Document
Table of Contents

 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q
x
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2016
Or
o
Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 
For the transition period from ______to______
 
Commission file number 001-33761
PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Delaware
 
20-8999751
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)
 
Identification No.)
320 Park Avenue
New York, New York 10022
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 355-1600

Not Applicable

(Former Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer o
 
Accelerated filer x
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer o
 
Smaller reporting company o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
 
 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes o No x
As of November 3, 2016, there were 16,303,791 outstanding shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share.
As of November 3, 2016, there were 50,886,457 outstanding shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock, par value $0.000001 per share.
 

Table of Contents

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

i
Table of Contents

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements.  Forward-looking statements provide our current expectations, or forecasts, of future events.  Forward-looking statements include statements about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, intentions, assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts.  Words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project” or similar words or phrases, or the negatives of those words or phrases, may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are based on our views, plans, estimates, and expectations. Potentially inaccurate assumptions could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected or implied by the forward-looking statements.  Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements for many reasons, including the factors described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2015.  Accordingly, you should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date they are made.  We undertake no obligation to publicly revise any forward-looking statements included in this Quarterly Report to reflect circumstances or events after the date of this Quarterly Report, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.  You should, however, review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•
our ability to respond to global economic, market, business and geopolitical conditions;
•
our anticipated future results of operations and operating cash flows;
•
our successful formulation and execution of business strategies and investment policies;
•
our financing plans and the availability of short- or long-term borrowing, or equity financing;
•
our competitive position and the effects of competition on our business;
•
our ability to identify and capture potential growth opportunities available to us;
•
the effective recruitment and retention of our key executives and employees;
•
our expected levels of compensation for our employees;
•
our potential operating performance, achievements, efficiency, and cost reduction efforts;
•
our expected tax rate;
•
changes in interest rates;
•
our expectations with respect to the economy, capital markets, the market for asset management services, and other industry trends; and
•
the impact of future legislation and regulation, and changes in existing legislation and regulation, on our business.
The reports that we file with the SEC, accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov, identify additional factors that can affect forward-looking statements.

 

ii
Table of Contents

PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.  Financial Statements
PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)
 
As of
 
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
(unaudited)
 
 
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
$
31,062

 
$
35,417

Restricted Cash
3,507

 
3,552

Due from Broker
319

 
297

Advisory Fees Receivable
25,584

 
22,248

Investments
20,082

 
27,452

Receivable from Related Parties
1,130

 
1,054

Other Receivables
660

 
589

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets
649

 
802

Deferred Tax Asset, Net of Valuation Allowance of $57,152 and $53,968, respectively
15,039

 
14,995

Property and Equipment, Net of Accumulated Depreciation of $2,004 and $1,202, respectively
7,196

 
7,903

TOTAL ASSETS
$
105,228

 
$
114,309

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 

 
 

Liabilities:
 

 
 

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
$
19,947

 
$
7,885

Due to Broker
291

 
30

Securities Sold Short, at Fair Value
2,483

 
2,231

Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
17,511

 
15,075

Deferred Compensation Liability
2,860

 
2,896

Other Liabilities
929

 
730

TOTAL LIABILITIES
44,021

 
28,847

Equity:
 

 
 

Preferred Stock (Par Value $0.01; 200,000,000 Shares Authorized; None Outstanding)
—

 
—

Class A Common Stock (Par Value $0.01; 750,000,000 Shares Authorized; 16,354,821 and 15,218,355 Shares Issued and Outstanding in 2016 and 2015, respectively)
164

 
152

Class B Common Stock (Par Value $0.000001; 750,000,000 Shares Authorized; 50,839,708 and 52,089,472 Shares Issued and Outstanding in 2016 and 2015, respectively)
—

 
—

Additional Paid-In Capital
5,468

 
5,819

Retained Earnings
11,852

 
12,453

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
(16
)
 
(2
)
Total Pzena Investment Management, Inc.'s Equity
17,468

 
18,422

Non-Controlling Interests
43,739

 
67,040

TOTAL EQUITY
61,207

 
85,462

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
$
105,228

 
$
114,309

 See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

1
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PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)

 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
REVENUE
$
26,990

 
$
30,772

 
$
79,263

 
$
88,935

EXPENSES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Compensation and Benefits Expense
11,767

 
11,645

 
35,964

 
35,515

General and Administrative Expense
3,271

 
2,896

 
9,790

 
10,989

Total Operating Expenses
15,038

 
14,541

 
45,754

 
46,504

Operating Income
11,952

 
16,231

 
33,509

 
42,431

OTHER INCOME/ (EXPENSE)
 
 
 
 
 

 
 

Interest Income
12

 
9

 
69

 
30

Dividend Income
84

 
188

 
258

 
618

Gains/ (Losses) and Other Investment Income
1,533

 
(4,398
)
 
1,131

 
(3,923
)
Change in Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
(1,200
)
 
(697
)
 
(1,378
)
 
(1,614
)
Other Income/ (Expense)
11

 
(129
)
 
(15
)
 
(266
)
Total Other Income/ (Expense)
440

 
(5,027
)
 
65

 
(5,155
)
Income Before Income Taxes
12,392

 
11,204

 
33,574

 
37,276

Income Tax Expense
471

 
748

 
2,938

 
2,402

Net Income
11,921

 
10,456

 
30,636

 
34,874

Less: Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
9,756

 
8,534

 
25,443

 
29,408

Net Income Attributable to Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
$
2,165

 
$
1,922

 
$
5,193

 
$
5,466

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income for Basic Earnings per Share
$
2,165

 
$
1,922

 
$
5,193

 
$
5,466

Basic Earnings per Share
$
0.13

 
$
0.13

 
$
0.33

 
$
0.40

Basic Weighted Average Shares Outstanding1
16,390,298

 
14,585,650

 
15,807,340

 
13,591,432

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income for Diluted Earnings per Share
$
8,192

 
$
8,932

 
$
21,167

 
$
25,391

Diluted Earnings per Share
$
0.12

 
$
0.13

 
$
0.31

 
$
0.37

Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding1
68,656,042

 
68,036,216

 
68,609,667

 
68,136,888

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash Dividends per Share of Class A Common Stock
$
0.03

 
$
0.03

 
$
0.38

 
$
0.38

1 The Company issues restricted shares of Class A common stock and restricted Class B units that have non-forfeitable dividend rights. Under the "two-class method," these shares and units are considered participating securities and are required to be included in the computation of basic and diluted earnings per share. 

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.


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Table of Contents

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(in thousands)



 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
NET INCOME
$
11,921

 
$
10,456

 
$
30,636

 
$
34,874

OTHER COMPREHENSIVE LOSS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Foreign Currency Translation Adjustment
(16
)
 
(3
)
 
(57
)
 
(3
)
Total Other Comprehensive Loss
(16
)
 
(3
)
 
(57
)
 
(3
)
Comprehensive Income
11,905

 
10,453

 
30,579

 
34,871

Less: Comprehensive Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
9,744

 
8,532

 
25,400

 
29,406

Total Comprehensive Income Attributable to Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
$
2,161

 
$
1,921

 
$
5,179

 
$
5,465

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 































See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)
  
 
Shares of
Class A
Common Stock
 
Shares of
Class B
Common Stock
 
Class A
Common Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In Capital
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
 
Retained
Earnings
 
   Non-Controlling
Interests
 
Total Equity
Balance at December 31, 2015
15,218,355

 
52,089,472

 
$
152

 
$
5,819

 
$
(2
)
 
$
12,453

 
$
67,040

 
$
85,462

Adjustment for the Cumulative Effect of Applying ASU 2015-02 for the Deconsolidation of a Legal Entity
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(10,835
)
 
(10,835
)
Adjusted Balance at January 1, 2016
15,218,355

 
52,089,472

 
152

 
5,819

 
(2
)
 
12,453

 
56,205

 
74,627

Unit Conversion
1,369,811

 
(1,369,811
)
 
14

 
1,243

 
—

 
—

 
(1,071
)
 
186

Amortization of Non-Cash Compensation
24,934

 
22,723

 
—

 
518

 
—

 
—

 
1,551

 
2,069

Sale of Shares under Equity Incentive Plan
—

 
81,871

 
—

 
91

 
—

 
—

 
286

 
377

Directors' Share Grants
—

 
—

 
—

 
87

 
—

 
—

 
289

 
376

Net Income
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,193

 
25,443

 
30,636

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(14
)
 
—

 
(43
)
 
(57
)
Options Exercised
—

 
24,027

 
—

 
12

 
—

 
—

 
39

 
51

Repurchase and Retirement of Class A Common Stock
(258,279
)
 
—

 
(2
)
 
(2,005
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(2,007
)
Repurchase and Retirement of Class B Units
—

 
(8,574
)
 
—

 
(16
)
 
—

 
—

 
(50
)
 
(66
)
Class A Cash Dividends Declared and Paid ($0.38 per share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(5,794
)
 
—

 
(5,794
)
Contributions from Non-Controlling Interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
584

 
584

Distributions to Non-Controlling Interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(39,695
)
 
(39,695
)
Effect of Deconsolidation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(80
)
 
(80
)
Other
—

 
—

 
—

 
(281
)
 
—

 
—

 
281

 
—

Balance at September 30, 2016
16,354,821

 
50,839,708

 
$
164

 
$
5,468

 
$
(16
)
 
$
11,852

 
$
43,739

 
$
61,207

  
See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents


PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income
$
11,921

 
$
10,456

 
$
30,636

 
$
34,874

Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income to Cash
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provided by Operating Activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation
263

 
269

 
802

 
521

Disposal of Fixed Assets
—

 
—

 
—

 
428

Non-Cash Compensation
1,765

 
1,300

 
4,947

 
4,334

Directors' Share Grants
99

 
82

 
376

 
310

(Gains)/ Losses and Other Investment Income
(1,533
)
 
4,398

 
(1,131
)
 
3,923

Foreign Currency Translation Adjustments
(16
)
 
(3
)
 
(57
)
 
(3
)
Change in Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
1,200

 
697

 
1,378

 
1,614

Deferred Income Taxes
(282
)
 
127

 
1,215

 
767

Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities:


 


 


 


Advisory Fees Receivable
(4,067
)
 
(781
)
 
(3,336
)
 
(1,632
)
Due from Broker
294

 
(26
)
 
(41
)
 
(463
)
Restricted Cash
(41
)
 
110

 
45

 
(849
)
Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets
219

 
(71
)
 
(3
)
 
(15
)
Non-Cash Compensation Modification
—

 
—

 
—

 
(713
)
Due to Broker
(91
)
 
(454
)
 
254

 
96

Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses, and Other Liabilities
5,066

 
5,299

 
9,433

 
11,351

Change in Lease Liability
—

 
(496
)
 
—

 
(107
)
Purchases of Equity Securities and Securities Sold Short
(6,857
)
 
(6,350
)
 
(20,218
)
 
(35,173
)
Proceeds from Equity Securities and Securities Sold Short
6,911

 
6,803

 
18,082

 
31,452

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
14,851

 
21,360

 
42,382

 
50,715

INVESTING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases of Investments
(225
)
 
(1,376
)
 
(2,097
)
 
(8,149
)
Proceeds from Sale of Investments
220

 
1,229

 
2,383

 
8,289

Payments to Related Parties
217

 
(12
)
 
(76
)
 
(218
)
Purchases of Property and Equipment
—

 
(643
)
 
(95
)
 
(6,190
)
Net Cash Provided by/ (Used in) Investing Activities
212

 
(802
)
 
115

 
(6,268
)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase and Retirement of Class A Common Stock
(501
)
 
(2,680
)
 
(2,007
)
 
(5,023
)
Repurchase and Retirement of Class B Units
—

 
(147
)
 
(66
)
 
(1,731
)
Sale of Shares under Equity Incentive Plan
55

 
372

 
377

 
372

Option Exercise
51

 
—

 
51

 
1,688

Distributions to Non-Controlling Interests
(7,993
)
 
(8,544
)
 
(39,695
)
 
(40,682
)
Contributions from Non-Controlling Interests
115

 
111

 
584

 
496

Dividends
(491
)
 
(468
)
 
(5,794
)
 
(5,033
)
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
(8,764
)
 
(11,356
)
 
(46,550
)
 
(49,913
)
NET CHANGE IN CASH
$
6,299

 
$
9,202

 
$
(4,053
)
 
$
(5,466
)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - Beginning of Period
$
24,838

 
$
24,441

 
$
35,417

 
$
39,109

Adjustment for the Cumulative Effect of Applying ASU 2015-02 for the Deconsolidation of a Legal Entity
—

 
—

 
(227
)
 
—

Effect of Deconsolidation
(75
)
 
—

 
(75
)
 
—

Net Change in Cash
6,299

 
9,202

 
(4,053
)
 
(5,466
)
CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - End of Period
$
31,062

 
$
33,643

 
$
31,062

 
$
33,643

Supplementary Cash Flow Information:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income Taxes Paid
$
295

 
$
262

 
$
665

 
$
1,031


See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements


Note 1—Organization
 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc. (the “Company”) is the sole managing member of its operating company, Pzena Investment Management, LLC (the “operating company”).   As a result, the Company: (i) consolidates the financial results of the operating company and reflects the membership interests that it does not own as a non-controlling interest in its consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognizes income generated from its economic interest in the operating company’s net income.
 
The operating company is an investment adviser registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and is headquartered in New York, New York. As of September 30, 2016, the operating company managed assets in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies across a wide range of market capitalizations in both U.S. and non-U.S. capital markets.

The Company also serves as the general partner of Pzena Investment Management, LP, a partnership formed with the objective of aggregating employee ownership in the operating company into one entity.
 
The Company, through its interest in the operating company, has consolidated the results of operations and financial condition of the following entities as of September 30, 2016: 
 
 
 
 Ownership at
Legal Entity
Type of Entity (Date of Formation)
 
September 30, 2016
Pzena Investment Management, Pty
Australian Proprietary Limited Company (12/16/2009)
 
100.0
%
Pzena Financial Services, LLC
Delaware Limited Liability Company (10/15/2013)
 
100.0
%
Pzena Investment Management, LTD
England and Wales Private Limited Company (01/08/2015)
 
100.0
%
Pzena Investment Management Special Situations, LLC
Delaware Limited Liability Company (12/01/2010)
 
99.9
%
Pzena Mid Cap Value Fund, a series of Advisors Series Trust
Open-end Management Investment Company, series of Delaware Statutory Trust (3/31/2014)
 
87.1
%
Pzena Long/Short Value Fund, a series of Advisors Series Trust
Open-end Management Investment Company, series of Delaware Statutory Trust (3/31/2014)
 
80.2
%
Pzena International Value Service, a series of Pzena Investment Management International, LLC
Delaware Limited Liability Company (12/22/2003)
 
53.5
%
 
Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation:
 
Principles of Consolidation:

The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and related Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and regulations.  The Company’s policy is to consolidate those entities in which it has a direct or indirect controlling financial interest based on either the voting interest model or the variable interest model. As such, the Company consolidates majority-owned subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest, and certain investment vehicles the operating company sponsors for which it is the investment adviser that are considered to be variable-interest entities (“VIEs”) and for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary.

