, and directors' fees	7,946			8,483			13,949			17,286
Occupancy	7,401			6,927			14,265			13,821
Data processing	5,586			4,375			10,793			9,639
Deposit costs	4,114			2,133			7,040			3,874
Insurance	3,885			3,589			7,754			6,817
Business development	1,414			1,447			3,142			3,510
Marketing	1,146			1,131			1,742			1,852
Card expense	1,081			861			2,023			1,592
Loan and repossessed asset expenses	1,017			1,098			1,600			2,376
Intangible amortization	399			488			797			1,177
Net (gain) loss on sales / valuations of repossessed and other assets	(179		)	231			(1,407		)	(312		)
Other expense	6,953			5,384			15,081			10,722
Total non-interest expense	102,548			88,420			200,697			176,247
Income before provision for income taxes	130,004			111,924			251,718			209,755
Income tax expense	25,325			31,964			46,139			56,453
Net income	$	104,679		$	79,960		$	205,579		$	153,302

Earnings per share:
Basic	$	1.00		$	0.77		$	1.97		$	1.47
Diluted	0.99			0.76			1.95			1.46
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
Basic	104,691			104,162			104,611			104,075
Diluted	105,420			105,045			105,372			104,941

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Net income	$	104,679		$	79,960		$	205,579		$	153,302
Other comprehensive (loss) income, net:
Unrealized (loss) gain on AFS securities, net of tax effect of $3,387, $(3,534), $16,101, and $(9,204), respectively	(10,389		)	5,662			(49,303		)	14,831
Unrealized (loss) gain on SERP, net of tax effect of $4, $(23), $6, and $(23), respectively	(12		)	37			(23		)	36
Unrealized gain (loss) on junior subordinated debt, net of tax effect of $(244), $1,287, $(722), and $2,044, respectively	748			(2,089		)	2,214			(3,318		)
Realized (gain) loss on sale of AFS securities included in income, net of tax effect of $0, $(18), $0, and $224, respectively	—			29			—			(364		)
Net other comprehensive (loss) income	(9,653		)	3,639			(47,112		)	11,185
Comprehensive income	$	95,026		$	83,599		$	158,467		$	164,487

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY



	Common Stock				Additional Paid in Capital		Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid in Capital		Treasury Stock			Accumulated Other Comprehensive (Loss) Income			Retained Earnings		Total Stockholders’ Equity
	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2016	105,071		$	10	$	1,400,140	$	(26,362	)	$	(4,695	)	$	522,436	$	1,891,529
Balance, January 1, 2017 (1)	105,071		10		1,400,140		(26,362		)	(4,695		)	522,974		1,892,067
Net income	—		—		—		—			—			153,302		153,302
Exercise of stock options	23		—		527		—			—			—		527
Restricted stock, performance stock units, and other grants, net	537		—		12,394		—			—			—		12,394
Restricted stock surrendered (2)	(202	)	—		—		(10,289		)	—			—		(10,289		)
Other comprehensive income, net	—		—		—		—			11,185			—		11,185
Balance, June 30, 2017	105,429		$	10	$	1,413,061	$	(36,651	)	$	6,490		$	676,276	$	2,059,186

Balance, December 31, 2017	105,487		$	10	$	1,424,540	$	(40,173	)	$	(3,145	)	$	848,466	$	2,229,698
Balance, January 1, 2018 (3)	105,487		10		1,424,540		(40,173		)	(4,203		)	849,524		2,229,698
Net income	—		—		—		—			—			205,579		205,579
Exercise of stock options	21		—		534		—			—			—		534
Restricted stock, performance stock unit, and other grants, net	551		—		13,783		—			—			—		13,783
Restricted stock surrendered (2)	(183	)	—		—		(10,798		)	—			—		(10,798		)
Other comprehensive loss, net	—		—		—		—			(47,112		)	—		(47,112		)
Balance, June 30, 2018	105,876		$	10	$	1,438,857	$	(50,971	)	$	(51,315	)	$	1,055,103	$	2,391,684


(1)	As adjusted for adoption of ASU 2017-12. The cumulative effect of adoption of this guidance at January 1, 2017 resulted in an increase to retained earnings of $0.5 million and a corresponding increase to loans for the fair market value adjustment on the swaps.


(2)	Share amounts represent Treasury Shares, see "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion.


(3)	As adjusted for adoption of ASU 2016-01 and ASU 2018-02. The cumulative effect of adoption of this guidance at January 1, 2018 resulted in an increase to retained earnings of $1.1 million and a corresponding decrease to accumulated other comprehensive income. See "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion.

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	205,579		$	153,302
Adjustments to reconcile net income to cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for credit losses	11,000			7,250
Depreciation and amortization	6,815			6,389
Stock-based compensation	13,783			12,394
Deferred income taxes	(17,943		)	517
Amortization of net premiums for investment securities	8,073			10,426
Amortization of tax credit investments	17,549			12,692
Accretion of fair market value adjustments on loans acquired from business combinations	(10,806		)	(13,584		)
Accretion and amortization of fair market value adjustments on other assets and liabilities acquired from business combinations	950			1,332
Income from bank owned life insurance	(2,095		)	(1,921		)
(Gains) / Losses on:
Sales of investment securities	—			(588		)
Assets measured at fair value, net	1,759			1
Sale of loans	(1,443		)	107
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	(1,390		)	172
Valuation adjustments of other repossessed assets, net	33			(224		)
Sale of premises, equipment, and other assets, net	(50		)	(260		)
Changes in:
Other assets	26,419			(8,108		)
Other liabilities	(10,880		)	(4,459		)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	247,353		$	175,438
Cash flows from investing activities:
Investment securities - trading
Proceeds from sales	$	—		$	995
Investment securities - AFS
Purchases	(86,316		)	(759,768		)
Principal pay downs and maturities	210,003			222,706
Proceeds from sales	—			75,332
Investment securities - HTM
Purchases	(26,025		)	(40,765		)
Principal pay downs and maturities	489			—
Equity securities
Purchases	(41,660		)	—
Purchase of investment tax credits	(32,631		)	(10,756		)
Purchase of SBIC investments	(1,351		)	—
(Purchase) sale of money market investments, net	(5		)	(147		)
Proceeds from bank owned life insurance	1,112			—
(Purchase) liquidation of restricted stock	(171		)	(107		)
Loan fundings and principal collections, net	(968,748		)	(736,342		)
Purchase of premises, equipment, and other assets, net	(1,836		)	(5,093		)
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	8,100			18,271
Net cash used in investing activities	$	(939,039	)	$	(1,235,674	)

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	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Net increase (decrease) in deposits	$	1,114,996		$	1,481,249
Net increase (decrease) in borrowings	(322,995		)	(89,067		)
Proceeds from exercise of common stock options	534			527
Cash paid for tax withholding on vested restricted stock	(10,799		)	(10,289		)
Net cash provided by financing activities	$	781,736		$	1,382,420
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash	90,050			322,184
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at beginning of period	416,768			284,491
Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of period	$	506,818		$	606,675
Supplemental disclosure:
Cash paid during the period for:
Interest	$	46,358		$	26,375
Income taxes	14,792			53,937
Non-cash investing and financing activity:
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	5,744			1,392
Unfunded commitments originated	58,639			67,718
Change in unrealized (loss) gain on AFS securities, net of tax	(49,303		)	14,467
Change in unrealized gain (loss) on junior subordinated debt, net of tax	2,214			(3,318		)
Change in unfunded obligations	99,980			(32,742		)

See accompanying Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

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WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

1. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

Nature of operation

WAL is a bank holding company headquartered in Phoenix, Arizona, incorporated under the laws of the state of Delaware. WAL provides a full spectrum of deposit, lending, treasury management, international banking, and online banking products and services through its wholly-owned banking subsidiary, WAB.

WAB operates the following full-service banking divisions: ABA, BON, FIB, Bridge, and TPB. The Company also serves business customers through a national platform of specialized financial services. In addition, the Company has two non-bank subsidiaries, LVSP, which holds and manages certain non-performing loans and OREO and a captive insurance company formed and licensed under the laws of the State of Arizona, CSI. CSI was established as part of the Company's overall enterprise risk management strategy.

Basis of presentation

The accounting and reporting policies of the Company are in accordance with GAAP and conform to practices within the financial services industry. The accounts of the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries are included in the Consolidated Financial Statements.

Use of estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosures of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Management's estimates and judgments are ongoing and are based on experience, current and expected future conditions, third-party evaluations and various other assumptions that management believes are reasonable under the circumstances. The results of these estimates form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities, as well as identifying and assessing the accounting treatment with respect to commitments and contingencies. Actual results may differ from those estimates and assumptions used in the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant changes in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for credit losses; estimated cash flows related to PCI loans; fair value determinations related to acquisitions and certain assets and liabilities carried at fair value; and accounting for income taxes.

Principles of consolidation

As of June 30, 2018, WAL has the following significant wholly-owned subsidiaries: WAB, LVSP, and eight unconsolidated subsidiaries used as business trusts in connection with the issuance of trust-preferred securities.

The Bank has the following significant wholly-owned subsidiaries: WABT, which holds certain investment securities, municipal and nonprofit loans, and leases; WA PWI, LLC, which holds certain limited partnerships invested primarily in low income housing tax credits and small business investment corporations; and BW Real Estate, Inc., which operates as a real estate investment trust and holds certain of WAB's real estate loans and related securities.

The Company does not have any other significant entities that should be considered for consolidation. All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

Reclassifications

Certain amounts reported in prior periods may have been reclassified in the Consolidated Financial Statements to conform to the current presentation. The reclassifications have no effect on net income or stockholders’ equity as previously reported.

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Interim financial information

The accompanying Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements as of and for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 have been prepared in condensed format and, therefore, do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete financial statements. These statements have been prepared on a basis that is substantially consistent with the accounting principles applied to the Company's audited Consolidated Financial Statements included in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

The information furnished in these interim statements reflects all adjustments which are, in the opinion of management, necessary for a fair statement of the results for each respective period presented. Such adjustments are of a normal, recurring nature. The results of operations in the interim statements are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any other quarter or for the full year. The interim financial information should be read in conjunction with the Company's audited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Investment securities

Investment securities include debt securities and equity securities. Debt securities may be classified as HTM, AFS, or measured at fair value. The appropriate classification is initially decided at the time of purchase. Securities classified as HTM are those debt securities that the Company has both the intent and ability to hold to maturity regardless of changes in market conditions, liquidity needs, or general economic conditions. These securities are carried at amortized cost. The sale of an HTM security within three months of its maturity date or after the majority of the principal outstanding has been collected is considered a maturity for purposes of classification and disclosure.

Securities classified as AFS or trading securities are reported as an asset in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at their estimated fair value. As the fair value of AFS debt securities changes, the changes are reported net of income tax as an element of OCI, except for other-than-temporarily-impaired securities. When AFS debt securities are sold, the unrealized gain or loss is reclassified from OCI to non-interest income. The changes in the fair values of trading securities are reported in non-interest income. Securities classified as AFS are securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time, but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as AFS would be based on various factors, including significant movements in interest rates, changes in the maturity mix of the Company’s assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, decline in credit quality, and regulatory capital considerations.

For periods prior to January 1, 2018, equity securities were classified as AFS and reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of AOCI, net of tax. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01, the fair value changes in equity securities are recognized as part of non-interest income, see "Recently adopted accounting guidance" below for further discussion.

Interest income is recognized based on the coupon rate and increased by accretion of discounts earned or decreased by the amortization of premiums paid over the contractual life of the security, adjusted for prepayment estimates, using the interest method.

In estimating whether there are any OTTI losses, management considers the 1) length of time and the extent to which the fair value has been less than amortized cost; 2) financial condition and near term prospects of the issuer; 3) impact of changes in market interest rates; and 4) intent and ability of the Company to retain its investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery in fair value and whether it is not more likely than not the Company would be required to sell the security.

Declines in the fair value of individual AFS securities that are deemed to be other-than-temporary are reflected in earnings when identified. The fair value of the debt security then becomes the new cost basis. For individual debt securities where the Company does not intend to sell the security and it is not more likely than not that the Company will be required to sell the security before recovery of its amortized cost basis, the other-than-temporary decline in fair value of the debt security related to 1) credit loss is recognized in earnings; and 2) interest rate, market, or other factors is recognized in other comprehensive income or loss.

For individual debt securities where the Company either intends to sell the security or more likely than not will not recover all of its amortized cost, the OTTI is recognized in earnings equal to the entire difference between the security's cost basis and its fair value at the balance sheet date. For individual debt securities for which a credit loss has been recognized in earnings, interest accruals and amortization and accretion of premiums and discounts are suspended when the credit loss is recognized. Interest received after accruals have been suspended is recognized on a cash basis.

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Restricted stock

WAB is a member of the Federal Reserve System and, as part of its membership, is required to maintain stock in the FRB in a specified ratio to its capital. In addition, WAB is a member of the FHLB system and, accordingly, maintains an investment in capital stock of the FHLB based on the borrowing capacity used. The Bank also maintains an investment in its primary correspondent bank. All of these investments are considered equity securities with no actively traded market. Therefore, the shares are considered restricted investment securities. These investments are carried at cost, which is equal to the value at which they may be redeemed. The dividend income received from the stock is reported in interest income. The Company conducts a periodic review and evaluation of its restricted stock to determine if any impairment exists. No impairment has been recorded to date.

Loans, held for investment

The Company generally holds loans for investment and has the intent and ability to hold loans until their maturity. Therefore, they are reported at book value. Net loans are stated at the amount of unpaid principal, adjusted for net deferred fees and costs, purchase accounting fair value adjustments, and an allowance for credit losses. In addition, the book values of loans subject to a fair value hedge are adjusted for changes in value attributable to the effective portion of the hedged benchmark interest rate risk.

The Company may also acquire loans through a business combination. These acquired loans are recorded at estimated fair value on the date of purchase, which is comprised of unpaid principal adjusted for estimated credit losses and interest rate fair value adjustments. Loans are evaluated individually at the acquisition date to determine if there has been credit deterioration since origination. Such loans may then be aggregated and accounted for as a pool of loans based on common characteristics. When the Company acquires such loans, the yield that may be accreted (accretable yield) is limited to the excess of the Company’s estimate of undiscounted cash flows expected to be collected over the Company’s initial investment in the loan. The excess of contractual cash flows over the cash flows expected to be collected may not be recognized as an adjustment to yield, loss, or a valuation allowance. Subsequent increases in cash flows expected to be collected generally are recognized prospectively through adjustment of the loan’s yield over the remaining life. Subsequent decreases to cash flows expected to be collected are recognized as impairment. The Company may not carry over or create a valuation allowance in the initial accounting for loans acquired under these circumstances. For purchased loans that are not deemed impaired at the acquisition date, fair value adjustments attributable to both credit and interest rates are accreted (or amortized) over the contractual life of the individual loan. For additional information, see "Note 3. Loans, Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

Loan fees collected for the origination of loans less direct loan origination costs (net deferred loan fees) are amortized over the contractual life of the loan through interest income. If a loan has scheduled payments, the amortization of the net deferred loan fee is calculated using the interest method over the contractual life of the loan. If a loan does not have scheduled payments, such as a line of credit, the net deferred loan fee is recognized as interest income on a straight-line basis over the contractual life of the loan commitment. Commitment fees based on a percentage of a customer’s unused line of credit and fees related to standby letters of credit are recognized over the commitment period. When loans are repaid, any remaining unamortized balances of premiums, discounts, or net deferred fees are recognized as interest income.

Non-accrual loans: When a borrower discontinues making payments as contractually required by the note, the Company must determine whether it is appropriate to continue to accrue interest. The Company ceases accruing interest income when the loan has become delinquent by more than 90 days or when management determines that the full repayment of principal and collection of interest according to contractual terms is no longer likely. The Company may decide to continue to accrue interest on certain loans more than 90 days delinquent if the loans are well secured by collateral and in the process of collection.

For all loan types, when a loan is placed on non-accrual status, all interest accrued but uncollected is reversed against interest income in the period in which the status is changed, and the Company makes a loan-level decision to apply either the cash basis or cost recovery method. The Company recognizes income on a cash basis only for those non-accrual loans for which the collection of the remaining principal balance is not in doubt. Under the cost recovery method, subsequent payments received from the customer are applied to principal and generally no further interest income is recognized until the principal has been paid in full or until circumstances have changed such that payments are again consistently received as contractually required.

Impaired loans: A loan is identified as impaired when it is no longer probable that interest and principal will be collected according to the contractual terms of the original loan agreement. Generally, impaired loans are classified as non-accrual. However, in certain instances, impaired loans may continue on an accrual basis, if full repayment of all principal and interest is expected and the loan is both well secured and in the process of collection. Impaired loans are measured for reserve requirements in accordance with ASC 310, Receivables, based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan's observable market price or the fair value of the

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collateral less applicable disposition costs if the loan is collateral dependent. The amount of an impairment reserve, if any, and any subsequent changes are recorded as a provision for credit losses. Losses are recorded as a charge-off when losses are confirmed. In addition to management's internal loan review process, regulators may from time to time direct the Company to modify loan grades, loan impairment calculations, or loan impairment methodology.

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans: A TDR loan is a loan on which the Company, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. The loan terms that have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial situation include, but are not limited to, a reduction in the stated interest rate, an extension of the maturity or renewal of the loan at an interest rate below current market, a reduction in the face amount of the debt, a reduction in the accrued interest, or deferral of interest payments. A TDR loan is also considered impaired. A TDR loan may be returned to accrual status when the loan is brought current, has performed in accordance with the contractual restructured terms for a reasonable period of time (generally six months) and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual restructured principal and interest is no longer in doubt. However, such loans continue to be considered impaired. Consistent with regulatory guidance, a TDR loan that is subsequently modified in another restructuring agreement but has shown sustained performance and classification as a TDR, will be removed from TDR status provided that the modified terms were market-based at the time of modification.

Allowance for credit losses

Credit risk is inherent in the business of extending loans and leases to borrowers, for which the Company must maintain an adequate allowance for credit losses. The allowance for credit losses is established through a provision for credit losses recorded to expense. Loans are charged against the allowance for credit losses when management believes that the contractual principal or interest will not be collected. Subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. The allowance is an amount believed adequate to absorb estimated probable losses on existing loans that may become uncollectable, based on evaluation of the collectability of loans and prior credit loss experience, together with other factors. The Company formally re-evaluates and establishes the appropriate level of the allowance for credit losses on a quarterly basis.

The allowance consists of specific and general components. The specific allowance applies to impaired loans. For impaired collateral dependent loans, the reserve is calculated based on the collateral value, net of estimated disposition costs. Generally, the Company obtains independent collateral valuation analysis for each loan every twelve months. Loans not collateral dependent are evaluated based on the expected future cash flows discounted at the original contractual interest rate.

The general allowance covers all non-impaired loans and incorporates several quantitative and qualitative factors, which are used for all of the Company's portfolio segments. Quantitative factors include company-specific, ten-year historical net charge-offs stratified by loans with similar characteristics. Qualitative factors include: 1) levels of and trends in delinquencies and impaired loans; 2) levels of and trends in charge-offs and recoveries; 3) trends in volume and terms of loans; 4) changes in underwriting standards or lending policies; 5) experience, ability, depth of lending staff; 6) national and local economic trends and conditions; 7) changes in credit concentrations; 8) out-of-market exposures; 9) changes in quality of loan review system; and 10) changes in the value of underlying collateral.

Due to the credit concentration of the Company's loan portfolio in real estate secured loans, the value of collateral is heavily dependent on real estate values in Arizona, Nevada, and California. While management uses the best information available to make its evaluation, future adjustments to the allowance may be necessary if there are significant changes in economic or other conditions. In addition, regulators, as an integral part of their examination processes, periodically review the Bank's allowance for credit losses, and may require the Bank to make additions to the allowance based on their judgment about information available to them at the time of their examination. Management regularly reviews the assumptions and formulae used in determining the allowance and makes adjustments if required to reflect the current risk profile of the portfolio.

Goodwill and other intangible assets

The Company records as goodwill the excess of the purchase price over the fair value of the identifiable net assets acquired in accordance with applicable guidance. The Company performs its annual goodwill and intangibles impairment tests as of October 1 each year, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. The Company can first elect to assess, through qualitative factors, whether it is more likely than not that goodwill is impaired. If the qualitative assessment indicates potential impairment, a quantitative impairment test is necessary. If, based on the quantitative test, a reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds its fair value, a goodwill impairment charge for this difference is recorded to current period earnings as non-interest expense.

The Company’s intangible assets consist primarily of core deposit intangible assets that are amortized over periods ranging from 5 to 10 years. The Company considers the remaining useful lives of its core deposit intangible assets each reporting period, as required by ASC 350, Intangibles—Goodwill and Other, to determine whether events and circumstances warrant a

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revision to the remaining period of amortization. If the estimate of an intangible asset’s remaining useful life has changed, the remaining carrying amount of the intangible asset is amortized prospectively over the revised remaining useful life. The Company has not revised its estimates of the useful lives of its core deposit intangibles during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Other assets acquired through foreclosure

Other assets acquired through foreclosure consist primarily of properties acquired as a result of, or in-lieu-of, foreclosure. Properties or other assets (primarily repossessed assets formerly leased) are classified as OREO and other repossessed property and are initially reported at fair value of the asset less estimated selling costs. Subsequent adjustments are based on the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell the property. Costs related to the development or improvement of the assets are capitalized and costs related to holding the assets are charged to non-interest expense. Property is evaluated regularly to ensure the recorded amount is supported by its current fair value and valuation allowances.

Treasury shares

The Company separately presents treasury shares, which represent shares surrendered to the Company equal in value to the statutory payroll tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of employee restricted stock awards. Treasury shares are carried at cost.

Derivative financial instruments

The Company uses interest-rate swaps to mitigate interest-rate risk associated with changes to the fair value of certain fixed-rate financial instruments (fair value hedges).

The Company recognizes derivatives as assets or liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at their fair value in accordance with ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. The accounting for changes in the fair value of a derivative instrument depends on whether it has been designated and qualifies as part of a hedging relationship and further, on the type of hedging relationship. Derivative instruments designated in a hedge relationship to mitigate exposure to changes in the fair value of an asset or liability attributable to a particular risk, such as interest rate risk, are considered fair value hedges.

Changes in the fair value of a derivative that is designated and qualifies as a fair value hedge, along with changes in the fair value of the hedged asset or liability that are attributable to the hedged risk are recorded in current-period earnings. Changes in the fair value of derivatives not considered to be highly effective in hedging the change in fair value of the hedged item are recognized in earnings as non-interest income during the period of the change.

The Company documents its hedge relationships, including identification of the hedging instruments and the hedged items, as well as its risk management objectives and strategies for undertaking the hedge transaction after the derivative contract is executed. At inception, the Company performs a quantitative assessment to determine whether the derivatives used in hedging transactions are highly effective (as defined in the guidance) in offsetting changes in the fair value of the hedged item. Retroactive effectiveness is assessed, as well as the continued expectation that the hedge will remain effective prospectively. After the initial quantitative assessment is performed, on a quarterly basis, the Company performs a qualitative hedge effectiveness assessment. This assessment takes into consideration any adverse developments related to the counterparty's risk of default and any negative events or circumstances that affect the factors that originally enabled the Company to assess that it could reasonably support, qualitatively, an expectation that the hedging relationship was and will continue to be highly effective. The Company discontinues hedge accounting prospectively when it is determined that a hedge is no longer highly effective. When hedge accounting is discontinued on a fair value hedge that no longer qualifies as an effective hedge, the derivative continues to be reported at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheet, but the carrying amount of the hedged item is no longer adjusted for future changes in fair value. The adjustment to the carrying amount of the hedged item that existed at the date hedge accounting is discontinued is amortized over the remaining life of the hedged item into earnings.

Derivative instruments that are not designated as hedges, so called free-standing derivatives, are reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value and the changes in fair value are recognized in earnings as non-interest income during the period of change.

The Company may in the normal course of business purchase a financial instrument or originate a loan that contains an embedded derivative instrument. Upon purchasing the instrument or originating the loan, the Company assesses whether the economic characteristics of the embedded derivative are clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the remaining component of the financial instrument (i.e., the host contract) and whether a separate instrument with the same terms as the embedded instrument would meet the definition of a derivative instrument. When it is determined that the embedded derivative possesses economic characteristics that are not clearly and closely related to the economic characteristics of the host

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contract and a separate instrument with the same terms would qualify as a derivative instrument, the embedded derivative is separated from the host contract and carried at fair value. However, in cases where the host contract is measured at fair value, with changes in fair value reported in current earnings, or the Company is unable to reliably identify and measure an embedded derivative for separation from its host contract, the entire contract is carried in the Consolidated Balance Sheet at fair value and is not designated as a hedging instrument.

Off-balance sheet instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into off-balance sheet financial instrument arrangements consisting of commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the Consolidated Financial Statements when they are funded. They involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. Losses would be experienced when the Company is contractually obligated to make a payment under these instruments and must seek repayment from the borrower, which may not be as financially sound in the current period as they were when the commitment was originally made. Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The Company enters into credit arrangements that generally provide for the termination of advances in the event of a covenant violation or other event of default. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the party. The commitments are collateralized by the same types of assets used as loan collateral.

As with outstanding loans, the Company applies qualitative factors and utilization rates to its off-balance sheet obligations in determining an estimate of losses inherent in these contractual obligations. The estimate for credit losses on off-balance sheet instruments is included in other liabilities and the charge to income that establishes this liability is included in non-interest expense.

The Company also has off-balance sheet arrangements related to its derivative instruments. Derivative instruments are recognized in the Consolidated Financial Statements at fair value and their notional values are carried off-balance sheet. See "Note 9. Derivatives and Hedging Activities" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion.

Business combinations

Business combinations are accounted for under the acquisition method of accounting in accordance with ASC 805, Business Combinations. Under the acquisition method, the acquiring entity in a business combination recognizes all of the acquired assets and assumed liabilities at their estimated fair values as of the date of acquisition. Any excess of the purchase price over the fair value of net assets and other identifiable intangible assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. To the extent the fair value of net assets acquired, including identified intangible assets, exceeds the purchase price, a bargain purchase gain is recognized. Changes to estimated fair values from a business combination are recognized as an adjustment to goodwill during the measurement period and are recognized in the proper reporting period in which the adjustment amounts are determined. Results of operations of an acquired business are included in the Consolidated Income Statement from the date of acquisition. Acquisition-related costs, including conversion and restructuring charges, are expensed as incurred.

