Edgar Filing: DONEGAL GROUP INC

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Form 10-K

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

☒	ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2016

☐	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 0-15341

DONEGAL GROUP INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)


Delaware		23-2424711
(State or other jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

1195 River Road, Marietta, Pennsylvania		17547
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip code)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code:

(800) 877-0600

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:


Title of Each Class		Name of Each Exchange on Which Registered
Class A Common Stock, $.01 par value		The NASDAQ Global Select Market
Class B Common Stock, $.01 par value		The NASDAQ Global Select Market

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act: Yes ☐. No ☒.

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes ☐. No ☒.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ☒. No ☐.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ☒. No ☐.

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements we incorporate by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See definition of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” or “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (check one):

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company. Yes ☐. No ☒.

State the aggregate market value of the voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates computed by reference to the price at which the common equity was last sold, or the average bid and asked price of such common equity, as of the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter. $181,795,992.

Indicate the number of shares outstanding of each of the registrant’s classes of common stock, as of the latest practicable date: 21,545,628 shares of Class A common stock and 5,576,775 shares of Class B common stock outstanding on March 3, 2017.

Documents Incorporated by Reference

The registrant incorporates by reference portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement relating to registrant’s annual meeting of stockholders to be held April 20, 2017 into Part III of this report.

DONEGAL GROUP INC.

INDEX TO FORM 10-K REPORT


		Page
PART I

Item 1.	Business		1

Item 1A.	Risk Factors		23

Item 1B.	Unresolved Staff Comments		34

Item 2.	Properties		34

Item 3.	Legal Proceedings		34

Item 4.	Mine Safety Disclosures		34

	Executive Officers of the Registrant		35

PART II

Item 5.	Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities		36

Item 6.	Selected Financial Data		38

Item 7.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations		39

Item 7A.	Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk		54

Item 8.	Financial Statements and Supplementary Data		56

Item 9.	Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure		101

Item 9A.	Controls and Procedures		101

Item 9B.	Other Information		101

PART III

Item 10.	Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance		103

Item 11.	Executive Compensation		103

Item 12.	Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters		103

Item 13.	Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence		103

Item 14.	Principal Accounting Fees and Services		103

PART IV

Item 15.	Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules		104

(i)

PART I

Item 1.

Business.

Introduction

Donegal Group Inc., or DGI, is an insurance holding company whose insurance subsidiaries offer personal and commercial lines of property and casualty insurance to businesses and individuals in 21 Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England and Southern states. As used in this Form 10-K Report, the terms “we,” “us” and “our” refer to Donegal Group Inc. and its subsidiaries.

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, or Donegal Mutual, organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. At December 31, 2016, Donegal Mutual held approximately 46% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 83% of our outstanding Class B common stock. Donegal Mutual’s ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 73% of the combined voting power of our outstanding shares of Class A common stock and our outstanding shares of Class B common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to an intercompany pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions we describe in Note 3 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. While maintaining the separate corporate existence of each company, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

We have been an effective consolidator of smaller “main street” property and casualty insurance companies, and we expect to pursue opportunities to acquire other insurance companies to expand our business in a given region or to commence operations in a new region. Since 1995, we have completed six acquisitions of property and casualty insurance companies or began to participate in their business through Donegal Mutual’s entry into quota-share reinsurance agreements with them.

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual provide their policyholders with a selection of insurance products at competitive rates, while pursuing profitability by adhering to a strict underwriting discipline. Our insurance subsidiaries derive a substantial portion of their insurance business from smaller to mid-sized regional communities. We believe this focus provides our insurance subsidiaries with competitive advantages in terms of local market knowledge, marketing, underwriting, claims servicing and policyholder service. At the same time, we believe our insurance subsidiaries have cost advantages over many smaller regional insurers that result from economies of scale our insurance subsidiaries realize through centralized accounting, administrative, data processing, investment and other services.

We believe we have a substantial opportunity, as a well-capitalized regional insurance holding company with a solid business strategy, to grow profitably and compete effectively with national property and casualty insurers. Our downstream holding company structure, with Donegal Mutual holding approximately 73% of the combined voting power of our common stock, has proven its effectiveness and success over the 30 years of our existence. Over that time period, we have grown significantly in terms of revenue and financial strength, and the Donegal Insurance Group has developed an excellent reputation as a regional group of property and casualty insurers.

