Edgar Filing: COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORP

Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q



ý	Quarterly Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
	For the quarterly period ended September 30, 2018
¨	Transition Report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
	For the transition period from to

Commission File Number 0-24429

COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in Its Charter)



Delaware		13-3728359
(State or Other Jurisdiction of Incorporation or Organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

Glenpointe Centre West 500 Frank W. Burr Blvd. Teaneck, New Jersey		07666
(Address of Principal Executive Offices)		(Zip Code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (201) 801-0233

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No: ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). Yes ý No: ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer”, “smaller reporting company,” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer	ý	Accelerated filer	¨

Non-accelerated filer	¨	Smaller reporting company	¨

		Emerging growth company	¨

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the issuer’s class of common stock, as of October 23, 2018:



Class		Number of Shares
Class A Common Stock, par value $.01 per share		579,028,009

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COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

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		Page
PART I.	FINANCIAL INFORMATION	1

Item 1.	Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	1

	Consolidated Statements of Financial Position (Unaudited) as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017	1

	Consolidated Statements of Operations (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	2

	Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income (Unaudited) for the Three and Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	3

	Consolidated Statements of Stockholders' Equity (Unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	4

	Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (Unaudited) for the Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 and 2017	5

	Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited)	6

Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	35

Item 3.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	57

Item 4.	Controls and Procedures	57

PART II.	OTHER INFORMATION	58

Item 1.	Legal Proceedings	58

Item 1A.	Risk Factors	58

Item 2.	Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	58

Item 6.	Exhibits	59

SIGNATURES		60

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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

Item 1. Consolidated Financial Statements (Unaudited).

COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION

(Unaudited)

(in millions, except par values)



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
Assets
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	1,339		$	1,925
Short-term investments	3,424			3,131
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances of $68 and $65, respectively	3,187			2,865
Unbilled accounts receivable	—			357
Other current assets	777			833
Total current assets	8,727			9,111
Property and equipment, net	1,362			1,324
Goodwill	3,037			2,704
Intangible assets, net	1,021			981
Deferred income tax assets, net	391			418
Long-term investments	93			235
Other noncurrent assets	643			448
Total assets	$	15,274		$	15,221
Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	223		$	210
Deferred revenue	244			383
Short-term debt	100			175
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	2,126			2,071
Total current liabilities	2,693			2,839
Deferred revenue, noncurrent	72			104
Deferred income tax liabilities, net	157			146
Long-term debt	624			698
Long-term income taxes payable	490			584
Other noncurrent liabilities	260			181
Total liabilities	4,296			4,552
Commitments and contingencies (See Note 13)
Stockholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.10 par value, 15.0 shares authorized, none issued	—			—
Class A common stock, $0.01 par value, 1,000 shares authorized, 580 and 588 shares issued and outstanding at September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively	6			6
Additional paid-in capital	119			49
Retained earnings	11,041			10,544
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)	(188		)	70
Total stockholders’ equity	10,978			10,669
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	15,274		$	15,221

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

(Unaudited)

(in millions, except per share data)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Revenues	$	4,078		$	3,766		$	11,996		$	10,982
Operating expenses:
Cost of revenues (exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense shown separately below)	2,480			2,337			7,298			6,792
Selling, general and administrative expenses	734			674			2,250			2,069
Depreciation and amortization expense	119			107			340			297
Income from operations	745			648			2,108			1,824
Other income (expense), net:
Interest income	47			34			128			97
Interest expense	(6		)	(6		)	(19		)	(18		)
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net	(122		)	(16		)	(233		)	41
Other, net	(2		)	(2		)	(2		)	(2		)
Total other income (expense), net	(83		)	10			(126		)	118
Income before provision for income taxes	662			658			1,982			1,942
Provision for income taxes	(185		)	(164		)	(530		)	(421		)
Income from equity method investments	—			1			1			1
Net income	$	477		$	495		$	1,453		$	1,522
Basic earnings per share	$	0.82		$	0.84		$	2.49		$	2.56
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.82		$	0.84		$	2.48		$	2.55
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - Basic	579			590			584			594
Dilutive effect of shares issuable under stock-based compensation plans	1			2			1			2
Weighted average number of common shares outstanding - Diluted	580			592			585			596
Dividends declared per common share	$	0.20		$	0.15		$	0.60		$	0.30

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

(Unaudited)

(in millions)



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
Net income	$	477		$	495		$	1,453		$	1,522
Other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments	(12		)	33			(46		)	100
Change in unrealized gains and losses on cash flow hedges	(82		)	(22		)	(205		)	56
Change in unrealized gains and losses on available-for-sale securities	—			—			(6		)	2
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(94		)	11			(257		)	158
Comprehensive income	$	383		$	506		$	1,196		$	1,680

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

(Unaudited)

(in millions)



	Class A Common Stock				Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
Balance, December 31, 2017	588		$	6	$	49		$	10,544		$	70		$	10,669
Cumulative effect of changes in accounting principle⁽¹⁾	—		—		—			122			(1		)	121
Net income	—		—		—			1,453			—			1,453
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—			—			(257		)	(257		)
Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans	5		—		142			—			—			142
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		199			—			—			199
Repurchases of common stock	(13	)	—		(271		)	(723		)	—			(994		)
Dividends	—		—		—			(355		)	—			(355		)
Balance, September 30, 2018	580		$	6	$	119		$	11,041		$	(188	)	$	10,978

	Class A Common Stock				Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
	Shares		Amount		Additional Paid-in Capital			Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)			Total
Balance, December 31, 2016	608		$	6	$	358		$	10,478		$	(114	)	$	10,728
Net income	—		—		—			1,522			—			1,522
Other comprehensive income (loss)	—		—		—			—			158			158
Common stock issued, stock-based compensation plans	6		—		146			—			—			146
Stock-based compensation expense	—		—		161			—			—			161
Repurchases of common stock	(24	)	—		(457		)	(1,100		)	—			(1,557		)
Dividends	—		—		—			(179		)	—			(179		)
Balance, September 30, 2017	590		$	6	$	208		$	10,721		$	44		$	10,979


(1)	Reflects the adoption of accounting standards as described in Note 1.

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(Unaudited)

(in millions)



	For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	1,453		$	1,522
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	367			321
Provision for doubtful accounts	5			12
Deferred income taxes	46			(46		)
Stock-based compensation expense	199			161
Other	196			(49		)
Changes in assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable	(313		)	(284		)
Other current assets	338			21
Other noncurrent assets	(194		)	(65		)
Accounts payable	(5		)	(5		)
Deferred revenues, current and noncurrent	(116		)	(21		)
Other current and noncurrent liabilities	(86		)	4
Net cash provided by operating activities	1,890			1,571
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of property and equipment	(281		)	(204		)
Purchases of available-for-sale investment securities	(1,356		)	(2,163		)
Proceeds from maturity or sale of available-for-sale investment securities	1,516			2,352
Purchases of held-to-maturity investment securities	(1,093		)	(1,015		)
Proceeds from maturity of held-to-maturity investment securities	750			208
Purchases of other investments	(479		)	(363		)
Proceeds from maturity or sale of other investments	345			835
Payments for business combinations, net of cash acquired	(479		)	(72		)
Net cash (used in) investing activities	(1,077		)	(422		)
Cash flows from financing activities:
Issuance of common stock under stock-based compensation plans	142			146
Repurchases of common stock	(994		)	(1,557		)
Repayment of term loan borrowings and capital lease obligations	(89		)	(62		)
Net change in notes outstanding under the revolving credit facility	(75		)	—
Dividends paid	(352		)	(179		)
Net cash (used in) financing activities	(1,368		)	(1,652		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	(31		)	46
(Decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	(586		)	(457		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year	1,925			2,034
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	1,339		$	1,577

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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COGNIZANT TECHNOLOGY SOLUTIONS CORPORATION

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Unaudited)



Note 1 — Interim Consolidated Financial Statements

The terms “Cognizant,” “we,” “our,” “us” and “the Company” refer to Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation and its subsidiaries unless the context indicates otherwise. We have prepared the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements included herein in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States of America, or U.S. GAAP, and Regulation S-X under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act. The accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with our audited consolidated financial statements (and notes thereto) included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. In our opinion, all adjustments considered necessary for a fair statement of the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements have been included and all adjustments are of a normal and recurring nature. Operating results for the interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results that may be expected to occur for the entire year.

Recently Adopted Accounting Pronouncements



Date Issued and Topic	Date Adopted and Method	Description	Impact
May 2014 Revenue	January 1, 2018 Modified Retrospective	The new standard, as amended, sets forth a single comprehensive model for recognizing and reporting revenues. The standard also requires additional financial statement disclosures that enable users to understand the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of revenues and cash flows relating to customer contracts. The standard allows for two methods of adoption: the full retrospective adoption, which requires the standard to be applied to each prior period presented, or the modified retrospective adoption, which requires the cumulative effect of adoption to be recognized as an adjustment to opening retained earnings in the period of adoption.	See Note 3 for the impact of adoption of this standard.
November 2016 Statement of Cash Flows	January 1, 2018 Retrospective	This update requires restricted cash to be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning and ending amounts on the statement of cash flows. It also requires a reconciliation of such totals to the amounts on the statement of financial position and disclosure as to the nature of the restrictions.	There were no restricted cash balances as of September 30, 2018. The adoption of this update had no impact on our financial statements for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018.
February 2018 Income Statement - Reporting Comprehensive Income	January 1, 2018 In the period of adoption	This update provides an option for entities to reclassify stranded tax effects caused by the recently-enacted Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Reform Act, from accumulated other comprehensive income to retained earnings.	We have early adopted this update as of January 1, 2018. The adoption resulted in a decrease of $1 million in accumulated other comprehensive income and a corresponding increase of $1 million to opening retained earnings.

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New Accounting Pronouncements



Date Issued and Topic	Effective Date	Description	Impact
February 2016 Leases	January 1, 2019	The new standard replaces the existing guidance on leases and requires the lessee to recognize a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with lease terms equal to or greater than twelve months. For finance leases, the lessee would recognize interest expense and amortization of the right-of-use asset, and for operating leases, the lessee would recognize total lease expense on a straight-line basis. The standard offers several practical expedients for transition and certain expedients specific to lessees or lessors. The standard allows for two methods of adoption: retrospective to each prior reporting period presented with the cumulative effect of adoption recognized at the beginning of the earliest period presented or retrospective to the beginning of the period of adoption through a cumulative-effect adjustment.	While we are continuing to evaluate the provisions of this standard, the primary effect will be to require recording of right-of-use assets and corresponding lease obligations for current operating leases. We expect the adoption of this standard to have a material impact on our consolidated statement of financial position, but not on the consolidated statements of operations or cash flows. As of December 31, 2017, our undiscounted operating lease commitments were $943 million. We are currently planning to elect the package of practical expedients which permits us to not reassess prior conclusions related to contracts containing leases, lease classification and initial direct costs. We intend to adopt the standard retrospectively to the beginning of the period of adoption through a cumulative-effect adjustment.
March 2017 Nonrefundable Fees and Other Costs	January 1, 2019	This update shortens the amortization period for certain callable debt securities held at a premium to the earliest call date. The amendments do not require an accounting change for securities held at a discount. Upon adoption, entities will be required to use a modified retrospective transition with the cumulative effect adjustment recognized to retained earnings as of the beginning of the period of adoption.	We do not expect the adoption of this update to have a material impact on our financial statements.
August 2018 Customer’s Accounting for Implementation Costs Incurred in a Cloud Computing Arrangement (CCA) that is a Service Contract	January 1, 2020	This update aligns the accounting for costs incurred to implement a CCA that is a service arrangement with the guidance on capitalizing costs associated with developing or obtaining internal-use software. The update clarifies that a customer should capitalize certain implementation costs and subsequently amortize such costs over the term of the hosting arrangement as operating expenses.	We are currently evaluating the effect this update will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.



Note 2 — Internal Investigation and Related Matters

We have substantially completed our internal investigation focused on whether certain payments relating to Company-owned facilities in India were made improperly and in possible violation of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and other applicable laws. The investigation, which began in 2016, has also examined various other payments made in small amounts in India that may not have complied with Company policy or applicable law. In September 2016, we voluntarily notified the U.S. Department of Justice, or DOJ, and Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and are cooperating fully with both agencies. The investigation has been conducted under the oversight of the Audit Committee, with the assistance of outside counsel. In connection with the investigation, during the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded out-of-period corrections related to $4 million of potentially improper payments between 2009 and 2016 that had been previously capitalized when they should have been expensed. These out-of-period corrections were not material to any previously issued financial statements. There were no adjustments recorded during 2018 and 2017 related to the amounts under investigation.

The Company’s discussions with the DOJ and SEC have progressed to a point where the Company can now reasonably estimate a probable loss and has recorded an accrual of $28 million, or FCPA Accrual, in the caption “Accrued expenses and other

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current liabilities” in our consolidated statements of financial position. There can be no assurance as to the timing of a final resolution of these matters with the DOJ and SEC.



Note 3 — Revenues

Adoption of ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers”

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” or the New Revenue Standard, using the modified retrospective method applied to contracts that were not completed as of January 1, 2018. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. For contracts that were modified before the effective date, the Company aggregated the effect of all contract modifications prior to identifying performance obligations and allocating transaction price in accordance with the practical expedient ASC 606-10-65-1-(f)-4. Upon adoption of the New Revenue Standard on January 1, 2018, we recorded a net increase to opening retained earnings of approximately $121 million, after a tax impact of $37 million. The impact of adoption primarily relates to (1) changes in the method used to measure progress on our fixed-price application maintenance, consulting and business process services contracts, (2) the longer period of amortization for costs to fulfill a contract, (3) the timing of revenue recognition and allocation of purchase price on our software license contracts, (4) the reclassification of balances representing receivables, as defined by the New Revenue Standard, from Unbilled accounts receivable to Trade accounts receivable, net, (5) the reclassification of balances representing contract assets, as defined by the New Revenue Standard, from Unbilled accounts receivable to Other current assets, as well as (6) the income tax impact of the above items, as applicable.

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The following tables compare the financial statement line items materially affected by the adoption of the New Revenue Standard as of and for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 to the pro-forma amounts had the previous guidance been in effect, or Pro-forma Amounts:



	September 30, 2018
	As Reported		Pro-forma Amounts		Impacts of the New Revenue Standard
	(in millions)
Assets:
Trade accounts receivable, net^{(1), (2)}	$	3,187	$	3,073	$	114
Unbilled accounts receivable^{(1), (3)}	—		432		(432		)
Other current assets^{(2), (3)}	777		457		320
Total current assets					2
Other noncurrent assets⁽⁴⁾	643		589		54
Total assets					$	56
Liabilities:
Deferred revenue⁽²⁾	$	244	$	417	$	(173	)
Total current liabilities					(173		)
Deferred revenue, noncurrent⁽²⁾	72		106		(34		)
Deferred income tax liabilities, net⁽⁵⁾	157		100		57
Total liabilities					(150		)
Stockholders’ equity:
Retained earnings	11,041		10,835		206
Total stockholders’ equity					206
Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity					$	56



	Three Months Ended September 30, 2018									Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018
	As Reported			Pro-forma Amounts			Impacts of the New Revenue Standard			As Reported			Pro-forma Amounts			Impacts of the New Revenue Standard
	(in millions)									(in millions)
Revenues⁽²⁾	$	4,078		$	4,045		$	33		$	11,996		$	11,911		$	85
Cost of revenues ⁽⁴⁾	2,480			2,484			(4		)	7,298			7,317			(19		)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	734			734			—			2,250			2,250			—
Depreciation and amortization expense	119			119			—			340			340			—
Income from operations	745			708			37			2,108			2,004			104
Other income (expense), net	(83		)	(84		)	1			(126		)	(127		)	1
Income before provision for income taxes⁽⁵⁾	662			624			38			1,982			1,877			105
Provision for income taxes	(185		)	(178		)	(7		)	(530		)	(510		)	(20		)
Income (loss) from equity method investment	—			—			—			1			1			—
Net income	$	477		$	446		$	31		$	1,453		$	1,368		$	85
Basic earnings per share	$	0.82		$	0.77		$	0.05		$	2.49		$	2.34		$	0.15
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.82		$	0.77		$	0.05		$	2.48		$	2.34		$	0.14


(1)	Reflects the reclassification of balances representing receivables, as defined by the New Revenue Standard, from Unbilled accounts receivable to Trade accounts receivable, net.


(2)	Reflects the impact of changes in the method used to measure progress on our fixed-price application maintenance, consulting and business process services contracts and the timing of revenue recognition and allocation of purchase price on our software license contracts.


(3)	Reflects the reclassification of balances representing contract assets, as defined by the New Revenue Standard, from Unbilled accounts receivable to Other current assets.


(4)	Reflects the impact of a longer period of amortization for costs to fulfill a contract.


(5)	Reflects the income tax impact of the above items.

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Revenue Recognition

We recognize revenues as we transfer control of deliverables (products, solutions and services) to our customers in an amount reflecting the consideration to which we expect to be entitled. To recognize revenues, we apply the following five step approach: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenues when a performance obligation is satisfied. We account for a contract when it has approval and commitment from all parties, the rights of the parties are identified, payment terms are identified, the contract has commercial substance and collectability of consideration is probable. The Company applies judgment in determining the customer’s ability and intention to pay, which is based on a variety of factors including the customer’s historical payment experience.

We may enter into arrangements that consist of multiple performance obligations. Such arrangements may include any combination of our deliverables. To the extent a contract includes multiple promised deliverables, we apply judgment to determine whether promised deliverables are capable of being distinct and are distinct in the context of the contract. If these criteria are not met, the promised deliverables are accounted for as a combined performance obligation. For arrangements with multiple distinct performance obligations, we allocate consideration among the performance obligations based on their relative standalone selling price. Standalone selling price is the price at which we would sell a promised good or service separately to the customer. When not directly observable, we typically estimate standalone selling price by using the expected cost plus a margin approach. We typically establish a standalone selling price range for our deliverables, which is reassessed on a periodic basis or when facts and circumstances change.