Fair values of financial instruments

The Company uses fair value measurements to record fair value adjustments to certain assets and liabilities. ASC 820, Fair Value Measurement, establishes a framework for measuring fair value and a three-level valuation hierarchy for disclosure of fair value measurement, as well as enhances disclosure requirements for fair value measurements. The valuation hierarchy is based upon the transparency of inputs to the valuation of an asset or liability as of the measurement date. The Company uses various valuation approaches, including market, income, and/or cost approaches. ASC 820 establishes a hierarchy for inputs used in measuring fair value that maximizes the use of observable inputs and minimizes the use of unobservable inputs by requiring that observable inputs be used when available. Observable inputs are inputs that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability developed based on market data obtained from sources independent of the Company. Unobservable inputs are inputs that reflect the Company’s assumptions about the factors market participants would consider in pricing the asset or liability developed based on the best information available in the circumstances. The hierarchy is broken down into three levels based on the reliability of inputs, as follows:


•	Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

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•

Level 2 - Inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. These might include quoted prices for similar instruments in active markets, quoted prices for identical or similar instruments in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable for the asset or liability (such as interest rates, prepayment speeds, volatilities, etc.) or model-based valuation techniques where all significant assumptions are observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market.

•

Level 3 - Valuation is generated from model-based techniques where one or more significant inputs are not observable, either directly or indirectly, in the market. These unobservable assumptions reflect the Company’s own estimates of assumptions that market participants would use in pricing the asset or liability. Valuation techniques may include use of matrix pricing, discounted cash flow models, and similar techniques.

The availability of observable inputs varies based on the nature of the specific financial instrument. To the extent that valuation is based on models or inputs that are less observable or unobservable in the market, the determination of fair value requires more judgment. Accordingly, the degree of judgment exercised by the Company in determining fair value is greatest for instruments categorized in Level 3. In certain cases, the inputs used to measure fair value may fall into different levels of the fair value hierarchy. In such cases, for disclosure purposes, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the fair value measurement in its entirety falls is determined based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety.

Fair value is a market-based measure considered from the perspective of a market participant who may purchase the asset or assume the liability rather than an entity-specific measure. When market assumptions are available, ASC 820 requires the Company to make assumptions regarding the assumptions that market participants would use to estimate the fair value of the financial instrument at the measurement date.

ASC 825, Financial Instruments, requires disclosure of fair value information about financial instruments, whether or not recognized in the balance sheet, for which it is practicable to estimate that value.

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent limitations in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates presented herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction at June 30, 2018 and 2017. The estimated fair value amounts for June 30, 2018 and 2017 have been measured as of period-end, and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these Consolidated Financial Statements subsequent to those dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the reporting date may be different than the amounts reported at period-end.

The information in "Note 13. Fair Value Accounting" in these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the entire Company since a fair value calculation is only required for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities.

Due to the wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimate, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies or banks may not be meaningful.

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company in estimating the fair value of its financial instruments:

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash

The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for cash and due from banks approximate their fair value.

Money market investments

The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for money market investments approximate their fair value.

Investment securities

The fair values of CRA investments and exchange-listed preferred stock are based on quoted market prices and are categorized as Level 1 in the fair value hierarchy.

The fair values of debt securities were determined based on matrix pricing. Matrix pricing is a mathematical technique that utilizes observable market inputs including, for example, yield curves, credit ratings, and prepayment speeds. Fair values determined using matrix pricing are generally categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

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Restricted stock

WAB is a member of the Federal Reserve System and the FHLB and, accordingly, maintains investments in the capital stock of the FRB and the FHLB. WAB also maintains an investment in its primary correspondent bank. These investments are carried at cost since no ready market exists for them, and they have no quoted market value. The Company conducts a periodic review and evaluation of its restricted stock to determine if any impairment exists. The fair values of these investments have been categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Loans

The fair value of loans is estimated based on discounted cash flows using interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers with similar credit quality and adjustments that the Company believes a market participant would consider in determining fair value based on a third party independent valuation. As a result, the fair value for loans is categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy, excluding impaired loans which are categorized as Level 3.

Accrued interest receivable and payable

The carrying amounts reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets for accrued interest receivable and payable approximate their fair value.

Derivative financial instruments

All derivatives are recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets at their fair value. The fair value for derivatives is determined based on market prices, broker-dealer quotations on similar products, or other related input parameters. As a result, the fair values have been categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

Deposits

The fair value disclosed for demand and savings deposits is by definition equal to the amount payable on demand at their reporting date (that is, their carrying amount), which the Company believes a market participant would consider in determining fair value. The carrying amount for variable-rate deposit accounts approximates their fair value. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on these deposits. The fair value measurement of the deposit liabilities is categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy.

FHLB advances and customer repurchase agreements

The fair values of the Company’s borrowings are estimated using discounted cash flow analyses, based on the market rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements. The FHLB advances and customer repurchase agreements have been categorized as Level 2 in the fair value hierarchy due to their short durations.

Subordinated debt

The fair value of subordinated debt is based on the market rate for the respective subordinated debt security. Subordinated debt has been categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Junior subordinated debt

Junior subordinated debt is valued based on a discounted cash flow model which uses as inputs Treasury Bond rates and the 'BB' rated financial index. Junior subordinated debt has been categorized as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy.

Off-balance sheet instruments

The fair value of the Company’s off-balance sheet instruments (lending commitments and standby letters of credit) is based on quoted fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining terms of the agreements, and the counterparties’ credit standing.

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Income taxes

The Company is subject to income taxes in the United States and files a consolidated federal income tax return with all of its subsidiaries, with the exception of BW Real Estate, Inc. Deferred income taxes are recorded to reflect the effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting carrying amounts of assets and liabilities and their income tax bases using enacted tax rates that are expected to be in effect when the taxes are actually paid or recovered. As changes in tax laws or rates are enacted, deferred tax assets and liabilities are adjusted through the provision for income taxes.

Net deferred tax assets are recorded to the extent that these assets will more-likely-than-not be realized. In making these determinations, all available positive and negative evidence is considered, including scheduled reversals of deferred tax liabilities, tax planning strategies, projected future taxable income, and recent operating results. If it is determined that deferred income tax assets to be realized in the future are in excess of their net recorded amount, an adjustment to the valuation allowance will be recorded, which will reduce the Company's provision for income taxes.

A tax benefit from an unrecognized tax benefit may be recognized when it is more-likely-than-not that the position will be sustained upon examination, including related appeals or litigation, based on technical merits. Income tax benefits must meet a more-likely-than-not recognition threshold at the effective date to be recognized.

Interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits are recognized as part of the provision for income taxes in the Consolidated Income Statement. Accrued interest and penalties are included in the related tax liability line with other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheet. See "Note 11. Income Taxes" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for further discussion on income taxes.

Non-interest income

Non-interest income includes service charges and fees, income from equity investments, card income, foreign currency income, income from bank owned life insurance, lending related income, net gain or loss on sales of investment securities, net unrealized gains or losses on assets measured at fair value, and other income. Service charges and fees consist of fees earned from performance of account analysis, general account services, and other deposit account services. These fees are recognized as the related services are provided in accordance with ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. Income from equity investments includes gains on equity warrant assets, SBIC equity income, and success fees. Card income includes fees earned from customer use of debit and credit cards, interchange income from merchants, and international charges. Card income is generally within the scope of ASC 310, Receivables, however, certain processing transactions for merchants, such as interchange fees, are within the scope of ASC 606. Foreign currency income represents fees earned on the differential between purchases and sales of foreign currency on behalf of the Company’s clients. Income from bank owned life insurance is accounted for in accordance with ASC 325, Investments - Other. Lending related income include fees earned from gains or losses on the sale of loans, SBA income, and letter of credit fees. Gains and losses on the sale of loans and SBA income are recognized pursuant to ASC 860, Transfers and Servicing. Net unrealized gains or losses on assets measured at fair value represent fair value changes in equity securities and are accounted for in accordance with ASC 321, Investments - Equity Securities. Fees related to standby letters of credit are accounted for in accordance with ASC 440, Commitments. Other income includes operating lease income, which is recognized on a straight-line basis over the lease term in accordance with ASC 840, Leases. Net gain or loss on sales / valuations of repossessed and other assets is presented as a component of non-interest expense, but may also be presented as a component of non-interest income in the event that a net gain is recognized. Net gain or loss on sales of repossessed and other assets are accounted for in accordance with ASC 610, Other Income - Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets. See "Note 15. Revenue from Contracts with Customers" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements for further details related to the nature and timing of revenue recognition for non-interest income revenue streams within the scope of the new standard.

Recent accounting pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-02, Leases. The amendments in ASU 2016-02 to Topic 842, Leases, require lessees to recognize the lease assets and lease liabilities arising from operating leases in the statement of financial position. The accounting applied by a lessor is largely unchanged from that applied under previous GAAP. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, including interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted. Management is in the process of finalizing the population of its leases that are within the scope of the new guidance, gathering all key lease data for these leases, and purchasing a new lease software solution that will facilitate application of the new accounting requirements.

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-13, Measurement of Credit Losses on Financial Instruments. The amendments in ASU 2016-13 to Topic 326, Financial Instruments - Credit Losses, require that an organization measure all expected credit losses for financial assets held at the reporting date based on historical experience, current conditions, and

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reasonable and supportable forecasts. The ASU also requires enhanced disclosures, including qualitative and quantitative disclosures that provide additional information about the amounts recorded in the financial statements. Additionally, the ASU amends the accounting for credit losses on AFS debt securities and purchased financial assets with credit deterioration. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2019, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Early adoption is permitted for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018, and interim periods within those fiscal years. Management has formed a Steering Committee and established an implementation team made up of subject matter experts across different functions within the Company, including Finance, Risk, Credit, and IT, that will facilitate all phases of planning and implementation of the new guidance. Under the direction of the Company's CECL Steering Committee and in partnership with its Enterprise Project Management Office, the implementation team has completed its gap assessment and are fully engaged with the implementation of its plan. Key initiatives underway include model development, data adequacy and formation, accounting policy drafting and software solution installations. The team has completed installation of a vended software solution to aggregate model outputs and is currently configuring the application with the expectation that the majority of its model solutions will be in the testing phase by December 31, 2018. Further, the team is also in the process of evaluating its control framework to identify risks resulting from new processes, judgments, and data.

In March 2017, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2017-08, Premium Amortization on Purchased Callable Debt Securities. The amendments in ASU 2017-08 to Subtopic 310-20, Receivables-Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs, shorten the amortization period for certain purchased callable debt securities held at a premium to the earliest call date, which more closely align the amortization period of premiums and discounts to expectations incorporated in market pricing on the underlying securities. Under current GAAP, entities generally amortize the premium as an adjustment of yield over the contractual life of the instrument. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount; the discount continues to be amortized to maturity. The amendments in this ASU should be applied on a modified retrospective basis through a cumulative-effect adjustment directly to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. Early adoption is permitted, including adoption in an interim period. The adoption of this guidance is not expected to have a significant impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In June 2018, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2018-07, Improvements to Nonemployee Share-Based Payment Accounting. The amendments in ASU 2018-07 to Topic 718, Compensation-Stock Compensation, are intended to align the accounting for share-based payment awards issued to employees and nonemployees. Changes to the accounting for nonemployee awards include: 1) equity classified share-based payment awards issued to nonemployees will now be measured on the grant date, instead of the previous requirement to remeasure the awards through the performance completion date; 2) for performance conditions, compensation cost associated with the award will be recognized when achievement of the performance condition is probable, rather than upon achievement of the performance condition; and 3) the current requirement to reassess the classification (equity or liability) for nonemployee awards upon vesting will be eliminated, except for awards in the form of convertible instruments. The new guidance also clarifies that any share-based payment awards issued to customers should be evaluated under ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in this ASU are effective for fiscal years, and interim periods within those fiscal years, beginning after December 15, 2018. The Company's share-based payment awards to nonemployees consist only of grants made to the Company's BOD as compensation solely related to the individual's role as a Director. As such, in accordance with ASC 718, the Company accounts for these share-based payment awards to its Directors in the same manner as share-based payment awards for its employees. Accordingly, the amendments in this guidance will not have an effect on the accounting for the Company's share-based payment awards to its Directors.

In July 2018, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2018-09, Codification Improvements. The amendments in ASU 2018-09 are intended to clarify or correct unintended guidance in the FASB Codification and affect a wide variety of Topics in the Codification. The topics that are applicable to the Company include: 1) debt modifications and extinguishments; 2) stock compensation; and 3) derivatives and hedging. For debt modifications and extinguishments, the amendment clarifies that, in an early extinguishment of debt for which the fair value option has been elected, the net carrying amount of the extinguished debt is equal to its fair value at the reacquisition date, and upon extinguishment, the cumulative amount of the gain or loss on the extinguished debt that resulted from changes in instrument-specific credit risk should be presented in net income. The Company has junior subordinated debt that is recorded at fair value at each reporting period due to election of the FVO. Accordingly, if in the future, the Company chooses to repay this debt prior to its contractual maturity, this amendment would be applicable. For stock compensation, the amendment clarifies that excess tax benefits or tax deficiencies should be recognized in the period in which the amount of the tax deduction is determined, which is typically when an award is exercised (in the case of share options) or vests (in the case of non-vested stock awards. The Company already records excess tax benefits or tax deficiencies in the periods in which the tax deduction is determined. Therefore, this amendment will not have an effect on the Company's accounting for excess tax benefits or tax deficiencies. For derivatives and hedging, previous guidance permits derivatives to be offset only when all four conditions (including the intent to set off) are met. This amendment clarifies that the intent to set off is not required to offset fair value amounts recognized for derivative instruments that are executed with the

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same counterparty under a master netting agreement. This amendment will not have an effect on the offsetting of the Company's derivative assets and liabilities.

Recently adopted accounting guidance

In May 2014, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers. The amendments in ASU 2014-09 to ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, creates a common revenue standard and clarifies the principles for recognizing revenue that can be applied consistently across various transactions, industries, and capital markets. The amendments in the ASU clarify that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. As part of that principle, the entity should identify the contract(s) with the customer, identify the performance obligation(s) of the contract, determine the transaction price, allocate that transaction price to the performance obligation(s) of the contract, and then recognize revenue when or as the entity satisfies the performance obligation(s). The Company adopted ASU 2014-09 on January 1, 2018 using the modified retrospective method. Substantially all of the Company's revenue is generated from interest income related to loans and investment securities, which are not within the scope of this guidance. The contracts that are within the scope of this guidance include service charges and fees on deposit accounts, certain types of card income, and success fees earned from equity investments. The Company has completed its review of contracts and other agreements that are within the scope of this guidance and did not identify any material changes to the timing or amount of revenue recognition. The Company’s accounting policies did not change materially since the principles of revenue recognition in the ASU are largely consistent with current practices applied by the Company. The Company has expanded its qualitative disclosures of performance obligations and disaggregation of significant categories of revenue. See "Note 15. Revenue from Contracts with Customers" for further discussion.

In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-01, Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities. The amendments in ASU 2016-01 to Subtopic 825-10, Financial Instruments, contain the following elements: 1) requires equity investments to be measured at fair value with changes in fair value recognized in net income; 2) simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring a qualitative assessment to identify impairment; 3) eliminates the requirement for public entities to disclose the methods and significant assumptions used to estimate the fair value that is required to be disclosed for financial instruments measured at amortized cost on the balance sheet; 4) requires public business entities to use the exit price notion when measuring the fair value of financial instruments for disclosure purposes; 5) requires an entity to present separately in OCI the portion of the total change in the fair value of a liability resulting from a change in the instrument-specific credit risk when the entity has elected to measure the liability at fair value in accordance with the fair value option for financial instruments; 6) requires separate presentation of financial assets and financial liabilities by measurement category and form of financial asset on the balance sheet or accompanying notes to the financial statements; 7) clarifies that the entity should evaluate the need for a valuation allowance on a deferred tax asset related to AFS securities in combination with the entity's other deferred tax assets. Effective on January 1, 2015, the Company adopted the amendment noted in item 5) above as discussed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015. Effective on January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the other amendments in this guidance. The primary impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements results from the amendments discussed in item 1) above as changes in the fair value of the Company's equity investments are now recognized in net income, rather than in AOCI. As of January 1, 2018, the Company recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $0.4 million to decrease accumulated other comprehensive income with a corresponding increase to opening retained earnings. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized a loss of $1.8 million related to fair value changes in equity securities, which was recorded in the Consolidated Income Statement.

In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2016-15, Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments. The amendments in ASU 2016-15 to Topic 230, Statement of Cash Flows, provide guidance on eight specific cash flow classification issues: 1) debt prepayment or debt extinguishment costs; 2) settlement of zero-coupon debt instruments; 3) contingent consideration payments made after a business combination; 4) proceeds from the settlement of insurance claims; 5) proceeds from the settlement of corporate-owned life insurance policies, including bank-owned life insurance policies; 6) distributions received from equity method investments; 7) beneficial interest in securitization transactions; and 8) separately identifiable cash flows and the application of the predominance principle. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2017-01, Clarifying the Definition of a Business. The amendments in ASU 2017-01 to Topic 805, Business Combinations, clarify the definition of a business with the objective of adding guidance to assist entities with evaluating whether transactions should be accounted for as acquisitions (or disposals) of assets or businesses. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

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In January 2017, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2017-04, Simplifying the Test for Goodwill Impairment. The amendments in ASU 2017-04 to Topic 350, Intangibles - Goodwill and Other, modify the concept of impairment from the condition that exists when the carrying amount of goodwill exceeds its implied fair value to the condition that exists when the carrying amount of a reporting unit exceeds its fair value. Accordingly, the amendments eliminate Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test because goodwill impairment will no longer be determined by calculating the implied fair value of goodwill by assigning the fair value of a reporting unit to all of its assets and liabilities as if that reporting unit had been acquired in a business combination. An entity still has the option to perform the qualitative assessment for a reporting unit to determine if the quantitative impairment test is necessary. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2017, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2017-05, Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets. The amendments in ASU 2017-05 to Subtopic 610-20, Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets, clarify the scope of Subtopic 610-20 and add guidance for partial sales of nonfinancial assets, including partial sales of real estate. Under current GAAP, there are several different accounting models to evaluate whether the transfer of certain assets qualify for sale treatment. The new standard reduces the number of potential accounting models that might apply and clarifies which model does apply in various circumstances. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In May 2017, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2017-09, Scope of Modification Accounting. The amendments in ASU 2017-09 to Topic 718, Compensation - Stock Compensation, provide guidance about which changes to the terms or conditions of a share-based payment award require an entity to apply modification accounting. An entity should account for the effects of a modification unless all of the following conditions are met: the fair value of the modified award is the same as the fair value of the original award immediately before the original award is modified; the vesting conditions of the modified award are the same as the vesting conditions of the original award immediately before the original award is modified; and the classification of the modified award as an equity instrument or a liability instrument is the same as the classification of the original award immediately before the original award is modified. The adoption of this guidance did not have a significant impact on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued guidance within ASU 2018-02, Reclassification of Certain Tax Effects from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income. Under current GAAP, the effect of a change in tax laws or rates on deferred tax liabilities and assets are included in income from continuing operations even in situations in which the related income tax effects of items in AOCI were originally recognized in comprehensive income. Accordingly, as the adjustment of deferred taxes due to the reduction of the historical corporate income tax rate to the newly enacted corporate income tax rate is required to be included in income from continuing operations, the tax effects of items within AOCI do not reflect the current tax rate. The amendments in ASU 2018-02 to Topic 220, Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income, allow a reclassification from AOCI to retained earnings from tax effects resulting from the TCJA. The Company elected to adopt this guidance effective January 1, 2018 and recorded a cumulative-effect adjustment of $0.7 million to decrease accumulated other comprehensive income with a corresponding increase to opening retained earnings.

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2. INVESTMENT SECURITIES

The carrying amounts and fair values of investment securities at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are summarized as follows:



	June 30, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Tax-exempt	$	280,186	$	2,080	$	(7,548	)	$	274,718

Available-for-sale debt securities
CDO	$	50	$	21,795	$	—		$	21,845
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	109,010		49		(6,364		)	102,695
Corporate debt securities	105,036		119		(5,175		)	99,980
Private label residential MBS	856,917		35		(25,565		)	831,387
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	1,618,253		216		(58,696		)	1,559,773
Tax-exempt	493,052		5,767		(6,481		)	492,338
Trust preferred securities	32,000		—		(3,383		)	28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	64,000		—		(4,093		)	59,907
U.S. treasury securities	2,496		—		(23		)	2,473
Total AFS debt securities	$	3,280,814	$	27,981	$	(109,780	)	$	3,199,015



	December 31, 2017
	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized (Losses)			Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Tax-exempt	$	255,050	$	4,514	$	(3,250	)	$	256,314

Available-for-sale debt securities
CDO	$	50	$	21,807	$	—		$	21,857
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	113,069		46		(4,038		)	109,077
Corporate debt securities	105,044		261		(1,822		)	103,483
Private label residential MBS	874,261		756		(6,493		)	868,524
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	1,719,188		810		(30,703		)	1,689,295
Tax-exempt	501,988		10,893		(1,971		)	510,910
Trust preferred securities	32,000		—		(3,383		)	28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	64,000		—		(2,538		)	61,462
U.S. treasury securities	2,496		—		(14		)	2,482

Available-for-sale equity securities (1)
CRA investments	51,133		—		(517		)	50,616
Preferred stock	52,172		1,160		(136		)	53,196
Total AFS securities	$	3,515,401	$	35,733	$	(51,615	)	$	3,499,519

(1)

The Company's equity securities consist of CRA investments and preferred stock. Effective January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the amendments within ASU 2016-01, "Recognition and Measurement of Financial Assets and Financial Liabilities," which requires that fair value changes in equity securities be recognized as part of non-interest income. Prior to January 1, 2018, equity securities were classified as part of AFS securities. On a prospective basis, equity securities will be reported separately.

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The fair value of the Company's equity securities at June 30, 2018 totaled $143.5 million, which consisted of CRA investments of $50.8 million and preferred stock of $92.7 million. The portion of unrealized gains and losses related to equity securities still held at the reporting date is calculated as follows:



	Three Months Ended June 30, 2018			Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
	(in thousands)
Net (losses) gains on equity securities	$	(685	)	$	(1,759	)
Less: Net gains (losses) on equity securities sold	—			—
Unrealized (losses) gains on equity securities still held at the reporting date	$	(685	)	$	(1,759	)

The Company conducts an OTTI analysis on a quarterly basis. The initial indication of OTTI for both debt and equity securities is a decline in the market value below the amount recorded for an investment, and taking into account the severity and duration of the decline. Another potential indication of OTTI is a downgrade below investment grade. In determining whether an impairment is OTTI, the Company considers the length of time and the extent to which the market value has been below cost, recent events specific to the issuer, including investment downgrades by rating agencies and economic conditions of its industry, and the Company’s ability and intent to hold the investment for a period of time sufficient to allow for any anticipated recovery. For marketable equity securities, the Company also considers the issuer’s financial condition, capital strength, and near-term prospects.

For debt securities, for the purpose of an OTTI analysis, the Company also considers the cause of the price decline (general level of interest rates, credit spreads, and industry and issuer-specific factors), the issuer’s financial condition, near-term prospects, and current ability to make future payments in a timely manner, as well as the issuer’s ability to service debt, and any change in agencies’ ratings at the evaluation date from the acquisition date and any likely imminent action.

The Company has reviewed securities for which there is an unrealized loss in accordance with its accounting policy for OTTI described above and determined that there are no impairment charges for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017. The Company does not consider any securities to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017. No assurance can be made that OTTI will not occur in future periods.

Information pertaining to securities with gross unrealized losses at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous loss position follows:



	June 30, 2018
	Less Than Twelve Months				More Than Twelve Months				Total
	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Tax-exempt	$	7,548	$	121,943	$	—	$	—	$	7,548	$	121,943

Available-for-sale debt securities
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	$	325	$	11,688	$	6,039	$	89,172	$	6,364	$	100,860
Corporate debt securities	2,825		57,176		2,350		37,650		5,175		94,826
Private label residential MBS	16,820		601,595		8,745		200,707		25,565		802,302
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	26,183		923,747		32,513		616,712		58,696		1,540,459
Tax-exempt	2,762		155,941		3,719		67,341		6,481		223,282
Trust preferred securities	—		—		3,383		28,617		3,383		28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	131		4,869		3,962		55,038		4,093		59,907
U.S. treasury securities	23		2,473		—		—		23		2,473
Total AFS securities	$	49,069	$	1,757,489	$	60,711	$	1,095,237	$	109,780	$	2,852,726

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	December 31, 2017
	Less Than Twelve Months				More Than Twelve Months				Total
	Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Gross Unrealized Losses		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Tax-exempt	$	3,250	$	107,921	$	—	$	—	$	3,250	$	107,921

Available-for-sale debt securities
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	$	161	$	13,565	$	3,877	$	93,641	$	4,038	$	107,206
Corporate debt securities	1,398		78,602		424		19,576		1,822		98,178
Private label residential MBS	3,115		480,885		3,378		188,710		6,493		669,595
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	13,875		999,478		16,828		523,270		30,703		1,522,748
Tax-exempt	17		6,159		1,954		69,674		1,971		75,833
Trust preferred securities	—		—		3,383		28,617		3,383		28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	14		4,986		2,524		56,476		2,538		61,462
U.S. treasury securities	14		2,482		—		—		14		2,482

Available-for-sale equity securities
CRA investments	—		—		517		50,616		517		50,616
Preferred stock	136		7,357		—		—		136		7,357
Total AFS securities	$	18,730	$	1,593,514	$	32,885	$	1,030,580	$	51,615	$	2,624,094

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company’s unrealized losses relate primarily to market interest rate increases since the securities' original purchase date. The total number of securities in an unrealized loss position at June 30, 2018 is 391, compared to 302 at December 31, 2017. In analyzing an issuer’s financial condition, management considers whether the securities are issued by the federal government or its agencies, whether downgrades by bond rating agencies have occurred, and industry analysis reports. Since material downgrades have not occurred and management does not intend to sell the debt securities in an unrealized loss position in the foreseeable future, none of the securities described in the above table or in this paragraph are deemed to be OTTI.

The amortized cost and fair value of securities as of June 30, 2018, by contractual maturities, are shown below. MBS are shown separately as individual MBS are comprised of pools of loans with varying maturities. Therefore, these securities are listed separately in the maturity summary.



	June 30, 2018
	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity
Due in one year or less	$	1,200	$	1,241
After one year through five years	24,818		24,608
After ten years	254,168		248,869
Total HTM securities	$	280,186	$	274,718

Available-for-sale
Due in one year or less	$	4,015	$	4,016
After one year through five years	15,904		16,144
After five years through ten years	252,097		244,948
After ten years	424,618		440,054
Mortgage-backed securities	2,584,180		2,493,853
Total AFS securities	$	3,280,814	$	3,199,015

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The following tables summarize the carrying amount of the Company’s investment ratings position as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



	June 30, 2018
	AAA		Split-rated AAA/AA+		AA+ to AA-		A+ to A-		BBB+ to BBB-		BB+ and below		Unrated		Totals
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Tax-exempt	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	280,186	$	280,186

Available-for-sale debt securities
CDO	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21,845	$	—	$	21,845
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	—		102,695		—		—		—		—		—		102,695
Corporate debt securities	—		—		—		71,780		28,200		—		—		99,980
Private label residential MBS	791,921		—		36,359		464		1,092		1,551		—		831,387
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	—		1,559,773		—		—		—		—		—		1,559,773
Tax-exempt	62,616		24,515		222,071		179,682		—		—		3,454		492,338
Trust preferred securities	—		—		—		—		28,617		—		—		28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	—		59,907		—		—		—		—		—		59,907
U.S. treasury securities	—		2,473		—		—		—		—		—		2,473
Total AFS securities (1)	$	854,537	$	1,749,363	$	258,430	$	251,926	$	57,909	$	23,396	$	3,454	$	3,199,015

Equity securities
CRA investments	$	—	$	25,026	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	25,767	$	50,793
Preferred stock	—		—		—		9,875		64,073		3,983		14,766		92,697
Total equity securities (1)	$	—	$	25,026	$	—	$	9,875	$	64,073	$	3,983	$	40,533	$	143,490


(1)	Where ratings differ, the Company uses an average of the available ratings by major credit agencies.