We own 48.2% of Donegal Financial Services Corporation, or DFSC. DFSC is a grandfathered unitary savings and loan holding company that owns all of the outstanding capital stock of Union Community Bank, a state savings bank, or UCB. UCB has 15 banking offices, substantially all of which are located in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Donegal Mutual owns the remaining 51.8% of DFSC. For further information regarding DFSC, we refer to “Business - Donegal Financial Services Corporation” in this Form 10-K Report.

We have four segments: our investment function, our personal lines of insurance, our commercial lines of insurance and our investment in DFSC. We set forth financial information about these segments in Note 19 of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies.

Available Information

You may obtain our Annual Reports on Form 10-K, including this Form 10-K Report, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, our current reports on Form 8-K, our proxy statement and our other filings pursuant to the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, or the Exchange Act, without charge by viewing our website at www.donegalgroup.com. You may also view on our website our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics and the charters of the executive committee, the audit committee, the compensation committee and the nominating committee of our board of directors. Upon request to our corporate secretary, we will also provide printed copies of any of these documents to you without charge. We have provided the address of our website solely for the information of investors. We do not intend the reference to our website address to be an active link or to otherwise incorporate the contents of our website into this Form 10-K Report.

History and Organizational Structure

In the mid-1980’s, Donegal Mutual, as a mutual insurance company, recognized the desirability of developing additional sources of capital and surplus so it could remain competitive and have the surplus to expand its business and ensure its long-term viability. Accordingly, Donegal Mutual determined to implement a downstream holding company structure as one of its business strategies. Thus, in 1986, Donegal Mutual formed us as a downstream holding company. Initially, Donegal Mutual owned all of our outstanding common stock. After Donegal Mutual formed us, we in turn formed Atlantic States as our wholly owned property and casualty insurance company subsidiary.

In connection with the formation of Atlantic States and the establishment of our downstream insurance holding company system, Donegal Mutual and DGI entered into a proportional reinsurance agreement, or pooling agreement, that became effective October 1, 1986. Under the pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States pool substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and loss expenses to the reinsurance pool, and the reinsurance pool, acting through Donegal Mutual, then cedes a portion of the pooled business, currently 80%, to Atlantic States. Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results in proportion to their respective participation in the underwriting pool.

Since we established Atlantic States in 1986, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries have conducted business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to enhance market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. We believe Donegal Mutual’s majority interest in the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and of our Class B common stock fosters our ability to implement our business philosophies, enjoy management continuity, maintain superior employee relations and provide a stable environment within which we can grow our businesses.

The products Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries offer are generally complementary, which permits the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broad range of products in a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries offer generally relate to specific risk profiles within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier products versus standard tier products. Donegal Mutual and we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. As a result, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, the underwriting pool homogenizes the risk characteristics of all business Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly. We receive 80% of the results of the underwriting pool because Atlantic States has an 80% participation in the pool. The business Atlantic States derives from the underwriting pool represents a significant percentage of our total consolidated revenues. However, that percentage has gradually decreased over the past few years as we have acquired a number of other property and casualty insurance companies that do not participate in the underwriting pool.

As the capital of Atlantic States and our other insurance subsidiaries has increased, the underwriting capacity of our insurance subsidiaries has increased proportionately. The size of the underwriting pool has also increased substantially. Therefore, as we originally planned in the mid-1980s, Atlantic States has successfully raised the capital necessary to support the growth of its direct business as well as to accept increases in its allocation of business from the underwriting pool. The portion of the underwriting pool allocated to Atlantic States has increased from an initial allocation of 35% in 1986 to an 80% allocation since March 1, 2008. We do not anticipate any further change in the pooling agreement between Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual, including any change in the percentage participation of Atlantic States in the underwriting pool.

In addition to Atlantic States, our insurance subsidiaries are Southern Insurance Company of Virginia, or Southern, Le Mars Insurance Company, or Le Mars, The Peninsula Insurance Company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Peninsula Indemnity Company, or collectively, Peninsula, Sheboygan Falls Insurance Company, or Sheboygan, and Michigan Insurance Company, or MICO. We also benefit from Donegal Mutual’s 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with Southern Mutual Insurance Company, or Southern Mutual, and Donegal Mutual’s placement of its assumed business from Southern Mutual into the underwriting pool.

The following chart depicts our organizational structure, including all of our property and casualty insurance subsidiaries, Southern Mutual and our interest in DFSC:

LOGO

(1)

Because of the different relative voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock, our public stockholders hold approximately 27% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock and Donegal Mutual holds approximately 73% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock.