For performance obligations where control is transferred over time, revenues are recognized based on the extent of progress towards completion of the performance obligation. The selection of the method to measure progress towards completion requires judgment and is based on the nature of the deliverables to be provided. Revenues related to fixed-price contracts for application development and systems integration services, consulting or other technology services are recognized as the service is performed using the cost to cost method, under which the total value of revenues is recognized on the basis of the percentage that each contract’s total labor cost to date bears to the total expected labor costs. Revenues related to fixed-price application maintenance, testing and business process services are recognized based on our right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered, in accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-55-18. If our invoicing is not consistent with value delivered, revenues are recognized as the service is performed based on the cost to cost method described above. The cost to cost method requires estimation of future costs, which is updated as the project progresses to reflect the latest available information; such estimates and changes in estimates involve the use of judgment. The cumulative impact of any revision in estimates is reflected in the financial reporting period in which the change in estimate becomes known and any anticipated losses on contracts are recognized immediately. Revenues related to fixed-price hosting and infrastructure services are recognized based on our right to invoice for services performed for contracts in which the invoicing is representative of the value being delivered, in accordance with the practical expedient in ASC 606-10-55-18. If our invoicing is not consistent with value delivered, revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis unless revenues are earned and obligations are fulfilled in a different pattern. The revenue recognition method applied to the types of contracts described above provides the most faithful depiction of performance towards satisfaction of our performance obligations; for example, the cost to cost method is used when the value of services provided to the customer is best represented by the costs expended to deliver those services.

Revenues related to our non-hosted software license arrangements that do not require significant modification or customization of the underlying software are recognized when the software is delivered as control is transferred at a point in time. For software license arrangements that require significant functionality enhancements or modification of the software, revenues for the software license and related services are recognized as the services are performed in accordance with the methods described above. In software hosting arrangements, the rights provided to the customer, such as ownership of a license, contract termination provisions and the feasibility of the client to operate the software, are considered in determining whether the arrangement includes a license or a service. Sales and usage-based fees promised in exchange for licenses of intellectual property are not recognized as revenue until the uncertainty related to the variable amounts is resolved. Revenues related to software maintenance and support are generally recognized on a straight-line basis over the contract period.

Revenues related to our time-and-materials, transaction-based or volume-based contracts are recognized over the period the services are provided in a manner that corresponds with the value transferred to the customer to-date relative to the remaining services to be provided.

Revenues also include the reimbursement of out-of-pocket expenses. Our warranties generally provide a customer with assurance that the related deliverable will function as the parties intended because it complies with agreed-upon specifications and is therefore not considered an additional performance obligation in the contract.

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From time to time, we may enter into arrangements with third party suppliers to resell products or services. In such cases, we evaluate whether we are the principal (i.e. report revenues on a gross basis) or agent (i.e. report revenues on a net basis). In doing so, we first evaluate whether we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer. If we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer, we are the principal; if not, we are the agent. Determining whether we control the good or service before it is transferred to the customer may require judgment.

Our contracts may be modified to add, remove or change existing performance obligations. The accounting for modifications to our contracts involves assessing whether the services added to an existing contract are distinct and whether the pricing is at the standalone selling price. Services added that are not distinct are accounted for on a cumulative catch up basis, while those that are distinct are accounted for prospectively, either as a separate contract if the additional services are priced at the standalone selling price, or as a termination of the existing contract and creation of a new contract if not priced at the standalone selling price. Services added to our application development and systems integration service contracts are typically not distinct, while services added to our other contracts, including application maintenance, testing and business process services contracts, are typically distinct.

Incentive revenues, volume discounts, or any other form of variable consideration is estimated using either the sum of probability weighted amounts in a range of possible consideration amounts (expected value), or the single most likely amount in a range of possible consideration amounts (most likely amount), depending on which method better predicts the amount of consideration to which we may be entitled. We include in the transaction price variable consideration only to the extent it is probable that a significant reversal of revenues recognized will not occur when the uncertainty associated with the variable consideration is resolved. Our estimates of variable consideration and determination of whether to include estimated amounts in the transaction price may involve judgment and are based largely on an assessment of our anticipated performance and all information that is reasonably available to us.

We assess the timing of the transfer of goods or services to the customer as compared to the timing of payments to determine whether a significant financing component exists. As a practical expedient, we do not assess the existence of a significant financing component when the difference between payment and transfer of deliverables is a year or less. If the difference in timing arises for reasons other than the provision of finance to either the customer or us, no financing component is deemed to exist. The primary purpose of our invoicing terms is to provide customers with simplified and predictable ways of purchasing our services, not to receive or provide financing from or to customers. We do not consider set up or transition fees paid upfront by our customers to represent a financing component, as such fees are required to encourage customer commitment to the project and protect us from early termination of the contract.

Costs to Fulfill

Recurring operating costs for contracts with customers are recognized as incurred. Certain eligible, nonrecurring costs incurred in the initial phases of our application maintenance, business process outsourcing and infrastructure services contracts (i.e. set-up or transition costs) are capitalized when such costs (1) relate directly to the contract, (2) generate or enhance resources of the Company that will be used in satisfying the performance obligation in the future, and (3) are expected to be recovered. These costs are expensed ratably over the estimated life of the customer relationship, including expected renewals. In determining the estimated life of the customer relationship, we evaluate the average contract term, on a portfolio basis by nature of the services to be provided, and apply judgment to evaluate the rate of technological and industry change. Capitalized amounts are monitored regularly for impairment. Impairment losses are recorded when projected remaining undiscounted operating cash flows are not sufficient to recover the carrying amount of the capitalized costs to fulfill.

The following table presents information related to the capitalized costs to fulfill, such as set-up or transition activities, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Costs to fulfill are recorded in "Other noncurrent assets" in our consolidated statements of financial position. Costs to obtain contracts were immaterial for the periods disclosed.



	Costs to Fulfill
	(in millions)
Balance - January 1, 2018	$	303
Amortization expense	(50		)
Costs capitalized	132
Other	(2		)
Balance - September 30, 2018	$	383

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Trade Accounts Receivable and Contract Balances

We classify our right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as either a receivable or a contract asset. A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional (i.e. only the passage of time is required before payment is due). For example, we recognize a receivable for revenues related to our time and materials and transaction or volume-based contracts when earned regardless of whether amounts have been billed. We present such receivables in Trade accounts receivable, net in our consolidated statements of financial position at their net estimated realizable value. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts to provide for the estimated amount of receivables that may not be collected. The allowance is based upon an assessment of customer creditworthiness, historical payment experience, the age of outstanding receivables and other applicable factors.

A contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Contract assets are presented in Other current assets in our consolidated statements of financial position and primarily relate to unbilled amounts on fixed-price contracts utilizing the cost to cost method of revenue recognition. The table below shows significant movements in contract assets:



	Contract Assets
	(in millions)
Balance - January 1, 2018	$	306
Revenues recognized during the period but not billed	290
Amounts reclassified to accounts receivable	(273		)
Other	(3		)
Balance - September 30, 2018	$	320

Our contract liabilities, or deferred revenue, consist of advance payments and billings in excess of revenues recognized. We classify deferred revenue as current or noncurrent based on the timing of when we expect to recognize the revenues. The noncurrent portion of deferred revenue is included in other noncurrent liabilities in our consolidated statements of financial position.

The table below shows significant movements in the deferred revenue balances (current and noncurrent) for the period disclosed:



	Deferred Revenue
	(in millions)
Balance - January 1, 2018	$	431
Amounts billed but not recognized as revenues	116
Revenues recognized related to the opening balance of deferred revenue	(230		)
Other	(1		)
Balance - September 30, 2018	$	316

Our contract assets and liabilities are reported in a net position on a contract by contract basis at the end of each reporting period. The difference between the opening and closing balances of our contract assets and deferred revenues primarily results from the timing difference between our performance obligations and the customer’s payment. We receive payments from customers based on the terms established in our contracts, which vary by contract type.

Revenues recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 for performance obligations satisfied or partially satisfied in previous periods were immaterial.

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Remaining Performance Obligations

ASC 606 requires that we disclose the aggregate amount of transaction price that is allocated to performance obligations that have not yet been satisfied as of September 30, 2018. This disclosure is not required for:


(1)	contracts with a duration of one year or less as determined under ASC 606,


(2)	contracts for which we recognize revenues based on the right to invoice for services performed,


(3)	variable consideration allocated entirely to a wholly unsatisfied performance obligation or to a wholly unsatisfied promise to transfer a distinct good or service that forms part of a single performance obligation in accordance with ASC 606-10-25-14(b), for which the criteria in ASC 606-10-32-40 have been met, or


(4)	variable consideration in the form of a sales-based or usage based royalty promised in exchange for a license of intellectual property.

Many of our performance obligations meet one or more of these exemptions. As of September 30, 2018, the aggregate amount of transaction price allocated to remaining performance obligations, other than those meeting the exclusion criteria above, was $2,014 million, of which approximately 70% is expected to be recognized as revenues within 2 years.

Disaggregation of Revenues

The table below presents disaggregated revenues from contracts with customers by customer location, service line and contract-type for each of our business segments. We believe this disaggregation best depicts how the nature, amount, timing and uncertainty of our revenues and cash flows are affected by industry, market and other economic factors.



	Three Months Ended
	September 30, 2018
	Financial Services		Healthcare		Products and Resources		Communications, Media and Technology		Total
	(in millions)
Revenues
Geography:
North America	$	1,033	$	1,084	$	609	$	381	$	3,107
United Kingdom	127		23		90		85		325
Rest of Europe	170		69		109		50		398
Europe - Total	297		92		199		135		723
Rest of World	134		13		55		46		248
Total	$	1,464	$	1,189	$	863	$	562	$	4,078

Service line:
Consulting and technology services	$	902	$	645	$	512	$	292	$	2,351
Outsourcing services	562		544		351		270		1,727
Total	$	1,464	$	1,189	$	863	$	562	$	4,078

Type of contract:
Time and materials	$	954	$	464	$	374	$	354	$	2,146
Fixed-price	453		452		392		187		1,484
Transaction or volume-based	57		273		97		21		448
Total	$	1,464	$	1,189	$	863	$	562	$	4,078

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	Nine Months Ended
	September 30, 2018
	Financial Services		Healthcare		Products and Resources		Communications, Media and Technology		Total
	(in millions)
Revenues
Geography:
North America	$	3,133	$	3,167	$	1,766	$	1,083	$	9,149
United Kingdom	357		68		266		253		944
Rest of Europe	497		191		327		138		1,153
Europe - Total	854		259		593		391		2,097
Rest of World	407		40		165		138		750
Total	$	4,394	$	3,466	$	2,524	$	1,612	$	11,996

Service line:
Consulting and technology services	$	2,658	$	1,896	$	1,492	$	859	$	6,905
Outsourcing services	1,736		1,570		1,032		753		5,091
Total	$	4,394	$	3,466	$	2,524	$	1,612	$	11,996

Type of contract:
Time and materials	$	2,842	$	1,364	$	1,122	$	995	$	6,323
Fixed-price	1,384		1,406		1,120		545		4,455
Transaction or volume-based	168		696		282		72		1,218
Total	$	4,394	$	3,466	$	2,524	$	1,612	$	11,996



Note 4 — Business Combinations

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we completed two business combinations for total consideration of approximately $492 million, inclusive of contingent consideration. The acquisition of Bolder Healthcare Solutions, a privately-held U.S. provider of revenue cycle management solutions to the healthcare industry expands our healthcare consulting, technology and business process services portfolio and strengthens our position in digital healthcare technology and operations. The acquisition of Hedera Consulting, a privately-held company specializing in business advisory and data analytics services across a number of industries expands our consulting, business insight and digital transformation capabilities in Belgium and the Netherlands.

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These acquisitions were not material, either individually or in the aggregate, to our operations, financial position or operating cash flow. Accordingly, pro forma results have not been presented. These acquisitions were included in our unaudited consolidated financial statements as of the date on which the businesses were acquired. We have allocated the purchase price related to these transactions to tangible and intangible assets and liabilities, including non-deductible goodwill, based on their estimated fair values. We will finalize the purchase price allocation as soon as practicable within the measurement period, but in no event later than one year following the date of acquisition. The allocations of preliminary purchase price to the fair value of the aggregate assets acquired and liabilities assumed were as follows:



	Fair Value			Weighted Average Useful Life
	(in millions)
Cash	$	9
Current assets	37
Property, plant and equipment and other noncurrent assets	7
Non-deductible goodwill ⁽¹⁾	344
Customer relationship intangible assets	122			9.7 years
Other intangible assets	26			2.4 years
Current liabilities	(14		)
Noncurrent liabilities	(39		)
Purchase price	$	492

(1) The primary items that generated goodwill are the value of the acquired assembled workforces and synergies between the acquired companies and us, neither of which qualify as an amortizable intangible asset.



Note 5 — Realignment Charges

In 2017, we began a realignment of our business to accelerate the shift to digital services and solutions while improving the overall efficiency of our operations. As part of this realignment, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, we incurred $19 million and $69 million, respectively, in pre-tax charges. These charges included severance costs primarily related to our voluntary separation program announced in May 2017, lease termination costs and advisory fees related to non-routine shareholder matters and charges related to the development of our realignment and return of capital programs. Further, during the three months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred $11 million in pre-tax severance costs as part of an involuntary separation program. Our realignment initiatives are intended to further improve our cost structure primarily by optimizing our resource pyramid. The total costs related to the realignment are reported in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statements of operations.

Realignment charges were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(in millions)
Employee separations	$	11	$	14	$	11	$	53
Advisory fees	—		5		—		15
Lease termination costs	—		—		1		1
Total realignment costs	$	11	$	19	$	12	$	69

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Note 6 — Investments

Our investments were as follows:



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(in millions)
Short-term investments:
Equity investment securities	$	25		$	25
Available-for-sale investment securities	1,801			1,972
Held-to-maturity investment securities	1,133			745
Time deposits	465		⁽¹⁾	389
Total short-term investments	$	3,424		$	3,131



Long-term investments:
Equity and cost method investments	$	75	$	74
Held-to-maturity investment securities	18		161
Total long-term investments	$	93	$	235


(1)	Includes $405 million in restricted time deposits as of September 30, 2018. See Note 9.

Equity Investment Securities

Our equity investment securities consist of a U.S. dollar denominated investment in a fixed income mutual fund. Unrealized losses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017 were immaterial. The value of the fixed income mutual fund is based on the net asset value, or NAV, of the fund, with appropriate consideration of the liquidity and any restrictions on disposition of our investment in the fund. There were no realized gains or losses on equity securities during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017.

Available-for-Sale Investment Securities

Our available-for-sale investment securities consist of U.S. dollar denominated investments primarily in U.S. Treasury notes, U.S. government agency debt securities, municipal debt securities, non-U.S. government debt securities, U.S. and international corporate bonds, certificates of deposit, commercial paper, debt securities issued by supranational institutions, and asset-backed securities, including securities backed by auto loans, credit card receivables, and other receivables. Our investment guidelines are to purchase securities which are investment grade at the time of acquisition. We monitor the credit ratings of the securities in our portfolio on an ongoing basis.

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of available-for-sale investment securities at September 30, 2018 were as follows:



	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in millions)
U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities	$	647	$	—	$	(10	)	$	637
Corporate and other debt securities	431		—		(5		)	426
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper	317		—		—			317
Asset-backed securities	321		—		(3		)	318
Municipal debt securities	104		—		(1		)	103
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	1,820	$	—	$	(19	)	$	1,801

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The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of available-for-sale investment securities at December 31, 2017 were as follows:



	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in millions)
U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities	$	667	$	—	$	(6	)	$	661
Corporate and other debt securities	439		—		(2		)	437
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper	450		—		—			450
Asset-backed securities	297		—		(2		)	295
Municipal debt securities	130		—		(1		)	129
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	1,983	$	—	$	(11	)	$	1,972

The fair value and related unrealized losses of available-for-sale investment securities in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and for 12 months or longer were as follows as of September 30, 2018:



	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in millions)
U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities	$	296	$	(4	)	$	336	$	(6	)	$	632	$	(10	)
Corporate and other debt securities	258		(3		)	134		(2		)	392		(5		)
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper	198		—			—		—			198		—
Asset-backed securities	168		(1		)	137		(2		)	305		(3		)
Municipal debt securities	62		(1		)	40		—			102		(1		)
Total	$	982	$	(9	)	$	647	$	(10	)	$	1,629	$	(19	)



	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in millions)
U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities	$	519	$	(4	)	$	124	$	(2	)	$	643	$	(6	)
Corporate and other debt securities	297		(1		)	126		(1		)	423		(2		)
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper	49		—			—		—			49		—
Asset-backed securities	193		(1		)	94		(1		)	287		(2		)
Municipal debt securities	107		(1		)	18		—			125		(1		)
Total	$	1,165	$	(7	)	$	362	$	(4	)	$	1,527	$	(11	)

The unrealized losses for the above securities as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017 were primarily attributable to changes in interest rates. At each reporting date, we perform an evaluation of impaired available-for-sale securities to determine if the unrealized losses are other-than-temporary. We do not consider any of the investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of September 30, 2018. The gross unrealized gains and losses in the above tables were recorded, net of tax, in "Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)" in our consolidated statements of financial position.