	December 31, 2017
	AAA		Split-rated AAA/AA+		AA+ to AA-		A+ to A-		BBB+ to BBB-		BB+ and below		Unrated		Totals
	(in thousands)
Held-to-maturity debt securities
Tax-exempt	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	255,050	$	255,050

Available-for-sale debt securities
CDO	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	21,857	$	—	$	21,857
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	—		109,077		—		—		—		—		—		109,077
Corporate debt securities	—		—		—		74,293		29,190		—		—		103,483
Private label residential MBS	809,242		—		55,161		1,350		931		1,840		—		868,524
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	—		1,689,295		—		—		—		—		—		1,689,295
Tax-exempt	64,893		25,280		249,200		167,994		—		—		3,543		510,910
Trust preferred securities	—		—		—		—		28,617		—		—		28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	—		61,462		—		—		—		—		—		61,462
U.S. treasury securities	—		2,482		—		—		—		—		—		2,482

Available-for-sale equity securities
CRA investments	—		25,349		—		—		—		—		25,267		50,616
Preferred stock	—		—		—		10,388		23,822		4,104		14,882		53,196
Total AFS securities (1)	$	874,135	$	1,912,945	$	304,361	$	254,025	$	82,560	$	27,801	$	43,692	$	3,499,519


(1)	Where ratings differ, the Company uses an average of the available ratings by major credit agencies.

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Securities with carrying amounts of approximately $724.4 million and $913.7 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, were pledged for various purposes as required or permitted by law.

The following table presents gross gains and losses on sales of investment securities:



	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Gross gains	$	—	$	78		$	—	$	713
Gross losses	—		(125		)	—		(125		)
Net gains on sales of investment securities	$	—	$	(47	)	$	—	$	588

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3. LOANS, LEASES AND ALLOWANCE FOR CREDIT LOSSES

The composition of the Company’s held for investment loan portfolio is as follows:



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	7,278,408		$	6,841,381
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	4,010,576			3,904,011
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	2,270,531			2,241,613
Construction and land development	1,978,287			1,632,204
Residential real estate	545,256			425,940
Consumer	55,202			48,786
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	16,138,260			15,093,935
Allowance for credit losses	(147,083		)	(140,050		)
Total loans HFI	$	15,991,177		$	14,953,885

Net deferred loan fees and costs as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 total $32.1 million and $25.3 million, respectively, which is a reduction in the carrying value of loans. Net unamortized purchase discounts on secondary market loan purchases total $7.9 million and $8.5 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Total loans held for investment are also net of interest rate and credit marks on acquired loans, which are a net reduction in the carrying value of loans. Interest rate marks were $9.6 million and $14.1 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Credit marks were $19.7 million and $27.0 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The following table presents the contractual aging of the recorded investment in past due loans held for investment by class of loans:



	June 30, 2018
	Current		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		Over 90 Days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	7,275,474	$	801	$	13	$	2,120	$	2,934	$	7,278,408
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	2,268,882		156		—		1,493		1,649		2,270,531
Non-owner occupied	3,871,249		—		—		—		—		3,871,249
Multi-family	139,327		—		—		—		—		139,327
Construction and land development
Construction	1,301,199		—		—		—		—		1,301,199
Land	677,088		—		—		—		—		677,088
Residential real estate	535,914		2,492		58		6,792		9,342		545,256
Consumer	54,869		—		—		333		333		55,202
Total loans	$	16,124,002	$	3,449	$	71	$	10,738	$	14,258	$	16,138,260

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	December 31, 2017
	Current		30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		Over 90 days Past Due		Total Past Due		Total
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	6,835,385	$	2,245	$	669	$	3,082	$	5,996	$	6,841,381
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	2,240,457		1,026		—		130		1,156		2,241,613
Non-owner occupied	3,696,729		2,993		—		2,847		5,840		3,702,569
Multi-family	201,442		—		—		—		—		201,442
Construction and land development
Construction	1,090,176		—		—		—		—		1,090,176
Land	536,917		—		—		5,111		5,111		542,028
Residential real estate	411,857		6,874		1,487		5,722		14,083		425,940
Consumer	48,408		83		213		82		378		48,786
Total loans	$	15,061,371	$	13,221	$	2,369	$	16,974	$	32,564	$	15,093,935

The following table presents the recorded investment in non-accrual loans and loans past due ninety days or more and still accruing interest by class of loans:



	June 30, 2018								December 31, 2017
	Non-accrual loans						Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing		Non-accrual loans						Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing
	Current		Past Due/ Delinquent		Total Non-accrual		Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing		Current		Past Due/ Delinquent		Total Non-accrual		Loans past due 90 days or more and still accruing
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	17,231	$	2,120	$	19,351	$	—	$	17,913	$	4,113	$	22,026	$	43
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	—		1,493		1,493		—		1,089		792		1,881		—
Non-owner occupied	—		—		—		—		—		5,840		5,840		—
Multi-family	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Construction and land development
Construction	—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Land	—		—		—		—		868		5,111		5,979		—
Residential real estate	4,074		8,766		12,840		—		2,039		6,078		8,117		—
Consumer	—		333		333		—		—		82		82		—
Total	$	21,305	$	12,712	$	34,017	$	—	$	21,909	$	22,016	$	43,925	$	43

The reduction in interest income associated with loans on non-accrual status was approximately $0.6 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and $1.2 million for each of the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

The Company utilizes an internal asset classification system as a means of reporting problem and potential problem loans. Under the Company’s risk rating system, the Company classifies problem and potential problem loans as Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss. Substandard loans include those characterized by well-defined weaknesses and carry the distinct possibility that the Company will sustain some loss if the deficiencies are not corrected. Loans classified as Doubtful, or risk rated nine, have all the weaknesses inherent in those classified as Substandard with the added characteristic that the weaknesses present make collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions and values, highly questionable and improbable. The final rating of Loss covers loans considered uncollectible and having such little recoverable value that it is not practical to defer writing off the asset. Loans that do not currently expose the Company to sufficient risk to warrant classification in one of the aforementioned categories, but possess weaknesses that warrant management’s close attention, are deemed to be Special Mention. Risk ratings are updated, at a minimum, quarterly.

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The following tables present gross loans by risk rating:



	June 30, 2018
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	7,093,991	$	84,327	$	98,615	$	1,475	$	—	$	7,278,408
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	2,166,460		42,517		60,766		788		—		2,270,531
Non-owner occupied	3,848,975		13,986		8,288		—		—		3,871,249
Multi-family	139,327		—		—		—		—		139,327
Construction and land development
Construction	1,292,058		3,202		5,939		—		—		1,301,199
Land	676,005		267		816		—		—		677,088
Residential real estate	525,912		5,936		13,408		—		—		545,256
Consumer	54,578		43		581		—		—		55,202
Total	$	15,797,306	$	150,278	$	188,413	$	2,263	$	—	$	16,138,260



	June 30, 2018
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
	(in thousands)
Current (up to 29 days past due)	$	15,796,007	$	149,817	$	176,311	$	1,867	$	—	$	16,124,002
Past due 30 - 59 days	518		459		2,472		—		—		3,449
Past due 60 - 89 days	69		2		—		—		—		71
Past due 90 days or more	712		—		9,630		396		—		10,738
Total	$	15,797,306	$	150,278	$	188,413	$	2,263	$	—	$	16,138,260



	December 31, 2017
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	6,675,574	$	85,781	$	76,328	$	3,698	$	—	$	6,841,381
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	2,149,465		43,122		48,397		629		—		2,241,613
Non-owner occupied	3,676,711		11,166		14,692		—		—		3,702,569
Multi-family	201,442		—		—		—		—		201,442
Construction and land development
Construction	1,072,342		4,477		13,357		—		—		1,090,176
Land	535,412		637		5,979		—		—		542,028
Residential real estate	408,527		8,971		8,442		—		—		425,940
Consumer	47,824		878		84		—		—		48,786
Total	$	14,767,297	$	155,032	$	167,279	$	4,327	$	—	$	15,093,935

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	December 31, 2017
	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Loss		Total
	(in thousands)
Current (up to 29 days past due)	$	14,758,149	$	154,295	$	145,934	$	2,993	$	—	$	15,061,371
Past due 30 - 59 days	7,966		518		4,737		—		—		13,221
Past due 60 - 89 days	1,182		219		968		—		—		2,369
Past due 90 days or more	—		—		15,640		1,334		—		16,974
Total	$	14,767,297	$	155,032	$	167,279	$	4,327	$	—	$	15,093,935

The table below reflects the recorded investment in loans classified as impaired:



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Impaired loans with a specific valuation allowance under ASC 310 (1)	$	3,523		$	19,315
Impaired loans without a specific valuation allowance under ASC 310 (2)	104,084			79,239
Total impaired loans	$	107,607		$	98,554
Valuation allowance related to impaired loans (3)	$	(2,349	)	$	(5,606	)


(1)	Includes TDR loans of $0.4 million and $3.7 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.


(2)	Includes TDR loans of $49.6 million and $48.8 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.


(3)	Includes valuation allowance related to TDR loans of $0.4 million and $1.2 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

The following table presents impaired loans by class:



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	49,737	$	34,156
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	9,318		10,430
Non-owner occupied	17,470		21,251
Multi-family	—		—
Construction and land development
Construction	—		—
Land	9,600		15,426
Residential real estate	21,114		17,170
Consumer	368		121
Total	$	107,607	$	98,554

A valuation allowance is established for an impaired loan when the fair value of the loan is less than the recorded investment. In certain cases, portions of impaired loans are charged-off to realizable value instead of establishing a valuation allowance and are included, when applicable, in the table above as “Impaired loans without a specific valuation allowance under ASC 310.” However, before concluding that an impaired loan needs no associated valuation allowance, an assessment is made to consider all available and relevant information for the method used to evaluate impairment and the type of loan being assessed. The valuation allowance disclosed above is included in the allowance for credit losses reported in the Consolidated Balance Sheets as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

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The following table presents the average investment in impaired loans and income recognized on impaired loans:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Average balance on impaired loans	$	104,403	$	107,816	$	98,743	$	105,504
Interest income recognized on impaired loans	1,122		1,115		1,995		2,035
Interest recognized on non-accrual loans, cash basis	436		350		874		678

The following table presents the average investment in impaired loans by loan class:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	49,373	$	33,900	$	43,111	$	30,001
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	8,417		21,500		8,730		21,314
Non-owner occupied	17,524		22,149		18,225		23,274
Multi-family	—		—		—		—
Construction and land development
Construction	—		—		—		—
Land	9,603		12,956		9,942		13,694
Residential real estate	19,109		17,107		18,454		17,007
Consumer	377		204		281		214
Total	$	104,403	$	107,816	$	98,743	$	105,504

The average investment in TDR loans was $55.3 million and $57.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and $51.8 million and $58.9 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The following table presents interest income on impaired loans by class:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	489	$	337	$	739	$	480
Commercial real estate
Owner occupied	131		188		258		364
Non-owner occupied	265		280		526		519
Multi-family	—		—		—		—
Construction and land development
Construction	—		—		—		—
Land	149		166		279		388
Residential real estate	88		143		192		282
Consumer	—		1		1		2
Total	$	1,122	$	1,115	$	1,995	$	2,035

The Company is not committed to lend significant additional funds on these impaired loans.

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The following table summarizes nonperforming assets:



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Non-accrual loans (1)	$	34,017	$	43,925
Loans past due 90 days or more on accrual status (2)	—		43
Accruing troubled debt restructured loans	42,407		42,431
Total nonperforming loans	76,424		86,399
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	27,541		28,540
Total nonperforming assets	$	103,965	$	114,939


(1)	Includes non-accrual TDR loans of $7.6 million and $10.1 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.


(2)	Includes less than $0.1 million from loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at December 31, 2017.

Loans Acquired with Deteriorated Credit Quality

Changes in the accretable yield for loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality are as follows:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Balance, at beginning of period	$	8,108		$	13,812		$	9,324		$	15,177
Reclassifications from non-accretable to accretable yield (1)	—			2,086			683			2,086
Accretion to interest income	(264		)	(777		)	(578		)	(1,684		)
Reversal of fair value adjustments upon disposition of loans	(3,016		)	(874		)	(4,601		)	(1,332		)
Balance, at end of period	$	4,828		$	14,247		$	4,828		$	14,247


(1)	The primary drivers of reclassification from non-accretable to accretable yield resulted from changes in estimated cash flows.

Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table summarizes the changes in the allowance for credit losses by portfolio type:



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	Construction and Land Development			Commercial Real Estate			Residential Real Estate			Commercial and Industrial			Consumer			Total
	(in thousands)
2018
Beginning Balance	$	22,594		$	32,868		$	5,519		$	82,878		$	800		$	144,659
Charge-offs	1			233			885			2,777			5			3,901
Recoveries	(8		)	(246		)	(141		)	(916		)	(14		)	(1,325		)
Provision	(442		)	(902		)	2,074			4,227			43			5,000
Ending balance	$	22,159		$	31,979		$	6,849		$	85,244		$	852		$	147,083
2017
Beginning Balance	$	21,097		$	28,004		$	4,412		$	73,429		$	707		$	127,649
Charge-offs	—			1,819			332			651			8			2,810
Recoveries	(508		)	(406		)	(1,299		)	(1,759		)	—			(3,972		)
Provision	(753		)	2,002			(541		)	2,197			95			3,000
Ending balance	$	20,852		$	28,593		$	4,838		$	76,734		$	794		$	131,811

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	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Construction and Land Development			Commercial Real Estate			Residential Real Estate			Commercial and Industrial			Consumer			Total
	(in thousands)
2018
Beginning Balance	$	19,511		$	31,495		$	5,478		$	82,793		$	773		$	140,050
Charge-offs	1			233			992			6,295			5			7,526
Recoveries	(1,397		)	(371		)	(390		)	(1,376		)	(25		)	(3,559		)
Provision	1,252			346			1,973			7,370			59			11,000
Ending balance	$	22,159		$	31,979		$	6,849		$	85,244		$	852		$	147,083
2017
Beginning Balance	$	21,175		$	25,673		$	3,851		$	73,333		$	672		$	124,704
Charge-offs	—			1,819			447			3,245			42			5,553
Recoveries	(785		)	(938		)	(1,551		)	(2,087		)	(49		)	(5,410		)
Provision	(1,108		)	3,801			(117		)	4,559			115			7,250
Ending balance	$	20,852		$	28,593		$	4,838		$	76,734		$	794		$	131,811

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The following table presents impairment method information related to loans and allowance for credit losses by loan portfolio segment:



	Commercial Real Estate-Owner Occupied		Commercial Real Estate-Non-Owner Occupied		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Real Estate		Construction and Land Development		Consumer		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Loans as of June 30, 2018;
Recorded Investment
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	—	$	—	$	3,352	$	171	$	—	$	—	$	3,523
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	9,319		17,470		46,385		20,942		9,600		368		104,084
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	9,319		17,470		49,737		21,113		9,600		368		107,607
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,253,581		3,911,232		7,228,671		523,553		1,968,687		54,834		15,940,558
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	7,631		81,874		—		590		—		—		90,095
Total recorded investment	$	2,270,531	$	4,010,576	$	7,278,408	$	545,256	$	1,978,287	$	55,202	$	16,138,260
Unpaid Principal Balance
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	—	$	—	$	4,077	$	171	$	—	$	—	$	4,248
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	15,855		24,247		80,810		29,948		26,228		10,823		187,911
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	15,855		24,247		84,887		30,119		26,228		10,823		192,159
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,253,581		3,911,232		7,228,671		523,553		1,968,687		54,834		15,940,558
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	9,831		99,083		4,362		709		—		—		113,985
Total unpaid principal balance	$	2,279,267	$	4,034,562	$	7,317,920	$	554,381	$	1,994,915	$	65,657	$	16,246,702
Related Allowance for Credit Losses
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	—	$	—	$	2,178	$	171	$	—	$	—	$	2,349
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	—		—		2,178		171		—		—		2,349
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	14,651		16,843		83,063		6,678		22,159		852		144,246
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—		485		3		—		—		—		488
Total allowance for credit losses	$	14,651	$	17,328	$	85,244	$	6,849	$	22,159	$	852	$	147,083

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	Commercial Real Estate-Owner Occupied		Commercial Real Estate-Non-Owner Occupied		Commercial and Industrial		Residential Real Estate		Construction and Land Development		Consumer		Total Loans
	(in thousands)
Loans as of December 31, 2017;
Recorded Investment
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	—	$	—	$	19,315	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	19,315
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	10,430		21,250		14,842		17,170		15,426		121		79,239
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	10,430		21,250		34,157		17,170		15,426		121		98,554
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,221,614		3,777,219		6,807,181		408,169		1,616,778		48,665		14,879,626
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	9,569		105,542		43		601		—		—		115,755
Total recorded investment	$	2,241,613	$	3,904,011	$	6,841,381	$	425,940	$	1,632,204	$	48,786	$	15,093,935
Unpaid Principal Balance
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	—	$	—	$	20,795	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	20,795
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	17,459		28,028		42,261		26,057		32,289		10,695		156,789
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	17,459		28,028		63,056		26,057		32,289		10,695		177,584
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	2,221,614		3,777,219		6,807,181		408,169		1,616,778		48,665		14,879,626
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	12,619		128,440		3,146		720		—		—		144,925
Total unpaid principal balance	$	2,251,692	$	3,933,687	$	6,873,383	$	434,946	$	1,649,067	$	59,360	$	15,202,135
Related Allowance for Credit Losses
Impaired loans with an allowance recorded	$	—	$	—	$	5,606	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	5,606
Impaired loans with no allowance recorded	—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Total loans individually evaluated for impairment	—		—		5,606		—		—		—		5,606
Loans collectively evaluated for impairment	13,884		16,135		76,919		5,500		19,599		776		132,813
Loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	—		1,629		2		—		—		—		1,631
Total allowance for credit losses	$	13,884	$	17,764	$	82,527	$	5,500	$	19,599	$	776	$	140,050

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Troubled Debt Restructurings

A TDR loan is a loan on which the Company, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, grants a concession to the borrower that the Company would not otherwise consider. The loan terms that have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial situation include, but are not limited to, a reduction in the stated interest rate, an extension of the maturity or renewal of the loan at an interest rate below current market, a reduction in the face amount of the debt, a reduction in the accrued interest, or deferral of interest payments. The majority of the Company's modifications are extensions in terms or deferral of payments which result in no lost principal or interest followed by reductions in interest rates or accrued interest. A TDR loan is also considered impaired. Consistent with regulatory guidance, a TDR loan that is subsequently modified in another restructuring agreement but has shown sustained performance and classification as a TDR, will be removed from TDR status provided that the modified terms were market-based at the time of modification.

During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company had two new TDR loans with a recorded investment of $16.6 million and no new TDR loans during the three months ended June 30, 2017. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company had seven new TDR loans with a recorded investment of $31.6 million and one new TDR loan with a recorded investment of $4.9 million during the six months ended June 30, 2017. No principal amounts were forgiven and there were no waived fees or other expenses resulting from these TDRs.

During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, there were no TDR loans for which there was a payment default. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, there was one CRE, non-owner occupied TDR loan with a recorded investment of $0.3 million for which there was a payment default. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, there were two TDR loans with a recorded investment of $0.4 million for which there was a payment default.

A TDR loan is deemed to have a payment default when it becomes past due 90 days, goes on non-accrual, or is restructured again. Payment defaults, along with other qualitative indicators, are considered by management in the determination of the allowance for credit losses.

At June 30, 2018, commitments outstanding on TDR loans totaled $0.9 million. There were no loan commitments outstanding on TDR loans at December 31, 2017.

Loan Purchases and Sales

For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, secondary market loan purchases totaled $316.8 million and $196.7 million, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, secondary market loan purchases totaled $458.3 million and $450.0 million, respectively. For 2018, these purchased loans consisted of $283.3 million of commercial and industrial loans and $175.1 million of residential real estate loans. For 2017, these purchased loans consisted of $347.6 million of commercial and industrial loans and $102.4 million of residential real estate loans.

During the three months ended June 30, 2018, the Company sold loans which primarily consisted of CRE loans with a carrying value of $3.1 million and recognized a net gain of $0.8 million. During the three months ended June 30, 2017, there were no significant secondary market loan sales. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company sold loans which primarily consisted of commercial and industrial loans with a carrying value of $34.1 million and recognized a gain of $1.4 million on the sales. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company sold CRE loans with a carrying value of $9.2 million and recognized a loss of less than of $0.1 million on the sales.

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4. OTHER ASSETS ACQUIRED THROUGH FORECLOSURE

The following table represents the changes in other assets acquired through foreclosure:



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018
	Gross Balance			Valuation Allowance			Net Balance
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	34,244		$	(4,050	)	$	30,194
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(3,247		)	431			(2,816		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			15			15
Gains (losses), net (1)	148			—			148
Balance, end of period	$	31,145		$	(3,604	)	$	27,541

	2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	50,919		$	(5,719	)	$	45,200
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	1,392			—			1,392
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(17,208		)	1,826			(15,382		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			(156		)	(156		)
(Losses) gains, net (1)	(66		)	—			(66		)
Balance, end of period	$	35,037		$	(4,049	)	$	30,988



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018
	Gross Balance			Valuation Allowance			Net Balance
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	32,552		$	(4,012	)	$	28,540
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	5,744			—			5,744
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(8,541		)	441			(8,100		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			(33		)	(33		)
Gains (losses), net (2)	1,390			—			1,390
Balance, end of period	$	31,145		$	(3,604	)	$	27,541

	2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	54,138		$	(6,323	)	$	47,815
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	1,392			—			1,392
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(20,321		)	2,050			(18,271		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			224			224
(Losses) gains, net (2)	(172		)	—			(172		)
Balance, end of period	$	35,037		$	(4,049	)	$	30,988


(1)	There were zero and $0.1 million in net gains related to initial transfers to other assets during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


(2)	There were $1.0 million and $0.1 million in net gains related to initial transfers to other assets during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

At June 30, 2018 and 2017, the majority of the Company’s repossessed assets consisted of properties located in Nevada. The Company held 14 properties at June 30, 2018, compared to 19 at December 31, 2017, and 21 at June 30, 2017.

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5. OTHER BORROWINGS

The following table summarizes the Company’s borrowings as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Short-Term:
FHLB advances	$	75,000	$	390,000
Total short-term borrowings	$	75,000	$	390,000

The Company maintains other lines of credit with correspondent banks totaling $180.0 million. These lines of credit are unsecured, of which $45.0 million has a floating interest rate of one-month LIBOR plus 3.25% and $135.0 million has a rate equivalent to the federal funds effective rate. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were no outstanding balances on the Company's lines of credit.

The Company maintains lines of credit with the FHLB and the FRB. The Company’s borrowing capacity is determined based on collateral pledged, generally consisting of investment securities and loans, at the time of the borrowing. At June 30, 2018, the Company had $75.0 million in short-term FHLB overnight advances with an interest rate of 2.08%. At December 31, 2017, short-term FHLB advances of $390.0 million had an interest rate of 1.41%.

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had additional available credit with the FHLB of approximately $2.66 billion and $1.91 billion, respectively, and with the FRB of approximately $1.28 billion and $1.11 billion, respectively.

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6. QUALIFYING DEBT

Subordinated Debt

The Parent has $175.0 million of subordinated debentures, which were recorded net of issuance costs of $5.5 million, and matures July 1, 2056. Beginning on or after July 1, 2021, the Company may redeem the debentures, in whole or in part, at their principal amount plus any accrued and unpaid interest. The debentures have a fixed interest rate of 6.25% per annum.

WAB has $150.0 million of subordinated debt, which was recorded net of debt issuance costs of $1.8 million, and matures July 15, 2025. The subordinated debt has a fixed interest rate of 5.00% through June 30, 2020 and then converts to a variable rate of 3.20% plus three-month LIBOR through maturity.

To hedge the interest rate risk on the Company's subordinated debt issuances, the Company entered into fair value interest rate hedges with receive fixed/pay variable swaps.

The carrying value of all subordinated debt issuances, which includes the fair value of the related hedges, totals $295.5 million and $308.6 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Junior Subordinated Debt

The Company has formed or acquired through acquisition eight statutory business trusts, which exist for the exclusive purpose of issuing Cumulative Trust Preferred Securities.

With the exception of debt issued by Bridge Capital Trust I and Bridge Capital Trust II, junior subordinated debt is recorded at fair value at each reporting date due to the FVO election made by the Company under ASC 825. The Company did not make the FVO election for the junior subordinated debt acquired as part of the Bridge acquisition. Accordingly, the carrying value of these trusts does not reflect the current fair value of the debt and includes a fair market value adjustment established at acquisition that is being accreted over the remaining life of the trusts.

The carrying value of junior subordinated debt was $65.5 million and $68.3 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The weighted average interest rate of all junior subordinated debt as of June 30, 2018 was 4.67%, which is three-month LIBOR plus the contractual spread of 2.34%, compared to a weighted average interest rate of 4.03% at December 31, 2017.

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7. STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY

Stock-Based Compensation

Restricted Stock Awards

Restricted stock awards granted to employees generally vest over a three-year period. Stock grants made to non-employee WAL directors in 2018 became fully vested at June 30, 2018. The Company estimates the compensation expense for stock grants based upon the grant date fair value. Stock compensation expense is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period for the entire award. The aggregate grant date fair value for the restricted stock awards granted during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 was $1.1 million and $23.0 million, respectively. Stock compensation expense related to restricted stock awards and stock options granted to employees are included in Salaries and employee benefits in the Consolidated Income Statement. For restricted stock awards granted to WAL directors, the related stock compensation expense is included in Legal, professional, and directors' fees. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized $4.7 million and $9.0 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to all restricted stock award grants, compared to $4.1 million and $8.6 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017.

In addition, the Company previously granted shares of restricted stock to certain members of executive management that had both performance and service conditions that affect vesting. There were no such grants made during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, however expense is still being recognized for the grants made in 2016 and 2017 as they also have a three-year vesting period. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized $0.6 million and $1.3 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to these performance-based restricted stock grants, compared to $0.4 million and $0.8 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017.