For equity investments where the Company does not control the investee, and where it is not the primary beneficiary of a VIE, but can exert significant influence over the financial and operating policies of the investee, the Company follows the equity method of accounting. The evaluation of whether the Company exerts control or significant influence over the financial and operating policies of the investee requires significant judgment based on the facts and circumstances surrounding each investment. Factors considered in these evaluations may include the type of investment, the legal structure of the investee, the terms of the investment agreement, or other agreements with the investee.


6
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Adoption of ASU 2015-02
    
Effective January 1, 2016, the Company adopted Financial Accounting Standards Board ("FASB") Accounting Standards Update No. 2015-02, Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis ("ASU 2015-02") under the modified retrospective approach. Restatement of prior period results was not required.

For legal entities evaluated for consolidation, the Company must determine whether interests it holds and fees paid to it qualify as a variable interest. Pursuant to ASU 2015-02, fees, including fees that are determined based on expense reimbursements, that are customary and commensurate with the level of services provided are not considered a variable interest when the Company does not hold other economic interests in the entity that would absorb more than an insignificant amount of the expected losses or returns of the entity. The Company factors in all economic interests, including proportionate interests through related parties, to determine if fees are considered variable interests. If it is determined that the Company does not have a variable interest in the entity, no further analysis is required and the Company does not consolidate the entity. If it is determined that the Company has a variable interest, it considers its direct economic interests and the proportionate indirect interests through related parties to determine if it is the primary beneficiary of the VIE.

Also pursuant to ASU 2015-02, the FASB clarifies the treatment of entities structured as series funds which comply with the requirements included in the Investment Company Act of 1940 for registered mutual funds. These entities are now considered voting interest entities because the shareholders are deemed to have the ability to direct the activities of the fund that most significantly impact the fund's economic performance.

As a result of the adoption of ASU 2015-02, the Company deconsolidated certain previously consolidated entities as the Company either did not have a variable interest in the entity or the Company did not own more than 50% of a series fund now required to be considered for consolidation under the voting interest model. In addition, upon adoption of ASU 2015-02, the Company is no longer considered to have fee-based variable interests in certain private investment partnerships the operating company sponsors and these entities are no longer considered VIE's.

Consolidated Entities

The Company consolidates the financial results of the operating company and records in its own equity its pro-rata share of transactions that impact the operating company’s net equity, including unit and option issuances, repurchases, and retirements.  The operating company’s pro-rata share of such transactions are recorded as an adjustment to additional paid-in capital or non-controlling interests, as applicable, on the consolidated statements of financial condition.

The majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company, through its interest in the operating company, has a controlling financial interest and the VIEs for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary are collectively referred to as “consolidated subsidiaries.”  Non-controlling interests recorded on the consolidated financial statements of the Company include the non-controlling interests of the outside investors in each of these entities, as well as those of the operating company.  All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated through consolidation.

During 2014, the Company provided the initial cash investment for three Pzena Mutual Funds in an effort to generate an investment performance track record to attract third-party investors. During the three months ended June 30, 2016, the Company provided the initial cash investment for the launch of a fourth Pzena Mutual Fund: the Pzena Small Cap Value Fund. Due to their series fund structure, registration, and compliance with the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940, these funds are analyzed for consolidation under the voting interest model. As a result of the Company's interests, it consolidated the Pzena Mid Cap Value Fund, Pzena Long/Short Value Fund and Pzena Small Cap Value Fund. On July 11, 2016, due to additional subscriptions into the Pzena Small Cap Value Fund, the Company's ownership decreased to 36.1%. As the entity was no longer deemed to control the fund, the Company deconsolidated the entity, removed the related assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest from its balance sheet and classified the Company's remaining investment as an equity method investment. The Pzena Mid Cap Value Fund and Pzena Long/Short Value Fund will continue to be consolidated to the extent the Company has a majority ownership interest in them. At September 30, 2016, the aggregate of these funds' $7.6 million in net assets was included in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition.

The operating company is the managing member of Pzena International Value Service, a series of Pzena Investment Management International, LLC.  The operating company is considered the primary beneficiary of this entity. At September 30, 2016, Pzena International Value Service’s $3.3 million in net assets were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.


7
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Deconsolidated Entities as a Result of the Adoption of ASU 2015-02

Certain funds that have historically been consolidated in the financial statements are no longer consolidated. The Company had consolidated the Pzena Investment Funds Trust, Pzena Large Cap Value Fund ("Pzena Large Cap Value Fund") in its consolidated financial statements in accordance with the Consolidation Topic of the FASB Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”).  The Company reconsidered the consolidation conclusion for the Pzena Large Cap Value Fund as a result of ASU 2015-02 and determined that, although the Pzena Large Cap Value Fund continues to be a VIE, the Company is no longer considered the primary beneficiary.

Prior to January 1, 2016, the Company had consolidated the Pzena Emerging Markets Value Fund as the fund previously met the definition of VIE due to its series fund structure, as the shareholders of the fund lacked the ability to make decisions regarding the trustees and key activities of the fund. The Company reconsidered the consolidation conclusion as a result of the adoption of ASU 2015-02, and determined that, as the Pzena Emerging Markets Value Fund is a series and registered mutual fund that complies with the requirements of the Investment Company Act of 1940, it will be analyzed for consolidation under the voting interest model. The Company is deemed to not have a controlling interest in the Pzena Emerging Markets Value Fund.

The deconsolidation of these previously consolidated entities had the following impact on the consolidated statement of financial condition as of January 1, 2016:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
As of
December 31, 2015
 
Impact of Deconsolidation
 
Adjusted as of January 1, 2016
 
(in thousands)
Number of entities
11

 
(2
)
 
9

Total Assets
$
114,309

 
$
(10,910
)
 
$
103,399

Total Liabilities
$
28,847

 
$
(75
)
 
$
28,772

Total Equity
$
85,462

 
$
(10,835
)
 
$
74,627


Non-Consolidated Variable Interest Entities

VIEs that are not consolidated receive investment management services from the operating company and are generally private investment partnerships sponsored by the operating company.  The total net assets of these VIEs was approximately $41.2 million and $390.1 million at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, respectively.  

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, in order to satisfy certain of the Company's obligations under its deferred compensation programs, the operating company had $3.0 million and $1.7 million in investments, respectively, in certain of these firm-sponsored vehicles, for which the Company was not deemed to be primary beneficiary.

Management’s Use of Estimates:
 
The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements, and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Revenue Recognition:
 
Revenue, comprised of advisory fee income, is recognized over the period in which advisory services are provided.  Advisory fee income includes management fees that are calculated based on percentages of assets under management (“AUM”), generally billed quarterly, either in arrears or advance, depending on the applicable contractual terms.  Advisory fee income also includes performance fees that may be earned by the Company depending on the investment return of the AUM, as well as fulcrum fee arrangements.  Performance fee arrangements generally entitle the Company to participate, on a fixed-percentage basis, in any returns generated in excess of an agreed-upon benchmark.  The Company’s participation percentage in such return differentials is then multiplied by AUM to determine the performance fees earned. In general, returns are calculated on an annualized basis over the contract’s measurement period, which usually extends to three years.  Performance fees are generally payable annually.  Fulcrum fee arrangements require a reduction in the base fee, or allow for a performance fee if the relevant investment strategy underperforms or outperforms, respectively, the agreed-upon benchmark over the contract's measurement period, which extends to three years.  Fulcrum fees are generally payable quarterly. Following the preferred method identified in the Revenue Recognition Topic of the FASB ASC, fee income is recorded at the conclusion of the contractual performance period, when all contingencies are resolved.  For the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company did not recognize performance fee income. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized approximately $0.1 million in performance fee income. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recognized approximately $3.2 million and $3.9 million in performance fee income, respectively. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized a $0.7 million reduction in base fees related to fulcrum fee arrangements. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company did not recognized a reduction in base fees related to fulcrum fee arrangements.

Cash and Cash Equivalents:
 
At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Cash and Cash Equivalents was $31.1 million and $35.4 million, respectively.  The Company considers all money market funds and highly-liquid debt instruments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.  The Company maintains its cash in bank deposits and other accounts whose balances often exceed federally insured limits.
 
Interest on cash and cash equivalents is recorded as interest income on an accrual basis in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Restricted Cash:
 
At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had $3.5 million and $3.6 million, respectively, of compensating balances recorded in Restricted Cash in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Included in this balance at September 30, 2016 is a $1.0 million letter of credit issued by a third party in lieu of a cash security deposit, as required by the Company’s lease for its corporate headquarters.  At December 31, 2015, this balance included $1.4 million in such letters of credit required by the Company's leases for both is current and former headquarters.

Also included in these balances at September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, were amounts of cash collateral for margin accounts established by the Pzena Long/Short Value Fund required to maintain to support securities sold short, not yet purchased of $2.5 million and $2.2 million, respectively.

Due to/from Broker:
 
Due to/from Broker consists primarily of amounts payable/receivable for unsettled securities transactions held/initiated at the clearing brokers of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries.
 
Investments:
 
Investment Securities, trading
Investments classified as trading securities consist of equity securities held by the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries. Certain of the Company's investments are held to satisfy the Company's obligations under its deferred compensation program. Dividends associated with the Company's investments and the investments of the Company's consolidated subsidiaries are recognized as dividend income on an ex-dividend basis in the consolidated statements of operations.

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)



Securities Sold Short represents securities sold short, not yet purchased by the Pzena Long/Short Value Fund, which is consolidated with the Company's financial statements. Dividend expense associated with these investments is recognized in Other Expense on an ex-dividend basis in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
All such investments are recorded at fair value, with net realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses are recognized as a component of Gains/ (Losses) and Other Investment Income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Investments in equity method investees
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company accounted for its investments in certain private investment partnerships, the Pzena Emerging Markets Value Fund, and, as of July 11, 2016, the Pzena Small Cap Value Fund, in which the Company has non-controlling interests and exercises significant influence, using the equity method. These investments are included in Investments in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition. The carrying value of these investments are recorded at the amount of capital reported by the private investment partnership or mutual fund. The capital account reflects any contributions paid to, distributions received from, and equity earnings of, the entities. The earnings of these investments are recognized as equity in the earnings of affiliates and reflected as a component of Gains/ (Losses) and Other Investment Income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Investments in equity method investees are evaluated for impairment as events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of such assets may not be recoverable. If the carrying amounts of the assets exceed their respective fair values, additional impairment tests are performed to measure the amounts of impairment losses, if any. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, no impairment losses were recognized.

Fair Value Measurements:
 
The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC also establishes a framework for measuring fair value and a valuation hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability. Classification within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The valuation hierarchy contains three levels: (i) valuation inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 1); (ii) valuation inputs are quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities in markets that are not active, quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and other observable inputs directly or indirectly related to the asset or liability being measured (Level 2); and (iii) valuation inputs are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement (Level 3).
 
Included in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition are investments in equity securities and securities sold short, both of which are exchange-traded securities with quoted prices in active markets. The fair value measurements of the equity securities, securities sold short, have been classified as Level 1. The investments in equity method investees are held at their carrying value.

As of December 31, 2015, the Company consolidated the Pzena Emerging Markets Value Fund which was deconsolidated upon the adoption of ASU 2015-02 as discussed above. As of December 31, 2015, included in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition are investments in participatory notes (“P-notes”) held by the Pzena Emerging Markets Value Fund. P-notes are generally issued by a bank or broker-dealer (the “counterparty”) and are designed to offer a return linked to a particular underlying equity security, especially in markets where direct investments are not possible. The risks associated with investing in a P-note may include the possible failure of the counterparty to perform its obligations under the terms of the agreement, an inability to liquidate or transfer the notes, and an imperfect correlation between the value of the P-note and the underlying security. P-notes are valued based on the value of the underlying equity security and have been classified as Level 2.

10
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


    
The following table presents these instruments’ fair value at September 30, 2016:
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Other Assets Not Held at Fair Value
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Securities
$
12,717

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
12,717

Investments in Equity Method Investees
—

 
—

 
—

 
7,365

 
7,365

Total
$
12,717

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
7,365

 
$
20,082


 
Level 1

Level 2

Level 3

Other Liabilities Not Held at Fair Value

Total
 
(in thousands)
Liabilities:
 

 

 




Securities Sold Short
$
2,483


$
—

 
$
—


$
—


$
2,483


The following table presents these instruments’ fair value at December 31, 2015:
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Other Assets Not Held at Fair Value
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Securities
$
24,835

 
$
904

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
25,739

Investments in Equity Method Investees
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,713

 
1,713

Total
$
24,835

 
$
904

 
$
—

 
$
1,713

 
$
27,452


 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Other Liabilities Not Held at Fair Value
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities Sold Short
$
2,231

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2,231

    
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, there were no transfers between levels. In addition, the Company did not hold any Level 3 securities during these periods. The Company did not hold any Level 2 securities during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Securities Valuation:
 
Investments in equity securities and securities sold short for which market quotations are available are valued at the last reported price or closing price on the primary market or exchange on which they trade.  If no reported equity sales occurred on the valuation date, equity investments are valued at the bid price. Transactions are recorded on a trade date basis.

The net realized gain or loss on sales of equity securities and securities sold short is determined on a specific identification basis and is included in Gains/ (Losses) and Other Investment Income in the consolidated statements of operations.

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


 
Concentrations of Credit Risk:
 
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, amounts due from brokers, and advisory fees receivable.  The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in bank deposits and other accounts whose balances often exceed federally insured limits.

The concentration of credit risk with respect to advisory fees receivable is generally limited due to the short payment terms extended to clients by the Company.  On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its advisory fees receivable and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts, if necessary, based on a history of past write-offs, collections, and current credit conditions.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, approximately 8.7% and 10.1% of the Company's advisory fees, respectively, were generated from advisory agreements with one client relationship. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, approximately 10.0% and 10.6% of the Company's advisory fees, respectively, were generated from advisory agreements with one client relationship. At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, no allowance for doubtful accounts was deemed necessary.
 
Property and Equipment:
 
Property and equipment is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from three to seven years.  Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the improvements or the remaining lease term.
 
Business Segments:
 
The Company views its operations as comprising one operating segment.
 
Income Taxes:
 
The Company is a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, and thus liable for federal, state, and local taxes on the income derived from its economic interest in its operating company.  The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes.  It has not made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the individual responsibility of each of the operating company’s members (including the Company) to separately report their proportionate share of the operating company’s taxable income or loss.  The operating company has made a provision for New York City Unincorporated Business Tax (“UBT”) and it's consolidated subsidiary Pzena Investment Management, LTD has made a provision for U.K. income taxes.

Judgment is required in evaluating the Company's uncertain tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. The Company establishes liabilities for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These liabilities are established when the Company believes that certain positions might be challenged despite its belief that its tax return positions are in accordance with applicable tax laws. The Company adjusts these liabilities in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, new tax legislation or the change of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the effect of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate. It is also the Company’s policy to recognize accrued interest, and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions in Income Tax Expense on the consolidated statements of operations. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had $3.1 million and $2.3 million in unrecognized tax benefits that, if recognized, would affect the provision for income taxes. As of September 30, 2016, we had interest related to unrecognized tax benefits of $0.3 million. As December 31, 2015, no such accruals were recorded.
 