Relationship with Donegal Mutual

Donegal Mutual provides facilities, personnel and other services to us and our insurance subsidiaries. Donegal Mutual allocates certain related expenses to Atlantic States in relation to the relative participation of Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States in the underwriting pool they maintain. Our insurance subsidiaries other than Atlantic States reimburse Donegal Mutual for their respective personnel costs and bear their proportionate share of information services costs based on each subsidiaries’ respective percentage of the total net written premiums of the Donegal Insurance Group. Charges for these services to Atlantic States and our other insurance subsidiaries totaled $122.4 million, $108.5 million and $98.6 million for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

Our insurance subsidiaries have various reinsurance arrangements with Donegal Mutual. These agreements include:

•

excess of loss reinsurance agreements with Le Mars, MICO, Peninsula, Sheboygan and Southern;

•

catastrophe reinsurance agreements with Atlantic States, Le Mars and Southern; and

•

quota-share reinsurance agreements with MICO and Peninsula.

The purpose of the excess of loss and catastrophe reinsurance agreements is to lessen the effects of a single large loss, or an accumulation of smaller losses arising from one event, to levels that are appropriate given each subsidiary’s size, underwriting profile and amount of surplus.

The purpose of the quota-share reinsurance agreement with Peninsula is to transfer to Donegal Mutual 100% of the premiums and losses related to the workers’ compensation product line of Peninsula in certain states, which provides the availability of an additional workers’ compensation tier for Donegal Mutual’s commercial accounts. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from Peninsula into the underwriting pool.

The purpose of the quota-share reinsurance agreement with MICO is to transfer to Donegal Mutual 25% of the premiums and losses related to MICO’s business. Donegal Mutual places its assumed business from MICO into the underwriting pool.

We and Donegal Mutual have maintained a coordinating committee since our formation in 1986. The coordinating committee consists of two members of our board of directors, neither of whom is a member of Donegal Mutual’s board of directors, and two members of Donegal Mutual’s board of directors, neither of whom is a member of our board of directors. The purpose of the coordinating committee is to establish and maintain a process for an annual evaluation of the transactions between Donegal Mutual, our insurance subsidiaries and us. The coordinating committee considers the fairness of each intercompany transaction to Donegal Mutual and its policyholders and to us and our stockholders.

A new agreement or any change to a previously approved agreement must receive coordinating committee approval. The approval process for a new agreement between Donegal Mutual and us or one of our insurance subsidiaries or a change in such an agreement is as follows:

•

both of our members on the coordinating committee must determine that the new agreement or the change in an existing agreement is fair and equitable to us and in the best interests of our stockholders;

•

both of Donegal Mutual’s members on the coordinating committee must determine that the new agreement or the change in an existing agreement is fair and equitable to Donegal Mutual and in the best interests of its policyholders;

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our board of directors must approve the new agreement or the change in an existing agreement; and

•

Donegal Mutual’s board of directors must approve the new agreement or the change in an existing agreement.

The coordinating committee also meets annually to review each existing agreement between Donegal Mutual and us or our insurance subsidiaries, including all reinsurance agreements between Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. The purpose of this annual review is to examine the results of the agreements over the past year and, in the case of reinsurance agreements, over several years and to determine if the results of the existing agreements remain fair and equitable to us and our stockholders and fair and equitable to Donegal Mutual and its policyholders or if Donegal Mutual and we should mutually agree to certain adjustments to the terms of the agreements. In the case of these reinsurance agreements, the annual adjustments typically relate to the reinsurance premiums, losses and reinstatement premiums. These agreements are ongoing in nature and will continue in effect throughout 2017 in the ordinary course of our business.

Our members on the coordinating committee, as of the date of this Form 10-K Report, are Robert S. Bolinger and Richard D. Wampler, II. Donegal Mutual’s members on the coordinating committee as of such date are Dennis J. Bixenman and John E. Hiestand. We refer to our proxy statement for our annual meeting of stockholders to be held on April 20, 2017 for further information about the members of the coordinating committee.