Performance Stock Units

The Company grants members of its executive management performance stock units that do not vest unless the Company achieves a specified cumulative EPS target over a three-year performance period. The number of shares issued will vary based on the cumulative EPS target that is achieved. The Company estimates the cost of performance stock units based upon the grant date fair value and expected vesting percentage over the three-year performance period. For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company recognized $1.6 million and $3.3 million, respectively, in stock-based compensation expense related to these performance stock units, compared to $1.4 million and $2.7 million, respectively, for the three and six months ended June 30, 2017.

The three-year performance period for the 2015 grant ended on December 31, 2017, and the Company's cumulative EPS for the performance period exceeded the level required for a maximum award under the terms of the grant. As a result, executive management members were entitled to the maximum award of 202,074 shares, which was paid out in the first quarter of 2018.

Treasury Shares

Treasury share purchases represent shares surrendered to the Company equal in value to the statutory payroll tax withholding obligations arising from the vesting of employee restricted stock awards. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018, the Company purchased treasury shares of 2,085 and 182,952, respectively, at a weighted average price of $59.46 and $59.02 per share, respectively. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2017, the Company purchased treasury shares of 960 and 202,266, respectively, at a weighted average price of $48.20 and $50.86 per share, respectively.

8. ACCUMULATED OTHER COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

The following table summarizes the changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component, net of tax, for the periods indicated:



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	Unrealized holding (losses) gains on AFS			Unrealized holding gains (losses) on SERP			Unrealized holding gains (losses) on junior subordinated debt			Impairment loss on securities		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance, March 31, 2018	$	(51,470	)	$	458		$	9,206		$	144	$	(41,662	)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(10,389		)	(12		)	748			—		(9,653		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—			—			—			—		—
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income	(10,389		)	(12		)	748			—		(9,653		)
Balance, June 30, 2018	$	(61,859	)	$	446		$	9,954		$	144	$	(51,315	)

Balance, March 31, 2017	$	(6,140	)	$	120		$	8,727		$	144	$	2,851
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	5,662			37			(2,089		)	—		3,610
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	29			—			—			—		29
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	5,691			37			(2,089		)	—		3,639
Balance, June 30, 2017	$	(449	)	$	157		$	6,638		$	144	$	6,490



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	Unrealized holding (losses) gains on AFS			Unrealized holding gains (losses) on SERP			Unrealized holding gains (losses) on junior subordinated debt			Impairment loss on securities		Total
	(in thousands)
Balance, December 31, 2017	$	(10,026	)	$	385		$	6,352		$	144	$	(3,145	)
Balance, January 1, 2018 (1)	(12,556		)	469			7,740			144		(4,203		)
Other comprehensive (loss) income before reclassifications	(49,303		)	(23		)	2,214			—		(47,112		)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	—			—			—			—		—
Net current-period other comprehensive (loss) income	(49,303		)	(23		)	2,214			—		(47,112		)
Balance, June 30, 2018	$	(61,859	)	$	446		$	9,954		$	144	$	(51,315	)

Balance, December 31, 2016	$	(14,916	)	$	121		$	9,956		$	144	$	(4,695	)
Other comprehensive income (loss) before reclassifications	14,831			36			(3,318		)	—		11,549
Amounts reclassified from AOCI	(364		)	—			—			—		(364		)
Net current-period other comprehensive income (loss)	14,467			36			(3,318		)	—		11,185
Balance, June 30, 2017	$	(449	)	$	157		$	6,638		$	144	$	6,490


(1)	As adjusted for adoption of ASU 2016-01 and ASU 2018-02, see "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" for further discussion.

The following table presents reclassifications out of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):



	Three Months Ended June 30,					Six Months Ended June 30,
Income Statement Classification	2018		2017			2018		2017
	(in thousands)
Gain on sales of investment securities, net	$	—	$	(47	)	$	—	$	588
Income tax expense	—		18			—		(224		)
Net of tax	$	—	$	(29	)	$	—	$	364

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9. DERIVATIVES AND HEDGING ACTIVITIES

The Company is a party to various derivative instruments. Derivative instruments are contracts between two or more parties that have a notional amount and an underlying variable, require a small or no initial investment, and allow for the net settlement of positions. A derivative’s notional amount serves as the basis for the payment provision of the contract and takes the form of units, such as shares or dollars. A derivative’s underlying variable is a specified interest rate, security price, commodity price, foreign exchange rate, index, or other variable. The interaction between the notional amount and the underlying variable determines the number of units to be exchanged between the parties and influences the fair value of the derivative contract.

The primary type of derivatives that the Company uses are interest rate swaps. Generally, these instruments are used to help manage the Company's exposure to interest rate risk and meet client financing and hedging needs.

Derivatives are recorded at fair value in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, after taking into account the effects of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements. These agreements allow the Company to settle all derivative contracts held with the same counterparty on a net basis, and to offset net derivative positions with related cash collateral, where applicable.

As of June 30, 2018, December 31, 2017, and June 30, 2017, the Company does not have any outstanding cash flow hedges or free-standing derivatives.

Derivatives Designated in Hedge Relationships

The Company utilizes derivatives that have been designated as part of a hedge relationship in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance to minimize the exposure to changes in benchmark interest rates and volatility of net interest income and EVE to interest rate fluctuations. The primary derivative instruments used to manage interest rate risk are interest rate swaps, which convert the contractual interest rate index of agreed-upon amounts of assets and liabilities (i.e., notional amounts) to another interest rate index.

The Company has entered into pay fixed/receive variable interest rate swaps designated as fair value hedges of certain fixed rate loans. As a result, the Company receives variable-rate interest payments in exchange for making fixed-rate payments over the lives of the contracts without exchanging the notional amounts.

The Company has also entered into receive fixed/pay variable interest rate swaps, designated as fair value hedges on its fixed rate subordinated debt offerings. As a result, the Company is paying a floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus 3.16% and is receiving semi-annual fixed payments of 5.00% to match the payments on the $150.0 million subordinated debt. For the fair value hedge on the Parent's $175.0 million subordinated debentures issued on June 16, 2016, the Company is paying a floating rate of three-month LIBOR plus 3.25% and is receiving quarterly fixed payments of 6.25% to match the payments on the debt.

Derivatives Not Designated in Hedge Relationships

Management also enters into certain foreign exchange derivative contracts and back-to-back interest rate swaps which are not designated as accounting hedges. Foreign exchange derivative contracts include spot, forward, and forward window contracts. The purpose of these derivative contracts is to mitigate foreign currency risk on transactions entered into, or on behalf of customers. Contracts with customers, along with the related derivative trades the Company places, are both remeasured at fair value, and are referred to as economic hedges since they economically offset the Company's exposure. The Company's back-to-back interest rate swaps are used to manage loan-term interest rate risk.

As of each of the periods ended June 30, 2018, December 31, 2017, and June 30, 2017, derivatives not designated as hedging instruments were in a net asset position of $0.2 million. For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, net changes in the fair value related to these derivative contracts totaled $1.2 million and $0.8 million, respectively, and $2.4 million and $1.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and are included as part of Foreign currency income in the Consolidated Income Statements.

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As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the following amounts are reflected in the Consolidated Balance Sheet related to cumulative basis adjustments for fair value hedges:



	June 30, 2018					December 31, 2017
	Carrying Value of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)			Cumulative Amount of the Fair Value Hedging Adjustment (1)		Carrying Value of Hedged Assets/(Liabilities)			Cumulative Amount of the Fair Value Hedging Adjustment (1)
	(in thousands)
Loans - HFI, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	664,089		$	13,296	$	699,452		$	41,919
Qualifying debt	(295,546		)	23,284		(308,608		)	9,959


(1)	Included in the carrying value of the hedged assets/(liabilities).

For the Company's derivative instruments that are designated and qualify as a fair value hedge, the gain or loss on the derivative instrument as well as the offsetting loss or gain on the hedged item attributable to the hedged risk are recognized in current earnings in the same line item as the offsetting loss or gain on the related interest rate swaps. For loans, the gain or loss on the hedged item is included in interest income and for subordinated debt, the gain or loss on the hedged item is included in interest expense.

Fair Values, Volume of Activity, and Gain/Loss Information Related to Derivative Instruments

The following table summarizes the fair values of the Company's derivative instruments on a gross and net basis as of June 30, 2018, December 31, 2017, and June 30, 2017. The derivative asset and liability balances are presented on a gross basis, prior to the application of bilateral collateral and master netting agreements. Total derivative assets and liabilities are adjusted to take into account the impact of legally enforceable master netting agreements that allow the Company to settle all derivative contracts with the same counterparty on a net basis and to offset the net derivative position with the related collateral. Where master netting agreements are not in effect or are not enforceable under bankruptcy laws, the Company does not adjust those derivative amounts with counterparties. The fair value of derivative contracts, after taking into account the effects of master netting agreements, is included in other assets or other liabilities in the Consolidated Balance Sheets, as indicated in the following table:



	June 30, 2018						December 31, 2017						June 30, 2017
			Fair Value						Fair Value						Fair Value
	Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities		Notional Amount		Derivative Assets		Derivative Liabilities
	(in thousands)
Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Fair value hedges
Interest rate swaps	$	986,867	$	4,435	$	41,015	$	993,432	$	1,703	$	53,581	$	1,032,586	$	3,793	$	64,153
Total	986,867		4,435		41,015		993,432		1,703		53,581		1,032,586		3,793		64,153
Netting adjustments (1)	—		3,838		3,838		—		896		896		—		1,447		1,447
Net derivatives in the balance sheet	$	986,867	$	597	$	37,177	$	993,432	$	807	$	52,685	$	1,032,586	$	2,346	$	62,706

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign currency contracts (2)	$	70,190	$	1,274	$	1,056	$	85,335	$	1,232	$	983	$	75,525	$	468	$	250
Interest rate swaps	1,763		74		74		36,969		776		776		37,622		642		642
Total	$	71,953	$	1,348	$	1,130	$	122,304	$	2,008	$	1,759	$	113,147	$	1,110	$	892


(1)	Netting adjustments represent the amounts recorded to convert the Company's derivative balances from a gross basis to a net basis in accordance with the applicable accounting guidance.


(2)	Prior period derivative asset / liability netting adjustments have been made to conform to current presentation.

Counterparty Credit Risk

Like other financial instruments, derivatives contain an element of credit risk. This risk is measured as the expected positive replacement value of the contracts. Management generally enters into bilateral collateral and master netting agreements that provide for the net settlement of all contracts with the same counterparty. Additionally, management monitors counterparty credit risk exposure on each contract to determine appropriate limits on the Company's total credit exposure across all product

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types. In general, the Company has a zero credit threshold with regard to derivative exposure with counterparties. Management reviews the Company's collateral positions on a daily basis and exchanges collateral with counterparties in accordance with standard ISDA documentation and other related agreements. The Company generally holds collateral in the form of cash deposits or highly rated securities issued by the U.S. Treasury or government-sponsored enterprises, such as GNMA, FNMA, and FHLMC. The total collateral netted against net derivative liabilities totaled $39.8 million at June 30, 2018, $53.6 million at December 31, 2017, and $64.2 million at June 30, 2017.

The following table summarizes the Company's largest exposure to an individual counterparty at the dates indicated:



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017		June 30, 2017
	(in thousands)
Largest gross exposure (derivative asset) to an individual counterparty	$	2,910	$	893	$	2,347
Collateral posted by this counterparty	—		—		2,560
Derivative liability with this counterparty	16,809		40,340		—
Collateral pledged to this counterparty	24,001		60,476		—
Net exposure after netting adjustments and collateral	$	—	$	—	$	—

Credit Risk Contingent Features

Management has entered into certain derivative contracts that require the Company to post collateral to the counterparties when these contracts are in a net liability position. Conversely, the counterparties may be required to post collateral when these contracts are in a net asset position. The amount of collateral to be posted is based on the amount of the net liability and exposure thresholds. As of June 30, 2018, December 31, 2017, and June 30, 2017 the aggregate fair value of all derivative contracts with credit risk contingent features (i.e., those containing collateral posting provisions) held by the Company that were in a net liability position totaled $37.2 million, $52.7 million, and $62.7 million, respectively. As of June 30, 2018, the Company was in an over-collateralized net position of $11.6 million after considering $51.4 million of collateral held in the form of cash and securities. As of December 31, 2017 and June 30, 2017, the Company was in an over-collateralized position of $25.0 million and $17.9 million, respectively.

10. EARNINGS PER SHARE

Diluted EPS is based on the weighted average outstanding common shares during each period, including common stock equivalents. Basic EPS is based on the weighted average outstanding common shares during the period.

The following table presents the calculation of basic and diluted EPS:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Weighted average shares - basic	104,691		104,162		104,611		104,075
Dilutive effect of stock awards	729		883		761		866
Weighted average shares - diluted	105,420		105,045		105,372		104,941
Net income	$	104,679	$	79,960	$	205,579	$	153,302
Earnings per share - basic	1.00		0.77		1.97		1.47
Earnings per share - diluted	0.99		0.76		1.95		1.46

The Company had no anti-dilutive stock options outstanding at each of the periods ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

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11. INCOME TAXES

The effective tax rate was 19.48% and 28.56% for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company's effective tax rate was 18.33% and 26.91%, respectively. The decrease in the effective tax rate from the three and six months ended June 30, 2017 is due primarily to the decrease in the Federal statutory rate effective in 2018.

As of June 30, 2018, the net deferred tax asset was $39.1 million, an increase of $33.3 million from December 31, 2017. This overall increase in the net deferred tax asset was primarily the result of the expected inclusion of the deferred 2017 real estate investment trust dividend at WAB in 2018 and decreases in the fair market value of AFS securities, which were not fully offset by the utilization of NOL and credit carryovers.

Although realization is not assured, the Company believes that the realization of the recognized deferred tax asset of $39.1 million at June 30, 2018 is more-likely-than-not based on expectations as to future taxable income and based on available tax planning strategies within the meaning of ASC 740, Income Taxes, that could be implemented if necessary to prevent a carryover from expiring.

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had no deferred tax valuation allowance.

As of June 30, 2018, the Company’s gross federal NOL carryovers, a portion of which are subject to limitations under Section 382 of the IRC, totaled approximately $112.0 million for which a deferred tax asset of $19.0 million has been recorded reflecting the expected benefit of these federal NOL carryovers. The Company also has varying gross amounts of state NOL carryovers with California and Arizona being the most significant. The ending gross California and Arizona NOL carryovers totaled approximately $13.0 million and $9.0 million, respectively. A deferred tax asset of $1.9 million has been recorded to reflect the expected benefit of all state NOL carryovers.

Investments in LIHTC

The Company invests in LIHTC funds that are designed to generate a return primarily through the realization of federal tax credits.

Investments in LIHTC and unfunded LIHTC obligations are included as part of other assets and other liabilities, respectively, in the Consolidated Balance Sheets and total $304.1 million and $173.3 million, respectively, as of June 30, 2018, compared to $267.0 million and $151.3 million, respectively, as of December 31, 2017. For the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, $9.4 million and $6.9 million, respectively, of amortization related to LIHTC investments was recognized as a component of income tax expense. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, $17.5 million and $12.7 million, respectively, of amortization related to LIHTC investments was recognized as a component of income tax expense.

12. COMMITMENTS AND CONTINGENCIES

Unfunded Commitments and Letters of Credit

The Company is party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit. They involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit risk in excess of amounts recognized in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

Lines of credit are obligations to lend money to a borrower. Credit risk arises when the borrower's current financial condition may indicate less ability to pay than when the commitment was originally made. In the case of standby letters of credit, the risk arises from the potential failure of the customer to perform according to the terms of a contract. In such a situation, the third party might draw on the standby letter of credit to pay for completion of the contract and the Company would look to its customer to repay these funds with interest. To minimize the risk, the Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it would for a loan to that customer.

Standby letters of credit and financial guarantees are commitments issued by the Company to guarantee the performance of a customer to a third party in borrowing arrangements. The Company generally has recourse to recover from the customer any amounts paid under the guarantees. Typically, letters of credit issued have expiration dates within one year.

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A summary of the contractual amounts for unfunded commitments and letters of credit are as follows:



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Commitments to extend credit, including unsecured loan commitments of $562,606 at June 30, 2018 and $364,638 at December 31, 2017	$	6,532,171	$	5,851,158
Credit card commitments and financial guarantees	206,779		153,752
Standby letters of credit, including unsecured letters of credit of $12,014 at June 30, 2018 and $11,664 at December 31, 2017	186,945		161,966
Total	$	6,925,895	$	6,166,876

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer provided that there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The Company enters into credit arrangements that generally provide for the termination of advances in the event of a covenant violation or other event of default. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. The Company evaluates each customer’s creditworthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation of the party. The commitments are collateralized by the same types of assets used as loan collateral.

The Company has exposure to credit losses from unfunded commitments and letters of credit. As funds have not been disbursed on these commitments, they are not reported as loans outstanding. Credit losses related to these commitments are included in other liabilities as a separate loss contingency and are not included in the allowance for credit losses reported in "Note 3. Loans, Leases and Allowance for Credit Losses" of these Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. This loss contingency for unfunded loan commitments and letters of credit was $7.6 million and $6.2 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Changes to this liability are adjusted through other expense in the Consolidated Income Statement.

Concentrations of Lending Activities

The Company’s lending activities are driven in large part by the customers served in the market areas where the Company has branch offices in the states of Arizona, Nevada, and California. Despite the geographic concentration of lending activities, the Company does not have a single external customer from which it derives 10% or more of its revenues. The Company monitors concentrations within four broad categories: geography, industry, product, and collateral. The Company's loan portfolio includes significant credit exposure to the CRE market. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, CRE related loans accounted for approximately 51% and 52% of total loans, respectively. Substantially all of these loans are secured by first liens with an initial loan to value ratio of generally not more than 75%. Approximately 36% of these CRE loans, excluding construction and land loans, were owner-occupied at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Contingencies

The Company is involved in various lawsuits of a routine nature that are being handled and defended in the ordinary course of the Company’s business. Expenses are being incurred in connection with these lawsuits, but in the opinion of management, based in part on consultation with outside legal counsel, the resolution of these lawsuits and associated defense costs will not have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations, or cash flows.

Lease Commitments

The Company leases the majority of its office locations and many of these leases contain multiple renewal options and provisions for increased rents. Total rent expense of $2.8 million and $2.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively, was included in Occupancy expense in these Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, total rent expense was $5.3 million and $5.4 million, respectively.

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13. FAIR VALUE ACCOUNTING

The fair value of an asset or liability is the price that would be received to sell that asset or paid to transfer that liability in an orderly transaction occurring in the principal market (or most advantageous market in the absence of a principal market) for such asset or liability. In estimating fair value, the Company utilizes valuation techniques that are consistent with the market approach, the income approach, and/or the cost approach. Such valuation techniques are consistently applied. Inputs to valuation techniques include the assumptions that market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability. ASC 825 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under ASC 825 are described in "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies" of these Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements.

In general, fair value is based upon quoted market prices, where available. If such quoted market prices are not available, fair value is based upon internally-developed models that primarily use, as inputs, observable market-based parameters. Valuation adjustments may be made to ensure that financial instruments are recorded at fair value. These adjustments may include amounts to reflect counterparty credit quality and the Company’s creditworthiness, among other things, as well as unobservable parameters. Any such valuation adjustments are applied consistently over time. The Company’s valuation methodologies may produce a fair value calculation that may not be indicative of net realizable value or reflective of future fair values. While management believes the Company’s valuation methodologies are appropriate and consistent with other market participants, the use of different methodologies or assumptions to determine the fair value of certain financial instruments could result in a different estimate of fair value at the reporting date. Furthermore, the reported fair value amounts have not been comprehensively revalued since the presentation dates, and therefore, estimates of fair value after the balance sheet date may differ significantly from the amounts presented herein. A more detailed description of the valuation methodologies used for assets and liabilities measured at fair value is set forth below. Transfers between levels in the fair value hierarchy are recognized as of the end of the month following the event or change in circumstances that caused the transfer.

Under ASC 825, the Company elected the FVO treatment for junior subordinated debt issued by WAL. This election is irrevocable and results in the recognition of unrealized gains and losses on these items at each reporting date. These unrealized gains and losses are recognized as part of other comprehensive income rather than earnings. The Company did not elect FVO treatment for the junior subordinated debt assumed in the Bridge Capital Holdings acquisition.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, gains and losses from fair value changes on junior subordinated debt and trading securities were as follows:



	Changes in Fair Values for Items Measured at Fair Value Pursuant to Election of the Fair Value Option
	Unrealized Gain/(Loss) on Assets and Liabilities Measured at Fair Value, Net			Interest Income on Securities		Interest Expense on Junior Subordinated Debt			Total Changes Included in Current-Period Earnings			Changes Included in OCI
	(in thousands)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Junior subordinated debt	$	992		$	—	$	(1,019	)	$	(1,019	)	$	748
Total	$	992		$	—	$	(1,019	)	$	(1,019	)	$	748
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Junior subordinated debt	$	2,936		$	—	$	(1,923	)	$	(1,923	)	$	2,214
Total	$	2,936		$	—	$	(1,923	)	$	(1,923	)	$	2,214
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
Trading securities	$	—		$	2	$	—		$	2		$	—
Junior subordinated debt	(3,376		)	—		(791		)	(791		)	(2,089		)
Total	$	(3,376	)	$	2	$	(791	)	$	(789	)	$	(2,089	)
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
Trading securities	$	—		$	9	$	—		$	9		$	—
Junior subordinated debt	(5,362		)	—		(1,540		)	(1,540		)	(3,318		)
Total	$	(5,362	)	$	9	$	(1,540	)	$	(1,531	)	$	(3,318	)

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During the year ended December 31, 2017, the Company sold all of its trading securities. No significant gain or loss was recognized upon sale of these securities.

Fair value on a recurring basis

Financial assets and financial liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis include the following:

Trading securities: All of the Company’s trading securities, which consisted of MBS, were reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs in the same manner as described below for AFS securities.

AFS securities: Preferred stock and CRA investments are reported at fair value utilizing Level 1 inputs. Other securities classified as AFS are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. For these securities, the Company obtains fair value measurements from an independent pricing service. The fair value measurements consider observable data that may include dealer quotes, market spreads, cash flows, the U.S. Treasury yield curve, live trading levels, trade execution data, market consensus prepayment speeds, credit information, and the bond’s terms and conditions, among other things.

Independent pricing service: The Company's independent pricing service provides pricing information on the majority of the Company's Level 1 and 2 securities. Management independently evaluates the fair value measurements received from the Company's third party pricing service through multiple review steps. First, management reviews what has transpired in the marketplace with respect to interest rates, credit spreads, volatility, and mortgage rates, among other things, and develops an expectation of changes to the securities' valuations from the previous quarter. Then, management obtains market values from additional sources. The pricing service provides management with observable market data including interest rate curves and mortgage prepayment speed grids, as well as dealer quote sheets, new bond offering sheets, and historical trade documentation. Management reviews the assumptions and decides whether they are reasonable. Management may compare interest rates, credit spreads, and prepayments speeds used as part of the assumptions to those that management believes are reasonable. Management may price securities using the provided assumptions to determine whether they can develop similar prices on like securities. Any discrepancies between management’s review and the prices provided by the vendor are discussed with the vendor and the Company’s other valuation advisors. Lastly, management selects a sample of investment securities and compares the values provided by its primary third party pricing service to the market values obtained from secondary sources and evaluates those with notable variances.

Interest rate swaps: Interest rate swaps are reported at fair value utilizing Level 2 inputs. The Company obtains dealer quotations to value its interest rate swaps.

Junior subordinated debt: The Company estimates the fair value of its junior subordinated debt using a discounted cash flow model which incorporates the effect of the Company’s own credit risk in the fair value of the liabilities (Level 3). The Company’s cash flow assumptions are based on contractual cash flows as the Company anticipates that it will pay the debt according to its contractual terms.

As of June 30, 2018, the Company estimates the discount rate at 6.72%, which represents an implied credit spread of 4.38% plus three-month LIBOR (2.34%). As of December 31, 2017, the Company estimated the discount rate at 5.61%, which was a 3.92% credit spread plus three-month LIBOR (1.69%).

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The fair value of assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis was determined using the following inputs as of the periods presented:



	Fair Value Measurements at the End of the Reporting Period Using:
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
June 30, 2018
Assets:
Available-for-sale debt securities
CDO	$	—	$	21,845	$	—	$	21,845
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	—		102,695		—		102,695
Corporate debt securities	—		99,980		—		99,980
Private label residential MBS	—		831,387		—		831,387
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	—		1,559,773		—		1,559,773
Tax-exempt	—		492,338		—		492,338
Trust preferred securities	—		28,617		—		28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	—		59,907		—		59,907
U.S. treasury securities	—		2,473		—		2,473
Total AFS debt securities	$	—	$	3,199,015	$	—	$	3,199,015
Equity securities
CRA investments	$	50,793	$	—	$	—	$	50,793
Preferred stock	92,697		—		—		92,697
Total equity securities	$	143,490	$	—	$	—	$	143,490
Derivative assets (1)	$	—	$	5,783	$	—	$	5,783
Liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt (2)	$	—	$	—	$	53,298	$	53,298
Derivative liabilities (1)	—		42,145		—		42,145

(1)

Derivative assets and liabilities relate to interest rate swaps, see "Note 9. Derivatives and Hedging Activities." In addition, the carrying value of loans is decreased by $13,296 and the net carrying value of subordinated debt is increased by $23,284 as of June 30, 2018 for the effective portion of the hedge, which relates to the fair value of the hedges put in place to mitigate against fluctuations in interest rates.


(2)	Includes only the portion of junior subordinated debt that is recorded at fair value at each reporting period pursuant to the election of FVO treatment.

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	Fair Value Measurements at the End of the Reporting Period Using:
	Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)		Fair Value
	(in thousands)
December 31, 2017
Assets:
Available-for-sale debt securities
CDO	$	—	$	21,857	$	—	$	21,857
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	—		109,077		—		109,077
Corporate debt securities	—		103,483		—		103,483
Private label residential MBS	—		868,524		—		868,524
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	—		1,689,295		—		1,689,295
Tax-exempt	—		510,910		—		510,910
Trust preferred securities	—		28,617		—		28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	—		61,462		—		61,462
U.S. treasury securities	—		2,482		—		2,482
Available-for-sale equity securities
CRA investments	50,616		—		—		50,616
Preferred stock	53,196		—		—		53,196
Total AFS securities	$	103,812	$	3,395,707	$	—	$	3,499,519
Derivative assets (1)	$	—	$	3,711	$	—	$	3,711
Liabilities:
Junior subordinated debt (2)	$	—	$	—	$	56,234	$	56,234
Derivative liabilities (1)	—		55,340		—		55,340

(1)

Derivative assets and liabilities relate to interest rate swaps, see "Note 9. Derivatives and Hedging Activities." In addition, the carrying value of loans is increased by $41,919 and the net carrying value of subordinated debt is decreased by $9,959 as of December 31, 2017 for the effective portion of the hedge, which relates to the fair value of the hedges put in place to mitigate against fluctuations in interest rates.