The Company and its consolidated subsidiaries account for all U.S. federal, state, local, and U.K. taxation pursuant to the asset and liability method, which requires deferred income tax assets and liabilities to be recorded for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the temporary differences are expected to affect taxable income.  Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized.  At September 30, 2016, the Company had a $57.2 million valuation allowance against deferred tax assets recorded as part of the Company’s initial public offering and the subsequent exchanges of Class B units for shares of its Class A

12
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


common stock.  At December 31, 2015, the Company had a $54.0 million valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets.  The income tax expense, or benefit, is the tax payable or refundable for the period, plus or minus the change during the period in deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company records its deferred tax liabilities as a component of other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Excess tax benefits related to stock- and unit-transactions are not recognized until they result in a reduction of cash taxes payable. The benefit of these excess tax benefits will be recorded in equity when they reduce cash taxes payable. The Company will only recognize a tax benefit from stock- and unit-based awards in Additional Paid-In Capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized after all other tax benefits currently available have been utilized. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015 the Company had $0.1 million and $0.3 million, respectively, in tax benefits associated with stock- and unit-based awards that it was not able to recognize. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company recognized no such benefits.
 
Foreign Currency:
 
The functional currency of the Company is the U.S. Dollar.  Assets and liabilities of foreign operations whose functional currency is not the U.S. Dollar are translated at the exchange rate in effect at the applicable reporting date, and the consolidated statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the applicable period.  A charge or credit is recorded to other comprehensive income/ (loss) to reflect the translation of these amounts to the extent the non-U.S. currency is designated the functional currency of the subsidiary. Non-functional currency related transaction gains and losses are immediately recorded in the consolidated statements of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 the Company recorded less than $0.1 million and $0.1 million, respectively, of other comprehensive income/ (loss) associated with foreign currency translation adjustments. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recorded less than $0.1 million of other comprehensive income/ (loss).

Investment securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into U.S. Dollar amounts at the date of valuation.  Purchases and sales of investment securities, and income and expense items denominated in foreign currencies, are remeasured into U.S. Dollar amounts on the respective dates of such transactions.
 
The Company does not isolate the portion of the results of its operations resulting from the impact of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on its non-U.S. investments.  Such fluctuations are included in Gains/ (Losses) and Other Investment Income in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Reported net realized foreign exchange gains or losses arise from sales of foreign currencies, currency gains or losses realized between the trade and settlement dates on securities transactions, and the difference between the amounts of dividends, interest, foreign withholding taxes, and other receivables and payables recorded on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition and the U.S. Dollar equivalent of the amounts actually received or paid.  Net unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses arise from changes in the fair values of assets and liabilities resulting from changes in exchange rates.
 
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted:

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, "Statement of Cash Flows (Topic 230)."  This update provides specific guidance on cash flow classification issues, which is intended to reduce the diversity in practice in how certain cash receipts and cash payments are presented and classified in the statement of cash flows.  The guidance is effective for the fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2017.  The guidance should be applied using a modified retrospective approach.  The Company is assessing the impact this standard will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.
    
In June 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-13, "Financial Instruments - Credit Losses (Topic 326)."  This new guidance requires the use of an “expected loss” model, rather than an “incurred loss” model, for financial instruments measured at amortized cost and also requires companies to record allowances for available-for-sale debt securities rather than reduce the carrying amount.  The guidance is effective for the fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2019.  The guidance should be applied using a retrospective approach.  The Company is assessing the impact this standard will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.


13
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


In March 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-09, "Compensation - Stock Compensation (Topic 718): Improvements to Employee Share-Based Payment Accounting." This update involves amendments related to several aspects of accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities, and classification on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for the fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2016, and requires transition methods specific to each amendment in either a modified retrospective, retrospective, or prospective method. The Company is assessing the impact this standard will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, "Leases (Topic 842)." This amended standard was written to increase transparency and comparability among organizations by recognizing lease assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet and disclosing key information about leasing arrangements. The new standard requires lessees to recognize a right-of-use asset and lease liability for all leases with terms of more than 12 months. Recognition, measurement and presentation of expenses will depend on classification as a finance or operating lease. The amendments also require certain quantitative and qualitative disclosure. Accounting guidance for lessors is largely unchanged. This guidance is effective for the fiscal years and interim periods within those years beginning after December 15, 2018, and requires a modified retrospective approach to adoption. The Company is assessing the impact this standard will have on the consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)." The core principle of the revenue model is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services. In July 2015, the FASB postponed the effective date of this new guidance from January 1, 2017 to January 1, 2018. Early application is not permitted. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on the consolidated statements and related disclosures, as well as the available transition methods.

Note 3—Compensation and Benefits
 
Compensation and benefits expense to employees and members is comprised of the following:
 

For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands)
Cash Compensation and Other Benefits
$
10,002

 
$
10,345

 
$
31,017

 
$
31,181

Non-Cash Compensation
1,765

 
1,300

 
4,947

 
4,334

Total Compensation and Benefits Expense
$
11,767

 
$
11,645

 
$
35,964

 
$
35,515

   

14
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


All non-cash compensation awards granted have varying vesting schedules and are issued at prices equal to the assessed fair market value at the time of issuance, as discussed below.  Details of non-cash compensation awards granted during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:

 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
Amount
 
Fair
Value (1)
 
Amount
 
Fair
Value (1)
Options to Purchase Shares of Class A Common Stock2
—

 
$
—

 
2,000,000

 
$
1.23


 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
Amount
 
Fair
Value1
 
Amount
 
Fair
Value1
Restricted Class B Units
5,812

 
$
8.60

 
23,782

 
$
9.46

Options to Purchase Shares of Class A Common Stock2
—

 
$
—

 
3,000,000

 
$
1.18

Deferred Compensation Phantom Delayed Exchange Class B Units3
149,533

 
$
5.12

 
—

 
$
—

Participating Shares of Restricted Class A Common Stock4
—

 
$
—

 
29,868

 
$
8.37

Restricted Shares of Class A Common Stock5
—

 
$
—

 
100,000

 
$
6.08

1 Represents the grant date fair value per share or unit.
2 Represents contingently vesting options to purchase shares of Class A common stock. These share options vest over a period of seven years contingent on meeting various performance goals.
3 Represents phantom Delayed Exchange Class B units issued under the Bonus Plan. These units vest ratably over four years and become Delayed Exchange Class B units upon vesting which may not be exchanged pursuant the Amended and Restated Operating Agreement until the seventh anniversary of the vesting date and are not entitled to any benefits under the Tax Receivable Agreement.
4 Represents restricted shares of Class A common stock that receive nonforfeitable rights to dividends.
5 Represents restricted shares of Class A common stock issued under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan. These shares vest ratably over ten years and are not entitles to receive dividend or dividend equivalents until vested.

Pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, LLC Amended and Restated 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (“the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan”), the operating company issues Class B units, phantom Class B units and options to purchase Class B units.  The Company also issues Delayed Exchange Class B units pursuant to the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan. These Class B units vest immediately upon grant, but may not be exchanged pursuant to the Amended and Restated Operating Agreement of the operating company until at least the seventh anniversary of the date of grant. These units are also not entitled to any benefit under the Tax Receivable Agreement between the Company and members of the operating company. Under the Pzena Investment Management, Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (“the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan”), the Company issues shares of restricted Class A common stock and contingently vesting options to acquire shares of Class A common stock. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, 48,000 phantom Class B units were forfeited in connection with an employee departure. No units were forfeited during the three months ended September 30, 2015. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, 5,775 restricted Class B units were forfeited in connection with employee departures. During each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, no contingently vesting options vested. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, 11,893 and 81,871 Delayed Exchange Class B units were issued to certain employee members, respectively, for approximately $0.1 million and $0.4 million in cash, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, 78,093 Delayed Exchange Class B units were issued for approximately $0.4 million in cash to certain employee members. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, 142,315 Delayed Exchange Class B units issued to one employee during 2014 were canceled and replaced with cash compensation. Additional compensation expense of less than $0.1 million was recognized upon cancellation and replacement of the award. No Class B units were canceled during the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 or the nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Under the Pzena Investment Management, LLC Amended and Restated Bonus Plan (the “Bonus Plan”), eligible employees whose compensation is in excess of certain thresholds are required to defer a portion of that excess.  These deferred amounts may be invested, at the employee’s discretion, in certain investment options designated by the Compensation Committee of the Company's Board of Directors.  Amounts deferred in any calendar year reduce that year’s compensation expense and are

15
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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


amortized and vest ratably over a four-year period commencing the following year.  The Company also issued to certain of its employees deferred compensation with certain investment options that also vest ratably over a four-year period. As of both September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the liability associated with all deferred compensation investment accounts was $2.9 million. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million, respectively, in deferred compensation investments were forfeited in connection with employee departures. No deferred compensation was forfeited during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015.

Pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, Inc. Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Director Plan”), non-employee directors may elect to have all or part of their compensation otherwise payable in cash, deferred in the form of phantom shares of Class A common stock of the Company issued under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan.  Elections to defer compensation under the Director Plan are made on a year-to-year basis.  Distributions under the Director Plan are made in a single distribution of shares of Class A common stock at such time as elected by the participant when the deferral was made.  Since inception of the Director Plan in 2009, the Company’s directors have elected to defer 100% of their compensation in the form of phantom shares of Class A common stock.  Amounts deferred in any calendar year are amortized over the calendar year and reflected as General and Administrative Expense.  As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, there were 290,315 and 232,585 phantom shares of Class A common stock outstanding, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, no distributions were made under the Director Plan.

The Company has issued to certain of its employees delayed-vesting cash awards.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, no such awards were granted. During the year ended December 31, 2015, $0.4 million was paid in conjunction with previously awarded delayed-vesting cash awards with varying vesting schedules. As of September 30, 2016, no such awards were outstanding.

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately $26.3 million and $31.0 million, respectively, in unrecorded compensation expense related to unvested awards issued pursuant to its Bonus Plan and certain agreements; Class B units, Delayed Exchange Class B units, and phantom Class B units issued under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan; and restricted Class A common stock and contingently vesting option grants issued under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan. The Company anticipates that this unrecorded cost will amortize over the respective vesting periods of the awards.

Note 4 – Employee Benefit Plans
 
The operating company has a Profit Sharing and Savings Plan for the benefit of substantially all employees.  The Profit Sharing and Savings Plan is a defined contribution profit sharing plan with a 401(k) deferral component.  All full-time employees and certain part-time employees who have met the age and length of service requirements are eligible to participate in the plan.  The plan allows participating employees to make elective deferrals of compensation up to the annual limits which are set by law.  The plan provides for a discretionary annual contribution by the operating company which is determined by a formula based on the salaries of eligible employees as defined by the plan.  For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the expense recognized in connection with this plan was $0.2 million and $0.7 million, respectively.

Note 5—Earnings per Share
 
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the Company’s net income attributable to its common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period.  

Under the two-class method of computing basic earnings per share, basic earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income for basic earnings per share by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period.  The two-class method includes an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each participating security according to dividends declared and undistributed earnings for the period.  The Company’s net income for basic earnings per share is reduced by the amount allocated to participating restricted shares of Class A common stock which participate for purposes of calculating earnings per share.  


16
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s basic earnings per share was determined as follows:
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net Income for Basic Earnings per Share Allocated to:
 
 
 
 
 
 

Class A Common Stock
$
2,163

 
$
1,918

 
$
5,187

 
$
5,457

Participating Shares of Restricted Class A Common Stock
2

 
4

 
6

 
9

Total Net Income for Basic Earnings per Share
$
2,165

 
$
1,922

 
$
5,193

 
$
5,466

Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
16,375,364

 
14,555,782

 
15,788,809

 
13,568,566

Add: Participating Shares of Restricted Class A Common Stock 1
14,934

 
29,868

 
18,531

 
22,866

Total Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
16,390,298

 
14,585,650

 
15,807,340

 
13,591,432

Basic Earnings per Share
$
0.13

 
$
0.13

 
$
0.33

 
$
0.40


1 Certain unvested shares of Class A common stock granted to employees have nonforfeitable rights to dividends and therefore participate fully in the results of the Company from the date they are granted. They are included in the computation of basic earnings per share using the two-class method for participating securities.

Diluted earnings per share adjusts this calculation to reflect the impact of all outstanding membership units of the operating company, phantom Class B units, phantom Delayed Exchange Class B units, phantom Class A common stock, outstanding Class B unit options, options to purchase Class A common stock, and restricted Class A common stock, to the extent they would have a dilutive effect on net income per share for the reporting period.  Net income for diluted earnings per share assumes that all outstanding operating company membership units are converted into Company stock at the beginning of the reporting period and the resulting change to the Company's net income associated with its increased interest in the operating company is taxed at the Company’s effective tax rate, exclusive of one-time charges and adjustments associated with both the valuation allowance and the liability to selling and converting shareholders and other one-time charges.
 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s diluted net income was determined as follows: 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands)
Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
$
9,547

 
$
11,139

 
$
25,307

 
$
31,703

Less: Assumed Corporate Income Taxes
3,520

 
4,129

 
9,333

 
11,778

Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
6,027

 
7,010

 
15,974

 
19,925

Net Income of Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
2,165

 
1,922

 
5,193

 
5,466

Diluted Net Income
$
8,192

 
$
8,932

 
$
21,167

 
$
25,391

 
Under the two-class method of computing diluted earnings per share, diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income for diluted earnings per share by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of any potential common shares outstanding during the period using the more dilutive of the treasury method or two-class method.  The two-class method includes an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each participating security according to dividends declared and undistributed earnings for the period.  The Company’s net income for diluted earnings per share is reduced by the amount allocated to participating restricted Class B units for purposes of calculating earnings per share.  Dividend equivalent distributions paid per share on the operating company’s unvested restricted Class B units are equal to the dividends paid per Company Class A common stock.


17
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company’s diluted earnings per share were determined as follows:
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands, except share and
per share amounts)
Diluted Net Income Allocated to:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class A Common Stock
$
8,185

 
$
8,916

 
$
21,148

 
$
25,349

Participating Shares of Restricted Class A Common Stock
2

 
4

 
6

 
9

Participating Class B Units
5

 
12

 
13

 
33

Total Diluted Net Income Attributable to Shareholders
$
8,192

 
$
8,932

 
$
21,167

 
$
25,391

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
16,390,298

 
14,585,650

 
15,807,340

 
13,591,432

Dilutive Effect of B Units
50,828,791

 
51,370,086

 
51,442,921

 
52,491,854

Dilutive Effect of Options 1
150,991

 
470,287

 
160,067

 
590,794

Dilutive Effect of Phantom Class B Units & Phantom Shares of Class A Common Stock
1,205,981

 
1,468,225

 
1,121,225

 
1,327,820

Dilutive Effect of Restricted Shares of Class A Common Stock 2
38,924

 
58,888

 
37,057

 
50,004

Dilutive Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
68,614,985

 
67,953,136

 
68,568,610

 
68,051,904

Add: Participating Class B Units3
41,057

 
83,080

 
41,057

 
84,984

Total Dilutive Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
68,656,042

 
68,036,216

 
68,609,667

 
68,136,888

Diluted Earnings per Share
$
0.12

 
$
0.13

 
$
0.31

 
$
0.37


1 Represents the dilutive effect of options to purchase operating company Class B units and Company Class A common stock.
2 Certain restricted shares of Class A common stock granted to employees are not entitled to dividend or dividend equivalent payments until they are vested and are therefore non-participating securities and are not included in the computation of basic earnings per share. They are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share when the effect is dilutive using the treasury stock method.
3 Unvested Class B Units granted to employees have nonforfeitable rights to dividend equivalent distributions and therefore participate fully in the results of the operating company's operations from the date they are granted. They are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share using the two-class method for participating securities.