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The contractual maturities of our fixed income available-for-sale investment securities as of September 30, 2018 are set forth in the following table:



	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(in millions)
Due within one year	$	579	$	578
Due after one year up to two years	474		466
Due after two years up to three years	407		400
Due after three years	39		39
Asset-backed securities	321		318
Total available-for-sale investment securities	$	1,820	$	1,801

Asset-backed securities were excluded from the maturity categories because the actual maturities may differ from the contractual maturities since the underlying receivables may be prepaid without penalties. Further, actual maturities of debt securities may differ from those presented above since certain obligations provide the issuer the right to call or prepay the obligation prior to scheduled maturity without penalty.

Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale investment securities and the gross gains and losses that have been included in earnings as a result of those sales were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,						Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017			2018			2017
	(in millions)
Proceeds from sales of available-for-sale investment securities	$	490		$	375		$	1,049		$	2,020

Gross gains	$	—		$	—		$	—		$	1
Gross losses	(1		)	(1		)	(3		)	(2		)
Net realized (losses) on sales of available-for-sale investment securities	$	(1	)	$	(1	)	$	(3	)	$	(1	)

Held-to-Maturity Investment Securities

Our held-to-maturity investment securities consist of Indian rupee denominated investments primarily in commercial paper, corporate bonds and government debt securities. Our investment guidelines are to purchase securities that are investment grade at the time of acquisition. We monitor the credit ratings of the securities in our portfolio on an ongoing basis.

The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of held-to-maturity investment securities at September 30, 2018 were as follows:



	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in millions)
Short-term investments:
Corporate and other debt securities	$	677	$	—	$	(3	)	$	674
Commercial paper	456		—		(2		)	454
Total short-term held-to-maturity investments	1,133		—		(5		)	1,128
Long-term investments:
Corporate and other debt securities	6		—		—			6
Commercial paper	12		—		—			12
Total held-to-maturity investment securities	$	1,151	$	—	$	(5	)	$	1,146

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The amortized cost, gross unrealized gains and losses and fair value of held-to-maturity investment securities at December 31, 2017 were as follows:



	Amortized Cost		Unrealized Gains		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
	(in millions)
Short-term investments:
Corporate and other debt securities	$	346	$	—	$	(1	)	$	345
Commercial paper	399		—		(2		)	397
Total short-term held-to-maturity investments	745		—		(3		)	742
Long-term investments:
Corporate and other debt securities	161		—		(1		)	160
Total held-to-maturity investment securities	$	906	$	—	$	(4	)	$	902

The fair value and related unrealized losses of held-to-maturity investment securities in a continuous unrealized loss position for less than 12 months and for 12 months or longer were as follows as of September 30, 2018:



	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in millions)
Corporate and other debt securities	$	469	$	(2	)	$	168	$	(1	)	$	637	$	(3	)
Commercial paper	454		(2		)	—		—			454		(2		)
Total	$	923	$	(4	)	$	168	$	(1	)	$	1,091	$	(5	)



	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More				Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
	(in millions)
Corporate and other debt securities	$	473	$	(2	)	$	—	$	—	$	473	$	(2	)
Commercial paper	394		(2		)	—		—		394		(2		)
Total	$	867	$	(4	)	$	—	$	—	$	867	$	(4	)

At each reporting date, the Company performs an evaluation of held-to-maturity securities to determine if the unrealized losses are other-than-temporary. We do not consider any of the investments to be other-than-temporarily impaired as of September 30, 2018.

The contractual maturities of our fixed income held-to-maturity investment securities as of September 30, 2018 are set forth in the following table:



	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
	(in millions)
Due within one year	$	1,133	$	1,128
Due after one year up to two years	12		12
Due after two years	6		6
Total held-to-maturity investment securities	$	1,151	$	1,146

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the year ended December 31, 2017, there were no transfers of investments between our available-for-sale and held-to-maturity investment portfolios.

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Note 7 — Accrued Expenses and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued expenses and other current liabilities were as follows:



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in millions)
Compensation and benefits	$	1,053	$	1,272
Customer volume and other incentives	320		289
Derivative financial instruments	67		5
FCPA Accrual	28		—
Income taxes	158		48
Professional fees	114		100
Travel and entertainment	57		32
Other	329		325
Total accrued expenses and other current liabilities	$	2,126	$	2,071



Note 8 — Debt

In 2014, we entered into a credit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate, or, as amended, the Credit Agreement, providing for a $1,000 million unsecured term loan and a $750 million unsecured revolving credit facility. All notes drawn to date under the revolving credit facility have been less than 90 days in duration. The term loan and the revolving credit facility both mature in November 2019. We are required under the Credit Agreement to make scheduled quarterly principal payments on the term loan, with a final payment of $625 million due on the term loan due in November 2019. We are currently evaluating alternative financing arrangements. We were in compliance with all debt covenants and representations as of September 30, 2018.

Short-term Debt

The following summarizes our short-term debt balances as of:



	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in millions)
Notes outstanding under revolving credit facility	$	—	$	75
Term loan - current maturities	100		100
Total short-term debt	$	100	$	175

Long-term Debt

The following summarizes our long-term debt balances as of:



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(in millions)
Term loan, due November 2019	$	725		$	800
Less:
Current maturities	(100		)	(100		)
Deferred financing costs	(1		)	(2		)
Long-term debt, net of current maturities	$	624		$	698

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Note 9 — Income Taxes

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Reform Act, which significantly revised the U.S. corporate income tax law for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 by (among other provisions):


•	reducing the U.S. federal statutory corporate income tax rate from 35% to 21% for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017;


•	implementing a modified territorial tax system that includes a one-time transition tax on all accumulated undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries;


•	providing for a full deduction on future dividends received from foreign affiliates; and


•	imposing a U.S. income tax on global intangible low-taxed income, or GILTI.

During the fourth quarter of 2017, in accordance with the SEC Staff Accounting Bulletin ("SAB") No. 118 - Income Tax Accounting Implications of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, we recorded a one-time provisional net income tax expense of $617 million, which was comprised of: (i) the one-time transition tax expense on accumulated undistributed earnings of foreign subsidiaries of $635 million, (ii) foreign and U.S. state income tax expense that will be applicable upon repatriation of the accumulated undistributed earnings of our foreign subsidiaries, other than our Indian subsidiaries, of $53 million, partially offset by (iii) an income tax benefit of $71 million resulting from the revaluation of U.S. net deferred income tax liabilities to the new lower U.S. income tax rate. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized a $5 million reduction to the provision for income taxes as we finalized our calculation of the one-time net income tax expense related to the enactment of the Tax Reform Act, bringing the final one-time cost to $612 million. The Company has elected to pay the transition tax on undistributed earnings in installments through the year 2024.

Our effective income tax rates were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
Effective income tax rate	27.9	%	24.9	%	26.7	%	21.7	%

The effective tax rate for the nine months ended September 30, 2017 was impacted by the recognition of income tax benefits previously unrecognized in our consolidated financial statements related to several uncertain tax positions totaling $72 million. The recognition of these benefits in the first quarter of 2017 was based on management’s reassessment regarding whether certain unrecognized tax benefits met the more-likely-than-not threshold in light of the lapse in the statute of limitations as to a portion of such benefits. The estimate of our 2018 annual effective income tax rate reflects the current interpretation of the Tax Reform Act, including the GILTI provision and may change as we receive additional clarification and guidance and as the interpretation of the Tax Reform Act evolves over time.

We are involved in an ongoing dispute with the Indian Income Tax Department, or ITD, in connection with which we received a notice in March 2018 asserting that the ITD is owed additional taxes on our previously disclosed 2016 India Cash Remittance, the transaction undertaken by our principal operating subsidiary in India, or CTS India, to repurchase shares from its shareholders, which are non-Indian Cognizant entities, valued at $2.8 billion. As a result of that transaction, undertaken pursuant to a plan approved by the Madras High Court in Chennai, India, we previously paid $135 million in Indian income taxes, which we believe are all the applicable taxes owed for this transaction under Indian law. The ITD is asserting that we owe an additional 33 billion Indian rupees ($455 million at the September 30, 2018 exchange rate) related to the 2016 India Cash Remittance. In addition to the dispute on the 2016 India Cash Remittance, we are involved in another ongoing dispute with the ITD relating to a 2013 transaction undertaken by CTS India to repurchase shares from its shareholders valued at $523 million (the two disputes collectively referred to as the ITD Dispute), for which we also believe we have paid all the applicable taxes owed. Accordingly, we have not recorded any reserves for these matters as of September 30, 2018. The ITD Dispute is ongoing, and no final decision has been reached.

In March 2018, the ITD placed an attachment on certain of our India bank accounts, relating to the 2016 India Cash Remittance. In April 2018, the Madras High Court granted our application for a stay of the actions of the ITD and lifted the ITD’s attachment of our bank accounts. As part of the interim stay order, we have deposited 5 billion Indian rupees ($68 million at the September 30, 2018 exchange rate) representing 15% of the disputed tax amount related to the 2016 India Cash Remittance, to be kept in a segregated account by the ITD. This amount is presented in "Other current assets" on our consolidated statement of financial position. In addition, in April 2018 the court placed a lien on certain time deposits of CTS India in the amount of 28 billion Indian rupees ($387 million at the September 30, 2018 exchange rate), which is the remainder of the disputed tax amount related to the 2016 India Cash Remittance. The affected time deposits are considered restricted assets and we have reported them in “Short-

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term investments” on our consolidated statement of financial position. As of September 30, 2018, the restricted time deposits balance was $405 million, including accumulated interest. There were no restricted time deposits as of December 31, 2017.



Note 10 — Derivative Financial Instruments

In the normal course of business, we use foreign exchange forward contracts to manage foreign currency exchange rate risk. The estimated fair value of the foreign exchange forward contracts considers the following items: discount rate, timing and amount of cash flow and counterparty credit risk. Derivatives may give rise to credit risks from the possible non-performance by counterparties. Credit risk is generally limited to the fair value of those contracts that are favorable to us. We have limited our credit risk by entering into derivative transactions only with highly-rated financial institutions, limiting the amount of credit exposure with any one financial institution and conducting an ongoing evaluation of the creditworthiness of the financial institutions with which we do business. In addition, all the assets and liabilities related to our foreign exchange forward contracts set forth in the below table are subject to International Swaps and Derivatives Association, or ISDA, master netting arrangements or other similar agreements with each individual counterparty. These master netting arrangements generally provide for net settlement of all outstanding contracts with the counterparty in the case of an event of default or a termination event. We have presented all the assets and liabilities related to our foreign exchange forward contracts on a gross basis, with no offsets, in our accompanying unaudited consolidated statements of financial position. There is no financial collateral (including cash collateral) posted or received by us related to our foreign exchange forward contracts.

The following table provides information on the location and fair values of derivative financial instruments included in our unaudited consolidated statements of financial position as of:



		September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
Designation of Derivatives	Location on Statements of Financial Position	Assets		Liabilities		Assets		Liabilities
		(in millions)
Foreign exchange forward contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments	Other current assets	$	4	$	—	$	134	$	—
	Other noncurrent assets	—		—		20		—
	Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	—		66		—		—
	Other noncurrent liabilities	—		48		—		—
	Total	4		114		154		—
Foreign exchange forward contracts – Not designated as hedging instruments	Other current assets	3		—		—		—
	Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	—		1		—		5
	Total	3		1		—		5
Total		$	7	$	115	$	154	$	5

Cash Flow Hedges

We have entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts that are designated as cash flow hedges of Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These contracts are intended to partially offset the impact of movement of exchange rates on future operating costs and are scheduled to mature each month during 2018, 2019 and the first nine months of 2020. Under these contracts, we purchase Indian rupees and sell U.S. dollars. The changes in fair value of these contracts are initially reported in the caption “Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss)” in our consolidated statements of financial position and are subsequently reclassified to earnings in the same period the forecasted Indian rupee denominated payments are recorded in earnings. As of September 30, 2018, we estimate that $50 million, net of tax, of net losses related to derivatives designated as cash flow hedges recorded in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is expected to be reclassified into earnings within the next 12 months.

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The notional value of our outstanding contracts by year of maturity and the net unrealized gains included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) for such contracts were as follows as of:



	September 30, 2018			December 31, 2017
	(in millions)
2018	$	360		$	1,185
2019	1,215			720
2020	555			—
Total notional value of contracts outstanding	$	2,130		$	1,905
Net unrealized (losses) gains included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net of taxes	$	(90	)	$	115

Upon settlement or maturity of the cash flow hedge contracts, we record the gains or losses, based on our designation at the commencement of the contract, with the related hedged Indian rupee denominated expense reported within cost of revenues and selling, general and administrative expenses. Hedge ineffectiveness was immaterial for all periods presented.

The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax gains and losses on our cash flow hedges for the three months ended September 30:



	Change in Derivative Gains/Losses Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (effective portion)					Location of Net Derivative Gains Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion)	Net Gains Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion)
	2018			2017			2018		2017
	(in millions)
Foreign exchange forward contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments	$	(96	)	$	6	Cost of revenues	$	6	$	29
						Selling, general and administrative expenses	1		5
						Total	$	7	$	34

The following table provides information on the location and amounts of pre-tax gains and losses on our cash flow hedges for the nine months ended September 30:



	Change in Derivative Gains/Losses Recognized in Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) (effective portion)					Location of Net Derivative Gains Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion)	Net Gains Reclassified from Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss) into Income (effective portion)
	2018			2017			2018		2017
	(in millions)
Foreign exchange forward contracts – Designated as cash flow hedging instruments	$	(201	)	$	165	Cost of revenues	$	54	$	75
						Selling, general and administrative expenses	9		14
						Total	$	63	$	89

The activity related to the change in net unrealized gains and losses on our cash flow hedges included in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) is presented in Note 12.

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Other Derivatives

We use foreign exchange forward contracts to provide an economic hedge against balance sheet exposures to certain monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies, primarily the Indian rupee, British pound and Euro, other than the functional currency of our foreign subsidiaries. We entered into a series of foreign exchange forward contracts that are scheduled to mature in 2018. Realized gains or losses and changes in the estimated fair value of these derivative financial instruments are recorded in the caption "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations.

Additional information related to our outstanding foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments is as follows:



	September 30, 2018				December 31, 2017
	Notional		Fair Value		Notional		Fair Value
	(in millions)
Contracts outstanding	$	460	$	2	$	255	$	(5	)

The following table provides information on the location and amounts of realized and unrealized pre-tax gains and losses on our other derivative financial instruments for the three and nine months ended September 30:



	Location of Net Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments	Amount of Net Gains (Losses) on Derivative Instruments
		Three Months Ended September 30,					Nine Months Ended September 30,
		2018		2017			2018		2017
		(in millions)
Foreign exchange forward contracts – Not designated as hedging instruments	Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net	$	3	$	(3	)	$	23	$	(16	)

The related cash flow impacts of all of our derivative activities are reflected as cash flows from operating activities.



Note 11 — Fair Value Measurements

We measure our cash equivalents, investments and foreign exchange forward contracts at fair value. The authoritative guidance defines fair value as the exit price, or the amount that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants as of the measurement date. The authoritative guidance also establishes a fair value hierarchy that is intended to increase consistency and comparability in fair value measurements and related disclosures. The fair value hierarchy is based on inputs to valuation techniques that are used to measure fair value that are either observable or unobservable. Observable inputs reflect assumptions market participants would use in pricing an asset or liability based on market data obtained from independent sources while unobservable inputs reflect a reporting entity’s pricing based upon their own market assumptions.

The fair value hierarchy consists of the following three levels:


•	Level 1 – Inputs are quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities.


•	Level 2 – Inputs are quoted prices for similar assets or liabilities in an active market, quoted prices for identical or similar assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, inputs other than quoted prices that are observable and market-corroborated inputs which are derived principally from or corroborated by observable market data.


•	Level 3 – Inputs are derived from valuation techniques in which one or more significant inputs or value drivers are unobservable.

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The following table summarizes our financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of September 30, 2018:



	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
	(in millions)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	401	$	—		$	—	$	401
Commercial paper and bank deposits	—		6			—		6
Total cash equivalents	401		6			—		407
Short-term investments:
Time deposits⁽¹⁾	—		465			—		465
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities	572		65			—		637
Corporate and other debt securities	—		426			—		426
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper	—		317			—		317
Asset-backed securities	—		318			—		318
Municipal debt securities	—		103			—		103
Total available-for-sale investment securities	572		1,229			—		1,801
Held-to-maturity investment securities:
Corporate and other debt securities	—		674			—		674
Commercial paper	—		454			—		454
Total short-term held-to-maturity investment securities	—		1,128			—		1,128
Total short-term investments⁽²⁾	572		2,822			—		3,394
Long-term investments:
Held-to-maturity investment securities:
Corporate and other debt securities	—		6			—		6
Commercial paper	—		12			—		12
Total long-term held-to-maturity investment securities	—		18			—		18
Total long-term investments⁽³⁾	—		18			—		18
Derivative financial instruments - foreign exchange forward contracts:
Other current assets	—		7			—		7
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	—		(67		)	—		(67		)
Other noncurrent liabilities	—		(48		)	—		(48		)
Total	$	973	$	2,738		$	—	$	3,711


(1)	Includes $405 million in restricted time deposits. See Note 9.


(2)	Excludes an equity security invested in a mutual fund valued at $25 million based on the NAV of the fund.


(3)	Excludes equity and cost method investments of $75 million, which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and at cost, respectively.