(2)	Includes only the portion of junior subordinated debt that is recorded at fair value at each reporting period pursuant to the election of FVO treatment.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the change in Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis was as follows:



	Junior Subordinated Debt
	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Beginning balance	$	(54,290	)	$	(52,396	)	$	(56,234	)	$	(50,410	)
Change in fair value	992			(3,376		)	2,936			(5,362		)
Ending balance	$	(53,298	)	$	(55,772	)	$	(53,298	)	$	(55,772	)

For Level 3 liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:



	June 30, 2018		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Input Value
	(in thousands)
Junior subordinated debt	$	53,298	Discounted cash flow	Implied credit rating of the Company	6.72	%



	December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique	Significant Unobservable Inputs	Input Value
	(in thousands)
Junior subordinated debt	$	56,234	Discounted cash flow	Implied credit rating of the Company	5.61	%

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The significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurement of the Company’s junior subordinated debt as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was the implied credit risk for the Company, calculated as the difference between the 20-year 'BB' rated financial index over the corresponding swap index.

Fair value on a nonrecurring basis

Certain assets are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis. That is, the assets are not measured at fair value on an ongoing basis, but are subject to fair value adjustments in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). The following table presents such assets carried on the Balance Sheet by caption and by level within the ASC 825 hierarchy:



	Fair Value Measurements at the End of the Reporting Period Using
	Total		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Active Markets for Similar Assets (Level 2)		Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
	(in thousands)
As of June 30, 2018;
Impaired loans with specific valuation allowance	$	1,174	$	—	$	—	$	1,174
Impaired loans without specific valuation allowance (1)	81,470		—		—		81,470
Other assets acquired through foreclosure	27,541		—		—		27,541
As of December 31, 2017:
Impaired loans with specific valuation allowance	$	13,709	$	—	$	—	$	13,709
Impaired loans without specific valuation allowance (1)	63,607		—		—		63,607
Other assets acquired through foreclosure	28,540		—		—		28,540


(1)	Net of loan balances with charge-offs of $22.6 million and $15.6 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

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For Level 3 assets measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the significant unobservable inputs used in the fair value measurements were as follows:



	June 30, 2018		Valuation Technique(s)		Significant Unobservable Inputs	Range
	(in thousands)
Impaired loans	$	82,644	Collateral method	Third party appraisal	Costs to sell	4.0% to 10.0%
			Discounted cash flow method	Discount rate	Contractual loan rate	4.0% to 7.0%
				Scheduled cash collections	Probability of default	0% to 20.0%
				Proceeds from non-real estate collateral	Loss given default	0% to 70.0%
Other assets acquired through foreclosure	27,541		Collateral method	Third party appraisal	Costs to sell	4.0% to 10.0%



	December 31, 2017		Valuation Technique(s)		Significant Unobservable Inputs	Range
	(in thousands)
Impaired loans	$	77,316	Collateral method	Third party appraisal	Costs to sell	4.0% to 10.0%
			Discounted cash flow method	Discount rate	Contractual loan rate	4.0% to 7.0%
				Scheduled cash collections	Probability of default	0% to 20.0%
				Proceeds from non-real estate collateral	Loss given default	0% to 70.0%
Other assets acquired through foreclosure	28,540		Collateral method	Third party appraisal	Costs to sell	4.0% to 10.0%

Impaired loans: The specific reserves for collateral dependent impaired loans are based on collateral value, net of estimated disposition costs and other identified quantitative inputs. Collateral value is determined based on independent third-party appraisals or internally-developed discounted cash flow analyses. Appraisals may utilize a single valuation approach or a combination of approaches, including comparable sales and the income approach. Fair value is determined, where possible, using market prices derived from an appraisal or evaluation, which are considered to be Level 2. However, certain assumptions and unobservable inputs are often used by the appraiser, therefore qualifying the assets as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. In addition, when adjustments are made to an appraised value to reflect various factors such as the age of the appraisal or known changes in the market or the collateral, such valuation inputs are considered unobservable and the fair value measurement is categorized as a Level 3 measurement. Internal discounted cash flow analyses are also utilized to estimate the fair value of impaired loans, which considers internally-developed, unobservable inputs such as discount rates, default rates, and loss severity.

Total Level 3 impaired loans had an estimated fair value of $82.6 million and $77.3 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Impaired loans with a specific valuation allowance had a gross estimated fair value of $3.5 million and $19.3 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, which was reduced by a specific valuation allowance of $2.3 million and $5.6 million, respectively.

Other assets acquired through foreclosure: Other assets acquired through foreclosure consist of properties acquired as a result of, or in-lieu-of, foreclosure. These assets are initially reported at the fair value determined by independent appraisals using appraised value less estimated cost to sell. Such properties are generally re-appraised every twelve months. There is risk for subsequent volatility. Costs relating to the development or improvement of the assets are capitalized and costs relating to holding the assets are charged to expense.

Fair value is determined, where possible, using market prices derived from an appraisal or evaluation, which are considered to be Level 2. However, certain assumptions and unobservable inputs are often used by the appraiser, therefore qualifying the assets as Level 3 in the fair value hierarchy. When significant adjustments are based on unobservable inputs, such as when a current appraised value is not available or management determines the fair value of the collateral is further impaired below the

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appraised value and there is no observable market price, the resulting fair value measurement has been categorized as a Level 3 measurement. The Company had $27.5 million and $28.5 million of such assets at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

Credit vs. non-credit losses

Under the provisions of ASC 320, Investments-Debt and Equity Securities, OTTI is separated into the amount of total impairment related to the credit loss and the amount of the total impairment related to all other factors. The amount of the total OTTI related to the credit loss is recognized in earnings. The amount of the total impairment related to all other factors is recognized in OCI.

For the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, the Company determined that no securities experienced credit losses.

There is no OTTI balance recognized in comprehensive income as of June 30, 2018 and 2017.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

The estimated fair value of the Company’s financial instruments is as follows:



	June 30, 2018
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Financial assets:
Investment securities:
HTM	$	280,186	$	—	$	274,718	$	—	$	274,718
AFS	3,199,015		—		3,199,015		—		3,199,015
Equity	143,490		143,490		—		—		143,490
Derivative assets	5,783		—		5,783		—		5,783
Loans, net	15,991,177		—		15,537,841		82,644		15,620,485
Accrued interest receivable	89,079		—		89,079		—		89,079
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	18,087,528	$	—	$	18,095,628	$	—	$	18,095,628
Customer repurchase agreements	18,021		—		18,021		—		18,021
FHLB advances	75,000		—		75,000		—		75,000
Qualifying debt	361,060		—		331,426		63,611		395,037
Derivative liabilities	42,145		—		42,145		—		42,145
Accrued interest payable	17,980		—		17,980		—		17,980

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	December 31, 2017
	Carrying Amount		Fair Value
	Carrying Amount		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
	(in thousands)
Financial assets:
Investment securities:
HTM	$	255,050	$	—	$	256,314	$	—	$	256,314
AFS	3,499,519		103,812		3,395,707		—		3,499,519
Derivative assets	3,711		—		3,711		—		3,711
Loans, net	14,953,885		—		14,577,010		77,316		14,654,326
Accrued interest receivable	85,517		—		85,517		—		85,517
Financial liabilities:
Deposits	$	16,972,532	$	—	$	16,980,066	$	—	$	16,980,066
Customer repurchase agreements	26,017		—		26,017		—		26,017
FHLB advances	390,000		—		390,000		—		390,000
Qualifying debt	376,905		—		336,803		67,210		404,013
Derivative liabilities	55,340		—		55,340		—		55,340
Accrued interest payable	16,366		—		16,366		—		16,366

Interest rate risk

The Company assumes interest rate risk (the risk to the Company’s earnings and capital from changes in interest rate levels) as a result of its normal operations. As a result, the fair values of the Company’s financial instruments, as well as its future net interest income will change when interest rate levels change and that change may be either favorable or unfavorable to the Company.

Interest rate risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine the Company's change in EVE and net interest income resulting from hypothetical changes in interest rates. If potential changes to EVE and net interest income resulting from hypothetical interest rate changes are not within the limits established by the BOD, the BOD may direct management to adjust the asset and liability mix to bring interest rate risk within BOD-approved limits.

WAB has an ALCO charged with managing interest rate risk within the BOD-approved limits. Limits are structured to preclude an interest rate risk profile that does not conform to both management and BOD risk tolerances without ALCO approval. There is also ALCO reporting at the Parent level for reviewing interest rate risk for the Company, which gets reported to the BOD and its Finance and Investment Committee.

Fair value of commitments

The estimated fair value of standby letters of credit outstanding at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 is insignificant. Loan commitments on which the committed interest rates are less than the current market rate are also insignificant at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

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14. SEGMENTS

The Company's reportable segments are aggregated based primarily on geographic location, services offered, and markets served. The Company's regional segments, which include Arizona, Nevada, Southern California, and Northern California, provide full service banking and related services to their respective markets. The operations from the regional segments correspond to the following banking divisions: ABA in Arizona, BON and FIB in Nevada, TPB in Southern California, and Bridge in Northern California.

The Company's NBL segments provide specialized banking services to niche markets. The Company's NBL reportable segments include HOA Services, Public & Nonprofit Finance, Technology & Innovation, HFF, and Other NBLs. These NBLs are managed centrally and are broader in geographic scope than the Company's other segments, though still predominately located within the Company's core market areas.

The Corporate & Other segment consists of corporate-related items, income and expense items not allocated to the Company's other reportable segments, and inter-segment eliminations.

The Company's segment reporting process begins with the assignment of all loan and deposit accounts directly to the segments where these products are originated and/or serviced. Equity capital is assigned to each segment based on the risk profile of their assets and liabilities. With the exception of goodwill, which is assigned a 100% weighting, equity capital allocations ranged from 0% to 12% during the year, with a funds credit provided for the use of this equity as a funding source. Any excess or deficient equity not allocated to segments based on risk is assigned to the Corporate & Other segment.

Net interest income, provision for credit losses, and non-interest expense amounts are recorded in their respective segment to the extent that the amounts are directly attributable to those segments. Net interest income is recorded in each segment on a TEB with a corresponding increase in income tax expense, which is eliminated in the Corporate & Other segment.

Further, net interest income of a reportable segment includes a funds transfer pricing process that matches assets and liabilities with similar interest rate sensitivity and maturity characteristics. Using this funds transfer pricing methodology, liquidity is transferred between users and providers. A net user of funds has lending/investing in excess of deposits/borrowings and a net provider of funds has deposits/borrowings in excess of lending/investing. A segment that is a user of funds is charged for the use of funds, while a provider of funds is credited through funds transfer pricing, which is determined based on the average life of the assets or liabilities in the portfolio.

The net income amount for each reportable segment is further derived by the use of expense allocations. Certain expenses not directly attributable to a specific segment are allocated across all segments based on key metrics, such as number of employees, average loan balances, and average deposit balances. These types of expenses include information technology, operations, human resources, finance, risk management, credit administration, legal, and marketing.

Income taxes are applied to each segment based on the effective tax rate for the geographic location of the segment. Any difference in the corporate tax rate and the aggregate effective tax rates in the segments are adjusted in the Corporate & Other segment.

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The following is a summary of operating segment information for the periods indicated:



				Regional Segments
Balance Sheet:	Consolidated Company			Arizona			Nevada			Southern California			Northern California
At June 30, 2018	(in millions)
Assets:
Cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities	$	4,195.5		$	1.8		$	8.3		$	2.2		$	2.0
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	16,138.3			3,557.6			1,850.7			2,027.8			1,285.4
Less: allowance for credit losses	(147.1		)	(33.4		)	(17.8		)	(20.4		)	(10.9		)
Total loans	15,991.2			3,524.2			1,832.9			2,007.4			1,274.5
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	27.5			2.3			14.1			—			—
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	300.0			—			23.2			—			156.1
Other assets	853.3			45.8			58.0			14.5			18.2
Total assets	$	21,367.5		$	3,574.1		$	1,936.5		$	2,024.1		$	1,450.8
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	18,087.5		$	5,269.3		$	3,762.3		$	2,303.2		$	1,784.3
Borrowings and qualifying debt	436.1			—			—			—			—
Other liabilities	452.2			9.0			14.8			1.7			11.6
Total liabilities	18,975.8			5,278.3			3,777.1			2,304.9			1,795.9
Allocated equity:	2,391.7			434.7			261.3			228.8			301.7
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	21,367.5		$	5,713.0		$	4,038.4		$	2,533.7		$	2,097.6
Excess funds provided (used)	—			2,138.9			2,101.9			509.6			646.8



Income Statement:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	224,108		$	57,977		$	35,276		$	27,664		$	23,001
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	5,000			518			(243		)	(276		)	13
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	219,108			57,459			35,519			27,940			22,988
Non-interest income	13,444			2,256			2,679			966			2,421
Non-interest expense	(102,548		)	(22,419		)	(15,931		)	(14,491		)	(13,429		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	130,004			37,296			22,267			14,415			11,980
Income tax expense (benefit)	25,325			9,324			4,676			4,036			3,355
Net income	$	104,679		$	27,972		$	17,591		$	10,379		$	8,625



Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	438,328		$	112,532		$	71,966		$	55,466		$	45,256
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	11,000			1,952			(1,967		)	454			1,561
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	427,328			110,580			73,933			55,012			43,695
Non-interest income	25,087			3,672			6,012			1,967			4,969
Non-interest expense	(200,697		)	(43,923		)	(30,015		)	(28,137		)	(25,932		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	251,718			70,329			49,930			28,842			22,732
Income tax expense (benefit)	46,139			17,645			10,579			8,171			6,452
Net income	$	205,579		$	52,684		$	39,351		$	20,671		$	16,280

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	National Business Lines
Balance Sheet:	HOA Services			Public & Nonprofit Finance			Technology & Innovation			Hotel Franchise Finance			Other NBLs			Corporate & Other
At June 30, 2018
Assets:	(in millions)
Cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	4,181.2
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	186.5			1,566.1			1,205.4			1,431.9			3,022.1			4.8
Less: allowance for credit losses	(1.8		)	(15.2		)	(11.2		)	(7.1		)	(29.2		)	(0.1		)
Total loans	184.7			1,550.9			1,194.2			1,424.8			2,992.9			4.7
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	—			—			—			—			—			11.1
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	—			—			120.6			0.1			—			—
Other assets	0.9			21.0			5.3			6.5			13.8			669.3
Total assets	$	185.6		$	1,571.9		$	1,320.1		$	1,431.4		$	3,006.7		$	4,866.3
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,514.9		$	—		$	1,993.5		$	—		$	—		$	460.0
Borrowings and qualifying debt	—			—			—			—			—			436.1
Other liabilities	2.1			17.7			0.1			(0.4		)	103.0			292.6
Total liabilities	2,517.0			17.7			1,993.6			(0.4		)	103.0			1,188.7
Allocated equity:	67.1			125.3			257.8			117.8			248.0			349.2
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	2,584.1		$	143.0		$	2,251.4		$	117.4		$	351.0		$	1,537.9
Excess funds provided (used)	2,398.5			(1,428.9		)	931.3			(1,314.0		)	(2,655.7		)	(3,328.4		)



Income Statement:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	16,046		$	3,794		$	24,562		$	13,874		$	19,672		$	2,242
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	135			(27		)	2,256			548			2,074			2
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	15,911			3,821			22,306			13,326			17,598			2,240
Non-interest income	179			—			3,630			—			409			904
Non-interest expense	(8,033		)	(2,080		)	(9,899		)	(2,200		)	(6,250		)	(7,816		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	8,057			1,741			16,037			11,126			11,757			(4,672		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	1,853			401			3,688			2,559			2,704			(7,271		)
Net income	$	6,204		$	1,340		$	12,349		$	8,567		$	9,053		$	2,599



Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	(in thousands)
Net interest income	$	31,405		$	7,539		$	47,383		$	28,060		$	38,484		$	237
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	182			(233		)	3,907			1,783			3,359			2
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	31,223			7,772			43,476			26,277			35,125			235
Non-interest income	328			—			6,681			13			633			812
Non-interest expense	(15,836		)	(4,254		)	(19,733		)	(4,405		)	(11,912		)	(16,550		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	15,715			3,518			30,424			21,885			23,846			(15,503		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	3,615			809			6,998			5,033			5,484			(18,647		)
Net income	$	12,100		$	2,709		$	23,426		$	16,852		$	18,362		$	3,144

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				Regional Segments
	Consolidated Company			Arizona			Nevada			Southern California			Northern California
At December 31, 2017	(in millions)
Assets:
Cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities	$	4,237.1		$	2.1		$	8.2		$	2.1		$	1.7
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	15,093.9			3,323.7			1,844.8			1,934.7			1,275.5
Less: allowance for credit losses	(140.0		)	(31.5		)	(18.1		)	(19.5		)	(13.2		)
Total loans	14,953.9			3,292.2			1,826.7			1,915.2			1,262.3
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	28.5			2.3			13.3			—			0.2
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	300.7			—			23.2			—			156.5
Other assets	808.9			46.3			58.8			14.4			15.1
Total assets	$	20,329.1		$	3,342.9		$	1,930.2		$	1,931.7		$	1,435.8
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	16,972.5		$	4,841.3		$	3,951.4		$	2,461.1		$	1,681.7
Borrowings and qualifying debt	766.9			—			—			—			—
Other liabilities	360.0			11.6			20.9			3.2			11.9
Total liabilities	18,099.4			4,852.9			3,972.3			2,464.3			1,693.6
Allocated equity:	2,229.7			396.5			263.7			221.8			303.1
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	20,329.1		$	5,249.4		$	4,236.0		$	2,686.1		$	1,996.7
Excess funds provided (used)	—			1,906.5			2,305.8			754.4			560.9



Income Statement:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	192,743		$	49,295		$	36,422		$	29,058		$	19,719
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	3,000			384			(3,123		)	(53		)	698
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	189,743			48,911			39,545			29,111			19,021
Non-interest income	10,601			1,189			2,313			888			1,930
Non-interest expense	(88,420		)	(17,922		)	(15,115		)	(13,020		)	(12,162		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	111,924			32,178			26,743			16,979			8,789
Income tax expense (benefit)	31,964			12,624			9,360			7,140			3,696
Net income	$	79,960		$	19,554		$	17,383		$	9,839		$	5,093



Six Months Ended June 30, 2017	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	372,052		$	93,202		$	71,718		$	54,276		$	41,754
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	7,250			398			(3,334		)	38			1,094
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	364,802			92,804			75,052			54,238			40,660
Non-interest income	21,200			2,302			4,446			1,631			4,043
Non-interest expense	(176,247		)	(36,544		)	(30,985		)	(25,723		)	(24,871		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	209,755			58,562			48,513			30,146			19,832
Income tax expense (benefit)	56,453			22,974			16,980			12,677			8,339
Net income	$	153,302		$	35,588		$	31,533		$	17,469		$	11,493

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	National Business Lines
	HOA Services			Public & Nonprofit Finance			Technology & Innovation			Hotel Franchise Finance			Other NBLs			Corporate & Other
At December 31, 2017
Assets:	(in millions)
Cash, cash equivalents, and investment securities	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	—		$	4,223.0
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	162.1			1,580.4			1,097.9			1,327.7			2,543.0			4.1
Less: allowance for credit losses	(1.6		)	(15.6		)	(11.4		)	(4.0		)	(25.0		)	(0.1		)
Total loans	160.5			1,564.8			1,086.5			1,323.7			2,518.0			4.0
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	—			—			—			—			—			12.7
Goodwill and other intangible assets, net	—			—			120.9			0.1			—			—
Other assets	0.9			17.9			6.0			5.9			15.5			628.1
Total assets	$	161.4		$	1,582.7		$	1,213.4		$	1,329.7		$	2,533.5		$	4,867.8
Liabilities:
Deposits	$	2,230.4		$	—		$	1,737.6		$	—		$	—		$	69.0
Borrowings and qualifying debt	—			—			—			—			—			766.9
Other liabilities	1.2			42.4			0.8			0.4			5.5			262.1
Total liabilities	2,231.6			42.4			1,738.4			0.4			5.5			1,098.0
Allocated equity:	59.4			126.5			244.1			108.3			206.0			300.3
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	2,291.0		$	168.9		$	1,982.5		$	108.7		$	211.5		$	1,398.3
Excess funds provided (used)	2,129.6			(1,413.8		)	769.1			(1,221.0		)	(2,322.0		)	(3,469.5		)



Income Statement:
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	13,781		$	7,488		$	21,029		$	13,410		$	15,304		$	(12,763	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	165			196			603			1,808			2,322			—
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	13,616			7,292			20,426			11,602			12,982			(12,763		)
Non-interest income	140			162			1,961			—			532			1,486
Non-interest expense	(7,258		)	(2,146		)	(9,082		)	(3,056		)	(4,566		)	(4,093		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	6,498			5,308			13,305			8,546			8,948			(15,370		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	2,436			1,994			4,989			3,205			3,356			(16,836		)
Net income	$	4,062		$	3,314		$	8,316		$	5,341		$	5,592		$	1,466



Six Months Ended June 30, 2017	(in thousands)
Net interest income (expense)	$	26,529		$	13,973		$	39,195		$	26,991		$	29,447		$	(25,033	)
Provision for (recovery of) credit losses	292			705			899			1,808			5,849			(499		)
Net interest income (expense) after provision for credit losses	26,237			13,268			38,296			25,183			23,598			(24,534		)
Non-interest income	281			232			3,834			—			1,253			3,178
Non-interest expense	(14,405		)	(4,469		)	(17,861		)	(6,044		)	(9,287		)	(6,058		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	12,113			9,031			24,269			19,139			15,564			(27,414		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	4,542			3,396			9,100			7,177			5,837			(34,569		)
Net income	$	7,571		$	5,635		$	15,169		$	11,962		$	9,727		$	7,155

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15. REVENUE FROM CONTRACTS WITH CUSTOMERS

Adoption of ASU 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, Amendments to ASC 606

The core principal of ASC 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers, is that an entity shall recognize revenue at an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for transferring goods or services to a customer. ASC 606 requires entities to exercise more judgment when considering the terms of a contract than under ASC 605, Revenue Recognition. ASC 606 applies to all contracts with customers to provide goods or services in the ordinary course of business, except for contracts that are specifically excluded from its scope. The majority of the Company’s revenue streams including interest income, credit and debit card fees, income from equity investments including warrants and SBIC equity income, income from bank owned life insurance, foreign currency income, lending related income, and gains and losses on sales of investment securities are outside the scope of ASC 606. Revenue streams including service charges and fees, interchange fees on credit and debit cards, and success fees are within the scope of ASC 606.

On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the amendments to ASC 606 using the modified retrospective method, and applied the guidance to all contracts in scope that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Comparative prior periods have not been adjusted and are presented under ASC 605. The Company did not identify any material changes to the timing or amount of revenue recognition as a result of adoption.

Disaggregation of Revenue

The following table represents a disaggregation of revenue from contracts with customers for the periods indicated along with the reportable segment for each revenue category:



			Regional Segments
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018	Consolidated Company		Arizona		Nevada		Southern California		Northern California
	(in thousands)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Service charges and fees	$	5,672	$	992	$	2,107	$	681	$	981
Debit and credit card interchange (1)	1,648		281		342		161		858
Success fees (2)	914		—		—		—		19
Other income	175		49		50		17		42
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	8,409	$	1,322	$	2,499	$	859	$	1,900
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (3)	5,035		934		180		107		521
Total non-interest income	$	13,444	$	2,256	$	2,679	$	966	$	2,421



			Regional Segments
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	Consolidated Company		Arizona		Nevada		Southern California		Northern California
	(in thousands)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Service charges and fees	$	11,417	$	1,909	$	4,177	$	1,418	$	2,039
Debit and credit card interchange (1)	3,155		538		613		300		1,695
Success fees (2)	1,695		—		—		—		21
Other income	411		110		119		44		115
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	16,678	$	2,557	$	4,909	$	1,762	$	3,870
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (3)	8,409		1,115		1,103		205		1,099
Total non-interest income	$	25,087	$	3,672	$	6,012	$	1,967	$	4,969

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	National Business Lines
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018	HOA Services		Public & Nonprofit Finance		Technology & Innovation		Hotel Franchise Finance		Other NBLs		Corporate & Other
	(in thousands)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Service charges and fees	$	171	$	—	$	739	$	—	$	—	$	1
Debit and credit card interchange (1)	6		—		—		—		—		—
Success fees (2)	—		—		895		—		—		—
Other income	2		—		—		—		—		15
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	179	$	—	$	1,634	$	—	$	—	$	16
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (3)	—		—		1,996		—		409		888
Total non-interest income	$	179	$	—	$	3,630	$	—	$	409	$	904



	National Business Lines
Six Months Ended June 30, 2018	HOA Services		Public & Nonprofit Finance		Technology & Innovation		Hotel Franchise Finance		Other NBLs		Corporate & Other
	(in thousands)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Service charges and fees	$	317	$	—	$	1,554	$	—	$	—	$	3
Debit and credit card interchange (1)	9		—		—		—		—		—
Success fees (2)	—		—		1,674		—		—		—
Other income	2		—		—		—		1		20
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	328	$	—	$	3,228	$	—	$	1	$	23
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (3)	—		—		3,453		13		632		789
Total non-interest income	$	328	$	—	$	6,681	$	13	$	633	$	812



			Regional Segments
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017	Consolidated Company		Arizona		Nevada			Southern California		Northern California
	(in thousands)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Service charges and fees	$	5,203	$	711	$	1,930		$	624	$	1,031
Debit and credit card interchange (1)	1,249		215		243			132		659
Success fees (2)	136		—		—			—		—
Other income	126		27		(3		)	38		31
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	6,714	$	953	$	2,170		$	794	$	1,721
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (3)	3,887		236		143			94		209
Total non-interest income	$	10,601	$	1,189	$	2,313		$	888	$	1,930



			Regional Segments
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017	Consolidated Company		Arizona		Nevada		Southern California		Northern California
	(in thousands)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Service charges and fees	$	9,941	$	1,330	$	3,592	$	1,121	$	2,058
Debit and credit card interchange (1)	2,464		429		477		261		1,297
Success fees (2)	461		—		—		—		145
Other income	245		37		—		11		73
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	13,111	$	1,796	$	4,069	$	1,393	$	3,573
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (3)	8,089		506		377		238		470
Total non-interest income	$	21,200	$	2,302	$	4,446	$	1,631	$	4,043

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	National Business Lines
Three Months Ended June 30, 2017	HOA Services		Public & Nonprofit Finance		Technology & Innovation		Hotel Franchise Finance		Other NBLs		Corporate & Other
	(in thousands)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Service charges and fees	$	139	$	—	$	762	$	—	$	—	$	6
Debit and credit card interchange (1)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Success fees (2)	—		—		136		—		—		—
Other income	—		—		3		—		28		2
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	139	$	—	$	901	$	—	$	28	$	8
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (3)	1		162		1,060		—		504		1,478
Total non-interest income	$	140	$	162	$	1,961	$	—	$	532	$	1,486



	National Business Lines
Six Months Ended June 30, 2017	HOA Services		Public & Nonprofit Finance		Technology & Innovation		Hotel Franchise Finance		Other NBLs		Corporate & Other
	(in thousands)
Revenue from contracts with customers:
Service charges and fees	$	280	$	—	$	1,557	$	—	$	—	$	3
Debit and credit card interchange (1)	—		—		—		—		—		—
Success fees (2)	—		—		316		—		—		—
Other income	1		—		3		—		113		7
Total revenue from contracts with customers	$	281	$	—	$	1,876	$	—	$	113	$	10
Revenues outside the scope of ASC 606 (3)	—		232		1,958		—		1,140		3,168
Total non-interest income	$	281	$	232	$	3,834	$	—	$	1,253	$	3,178


(1)	Included as part of Card income in the Consolidated Income Statement.