Approximately 1.0 million options to purchase Class B units were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as their inclusion would have had an antidilutive effect based on current market prices. Approximately 0.7 million options to purchase shares of Class A common stock were also excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, as their inclusion would have an an antidilutive effect based on current market prices. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, approximately 0.6 million options to purchase Class B units were excluded from the calculation of diluted earnings per share as their inclusion would have an an antidilutive effect based on current market prices.

Note 6—Shareholders’ Equity
 
The Company functions as the sole managing member of the operating company.  As a result, the Company: (i) consolidates the financial results of the operating company and reflects the membership interest in it that it does not own as a non-controlling interest in its consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognizes income generated from its economic interest in the operating company’s net income.  Class A and Class B units of the operating company have the same economic rights per unit.  As of September 30, 2016, the holders of Class A common stock of the Company and the holders of Class B units of the operating company held approximately 24.3% and 75.7%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of the business. As of December 31, 2015, the holders of Class A common stock of the Company and the holders of Class B units of the operating company held approximately 22.6% and 77.4%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of the business.

Each Class B unit of the operating company is issued with a corresponding share of the Company’s Class B common stock, par value $0.000001 per share.  Each share of the Company’s Class B common stock entitles its holder to five votes,

18
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


until the first time that the number of shares of Class B common stock outstanding constitutes less than 20% of the number of all shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding.  From such time and thereafter, each share of the Company’s Class B common stock entitles its holder to one vote.  When a Class B unit is exchanged for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock or forfeited, a corresponding share of the Company’s Class B common stock will automatically be redeemed and canceled.  Conversely, to the extent that the Company causes the operating company to issue additional Class B units to employees pursuant to its equity incentive plan, these additional holders of Class B units would be entitled to receive a corresponding number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock (including if the Class B units awarded are subject to vesting).
 
All holders of the Company’s Class B common stock have entered into a stockholders’ agreement, pursuant to which they agreed to vote all shares of Class B common stock then held by them, with the majority of votes of Class B common stockholders taken in a preliminary vote of the Class B common stockholders.
 
The outstanding shares of the Company’s Class A common stock represent 100% of the rights of the holders of all classes of the Company’s capital stock to receive distributions, except that holders of Class B common stock will have the right to receive the class’s par value upon the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
 
Pursuant to the operating agreement of the operating company, each vested Class B unit is exchangeable for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock, subject to certain exchange timing and volume limitations. On May 12, 2016, certain of the operating company's members exchanged an aggregate of 1,369,811 Class B units for an equivalent number of shares of Class A common stock. On July 27, 2015, certain of the operating company's members exchanged an aggregate of 2,772,171 Class B units for an equivalent number of shares of Company Class A common stock. These acquisition of additional operating company membership was treated as a reorganization of entities under common control as required by the Business Combinations Topic of the FASB ASC.

The Company’s share repurchase program was announced on April 24, 2012.  The Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase up to an aggregate of $10 million of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock and the operating company’s Class B units on the open market and in private transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws.  On February 11, 2014, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved an increase of $20 million in the aggregate amount authorized under the program. The timing, number and value of common shares and units repurchased are subject to the Company’s discretion.  The Company’s share repurchase program is not subject to an expiration date and may be suspended, discontinued, or modified at any time, for any reason.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, the Company purchased and retired 258,279 shares of Class A common stock and 8,574 Class B units under the current repurchase authorization at a weighted average price per share of $7.77 and $7.81, respectively.  During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company purchased and retired 550,855 shares of Class A common stock and 158,716 Class B units under the repurchase authorization at a weighted average price per unit of $9.12 and $10.90, respectively. The Company records the repurchase of shares and units at cost based on the trade date of the transaction.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2016, 47,490 Class B units exercised resulted in the issuance of 24,027 net Class B units as a result of the redemption of 23,463 Class B units for the cashless exercise of options and $0.1 million in cash. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, 954,764 Class B unit options and 3,375 Class A common stock options were exercised and resulted in the issuance of 715,706 net Class B units and 962 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, as a result of the redemption of 239,058 Class B units and 2,413 shares of Class A common stock for the cashless exercise of the options, and $1.7 million in cash.



19
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Note 7—Non-Controlling Interests
 
Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests in the operations of the Company’s operating company and consolidated subsidiaries is comprised of the following:
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands)
Non-Controlling Interests of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
$
9,547

 
$
11,139

 
$
25,307

 
$
31,703

Non-Controlling Interests of Consolidated Subsidiaries
209

 
(2,605
)
 
136

 
(2,295
)
Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
$
9,756

 
$
8,534

 
$
25,443

 
$
29,408

 
Distributions to non-controlling interests represent tax allocations and dividend equivalents paid to the members of the operating company, as well as withdrawals from the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries. Contributions from non-controlling interests represent contributions to the Company's consolidated subsidiaries.

Note 8—Investments

The following is a summary of Investments:
 
As of
 
September 30, 2016
 
December 31, 2015
 
(in thousands)
Investment Securities, Trading
 

 
 

Equity Securities
$
12,717

 
$
25,739

Total Investment Securities, Trading
12,717

 
25,739

Investments in Equity Method Investees
7,365

 
1,713

Total
$
20,082

 
$
27,452


Investment Securities, Trading
 
Investments, at Fair Value consisted of the following at September 30, 2016:
 
 
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain/(Loss)
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Equity Securities
$
12,592

 
$
125

 
$
12,717

Total
$
12,592

 
$
125

 
$
12,717


    Securities Sold Short, at Fair Value consisted of the following at September 30, 2016:
 
Proceeds
 
Unrealized
(Gain)/ Loss
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Securities Sold Short
$
2,316

 
$
167

 
$
2,483

Total
$
2,316

 
$
167

 
$
2,483


    

20
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Investments, at Fair Value consisted of the following at December 31, 2015:
 
 
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain/(Loss)
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Equity Securities
$
30,029

 
$
(4,290
)
 
$
25,739

Total
$
30,029

 
$
(4,290
)
 
$
25,739


Securities Sold Short, at Fair Value consisted of the following at December 31, 2015:

 
Proceeds
 
Unrealized
(Gain)/ Loss
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Securities Sold Short
$
2,391

 
$
(160
)
 
$
2,231

Total
$
2,391

 
$
(160
)
 
$
2,231


Investments in Equity Method Investees

The operating company sponsors and provides investment management services to certain private investment partnerships and Pzena Mutual funds through which it offers its investment strategies. The Company has made investments in certain of these private investment partnerships and mutual funds to satisfy its obligations under the Company's deferred compensation program and provide the initial cash investment in our mutual funds. The Company holds a non-controlling interest and exercises significant influence in these entities, and accounts for its investments as equity method investments which are included in Investments on the consolidated statements of financial condition. On July 11, 2016, due to additional subscriptions into the Pzena Small Cap Value Fund, the Company's ownership decreased to 36.1%. As the entity was no longer deemed to control the fund, the Company deconsolidated the entity, removed the related assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest from its balance sheet and classified the Company's remaining investment as an equity method investment. As of September 30, 2016, the Company's investments range between 2% and 36% of the capital of these entities and have an aggregate carrying value of $7.4 million. As of December 31, 2015, prior to the adoption of ASU 2015-02, the Company only accounted for one investment as an equity method investment and owned approximately 4.4% of a private investment partnership with a carrying value of $1.7 million.

Note 9—Property and Equipment
 
Property and Equipment, Net of Accumulated Depreciation is comprised of the following:
 
 
As of
 
September 30,
2016
 
December 31,
2015
 
(in thousands)
Leasehold Improvements
$
6,832

 
$
6,826

Furniture and Fixtures
1,190

 
1,190

Computer Hardware
750

 
689

Computer Software
239

 
220

Office Equipment
189

 
180

Total
9,200

 
9,105

Less: Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization
(2,004
)
 
(1,202
)
Total
$
7,196

 
$
7,903



21
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


In April of 2015, the Company moved to its new corporate headquarters, as discussed further in Note 11—Commitments and Contingencies, and began depreciating approximately $6.8 million in leasehold improvements and $1.2 million in furniture and fixtures related to its new office space. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recognized a $0.4 million loss on the disposal of fixed assets associated with the retirement of assets in its former headquarters, which is included in general and administrative expense. No such losses were recognized during the three or nine months ended September 30, 2016.

Depreciation is included in general and administrative expense and totaled approximately $0.3 million and $0.8 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively, and $0.3 million and $0.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively.

Note 10—Related Party Transactions
 
For the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company earned $0.1 million and $0.8 million, respectively, in investment advisory fees from unconsolidated VIEs that receive investment management services from the Company. For the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company earned $0.2 million and $2.4 million, respectively, in such fees.
 
At both September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately $0.1 million remaining of advances to an international investment company for organization and start-up costs, which are included in receivable from related parties on the consolidated statements of financial condition.  The Company is the sponsor and investment manager of this entity.
 
In 2015, the Company began offering loans to employees, excluding executive officers, for the purpose of financing tax obligations associated with compensatory stock and unit vesting. Loans are full recourse, are generally written for a seven-year period, at a market rate of interest, payable in annual installments, and collateralized by shares and units held by the employee. As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had approximately $0.8 million of such loans outstanding.

At September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, Receivable from Related Parties included approximately $0.1 million of a forgivable loan associated with an initial employment agreement. At September 30, 2016, the remainder of the loan becomes forgivable over a period of approximately 1 month.

The operating company, as investment adviser for certain Pzena branded SEC-registered mutual funds, private placement funds, and non-U.S. funds, has contractually agreed to waive a portion or all of its management fees and pay fund expenses to ensure that the annual operating expenses of the funds stay below certain established total expense ratio thresholds. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company recognized $0.3 million and $0.8 million of such expenses, respectively.

The operating company manages personal funds of certain of the Company’s employees, including the CEO, its two Presidents, and its Executive Vice President.  The operating company also manages accounts beneficially owned by a private fund in which certain of the Company’s executive officers invest.  Investments by employees in individual accounts are permitted only at the discretion of the executive committee of the operating company, but are generally not subject to the same minimum investment levels that are required of outside investors.  The operating company also manages personal funds of some of its employees’ family members.  Pursuant to the respective investment management agreements, the operating company waives or reduces its regular advisory fees for these accounts and personal funds. In addition, the operating company pays custody and administrative fees for certain of these accounts and personal funds in order to incubate products or preserve performance history.  The aggregate value of the fees that the Company waived related to the Company’s executive officers, other employees, and family members, was approximately $0.2 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively. For each of the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, the Company waived $0.5 million in such fees. The aggregate value of the custody and administrative fees paid related to the Company’s executive offers, other employees, and family members was less than $0.1 million for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.
 

22
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Note 11—Commitments and Contingencies
 
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that include indemnities in favor of third parties, such as engagement letters with advisers and consultants. In certain cases, the Company may have recourse against third parties with respect to these indemnities. The Company maintains insurance policies that may provide coverage against certain claims under these indemnities. The Company has had no claims or payments pursuant to these agreements, and it believes the likelihood of a claim being made is remote. Utilizing the methodology in the Guarantees Topic of the FASB ASC, the Company’s estimate of the value of such guarantees is de minimis, therefore, no accrual has been made in the consolidated financial statements.

In April of 2015, the Company moved to its new corporate headquarters. The new office space is leased under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement that became effective in October 2014. The Company recognizes minimum lease expense for its headquarters on a straight-line basis over the lease term, which expires on December 31, 2025. During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the Company terminated its five-year sublease agreement which commenced on May 1, 2015.  The Company entered into a new four-year sublease agreement commencing on October 1, 2016 that is cancelable by either the Company or sublessee given appropriate notice after the thirty-first month following the commencement of the sublease agreement. The sublease agreement is for certain office space associated with the Company's operating lease agreement in its corporate headquarters. Sublease income will continue to decrease annual lease expense by approximately $0.4 million per year.

The Company's former headquarters were leased under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement that expired on October 31, 2015.  During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, the Company recognized $1.4 million in non-recurring lease related expenses associated with its former corporate headquarters. No such expenses were recognized for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016.

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, lease expenses were $0.5 million and $1.4 million, respectively, and are included in general and administrative expense. Lease expenses, including the losses and expenses recorded during the nine months ended September 30, 2015, which we do not expect to recur, were $0.5 million and $2.7 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015. Lease expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 were net of $0.1 million and $0.3 million of sublease income, respectively. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, lease expenses were net of $0.1 million and $0.2 million of sublease income, respectively.

Note 12—Income Taxes
 
The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes.  Neither it nor the Company’s other consolidated subsidiaries have made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the individual responsibility of each of these entities’ members (including the Company) to separately report their proportionate share of the respective entity’s taxable income or loss.  The operating company has made a provision for New York City UBT and its U.K. consolidated subsidiary has made a provision for U.K. corporate taxes.  The Company, as a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, is liable for federal, state and local taxes on the income derived from its economic interest in the operating company, which is net of UBT and U.K. taxes.  As a result, in its consolidated financial statements, the Company reports both the operating company’s provision for UBT and U.K. taxes, as well as its provision for corporate federal, state and local taxes.


23
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


The components of the income tax expense are as follows:
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands)
Current Provision:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unincorporated and Other Business Taxes
$
753

 
$
621

 
$
1,723

 
$
1,635

Local Corporate Tax
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

State Corporate Tax
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Federal Corporate Tax
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total Current Provision
$
753

 
$
621

 
$
1,723

 
$
1,635

Deferred Provision:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unincorporated and Other Business Taxes
$
5

 
$
(8
)
 
$
12

 
$
41

Local Corporate Tax
74

 
79

 
187

 
229

State Corporate Tax
54

 
45

 
140

 
139

Federal Corporate Tax
998

 
885

 
2,529

 
2,571

Total Deferred Provision
$
1,131

 
$
1,001

 
$
2,868

 
$
2,980

Change in Valuation Allowance
(1,413
)
 
(874
)
 
(1,653
)
 
(2,213
)
Total Income Tax Expense
$
471

 
$
748

 
$
2,938

 
$
2,402



The Income Taxes Topic of the FASB ASC establishes the minimum threshold for recognizing, and a system for measuring, the benefits of tax return positions in financial statements.  

As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the Company had available for U.S. federal income tax reporting purposes, a net operating loss carryforward of $8.7 million and $10.2 million, respectively, which expires in varying amounts during the tax years 2028 through 2035.
As of September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, approximately $2.8 million, respectively, of deductions for excess stock- and unit- based transactions were included in net operating losses. The $1.1 million of tax benefit associated with these deductions will be credited to Additional Paid-In Capital when such deductions reduce taxes payable. Although these net operating losses are included in the total carryforward amount, they are not reflected in the table of deferred tax assets as the excess tax benefits are not yet realized.
The Company and the operating company are generally no longer subject to U.S. federal, state, or local income tax examinations by tax authorities for any year prior to 2012.  All tax years subsequent to, and including, 2012 are considered open and subject to examination by tax authorities. During 2013, the Company extended the examination statue of limitations for the 2009 to 2011 tax years in association with the amendment of prior year tax returns to change the methodology for state and local receipts. For the operating company, for the years 2009 to 2011, the statute of limitations for New York City UBT remains open through December 31, 2016.
 