We believe our relationships with Donegal Mutual offer us and our insurance subsidiaries a number of competitive advantages, including the following:

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enabling our stable management, the consistent underwriting discipline of our insurance subsidiaries, external growth, long-term profitability and financial strength;

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creating operational and expense synergies from the combination of resources and integrated operations of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries;

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enhancing our opportunities to expand by acquisition because of the ability of Donegal Mutual to affiliate with and acquire control of other mutual insurance companies and, thereafter, demutualize them and allow us to acquire all of their outstanding stock;

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producing more stable and uniform underwriting results for our insurance subsidiaries over extended periods of time than we could achieve without our relationship with Donegal Mutual;

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providing opportunities for growth because of the ability of Donegal Mutual to enter into reinsurance agreements with other mutual insurance companies and place the business it assumes into the pooling agreement; and

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providing Atlantic States with a significantly larger underwriting capacity because of the underwriting pool Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States have maintained since 1986.

In the first quarter of 2017, our board of directors and the board of directors of Donegal Mutual each undertook a review of the relationships between Donegal Mutual and DGI and determined that continuing the current relationships and the current corporate structure of Donegal Mutual and DGI is in the best interests of DGI and its various constituencies.

Business Strategy

Our strategy is designed to allow our insurance subsidiaries to achieve their longstanding goal of outperforming the United States property and casualty insurance industry in terms of profitability and service, thereby providing value to the policyholders of our insurance subsidiaries and, ultimately, providing value to our stockholders. The annual net premiums earned of our insurance subsidiaries have increased from $301.5 million in 2006 to $656.2 million in 2016, a compound annual growth rate of 8.1%.

The combined ratio of our insurance subsidiaries and that of the United States property and casualty insurance industry as computed using United States generally accepted accounting principles, or GAAP, and statutory accounting principles, or SAP, for the years 2012 through 2016 are shown in the following table:


	2016			2015			2014			2013			2012
Our GAAP combined ratio		98.1	%		99.0	%		101.7	%		98.8	%		101.6	%
Our SAP combined ratio		96.8			97.4			100.5			97.4			99.8
Industry SAP combined ratio ⁽¹⁾		100.7			98.3			97.4			96.4			102.5

(1)	As reported (projected for 2016) by A.M. Best Company.

We and Donegal Mutual believe we can continue to expand our insurance operations over time through organic growth and acquisitions of, or affiliations with, other insurance companies. We and Donegal Mutual have enhanced the performance of companies we have acquired, while leveraging the acquired companies’ core strengths and local market knowledge to expand their operations. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also seek to increase their premium base by making quality independent agency appointments, enhancing their competitive position within each agency, introducing new and enhanced insurance products and developing and maintaining automated systems to improve service, communications and efficiency.

We translate these initiatives into our book value growth in a number of ways, including the following:

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maintaining a conservative underwriting culture and pricing discipline to sustain our record of underwriting profitability;

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continuing our investment in technology to achieve operating efficiencies that lower expenses, enhance the service we provide to agencies and policyholders and increase the speed of our communications with agencies and policyholders; and

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maintaining a conservative investment approach.

A detailed review of our business strategies follows:

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Achieving underwriting profitability.

Our insurance subsidiaries focus on achieving a combined ratio of less than 100%. We remain committed to achieving consistent underwriting profitability. We believe that underwriting profitability is a fundamental component of our long-term financial strength because it allows our insurance subsidiaries to generate profits without relying exclusively on their investment income. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to enhance their underwriting results by:

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carefully selecting the product lines they underwrite;

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carefully selecting the individual risks they underwrite;

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minimizing their individual exposure to catastrophe-prone areas; and

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evaluating their claims history on a regular basis to ensure the adequacy of their underwriting guidelines and product pricing.

Our insurance subsidiaries have no material exposures to asbestos and environmental liabilities. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to provide more than one policy to a given personal lines or commercial lines customer because this “account selling” strategy diversifies their risk and has historically improved their underwriting results. Our insurance subsidiaries also use reinsurance to manage their exposure and limit their maximum net loss from large single risks or risks in concentrated areas.

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Pursuing profitable growth by organic expansion within the traditional operating territories of our insurance subsidiaries through developing and maintaining quality agency representation.