(2)	Included as part of Income from equity investments in the Consolidated Income Statement.


(3)	Amounts are accounted for under separate guidance. Refer to discussion of revenue sources not subject to ASC 606 under the Non-interest income section in "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies."

Performance Obligations

Many of the services the Company performs for its customers are ongoing, and either party may cancel at any time. The fees for these contracts are dependent upon various underlying factors, such as customer deposit balances, and as such may be considered variable. The Company’s performance obligations for these services are satisfied as the services are rendered and payment is collected on a monthly, quarterly, or semi-annual basis. Other contracts with customers are for services to be provided at a point in time, and fees are recognized at the time such services are rendered. The Company had no material unsatisfied performance obligations as of June 30, 2018. The revenue streams within the scope of ASC 606 are described in further detail below.

Service Charges and Fees

The Company performs deposit account services for its customers, which include analysis and treasury management services, use of safe deposit boxes, check upcharges, and other ancillary services. The depository arrangements the Company holds with its customers are considered day-to-day contracts with ongoing renewals and optional purchases, and as such, the contract duration does not extend beyond the services performed. Due to the short-term nature of such contracts, the Company generally recognizes revenue for deposit related fees as services are rendered. From time to time, the Company may waive certain fees for its customers. The Company considers historical experience when recognizing revenue from contracts with customers, and may reduce the transaction price to account for fee waivers or refunds.

Debit and Credit Card Interchange

When a credit or debit card issued by the Company is used to purchase goods or services from a merchant, the Company earns an interchange fee. The Company considers the merchant its customer in these transactions as the Company provides the merchant with the service of enabling the cardholder to purchase the merchant’s goods or services with increased convenience, and it enables the merchants to transact with a class of customer that may not have access to sufficient funds at the time of purchase. The Company acts as an agent to the payment network by providing nightly settlement services between the network and the merchant. This transmission of data and funds represents the Company’s performance obligation and is performed nightly. As the payment network

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is in direct control of setting the rates and the Company is acting as an agent, the interchange fee is recorded net of expenses as the services are provided.

Success Fees

Success fees are one-time fees detailed as part of certain loan agreements and are earned immediately upon occurrence of a triggering event. Examples of triggering events include: a borrower obtaining its next round of funding, an acquisition, or completion of a public offering. Success fees are variable consideration as the transaction price can vary and is contingent on the occurrence or non-occurrence of a future event. As the consideration is highly susceptible to factors outside of the Company’s influence and uncertainty about the amount of consideration is not expected to be resolved for an extended period of time, the variable consideration is constrained and is not recognized until the achievement of the triggering event.

Principal versus Agent Considerations

When more than one party is involved in providing goods or services to a customer, ASC 606 requires the Company to determine whether it is the principal or an agent in these transactions by evaluating the nature of its promise to the customer. An entity is a principal and therefore records revenue on a gross basis, if it controls a promised good or service before transferring that good or service to the customer. An entity is an agent and records as revenue the net amount it retains for its agency services if its role is to arrange for another entity to provide the goods or services. The Company most commonly acts as a principal and records revenue on a gross basis, except in certain circumstances. As an example, revenues earned from interchange fees, in which the Company acts as an agent, are recorded as non-interest income, net of the related expenses paid to the principal.

Practical Expedients

The Company has elected to apply the practical expedient allowed in ASC 340-40-25-4, which permits the Company to immediately expense contract acquisition costs, such as commissions, when the asset that would have resulted from capitalizing these costs would be amortized in one year or less. The practical expedient described in ASC 606-10-32-18, which is associated with the determination of whether a significant financing component exists, is not currently applicable to the Company.

Contract Balances

The timing of revenue recognition may differ from the timing of cash settlements or invoicing to customers. The Company records contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, when payments from customers are received or due in advance of providing services to customers. The Company generally receives payments for its services during the period or at the time services are provided, therefore, does not have material contract liability balances at period-end. The Company records contract assets or receivables when revenue is recognized prior to receipt of cash from the customer. Accounts receivable total $1.4 million and $1.3 million as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively, and are presented in Other assets in the Consolidated Balance Sheets.

16. RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Principal stockholders, directors, and executive officers of the Company, their immediate family members, and companies they control or own more than a 10% interest in, are considered to be related parties. In the ordinary course of business, the Company engages in various related party transactions, including extending credit and bank service transactions. All related party transactions are subject to review and approval pursuant to the Company's Related Party Transactions policy.

On April 1, 2017, the Company hired an executive officer who was previously the Managing Partner of an external consulting firm that the Company actively uses for risk management services. Prior to joining the Company, the executive officer sold his interest in this external consulting firm and was paid with a combination of cash and a $1.0 million note that will be paid in equal installments ending in 2019. Expenses to this external consulting firm as well as sponsorships, donations and other services to related parties totaled less than $1.0 million and less than $2.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

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Item 2.	Management's Discussions and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

This discussion is designed to provide insight into management's assessment of significant trends related to the Company's consolidated financial condition, results of operations, liquidity, capital resources, and interest rate sensitivity. This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q should be read in conjunction with the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 and the interim Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements and Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements hereto and financial information appearing elsewhere in this report. Unless the context requires otherwise, the terms "Company," "we," and "our" refer to Western Alliance Bancorporation and its wholly-owned subsidiaries on a consolidated basis.

Forward-Looking Information

Certain statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended June 30, 2018 are “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. The Company intends such forward-looking statements to be covered by the safe harbor provisions for forward-looking statements. All statements other than statements of historical fact are “forward-looking statements” for purposes of federal and state securities laws, including statements that are related to or are dependent on estimates or assumptions relating to expectations, beliefs, projections, future plans and strategies, anticipated events or trends, and similar expressions concerning matters that are not historical facts.

The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-Q reflect the Company's current views about future events and financial performance and involve certain risks, uncertainties, assumptions, and changes in circumstances that may cause the Company's actual results to differ significantly from historical results and those expressed in any forward-looking statement, including those risks discussed under the heading “Risk Factors” in this Form 10-Q. Risks and uncertainties include those set forth in the Company's filings with the SEC and the following factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from those presented: 1) financial market and economic conditions adversely effecting financial performance; 2) dependency on real estate and events that negatively impact the real estate market; 3) high concentration of commercial real estate and commercial and industrial loans; 4) actual credit losses may exceed expected losses in the loan portfolio; 5) recent changes to FASB accounting standards and the impact on the recognition of credit losses; 6) results of any tax audit findings, challenges to the Company's tax positions, or adverse changes or interpretations of tax laws; 7) the geographic concentrations of the Company's assets increase the risks related to local economic conditions; 8) exposure of financial instruments to certain market risks may increase the volatility of earnings and AOCI; 9) dependence on low-cost deposits; 10) ability to borrow from the FHLB or the FRB; 11) perpetration of fraud; 12) information security breaches; 13) reliance on third parties to provide key components of the Company's infrastructure; 14) a change in the Company's creditworthiness; 15) the Company's ability to implement and improve its controls and processes to keep pace with its growth; 16) expansion strategies may not be successful; 17) risks associated with new lines of businesses or new products and services within existing lines of business; 18) the Company's ability to compete in a highly competitive market; 19) the Company's ability to recruit and retain qualified employees and implement adequate succession planning to mitigate the loss of key members of its senior management team; 20) inadequate or ineffective risk management practices and internal controls and procedures; 21) the Company's ability to adapt to technological change; 22) exposure to natural and manmade disasters in markets that the Company operates; 23) risk of operating in a highly regulated industry and the Company's ability to remain in compliance; 24) failure to comply with state and federal banking agency laws and regulations; 25) changes in interest rates and increased rate competition; 26) exposure to environmental liabilities related to the properties to which the Company acquires title; and 27) risks related to ownership and price of the Company's common stock.

For more information regarding risks that may cause the Company's actual results to differ materially from any forward-looking statements, see “Risk Factors” in Item 1A of the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Financial Overview and Highlights

WAB operates the following full-service banking divisions: ABA, BON and FIB, Bridge, and TPB. The Company also serves business customers through a national platform of specialized financial services.

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Financial Result Highlights for the Second Quarter of 2018


•	Net income of $104.7 million, compared to $80.0 million for the second quarter 2017


•	Diluted earnings per share of $0.99, compared to $0.76 per share for the second quarter 2017


•	Total loans of $16.14 billion, up $577.8 million from March 31, 2018, and $1.04 billion from December 31, 2017


•	Total deposits of $18.09 billion, up $733.0 million from March 31, 2018, and $1.11 billion from December 31, 2017


•	Net interest margin of 4.70%, compared to 4.61% in the second quarter 2017


•	Net operating revenue of $238.2 million constituting year-over-year growth of 17.1%, or $34.8 million, and an increase in operating non-interest expenses of 16.5%, or $14.5 million, for the second quarter 2017¹


•	Operating PPNR of $135.5 million, up 17.6% from $115.2 million in the second quarter 2017¹


•	Efficiency ratio of 42.1% in the second quarter 2018, compared to 41.4% in the second quarter 2017


•	Operating efficiency ratio of 42.1% in the second quarter 2018, compared to 41.2% in the second quarter 2017¹


•	Nonperforming assets decreased to 0.29% of total assets, from 0.32% at June 30, 2017


•	Annualized net loan charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding of 0.07%, compared to (0.03)% for the second quarter 2017


•	Tangible common equity ratio of 9.9%, compared to 9.5% at June 30, 2017¹


•	Stockholders' equity of $2.39 billion, an increase of $97.9 million from March 31, 2018, and $162.0 million from December 31, 2017


•	Book value per common share of $22.59, an increase of 15.7% from $19.53 at June 30, 2017


•	Tangible book value per share, net of tax, of $19.78, an increase of 18.4% from $16.71 at June 30, 2017¹

The impact to the Company from these items, and others of both a positive and negative nature, are discussed in more detail below as they pertain to the Company’s overall comparative performance for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018.

¹See Non-GAAP Financial Measures section beginning on page 67.

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As a bank holding company, management focuses on key ratios in evaluating the Company's financial condition and results of operations.

Results of Operations and Financial Condition

A summary of the Company's results of operations, financial condition, and selected metrics are included in the following tables:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Net income	$	104,679		$	79,960		$	205,579		$	153,302
Earnings per share - basic	1.00			0.77			1.97			1.47
Earnings per share - diluted	0.99			0.76			1.95			1.46
Return on average assets	2.02		%	1.71		%	2.00		%	1.70		%
Return on average tangible common equity (1)	20.41			18.42			20.43			18.14
Net interest margin	4.70			4.61			4.65			4.62


(1)	See Non-GAAP Financial Measures section beginning on page 66.



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Total assets	$	21,367,452	$	20,329,085
Total loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	16,138,260		15,093,935
Total deposits	18,087,528		16,972,532

Asset Quality

For all banks and bank holding companies, asset quality plays a significant role in the overall financial condition of the institution and results of operations. The Company measures asset quality in terms of non-accrual loans as a percentage of gross loans and net charge-offs as a percentage of average loans. Net charge-offs are calculated as the difference between charged-off loans and recovery payments received on previously charged-off loans. The following table summarizes the Company's key asset quality metrics:



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Non-accrual loans	$	34,017		$	43,925
Non-performing assets	103,965			114,939
Non-accrual loans to gross loans	0.21		%	0.29		%
Net charge-offs to average loans outstanding (1)	0.07			0.01


(1)	Annualized for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Actual year-to-date for the year ended December 31, 2017.

Asset and Deposit Growth

The Company’s assets and liabilities are comprised primarily of loans and deposits. Therefore, the ability to originate new loans and attract new deposits is fundamental to the Company’s growth. Total assets increased to $21.37 billion at June 30, 2018 from $20.33 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in total assets of $1.04 billion, or 5.1%, relates primarily to loan growth of $1.04 billion. Total loans increased by $1.04 billion, or 6.9%, to $16.14 billion as of June 30, 2018, compared to $15.09 billion as of December 31, 2017. The increase in loans from December 31, 2017 was driven by increases in commercial and industrial loans of $437.0 million and construction and land development loans of $346.1 million. Total deposits increased $1.11 billion, or 6.6%, to $18.09 billion as of June 30, 2018 from $16.97 billion as of December 31, 2017.

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RESULTS OF OPERATIONS

The following table sets forth a summary financial overview for the comparable periods:



	Three Months Ended June 30,				Increase			Six Months Ended June 30,				Increase
	2018		2017		(Decrease)			2018		2017		(Decrease)
	(in thousands, except per share amounts)
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
Interest income	$	251,602	$	206,953	$	44,649		$	486,299	$	399,218	$	87,081
Interest expense	27,494		14,210		13,284			47,971		27,166		20,805
Net interest income	224,108		192,743		31,365			438,328		372,052		66,276
Provision for credit losses	5,000		3,000		2,000			11,000		7,250		3,750
Net interest income after provision for credit losses	219,108		189,743		29,365			427,328		364,802		62,526
Non-interest income	13,444		10,601		2,843			25,087		21,200		3,887
Non-interest expense	102,548		88,420		14,128			200,697		176,247		24,450
Income before provision for income taxes	130,004		111,924		18,080			251,718		209,755		41,963
Income tax expense	25,325		31,964		(6,639		)	46,139		56,453		(10,314		)
Net income	$	104,679	$	79,960	$	24,719		$	205,579	$	153,302	$	52,277
Earnings per share - basic	$	1.00	$	0.77	$	0.23		$	1.97	$	1.47	$	0.50
Earnings per share - diluted	$	0.99	$	0.76	$	0.23		$	1.95	$	1.46	$	0.49

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following discussion and analysis contains financial information determined by methods other than those prescribed by GAAP. The Company's management uses these non-GAAP financial measures in their analysis of the Company's performance. These measurements typically adjust GAAP performance measures to exclude the effects of certain significant activities or transactions that, in management's opinion, do not reflect recurring period-to-period comparisons of the Company's performance. Management believes presentation of these non-GAAP financial measures provides useful supplemental information that is essential to a complete understanding of the operating results of the Company's core businesses. Since the presentation of these non-GAAP performance measures and their impact differ between companies, these non-GAAP disclosures should not be viewed as a substitute for operating results determined in accordance with GAAP, nor are they necessarily comparable to non-GAAP performance measures that may be presented by other companies.

Operating Pre-Provision Net Revenue

Operating PPNR is defined by the Federal Reserve in SR 14-3, which requires companies subject to the rule to project PPNR over the planning horizon for each of the economic scenarios defined annually by the regulators. Banking regulations define PPNR as net interest income plus non-interest income less non-interest expense. Management has further adjusted this metric to exclude any non-recurring or non-operational elements of non-interest income or non-interest expense, which are outlined in the table below. Management feels that this is an important metric as it illustrates the underlying performance of the Company, it enables investors and others to assess the Company's ability to generate capital to cover credit losses through the credit cycle, and provides consistent reporting with a key metric used by bank regulatory agencies.

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The following table shows the components of operating PPNR for the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in thousands)
Total non-interest income	$	13,444		$	10,601		$	25,087		$	21,200
Less:
Gain (loss) on sales of investment securities, net (1)	—			(47		)	—			588
Unrealized (losses) gains on assets measured at fair value, net (1)	(685		)	—			(1,759		)	(1		)
Total operating non-interest income	14,129			10,648			26,846			20,613
Plus: net interest income	224,108			192,743			438,328			372,052
Net operating revenue	$	238,237		$	203,391		$	465,174		$	392,665
Total non-interest expense	$	102,548		$	88,420		$	200,697		$	176,247
Less:
Net (gain) loss on sales / valuations of repossessed and other assets (1)	(179		)	231			(1,407		)	(312		)
Total operating non-interest expense	$	102,727		$	88,189		$	202,104		$	176,559
Operating pre-provision net revenue (2)	$	135,510		$	115,202		$	263,070		$	216,106
Plus:
Non-operating revenue adjustments	(685		)	(47		)	(1,759		)	587
Less:
Provision for credit losses	5,000			3,000			11,000			7,250
Non-operating expense adjustments	(179		)	231			(1,407		)	(312		)
Income before provision for income taxes	130,004			111,924			251,718			209,755
Income tax expense	25,325			31,964			46,139			56,453
Net income	$	104,679		$	79,960		$	205,579		$	153,302


(1)	The operating PPNR non-GAAP performance metric is adjusted to exclude the effects of this non-operational item.


(2)	There were no adjustments made for non-recurring items during the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

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Tangible Common Equity

The following table presents financial measures related to tangible common equity. Tangible common equity represents total stockholders' equity, less identifiable intangible assets and goodwill. Management believes that tangible common equity financial measures are useful in evaluating the Company's capital strength, financial condition, and ability to manage potential losses. In addition, management believes that these measures improve comparability to other institutions that have not engaged in acquisitions that resulted in recorded goodwill and other intangible assets.



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(dollars and shares in thousands)
Total stockholders' equity	$	2,391,684		$	2,229,698
Less: goodwill and intangible assets	299,951			300,748
Total tangible stockholders' equity	2,091,733			1,928,950
Plus: deferred tax - attributed to intangible assets	2,555			2,698
Total tangible common equity, net of tax	$	2,094,288		$	1,931,648

Total assets	$	21,367,452		$	20,329,085
Less: goodwill and intangible assets, net	299,951			300,748
Tangible assets	21,067,501			20,028,337
Plus: deferred tax - attributed to intangible assets	2,555			2,698
Total tangible assets, net of tax	$	21,070,056		$	20,031,035

Tangible equity ratio	9.9		%	9.6		%
Tangible common equity ratio	9.9			9.6
Common shares outstanding	105,876			105,487
Book value per share	$	22.59		$	21.14
Tangible book value per share, net of tax	19.78			18.31

Operating Efficiency Ratio

The following table shows the components used in the calculation of the operating efficiency ratio, which management uses as a metric for assessing cost efficiency:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Total operating non-interest expense	$	102,727		$	88,189		$	202,104		$	176,559

Divided by:
Total net interest income	$	224,108		$	192,743		$	438,328		$	372,052
Plus:
Tax equivalent interest adjustment	5,939			10,453			11,666			20,129
Operating non-interest income	14,129			10,648			26,846			20,613
Net operating revenue - TEB	$	244,176		$	213,844		$	476,840		$	412,794

Operating efficiency ratio - TEB	42.1		%	41.2		%	42.4		%	42.8		%
Operating efficiency ratio - TEB adjusted (1)				42.3		%				43.9		%


(1)	The prior period operating efficiency ratios were adjusted to include the effects from the TCJA of the lower statutory corporate federal tax rate on the calculation of the tax equivalent adjustment in order to be comparable to the current period.

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Regulatory Capital

The following table presents certain financial measures related to regulatory capital under Basel III, which includes Common Equity Tier 1 and total capital. The FRB and other banking regulators use Common Equity Tier 1 and total capital as a basis for assessing a bank's capital adequacy; therefore, management believes it is useful to assess financial condition and capital adequacy using this same basis. Specifically, the total capital ratio takes into consideration the risk levels of assets and off-balance sheet financial instruments. In addition, management believes that the classified assets to Common Equity Tier 1 plus allowance measure is an important regulatory metric for assessing asset quality.



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Common Equity Tier 1:
Common Equity	$	2,391,684		$	2,229,698
Less:
Non-qualifying goodwill and intangibles	297,281			296,421
Disallowed deferred tax asset	845			638
AOCI related adjustments	(61,268		)	(9,496		)
Unrealized gain on changes in fair value liabilities	13,958			7,785
Common Equity Tier 1	$	2,140,868		$	1,934,350
Divided by: Risk-weighted assets	$	19,976,747		$	18,569,608
Common Equity Tier 1 ratio	10.7		%	10.4		%

Common Equity Tier 1	$	2,140,868		$	1,934,350
Plus:
Trust preferred securities	81,500			81,500
Less:
Disallowed deferred tax asset	—			159
Unrealized gain on changes in fair value liabilities	—			1,947
Tier 1 capital	$	2,222,368		$	2,013,744
Divided by: Tangible average assets	$	20,540,076		$	19,624,517
Tier 1 leverage ratio	10.8		%	10.3		%

Total Capital:
Tier 1 capital	$	2,222,368		$	2,013,744
Plus:
Subordinated debt	299,449			301,020
Qualifying allowance for credit losses	147,083			140,050
Other	7,567			6,174
Less: Tier 2 qualifying capital deductions	—			—
Tier 2 capital	$	454,099		$	447,244

Total capital	$	2,676,467		$	2,460,988

Total capital ratio	13.4		%	13.3		%

Classified assets to Tier 1 capital plus allowance for credit losses:
Classified assets	$	240,063		$	222,004
Divided by:
Tier 1 capital	2,222,368			2,013,744
Plus: Allowance for credit losses	147,083			140,050
Total Tier 1 capital plus allowance for credit losses	$	2,369,451		$	2,153,794

Classified assets to Tier 1 capital plus allowance	10.1		%	10.3		%

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Net Interest Margin

The net interest margin is reported on a TEB. A tax equivalent adjustment is added to reflect interest earned on certain securities and loans that are exempt from federal and state income tax. The following tables set forth the average balances, interest income, interest expense, and average yield (on a fully TEB) for the periods indicated:



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018							2017
	Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield / Cost		Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield / Cost
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest earning assets
Loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	6,902,495		$	94,243	5.64	%	$	6,057,140		$	75,873	5.40	%
CRE - non-owner-occupied	3,964,225			59,373		6.01		3,621,241			52,543		5.83
CRE - owner-occupied	2,242,558			28,698		5.23		2,019,499			25,931		5.43
Construction and land development	1,952,020			33,567		6.89		1,605,614			24,965		6.24
Residential real estate	433,425			5,414		5.00		322,205			3,950		4.90
Consumer	52,358			740		5.65		44,681			395		3.54
Total loans (1), (2), (3)	15,547,081			222,035		5.81		13,670,380			183,657		5.60
Securities:
Securities - taxable	2,802,920			19,274		2.75		2,446,546			14,847		2.43
Securities - tax-exempt	848,702			8,171		4.81		627,960			5,782		5.48
Total securities (1)	3,651,622			27,445		3.23		3,074,506			20,629		3.05
Other	382,568			2,122		2.22		903,269			2,667		1.18
Total interest earning assets	19,581,271			251,602		5.26		17,648,155			206,953		4.93
Non-interest earning assets
Cash and due from banks	144,991							140,302
Allowance for credit losses	(145,590		)					(129,979		)
Bank owned life insurance	168,336							165,793
Other assets	1,010,666							919,641
Total assets	$	20,759,674						$	18,743,912
Interest-bearing liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	1,824,748		$	2,360	0.52	%	$	1,492,700		$	986	0.26	%
Savings and money market accounts	6,126,342			12,324		0.80		6,155,832			5,831		0.38
Time certificates of deposit	1,714,805			5,165		1.20		1,575,969			2,828		0.72
Total interest-bearing deposits	9,665,895			19,849		0.82		9,224,501			9,645		0.42
Short-term borrowings	413,211			1,950		1.89		34,556			72		0.83
Qualifying debt	362,794			5,695		6.28		359,282			4,493		5.00
Total interest-bearing liabilities	10,441,900			27,494		1.05		9,618,339			14,210		0.59
Non-interest-bearing liabilities
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits	7,611,959							6,735,358
Other liabilities	354,015							351,713
Stockholders’ equity	2,351,800							2,038,502
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	20,759,674						$	18,743,912
Net interest income and margin (4)				$	224,108	4.70	%				$	192,743	4.61	%
TCJA adjusted net interest margin (5)													4.49	%


(1)	Yields on loans and securities have been adjusted to a TEB. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $5.9 million and $10.4 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


(2)	Included in the yield computation are net loan fees of $11.0 million and accretion on acquired loans of $5.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared to $10.0 million and $7.1 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.


(3)	Includes non-accrual loans.


(4)	Net interest margin is computed by dividing net interest income by total average earning assets.


(5)	Prior period net interest margin is adjusted to include the effects from the TCJA of the lower statutory corporate federal tax rate on the calculation of the taxable-equivalent adjustment, which reduced this adjustment to $5.2 million, in order to be comparable to the current period.

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	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018							2017
	Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield / Cost		Average Balance			Interest		Average Yield / Cost
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest earning assets
Loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	6,742,603		$	179,789	5.51	%	$	5,907,867		$	144,346	5.28	%
CRE - non-owner occupied	3,942,621			115,659		5.88		3,585,982			106,277		5.95
CRE - owner-occupied	2,242,175			57,249		5.22		2,008,797			50,658		5.28
Construction and land development	1,871,137			63,186		6.76		1,558,460			47,067		6.05
Residential real estate	429,369			10,694		4.98		297,175			6,974		4.69
Consumer	50,159			1,417		5.65		41,604			888		4.27
Total loans (1), (2), (3)	15,278,064			427,994		5.70		13,399,885			356,210		5.53
Securities:
Securities - taxable	2,838,932			38,423		2.71		2,276,811			27,285		2.40
Securities - tax-exempt	842,841			15,643		4.64		616,195			11,458		5.52
Total securities (1)	3,681,773			54,066		3.15		2,893,006			38,743		3.06
Other	403,998			4,239		2.10		693,813			4,265		1.23
Total interest earning assets	19,363,835			486,299		5.14		16,986,704			399,218		4.94
Non-interest earning assets
Cash and due from banks	143,680							141,501
Allowance for credit losses	(143,323		)					(127,865		)
Bank owned life insurance	168,204							165,316
Other assets	1,000,811							910,145
Total assets	$	20,533,207						$	18,075,801
Interest-bearing liabilities
Interest-bearing deposits:
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	1,740,204		$	3,741	0.43	%	$	1,463,923		$	1,791	0.24	%
Savings and money market accounts	6,176,199			21,238		0.69		6,112,654			11,143		0.36
Time certificates of deposit	1,647,745			9,043		1.10		1,530,670			5,123		0.67
Total interest-bearing deposits	9,564,148			34,022		0.71		9,107,247			18,057		0.40
Short-term borrowings	382,583			3,285		1.72		72,513			278		0.77
Qualifying debt	365,805			10,664		5.83		356,699			8,831		4.95
Total interest-bearing liabilities	10,312,536			47,971		0.93		9,536,459			27,166		0.57
Non-interest-bearing liabilities
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits	7,561,567							6,230,071
Other liabilities	346,315							316,350
Stockholders’ equity	2,312,789							1,992,921
Total liabilities and stockholders' equity	$	20,533,207						$	18,075,801
Net interest income and margin (4)				$	438,328	4.65	%				$	372,052	4.62	%
TCJA adjusted net interest margin (5)													4.50	%


(1)	Yields on loans and securities have been adjusted to a TEB. The taxable-equivalent adjustment was $11.7 million and $20.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


(2)	Included in the yield computation are net loan fees of $20.9 million and accretion on acquired loans of $10.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to $16.6 million and $13.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017, respectively.