The acquisition of operating company Class B units, noted below, has allowed the Company to make an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 754”) to step up its tax basis in the net assets acquired.  This step up is deductible for tax purposes over a 15-year period.  Based on the net proceeds of the initial public offering and tax basis of the operating company, this election gave rise to an initial deferred tax asset of approximately $68.7 million.

Pursuant to a tax receivable agreement between the members of the operating company and the Company, 85% of the cash savings generated by this election will be distributed to the selling and converting shareholders upon the realization of this benefit.
 
If the Company exercises its right to terminate the tax receivable agreement early, the Company will be obligated to make an early termination payment to the selling and converting shareholders, based upon the net present value (based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the tax receivable agreement) of all payments that would be required to be paid by

24
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


the Company under the tax receivable agreement.  If certain change of control events were to occur, the Company would be obligated to make an early termination payment.

As discussed in Note 6 — Shareholders' Equity, on May 12, 2016 and July 27, 2015, certain of the operating company's members exchanged an aggregate of 1,369,811 and 2,772,171 of their Class B units, respectively, for an equivalent number of shares of Class A common stock. The Company elected to step up its tax basis in the incremental assets acquired in accordance with Section 754. Based on the exchange-date fair value of the Company's common stock and the tax basis of the operating company, these elections gave rise to $6.1 million and $14.3 million deferred tax assets and corresponding $5.2 million and $12.2 million liabilities to selling and converting shareholders on May 12, 2016 and July 27, 2015, respectively. The Company assessed the realizability of the deferred tax assets associated with the exchanges and determined that a portion of the benefits would go unutilized. Consequently, the Company established $4.8 million and $11.0 million valuation allowances, respectively, to reduce the deferred tax assets to an amounts more likely than not to be realized. These deferred tax assets remain available to the Company and can be used in future years. The Company similarly reduced the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders by $4.1 million and $9.4 million, respectively, to reflect the changes in the estimated realization of these assets. As required by the Income Taxes Topic of the FASB ASC, the Company recorded the effects of these transactions in equity.
 
During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, after giving effect to the exchange discussed earlier, the Company’s valuation allowance was reduced by approximately $1.4 million and $1.7 million, respectively, due to revised estimates of future taxable income. These changes are reflected as a net adjustment to the Company's Section 754 deferred tax asset, valuation allowance, and other deferred tax assets. To reflect these changes in the estimated realization of the asset and its liability for future payments, the Company increased its liability to selling and converting shareholders by $1.2 million and $1.4 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, respectively. The effects of these changes to the deferred tax asset and liability to selling and converting shareholders were recorded as a component of the income tax expense and other expense, respectively, on the consolidated statements of operations.  

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, after giving effect to the exchange discussed earlier, the Company’s valuation allowance was reduced by approximately $0.9 million and $2.2 million, respectively, due to revised estimates of future taxable income. These changes are reflected as a net adjustment to the Company's Section 754 deferred tax asset, valuation allowance, and other deferred tax assets. To reflect these changes in the estimated realization of the asset and its liability for future payments, the Company increased its liability to selling and converting shareholders by $0.7 million and $1.6 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively. The effects of these changes to the deferred tax asset and liability to selling and converting shareholders were recorded as a component of the income tax expense and other expense, respectively, on the consolidated statements of operations.  

As of both September 30, 2016 and December 31, 2015, the net values of all deferred tax assets were approximately $15.0 million.
 
The change in the Company’s deferred tax asset, net of valuation allowance, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, is summarized as follows:
 
 
Section 754
 
Other
 
Valuation
Allowance
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2015
$
64,877

 
$
4,086

 
$
(53,968
)
 
$
14,995

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(1,111
)
 
273

 
—

 
(838
)
Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
1,060

 
1,060

Balance at March 31, 2016
$
63,766

 
$
4,359

 
$
(52,908
)
 
$
15,217

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(1,133
)
 
233

 
—

 
(900
)
Unit Exchange
6,080

 
—

 
(4,837
)
 
1,243

Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
(820
)
 
(820
)
Balance at June 30, 2016
$
68,713

 
$
4,592

 
$
(58,565
)
 
$
14,740

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(1,180
)
 
66

 
—

 
(1,114
)
Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
1,413

 
1,413

Balance at September 30, 2016
$
67,533

 
$
4,658

 
$
(57,152
)
 
$
15,039


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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)



The change in the Company’s deferred tax liability, which is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, is summarized as follows:

 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2015
$
(4
)
Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
1

Balance at March 31, 2016
$
(3
)
Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
—

Balance at June 30, 2016
$
(3
)
Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
1

Balance at September 30, 2016
$
(2
)
 
The change in the Company’s deferred tax asset, net of valuation allowance, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, is summarized as follows:

 
Section 754
 
Other
 
Valuation
Allowance
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2014
$
54,783

 
$
4,074

 
$
(44,239
)
 
$
14,618

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(923
)
 
(80
)
 
—

 
(1,003
)
Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
366

 
366

Balance at March 31, 2015
$
53,860

 
$
3,994

 
$
(43,873
)
 
$
13,981

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(923
)
 
(64
)
 
—

 
(987
)
Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
973

 
973

Balance at June 30, 2015
$
52,937

 
$
3,930

 
$
(42,900
)
 
$
13,967

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(1,029
)
 
26

 
—

 
(1,003
)
Unit Exchange
14,304

 
—

 
(11,003
)
 
3,301

Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
874

 
874

Balance at September 30, 2015
$
66,212

 
$
3,956

 
$
(53,029
)
 
$
17,139


The change in the Company’s deferred tax liability for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, is summarized as follows:
 
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2014
$
(18
)
Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
11

Balance at March 31, 2015
$
(7
)
Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
—

Balance at June 30, 2015
$
(7
)
Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
2

Balance at September 30, 2015
$
(5
)


26
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Note 13—Subsequent Events

On October 18, 2016, the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $0.03 per share of its Class A common stock that will be paid on November 23, 2016 to holders of record on October 28, 2016.

No other subsequent events necessitated disclosures and/or adjustments.




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Table of Contents

Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview
 
We are an investment management firm that utilizes a classic value investment approach across all of our investment strategies.  We currently manage assets in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies across a wide range of market capitalizations in both U.S. and non-U.S. capital markets.  At September 30, 2016, our assets under management, or AUM, was $27.4 billion.  We manage separate accounts on behalf of institutions, act as sub-investment adviser for a variety of SEC-registered mutual funds and non-U.S. funds, and act as investment adviser for the Pzena Mutual Funds, private placement funds and non-U.S. funds.
 
We function as the sole managing member of our operating company, Pzena Investment Management, LLC (the “operating company”).  As a result, we: (i) consolidate the financial results of our operating company with our own, and reflect the membership interest in it that we do not own as a non-controlling interest in our consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognize income generated from our economic interest in our operating company’s net income.  As of September 30, 2016, the holders of Class A common stock (through the Company) and the holders of Class B units of our operating company held approximately 24.3% and 75.7%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of our business.

The Company also serves as the general partner of Pzena Investment Management, LP, a partnership formed with the object of aggregating employee ownership in one entity.

Certain of our named executive officers and employees have interests in Pzena Investment Management, LP and certain estate planning vehicles through which they indirectly own Class B units of our operating company. As of September 30, 2016, through direct and indirect interests, our six named executive officers; 32 other employee members; and certain other members of our operating company, including one of our directors, his related entities, and certain former employees, collectively held 54.8%, 4.1%, and 16.8% of the economic interests in our operating company, respectively.
 
GAAP and Non-GAAP Net Income
 
GAAP diluted net income and GAAP diluted earnings per share were $8.2 million and $0.12, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2016, and $8.9 million and $0.13, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2015. GAAP diluted net income and GAAP diluted earnings per share were $21.2 million and $0.31, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and $25.4 million and $0.37, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 include recurring adjustments related to our deferred tax asset generated by the Company's initial public offering and subsequent Class B unit conversions, as well as our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to our selling and converting shareholders, in addition to adjustments related to certain non-recurring charges recognized in operating expenses during the nine months ended September 30, 2015.  We believe that these accounting adjustments add a measure of non-operational complexity that partially obscures a clear understanding of the underlying performance of our business.  Therefore, in evaluating our financial condition and results of operations, we also review certain non-GAAP measures of earnings, which exclude these items.  Excluding these items, non-GAAP diluted net income and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share were $8.0 million and $0.12, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2016, and $1.8 million and $0.12, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2015. Excluding these items, non-GAAP diluted net income and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share were $20.9 million and $0.30, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and $26.2 million and $0.38, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2015.

GAAP and non-GAAP net income for diluted earnings per share generally assumes all operating company membership units are converted into Company stock at the beginning of the reporting period, and the resulting change to our net income associated with our increased interest in the operating company is taxed at our historical effective tax rate, exclusive of the adjustments related to our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders, the adjustments related to the non-recurring charges recognized in operating expenses, and other adjustments.  Our effective tax rate, exclusive of these adjustments, was 36.9% for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016. Our effective tax rates, exclusive of these adjustments, were 37.1% and 37.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively.  See “Operating Results - Income Tax Expense” below.
 

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Table of Contents

We use these non-GAAP measures to assess the strength of the underlying operations of the business. We believe that these adjustments, and the non-GAAP measures derived from them, provide information to better analyze our operations between periods and over time. We also use non-GAAP net income as one factor in determining the amount of dividends we pay.  See “Dividend Policy” below.  Investors should consider these non-GAAP measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.

A reconciliation of the most comparable GAAP measures to the non-GAAP measures is included below:
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
GAAP Net Income
$
2,165

 
$
1,922

 
$
5,193

 
$
5,466

Net Effect of Tax Receivable Agreement
(211
)
 
(123
)
 
(269
)
 
(293
)
Net Effect of Non-Recurring Lease Expenses
—

 
—

 
—

 
183

Non-GAAP Net Income
$
1,954

 
$
1,799

 
$
4,924

 
$
5,356

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GAAP Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interest of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
$
9,547

 
$
11,139

 
$
25,307

 
$
31,703

Effect of Non-Recurring Lease Expenses
—

 
—

 
—

 
1,475

Non-GAAP Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interest of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
9,547

 
11,139

 
25,307

 
33,178

Less: Assumed Corporate Income Taxes
3,520

 
4,129

 
9,333

 
12,326

Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
6,027

 
7,010

 
15,974

 
20,852

Non-GAAP Net Income of Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
1,954

 
1,799

 
4,924

 
5,356

Non-GAAP Diluted Net Income
$
7,981

 
$
8,809

 
$
20,898

 
$
26,208

Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share Attributable to
Pzena Investment Management, Inc. Common Stockholders:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-GAAP Net Income for Diluted Earnings per Share1
$
7,981

 
$
1,799

 
$
20,898

 
$
26,208

Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share1
$
0.12

 
$
0.12

 
$
0.30

 
$
0.38

Non-GAAP Diluted Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding1
68,656,042

 
14,585,650

 
68,609,667

 
68,136,888

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1 During the three months ended September 30, 2015 the calculations of non-GAAP diluted earnings per share resulted in an increase in earnings per share. Therefore, diluted net income and diluted earnings per share are assumed to be equal to basic earnings per share for the period. 
 
 
 
 

Revenue
 
We generate revenue primarily from management fees and performance fees, which we collectively refer to as our advisory fees, by managing assets on behalf of institutional accounts and for retail clients, which are generally open-end mutual funds catering primarily to retail investors.  Our advisory fee income is recognized over the period in which investment management services are provided.  Following the preferred method identified in the Revenue Recognition Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”), income from performance fees is recorded at the conclusion of the contractual performance period, when all contingencies are resolved.
 
Our advisory fees are primarily driven by the level of our AUM.  Our AUM increases or decreases with the net inflows or outflows of funds into our various investment strategies and with the investment performance thereof.  In order to increase our AUM and expand our business, we must develop and market investment strategies that suit the investment needs of our target clients, and provide attractive returns over the long term.  The value and composition of our AUM, and our ability to continue to attract clients depends on a variety of factors as described in "Item 1 — Risk Factors — Risks Related to Our Business — Our primary source of revenue is derived from management fees, which are directly tied to the levels of our assets under management. Fluctuations in AUM therefore will directly impact our revenue." of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2015.


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Table of Contents

For our institutional accounts, we are paid fees according to a schedule, which varies by investment strategy.  The substantial majority of these accounts pay us management fees pursuant to a schedule by which the rate we earn on the AUM declines as the amount of AUM increases.
 
Pursuant to our sub-investment advisory agreements with our retail clients and advisory agreements with Pzena branded funds, we are generally paid a management fee according to a schedule in which the rate we earn on the AUM declines as the amount of AUM increases.  Certain of these funds pay us fixed-rate management fees.  Due to the substantially larger account size of certain of these accounts, the average advisory fees we earn on them, as a percentage of AUM, are lower than the advisory fees we earn on our institutional accounts.
 
Advisory fees we earn on institutional accounts are generally based on the value of AUM at a specific date on a quarterly basis. Certain of our institutional accounts, and all of our retail accounts, are calculated based on the average of the monthly or daily market value. Advisory fees are also generally adjusted for any cash flows into or out of a portfolio, where the cash flow represents greater than 10% of the value of the portfolio. While a specific group of accounts may use the same fee rate, the calculation methodology may differ as described above.

Certain of our clients pay us performance fees according to the performance of their accounts relative to certain agreed-upon benchmarks, which results in a lower base fee, but allows for us to earn higher fees if the relevant investment strategy outperforms the agreed-upon benchmark. Some performance-based fee arrangements include high-water mark provisions, which generally provide that if a client account underperforms relative to its performance target, it must gain back such underperformance before we can collect future performance-based fees. Fulcrum fee arrangements require a reduction in the base fee, or allow for a performance fee if the relevant investment strategy underperforms or outperforms, respectively, the agreed-upon benchmark.
 
Our advisory fees may fluctuate based on a number of factors, including the following:
 
•
changes in AUM due to appreciation or depreciation of our investment portfolios, and the levels of the contribution and withdrawal of assets by new and existing clients;

•
distribution of AUM among our investment strategies, which have differing fee schedules;

•
distribution of AUM between institutional accounts and retail accounts, for which we generally earn lower overall advisory fees; and

•
the level of our performance with respect to accounts on which we are paid performance fees.

Expenses
 
Our expenses consist primarily of Compensation and Benefits Expense, as well as General and Administrative Expense.  Our largest expense is Compensation and Benefits, which includes the salaries, bonuses, equity-based compensation, and related benefits and payroll costs attributable to our employee members and employees.  Compensation and benefits packages are benchmarked against relevant industry and geographic peer groups in order to attract and retain qualified personnel.  General and Administrative Expense includes lease expenses, professional and outside services fees, depreciation, the costs associated with operating and maintaining our research, trading and portfolio accounting systems, the costs associated with being a public company, and other expenses.  Our occupancy-related costs and professional services expenses, in particular, generally increase or decrease in relative proportion to the overall size and scale of our business operations.