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The following table summarizes our financial assets and (liabilities) measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of December 31, 2017:



	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
	(in millions)
Cash equivalents:
Money market funds	$	334	$	—		$	—	$	334
Bank deposits	—		80			—		80
Commercial paper	—		386			—		386
Total cash equivalents	334		466			—		800
Short-term investments:
Time deposits	—		389			—		389
Available-for-sale investment securities:
U.S. Treasury and agency debt securities	585		76			—		661
Corporate and other debt securities	—		437			—		437
Certificates of deposit and commercial paper	—		450			—		450
Asset-backed securities	—		295			—		295
Municipal debt securities	—		129			—		129
Total available-for-sale investment securities	585		1,387			—		1,972
Held-to-maturity investment securities:
Corporate and other debt securities	—		345			—		345
Commercial paper	—		397			—		397
Total held-to-maturity investment securities	—		742			—		742
Total short-term investments⁽¹⁾	585		2,518			—		3,103
Long-term investments:
Held-to-maturity investment securities:
Corporate and other debt securities	—		160			—		160
Total held-to-maturity investment securities	—		160			—		160
Total long-term investments⁽²⁾	—		160			—		160
Derivative financial instruments - foreign exchange forward contracts:
Other current assets	—		134			—		134
Accrued expenses and other current liabilities	—		(5		)	—		(5		)
Other noncurrent assets	—		20			—		20
Total	$	919	$	3,293		$	—	$	4,212


(1)	Excludes an equity security invested in a mutual fund valued at $25 million based on the NAV of the fund.


(2)	Excludes equity and cost method investments of $74 million, which are accounted for using the equity method of accounting and at cost, respectively.

We measure the fair value of money market funds and U.S. Treasury securities based on quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and therefore classify these assets as Level 1. The fair value of commercial paper, certificates of deposit, U.S. government agency securities, municipal debt securities, debt securities issued by supranational institutions, U.S. and international corporate bonds and foreign government debt securities is measured based on relevant trade data, dealer quotes, or model-driven valuations using significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data, such as yield curves and credit spreads. We measure the fair value of our asset-backed securities using model-driven valuations based on significant inputs derived from or corroborated by observable market data such as dealer quotes, available trade information, spread data, current market assumptions on prepayment speeds and defaults and historical data on deal collateral performance. The carrying value of deposits approximated fair value as of September 30, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

We estimate the fair value of each foreign exchange forward contract by using a present value of expected cash flows model. This model calculates the difference between the current market forward price and the contracted forward price for each foreign

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exchange contract and applies the difference in the rates to each outstanding contract. The market forward rates include a discount and credit risk factor. The amounts are aggregated by type of contract and maturity.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the year ended December 31, 2017, there were no transfers among Level 1, Level 2, or Level 3 financial assets and liabilities.



Note 12 — Stockholders' Equity

Stock Repurchase Program

We have entered into multiple accelerated stock repurchase agreements, or ASRs, under our stock repurchase program authorized by our Board of Directors. The ASR activity and related information during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and the year ended December 31, 2017 were as follows:



	Purchase Period End Date	Number of Shares		Average Repurchase Price per Share		ASR Amount
		(in millions)				(in millions)
June 2018 ASR	August 2018	7.6	⁽¹⁾	$	79.42	$	600
March 2018 ASR	May 2018	3.7	⁽²⁾	$	79.95	$	300
December 2017 ASR	March 2018	4.0	⁽³⁾	$	75.75	$	300
March 2017 ASR	August 2017	23.7		$	63.19	$	1,500

___________________


(1)	Includes 6.5 million shares initially delivered in June 2018 and 1.1 million shares delivered in August 2018 upon the final settlement of the ASR.


(2)	Includes 3.0 million shares initially delivered in March 2018 and 0.7 million shares delivered in May 2018 upon the final settlement of the ASR.


(3)	Includes 3.6 million shares initially delivered in December 2017 and 0.4 million shares delivered in March 2018 upon the final settlement of the ASR.

In addition to the ASR activity above, during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we repurchased 0.3 million shares of our Class A common stock for $25 million under our existing stock repurchase program approved by our Board of Directors.

Our stock repurchase program allows for the repurchase of $3,500 million of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock, excluding fees and expenses, through December 31, 2019. As of September 30, 2018, the remaining available balance under our stock repurchase program was $775 million.

Stock repurchases were also made in connection with our stock-based compensation plans, whereby Company shares were tendered by employees for payment of applicable statutory tax withholdings. In 2017, we also repurchased a limited number of shares from employees at the repurchase date market price. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, such repurchases totaled 0.9 million shares at an aggregate cost of $69 million, and 0.9 million shares at an aggregate cost of $57 million, respectively.

Dividends

Dividends on our Class A common stock, including dividend equivalents, during the periods presented were as follows:



	Dividends per Share		Amount
			(in millions)
2018:
Three months ended March 31, 2018	$	0.20	$	119
Three months ended June 30, 2018	0.20		119
Three months ended September 30, 2018	0.20		117
Nine months ended September 30, 2018			$	355
2017:
Three months ended June 30, 2017	$	0.15	$	89
Three months ended September 30, 2017	0.15		90
Three months ended December 31, 2017	0.15		89
Year ended December 31, 2017			$	268

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Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018:



	Three Months									Nine Months
	Before Tax Amount			Tax Effect			Net of Tax Amount			Before Tax Amount			Tax Effect			Net of Tax Amount
	(in millions)
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Beginning balance	$	(79	)	$	7		$	(72	)	$	(38	)	$	—		$	(38	)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustments	(14		)	2			(12		)	(55		)	9			(46		)
Ending balance	$	(93	)	$	9		$	(84	)	$	(93	)	$	9		$	(84	)

Unrealized (losses) on available-for-sale investment securities:
Beginning balance	$	(19	)	$	5		$	(14	)	$	(11	)	$	4		$	(7	)
Cumulative effect of change in accounting principle⁽¹⁾	—			—			—			—			(1		)	(1		)
Net unrealized (losses) arising during the period	(1		)	—			(1		)	(11		)	2			(9		)
Reclassification of net losses to Other, net	1			—			1			3			—			3
Net change	—			—			—			(8		)	1			(7		)
Ending balance	$	(19	)	$	5		$	(14	)	$	(19	)	$	5		$	(14	)

Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges:
Beginning balance	$	(7	)	$	(1	)	$	(8	)	$	154		$	(39	)	$	115
Unrealized (losses) arising during the period	(96		)	20			(76		)	(201		)	44			(157		)
Reclassifications of net (gains) to:
Cost of revenues	(6		)	1			(5		)	(54		)	13			(41		)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(1		)	—			(1		)	(9		)	2			(7		)
Net change	(103		)	21			(82		)	(264		)	59			(205		)
Ending balance	$	(110	)	$	20		$	(90	)	$	(110	)	$	20		$	(90	)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Beginning balance	$	(105	)	$	11		$	(94	)	$	105		$	(35	)	$	70
Other comprehensive income (loss)	(117		)	23			(94		)	(327		)	69			(258		)
Ending balance	$	(222	)	$	34		$	(188	)	$	(222	)	$	34		$	(188	)


(1)	Reflects the adoption of accounting standards as described in Note 1.

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Changes in accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) by component were as follows for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017:



	Three Months									Nine Months
	Before Tax Amount			Tax Effect			Net of Tax Amount			Before Tax Amount			Tax Effect			Net of Tax Amount
	(in millions)
Foreign currency translation adjustments:
Beginning balance	$	(82	)	$	—		$	(82	)	$	(149	)	$	—		$	(149	)
Change in foreign currency translation adjustments	33			—			33			100			—			100
Ending balance	$	(49	)	$	—		$	(49	)	$	(49	)	$	—		$	(49	)

Unrealized gains (losses) on available-for-sale investment securities:
Beginning balance	$	(3	)	$	1		$	(2	)	$	(6	)	$	2		$	(4	)
Net unrealized (losses) gains arising during the period	(1		)	—			(1		)	2			(1		)	1
Reclassification of net losses to Other, net	1			—			1			1			—			1
Net change	—			—			—			3			(1		)	2
Ending balance	$	(3	)	$	1		$	(2	)	$	(3	)	$	1		$	(2	)

Unrealized gains on cash flow hedges:
Beginning balance	$	155		$	(38	)	$	117		$	51		$	(12	)	$	39
Unrealized gains arising during the period	6			(2		)	4			165			(41		)	124
Reclassifications of net (gains) to:
Cost of revenues	(29		)	7			(22		)	(75		)	18			(57		)
Selling, general and administrative expenses	(5		)	1			(4		)	(14		)	3			(11		)
Net change	(28		)	6			(22		)	76			(20		)	56
Ending balance	$	127		$	(32	)	$	95		$	127		$	(32	)	$	95

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss):
Beginning balance	$	70		$	(37	)	$	33		$	(104	)	$	(10	)	$	(114	)
Other comprehensive income (loss)	5			6			11			179			(21		)	158
Ending balance	$	75		$	(31	)	$	44		$	75		$	(31	)	$	44



Note 13 — Commitments and Contingencies

We are involved in various claims and legal actions arising in the ordinary course of business. We accrue a liability when a loss is considered probable and the amount can be reasonably estimated. When a material loss contingency is reasonably possible but not probable, we do not record a liability, but instead disclose the nature and the amount of the claim, and an estimate of the loss or range of loss, if such an estimate can be made. Legal fees are expensed as incurred. In the opinion of management, the outcome of any existing claims and legal or regulatory proceedings, other than the specific matters described below, if decided adversely, is not expected to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

We have substantially completed our internal investigation focused on whether certain payments relating to Company-owned facilities in India were made improperly and in possible violation of the FCPA and other applicable laws. The investigation, which began in 2016, has also examined various other payments made in small amounts in India that may not have complied with Company policy or applicable law. In September 2016, we voluntarily notified the DOJ and SEC and are cooperating fully with both agencies. The investigation has been conducted under the oversight of the Audit Committee, with the assistance of outside counsel. In connection with the investigation, during the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded out-of-period corrections related to $4 million of potentially improper payments between 2009 and 2016 that had been previously capitalized when they should have been expensed. These out-of-period corrections were not material to any previously issued financial statements. There were no adjustments recorded during 2018 and 2017 related to the amounts under investigation.

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The Company’s discussions with the DOJ and SEC have progressed to a point where the Company can now reasonably estimate a probable loss and has recorded the FCPA Accrual of $28 million in the caption “Accrued expenses and other current liabilities” in our consolidated statements of financial position. There can be no assurance as to the timing of a final resolution of these matters with the DOJ and SEC.

The DOJ and the SEC have a broad range of civil and criminal sanctions under the FCPA and other laws and regulations including injunctive relief, disgorgement, fines, penalties, modifications to business practices, including the termination or modification of existing business relationships, the imposition of compliance programs and the retention of a monitor to oversee compliance with the FCPA. The Company will continue to evaluate the amount of its liability pending final resolution of the discussions with the DOJ and SEC.

In addition, the DOJ and the SEC could bring enforcement actions against the Company or individuals, including former members of senior management. Such actions, if brought, could result in dispositions, judgments, settlements, fines, injunctions, cease and desist orders, debarment or other civil or criminal penalties against the Company or such individuals. The Company cannot currently assess the potential liability that might be incurred if a settlement is not reached and the government were to litigate the matter. As such, based on the information available at this time any additional liability related to this matter is not reasonably estimable.

We expect to incur additional expenses related to remedial measures, and may incur additional expenses related to fines. The imposition of any sanctions or the implementation of remedial measures could have a material adverse effect on our business, annual and interim results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

On October 5, 2016, October 27, 2016, and November 18, 2016, three putative securities class action complaints were filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, naming us and certain of our current and former officers as defendants. In an order dated February 3, 2017, the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey consolidated the three putative securities class actions into a single action and appointed lead plaintiffs and lead counsel. On April 7, 2017, the lead plaintiffs filed a consolidated amended complaint on behalf of a putative class of stockholders who purchased our common stock during the period between February 27, 2015 and September 29, 2016, naming us and certain of our current and former officers as defendants and alleging violations of the Exchange Act, based on allegedly false or misleading statements related to potential violations of the FCPA, our business, prospects and operations, and the effectiveness of our internal controls over financial reporting and our disclosure controls and procedures. The lead plaintiffs seek an award of compensatory damages, among other relief, and their reasonable costs and expenses, including attorneys’ fees. Defendants filed a motion to dismiss the consolidated amended complaint on June 6, 2017, and the motion to dismiss was fully briefed as of September 5, 2017. On August 8, 2018, the Court issued an order which granted the motion to dismiss in part, including dismissal of all claims against current officers of the Company, and denied them in part. On September 7, 2018, we filed a motion in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey to certify the August 8, 2018 order for immediate appeal to the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit pursuant to 28 U.S.C. § 1292(b). Plaintiffs filed a response to the motion on September 28, 2018, and we filed a reply on October 9, 2018.

On October 31, 2016, November 15, 2016, and November 18, 2016, three putative shareholder derivative complaints were filed in New Jersey Superior Court, Bergen County, naming us, all of our then current directors and certain of our current and former officers as defendants. On January 24, 2017, the New Jersey Superior Court, Bergen County, consolidated the three putative shareholder derivative actions filed in that court into a single action and appointed lead plaintiff and lead counsel. The complaints assert claims for breach of fiduciary duty, corporate waste, unjust enrichment, abuse of control, mismanagement, and/or insider selling by defendants. On March 16, 2017, the parties filed a stipulation deferring all further proceedings pending a final, non-appealable ruling on the then anticipated motion to dismiss the consolidated putative securities class action. On April 26, 2017, in lieu of ordering the stipulation filed by the parties, the New Jersey Superior Court deferred further proceedings by dismissing the consolidated putative shareholder derivative litigation without prejudice but permitting the parties to file a motion to vacate the dismissal in the future. On February 22, 2017, a fourth putative shareholder derivative complaint asserting similar claims was filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, naming us and certain of our then current directors as defendants. On April 5, 2017, the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey entered an order staying all proceedings pending a final, non-appealable ruling on the then anticipated motion to dismiss the consolidated putative securities class action. On April 7, 2017, a fifth putative shareholder derivative complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, naming us, certain of our then current directors, and certain of our current and former officers as defendants. The complaint in that action asserts claims similar to those in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative actions, but also adds a claim for violations of Section 10(b) of the Exchange Act against the individual defendants. On May 10, 2017, a sixth putative shareholder derivative complaint was filed in the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey, naming us, certain of our then current directors, and certain of our current and former officers as defendants. The complaint in that action asserts claims similar to those in the previously-filed putative shareholder derivative actions, but also adds a claim for violations of Section

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14(a) of the Exchange Act against the individual defendants. In an order dated June 20, 2017, the United States District Court for the District of New Jersey consolidated the three putative shareholder derivative actions filed in that court into a single action, appointed lead plaintiff and lead counsel, and stayed all further proceedings pending a final, non-appealable ruling on the motions to dismiss the consolidated putative securities class action. All of the putative shareholder derivative complaints allege among other things that certain of our public disclosures were false and misleading by failing to disclose that payments allegedly in violation of the FCPA had been made and by asserting that management had determined that our internal controls were effective. The plaintiffs seek awards of compensatory damages and restitution to the Company as a result of the alleged violations and their costs and attorneys’ fees, experts’ fees, and other litigation expenses, among other relief.

We are presently unable to predict the duration, scope or result of the consolidated putative securities class action, the putative shareholder derivative actions or any other lawsuits. As such, we are presently unable to develop a reasonable estimate of a possible loss or range of losses, if any, and thus have not recorded any accruals related to these matters. While the Company intends to defend the lawsuits vigorously, these lawsuits and any other related lawsuits are subject to inherent uncertainties, the actual cost of such litigation will depend upon many unknown factors and the outcome of the litigation is necessarily uncertain.

We have indemnification and expense advancement obligations pursuant to our Bylaws and indemnification agreements with respect to certain current and former members of senior management and the Company’s directors. In connection with the internal investigation, we have received requests under such indemnification agreements and our Bylaws to provide funds for legal fees and other expenses, and expect additional requests in connection with the investigation and related litigation. We have not recorded any liability for these matters as of September 30, 2018 as we cannot estimate the ultimate outcome at this time but have expensed payments made through September 30, 2018.

We have maintained directors and officers insurance, from which a portion of the indemnification expenses and costs related to the putative securities class action complaints may be recoverable, and have recorded an insurance receivable of less than $1 million as of September 30, 2018.

See Note 9 for information relating to the ITD Dispute.

Many of our engagements involve projects that are critical to the operations of our customers’ business and provide benefits that are difficult to quantify. Any failure in a customer’s systems or our failure to meet our contractual obligations to our customers, including any breach involving a customer’s confidential information or sensitive data, or our obligations under applicable laws or regulations could result in a claim for substantial damages against us, regardless of our responsibility for such failure. Although we attempt to contractually limit our liability for damages arising from negligent acts, errors, mistakes, or omissions in rendering our services, there can be no assurance that the limitations of liability set forth in our contracts will be enforceable in all instances or will otherwise protect us from liability for damages. Although we have general liability insurance coverage, including coverage for errors or omissions, there can be no assurance that such coverage will cover all types of claims, continue to be available on reasonable terms or will be available in sufficient amounts to cover one or more large claims, or that the insurer will not disclaim coverage as to any future claim. The successful assertion of one or more large claims against us that exceed or are not covered by our insurance coverage or changes in our insurance policies, including premium increases or the imposition of large deductible or co-insurance requirements, could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

In the normal course of business and in conjunction with certain customer engagements, we have entered into contractual arrangements through which we may be obligated to indemnify customers or other parties with whom we conduct business with respect to certain matters. These arrangements can include provisions whereby we agree to hold the indemnified party and certain of their affiliated entities harmless with respect to third-party claims related to such matters as our breach of certain representations or covenants, our intellectual property infringement, our gross negligence or willful misconduct or certain other claims made against certain parties. Payments by us under any of these arrangements are generally conditioned on the customer making a claim and providing us with full control over the defense and settlement of such claim. It is not possible to determine the maximum potential liability under these indemnification agreements due to the unique facts and circumstances involved in each particular agreement. Historically, we have not made payments under these indemnification agreements and therefore they have not had any impact on our operating results, financial position, or cash flows. However, if events arise requiring us to make payment for indemnification claims under our indemnification obligations in contracts we have entered, such payments could have material impact on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

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Note 14 — Related Party Transactions

Brackett B. Denniston, III was the Interim General Counsel and an executive officer of the Company from December 2016 until May 15, 2017, during which period Mr. Denniston was also a Senior Counsel at the law firm of Goodwin Procter LLP, or Goodwin. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2017, Goodwin performed legal services for the Company for which it earned approximately $1 million and $4 million, respectively. For such period and other periods when Goodwin was a related party of the Company, the provision of legal services from Goodwin was reviewed and approved by our Audit Committee. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, Goodwin was not a related party of the Company.