We believe that continued expansion of our insurance subsidiaries within their existing markets will be a key source of their continued premium growth and that maintaining an effective and growing network of independent agencies is integral to their expansion. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to be among the top three insurers within each of the independent agencies for the lines of business our insurance subsidiaries write by providing a consistent, competitive and stable market for their products. We believe that the consistency of the product offerings of our insurance subsidiaries enables our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively for independent agents with other insurers whose product offerings may fluctuate based on industry conditions. Our insurance subsidiaries offer a competitive compensation program to their independent agents that rewards them for producing profitable growth for our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries provide their independent agents with ongoing support to enable them to better attract and service customers, including:

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fully automated underwriting and policy issuance systems for both personal, commercial and farm lines of insurance;

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training programs;

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marketing support;

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availability of a service center that provides comprehensive service for our personal lines policyholders; and

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field visitations by marketing and underwriting personnel and senior management of our insurance subsidiaries.

Our insurance subsidiaries appoint independent agencies with a strong underwriting and growth track record. We believe that our insurance subsidiaries, by carefully selecting, motivating and supporting their independent agencies, will drive continued long-term growth.

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Acquiring property and casualty insurance companies to augment the organic growth of our insurance subsidiaries in existing markets and to expand into new geographic regions.

We have been an effective consolidator of smaller “main street” property and casualty insurance companies, and we expect to continue to acquire other insurance companies to expand our business in a given region or to commence operations in a new region.

Since 1995, we have completed six acquisitions of property and casualty insurance companies or participated in their business through Donegal Mutual’s entry into quota-share reinsurance agreements with them. We intend to continue our growth by pursuing affiliations and acquisitions that meet our criteria. Our primary criteria are:

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location in regions where our insurance subsidiaries are currently conducting business or that offer an attractive opportunity to conduct profitable business;

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a mix of business similar to the mix of business of our insurance subsidiaries;

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annual premium volume up to $100.0 million; and

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fair and reasonable transaction terms.

We believe that our relationship with Donegal Mutual assists us in pursuing affiliations with, and subsequent acquisitions of, mutual insurance companies because, through Donegal Mutual, we understand the concerns and issues that mutual insurance companies face. In particular, Donegal Mutual has had success affiliating with underperforming mutual insurance companies, and we have either acquired them following their conversion to a stock company or benefited from their underwriting results as a result of Donegal Mutual’s entry into a 100% quota-share reinsurance agreement with them and

placement of its assumed business into the pooling agreement. We have utilized our strengths and financial position to improve the operations of those underperforming insurance companies. We evaluate a number of areas for operational synergies when considering acquisitions, including product underwriting, expenses, the cost of reinsurance and technology.

We and Donegal Mutual have the ability to employ a number of acquisition and affiliation methods. Our prior acquisitions and affiliations have taken one of the following forms:

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purchase of all of the outstanding stock of a stock insurance company;

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purchase of a book of business;

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quota-share reinsurance transaction; or

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two-step acquisition of a mutual insurance company in which:

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as the first step, Donegal Mutual purchases a surplus note from the mutual insurance company, Donegal Mutual enters into a services agreement with the mutual insurance company and Donegal Mutual’s designees become a majority of the members of the board of directors of the mutual insurance company; and

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as the second step, the mutual insurance company enters into a quota-share reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual or demutualizes, or converts, into a stock insurance company. Upon the demutualization or conversion, we purchase the surplus note from Donegal Mutual and exchange it for all of the stock of the stock insurance company resulting from the demutualization or conversion.

We believe that our ability to make direct acquisitions of stock insurance companies and to make indirect acquisitions of mutual insurance companies through a sponsored conversion or a quota-share reinsurance agreement provides us with flexibility that is a competitive advantage in making acquisitions. We also believe our historic record clearly demonstrates our ability to acquire control of an underperforming insurance company, re-underwrite its book of business, reduce its cost structure and return it to sustained profitability.

While Donegal Mutual and we generally engage in preliminary discussions with potential direct or indirect acquisition candidates on an almost continuous basis and are so engaged at the date of this Form 10-K Report, neither Donegal Mutual nor we make any public disclosure regarding a proposed acquisition until Donegal Mutual or we have entered into a definitive acquisition agreement.