Our expenses may fluctuate due to a number of factors, including the following:
 
•
variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, awards of equity to our employees and employee members of our operating company, changes in our employee count and mix, and competitive factors; and
•
general and administrative expenses, such as rent, professional service fees and data-related costs, incurred, as necessary, to run our business.


30
Table of Contents

Other Income/ (Expense)
 
Other Income/ (Expense) is derived primarily from investment income or loss arising from our consolidated entities, income or loss generated by our investments, and interest income generated on our cash balances.  Other Income/ (Expense) is also affected by changes in our estimates of the liability due to our selling and converting shareholders associated with payments owed to them under the tax receivable agreement, which was executed in connection with our reorganization and initial public offering on October 30, 2007.  As discussed further below under “Tax Receivable Agreement,” this liability represents 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, and local income tax that we realize as a result of the amortization of the increases in tax basis generated from our acquisitions of our operating company’s units from our selling and converting shareholders.  We expect the interest and investment components of Other Income/ (Expense), in the aggregate, to fluctuate based on market conditions and the performance of our consolidated entities and other investments.

 Non-Controlling Interests

Our operating company consolidates the results of operations of the private investment partnerships and Pzena-branded mutual funds over which we exercise a controlling influence.  We are the sole managing member of our operating company and control its business and affairs and, therefore, consolidate its financial results with ours. In light of our employees’ and outside investors’ direct and indirect interests in our operating company, we have reflected their membership interests as non-controlling interests in our consolidated financial statements.  As a result, our income is primarily generated by our economic interest in our operating company’s net income.  As of September 30, 2016, the holders of Class A common stock of the Company and the holders of Class B units of the operating company held approximately 24.3% and 75.7%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of the business.

Operating Results
 
Assets Under Management and Flows
 
As of September 30, 2016, our AUM of approximately $27.4 billion was invested in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies, representing distinct capitalization segments of U.S. and non-U.S. equity markets.  The assets under management and performance of our largest investment strategies as of September 30, 2016 are further described below.  We follow the same investment process for each of these strategies.  Our investment strategies are distinguished by the market capitalization ranges from which we select securities for their portfolios, which we refer to as each strategy’s investment universe, as well as the regions in which we invest and the degree to which we concentrate on a limited number of holdings.  While our investment process includes ongoing review of companies in the investment universes described below, our actual investments may include companies outside of the relevant market capitalization range at the time of our investment.  In addition, the number of holdings typically found in the portfolios of each of our investment strategies may vary, as described below.


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Table of Contents

The following tables describe the allocation of our AUM among our investment strategies and the domicile of our accounts, as of September 30, 2016 and 2015:
 
 
AUM at September 30,
Strategy1
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
(in billions)
U.S. Value Strategies
 
 
 
 
Large Cap Value
 
$
9.1

 
$
9.6

Mid Cap Value
 
2.3

 
1.7

Value
 
1.8

 
1.5

Small Cap Value
 
1.3

 
1.1

Other U.S. Strategies
 
—

 
0.1

     Total U.S. Value Strategies
 
14.5

 
14.0

 
 

 

Global and Non-U.S. Value Strategies
 
 
 
 
International (ex-U.S.) Value
 
4.5

 
4.1

Global Value
 
4.4

 
4.5

Emerging Markets Value
 
2.5

 
1.7

European Value
 
1.4

 
1.1

Other Non-U.S. Strategies
 
0.1

 
0.1

     Total Global and Non-U.S. Value Strategies
 
12.9

 
11.5

     Total
 
$
27.4

 
$
25.5

1 Inclusive of our Expanded Value, Focused Value and variations thereof. 
 
 
AUM at September 30,
Account Domicile
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
(in billions)
U.S.
 
$
19.7

 
$
18.4

Non-U.S.
 
7.7

 
7.1

Total
 
$
27.4

 
$
25.5


The following table indicates the annualized returns, gross and net (which represents annualized returns prior to, and after, payment of advisory fees, respectively), of our largest investment strategies from their inception to September 30, 2016, and in the five-year, three-year, and one-year periods ended September 30, 2016, as well as the performance of the market index which is most commonly used by our clients to compare the performance of the relevant investment strategy:
 
 
Period Ended September 30, 20161
Investment Strategy (Inception Date)
 
Since Inception
 
5 Years
 
3 Years
 
1 Year
Large Cap Expanded Value (July 2012)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
14.5
 %
 
N/A

 
9.1
 %
 
14.6
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
14.3
 %
 
N/A

 
8.9
 %
 
14.4
%
Russell 1000® Value Index
 
13.6
 %
 
N/A

 
9.7
 %
 
16.2
%
Large Cap Focused Value (October 2000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annualized Gross Returns
 
6.7
 %
 
16.2
%
 
8.7
 %
 
15.3
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
6.3
 %
 
15.7
%
 
8.2
 %
 
14.9
%
Russell 1000® Value Index
 
6.3
 %
 
16.2
%
 
9.7
 %
 
16.2
%
Global Focused Value (January 2004)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
4.8
 %
 
12.8
%
 
3.5
 %
 
8.9
%

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Table of Contents

Annualized Net Returns
 
4.0
 %
 
12.1
%
 
2.9
 %
 
8.2
%
MSCI® All Country World Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
6.2
 %
 
10.6
%
 
5.2
 %
 
12.0
%
International (ex-U.S) Expanded Value (November 2008)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
10.3
 %
 
9.7
%
 
0.5
 %
 
5.9
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
10.0
 %
 
9.4
%
 
0.2
 %
 
5.5
%
MSCI® EAFE Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
7.2
 %
 
7.4
%
 
0.5
 %
 
6.5
%
Focused Value (January 1996)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
10.6
 %
 
17.2
%
 
9.1
 %
 
16.1
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
9.8
 %
 
16.5
%
 
8.5
 %
 
15.5
%
Russell 1000® Value Index
 
8.7
 %
 
16.2
%
 
9.7
 %
 
16.2
%
Emerging Markets Focused Value (January 2008)
 

 

 

 

Annualized Gross Returns
 
1.2
 %
 
5.3
%
 
(1.7
)%
 
19.8
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
0.3
 %
 
4.6
%
 
(2.4
)%
 
18.9
%
MSCI® Emerging Markets Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
(1.2
)%
 
3.0
%
 
(0.6
)%
 
16.8
%
Global Expanded Value (January 2010)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
7.8
 %
 
12.4
%
 
4.4
 %
 
9.6
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
7.5
 %
 
12.1
%
 
4.0
 %
 
9.2
%
MSCI® World Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
8.2
 %
 
11.6
%
 
5.8
 %
 
11.4
%
Mid Cap Expanded Value (April 2014)
 

 

 

 

Annualized Gross Returns
 
6.3
 %
 
N/A

 
N/A

 
18.1
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
6.1
 %
 
N/A

 
N/A

 
17.8
%
Russell Mid Cap® Value Index
 
6.9
 %
 
N/A

 
N/A

 
17.3
%
Small Cap Focused Value (January 1996)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
13.9
 %
 
20.1
%
 
10.7
 %
 
18.5
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
12.6
 %
 
18.9
%
 
9.6
 %
 
17.3
%
Russell 2000® Value Index
 
9.7
 %
 
15.5
%
 
6.8
 %
 
18.8
%
European Focused Value (August 2008)
 

 

 

 

Annualized Gross Returns
 
4.0
 %
 
10.2
%
 
(1.6
)%
 
1.9
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
3.6
 %
 
9.8
%
 
(2.0
)%
 
1.5
%
MSCI® Europe Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
0.9
 %
 
7.5
%
 
(0.6
)%
 
2.5
%
International (ex-U.S) Focused Value (January 2004)
 

 

 

 

Annualized Gross Returns
 
5.7
 %
 
10.2
%
 
0.3
 %
 
6.7
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
4.9
 %
 
9.5
%
 
(0.3
)%
 
6.1
%
MSCI® All Country World ex-U.S. Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
5.5
 %
 
6.0
%
 
0.2
 %
 
9.3
%
Mid Cap Focused Value (September 1998)
 

 

 

 

Annualized Gross Returns
 
12.8
 %
 
20.0
%
 
9.4
 %
 
18.3
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
12.0
 %
 
19.2
%
 
8.7
 %
 
17.6
%
Russell Mid Cap® Value Index
 
10.4
 %
 
17.4
%
 
10.5
 %
 
17.3
%
1 The historical returns of these investment strategies are not necessarily indicative of their future performance, or the future performance of any of our other current or future investment strategies.

2 Net of applicable withholding taxes and presented in U.S. Dollars.

Large Cap Expanded Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 50 to 80 stocks drawn from a universe of 500 of the largest U.S. listed companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in July 2012. At September 30, 2016, the Large Cap Expanded Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 14.6%, underperforming its benchmark. The underperformance was driven primarily by our stock selection in the financial services sector, partially offset by the positive performance of certain securities in the technology sector.

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Large Cap Focused Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 30 to 40 stocks drawn from a universe of 500 of the largest U.S. listed companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in October 2000. At September 30, 2016, the Large Cap Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 15.3%, underperforming its benchmark. The underperformance was driven primarily by our stock selection in the financial services sector, partially offset by our stock selection in the energy sector and the positive performance and overweight position of certain securities in the technology sector.
Global Focused Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 40 to 60 stocks drawn from a universe of 2,000 of the largest companies across the world, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 2004. At September 30, 2016, the Global Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 8.9%, underperforming its benchmark.  This main contributors to this underperformance were certain positions in the financial services sector and the performance of certain U.K. stocks, partially offset by our stock selection in the information technology sector and our underweight position in the health care sector.
International (ex-U.S.) Expanded Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 60 to 80 stocks drawn from a universe of 1,500 of the largest companies across the world excluding the United States, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in November 2008. At September 30, 2016, the International (ex-U.S.) Expanded Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 5.9%, underperforming its benchmark. This underperformance was primarily driven by our overweight position in the financial services sector and the performance certain U.K. stocks, partially offset by our stock selection in the consumer discretionary and information technology sectors.
Focused Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of a portfolio of approximately 30 to 40 stocks drawn from a universe of 1,000 of the largest U.S. listed companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 1996. At September 30, 2016, the Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 16.1%, relatively flat compared to its benchmark. The relative performance was driven primarily by our stock selection in the financial services sector, offset by our stock selection in the energy sector and our overweight position in the technology sector.
Emerging Markets Focused Value. This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 40 to 80 stocks drawn from a universe of 1,500 of the largest emerging market companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 2008. At September 30, 2016, the Emerging Markets Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 19.8%, outperforming its benchmark. The main contributors to this outperformance include our stock selection in the materials, energy and telecommunication sectors, and certain stocks in Brazil and Korea. This relative outperformance was partially offset by our stock selection in the consumer discretionary and information technology sectors and the performance of certain Chinese stocks.
Global Expanded Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 60 to 95 stocks drawn from a universe of 2,000 of the largest companies across the world, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 2010. At September 30, 2016, the Global Expanded Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 9.6%, underperforming its benchmark. This underperformance was primarily driven by certain positions in the financial services sector and certain U.K. stocks, partially offset by our stock selection in the health care and information technology sectors.
Mid Cap Expanded Value. This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 50 to 80 stocks drawn from a universe of U.S. listed companies ranked from the 201st to 1,200th largest, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in April 2014. At September 30, 2016, the Mid Cap Expanded Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 18.1%, outperforming its benchmark. This outperformance was driven by our overweight position in the technology sector, partially offset by our stock selection in the financial services sector.
Small Cap Focused Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 40 to 50 stocks drawn from a universe of U.S. listed companies ranked from the 1,001st to 3,000th largest, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 1996. At September 30, 2016, the Small Cap Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 18.5%, underperforming its benchmark. The main contributors to this underperformance include certain positions in the financial services and technology sectors. This relative underperformance was partially offset by the positive performance of our positions in the energy and health care sectors.
European Focused Value. This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 40 to 50 stocks drawn from a universe of 750 of the largest European companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in August 2008. At September 30, 2016, the European Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 1.9%, underperforming its benchmark. This underperformance was driven primarily by our stock selection in the industrials sector, performance of certain stocks in the consumer staples sector and certain U.K. stocks. This relative underperformance was partially offset by our stock selection in the consumer discretionary sector, lack of exposure to the health care sector and performance of certain stocks in the information technology sector and certain stocks in France.

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International (ex-U.S.) Focused Value. This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 30 to 50 stocks drawn
from a universe of 1,500 of the largest companies across the world excluding the United States, based on market capitalization.
This strategy was launched in January 2004. At September 30, 2016, the International (ex-U.S.) Expanded Value strategy
generated a one-year annualized gross return of 6.7%, underperforming its benchmark. This relative underperformance was driven by our stock selection in the financial services and industrials sectors and certain U.K. stocks, partially offset by our stock selection in the consumer discretionary sector, our lack of exposure to the health care sector and certain Korea stocks.

Mid Cap Focused Value. This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 30 to 40 stocks drawn from a universe of U.S. listed companies ranked from the 201th to 1,200th largest, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in September 1998. At September 30, 2016, the Mid Cap Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 18.3%, outperforming its benchmark.  This relative performance was driven by the outperformance of our positions in technology sector, as well as our stock selection in the energy sector, partially offset by certain position in the financial services sector.

Our earnings and cash flows are heavily dependent upon prevailing financial market conditions.  Significant increases or decreases in the various securities markets, particularly the equities markets, can have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
 

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The change in AUM in our institutional and retail accounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is described below.  Inflows are composed of the investment of new or additional assets by new or existing clients.  Outflows consist of redemptions of assets by existing clients.

Assets Under Management
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
($ billions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Institutional Accounts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Beginning of Period
 
$
14.3

 
$
15.9

 
$
14.9

 
$
15.6

     Inflows
 
1.1

 
1.5

 
1.9

 
2.9

     Outflows
 
(0.9
)
 
(0.6
)
 
(1.9
)
 
(2.1
)
     Net Flows
 
0.2

 
0.9

 
—

 
0.8

     Market Appreciation/(Depreciation)
 
1.4

 
(1.9
)
 
1.0

 
(1.5
)
  End of Period
 
$
15.9

 
$
14.9

 
$
15.9

 
$
14.9

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Retail Accounts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Beginning of Period
 
$
11.1

 
$
12.1

 
$
11.1

 
$
12.1

     Inflows
 
0.1

 
0.2

 
1.1

 
0.9

     Outflows
 
(0.7
)
 
(0.3
)
 
(1.7
)
 
(1.3
)
     Net Flows
 
(0.6
)
 
(0.1
)
 
(0.6
)
 
(0.4
)
     Market Appreciation/(Depreciation)
 
1.0

 
(1.4
)
 
1.0

 
(1.1
)
  End of Period
 
$
11.5

 
$
10.6

 
$
11.5

 
$
10.6

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Beginning of Period
 
$
25.4

 
$
28.0

 
$
26.0

 
$
27.7

     Inflows
 
1.2

 
1.7

 
3.0

 
3.8

     Outflows
 
(1.6
)
 
(0.9
)
 
(3.6
)
 
(3.4
)
     Net Flows
 
(0.4
)
 
0.8

 
(0.6
)
 
0.4

     Market Appreciation/(Depreciation)
 
2.4

 
(3.3
)
 
2.0

 
(2.6
)
  End of Period
 
$
27.4

 
$
25.5

 
$
27.4

 
$
25.5

 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

At September 30, 2016, we managed $15.9 billion in institutional accounts and $11.5 billion in retail accounts, for a total of $27.4 billion in assets under management.  For the three months ended September 30, 2016, we experienced market appreciation of $2.4 billion and total gross inflows of $1.2 billion, partially offset by total gross outflows of $1.6 billion.  Assets in institutional accounts increased by $1.6 billion, or 11.2%, from $14.3 billion at June 30, 2016, due to $1.4 billion in market appreciation and $1.1 billion in gross inflows, partially offset by $0.9 billion in gross outflows. Assets in retail accounts increased by $0.4 billion, or 3.6%, from $11.1 billion at June 30, 2016, due to $1.0 billion in market appreciation and $0.1 billion in gross inflows, partially offset by $0.7 billion in gross outflows.
 