Note 15 — Segment Information

Our reportable segments are:


•	Financial Services, which consists of our banking and insurance operating segments;


•	Healthcare, which consists of our healthcare and life sciences operating segments;


•	Products and Resources, which consists of our retail and consumer goods, manufacturing and logistics, travel and hospitality, and energy and utilities operating segments; and


•	Communications, Media and Technology, which includes our communications and media operating segment and our technology operating segment.

Our sales managers, account executives, account managers and project teams are aligned in accordance with the specific industries they serve. Our chief operating decision maker evaluates the Company’s performance and allocates resources based on segment revenues and operating profit. Segment operating profit is defined as income from operations before unallocated costs. Generally, operating expenses for each operating segment have similar characteristics and are subject to the same factors, pressures and challenges. However, the economic environment and its effects on industries served by our operating segments may affect revenues and operating expenses to differing degrees.

In 2018, we made changes to the internal measurement of segment operating profits for the purpose of evaluating segment performance and resource allocation. The primary reason for the changes is to charge to our business segments costs that are directly managed and controlled by them. Specifically, segment operating profit now includes the stock-based compensation expense of sales managers, account executives, account managers and project teams, which was previously included in "unallocated costs." In addition, we have changed the methodology of charging our business segments for the use of our global delivery centers and infrastructure from a fixed per employee charge to a variable per employee charge that differs depending on location and assets deployed. We have reported our segment operating profits using the new measurement methodology and have restated the prior period results to conform to the new methodology.

Expenses included in segment operating profit consist principally of direct selling and delivery costs (including stock-based compensation expense) as well as a per employee charge for use of our global delivery centers and infrastructure. Certain selling, general and administrative expenses, excess or shortfall of incentive compensation for delivery personnel as compared to target, costs related to our realignment program, a portion of depreciation and amortization and the impact of the settlements of our cash flow hedges are not allocated to individual segments in internal management reports used by the chief operating decision maker. Accordingly, such expenses are excluded from segment operating profit and are separately disclosed as “unallocated costs” and adjusted against our total income from operations. Additionally, management has determined that it is not practical to allocate identifiable assets by segment, since such assets are used interchangeably among the segments.

As described in Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements, on January 1, 2018, we adopted the New Revenue Standard, using the modified retrospective method. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies.

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Revenues from external customers and segment operating profits, before unallocated expenses, by reportable segment were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(in millions)
Revenues:
Financial Services	$	1,464	$	1,427	$	4,394	$	4,209
Healthcare	1,189		1,085		3,466		3,138
Products and Resources	863		774		2,524		2,258
Communications, Media and Technology	562		480		1,612		1,377
Total revenues	$	4,078	$	3,766	$	11,996	$	10,982

Segment Operating Profit:
Financial Services	$	446	$	476	$	1,355	$	1,348
Healthcare	382		352		1,077		971
Products and Resources	267		248		781		695
Communications, Media and Technology	184		159		522		450
Total segment operating profit	1,279		1,235		3,735		3,464
Less: unallocated costs	534		587		1,627		1,640
Income from operations	$	745	$	648	$	2,108	$	1,824

Geographic Area Information

Revenue and long-lived assets, by geographic area, are as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,				Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017		2018		2017
	(in millions)
Revenues: ⁽¹⁾
North America ⁽²⁾	$	3,107	$	2,891	$	9,149	$	8,503
United Kingdom	325		301		944		863
Rest of Europe	398		327		1,153		903
Europe - Total	723		628		2,097		1,766
Rest of World ⁽³⁾	248		247		750		713
Total revenues	$	4,078	$	3,766	$	11,996	$	10,982



	As of
	September 30, 2018		December 31, 2017
	(in millions)
Long-lived Assets: ⁽⁴⁾
North America⁽²⁾	$	420	$	360
Europe	90		63
Rest of World ⁽³⁾⁽⁵⁾	852		901
Total	$	1,362	$	1,324

________________


(1)	Revenues are attributed to regions based upon customer location.


(2)	Substantially all relates to operations in the United States.


(3)	Includes our operations in Asia Pacific, the Middle East and Latin America.


(4)	Long-lived assets include property and equipment, net of accumulated depreciation and amortization.


(5)	Substantially all of these long-lived assets relate to our operations in India.

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Note 16— Subsequent Events

Acquisitions

In the fourth quarter of 2018, we entered into an agreement to acquire Softvision and completed the acquisitions of Advanced Technology Group, or ATG, and SaaSfocus. The combined preliminary purchase price for these three transactions is approximately $635 million. Softvision is a privately held digital engineering and consulting company that focuses on agile development of custom cloud-based software and platforms. The acquisition of Softvision will expand our digital engineering practice and is expected to close during the fourth quarter of 2018. ATG is a privately held consulting firm that helps companies plan, implement, and optimize automated cloud-based Quote-to-Cash business processes and technologies. SaaSfocus is a privately held consulting firm specializing in digital transformation, leveraging the Salesforce platform. The SaaSfocus and ATG acquisitions are expected to strengthen and expand our Salesforce practice.

Dividend

On October 29, 2018, our Board of Directors approved the Company's declaration of a $0.20 per share dividend with a record date of November 20, 2018 and a payment date of November 30, 2018.

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Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.



Executive Summary

We are one of the world’s leading professional services companies. We are in business to help our customers adapt, compete and grow in the face of continual shifts and disruptions within their markets. We do so by partnering with them to apply technology to transform their business, operating, and technology models, allowing them to achieve the full value of digitizing their entire enterprises. We call this being “digital at scale.” When implemented, it enables customers to achieve more efficient and effective operations while reshaping their business models for innovation and growth. Our industry-based, consultative approach helps customers envision, build and run more innovative and efficient businesses. Our core competencies include: business, process, operations and technology consulting, application development and systems integration, enterprise information management, application testing, application maintenance, information technology, or IT, infrastructure services, and business process services. We tailor our services and solutions to specific industries and use an integrated global delivery model that employs customer service teams based at customer locations and delivery teams located at dedicated global and regional delivery centers.

In 2017, we began a realignment of our business to improve the overall efficiency of our operations while continuing to drive revenue growth. As a continuation of this realignment program, during the three months ended September 30, 2018, we incurred $11 million in pre-tax severance costs as part of an involuntary separation program. We may incur additional realignment charges for the remainder of 2018 and in 2019. Our realignment initiatives are intended to further improve our cost structure primarily by optimizing our resource pyramid. In addition, to accelerate our shift to digital services and solutions, we are continuing to deploy the following strategies: aligning our digital services and solutions along three practice areas, investing to scale these digital practice areas across our business segments and geographies, continuing to develop our core business and selectively targeting higher margin work within our core business. We believe the above actions and strategies will enable us to gradually expand our non-GAAP operating margins¹ with the goal of achieving an approximately 22% non-GAAP operating margin¹ in 2019.There can be no assurances that we will be successful in achieving the objectives of these plans or that other factors beyond our control, including the various risks set forth in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, will not cause us to fail to achieve the targeted improvements.

In February 2017, we announced a plan to return $3.4 billion to our stockholders over a two-year period. To date, as part of this plan, we have repurchased $2.7 billion of stock through accelerated stock repurchase agreements, or ASRs, and paid dividends of $617 million. In May 2017, we initiated a quarterly cash dividend and, in February 2018, we increased our quarterly dividend to $0.20 per share from $0.15 per share. We are currently reviewing our capital return plan, considering the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act, or Tax Reform Act, our financial performance and liquidity position, investments required to execute our strategic plans and initiatives, the economic outlook, regulatory changes and other relevant factors.

We have substantially completed our internal investigation focused on whether certain payments relating to Company-owned facilities in India were made improperly and in possible violation of the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act, or FCPA, and other applicable laws. The investigation, which began in 2016, has also examined various other payments made in small amounts in India that may not have complied with Company policy or applicable law. In September 2016, we voluntarily notified the Department of Justice, or DOJ, and the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, and are cooperating fully with both agencies. The investigation has been conducted under the oversight of the Audit Committee, with the assistance of outside counsel. In connection with the investigation, during the year ended December 31, 2016, we recorded out-of-period corrections related to $4 million of potentially improper payments between 2009 and 2016 that had been previously capitalized when they should have been expensed. There were no adjustments recorded during 2018 or 2017 related to the amounts under investigation.


1	Non-GAAP operating margin is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

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The following table sets forth summarized operating results for the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017:



									Increase / Decrease
	2018				2017				$			%
	(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Revenues	$	4,078			$	3,766			$	312		8.3
Income from operations and operating margin	745		18.3	%	648		17.2	%	97			15.0
Net income	477				495				(18		)	(3.6	)
Diluted earnings per share	0.82				0.84				(0.02		)
Other Financial Information²
Non-GAAP income from operations and Non-GAAP operating margin	862		21.1	%	754		20.0	%	108			14.3
Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share	1.19				0.98				0.21

On January 1, 2018, we adopted ASC Topic 606, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers,” or New Revenue Standard, using the modified retrospective method. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, adoption of the New Revenue Standard had a positive impact on revenue of $33 million, income from operations of $37 million and diluted earnings per share of $0.05 per share. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

The following charts set forth revenues and revenue growth by business segment and geography for the three months ended September 30, 2017 and 2018:

The following factors impacted our revenue growth during the three months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to September 30, 2017:


•	Solid performance in our Communications, Media and Technology, Products and Resources and Healthcare segments;


•	Revenues in our Financial Services business segment grew below Company average as certain banking customers continue to optimize the cost of supporting their legacy IT systems and operations, including moving a portion of their services to captives, as they shift their spend to transformation and digital services;


•	Sustained strength in the North American market;


2	Non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin and non-GAAP earnings per share are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

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•	Revenues from our customers in Europe grew 15.1% inclusive of a negative currency impact of 1.3%;


◦	Revenues from our Rest of Europe customers increased 21.7% inclusive of a negative currency impact of 2.0%;


◦	Revenues from our United Kingdom customers increased 8.0% inclusive of a negative currency impact of 0.5%. Revenue growth in the United Kingdom continues to be negatively affected by weakness in the banking sector in that region;

• Revenues from our customers in our Rest of World region grew 0.4% inclusive of a negative currency impact of 5.9%;


•	Increased customer spending on discretionary projects;


•	Expansion of our service offerings, including consulting and digital services, next-generation IT solutions and platform-based solutions;


•	Continued expansion of the market for global delivery of technology and business process services; and


•	Increased penetration at existing customers, including strategic customers.

Our customers seek to meet a dual mandate of achieving more efficient and effective operations, while investing in digital technologies that are reshaping their business models. Increasingly, the relative emphasis among our customers is shifting towards investment and innovation, as reflected in accelerated demand for our digital services. We continue to see demand for larger, more complex projects that are transformational for our customers, including managed services contracts. Such contracts may have longer sales cycles and ramp-up periods and could lead to greater period-to-period variability in our operating results. We increased the number of strategic customers by 7 during the quarter, bringing the total number of our strategic customers to 378. We define a strategic customer as one offering the potential to generate at least $5 million to $50 million or more in annual revenues at maturity.

Our operating margin increased to 18.3% for the quarter ended September 30, 2018 from 17.2% for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, while our non-GAAP operating margin for the same period increased to 21.1%³from 20.0%³. The increases in both our GAAP and non-GAAP operating margins were due to a decrease, as a percentage of revenues, in compensation and benefit costs and the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, partially offset by an increase in fees paid to strategic partners and other vendors in our digital operations, platform and infrastructure services, the impact of the FCPA Accrual recorded in the third quarter of 2018 and lower gains on settlement of our cash flow hedges in 2018 compared to 2017. Our GAAP operating margin was further negatively impacted by the increase in amortization expense due to recent acquisitions.

On December 22, 2017, the United States enacted the Tax Reform Act, which significantly revised the U.S. corporate income tax law for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017. During the fourth quarter of 2017, we recorded a one-time provisional net income tax expense of $617 million. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we recognized a $5 million reduction to the provision for income taxes as we finalized our calculation of the one-time net income tax expense related to the enactment of the Tax Reform Act, bringing the one-time cost to $612 million. See Note 9 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

During the quarter ended September 30, 2018, the state of New Jersey enacted comprehensive budget legislation that included various changes to the state's tax laws. This legislation did not have a material effect on our income tax provision during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2018. Additional provisions were signed into law in October 2018 that, as enacted, would result in an incremental annual income tax expense of approximately $70 million beginning in 2018. However, we intend to implement prudent and feasible tax planning strategies during the fourth quarter of 2018, which we expect to significantly reduce the income tax expense resulting from the enacted legislation. Also, we are exploring additional tax planning strategies and are seeking relief from the state of New Jersey, either or both of which may further reduce the impact of the legislation.

During the quarters ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, we incurred $5 million and $9 million, respectively, in costs related to the FCPA investigation and related lawsuits. We expect to continue to incur expenses related to these matters.


3	Non-GAAP operating margin is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measures.

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Indian rupees ($455 million at the September 30, 2018 exchange rate) related to the 2016 India Cash Remittance. In addition to the dispute on the 2016 India Cash Remittance, we are involved in another ongoing dispute with the ITD relating to a 2013 transaction undertaken by CTS India to repurchase shares from its shareholders valued at $523 million (the two disputes collectively referred to as the ITD Dispute), for which we also believe we have paid all applicable taxes owed. Accordingly, we have not recorded any reserves for these matters as of September 30, 2018. The ITD Dispute is ongoing, and no final decision has been reached. While we believe that we have paid all applicable taxes related to the transactions underlying the ITD Dispute, if it is ultimately determined that we are liable for the full amount of additional taxes the ITD alleges we owe, there could be a material adverse effect on our results of operations, cash flows and financial condition.

In March 2018, the ITD placed an attachment on certain of our India bank accounts, relating to the 2016 India Cash Remittance. In April 2018, the Madras High Court granted our application for a stay of the actions of the ITD and lifted the ITD’s attachment of our bank accounts. As part of the interim stay order, we have deposited 5 billion Indian rupees ($68 million at the September 30, 2018 exchange rate) representing 15% of the disputed tax amount related to the 2016 India Cash Remittance, to be kept in a segregated account by the ITD. This amount is presented in "Other current assets" on our consolidated statement of financial position. In addition, the court has placed a lien on certain time deposits of CTS India in the amount of 28 billion Indian rupees ($387 million at the September 30, 2018 exchange rate), which is the remainder of the disputed tax amount related to the 2016 India Cash Remittance. The affected time deposits are considered restricted assets and we have reported them in “Short-term investments” on our consolidated statement of financial position. As of September 30, 2018, the restricted time deposits balance was $405 million, including accumulated interest. See Note 9 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

We finished the third quarter of 2018 with approximately 274,200 employees, which is an increase of approximately 18,100 as compared to September 30, 2017. Annualized turnover, including both voluntary and involuntary, was approximately 22.3% for the three months ended September 30, 2018. The higher than usual annualized turnover rate reflects the highly competitive labor market in our industry in the geographies in which we compete for talent, including India. Annualized attrition rates on-site at customers are below our global attrition rate. In addition, attrition is weighted towards the more junior members of our staff.

During the remainder of 2018, barring any unforeseen events, we expect the following factors to affect our business and our operating results:


•	Demand from our customers for digital services;


•	Our customers' dual mandate of simultaneously achieving cost savings while investing in transformation and innovation;


•	Continued focus by customers on directing technology spending towards cost containment projects;


•	Discretionary spending by our customers may be negatively affected by international trade policies as well as other macroeconomic factors;


•	Secular changes driven by evolving digital technologies and regulatory changes, including potential regulatory changes with respect to immigration and taxes;


•	Demand from certain banking customers may continue to be negatively affected by their ongoing efforts to optimize the cost of supporting their legacy IT systems and operations, including moving a portion of their services to captives, as they shift their spend to transformation and digital services;


•	Demand from our healthcare customers may continue to be affected by the uncertainty in the regulatory and secular environments;


•	Demand among our technology customers may be affected by uncertainty in the regulatory environment while significant merger and acquisition activity continues to impact our customers in the communications and media industry;


•	Legal fees and other expenses related to the internal investigation and related matters as described above; and


•	Volatility in foreign currency rates.

In response to this environment, we plan to:


•	Continue to invest in our digital practice areas of focus across industries and geographies;


•	Continue to invest in our talent base, including through local hiring and re-skilling, and new service offerings, including digital technologies and new delivery models;


•	Partner with our existing customers to garner an increased portion of our customers’ overall spend by providing innovative solutions;

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•	Focus on growing our business in Europe, the Middle East, Asia Pacific and Latin America, where we believe there are opportunities to gain market share;


•	Increase our strategic customer base across all of our business segments;


•	Pursue strategic acquisition opportunities that we believe add new technologies, including digital technologies, or platforms that complement our existing services, improve our overall service delivery capabilities, and/or expand our geographic presence; and


•	Focus on operating discipline in order to appropriately manage our cost structure.



Business Segments

Our reportable segments are:


•	Financial Services, which consists of our banking and insurance operating segments;


•	Healthcare, which consists of our healthcare and life sciences operating segments;


•	Products and Resources, which consists of our retail and consumer goods, manufacturing and logistics, travel and hospitality, and energy and utilities operating segments; and


•	Communications, Media and Technology, which includes our communications and media operating segment and our technology operating segment.