(3)	Includes non-accrual loans.


(4)	Net interest margin is computed by dividing net interest income by total average earning assets.


(5)	Prior period net interest margin is adjusted to include the effects from the TCJA of the lower statutory corporate federal tax rate on the calculation of the taxable-equivalent adjustment, which reduced this adjustment to $9.9 million, in order to be comparable to the current period.

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	Three Months Ended June 30,									Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018 versus 2017									2018 versus 2017
	Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in (1)									Increase (Decrease) Due to Changes in (1)
	Volume			Rate			Total			Volume			Rate			Total
	(in thousands)
Interest income:
Loans:
Commercial and industrial	$	11,542		$	6,828		$	18,370		$	22,258		$	13,185		$	35,443
CRE - non-owner occupied	5,137			1,693			6,830			10,462			(1,080		)	9,382
CRE - owner-occupied	2,854			(87		)	2,767			5,959			632			6,591
Construction and land development	5,957			2,645			8,602			10,559			5,560			16,119
Residential real estate	1,389			75			1,464			3,292			428			3,720
Consumer	109			236			345			242			287			529
Total loans	26,988			11,390			38,378			52,772			19,012			71,784
Securities:
Securities - taxable	2,451			1,976			4,427			7,608			3,530			11,138
Securities - tax-exempt	2,125			264			2,389			4,207			(22		)	4,185
Total securities	4,576			2,240			6,816			11,815			3,508			15,323
Other	(2,888		)	2,343			(545		)	(3,041		)	3,015			(26		)
Total interest income	28,676			15,973			44,649			61,546			25,535			87,081

Interest expense:
Interest bearing transaction accounts	$	429		$	945		$	1,374		$	594		$	1,356		$	1,950
Savings and money market	(59		)	6,552			6,493			219			9,876			10,095
Time certificates of deposit	418			1,919			2,337			643			3,277			3,920
Short-term borrowings	1,787			91			1,878			2,662			345			3,007
Qualifying debt	55			1,147			1,202			265			1,568			1,833
Total interest expense	2,630			10,654			13,284			4,383			16,422			20,805

Net increase	$	26,046		$	5,319		$	31,365		$	57,163		$	9,113		$	66,276


(1)	Changes attributable to both volume and rate are designated as volume changes.

Comparison of interest income, interest expense and net interest margin

The Company's primary source of revenue is interest income. For the three months ended June 30, 2018, interest income was $251.6 million, an increase of $44.6 million, or 21.6%, compared to $207.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. This increase was primarily the result of a $1.88 billion increase in the average loan balance which, together with the effect of the rising rate environment, drove a $38.4 million increase in loan interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2018. Interest income from investment securities increased by $6.8 million for the comparable period primarily due to an increase in the average investment balance of $577.1 million from June 30, 2017 as well as an increase in interest rates and mix. Average yield on interest earning assets increased to 5.26% for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared to 4.93% for the same period in 2017, which was primarily the result of increased yields on loans and investment securities, attributable to the rising interest rate environment, partially offset by a decrease in the tax equivalent adjustment on tax-exempt loans and investment securities, which resulted from the TCJA.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, interest income was $486.3 million, an increase of $87.1 million, or 21.8%, compared to $399.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. This increase was primarily the result of a $1.88 billion increase in the average loan balance compared to the same period in the prior year which, together with the effect of the rising rate environment, drove a $71.8 million increase in loan interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2018. Interest income from investment securities increased by $15.3 million for the comparable period primarily due to an increase in the average investment balance of $788.8 million from June 30, 2017 as well as an increase in interest rates and mix. Average yield on interest earning assets increased to 5.14% for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to 4.94% for the same period in 2017, which was primarily the result of increased yields on loans and investment securities, attributable to the rising interest rate environment, partially offset by a decrease in the tax equivalent adjustment on tax-exempt loans and investment securities.

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For the three months ended June 30, 2018, interest expense was $27.5 million, an increase of $13.3 million, or 93.5%,compared to $14.2 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. Interest expense on deposits increased $10.2 million for the same period as average interest-bearing deposits increased $441.4 million and customer concessions on rates for certain deposit relationships were made, resulting in a 40 basis point increase in average cost of interest-bearing deposits. Interest expense on short-term borrowings increased by $1.9 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The increase is attributable to an increase average short-term borrowings of $378.7 million due to utilization of FHLB overnight advances.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, interest expense was $48.0 million, an increase of $20.8 million, or 76.6%, compared to $27.2 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. Interest expense on deposits increased $16.0 million for the same period as average interest-bearing deposits increased $456.9 million and customer concessions on rates for certain deposit relationships were made, resulting in a 31 basis point increase in average cost of interest-bearing deposits. Interest expense on short-term borrowings increased by $3.0 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017. The increase is attributable to an increase average short-term borrowings of $310.1 million due to utilization of FHLB overnight advances.

For the three months ended June 30, 2018, net interest income was $224.1 million, an increase of $31.4 million, or 16.3%, compared to $192.7 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. The increase in net interest income reflects a $1.93 billion increase in average interest-earning assets, offset by an increase of $823.6 million in average interest-bearing liabilities. The increase in net interest margin of 9 basis points to 4.70% is the result of increased yields on loans and investment securities, partially offset by higher deposit and funding costs and a decrease in the tax equivalent adjustment on tax-exempt loans and securities for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017. Adjusting net interest margin to include the effects of the TCJA results in TCJA adjusted net interest margin of 4.49% for the three months ended June 30, 2017.

For the six months ended June 30, 2018, net interest income was $438.3 million, an increase of $66.3 million, or 17.8%, compared to $372.1 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The increase in net interest income reflects a $2.38 billion increase in average interest-earning assets, offset by a $776.1 million increase in average interest-bearing liabilities. The increase in net interest margin of 3 basis points to 4.65% is the result of increased yields on loans and investment securities, partially offset by higher deposit and funding costs and a decrease in the tax equivalent adjustment on tax-exempt loans and securities for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017. Adjusting net interest margin to include the effects of the TCJA results in TCJA adjusted net interest margin of 4.50% for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Provision for Credit Losses

The provision for credit losses in each period is reflected as a reduction in earnings for that period. The provision is equal to the amount required to maintain the allowance for credit losses at a level that is adequate to absorb probable credit losses inherent in the loan portfolio. For the three months ended June 30, 2018, the provision for credit losses was $5.0 million compared to $3.0 million for the three months ended June 30, 2017. For the six months ended June 30, 2018, the provision for credit losses was $11.0 million, compared to $7.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017. The provision increase was primarily due to organic growth in total loans of $2.15 billion from June 30, 2017. The Company defines its organic loans as those loans that have not been acquired in a transaction accounted for as a business combination. The Company may establish an additional allowance for credit losses for PCI loans through provision for credit losses when impairment is determined as a result of lower than expected cash flows. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the allowance for credit losses on PCI loans was $0.5 million and $1.6 million, respectively.

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Non-interest Income

The following table presents a summary of non-interest income for the periods presented:



	Three Months Ended June 30,									Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			Increase (Decrease)			2018			2017			Increase (Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Service charges and fees	$	5,672		$	5,203		$	469		$	11,417		$	9,941		$	1,476
Income from equity investments	2,517			1,318			1,199			3,977			2,010			1,967
Card income	2,033			1,516			517			4,005			3,008			997
Foreign currency income	1,181			832			349			2,383			1,874			509
Income from bank owned life insurance	1,167			973			194			2,095			1,921			174
Lending related income and gains (losses) on sale of loans, net	1,047			227			820			2,025			649			1,376
Gain (loss) on sales of investment securities, net	—			(47		)	47			—			588			(588		)
Unrealized (losses) gains on assets measured at fair value, net	(685		)	—			(685		)	(1,759		)	(1		)	(1,758		)
Other income	512			579			(67		)	944			1,210			(266		)
Total non-interest income	$	13,444		$	10,601		$	2,843		$	25,087		$	21,200		$	3,887

Total non-interest income for the three months ended June 30, 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, increased by $2.8 million, or 26.8%. The increase in non-interest income is due primarily to increases in income from equity investments, lending related income, and card income. Income from equity investments increased $1.2 million due to an increase in warrant income. Lending related income increased $0.8 million as a result of non-recurring gains on loan sales. Card income increased $0.5 million largely as a result of an increase in credit card interchange income. These increases were partially offset by unrealized losses on assets measured at fair value of $0.7 million, which relate to unrealized losses on the Company's equity securities. Due to adoption of ASU 2016-01, effective January 1, 2018, changes in the fair value of equity securities are recognized in net income rather than accumulated other comprehensive income.

Total non-interest income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 compared same period in 2017, increased by $3.9 million, or 18.3%. The increase in non-interest income is due primarily to increases in income from equity investments, service charges and fees, and lending related income. The increases in income from equity investments and lending related income for the six months ended June 30, 2018 are due to the same factors discussed in the above paragraph for the three months ended June 30, 2018. The increase in service charges and fees is due to the continued growth in the Company's deposit base, which increased $2.06 billion from June 30, 2017. These increases were partially offset by unrealized losses on assets measured at fair value of $1.8 million, which relate to unrealized losses on the Company's equity securities.

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Non-interest Expense

The following table presents a summary of non-interest expense for the periods presented:



	Three Months Ended June 30,								Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017		Increase (Decrease)			2018			2017			Increase (Decrease)
	(in thousands)
Salaries and employee benefits	$	61,785		$	52,273	$	9,512		$	123,918		$	103,893		$	20,025
Legal, professional, and directors' fees	7,946			8,483		(537		)	13,949			17,286			(3,337		)
Occupancy	7,401			6,927		474			14,265			13,821			444
Data processing	5,586			4,375		1,211			10,793			9,639			1,154
Deposit costs	4,114			2,133		1,981			7,040			3,874			3,166
Insurance	3,885			3,589		296			7,754			6,817			937
Business development	1,414			1,447		(33		)	3,142			3,510			(368		)
Marketing	1,146			1,131		15			1,742			1,852			(110		)
Card expense	1,081			861		220			2,023			1,592			431
Loan and repossessed asset expenses	1,017			1,098		(81		)	1,600			2,376			(776		)
Intangible amortization	399			488		(89		)	797			1,177			(380		)
Net (gain) loss on sales / valuations of repossessed and other assets	(179		)	231		(410		)	(1,407		)	(312		)	(1,095		)
Other expense	6,953			5,384		1,569			15,081			10,722			4,359
Total non-interest expense	$	102,548		$	88,420	$	14,128		$	200,697		$	176,247		$	24,450

Total non-interest expense for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017, increased $14.1 million, or 16.0%. This increase primarily relates to salaries and employee benefits, deposit costs, other expense, and data processing. Salaries and employee benefits have increased as the Company supports its continued growth. Full-time equivalent employees increased 8.9% from 1,628 at June 30, 2017, compared to 1,773 at June 30, 2018. Deposits costs consist of fees to Promontory and others for reciprocal deposits as well as earnings credits on select non-interest bearing deposits. The increase in deposit costs for the three months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017, primarily relates to an increase in deposit earnings credits paid to account holders. The increase to other expense is primarily related to a $0.9 million increase in the reserve for unfunded commitments and letters of credit and an increase in state franchise taxes of $0.3 million. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in legal, professional, and directors' fees of $0.5 million for the three months ended June 30, 2018 due to a decrease in consulting costs, compared to the same period in 2017.

Total non-interest expense for the six months ended June 30, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017, increased $24.5 million, or 13.9%. This increase primarily relates to salaries and employee benefits, other expense, and deposit costs. The increases in these non-interest expense items for six months ended June 30, 2018 are due to the same factors discussed in the above paragraph for the three months ended June 30, 2018. These increases were partially offset by a decrease in legal, professional, and directors' fees of $3.3 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 due to a decrease in consulting costs, compared to the same period in 2017.

Income Taxes

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Business Segment Results

The Company's reportable segments are aggregated primarily based on geographic location, services offered, and markets served. The Company's regional segments, which include Arizona, Nevada, Southern California, and Northern California, provide full service banking and related services to their respective markets. The Company's NBL segments, which include HOA Services, Public & Nonprofit Finance, Technology & Innovation, HFF, and Other NBLs, provide specialized banking services to niche markets. These NBLs are managed centrally and are broader in geographic scope than the Company's other segments, though still predominately located within the Company's core market areas. The Corporate & Other segment consists of corporate-related items, income and expense items not allocated to the Company's other reportable segments, and inter-segment eliminations.

The following tables present selected operating segment information for the periods presented:



			Regional Segments
	Consolidated Company		Arizona		Nevada		Southern California		Northern California
At June 30, 2018	(in millions)
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	16,138.3	$	3,557.6	$	1,850.7	$	2,027.8	$	1,285.4
Deposits	18,087.5		5,269.3		3,762.3		2,303.2		1,784.3

At December 31, 2017
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	15,093.9	$	3,323.7	$	1,844.8	$	1,934.7	$	1,275.5
Deposits	16,972.5		4,841.3		3,951.4		2,461.1		1,681.7



	(in thousands)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Pre-tax income	$	130,004	$	37,296	$	22,267	$	14,415	$	11,980

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Pre-tax income	$	251,718	$	70,329	$	49,930	$	28,842	$	22,732

Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
Pre-tax income	$	111,924	$	32,178	$	26,743	$	16,979	$	8,789

Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
Pre-tax income	$	209,755	$	58,562	$	48,513	$	30,146	$	19,832

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	National Business Lines
	HOA Services		Public & Nonprofit Finance		Technology & Innovation		Hotel Franchise Finance		Other NBLs		Corporate & Other
At June 30, 2018	(in millions)
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	186.5	$	1,566.1	$	1,205.4	$	1,431.9	$	3,022.1	$	4.8
Deposits	2,514.9		—		1,993.5		—		—		460.0

At December 31, 2017
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	$	162.1	$	1,580.4	$	1,097.9	$	1,327.7	$	2,543.0	$	4.1
Deposits	2,230.4		—		1,737.6		—		—		69.0



	(in thousands)
Three Months Ended June 30, 2018
Pre-tax income	$	8,057	$	1,741	$	16,037	$	11,126	$	11,757	$	(4,672	)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2018
Pre-tax income	$	15,715	$	3,518	$	30,424	$	21,885	$	23,846	$	(15,503	)

Three Months Ended June 30, 2017
Pre-tax income	$	6,498	$	5,308	$	13,305	$	8,546	$	8,948	$	(15,370	)

Six Months Ended June 30, 2017
Pre-tax income	$	12,113	$	9,031	$	24,269	$	19,139	$	15,564	$	(27,414	)

BALANCE SHEET ANALYSIS

Total assets increased $1.04 billion, or 5.1%, to $21.37 billion at June 30, 2018, compared to $20.33 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in total assets relates primarily to organic loan growth. Loans increased $1.04 billion, or 6.9%, to $16.14 billion at June 30, 2018, compared to $15.09 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in loans from December 31, 2017 was driven by commercial and industrial loans of $437.0 million and construction and land development loans of $346.1 million.

Total liabilities increased $876.4 million, or 4.8%, to $18.98 billion at June 30, 2018, compared to $18.10 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in liabilities is due primarily to an increase in total deposits of $1.11 billion, or 6.6%, to $18.09 billion, all of which is attributable to organic deposit growth.

Total stockholders’ equity increased by $162.0 million, or 7.3%, to $2.39 billion at June 30, 2018, compared to $2.23 billion at December 31, 2017. The increase in stockholders' equity relates primarily to net income for the six months ended June 30, 2018, partially offset by a decrease in the fair value of the Company's AFS portfolio, which is recognized as part of AOCI.

Investment securities

Debt securities are classified at the time of acquisition as either HTM, AFS, or trading based upon various factors, including asset/liability management strategies, liquidity and profitability objectives, and regulatory requirements. HTM securities are carried at amortized cost, adjusted for amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts. AFS securities are securities that may be sold prior to maturity based upon asset/liability management decisions. Investment securities classified as AFS are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains or losses on AFS debt securities are recorded as part of AOCI in stockholders’ equity. Amortization of premiums or accretion of discounts on MBS is periodically adjusted for estimated prepayments. Trading securities are reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses included in current period earnings.

For periods prior to January 1, 2018, equity securities were classified as AFS and reported at fair value with unrealized gains and losses included as a separate component of AOCI, net of tax. Upon adoption of ASU 2016-01, equity securities are no longer reported as part of AFS securities and changes in fair value are recognized as part of non-interest income.

Table of Contents

The Company's investment securities portfolio is utilized as collateral for borrowings, required collateral for public deposits and customer repurchase agreements, and to manage liquidity, capital, and interest rate risk. The following table summarizes the carrying value of the investment securities portfolio for each of the periods below:



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Debt securities
CDO	$	21,845	$	21,857
Commercial MBS issued by GSEs	102,695		109,077
Corporate debt securities	99,980		103,483
Private label residential MBS	831,387		868,524
Residential MBS issued by GSEs	1,559,773		1,689,295
Tax-exempt	772,524		765,960
Trust preferred securities	28,617		28,617
U.S. government sponsored agency securities	59,907		61,462
U.S. treasury securities	2,473		2,482
Total debt securities	3,479,201		3,650,757
Equity securities
CRA investments	50,793		50,616
Preferred stock	92,697		53,196
Total equity securities	143,490		103,812
Total investment securities	$	3,622,691	$	3,754,569

Loans

The table below summarizes the distribution of the Company’s held for investment loan portfolio:



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	7,278,408		$	6,841,381
Commercial real estate - non-owner occupied	4,010,576			3,904,011
Commercial real estate - owner occupied	2,270,531			2,241,613
Construction and land development	1,978,287			1,632,204
Residential real estate	545,256			425,940
Consumer	55,202			48,786
Loans, net of deferred loan fees and costs	16,138,260			15,093,935
Allowance for credit losses	(147,083		)	(140,050		)
Total loans HFI	$	15,991,177		$	14,953,885

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Concentrations of Lending Activities

The Company monitors concentrations within four broad categories: geography, industry, product, and collateral. The Company’s loan portfolio includes significant credit exposure to the CRE market. As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, CRE related loans accounted for approximately 51% and 52% of total loans, respectively. Substantially all of these loans are secured by first liens with an initial loan to value ratio of generally not more than 75%. Approximately 36% of these CRE loans, excluding construction and land loans, were owner-occupied at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Impaired loans

A loan is identified as impaired when it is no longer probable that interest and principal will be collected according to the contractual terms of the original loan agreement. Generally, impaired loans are classified as non-accrual. However, in certain instances, impaired loans may continue on an accrual basis if full repayment of all principal and interest is expected and the loan is both well-secured and in the process of collection. Impaired loans are measured for reserve requirements in accordance with ASC 310 based on the present value of expected future cash flows discounted at the loan's effective interest rate or, as a practical expedient, at the loan's observable market price or the fair value of the collateral less applicable disposition costs if the loan is collateral dependent. The amount of an impairment reserve, if any, and any subsequent changes are charged against the allowance for credit losses.

In addition to the Company's own internal loan review process, regulators may from time to time direct the Company to modify loan grades, loan impairment calculations, or loan impairment methodology.

Total non-performing loans decreased by $10.0 million, or 11.5%, at June 30, 2018 to $76.4 million from $86.4 million at December 31, 2017.



	June 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Total non-accrual loans (1)	$	34,017		$	43,925
Loans past due 90 days or more on accrual status (2)	—			43
Accruing troubled debt restructured loans	42,407			42,431
Total nonperforming loans, excluding loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality	76,424			86,399
Other impaired loans	31,183			12,155
Total impaired loans	$	107,607		$	98,554
Other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	$	27,541		$	28,540
Non-accrual loans to gross loans held for investment	0.21		%	0.29		%
Loans past due 90 days or more on accrual status to gross loans held for investment	—			0.00


(1)	Includes non-accrual TDR loans of $7.6 million and $10.1 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.


(2)	Includes less than $0.1 million from loans acquired with deteriorated credit quality at December 31, 2017.

Interest income received on non-accrual loans was $0.4 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and $0.9 million and $0.7 million for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Interest income that would have been recorded under the original terms of non-accrual loans was $0.6 million for each of the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 and $1.2 million for each of the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017.

The composition of non-accrual loans by loan type and by segment were as follows:



	June 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
	Non-accrual Balance		Percent of Non-Accrual Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loans		Non-accrual Balance		Percent of Non-Accrual Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loans
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	19,351	56.89	%	0.12	%	$	22,026	50.14	%	0.15	%
Commercial real estate	1,493		4.39		0.01		7,721		17.58		0.05
Construction and land development	—		—		—		5,979		13.61		0.04
Residential real estate	12,840		37.75		0.08		8,117		18.48		0.05
Consumer	333		0.98		0.00		82		0.19		0.00
Total non-accrual loans	$	34,017	100.00	%	0.21	%	$	43,925	100.00	%	0.29	%

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	June 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Nonaccrual Loans		Percent of Segment's Total HFI Loans		Nonaccrual Loans		Percent of Segment's Total HFI Loans
	(dollars in thousands)
Arizona	$	5,808	0.16	%	$	4,520	0.14	%
Nevada	7,092		0.38		8,189		0.44
Southern California	8,530		0.42		8,140		0.42
Northern California	4,752		0.37		14,489		1.14
Technology and Innovation	7,502		0.62		7,389		0.67
Other NBLS	333		0.01		51		0.00
Corporate & Other	—		—		1,147		28.09
Total non-accrual loans	$	34,017	0.21	%	$	43,925	0.29	%

Troubled Debt Restructured Loans

A TDR loan is a loan that is granted a concession, for reasons related to a borrower’s financial difficulties, that the lender would not otherwise consider. The loan terms that have been modified or restructured due to a borrower’s financial situation include, but are not limited to, a reduction in the stated interest rate, an extension of the maturity or renewal of the loan at an interest rate below current market, a reduction in the face amount of the debt, a reduction in accrued interest, extensions, deferrals, renewals, and rewrites. A TDR loan is also considered impaired. Generally, a loan that is modified at an effective market rate of interest is no longer disclosed as a TDR in years subsequent to the restructuring if it is performing based on the terms specified by the restructuring agreement. However, such loans continue to be considered impaired.

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the aggregate amount of loans classified as impaired was $107.6 million and $98.6 million, respectively. The total specific allowance for credit losses related to these loans was $2.3 million and $5.6 million at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company had $42.4 million in loans classified as accruing restructured loans at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

Impaired loans by segment at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were as follows:



	June 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in thousands)
Arizona	$	30,808	$	10,468
Nevada	41,713		46,730
Southern California	9,852		8,465
Northern California	5,427		14,489
Technology & Innovation	19,474		16,449
Other NBLs	333		51
Corporate & Other	—		1,902
Total impaired loans	$	107,607	$	98,554

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The following tables present a breakdown of total impaired loans and the related specific reserves for the periods indicated:



	June 30, 2018
	Impaired Balance		Percent of Impaired Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loans		Reserve Balance		Percent of Reserve Balance		Percent of Total Allowance
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	49,737	46.22	%	0.31	%	$	2,178	92.72	%	1.48	%
Commercial real estate	26,788		24.89		0.17		—		—		—
Construction and land development	9,600		8.93		0.06		—		—		—
Residential real estate	21,114		19.62		0.13		171		7.28		0.12
Consumer	368		0.34		0.00		—		—		—
Total impaired loans	$	107,607	100.00	%	0.67	%	$	2,349	100.00	%	1.60	%



	December 31, 2017
	Impaired Balance		Percent of Impaired Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loans		Reserve Balance		Percent of Reserve Balance		Percent of Total Allowance
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	$	34,156	34.66	%	0.23	%	$	5,606	100.00	%	4.00	%
Commercial real estate	31,681		32.15		0.21		—		—		—
Construction and land development	15,426		15.65		0.10		—		—		—
Residential real estate	17,170		17.42		0.11		—		—		—
Consumer	121		0.12		0.00		—		—		—
Total impaired loans	$	98,554	100.00	%	0.65	%	$	5,606	100.00	%	4.00	%

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Allowance for Credit Losses

The following table summarizes the activity in the Company's allowance for credit losses for the period indicated:



	Three Months Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(dollars in thousands)
Allowance for credit losses:
Balance at beginning of period	$	144,659		$	127,649		$	140,050		$	124,704
Provision charged to operating expense:
Commercial and industrial	4,227			2,197			7,370			4,559
Commercial real estate	(902		)	2,002			346			3,801
Construction and land development	(442		)	(753		)	1,252			(1,108		)
Residential real estate	2,074			(541		)	1,973			(117		)
Consumer	43			95			59			115
Total Provision	5,000			3,000			11,000			7,250
Recoveries of loans previously charged-off:
Commercial and industrial	(916		)	(1,759		)	(1,376		)	(2,087		)
Commercial real estate	(246		)	(406		)	(371		)	(938		)
Construction and land development	(8		)	(508		)	(1,397		)	(785		)
Residential real estate	(141		)	(1,299		)	(390		)	(1,551		)
Consumer	(14		)	—			(25		)	(49		)
Total recoveries	(1,325		)	(3,972		)	(3,559		)	(5,410		)
Loans charged-off:
Commercial and industrial	2,777			651			6,295			3,245
Commercial real estate	233			1,819			233			1,819
Construction and land development	1			—			1			—
Residential real estate	885			332			992			447
Consumer	5			8			5			42
Total charged-off	3,901			2,810			7,526			5,553
Net charge-offs	2,576			(1,162		)	3,967			143
Balance at end of period	$	147,083		$	131,811		$	147,083		$	131,811
Net charge-offs (recoveries) to average loans outstanding	0.07		%	(0.03		)%	0.05		%	0.00		%
Allowance for credit losses to gross loans	0.91			0.94
Allowance for credit losses to gross organic loans	0.99			1.08

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The following table summarizes the allocation of the allowance for credit losses by loan type. However, the allocation of a portion of the allowance to one category of loans does not preclude its availability to absorb losses in other categories.