At September 30, 2015, we managed $14.9 billion in institutional accounts and $10.6 billion in retail accounts, for a total of $25.5 billion in assets under management. For the three months ended September 30, 2015, we experienced market

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depreciation of $3.3 billion and total gross outflows of $0.9 billion, partially offset by total gross inflows of $1.7 billion. Assets in institutional accounts decreased by $1.0 billion, or 6.3%, from $15.9 billion due to $1.9 billion in market depreciation and $0.6 billion in gross outflows, partially offset by $1.5 billion in gross inflows. Assets in retail accounts decreased by $1.5 billion, or 12.4%, from $12.1 billion due to $1.4 billion in market depreciation and $0.3 billion in gross outflows, partially offset by $0.2 billion in gross inflows.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

For the nine months ended September 30, 2016, we experienced total gross inflows of $3.0 billion and market appreciation of $2.0 billion, which were partially offset by total gross outflows of $3.6 billion. Assets in institutional accounts increased by $1.0 billion, or 6.7%, from $14.9 billion at December 31, 2015 due to $1.9 billion in gross inflows and $1.0 billion in market appreciation, partially offset by $1.9 billion in gross outflows. Assets in retail accounts increased by $0.4 billion, or 3.6%, from $11.1 billion due to $1.1 billion in gross inflows and $1.0 billion in market appreciation, partially offset by $1.7 billion in gross outflows.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2015, we experienced total gross outflows of $3.4 billion and market depreciation of $2.6 billion, which were partially offset by total gross inflows of $3.8 billion. Assets in institutional accounts decreased by $0.7 billion, or 4.5%, from $15.6 billion at December 31, 2014 due to $2.1 billion in gross outflows and $1.5 billion in market depreciation, partially offset by $2.9 billion in gross inflows. Assets in retail accounts decreased by $1.5 billion, or 12.4%, from $12.1 billion due to $1.3 billion in gross outflows and $1.1 billion in market depreciation, partially offset by $0.9 billion in gross inflows.

Revenues

Our revenue from advisory fees earned on our institutional accounts and our retail accounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is described below:
 
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Revenue
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016

2015
 
 
(in thousands)
Institutional Accounts
 
$
20,513

 
$
23,233

 
$
58,679

 
$
65,694

Retail Accounts
 
6,477

 
7,539

 
20,584

 
23,241

Total
 
$
26,990

 
$
30,772

 
$
79,263

 
$
88,935


Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Our total revenue decreased by $3.8 million, or 12.3%, to $27.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, from $30.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015. This change was driven primarily by a decrease in performance fees recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2016, as well as a decrease in average assets. We did not recognize performance fees during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to $3.2 million in performance fees recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2015. Average AUM decreased 1.1% to $26.8 billion from $27.1 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  

Our weighted average fees were 0.403% and 0.454% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Average assets in institutional accounts decreased $0.2 billion to $15.4 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2016, from $15.6 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2015, and had weighted average fees of 0.533% and 0.596% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  The decrease in weighted average fee rates primarily reflects the decrease in institutional performance fees recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2016. We did not recognize any performance fees during the three months ended September 30, 2016, compared to $2.8 million recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2015.

Average assets in retail accounts decreased $0.1 billion to $11.4 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2016, from $11.5 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2015, and had weighted average fees of 0.227% and 0.262% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  The decrease in retail weighted average fee rates was

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driven by the reduction of base fees related to the fulcrum fee arrangements of certain accounts related to one retail client relationship and a decrease in retail performance fees recognized in 2016. We recognized a $0.7 million reduction in base fees related to fulcrum fees during the three months ended September 30, 2016, compared to $0.3 million in performance fees recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2015.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Our total revenue decreased by $9.7 million, or 10.9%, to $79.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, from $88.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. This change was driven primarily by a decrease in our average AUM due to market depreciation. Average AUM decreased 5.4% to $26.1 billion from $27.6 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  The decrease from the nine months ended September 30, 2015 also reflected a decrease in performance fees recognized. Performance fees decreased to $0.1 million from $3.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Our weighted average fees were 0.405% and 0.430% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Average assets in institutional accounts decreased $0.9 billion to $14.8 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, from $15.7 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, and had weighted average fees of 0.530% and 0.557% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  The decrease in weighted average fees was primarily reflects the decrease in institutional performance fees recognized during 2016. We recognized $0.1 million in performance fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to $2.9 million recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2015.

Average assets in retail accounts decreased $0.6 billion to $11.3 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, from $11.9 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, and had weighted average fees of 0.243% and 0.261% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  The decrease in retail weighted average fee rates primarily reflects the impact of the fulcrum fee relationships of certain accounts and a decrease in retail performance fees recognized in 2016. We recognized a $0.7 million reduction in base fees related to fulcrum fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2016, compared to $1.0 million in performance fees recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2015.

Expenses
 
Our operating expenses are driven primarily by our compensation and benefits costs.  The table below describes the components of our operating expenses for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015.
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands)
Cash Compensation and Other Benefits
$
10,002

 
$
10,345

 
$
31,017

 
$
31,181

Other Non-Cash Compensation
1,765

 
1,300

 
4,947

 
4,334

Total Compensation and Benefits Expense
11,767

 
11,645

 
35,964

 
35,515

General and Administrative Expense
3,271

 
2,896

 
9,790

 
10,989

Total Operating Expenses
$
15,038

 
$
14,541

 
$
45,754

 
$
46,504


Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Total operating expenses increased by $0.5 million, or 3.4%, to $15.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, from $14.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015.  This increase was attributable primarily to an increase in general and administrative costs.
 
Compensation and benefits expense increased by approximately $0.1 million, or 1.0%, to $11.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, from $11.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015.  
 

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General and administrative expense increased by $0.4 million, or 12.9%, to $3.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 from $2.9 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015. This increase primarily reflects an increase in expenses during 2016 associated with new business initiatives.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Total operating expenses decreased by $0.8 million, or 1.6%, to $45.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, from $46.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015.  This decrease was attributable to a a decrease in general and administrative costs, partially offset by an increase in our compensation and benefits expenses.
 
Compensation and benefits expense increased by approximately $0.4 million, or 1.3%, to $36.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, from $35.5 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015.  
 
General and administrative expense decreased by $1.2 million, or 10.9%, to $9.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 from $11.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. This decrease primarily reflects $1.8 million in non-recurring lease expenses associated with our former corporate headquarters in the first half of 2015 and certain non-recurring operational expenses, partially offset by an increase in expenses during 2016 associated with new business initiatives.

Other Income/ (Expense)

Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015
 
Other Income/ (Expense) was income of $0.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, and consisted primarily of $1.5 million in gains and other investment income from investments and $0.1 million in dividend income, partially offset by $1.2 million in expense related to adjustments to our liability to our selling and converting shareholders. Other Income/ (Expense) was an expense of $5.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015, and consisted primarily of $4.4 million in losses and other investment income from investments and $0.7 million in expense related to adjustments to our liability to our selling and converting shareholders, partially offset by $0.2 million in dividend income.  As discussed further below, the liability to our selling and converting shareholders represents 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we realize as a result of the amortization of the increases in tax basis generated from our purchase of operating company units from our selling shareholders.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Other Income/ (Expense) was income of $0.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and consisted primarily of $1.1 million in gains and other investment income from investments and $0.3 million in dividend income, partially offset by $1.4 million in expense related to adjustments to our liability to our selling and converting shareholders. Other Income/ (Expense) was an expense of $5.2 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, and consisted primarily of $3.9 million in losses and other investment income from investments, $1.6 million in expense related to adjustments to our liability to our selling and converting shareholders and $0.3 million in other expense, partially offset by $0.6 million in dividend income.  As discussed further below, the liability to our selling and converting shareholders represents 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we realize as a result of the amortization of the increases in tax basis generated from our purchase of operating company units from our selling shareholders.

Income Tax Expense
 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, components of our income tax expense are as follows :

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Table of Contents

 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands)
Unincorporated and Other Business Tax Expenses
$
758

 
$
613

 
$
1,735

 
$
1,676

Corporate Tax Expense:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Corporate Income Tax Expense
1,126

 
1,009

 
2,855

 
2,939

Change in Valuation Allowance
(1,413
)
 
(874
)
 
(1,652
)
 
(2,213
)
Total Corporate Tax (Benefit)/ Expense
(287
)
 
135

 
1,203

 
726

Total Income Tax Expense
$
471

 
$
748

 
$
2,938

 
$
2,402



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Table of Contents

Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 included the effects of adjustments related to our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability as well as non-recurring lease expenses discussed in "Expenses" above.  Details of corporate tax expenses excluding these items and reconciliations between our GAAP and non-GAAP corporate tax items are as follows:
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
2016
 
2015
 
(in thousands)
Corporate Tax (Benefit)/ Expense
$
(287
)
 
$
135

 
$
1,203

 
$
726

Effects of One Time Adjustments
—

 
—

 
—

 
133

Less: Change in the Valuation Allowance Associated with the Tax Receivable Agreement
1,411

 
821

 
1,647

 
1,908

Non-GAAP Corporate Tax Expense
$
1,124

 
$
956

 
$
2,850

 
$
2,767


Our effective tax rate, exclusive of adjustments related to our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders and adjustments related to non-recurring expenses recognized in operating expense in the third quarter of 2016, was 36.5% and 34.7% for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and 36.7% and 34.1% for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015, respectively, and was determined as follows:
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
Tax
 
% of Non-
GAAP Pre-tax Income
 
Tax
 
% of Non-
GAAP Pre-tax Income
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
(in thousands)
 
 
Federal Corporate Tax
$
1,046

 
34.0
 %
 
$
937

 
34.0
 %
State and Local Taxes, Net of Federal Benefit
90

 
2.9
 %
 
85

 
3.1
 %
Other Adjustments
(12
)
 
(0.4
)%
 
(66
)
 
(2.4
)%
Non-GAAP Effective Taxes
$
1,124

 
36.5
 %
 
$
956

 
34.7
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2016
 
2015
 
Tax
 
% of Non-
GAAP Pre-tax Income
 
Tax
 
% of Non-
GAAP Pre-tax Income
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
(in thousands)
 
 
Federal Corporate Tax
$
2,643

 
34.0
 %
 
$
2,761

 
34.0
 %
State and Local Taxes, Net of Federal Benefit
225

 
2.9
 %
 
256

 
3.2
 %
Other Adjustments
(18
)
 
(0.2
)%
 
(250
)
 
(3.1
)%
Non-GAAP Effective Taxes
$
2,850

 
36.7
 %
 
$
2,767

 
34.1
 %
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

A comparison of the GAAP effective tax rates for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 is not meaningful due to the valuation allowance adjustments.


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Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Income Tax Expense was $0.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and $0.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015.  Income Tax Expense for the three months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 included $1.4 million and $0.9 million of benefits, respectively, associated with decreases to the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax asset. The remaining income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2016 consisted of $0.8 million in operating company unincorporated and other business taxes and $1.1 million of corporate income taxes. The remaining income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2015 consisted of $0.6 million in operating company unincorporated and other business taxes and $1.0 million of corporate income taxes.  

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Income Tax Expense was $2.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and $2.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015.  Income Tax Expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 included $1.7 million and $2.2 million of benefits, respectively, associated with decreases to the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax asset. The remaining income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 consisted of $1.7 million in operating company unincorporated and other business taxes and $2.9 million of corporate income taxes. The remaining income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2015 consisted of $1.7 million of operating company unincorporated and other business taxes and $2.9 million of corporate income taxes.

Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $9.8 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, and consisted of $9.5 million associated with our employees’ and outside investors’ approximately 75.6% weighted average interest in the income of the operating company and $0.2 million associated with the non-controlling interest in the income of our consolidated entities.  Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $8.5 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015, and consisted of $11.1 million associated with our employees’ and outside investors’ approximately 77.9% weighted average interest in the income of the operating company, partially offset by approximately $2.6 million associated with the non-controlling interest in the losses of our consolidated entities.  The change in net income attributable to non-controlling interests primarily reflects the increase in net income for the three months ended September 30, 2016, partially offset by the decrease in our employees’ and outside investors’ weighted average interest in the income of the operating company.  We expect the interests in our operating company in subsequent periods to depend on changes in our shareholder’s equity and the size and composition of Class B units awarded by our operating company’s compensation plans.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $25.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016, and consisted primarily of $25.3 million associated with our employees’ and outside investors’ approximately 76.5% weighted average interest in the income of the operating company.  Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $29.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015, and consisted of $31.7 million associated with our employees’ and outside investors’ approximately 79.5% weighted average interest in the income of the operating company, partially offset by approximately $2.3 million associated with the non-controlling interest in the losses of our consolidated entities.  The change in net income attributable to non-controlling interests primarily reflects the decrease in net income for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 and the decrease in our employees’ and outside investors’ weighted average interest in the income of the operating company.  We expect the interests in our operating company in subsequent periods to depend on changes in our shareholder’s equity and the size and composition of Class B units awarded by our operating company’s compensation plans.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Historically, the working capital needs of our business have primarily been met through the cash generated by our operations.  Distributions to members of our operating company are our largest use of cash.  Other activities include purchases and sales of investments to fund our deferred compensation program, capital expenditures, and supporting strategic growth initiatives such as providing the initial cash investment in our mutual funds.


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We expect to fund the liquidity needs of our business in the next twelve months, and over the long term, primarily through cash generated from operations.  As an investment management company, our business is materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions throughout the world.  Our liquidity is highly dependent on the revenue and income from our operations, which is directly related to our levels of AUM.  For the three months ended September 30, 2016, our average AUM and revenues decreased by 1.1% and 12.3%, respectively, compared to our average AUM and revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2015. At September 30, 2016, cash and cash equivalents was $31.1 million, inclusive of $4.0 million in cash held by our consolidated subsidiaries.  Advisory fees receivable was $25.6 million. We also had approximately $10.6 million in investments set aside to satisfy our obligations under our deferred compensation programs.
 
In determining the sufficiency of liquidity and capital resources to fund our business, we regularly monitor our liquidity position, including, among other things, cash, working capital, investments, long-term liabilities, lease commitments, and operating company distributions.  Compensation is our largest expense.  To the extent we deem necessary and appropriate to run our business, recognizing the need to retain our key personnel, we have the ability to change the absolute levels of our compensation packages, as well as change the mix of their cash and non-cash components.  Historically, we have not tied our level of compensation directly to revenue, as many Wall Street firms do.  Correspondingly, there is not a linear relationship between our compensation and the revenues we generate.  This generally has the effect of increasing operating margins in periods of increased revenues, but can reduce operating margins when revenue declines.
 