See Note 15 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information on our business segments.

We provide a significant volume of services to many customers in each of our business segments. Therefore, a loss of a significant customer or a few significant customers in a particular segment could materially reduce revenues for that segment. However, no individual customer accounted for sales in excess of 10% of our consolidated revenues for the periods ended September 30, 2018 and 2017. In addition, the services we provide to our larger customers are often critical to the operations of such customers. As such, we believe that a termination of our services would in many instances require an extended transition period with gradually declining revenues.

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Results of Operations

Three Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to Three Months Ended September 30, 2017

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain financial data for the three months ended September 30:



				% of				% of	Increase / Decrease⁽¹⁾
	2018⁽¹⁾			Revenues	2017⁽¹⁾			Revenues	$			%
	(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Revenues	$	4,078		100.0	$	3,766		100.0	$	312		8.3
Cost of revenues⁽²⁾	2,480			60.8	2,337			62.1	143			6.1
Selling, general and administrative expenses⁽²⁾	734			18.0	674			17.9	60			8.9
Depreciation and amortization expense	119			2.9	107			2.8	12			11.2
Income from operations	745			18.3	648			17.2	97			15.0
Other income (expense), net	(83		)		10				(93		)	(930.0	)
Income before provision for income taxes	662			16.2	658			17.5	4			0.6
Provision for income taxes	(185		)		(164		)		(21		)	12.8
Income from equity method investments	—				1				(1		)
Net income	$	477		11.7	$	495		13.1	$	(18	)	(3.6	)
Diluted earnings per share	$	0.82			$	0.84			$	(0.02	)

Other Financial Information⁽³⁾
Non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP operating margin	$	862		21.1	$	754		20.0	$	108		14.3
Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share	$	1.19			$	0.98			$	0.21

_____________________

(1)

On January 1, 2018, we adopted the New Revenue Standard using the modified retrospective method. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, adoption of the New Revenue Standard had a positive impact on revenue of $33 million, income from operations of $37 million and diluted earnings per share of $0.05 per share. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.


(2)	Exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense.


(3)	Non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

Revenues - Overall

Our revenue growth was primarily attributed to services related to integration of digital technologies that are reshaping our customers' business, operating and technology models to align with shifts in consumer preferences, increased customer spending on discretionary projects, continued interest in using our global delivery model as a means to reduce overall technology and operations costs and continued penetration in all our geographic markets. Revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $114 million and represented 36.6% of the period-over-period revenue increase.

Our consulting and technology services revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by 6.6% compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017 and represented 57.7% of total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018. Our outsourcing services revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018 increased by 10.7% and constituted 42.3% of total revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2018.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted the New Revenue Standard using the modified retrospective method. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, adoption of the New Revenue Standard had a positive impact on revenue of $33 million. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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Revenues from our top customers as a percentage of total revenues were as follows:



	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Top five customers	8.7	%	8.9	%
Top ten customers	15.5	%	14.9	%

Revenues - Reportable Business Segments

Revenues by reportable business segment were as follows for the three months ended September 30:



	2018		2017		Increase
	2018		2017		$		%
	(Dollars in millions)
Financial Services	$	1,464	$	1,427	$	37	2.6
Healthcare	1,189		1,085		104		9.6
Products and Resources	863		774		89		11.5
Communications, Media and Technology	562		480		82		17.1
Total revenues⁽¹⁾	$	4,078	$	3,766	$	312	8.3

_____________________


(1)	Results for 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Financial Services

Revenues from our Financial Services segment grew 2.6%, inclusive of a negative currency impact of 0.8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Growth was stronger among our insurance customers where revenues increased by $28 million as compared to an increase of $9 million for our banking customers. In this segment, revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $22 million and represented 59.5% of the period-over-period revenues increase in this segment. Key areas of focus for our Financial Services customers included the adoption and integration of digital technologies that are reshaping our customers' business and operating models, cost optimization, robotic process automation, cyber security and vendor consolidation. Demand from certain banking customers may continue to be negatively affected by their ongoing efforts to optimize the cost of supporting their legacy IT systems and operations, including moving a portion of their services to captives, as they shift their spend to transformation and digital services.

Healthcare

Revenues from our Healthcare segment grew 9.6% for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Growth was stronger among our healthcare customers where revenues increased by $83 million, as compared to an increase of $21 million for our life sciences customers. Revenue growth from our healthcare customers includes revenues from Bolder Healthcare Solutions acquired in the second quarter of 2018, partially offset by a ramp down of a customer relationship in which we were a subcontractor to a third party for the purpose of delivering healthcare-related systems implementation services to local government. Revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $48 million and represented 46.2% of the period-over-period revenues increase in this segment. The demand for our services among life science customers has been affected by reduced discretionary spending. The demand for our services among healthcare customers may continue to be affected by uncertainty in the regulatory environment. We believe that in the long term the healthcare industry continues to present a significant growth opportunity due to factors that are transforming the industry, including the changing regulatory environment, increasing focus on medical costs, and the consumerization of healthcare.

Products and Resources

Revenues from our Products and Resources segment grew 11.5%, inclusive of a negative currency impact of 0.8%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Revenue growth was above Company average in each of the four operating segments within this business segment. Revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $35 million, representing 39.3% of the period-over-period revenue increase in this segment. Demand within this segment continues to be driven by increased adoption of digital technologies that are reshaping our customers' business

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and operating models, as well as growing demand for analytics, supply chain consulting, implementation initiatives, smart products, transformation of business models, internet of things and omni channel commerce implementation and integration services. In the future, discretionary spending by our customers in this segment may be affected by international trade policies as well as other macroeconomic factors.

Communications, Media and Technology

Revenues from our Communications, Media and Technology segment grew 17.1%, inclusive of a negative currency impact of 1.1%, for the three months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the three months ended September 30, 2017. Growth was stronger among our technology customers where revenues increased by $67 million as compared to an increase of $16 million for our communications and media customers. Revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $9 million and represented 11.0% of the period-over-period revenue increase in this segment. Growth within this segment was driven by the increased adoption of digital technologies, digital content operations, services to help our customers balance rationalizing costs while creating a differentiated user experience and an expanded range of services, including business process services. Additionally, demand among our technology customers may be affected by uncertainty in the regulatory environment while significant merger and acquisition activity continues to impact our customers in the communications and media industry.

Revenues - Geographic Markets

Revenues by geographic market were as follows for the three months ended September 30:



	2018		2017		Increase
	2018		2017		$		%
	(Dollars in millions)
North America	$	3,107	$	2,891	$	216	7.5
United Kingdom	325		301		24		8.0
Rest of Europe	398		327		71		21.7
Europe - Total	723		628		95		15.1
Rest of World	248		247		1		0.4
Total revenues⁽¹⁾	$	4,078	$	3,766	$	312	8.3

_____________________


(1)	Results for 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

North America continues to be our largest market, representing 76.2% of total revenues for the third quarter of 2018, and 69.2% of total revenue growth from the third quarter of 2017. Revenues from our customers in Europe grew 15.1% inclusive of a negative currency impact of 1.3%. Specifically, revenues from our Rest of Europe customers, increased 21.7% inclusive of a negative currency impact of 2.0%, while within the United Kingdom we experienced an increase in revenues of 8.0% inclusive of a negative currency impact of 0.5%. Revenues from our Rest of World customers grew 0.4% in the third quarter of 2018 inclusive of a negative currency impact of 5.9%. Revenue growth in the United Kingdom and Rest of World was negatively affected by weakness in our Financial Services segment as certain banking customers in those regions continue to optimize the cost of supporting their legacy IT systems and operations, including moving a portion of their services to captives, as they shift their spend to transformation and digital services. We believe that Europe, India, Middle East, Asia Pacific and Latin America will continue to be areas of significant investment for us as we see these regions as long term growth opportunities.

Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense)

Our cost of revenues consists primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, project-related immigration and travel for technical personnel and subcontracting costs relating to revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 6.1% during the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the third quarter of 2017, decreasing as a percentage of revenues to 60.8% in the third quarter of 2018 compared to 62.1% in the third quarter of 2017. The decrease as a percentage of revenues was due primarily to a decrease in compensation and benefits and the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, partially offset by an increase in fees paid to strategic partners and other vendors in our digital operations, platform and infrastructure services and lower realized gains on our cash flow hedges in 2018 compared to 2017.

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Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

Selling, general and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, immigration, travel, marketing, communications, management, finance, administrative and occupancy costs. Selling, general and administrative expenses, including depreciation and amortization, increased by 9.2% during the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the third quarter of 2017, remaining relatively flat as a percentage of revenues at 20.9% in the third quarter of 2018 as compared to 20.7% in the third quarter of 2017. Selling, general and administrative expenses reflect a decrease in compensation and benefit costs, offset by the impact of the FCPA Accrual recorded in the third quarter of 2018.

Income from Operations and Operating Margin - Overall

Income from operations increased 15.0% in the third quarter of 2018 as compared to the third quarter of 2017. Our operating margin increased to 18.3% for the quarter ended September 30, 2018 from 17.2% for the quarter ended September 30, 2017, primarily due to a decrease, as a percentage of revenues, in compensation and benefit costs and the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, partially offset by an increase in fees paid to strategic partners and other vendors in our digital operations, platform and infrastructure services, the impact of the FCPA Accrual recorded in the third quarter of 2018, an increase in amortization expense due to recent acquisitions and lower gains on settlement of our cash flow hedges in 2018 compared to 2017. Excluding the impact of applicable designated cash flow hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 162 basis points, or 1.62 percentage points, in the three months ended September 30, 2018. Each additional 1.0% change in the exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar will have the effect of moving our operating margin by approximately 18 basis points or 0.18 percentage points.

We entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These hedges are intended to mitigate the volatility of the changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee. During the three months ended September 30, 2018, the settlement of our cash flow hedges positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 17 basis points or 0.17 percentage points as compared to a positive impact of approximately 90 basis points or 0.90 percentage points during the three months ended September 30, 2017.

For the three months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, our non-GAAP operating margins were 21.1%⁴and 20.0%⁴, respectively. As set forth in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section, our non-GAAP operating margin excludes stock based compensation expense, acquisition-related charges and realignment charges.

Segment Operating Profit

_______________


4	Non-GAAP operating margin is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

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Segment operating profits were as follows for the three months ended September 30:



					Increase (Decrease)
	2018		2017		$			%
	(Dollars in millions)
Financial Services	$	446	$	476	$	(30	)	(6.3	)
Healthcare	382		352		30			8.5
Products and Resources	267		248		19			7.7
Communications, Media and Technology	184		159		25			15.7
Total segment operating profit	1,279		1,235		44			3.6
Less: unallocated costs	534		587		(53		)	(9.0	)
Income from operations	$	745	$	648	$	97		15.0

In our Financial Services and our Products and Resources business segments, operating profits decreased as a percentage of revenues due to investments to accelerate our shift to digital, including re-skilling of service delivery personnel, an increase in subcontractor costs and an increase in fees paid to strategic partners and other vendors in our digital operations, platform and infrastructure services, partially offset by the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar. In our Healthcare and Communications, Media and Technology business segments, operating profits remained relatively flat as a percentage of revenues.

Other Income (Expense), Net

Total other income (expense), net consists primarily of foreign currency exchange gains and losses, interest income and interest expense. The following table sets forth total other income (expense), net for the three months ended September 30:



	2018			2017			Increase/ Decrease
	(in millions)
Foreign currency exchange (losses)	$	(125	)	$	(13	)	$	(112	)
Gains (losses) on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments	3			(3		)	6
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net	(122		)	(16		)	(106		)
Interest income	47			34			13
Interest expense	(6		)	(6		)	—
Other, net	(2		)	(2		)	—
Total other income (expense), net	$	(83	)	$	10		$	(93	)

The foreign currency exchange gains and losses were primarily attributed to the remeasurement of the Indian rupee denominated net monetary assets in our U.S. dollar functional currency India subsidiaries and, to a lesser extent, the remeasurement of other net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. The gains and losses on our foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments related to the realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts entered into primarily to offset foreign currency exposure to the British pound, Euro and other non-U.S. dollar denominated net monetary assets and liabilities. As of September 30, 2018, the notional value of our undesignated hedges was $460 million. The increase in interest income of $13 million was primarily attributable to an increase in average invested balances and higher yields in 2018.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes increased to $185 million during the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $164 million during the three months ended September 30, 2017. The effective income tax rate increased to 27.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from 24.9% for the three months ended September 30, 2017 primarily due to the depreciation of the India rupee against the U.S. dollar, which resulted in (i) higher non-deductible foreign currency exchange losses on our consolidated statement of operations and (ii) a higher income tax provision for our India subsidiaries due to foreign currency exchange gains on their statutory books. The 2018 effective income tax rate was additionally adversely impacted by the FCPA Accrual recorded in the third quarter of 2018, which is not deductible for tax purposes. The estimate of our 2018 annual effective income tax rate reflects the current interpretation of the Tax Reform Act, including the GILTI provision and may change as we receive additional clarification and guidance and as the interpretation of the Tax Reform Act evolves over time. Additionally, our effective income tax rate for the remainder of 2018 and future periods may be negatively affected by the recently-enacted New Jersey state tax laws as further described in the Executive Summary.

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Net Income

Net income decreased to $477 million for the three months ended September 30, 2018 from $495 million for the three months ended September 30, 2017, representing 11.7% and 13.1% of revenues, respectively. The decrease in net income is primarily due to an increase in foreign currency exchange losses in 2018 compared to 2017 driven by the depreciation of the Indian rupee and the increase in the provision for income taxes, partially offset by an increase in income from operations.

Non-GAAP Financial Measures

Portions of our disclosure, including the following table, include non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin, and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share. These non-GAAP financial measures are not based on any comprehensive set of accounting rules or principles and should not be considered a substitute for, or superior to, financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP, and may be different from non-GAAP measures used by other companies. In addition, these non-GAAP measures should be read in conjunction with our financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP. The reconciliations of our non-GAAP financial measures to the corresponding GAAP measures should be carefully evaluated.

Our non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP operating margin exclude stock-based compensation costs, acquisition-related charges, realignment charges and the initial funding of the Cognizant U.S. Foundation, as applicable. Our definition of non-GAAP diluted earnings per share excludes net non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses, the effect of an income tax benefit recognized in the third quarter of 2018 upon the finalization of our calculation of the one-time net income tax expense related to the enactment of the Tax Reform Act, and the effect of recognition in the first quarter of 2017 of an income tax benefit previously unrecognized in our consolidated financial statements related to a specific uncertain tax position, in addition to excluding stock-based compensation expense, acquisition-related charges, realignment charges and the initial funding of the Cognizant U.S. Foundation. Our non-GAAP diluted earnings per share is additionally adjusted for the income tax impact of the above items, as applicable. The income tax impact of each item is calculated by applying the statutory rate and local tax regulations in the jurisdiction in which the item was incurred.

We believe providing investors with an operating view consistent with how we manage the Company provides enhanced transparency into the operating results of the Company. For our internal management reporting and budgeting purposes, we use various GAAP and non-GAAP financial measures for financial and operational decision-making, to evaluate period-to-period comparisons, to determine portions of the compensation for our executive officers and for making comparisons of our operating results to those of our competitors. In addition, due to a variety of award types, valuation methodologies and subjective assumptions that affect the calculations of stock-based compensation expense, we believe that the exclusion of stock-based compensation expense allows for more accurate comparisons of our operating results to those of our competitors. Therefore, it is our belief that the use of non-GAAP financial measures excluding these costs provides a meaningful supplemental measure for investors to evaluate our financial performance. Accordingly, we believe that the presentation of non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share, when read in conjunction with our reported GAAP results, can provide useful supplemental information to our management and investors regarding financial and business trends relating to our financial condition and results of operations.

A limitation of using non-GAAP financial measures versus financial measures calculated in accordance with GAAP is that non-GAAP measures do not reflect all of the amounts associated with our operating results as determined in accordance with GAAP and exclude costs that are recurring, namely stock-based compensation expense, certain acquisition-related charges, and net non-operating foreign currency exchange gains or losses. In addition, other companies may calculate non-GAAP financial measures differently than us, thereby limiting the usefulness of these non-GAAP financial measures as a comparative tool. We compensate for these limitations by providing specific information regarding the GAAP amounts excluded from non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share to allow investors to evaluate such non-GAAP financial measures.

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The following table presents a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measure for the three months ended September 30:



	2018			% of Revenues	2017			% of Revenues
	(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
GAAP income from operations and operating margin	$	745		18.3	$	648		17.2
Add: Stock-based compensation expense ⁽¹⁾	69			1.7	52			1.4
Add: Acquisition-related charges ⁽²⁾	37			0.9	35			0.9
Add: Realignment charges ⁽³⁾	11			0.2	19			0.5
Non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP operating margin	$	862		21.1	$	754		20.0

GAAP diluted earnings per share	$	0.82			$	0.84
Effect of above operating adjustments, pre-tax	0.20				0.18
Effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange (gains) losses, pre-tax ⁽⁴⁾	0.21				0.02
Tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments to pre-tax income ⁽⁵⁾	(0.03		)		(0.06		)
Effect of adjustment to the one-time income tax expense related to the Tax Reform Act ⁽⁶⁾	(0.01		)		—
Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share	$	1.19			$	0.98

_____________________


(1)	Stock-based compensation expense reported in:



	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
	(in millions)
Cost of revenues	$	15	$	13
Selling, general and administrative expenses	54		39

(2)

Acquisition-related charges include amortization of purchased intangible assets included in the depreciation and amortization expense line on our consolidated statements of operations, external deal costs, acquisition-related retention bonuses, integration costs, changes in the fair value of contingent consideration liabilities, charges for impairment of acquired intangible assets and other acquisition-related costs, as applicable.