	Commercial and Industrial			Commercial Real Estate			Construction and Land Development			Residential Real Estate			Consumer			Total
	(dollars in thousands)
June 30, 2018
Allowance for credit losses	$	85,244		$	31,979		$	22,159		$	6,849		$	852		$	147,083
Percent of total allowance for credit losses	58.0		%	21.6		%	15.1		%	4.7		%	0.6		%	100.0		%
Percent of loan type to total HFI loans	45.1			38.9			12.3			3.4			0.3			100.0
December 31, 2017
Allowance for credit losses	$	82,527		$	31,648		$	19,599		$	5,500		$	776		$	140,050
Percent of total allowance for credit losses	58.9		%	22.6		%	14.0		%	3.9		%	0.6		%	100.0		%
Percent of loan type to total HFI loans	45.2			40.8			10.9			2.8			0.3			100.0

Problem Loans

The Company classifies loans consistent with federal banking regulations using a nine category grading system. These loan grades are described in further detail in "Item 1. Business” of the Company's Annual Report for the year ended December 31, 2017. The following table presents information regarding potential and actual problem loans, consisting of loans graded Special Mention, Substandard, Doubtful, and Loss, but still performing, and excluding acquired loans:



	June 30, 2018
	Number of Loans	Loan Balance		Percent of Loan Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loan Balance
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	152	$	134,603	53.04	%	0.83	%
Commercial real estate	47	105,056		41.40		0.65
Construction and land development	7	9,409		3.71		0.06
Residential real estate	4	4,415		1.74		0.03
Consumer	2	291		0.11		0.00
Total	212	$	253,774	100.00	%	1.57	%



	December 31, 2017
	Number of Loans	Loan Balance		Percent of Loan Balance		Percent of Total HFI Loan Balance
	(dollars in thousands)
Commercial and industrial	166	$	127,015	51.63	%	0.84	%
Commercial real estate	48	90,653		36.85		0.60
Construction and land development	5	18,471		7.51		0.12
Residential real estate	3	8,971		3.65		0.06
Consumer	10	880		0.36		0.01
Total	232	$	245,990	100.00	%	1.63	%

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Other Assets Acquired Through Foreclosure

The following table represents the changes in other assets acquired through foreclosure:



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018
	Gross Balance			Valuation Allowance			Net Balance
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	34,244		$	(4,050	)	$	30,194
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(3,247		)	431			(2,816		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			15			15
Gains (losses), net (1)	148			—			148
Balance, end of period	$	31,145		$	(3,604	)	$	27,541

	2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	50,919		$	(5,719	)	$	45,200
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	1,392			—			1,392
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(17,208		)	1,826			(15,382		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			(156		)	(156		)
(Losses) gains, net (1)	(66		)	—			(66		)
Balance, end of period	$	35,037		$	(4,049	)	$	30,988



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018
	Gross Balance			Valuation Allowance			Net Balance
	(in thousands)
Balance, beginning of period	$	32,552		$	(4,012	)	$	28,540
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	5,744			—			5,744
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(8,541		)	441			(8,100		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			(33		)	(33		)
Gains (losses), net (2)	1,390			—			1,390
Balance, end of period	$	31,145		$	(3,604	)	$	27,541

	2017
Balance, beginning of period	$	54,138		$	(6,323	)	$	47,815
Transfers to other assets acquired through foreclosure, net	1,392			—			1,392
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned and repossessed assets, net	(20,321		)	2,050			(18,271		)
Valuation adjustments, net	—			224			224
(Losses) gains, net (2)	(172		)	—			(172		)
Balance, end of period	$	35,037		$	(4,049	)	$	30,988


(1)	There were zero and $0.1 million in net gains related to initial transfers to other assets during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


(2)	There were $1.0 million and $0.1 million in net gains related to initial transfers to other assets during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

Other assets acquired through foreclosure consist primarily of properties acquired as a result of, or in-lieu-of, foreclosure. OREO and other repossessed property are reported at the lower of carrying value or fair value less estimated costs to sell the property. Costs relating to the development or improvement of the assets are capitalized and costs relating to holding the assets are charged to expense. The Company has $27.5 million, $28.5 million $31.0 million of such assets at June 30, 2018, December 31, 2017, and June 30, 2017, respectively.

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Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess consideration paid for net assets acquired in a business combination over their fair value. Goodwill and other intangible assets acquired in a business combination that are determined to have an indefinite useful life are not subject to amortization, but are subsequently evaluated for impairment at least annually. The Company has goodwill of $289.9 million and intangible assets totaling $10.1 million at June 30, 2018, which have been allocated to the Nevada, Northern California, Technology & Innovation, and HFF operating segments.

The Company performs its annual goodwill and intangibles impairment tests as of October 1 each year, or more often if events or circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. During the three and six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, there were no events or circumstances that indicated an interim impairment test of goodwill or other intangible assets was necessary.

Deferred Tax Assets

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company had no deferred tax valuation allowance.

Deposits

Deposits are the primary source for funding the Company's asset growth. Total deposits increased to $18.09 billion at June 30, 2018, from $16.97 billion at December 31, 2017, an increase of $1.11 billion, or 6.6%. The increase in deposits is attributable to an increase across all deposit types, with the largest increases in non-interest bearing deposits of $513.9 million and CDs of $184.9 million from December 31, 2017.

At June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company also has $439.2 million and $67.3 million, respectively, of wholesale brokered deposits. In addition, non-interest bearing deposits for which the Company provides account holders with earnings credits totaled $2.19 billion and $1.85 billion at June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. The Company incurred $3.9 million and $1.9 million in deposit related costs during the three months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, and $6.6 million and $3.4 million in deposit related costs during the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, respectively.

The average balances and weighted average rates paid on deposits are presented below:



	Three Months Ended June 30,
	2018				2017
	Average Balance		Rate		Average Balance		Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	1,824,748	0.52	%	$	1,492,700	0.26	%
Savings and money market accounts	6,126,342		0.80		6,155,832		0.38
Time certificates of deposit	1,714,805		1.20		1,575,969		0.72
Total interest-bearing deposits	9,665,895		0.82		9,224,501		0.42
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits	7,611,959		—		6,735,358		—
Total deposits	$	17,277,854	0.46	%	$	15,959,859	0.24	%

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	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2018				2017
	Average Balance		Rate		Average Balance		Rate
	(dollars in thousands)
Interest-bearing transaction accounts	$	1,740,204	0.43	%	$	1,463,923	0.24	%
Savings and money market accounts	6,176,199		0.69		6,112,654		0.36
Time certificates of deposit	1,647,745		1.10		1,530,670		0.67
Total interest-bearing deposits	9,564,148		0.71		9,107,247		0.40
Non-interest-bearing demand deposits	7,561,567		—		6,230,071		—
Total deposits	$	17,125,715	0.40	%	$	15,337,318	0.24	%

Other Borrowings

The Company from time to time utilizes short-term borrowed funds to support short-term liquidity needs generally created by increased loan demand. The majority of these short-term borrowed funds consist of advances from the FHLB and customer repurchase agreements. The Company’s borrowing capacity with the FHLB is determined based on collateral pledged, generally consisting of securities and loans. In addition, the Company has borrowing capacity from other sources, collateralized by securities, including securities sold under agreements to repurchase, which are reflected at the amount of cash received in connection with the transaction, and may require additional collateral based on the fair value of the underlying securities. At June 30, 2018, total short-term borrowed funds consist of customer repurchase agreements of $18.0 million and FHLB advances of $75.0 million. At December 31, 2017, total short-term borrowed funds consisted of customer repurchase agreements of $26.0 million and FHLB advances of $390.0 million.

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company did not have any borrowings classified as long-term.

Qualifying Debt

Qualifying debt consists of subordinated debt and junior subordinated debt, inclusive of issuance costs and fair market value adjustments. At June 30, 2018, the carrying value of qualifying debt was $361.1 million, compared to $376.9 million at December 31, 2017.

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Capital Resources

The Company and the Bank are subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by the federal banking agencies. Failure to meet minimum capital requirements could trigger certain mandatory or discretionary actions that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s business and financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Company and the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of their assets, liabilities, and certain off-balance sheet items (discussed in "Note 12. Commitments and Contingencies" to the Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements) as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk weightings, and other factors.

The capital framework under Basel III became effective for the Company on January 1, 2015. Under the Basel III final rules, minimum requirements have increased for both the quantity and quality of capital held by the Company. The capital conservation buffer was established, and began being phased in on January 1, 2016 at 0.625% of risk-weighted assets and will increase each subsequent year by an additional 0.625% until reaching its final level of 2.5% on January 1, 2019. Strict eligibility requirements for regulatory capital instruments have been implemented under the final rules and the final rules also revise the definitions and calculations of Tier 1 capital, total capital, and risk-weighted assets.

As of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the Company and the Bank exceeded the capital levels necessary to be classified as well-capitalized, as defined by the banking agencies. The actual capital amounts and ratios for the Company and the Bank are presented in the following tables as of the periods indicated:



	Total Capital		Tier 1 Capital		Risk-Weighted Assets		Tangible Average Assets		Total Capital Ratio		Tier 1 Capital Ratio		Tier 1 Leverage Ratio		Common Equity Tier 1
	(dollars in thousands)
June 30, 2018
WAL	$	2,676,467	$	2,222,368	$	19,976,747	$	20,540,076	13.4	%	11.1	%	10.8	%	10.7	%
WAB	2,506,898		2,202,298		20,050,664		20,593,908		12.5		11.0		10.7		11.0
Well-capitalized ratios									10.0		8.0		5.0		6.5
Minimum capital ratios									8.0		6.0		4.0		4.5

December 31, 2017
WAL	$	2,460,988	$	2,013,744	$	18,569,608	$	19,624,517	13.3	%	10.8	%	10.3	%	10.4	%
WAB	2,299,919		2,003,745		18,664,200		19,541,990		12.3		10.7		10.3		10.7
Well-capitalized ratios									10.0		8.0		5.0		6.5
Minimum capital ratios									8.0		6.0		4.0		4.5

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Critical Accounting Policies

Critical accounting policies are defined as those that are reflective of significant judgments and uncertainties and could potentially result in materially different results under different assumptions and conditions. The critical accounting policies upon which the Company's financial condition and results of operations depend, and which involve the most complex subjective decisions or assessments, are included in the discussion entitled "Critical Accounting Policies" in "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, and all amendments thereto, as filed with the SEC. There were no material changes to the critical accounting policies disclosed in the Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Liquidity

Liquidity is the ongoing ability to accommodate liability maturities and deposit withdrawals, fund asset growth and business operations, and meet contractual obligations through unconstrained access to funding at reasonable market rates. Liquidity management involves forecasting funding requirements and maintaining sufficient capacity to meet the needs and accommodate fluctuations in asset and liability levels due to changes in the Company's business operations or unanticipated events.

The ability to have readily available funds sufficient to repay fully maturing liabilities is of primary importance to depositors, creditors, and regulators. The Company's liquidity, represented by cash and amounts due from banks, federal funds sold, and non-pledged marketable securities, is a result of the Company's operating, investing, and financing activities and related cash flows. In order to ensure funds are available when necessary, on at least a quarterly basis, the Company projects the amount of funds that will be required over a twelve-month period and it also strives to maintain relationships with a diversified customer base. Liquidity requirements can also be met through short-term borrowings or the disposition of short-term assets.

The following table presents the available and outstanding balances on the Company's lines of credit:



	June 30, 2018
	Available Balance		Outstanding Balance
	(in millions)
Unsecured fed funds credit lines at correspondent banks	$	135.0	$	—
Other lines with correspondent banks:
Secured other lines with correspondent banks	—		—
Unsecured other lines with correspondent banks	45.0		—
Total other lines with correspondent banks	$	180.0	$	—

In addition to lines of credit, the Company has borrowing capacity with the FHLB and FRB from pledged loans and securities. The borrowing capacity, outstanding borrowings, and available credit as of June 30, 2018 are presented in the following table:



	June 30, 2018
	(in millions)
FHLB:
Borrowing capacity	$	2,752.0
Outstanding borrowings	75.0
Letters of credit	21.0
Total available credit	$	2,656.0

FRB:
Borrowing capacity	$	1,275.0
Outstanding borrowings	—
Total available credit	$	1,275.0

The Company has a formal liquidity policy and, in the opinion of management, its liquid assets are considered adequate to meet cash flow needs for loan funding and deposit cash withdrawals for the next 90-120 days. At June 30, 2018, there was $2.98 billion in liquid assets, comprised of $506.8 million in cash, cash equivalents, and money market investments and $2.47 billion in unpledged marketable securities. At December 31, 2017, the Company maintained $2.89 billion in liquid assets, comprised

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of $416.8 million of cash, cash equivalents, and money market investments, and $2.48 billion of unpledged marketable securities.

The Parent maintains liquidity that would be sufficient to fund its operations and certain non-bank affiliate operations for an extended period should funding from normal sources be disrupted. Since deposits are taken by WAB and not by the Parent, Parent liquidity is not dependent on the Bank's deposit balances. In the Company's analysis of Parent liquidity, it is assumed that the Parent is unable to generate funds from additional debt or equity issuances, receives no dividend income from subsidiaries and does not pay dividends to stockholders, while continuing to make non-discretionary payments needed to maintain operations and repayment of contractual principal and interest payments owed by the Parent and affiliated companies. Under this scenario, the amount of time the Parent and its non-bank subsidiary can operate and meet all obligations before the current liquid assets are exhausted is considered as part of the Parent liquidity analysis. Management believes the Parent maintains adequate liquidity capacity to operate without additional funding from new sources for over twelve months.

WAB maintains sufficient funding capacity to address large increases in funding requirements, such as deposit outflows. This capacity is comprised of liquidity derived from a reduction in asset levels and various secured funding sources. On a long-term basis, the Company’s liquidity will be met by changing the relative distribution of its asset portfolios (for example, by reducing investment or loan volumes, or selling or encumbering assets). Further, the Company can increase liquidity by soliciting higher levels of deposit accounts through promotional activities and/or borrowing from correspondent banks, the FHLB of San Francisco, and the FRB. At June 30, 2018, the Company's long-term liquidity needs primarily relate to funds required to support loan originations, commitments, and deposit withdrawals, which can be met by cash flows from investment payments and maturities, and investment sales, if necessary.

The Company’s liquidity is comprised of three primary classifications: 1) cash flows provided by operating activities; 2) cash flows used in investing activities; and 3) cash flows provided by financing activities. Net cash provided by or used in operating activities consists primarily of net income, adjusted for changes in certain other asset and liability accounts and certain non-cash income and expense items, such as the provision for credit losses, investment and other amortization and depreciation. For the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, net cash provided by operating activities was $247.4 million and $175.4 million, respectively.

The Company's primary investing activities are the origination of real estate and commercial loans, the collection of repayments of these loans, and the purchase and sale of securities. The Company's net cash provided by and used in investing activities has been primarily influenced by its loan and securities activities. The net increase in loans for the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017 was $968.7 million and $736.3 million, respectively. There was a net decrease in investment securities for the six months ended June 30, 2018 of $56.5 million, compared to a net increase of $501.5 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017.

Net cash provided by financing activities has been impacted significantly by increased deposit levels. During the six months ended June 30, 2018 and 2017, net deposits increased $1.11 billion and $1.48 billion, respectively.

Fluctuations in core deposit levels may increase the Company's need for liquidity as certificates of deposit mature or are withdrawn before maturity, and as non-maturity deposits, such as checking and savings account balances, are withdrawn. Additionally, the Company is exposed to the risk that customers with large deposit balances will withdraw all or a portion of such deposits, due in part to the FDIC limitations on the amount of insurance coverage provided to depositors. To mitigate the uninsured deposit risk, the Company participates in the CDARS and ICS programs, which allow an individual customer to invest up to $50.0 million and $110.0 million, respectively, through one participating financial institution or, a combined total of $150.0 million per individual customer, with the entire amount being covered by FDIC insurance. As of June 30, 2018, the Company has $355.9 million of CDARS and $615.0 million of ICS deposits.

As of June 30, 2018, the Company has $439.2 million of wholesale brokered deposits outstanding. Brokered deposits are generally considered to be deposits that have been received from a third party who is engaged in the business of placing deposits on behalf of others. A traditional deposit broker will direct deposits to the banking institution offering the highest interest rate available. Federal banking laws and regulations place restrictions on depository institutions regarding brokered deposits because of the general concern that these deposits are not relationship based and are at a greater risk of being withdrawn and placed on deposit at another institution offering a higher interest rate, thus posing liquidity risk for institutions that gather brokered deposits in significant amounts.

Federal and state banking regulations place certain restrictions on dividends paid. The total amount of dividends which may be paid at any date is generally limited to the retained earnings of the bank. Dividends paid by WAB to the Parent would be prohibited if the effect thereof would cause the Bank’s capital to be reduced below applicable minimum capital requirements. During the three months ended June 30, 2018, WAB and LVSP paid dividends to the Parent of $10.0 million and $1.0 million, respectively. During the six months ended June 30, 2018, the Parent contributed $1.1 million to WAB and WAB and LVSP paid

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dividends to the Parent of $20.0 million and $2.1 million, respectively. Subsequent to June 30, 2018, WAB paid dividends to the Parent of $30.0 million.

Recent accounting pronouncements

See "Note 1. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies," of the Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements contained in Item 1. Financial Statements for information on recent and recently adopted accounting pronouncements and their expected impact, if any, on the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements.

Supervision and Regulation

Recent Regulatory Development

On May 24, 2018, the President signed into law the EGRRCPA which, among other things, amended certain provisions of the Dodd-Frank Act. The EGRRCPA provides limited regulatory relief to certain financial institutions while preserving the existing framework under which U.S. financial institutions are regulated. Together with the interagency statement regarding the impact of the EGRRCPA released by the FRB, the FDIC and the OCC on July 6, 2018, the EGRRCPA relieves the Company from the requirement to conduct annual company-run stress testing for the Company and the Bank. In addition to amending the Dodd Frank Act, the EGRRCPA also includes certain additional banking-related provisions, consumer protection provisions and securities law-related provisions. The Company expects to continue to evaluate the potential impact of the Act as it is further implemented by the regulators.

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Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

Market risk is the risk of loss in a financial instrument arising from adverse changes in market prices and rates, foreign currency exchange rates, commodity prices, and equity prices. The Company's market risk arises primarily from interest rate risk inherent in its lending, investing, and deposit taking activities. To that end, management actively monitors and manages the Company's interest rate risk exposure. The Company generally manages its interest rate sensitivity by evaluating re-pricing opportunities on its earning assets to those on its funding liabilities.

Management uses various asset/liability strategies to manage the re-pricing characteristics of the Company's assets and liabilities, all of which are designed to ensure that exposure to interest rate fluctuations is limited to within the Company's guidelines of acceptable levels of risk-taking. Hedging strategies, including the terms and pricing of loans and deposits and management of the deployment of its securities, are used to reduce mismatches in interest rate re-pricing opportunities of portfolio assets and their funding sources.

Interest rate risk is addressed by the ALCO, which includes members of executive management, finance, and operations. ALCO monitors interest rate risk by analyzing the potential impact on the net EVE and net interest income from potential changes in interest rates and considers the impact of alternative strategies or changes in balance sheet structure. The Company manages its balance sheet in part to maintain the potential impact on EVE and net interest income within acceptable ranges despite changes in interest rates.

The Company's exposure to interest rate risk is reviewed at least quarterly by the ALCO. Interest rate risk exposure is measured using interest rate sensitivity analysis to determine its change in both EVE and net interest income in the event of hypothetical changes in interest rates. If potential changes to EVE and net interest income resulting from hypothetical interest rate changes are not within the limits established by the BOD, the BOD may direct management to adjust the asset and liability mix to bring interest rate risk within Board-approved limits.

Net Interest Income Simulation. In order to measure interest rate risk at June 30, 2018, the Company uses a simulation model to project changes in net interest income that result from forecasted changes in interest rates. This analysis calculates the difference between a baseline net interest income forecast using current yield curves that do not take into consideration any future anticipated rate hikes, compared to forecasted net income resulting from an immediate parallel shift in rates upward or downward, along with other scenarios directed by ALCO. The income simulation model includes various assumptions regarding the re-pricing relationships for each of the Company's products. Many of the Company's assets are floating rate loans, which are assumed to re-price immediately and, proportional to the change in market rates, depending on their contracted index, including the impact of caps or floors. Some loans and investments contain contractual prepayment features (embedded options) and, accordingly, the simulation model incorporates prepayment assumptions. The Company's non-term deposit products re-price more slowly, usually changing less than the change in market rates and at the Company's discretion.

This analysis indicates the impact of changes in net interest income for the given set of rate changes and assumptions. It assumes the balance sheet remains static and that its structure does not change over the course of the year. It does not account for all factors that could impact the Company's results, including changes by management to mitigate interest rate changes or secondary factors, such as changes to the Company's credit risk profile as interest rates change.

Furthermore, loan prepayment rate estimates and spread relationships change regularly. Interest rate changes create changes in actual loan prepayment speeds that will differ from the market estimates incorporated in this analysis. Changes that vary significantly from the modeled assumptions may have significant effects on the Company's actual net interest income.

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This simulation model assesses the changes in net interest income that would occur in response to an instantaneous and sustained increase or decrease (shock) in market interest rates over a twelve-month period. At June 30, 2018, the Company's net interest income exposure for the next twelve months related to these hypothetical changes in market interest rates was within the Company's current guidelines for all up-rate scenarios. The Company’s net interest income exposure in the down-rate scenario was not within the Company’s guideline of (5.0)%. The breach is the result of the increase in short-term interest rates over the past two years, resulting from fed funds rate increases. These rate increases have improved yields on floating-rate assets, while the Company’s deposit costs have not increased materially; thus in a current down-rate scenario, the Company will not see the full impact of a rate decrease on its deposit costs while it will see that impact on floating-rate assets. The Board and ALCO have accepted the breach and believe that as deposit costs increase over time, interest expense will be more sensitive in a down-rate scenario, dampening the Company’s overall net interest income sensitivity.

Sensitivity of Net Interest Income



	Interest Rate Scenario (change in basis points from Base)
	Down 100			Base		Up 100			Up 200			Up 300			Up 400
	(in thousands)
Interest Income	$	1,933,434		$	2,154,695	$	2,399,083		$	2,648,416		$	2,898,622		$	3,152,473
Interest Expense	158,983			246,931		343,558			440,167			536,768			633,348
Net Interest Income	$	1,774,451		$	1,907,764	$	2,055,525		$	2,208,249		$	2,361,854		$	2,519,125
% Change	(7.0		)%			7.7		%	15.8		%	23.8		%	32.0		%

Economic Value of Equity. The Company measures the impact of market interest rate changes on the NPV of estimated cash flows from its assets, liabilities, and off-balance sheet items, defined as EVE, using a simulation model. This simulation model assesses the changes in the market value of interest rate sensitive financial instruments that would occur in response to an instantaneous and sustained increase or decrease (shock) in market interest rates.

At June 30, 2018, the Company's EVE exposure related to these hypothetical changes in market interest rates was within the Company's current guidelines. The following table shows the Company's projected change in EVE for this set of rate shocks at June 30, 2018:

Economic Value of Equity



	Interest Rate Scenario (change in basis points from Base)
	Down 100			Base		Up 100			Up 200			Up 300			Up 400
	(in thousands)
Assets	$	21,637,113		$	21,149,587	$	20,674,034		$	20,259,045		$	19,931,599		$	19,579,164
Liabilities	17,680,293			17,310,518		16,999,513			16,727,753			16,486,149			16,269,838
Net Present Value	$	3,956,820		$	3,839,069	$	3,674,521		$	3,531,292		$	3,445,450		$	3,309,326
% Change	3.1		%			(4.3		)%	(8.0		)%	(10.3		)%	(13.8		)%

The computation of prospective effects of hypothetical interest rate changes are based on numerous assumptions, including relative levels of market interest rates, asset prepayments, and deposit decay, and should not be relied upon as indicative of actual results. Further, the computations do not contemplate any actions the Company may undertake in response to changes in interest rates. Actual amounts may differ from the projections set forth above should market conditions vary from the underlying assumptions.

Derivative Contracts. In the normal course of business, the Company uses derivative instruments to meet the needs of its customers and manage exposure to fluctuations in interest rates. The following table summarizes the aggregate notional amounts, market values, and terms of the Company’s derivative positions as of June 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017:

Outstanding Derivatives Positions



June 30, 2018						December 31, 2017
Notional		Net Value			Weighted Average Term (Years)	Notional		Net Value			Weighted Average Term (Years)
(dollars in thousands)
$	1,058,820	$	(36,362	)	15.9	$	1,115,736	$	(51,629	)	16.0

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Item 4.	Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls

Based on their evaluation as of the end of the period covered by this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q, the CEO and CFO have concluded that the disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) of the Exchange Act) are effective to ensure that information required to be disclosed by the Company in reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act, as amended, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms. Additionally, the Company's disclosure controls and procedures were also effective in ensuring that information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports it files or is subject to under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including the CEO and CFO, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There have not been any changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended June 30, 2018, which have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

PART II. OTHER INFORMATION


Item 1.	Legal Proceedings.

There are no material pending legal proceedings to which the Company is a party or to which any of its properties are subject. There are no material proceedings known to the Company to be contemplated by any governmental authority. From time to time, the Company is involved in a variety of litigation matters in the ordinary course of its business and anticipates that it will become involved in new litigation matters in the future.


Item 1A.	Risk Factors.

There have not been any material changes to the risk factors previously disclosed in the Company's Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.


Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

The following table provides information about the Company's purchases of equity securities that are registered by the Company pursuant to Section 12 of the Exchange Act for the periods indicated:



	(a)	(b)		( c)	(d)
	Total Number of Shares Purchased (1)	Average Price Paid Per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (2)
4/1/2018 through 4/30/2018	2,085	$	59.46	—	—
5/1/2018 through 5/31/2018	—	—		—	—
6/1/2018 through 6/30/2018	—	—		—	—
Total	2,085	$	59.46	—	—


(1)	All shares purchased during the period were transferred to the Company from employees in satisfaction of minimum tax withholding obligations associated with the vesting of restricted stock awards during the period.


(2)	The Company has not announced a repurchase plan relating to its common stock.


Item 5.	Other Information

Not applicable.

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Item 6.	Exhibits

EXHIBITS



3.1		Articles of Conversion, as filed with the Nevada Secretary of State on May 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Western Alliance’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 3, 2014).

3.2		Certificate of Conversion, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Western Alliance’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 3, 2014).

3.3		Certificate of Incorporation, as filed with the Delaware Secretary of State on May 29, 2014 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.3 of Western Alliance’s Form 8-K filed with the SEC on June 3, 2014).

3.4		Certificate of Amendment of Certificate of Incorporation of Western Alliance, effective as of May 19, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.1 of Western Alliance's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 22, 2015).

3.5		Amended and Restated Bylaws of Western Alliance, effective as of May 19, 2015 (incorporated by reference to Exhibit 3.2 of Western Alliance's Form 8-K filed with the SEC on May 22, 2015).

31.1*		CEO Certification Pursuant Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).

31.2*		CFO Certification Pursuant Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a).

32**		CEO and CFO Certification Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to section 906 of the Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002.

101.INS*		XBRL Instance Document.

101.SCH*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document.

101.DEF*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document.

101.CAL*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document.

101.LAB*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document.

101.PRE*		XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document.

* Filed herewith.


**	Furnished herewith.


±	Management contract or compensatory arrangement.

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.



	WESTERN ALLIANCE BANCORPORATION

July 31, 2018	By:	/s/ Kenneth A. Vecchione
		Kenneth A. Vecchione
		Chief Executive Officer

July 31, 2018	By:	/s/ Dale Gibbons
		Dale Gibbons
		Executive Vice President and
		Chief Financial Officer

July 31, 2018	By:	/s/ J. Kelly Ardrey Jr.
		J. Kelly Ardrey Jr.
		Senior Vice President and
		Chief Accounting Officer