We regularly evaluate our staffing requirements and compensation levels with reference to our own liquidity position and external peer benchmarking data.  The result of this review directly influences management’s recommendations to our Board of Directors with respect to such staffing and compensation levels.
 
We anticipate that tax allocations and dividend equivalent payments to the members of our operating company, which consist of certain of our employees, unaffiliated persons, former employees, and us, will continue to be a material financing activity.  Cash distributions to operating company members for partnership tax allocations would increase should the taxable income of the operating company increase.  Dividend equivalent payments will depend on our dividend policy and the discretion of our Board of Directors, as discussed below.
      
We believe that our lack of long-term debt, and ability to vary cash compensation levels, have provided us with an appropriate degree of flexibility in providing for our liquidity needs.
 
Dividend Policy
 
We are a holding company and our primary investment is our ownership of membership interests in our operating company. As a result, we depend upon distributions from our operating company to pay any dividends that our Board of Directors may declare to be paid to our Class A common stockholders. When, and if, our Board of Directors declares any such dividends, we then cause our operating company to make distributions to us in an amount sufficient to cover the dividends declared. Our dividend policy has certain risks and limitations, particularly with respect to liquidity. We may not pay dividends to our Class A common shareholders in amounts that have been paid to them in the past, or at all, if, among other things, we do not have the cash necessary to pay our intended dividends. To the extent we do not have cash on hand sufficient to pay dividends in the future, we may decide not to pay dividends. By paying cash dividends rather than investing that cash in our future growth, we risk slowing the pace of our growth, or not having a sufficient amount of cash to fund our operations or unanticipated capital expenditures, should the need arise.
 
On an annual basis, our Board of Directors has targeted a cash dividend payout ratio of approximately 70% to 80% of our non-GAAP diluted net income, subject to growth initiatives and other funding needs.  Our ability to pay dividends is subject to the Board of Directors’ discretion and may be limited by our holding company structure and applicable provisions of Delaware law.
 

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Tax Receivable Agreement

Our purchase of membership units of our operating company concurrent with our initial public offering, and the subsequent and future exchanges by holders of Class B units of our operating company for shares of our Class A common stock (pursuant to the exchange rights provided for in the operating company’s operating agreement), has resulted in, and is expected to continue to result in, increases in our share of the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of our operating company, which will increase the tax depreciation and amortization deductions that otherwise would not have been available to us. These increases in tax basis and tax depreciation and amortization deductions have reduced, and are expected to continue to reduce, the amount of cash taxes that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. We entered into a tax receivable agreement with the current members of our operating company, the one member of our operating company immediately prior to our initial public offering who sold all membership units to us in connection with our initial public offering and any future holders of Class B units. This tax receivable agreement requires us to pay these members 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we actually realize (or are deemed to realize in the case of an early termination payment by us, or a change in control, as described in the tax receivable agreement) as a result of the increases in tax basis described above and certain other tax benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the tax receivable agreement.

Cash Flows

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Cash and cash equivalents increased $6.3 million to $31.1 million during the three months ended September 30, 2016 compared to a $9.2 million increase in cash and cash equivalents to $33.6 million during the three months ended September 30, 2015.  Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $6.5 million in the three months ended September 30, 2016 to $14.9 million from $21.4 million in the three months ended September 30, 2015.  The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in revenues and changes in operating assets and liabilities, and working capital.
 
Net cash provided by investing activities was $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016, an increase of $1.0 million compared to the three months ended September 30, 2015.  The increase was primarily due to a $0.6 million decrease in cash used in the purchases of property and equipment, a $0.2 million increase in payments from related parties, and a $0.1 million decrease in net purchases of investments during the three months ended September 30, 2016.
   
Net cash used in financing activities decreased $2.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2016 to $8.8 million from $11.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2015. The decrease is primarily due to a $2.3 million decrease in the repurchase and retirement of shares of Class A common stock and Class B units during the three months ended September 30, 2016.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2016 and September 30, 2015

Cash and cash equivalents decreased $4.3 million to $31.1 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to a $5.5 million decrease in cash and cash equivalents to $33.6 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2015.  Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $8.3 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to $42.4 million from $50.7 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2015.  The decrease was primarily due to a decrease in revenues and net income and changes in operating assets and liabilities, and working capital.
 
Net cash provided by investing activities increased $6.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2015.  The increase was primarily due to a $6.1 million decrease in cash used in the purchases of property and equipment during the nine months ended September 30, 2016.
   
Net cash used in financing activities decreased $3.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2016 to $46.6 million from $49.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2015. The decrease reflects a $4.7 million decrease in the repurchase and retirement of shares of Class A common stock and Class B units during the nine months ended September 30, 2016. During the nine months ended September 30, 2015, net cash used in financing activities also reflected $1.7 million of cash received for the exercise of options to purchase Class B units.



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Contractual Obligations

The lease for our former corporate headquarters expired in October 2015.  We entered into an 11-year lease agreement in June 2014, the term of which commenced in October 2014.  Annual minimum rent during the term is approximately $2.0 million.  During the three months ended September 30, 2016, we terminated a five-year sublease agreement which commenced on May 1, 2015. We entered into a new four-year sublease agreement commencing on October 1, 2016, which is cancelable by either the Company or sublessee given appropriate notice after the thirty-first month following the commencement of the sublease agreement.  Sublease income will continue to decrease annual lease expense by approximately $0.4 million per year.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of September 30, 2016.
 
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
   
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.  We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under current circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from other sources.  We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.
 
Accounting policies are an integral part of our financial statements.  A thorough understanding of these accounting policies is essential when reviewing our reported results of operations and our financial condition.  Management believes that the critical accounting policies discussed below involve additional management judgment due to the sensitivity of the methods and assumptions used.
 
Consolidation
 
Our policy is to consolidate all majority-owned subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest and variable-interest entities of which we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary.  We assess our consolidation practices regularly, as circumstances dictate.  All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated.

During the first quarter of 2016, the Company adopted ASU No. 2015-02, “Consolidation (Topic 810): Amendments to the Consolidation Analysis,” issued by the FASB in February 2015. This standard modifies consolidation guidance for reporting organizations that are required to evaluate whether certain legal entities should be consolidated. The Company elected to adopt ASU No. 2015-02 under a modified retrospective approach by recording a cumulative-effect adjustment to equity as of the January 1, 2016. The adoption of ASU No. 2015-02 resulted in the deconsolidation of entities previously included in our consolidated results as the Company no longer has a controlling financial interest in those entities. The effects of ASU No. 2015-02 on the Company’s consolidated financial statements are included in “Note 2 — Significant Accounting Policies” of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Income Taxes
 
We are a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, and thus liable for federal, state and local taxes on the income derived from our economic interest in our operating company.  The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes.  Our operating company has not made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the responsibility of each of the operating company’s members (including us) to separately report their proportionate share of the operating company’s taxable income or loss.  Similarly, the income of our consolidated subsidiaries is not subject to income taxes, as such income is allocated to each partnership’s individual partners.  The operating company has made a provision for New York City Unincorporated Business Tax.
 
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits.  A valuation allowance is maintained for deferred tax assets that we estimate are more likely than not to go unrealizable based on available evidence at the time the estimate is made.  Determining the valuation allowance requires management to make significant judgments and assumptions.  In determining the valuation allowance, we use historical and forecasted future operating results, based upon approved business plans, including a review of the eligible carryforward periods, tax planning

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opportunities and other relevant considerations.  Each quarter, we re-evaluate our estimate related to the valuation allowance, including our assumptions about future taxable income.
 
We believe that the accounting estimate related to the $57.2 million valuation allowance, recorded against the deferred tax asset associated with our acquisition of operating company membership units, is a critical accounting estimate because the underlying assumptions can change from period to period.  For example, tax law changes, or variances in future projected operating performance, could result in a change in the valuation allowance.  If we are not able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to our deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be charged to income tax expense in the period such determination was made.

Tax benefits related to stock option windfall deductions are not recognized until they result in a reduction of cash taxes payable. The benefit of these excess tax benefits will be recorded in equity when they reduce cash taxes payable. We will only recognize a tax benefit from stock- and unit-based awards in Additional Paid-in Capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized after all other tax benefits currently available have been utilized. During the each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016, we had less than $0.1 million in tax benefits associated with stock- and unit-based awards that we were not able to recognize. This amount is reflected as an unrecognized tax benefit and is not included in the balance of our deferred tax asset. Approximately $0.1 million and $0.3 million of such benefits occurred in the three and nine months ended September 30, 2015, respectively.

Management's judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, evaluating our tax positions and establishing deferred tax assets and liabilities.  The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations.  If the ultimate resolution of uncertainties is different from currently estimated, it could affect income tax expense and the effective tax rate.
 
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted

See Note 2, "Significant Accounting Policies — Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements Not Yet Adopted" of the consolidated financial statements included in this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.    

    

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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
 
Market Risk
 
Our exposure to market risk is directly related to our role as investment adviser for the institutional separate accounts we manage and the retail clients for which we act as sub-investment adviser.  
 
Our revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 and 2015 was generally derived from advisory fees, which are typically based on the market value of our AUM, which can be affected by adverse changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange and equity prices.  Accordingly, a decline in the prices of securities would cause our revenue and income to decline, due to a decrease in the value of the assets we manage.  In addition, such a decline could cause our clients to withdraw their funds in favor of investments offering higher returns or lower risk, which would cause our revenue and income to decline further.

The value of our AUM was $27.4 billion as of September 30, 2016. A 10% increase or decrease in the value of our AUM, if proportionately distributed over all of our investment strategies, products, and client relationships, would cause an annualized increase or decrease in our revenues of approximately $11.3 million at our current weighted average fee rate excluding the impact of performance fees and fulcrum fees of 0.413%. There are differences in our fee rates across distribution channels, investment strategies and the size of client relationships. As such, a change in the composition of our AUM, in particular an increase in the proportion of our total assets under management attributable to strategies, clients or relationships with lower effective fee rates, could have a material negative impact on our overall weighted average fee rates and thus different impact to revenues on the same 10% increase or decrease in the value of our AUM.
 
We are also subject to market risk due to a decline in the value of the our holdings and the holdings of our consolidated subsidiaries, which, as of September 30, 2016, consist primarily of marketable securities, investments in equity method investees, and securities sold short.  At September 30, 2016, the value of our assets subject to market risk was $20.1 million. At September 30, 2016, the value of our liabilities subject to market risk was $2.5 million. Assuming a 10% increase or decrease, the fair value of assets and liabilities would have increased or decreased by $2.0 million and $0.2 million, respectively, at September 30, 2016.

Exchange Rate Risk

A substantial portion of the accounts that we advise, or sub-advise, hold investments that are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. Movements in the rate of exchange between the U.S. Dollar and the underlying foreign currency affect the values of assets held in accounts that we manage, thereby affecting the amount of revenues we earn. The value of our AUM was $27.4 billion as of September 30, 2016 and approximately 31% of our assets under management across our investment strategies were invested in strategies that primarily invest in securities of non-U.S. companies and approximately 36% of our assets under management were invested in securities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar. To the extent our assets under management are denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar, the value of those assets under management will decrease with an increase in the value of the U.S. Dollar, or increase with a decrease in the value of the U.S. Dollar. Because we believe that many of our clients invest in those strategies in order to gain exposure to non-U.S. currencies, or may implement their own hedging programs, we do not hedge an investment portfolio’s exposure to a non-U.S. currency.

We have not adopted a corporate-level risk management policy to manage this exchange rate risk. Assuming that 36% of our assets under management is invested in securities denominated in currencies other than the U.S. Dollar and excluding the impact of any hedging arrangements, a 10% increase or decrease in the value of the U.S. Dollar would decrease or increase the fair value of our assets under management by $1.0 billion, which would cause an annualized increase or decrease in revenues of approximately $4.1 million at our current weighted average fee rate excluding the impact of performance fees and fulcrum fees of 0.413%.

We operate in several foreign countries, but mainly in the United Kingdom. We incur operating expenses and have foreign currency-denominated assets and liabilities associated with these operations, although our revenues are predominately realized in U.S. Dollar. We do not believe that foreign currency fluctuations materially affect our results of operations and, as such, have not adopted a corporate-level risk management policy to manage this exchange rate risk.

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Interest Rate Risk
   
As of September 30, 2016, our $31.1 million in cash and cash equivalents was primarily held in demand deposit accounts. As such, interest rate changes would not have a material impact on the income we earn from these deposits. Since the Company does not have any debt that bears interest at a variable rate, it did not have any direct exposure to interest rate risk at September 30, 2016.

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Item 4.   Controls and Procedures.
 
During the course of the review of our consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2016, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).  Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2016, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three and nine months ended September 30, 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.

Issuances

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, in connection with employee equity purchases we issued an aggregate of 11,893 Class B units of our operating company and the corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock. Certain of these Class B units are Delayed Exchange Class B units, which have the right to receive dividend payments; but cannot be exchanged for shares of the Company's Class A common stock until seven years after the date of grant and do not carry rights associated with the tax receivable agreement.

During the three months ended September 30, 2016, the exercise by certain members of our operating company of 10,451 options to acquire Class B units of our operating company resulted in the issuance of 10,451 Class B units and the corresponding number of shares of Class B common stock for approximately $0.1 million in cash.

These issuances did not involve any public offering, general advertising or general solicitation. The certificates representing the securities bear a restrictive legend. The securities were issued in a transaction not involving a public offering and were issued in reliance upon the exemption from registration provided by Section 4(a)(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers

The table below sets forth information regarding purchases of our Class A Common Stock on a monthly basis during the three months ended September 30, 2016.
Period
 
(a) Total Number of Shares of Class A Common Stock Purchased
 
(b) Average Price Paid per Share of Class A Common Stock
 
(c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs1
 
(d) Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(in millions)
July 1, 2016 - July 31, 2016
 
67,499

 
$
7.44

 
67,499

 
$
8.7

August 1, 2016 - August 31, 2016
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
8.7

September 1, 2016 - September 30, 2016
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
8.7

Total
 
67,499

 
$
7.44

 
67,499

 
$
8.7


1 Our share repurchase program was announced on April 24, 2012. The Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase an aggregate of $10 million of our outstanding Class A common stock and the operating company's Class B units on the open market and in private transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws. In February 2014, the Company announced an increase of $20 million in the aggregate amount authorized under the repurchase program. The timing, number and value of common shares and units repurchased are subject to the Company’s discretion. The Company’s share repurchase program is not subject to an expiration date and may be suspended, discontinued, or modified at any time, for any reason.


 

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Item 6.  Exhibits.
Exhibit
 
Description of Exhibit
31.1
 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) (filed herewith)
31.2
 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) (filed herewith)
32.1
 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
32.2
 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
101
 
Materials from the Pzena Investment Management, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2016, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL):  (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) related Unaudited Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged in detail (furnished herewith).


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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: November 4, 2016

 
PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ RICHARD S. PZENA
 
 
Name:
Richard S. Pzena
 
 
Title:
Chief Executive Officer
(Principal Executive Officer)
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ JESSICA R. DORAN
 
 
Name:
Jessica R. Doran
 
 
Title:
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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