(3)

Realignment charges include severance costs, lease termination costs, and advisory fees related to non-routine shareholder matters and to the development of our realignment and return of capital programs, as applicable. The total costs related to the realignment are reported in "Selling, general and administrative expenses" in our consolidated statements of operations. See Note 5 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.


(4)	Non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses, inclusive of gains and losses on related foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes, are reported in "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations.


(5)	Presented below are the tax impacts of each of our non-GAAP adjustments to pre-tax income:



	Three Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
	(in millions)
Non-GAAP income tax benefit (expense) related to:
Stock-based compensation expense	$	15		$	19
Acquisition-related charges	8			11
Realignment charges	3			6
Foreign currency exchange losses	(6		)	(1		)

The effective income tax rate related to each of our non-GAAP adjustments varies depending on the jurisdictions in which such income and expenses are generated and the statutory rates applicable in those jurisdictions.


(6)	During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we finalized our calculation of the one-time net income tax expense related to the enactment of the Tax Reform Act and recognized a $5 million income tax benefit, which reduced our provision for income taxes.

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Nine Months Ended September 30, 2018 Compared to Nine Months Ended September 30, 2017

The following table sets forth, for the periods indicated, certain financial data for the nine months ended September 30:



				% of				% of	Increase / Decrease
	2018⁽¹⁾			Revenues	2017⁽¹⁾			Revenues	$			%
	(Dollars in millions, except per share data)
Revenues	$	11,996		100.0	$	10,982		100.0	$	1,014		9.2
Cost of revenues⁽²⁾	7,298			60.8	6,792			61.8	506			7.4
Selling, general and administrative expenses⁽²⁾	2,250			18.8	2,069			18.8	181			8.7
Depreciation and amortization expense	340			2.8	297			2.7	43			14.5
Income from operations	2,108			17.6	1,824			16.6	284			15.6
Other income (expense), net	(126		)		118				(244		)	(206.8	)
Income before provision for income taxes	1,982			16.5	1,942			17.7	40			2.1
Provision for income taxes	(530		)		(421		)		(109		)	25.9
Income from equity method investments	1				1				—
Net income	$	1,453		12.1	$	1,522		13.9	$	(69	)	(4.5	)
Diluted earnings per share	$	2.48			$	2.55			$	(0.07	)
Other Financial Information ⁽³⁾
Non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP operating margin	$	2,538		21.2	$	2,158		19.7	$	380		17.6
Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share	$	3.44			$	2.75			$	0.69

(1)

On January 1, 2018, we adopted the New Revenue Standard using the modified retrospective method. Results for reporting periods beginning after January 1, 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, adoption of the New Revenue Standard had a positive impact on revenue of $85 million, income from operations of $104 million and diluted earnings per share of $0.14 per share. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.


(2)	Exclusive of depreciation and amortization expense.


(3)	Non-GAAP income from operations, non-GAAP operating margin and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share are not measurements of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

Revenues - Overall

Our revenue growth for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 was primarily attributed to services related to integration of digital technologies that are reshaping our customers' business, operating and technology models to align with shifts in consumer preferences, increased customer spending on discretionary projects, continued interest in using our global delivery model as a means to reduce overall technology and operations costs and continued penetration in all our geographic markets. Revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $229 million and represented 22.6% of the period-over-period revenue increase.

Our consulting and technology services revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by 7.7% compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017 and represented 57.6% of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Our outsourcing services revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 increased by 11.4% and constituted 42.4% of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted the New Revenue Standard using the modified retrospective method. For the nine months ended September 30, 2018, adoption of the New Revenue Standard had a positive impact on revenue of $85 million. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

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Revenues from our top customers were as follows:



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
Revenues from top five customers as a percentage of total revenues	8.7	%	8.9	%
Revenues from top ten customers as a percentage of total revenues	15.5	%	14.9	%

Revenues - Reportable Business Segments

Revenues by reportable business segment were as follows for the nine months ended September 30:



	2018		2017		Increase
	2018		2017		$		%
	(Dollars in millions)
Financial Services	$	4,394	$	4,209	$	185	4.4
Healthcare	3,466		3,138		328		10.5
Products and Resources	2,524		2,258		266		11.8
Communications, Media and Technology	1,612		1,377		235		17.1
Total revenues⁽¹⁾	$	11,996	$	10,982	$	1,014	9.2

_____________________


(1)	Results for 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

Financial Services

Revenues from our Financial Services segment grew 4.4%, inclusive of a positive currency impact of 0.8%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Growth was stronger among our insurance customers where revenues increased by $137 million as compared to an increase of $48 million for our banking customers. In this segment, revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $44 million and represented 23.8% of the period-over-period revenue increase in this segment. Key areas of focus for our Financial Services customers included the adoption and integration of digital technologies that are reshaping our customers' business and operating models, cost optimization, robotic process automation, cyber security and vendor consolidation. Demand from certain banking customers may continue to be negatively affected as they continue to optimize the cost of supporting their legacy IT systems and operations, including moving a portion of their services to captives, as they shift their spend to transformation and digital services.

Healthcare

Revenues from our Healthcare segment grew 10.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Growth was stronger among our healthcare customers where revenues increased by $294 million, as compared to an increase of $34 million for our life sciences customers. Revenue growth from our healthcare customers includes revenues from Bolder Healthcare Solutions acquired in the second quarter of 2018, partially offset by a ramp down of a customer relationship in which we were a subcontractor to a third party for the purpose of delivering healthcare-related systems implementation services to local government. Revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $93 million and represented 28.4% of the period-over-period revenue increase in this segment. The demand for our services among life science customers has been affected by reduced discretionary spending. The demand for our services among healthcare customers could be affected by uncertainty in the regulatory environment. We believe that in the long term the healthcare industry continues to present a significant growth opportunity due to factors that are transforming the industry, including the changing regulatory environment, increasing focus on medical costs, and the consumerization of healthcare.

Products and Resources

Revenues from our Products and Resources segment grew 11.8%, inclusive of a positive currency impact of 1.3%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Revenue growth in this segment was strongest among our energy and utilities customers and manufacturing and logistics customers, where revenues increased by a combined $170 million. Revenues from our retail and consumer goods customers and travel and hospitality customers increased by a combined $96 million. Revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $77 million, representing 28.9% of the period-over-period revenue increase in this segment. Demand within this segment continues to be driven by increased adoption of digital technologies that are reshaping our customers' business and operating models, as well as growing demand for analytics, supply chain consulting, implementation initiatives, smart products, transformation of business models, internet of things

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and omni channel commerce implementation and integration services. In the future, discretionary spending by our customers in this segment may be affected by international trade policies as well as other macroeconomic factors.

Communications, Media and Technology

Revenues from our Communications, Media and Technology segment grew 17.1%, inclusive of a positive currency impact of 1.2%, for the nine months ended September 30, 2018, as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Growth was stronger among our technology customers where revenues increased by $179 million as compared to an increase of $56 million for our communications and media customers. Revenues from customers added since September 30, 2017 were $15 million and represented 6.4% of the period-over-period revenue increase in this segment. Growth within this segment was driven by the increased adoption of digital technologies, digital content operations, services to help our customers balance rationalizing costs while creating a differentiated user experience and an expanded range of services, including business process services. Additionally, demand among our technology customers may be affected by uncertainty in the regulatory environment while significant merger and acquisition activity continues to impact our customers in the communications and media industry.

Revenues - Geographic Markets

Revenues by geographic market were as follows for the nine months ended September 30:



	2018		2017		Increase (Decrease)
	2018		2017		$		%
	(Dollars in millions)
North America	$	9,149	$	8,503	$	646	7.6
United Kingdom	944		863		81		9.4
Rest of Europe	1,153		903		250		27.7
Europe - Total	2,097		1,766		331		18.7
Rest of World	750		713		37		5.2
Total revenues⁽¹⁾	$	11,996	$	10,982	$	1,014	9.2

_____________________


(1)	Results for 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period amounts are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. See Note 3 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements for additional information.

North America continues to be our largest market, representing 76.3% of total revenues for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and accounting for 63.7% of total revenue growth over the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Revenues from our customers in Europe grew 18.7%, after a positive currency impact of 5.4%. Specifically, revenues from our Rest of Europe customers grew 27.7% after an positive currency impact of 5.6%, while within the United Kingdom we experienced an increase in revenues of 9.4%, after a positive currency impact of 5.2%. Revenue growth in the United Kingdom and Rest of World was negatively affected by weakness in our Financial Services segment as certain banking customers in those regions optimize the cost of supporting their legacy IT systems and operations, including moving a portion of their services to captives, as they shift their spend to transformation and digital services. Revenues from our Rest of World customers grew 5.2% inclusive of a negative currency impact of 1.4%. We believe that Europe, India, Middle East, Asia Pacific and Latin America regions will continue to be areas of significant investment for us as we see these regions as long term growth opportunities.

Cost of Revenues (Exclusive of Depreciation and Amortization Expense)

Our cost of revenues consists primarily of salaries, incentive-based compensation, stock-based compensation expense, employee benefits, project-related immigration and travel for technical personnel and subcontracting costs relating to revenues. Our cost of revenues increased by 7.4% during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2017, decreasing as a percentage of revenues to 60.8% during the 2018 period compared to 61.8% in the 2017 period. The decrease as a percentage of revenues was due primarily to a decrease in compensation and benefits costs and the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar, partially offset by an increase in fees paid to strategic partners and other vendors in our digital operations, platform and infrastructure services.

Selling, General and Administrative Expenses

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flat as a percentage of revenues at 21.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to 21.5% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. Selling, general and administrative expenses include the impacts of the initial funding of the Cognizant U.S. Foundation and the FCPA Accrual recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2018, offset by a decrease in compensation and benefit costs.

Income from Operations and Operating Margin - Overall

Income from operations increased 15.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017. Our operating margin increased to 17.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from 16.6% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, due to a decrease, as a percentage of revenues, in compensation and benefits costs, partially offset by the impacts of the initial funding of the Cognizant U.S. Foundation and the FCPA Accrual recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and an increase in fees paid to strategic partners and other vendors in our digital operations, platform and infrastructure services. Excluding the impact of applicable designated cash flow hedges, the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 51 basis points, or 0.51% percentage points, during the nine months ended September 30, 2018. Each additional 1.0% change in exchange rate between the Indian rupee and the U.S. dollar will have the effect of moving our operating margin by approximately 18 basis points or 0.18 percentage points.

We entered into foreign exchange forward contracts to hedge certain Indian rupee denominated payments in India. These hedges are intended to mitigate the volatility of the changes in the exchange rate between the U.S. dollar and the Indian rupee. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, the settlement of cash flow hedges positively impacted our operating margin by approximately 53 basis points, or 0.53 percentage points, as compared to a positive impact of approximately 81 basis points or 0.81 percentage points during the nine months ended September 30, 2017.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2018 and 2017, our non-GAAP operating margins were 21.2%⁵and 19.7%⁵, respectively. As set forth in the “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” section below, our non-GAAP operating margin excludes stock based compensation expense, acquisition-related charges, realignment charges and in the nine months ended September 30 2018, the initial funding of the Cognizant U.S. Foundation.

Segment Operating Profit

Segment operating profits were as follows for the nine months ended September 30:



					Increase (Decrease)
	2018		2017		$			%
	(Dollars in millions)
Financial Services	$	1,355	$	1,348	$	7		0.5
Healthcare	1,077		971		106			10.9
Products and Resources	781		695		86			12.4
Communications, Media and Technology	522		450		72			16.0
Total segment operating profit	3,735		3,464		271			7.8
Less: unallocated costs	1,627		1,640		(13		)	(0.8	)
Income from operations	$	2,108	$	1,824	$	284		15.6

In our Financial Services business segment, operating profits decreased as a percentage of revenues due to investments to accelerate our shift to digital, including re-skilling of service delivery personnel, an increase in subcontractor costs and an increase in fees paid to strategic partners and other vendors in our digital operations, platform and infrastructure services, partially offset by the depreciation of the Indian rupee against the U.S. dollar. In our Healthcare, Products and Resources and Communications, Media and Technology business segments, operating profits remained relatively flat as a percentage of revenues.

________________


5	Non-GAAP operating margin is not a measurement of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP. See “Non-GAAP Financial Measures” for more information and a reconciliation to the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure.

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Other Income (Expense), Net



	2018			2017			Increase/ Decrease
	(in millions)
Foreign currency exchange (losses) gains	$	(256	)	$	57		$	(313	)
Gains (losses) on foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments	23			(16		)	39
Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net	(233		)	41			(274		)
Interest income	128			97			31
Interest expense	(19		)	(18		)	(1		)
Other, net	(2		)	(2		)	—
Total other income (expense), net	$	(126	)	$	118		$	(244	)

The foreign currency exchange gains and losses were primarily attributed to the remeasurement of the Indian rupee denominated net monetary assets in our U.S. dollar functional currency India subsidiaries and, to a lesser extent, the remeasurement of other net monetary assets and liabilities denominated in currencies other than the functional currencies of our subsidiaries. The gains and losses on our foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments relate to the realized and unrealized gains and losses on foreign exchange forward contracts entered into primarily to offset foreign currency exposure to the British pound, Indian rupee, Euro and other non-U.S. dollar denominated net monetary assets and liabilities. As of September 30, 2018, the notional value of our undesignated hedges was $460 million. The increase in interest income of $31 million was primarily attributable to an increase in average invested balances and higher yields in 2018.

Provision for Income Taxes

The provision for income taxes increased to $530 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $421 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The effective income tax rate increased to 26.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from 21.7% for the nine months ended September 30, 2017. The increase in our effective income tax rate was primarily due to the recognition in the first quarter of 2017 of income tax benefits previously unrecognized in our consolidated financial statements related to several uncertain tax positions totaling $72 million and a higher 2018 effective income tax rate driven primarily by the depreciation of the India rupee against the U.S. dollar, which resulted in (i) higher non-deductible foreign currency exchange losses on our consolidated statement of operations and (ii) a higher income tax provision for our India subsidiaries due to foreign currency exchange gains on their statutory books. The estimate of our 2018 annual effective income tax rate reflects the current interpretation of the Tax Reform Act, including the GILTI provision and may change as we receive additional clarification and guidance and as the interpretation of the Tax Reform Act evolves over time. Additionally, our effective income tax rate for the remainder of 2018 and future periods may be negatively affected by the recently-enacted New Jersey state tax laws as further described in the Executive Summary.

Net Income

Net income decreased to $1,453 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2018 from $1,522 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2017, representing 12.1% and 13.9% of revenues, respectively. The decrease in net income is primarily due to the fluctuation in the value of the India rupee which generated foreign currency exchange losses in 2018 compared to foreign currency exchange gains in 2017 and the increase in the provision for income taxes, partially offset by an increase in income from operations.

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Non-GAAP Financial Measures

The following table presents a reconciliation of each non-GAAP financial measure to the most comparable GAAP measure for the nine months ended September 30:



	2018			% of Revenues	2017			% of Revenues
	(Dollars in millions, except per share amounts)
GAAP income from operations and operating margin	$	2,108		17.6	$	1,824		16.6
Add: Stock-based compensation expense ⁽¹⁾	199			1.7	161			1.5
Add: Acquisition-related charges ⁽²⁾	119			1.0	104			1.0
Add: Realignment charges ⁽³⁾	12			0.1	69			0.6
Add: Initial funding of Cognizant U.S. Foundation ⁽⁴⁾	100			0.8	—			—
Non-GAAP income from operations and non-GAAP operating margin	$	2,538		21.2	$	2,158		19.7

GAAP diluted earnings per share	$	2.48			$	2.55
Effect of above operating adjustments, pre-tax	0.74				0.56
Effect of non-operating foreign currency exchange losses (gains), pre-tax ⁽⁵⁾	0.39				(0.06		)
Tax effect of non-GAAP adjustments to pre-tax income ⁽⁶⁾	(0.16		)		(0.21		)
Effect of recognition of income tax benefit related to an uncertain tax position ⁽⁷⁾	—				(0.09		)
Effect of adjustment to the one-time income tax expense related to the Tax Reform Act ⁽⁸⁾	(0.01		)		—
Non-GAAP diluted earnings per share	$	3.44			$	2.75

_____________________


(1)	Stock-based compensation expense reported in:



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018		2017
	(in millions)
Cost of revenues	$	46	$	41
Selling, general and administrative expenses	153		120

(2)

(3)


(4)	During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we provided $100 million of initial funding to Cognizant U.S. Foundation, which is focused on STEM education in the United States.


(5)	Non-operating foreign currency exchange gains and losses, inclusive of gains and losses on related foreign exchange forward contracts not designated as hedging instruments for accounting purposes, are reported in "Foreign currency exchange gains (losses), net" in our consolidated statements of operations.

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(6)	Presented below are the tax impacts of each of our non-GAAP adjustments to pre-tax income:



	Nine Months Ended September 30,
	2018			2017
	(in millions)
Non-GAAP income tax benefit (expense) related to:
Stock-based compensation expense	$	53		$	60
Acquisition-related charges	28			35
Realignment charges	3			24
Foreign currency exchange gains and losses	(15		)	4
Initial funding of Cognizant U.S. Foundation	28			—

The effective tax rate related to each of our non-GAAP adjustments varies depending on the jurisdictions in which such income and expenses are generated and the statutory rates applicable in those jurisdictions.

(7)

During the nine months ended September 30, 2017, we recognized an income tax benefit previously unrecognized in our consolidated financial statements related to a specific uncertain tax position of $55 million. The recognition of the benefit was based on management’s reassessment regarding whether this unrecognized tax benefit met the more-likely-than-not threshold in light of the lapse in the statute of limitations as to a portion of such benefit.


(8)	During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we finalized our calculation of the one-time net income tax expense related to the enactment of the Tax Reform Act and recognized a $5 million income tax benefit, which reduced our provision for income taxes.



Liquidity and Capital Resources

Cash generated from operations has historically been our primary source of liquidity to fund operations and investments to grow our business. In addition, as of September 30, 2018, we had cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments of $4,763 million, of which $405 million was restricted and not available for use as a result of our dispute with the ITD with respect to our 2016 India Cash Remittance. See Note 9 of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for more information. As of September 30, 2018, we had available capacity under our revolving credit facility of approximately $750 million. Our revolving credit facility matures in November 2019. The following table provides a summary of our cash flows for the nine months ended September 30:



	2018			2017			Increase / Decrease
	(in millions)
Net cash provided by (used in):
Operating activities	$	1,890		$	1,571		$	319
Investing activities	(1,077		)	(422		)	(655		)
Financing activities	(1,368		)	(1,652		)	284

Operating activities

The increase in cash generated from operating activities was primarily attributable to the increase in income from operations and the increase in non-cash expenses in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 as compared to the same period in 2017.

On January 1, 2018, we adopted the New Revenue Standard using the modified retrospective method. As a result of adoption, we classify our right to consideration in exchange for deliverables as either a receivable or a contract asset. A receivable is a right to consideration that is unconditional (i.e. only the passage of time is required before payment is due). By contrast, a contract asset is a right to consideration that is conditional upon factors other than the passage of time. Upon adoption, we reclassified (i) balances representing receivables, as defined by the New Revenue Standard, from Unbilled accounts receivable to Trade accounts receivable, net and (ii) balances representing contract assets, as defined by the New Revenue Standard, from Unbilled accounts receivable to Other current assets. Balances as of September 30, 2018 are presented under the New Revenue Standard, while prior period balances are not adjusted and continue to be reported in accordance with our historic accounting policies. See Note 3 of our unaudited consolidated financial statements for more information.

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Historically, our days sales outstanding calculation included billed and unbilled accounts receivable, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, reduced by the uncollected portion of our deferred revenue. To reflect the adoption of the New Revenue Standard and maintain the comparability of the calculation, in 2018 we adjusted the definition to include receivables, as defined by the New Revenue Standard, net of allowance for doubtful accounts, and contract assets, reduced by the uncollected portion of our deferred revenue. Our days sales outstanding as of September 30, 2018 was 76 days, higher as compared to 71 days as of December 31, 2017 and 74 days as of September 30, 2017. The adoption of the New Revenue Standard increased our days sales outstanding as of September 30, 2018 by 2 days. We monitor turnover, aging and the collection of accounts receivable by customer.

Investing activities

The increase in cash used in investing activities is primarily related to higher payments for acquisitions and an increase in net purchases of investments in the 2018 period as compared to 2017.

Financing activities

The decrease in cash used in financing activities in the 2018 period is primarily attributable to lower repurchases of common stock in 2018 compared to the same period in 2017, partially offset by higher dividends paid in 2018 and net repayments under the revolving credit facility in 2018.

In 2014, we entered into a credit agreement with a commercial bank syndicate, or the Credit Agreement, providing for a $1,000 million unsecured term loan and a $750 million revolving credit facility. The term loan was used to pay a portion of the cash consideration in connection with our acquisition of TZ US Parent, Inc., or TriZetto. The revolving credit facility is available for general corporate purposes. As of September 30, 2018, we had $725 million outstanding under the term loan and no outstanding notes under the revolving credit facility. The term loan and the revolving credit facility both mature in November 2019 with a final payment of $625 million due on the term loan. While we believe we will have sufficient liquidity to fund the final payment if necessary, we are currently evaluating alternative financing arrangements.

The Credit Agreement contains certain negative covenants, including limitations on liens, mergers, consolidations and acquisitions, subsidiary indebtedness and affiliate transactions, as well as certain affirmative covenants. In addition, the Credit Agreement requires us to maintain a debt to total stockholders' equity ratio not in excess of 0.40 to 1.00. As of September 30, 2018, we were in compliance with our debt covenants and have provided a quarterly certification to our lenders to that effect. We believe that we currently meet all conditions set forth in the Credit Agreement to borrow thereunder, and we are not aware of any conditions that would prevent us from borrowing part or all of the remaining available capacity under the revolving credit facility as of September 30, 2018 and through the date of this filing.

In February 2017, we announced a plan to return $3.4 billion to stockholders by the end of 2018 through a combination of stock repurchases and cash dividends. As part of this plan, to date we expended $2.7 billion to repurchase our Class A common stock under ASRs and paid cash dividends totaling $617 million. The payments related to the ASRs were funded with cash on hand in the U.S. and borrowings under the revolving credit facility. Stock repurchases may be made from time to time through open-market purchases, through the use of Rule 10b5-1 plans and/or by other means. We are currently reviewing our capital return plan, considering the impact of the Tax Reform Act, our financial performance and liquidity position, investments required to execute our strategic plans and initiatives, the economic outlook, regulatory changes and other relevant factors.

Our Board of Directors reviews our capital return plan on an ongoing basis with consideration given to our financial performance, economic outlook, regulatory changes and any other relevant factors. The Board of Directors’ determinations regarding future share repurchases and dividends will include evaluating the longer term impact of the Tax Reform Act, as well as a variety of other factors, including our net income, cash flow generated from operations or other sources, liquidity position and potential alternative uses of cash, such as acquisitions, as well as economic conditions and expected future financial results. As these factors may change over time, the amount of stock repurchase activity and actual amount of dividends declared, if any, during any particular period cannot be predicted and may fluctuate from time to time.

Other Liquidity and Capital Resources Information

We seek to ensure that our worldwide cash is available in the locations in which it is needed. As part of our ongoing liquidity assessments, we regularly monitor the mix of our domestic and international cash flows and cash balances. As a result of the enactment of the Tax Reform Act, our historical and future foreign earnings are no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax upon repatriation beyond the one-time transition tax accrued in the fourth quarter of 2017. During the nine months ended September 30, 2018, we repatriated $2,273 million from our foreign subsidiaries. As of September 30, 2018, $3,004 million of our cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments were held outside the United States, of which $1,883 million was held in India. As further

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described in Note 9 of our unaudited consolidated financial statements, $405 million of our short-term investment balances held in India were classified as restricted as of September 30, 2018. We are continuing to evaluate what portion of the non-U.S. cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments held outside India is needed locally to execute our strategic plans and what amount is available for repatriation back to the United States.

Our Indian earnings are indefinitely reinvested and our current plans do not demonstrate the need to repatriate the historical undistributed earnings of our India subsidiaries to fund liquidity needs outside of India. In reaching this conclusion, we considered our global capital needs, the available sources of liquidity globally and our growth plans in India. However, future events may occur, such as material changes in cash estimates, discretionary transactions, including corporate restructurings, and changes in applicable laws, that may lead us to repatriate the undistributed Indian earnings. If we were to change our assertion that our accumulated undistributed Indian earnings are indefinitely reinvested, we would expect, based on our current interpretation of Indian tax law, to accrue additional tax expense at a rate of approximately 21% of cash available for distribution, which could have a material adverse effect on our future effective income tax rate. This estimate is subject to change based on tax legislative developments in India and other jurisdictions as well as judicial and interpretive developments of applicable tax laws.

We expect our operating cash flow, cash and investment balances (excluding the $405 million of India restricted assets), and available capacity under our revolving credit facility to be sufficient to meet our operating requirements, in India and globally, for the next twelve months. We expect to fund the remaining balance of the one-time transition tax related to the Tax Reform Act, which is payable in installments through the year 2024, from a combination of cash generated from operations, borrowings and the repatriation of a portion of our historical non-U.S. earnings that are available for distribution to the United States. Our ability to expand and grow our business in accordance with current plans, to make acquisitions and form joint ventures, to meet our long-term capital requirements beyond a twelve month period and our ability to execute the remainder of our capital return plan will depend on many factors, including the rate, if any, at which our cash flow increases, our ability and willingness to accomplish acquisitions and joint ventures with capital stock and the availability of public and private debt and equity financing. We cannot be certain that additional financing, if required, will be available on terms and conditions acceptable to us, if at all.

As further described in Note 9 of our unaudited consolidated financial statements, certain cash, cash equivalents and short-term investment balances in India totaling $405 million were restricted in connection with our dispute with the ITD with respect to our 2016 India Cash Remittance. The dispute with the ITD is ongoing, and no final decision has been reached. The affected balances may continue to remain restricted and unavailable for our use while the dispute is ongoing. Additionally, while we believe that we have paid all applicable taxes related to the transactions underlying the ITD Dispute, if it is ultimately determined that we are liable for the full amount of additional taxes the ITD claims we owe, our liquidity could be materially adversely affected.



Commitments and Contingencies

See Note 13 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.



Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

Other than our foreign exchange forward contracts, there were no off-balance sheet transactions, arrangements or other relationships with unconsolidated entities or other persons in the nine months ended September 30, 2018 that have, or are reasonably likely to have, a current or future effect on our financial condition, revenues or expenses, results of operations, liquidity, capital expenditures or capital resources.



Critical Accounting Estimates

Management’s discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations is based on our unaudited consolidated financial statements that have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reported for assets and liabilities, including the recoverability of tangible and intangible assets, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities as of the date of the financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reported period. On an on-going basis, we evaluate our estimates. The most significant estimates relate to the recognition of revenue and profits, including the application of the cost to cost method of measuring progress to completion for certain fixed-price contracts, income taxes, assumptions used in valuing stock-based compensation arrangements, valuation of investments and derivative financial instruments, business combinations, valuation of goodwill and other long-lived assets and contingencies. We base our estimates on historical experience, current trends and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. The actual amounts may differ from the estimates used in the preparation of the accompanying unaudited consolidated financial statements. For a discussion of our critical accounting estimates, see “Item 7.

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Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. Our significant accounting policies are described in Note 1 to the audited consolidated financial statements included in our 2017 Annual Report on Form 10-K. There have been no material changes to the aforementioned critical accounting estimates and policies during the quarter.



Recently Adopted and New Accounting Pronouncements

See Note 1 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.



Forward Looking Statements

The statements contained in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q that are not historical facts are forward-looking statements (within the meaning of Section 21E of the Exchange Act) that involve risks and uncertainties. Such forward-looking statements may be identified by, among other things, the use of forward-looking terminology such as “believe,” “expect,” “may,” “could,” “would,” “plan,” “intend,” “estimate,” “predict,” “potential,” “continue,” “should” or “anticipate” or the negative thereof or other variations thereon or comparable terminology, or by discussions of strategy that involve risks and uncertainties. From time to time, we or our representatives have made or may make forward-looking statements, orally or in writing.

Such forward-looking statements may be included in various filings made by us with the SEC, or press releases or oral statements made by or with the approval of one of our authorized executive officers. These forward-looking statements, such as statements regarding our anticipated future revenues or operating margins, contract percentage completions, earnings, capital expenditures, anticipated effective tax rates and tax expense, liquidity, access to capital, capital return plan, investment strategies, cost management, realignment program, plans and objectives, including those related to our digital practice areas, investment in our business and potential acquisitions, industry trends, customer behaviors and trends, the outcome of the FCPA investigation, litigation matters and other statements regarding matters that are not historical facts, are based on our current expectations, estimates and projections, management’s beliefs and certain assumptions made by management, many of which, by their nature, are inherently uncertain and beyond our control. Actual results, performance, achievements and outcomes could differ materially from the results expressed in, or implied by, these forward-looking statements. There are a number of important factors that could cause our results to differ materially from those indicated by such forward-looking statements, including:


•	competition from other service providers;


•	the risk that we may not be able to achieve targeted improvements in our operating margin and level of profitability, or that our operating margin and profitability may decline;


•	the risk of liability or damage to our reputation resulting from security breaches or disclosure of sensitive data or failure to comply with data protection laws and regulations;


•	the risk that we may not be able to keep pace with the rapidly evolving technological environment;


•	the rate of growth in the use of technology in business and the type and level of technology spending by our customers;


•	mispricing of our services, especially on our fixed-price and transaction- or volume-based priced contracts;

•

risks associated with our internal investigation into possible violations of the FCPA and similar laws, including the cost of such investigation and any sanctions, fines or remedial measures that may be imposed by the DOJ or SEC, additional expenses related to remedial measures, the costs of defending and/or settling possible judgments against us that may result from associated lawsuits against us and any possible impact on our ability to timely file the required reports with the SEC;


•	our inability to successfully acquire or integrate target companies;


•	system failure or disruptions in our communications or information technology;


•	the risk that we may lose key executives and not be able to enforce non-competition agreements with them;


•	competition for hiring highly-skilled technical personnel;


•	possible failure to provide business solutions and deliver complex and large projects for our customers;


•	the risk of reputational harm to us;


•	the effect of our use of derivative instruments;


•	our revenues being highly dependent on customers concentrated in certain industries, including financial services and healthcare, and located primarily in the United States and Europe;


•	the risk that we may not be able to pay dividends or repurchase shares in accordance with our capital return plan, or at all;


•	risks relating to our global operations, including our operations in India;

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•	the effects of fluctuations in the Indian rupee and other currency exchange rates;


•	the risk of war, terrorist activities, pandemics and natural disasters;


•	the Brexit Referendum and any negative effects on global economic conditions, financial markets and our business;


•	the risk that we may not be able to enforce or protect our intellectual property rights, or that we may infringe upon the intellectual property rights of others;


•	regulatory uncertainties, including in the areas of outsourcing, immigration and taxes;


•	increased regulation of the financial services and healthcare industries, as well as other industries in which our customers operate;


•	the possibility that we may be required to or choose to repatriate Indian earnings;


•	the possibility that we may lose certain tax benefits provided to companies in our industry by the Indian government, and any adverse outcome of our dispute with the ITD; and


•	The factors set forth in "Part I, Item 1A. Risk Factors” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.

You are advised to consult any further disclosures we make on related subjects in the reports we file with the SEC, including this report in the section titled “Part I, Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations” and “Part I, Item 1. Business” in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, except as may be required under applicable securities laws.



Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk.

There have been no material changes in our quantitative and qualitative disclosures about market risk from those disclosed in Part II, Item 7A, Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures about Market Risk, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017, filed with the SEC on February 27, 2018.



Item 4. Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, under the supervision and with the participation of our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer, evaluated the design and operating effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, or the Exchange Act) as of September 30, 2018. Based on this evaluation, our chief executive officer and our chief financial officer concluded that, as of September 30, 2018, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

No changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) occurred during the fiscal quarter ended September 30, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION



Item 1. Legal Proceedings

See Note 13 to our unaudited consolidated financial statements.



Item 1A. Risk Factors

There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in Part I, Item 1A, Risk Factors, in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on February 27, 2018.



Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds

Issuer Repurchases of Equity Securities

Our existing stock repurchase program, as approved by our Board of Directors, allows for the repurchase of $3.5 billion of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock, excluding fees and expenses, through December 31, 2019. Under the stock repurchase program, the Company is authorized to repurchase its Class A common stock through open market purchases, including under a trading plan adopted pursuant to Rule 10b5-1 of the Exchange Act, or in private transactions, in accordance with applicable federal securities laws. The timing of repurchases and the exact number of shares to be purchased are determined by the Company’s management, in its discretion, or pursuant to a Rule 10b5-1 trading plan, and will depend upon market conditions and other factors.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we repurchased $25 million of our Class A common stock under our stock repurchase program. These stock repurchases were funded from working capital. As of September 30, 2018, the remaining available balance under our stock repurchase program authorized by the Board of Directors was $775 million.



Month	Total Number of Shares Purchased	Average Price Paid per Share		Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs	Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased under the Plans or Programs (in millions)
July 1, 2018 - July 31, 2018
Open market and privately negotiated purchases	—	$	—	—	$	800
August 1, 2018 - August 31, 2018
June 2018 ASR	1,062,111	(a)		1,062,111
Open market and privately negotiated purchases	303,551	74.84		303,551	777
September 1, 2018 - September 30, 2018
Open market and privately negotiated purchases	39,677	74.94		39,677	775
Total	1,405,339	$	—	1,405,339


(a)	In June 2018, the Company entered into an ASR to purchase up to $600 million of the Company's Class A common stock. In August 2018, the purchase period for the ASR ended and an additional 1.1 million shares were delivered. In total, 7.6 million shares were delivered under the ASR at an average repurchase price of $79.42.

During the three months ended September 30, 2018, we also purchased shares in connection with our stock-based compensation plans, whereby shares of our common stock were tendered by employees for payment of applicable statutory tax withholdings. For the three months ended September 30, 2018, such repurchases totaled 248,860 shares at an aggregate cost of $20 million.

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Item 6. Exhibit Index

EXHIBIT INDEX

Incorporated by Reference

Number

Exhibit Description

Form

File No.

Exhibit

Date

Filed or Furnished Herewith

3.1

Restated Certificate of Incorporation, dated June 5, 2018

8-K

000-24429

3.1

6/7/2018

3.2

Amended and Restated Bylaws, as adopted on September 14, 2018

8-K

000-24429

3.1

9/20/2018

31.1

Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Filed

31.2

Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002

Filed

32.1

Certification of principal executive officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. 1350

Furnished

32.2

Certification of principal financial officer pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002, 18 U.S.C. 1350

Furnished

101.INS

XBRL Instance Document

Filed

101.SCH

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document

Filed

101.CAL

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document

Filed

101.DEF

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

Filed

101.LAB

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document

Filed

101.PRE

XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document

Filed

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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.



		Cognizant Technology Solutions Corporation

Date:	October 30, 2018		By:	/s/ FRANCISCO D’SOUZA
				Francisco D’Souza,
				Chief Executive Officer
				(Principal Executive Officer)




Date:	October 30, 2018	By:	/s/ KAREN MCLOUGHLIN
			Karen McLoughlin,
			Chief Financial Officer
			(Principal Financial Officer)