On December 16, 2016, Donegal Mutual and Mountain States Mutual Casualty Company (“Mountain States”) announced the execution of an agreement whereby, subject to applicable regulatory approvals and the approval of the policyholders of Mountain States, Mountain States will merge with and into Donegal Mutual. We are not a party to the agreement. Donegal Mutual will be the surviving company in the merger, and the insurance subsidiaries of Mountain States, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company, will become insurance subsidiaries of Donegal Mutual. Mountain States and its insurance subsidiaries currently conduct business together as the Mountain States Insurance Group and offer commercial insurance products in the states of Colorado, New Mexico, Texas and Utah. Following the completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual, Mountain States Indemnity Company and Mountain States Commercial Insurance Company will market their products together as the Mountain States Insurance Group in the Southwestern region of the United States as they seek profitable growth in the region. For an indefinite period of time following the completion of the merger, Donegal Mutual will exclude the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group from the pooling agreement with Atlantic States. As a result, Donegal Mutual’s merger with Mountain States will have no impact on our results of operations. At some undetermined point in the future, we and Donegal Mutual may consider including the business of the Mountain States Insurance Group in the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States. Donegal Mutual’s merger with Mountain States therefore represents a future growth opportunity for us, consistent with the acquisition strategy we and Donegal Mutual have shared since our inception.

The following table highlights our history of insurance company acquisitions and affiliations since 1988:


Company Name	State of Domicile	Year Control Acquired		Method of Acquisition/Affiliation
Southern Mutual Insurance Company and now Southern Insurance Company of Virginia	Virginia		1984	Surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual in 1984; demutualization in 1988; acquisition of stock by us in 1988.

Pioneer Mutual Insurance Company and then Pioneer Insurance Company⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	Ohio		1992	Surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual in 1992; demutualization in 1993; acquisition of stock by us in 1997.

Delaware Mutual Insurance Company and then Delaware Atlantic Insurance Company ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	Delaware		1993	Surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual in 1993; demutualization in 1994; acquisition of stock by us in 1995.

Pioneer Mutual Insurance Company and then Pioneer Insurance Company ⁽¹⁾⁽²⁾	New York		1995	Surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual in 1995; demutualization in 1998; acquisition of stock by us in 2001.

Southern Heritage Insurance Company⁽²⁾	Georgia		1998	Purchase of stock by us in 1998.

Le Mars Mutual Insurance Company of Iowa and now Le Mars Insurance Company⁽¹⁾	Iowa		2002	Surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual in 2002; demutualization in 2004; acquisition of stock by us in 2004.

Peninsula Insurance Group	Maryland		2004	Purchase of stock by us in 2004.

Sheboygan Falls Mutual Insurance Company and now Sheboygan Falls Insurance Company⁽¹⁾	Wisconsin		2007	Contribution note investment by Donegal Mutual in 2007; demutualization in 2008; acquisition of stock by us in 2008.

Southern Mutual Insurance Company⁽³⁾	Georgia		2009	Surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual and quota-share reinsurance in 2009.

Michigan Insurance Company	Michigan		2010	Purchase of stock by us and surplus note investment by Donegal Mutual in 2010.

(1)

Each of these acquisitions initially took the form of an affiliation with Donegal Mutual. Donegal Mutual provided surplus note financing to the insurance company, and, in connection with that financing, sufficient designees of Donegal Mutual were appointed so as to constitute a majority of the members of the board of directors of the insurance company. Donegal Mutual and the insurance company simultaneously entered into a services agreement whereby Donegal Mutual provided services to improve the operations of the insurance company. Once the insurance company’s results of operations improved to the satisfaction of Donegal Mutual, Donegal Mutual sponsored the demutualization of the insurance company. Upon the consummation of the demutualization, Donegal Mutual converted the surplus note to capital stock of the newly demutualized insurance company. We then purchased all of the capital stock of the insurance company from Donegal Mutual and made an additional capital contribution in cash to provide adequate surplus to support the insurance company’s planned premium growth.

(2)	To reduce administrative and compliance costs and expenses, these subsidiaries subsequently merged into one of our existing insurance subsidiaries.

(3)	Control acquired by Donegal Mutual.

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Providing responsive and friendly customer and agent service to enable our insurance subsidiaries to attract new policyholders and retain existing policyholders.

We believe that excellent policyholder service is important in attracting new policyholders and retaining existing policyholders. Our insurance subsidiaries work closely with their independent agents to provide a consistently responsive level of claims service, underwriting and customer support. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to respond expeditiously and effectively to address customer and independent agent inquiries in a number of ways, including:

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availability of a customer call center for claims reporting;

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availability of a secure website for access to policy information and documents, payment processing and other features;

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timely replies to information requests and policy submissions; and

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prompt responses to, and processing of, claims.

Our insurance subsidiaries periodically conduct policyholder surveys to evaluate the effectiveness of their service to policyholders. The management of our insurance subsidiaries meets on a regular basis with the personnel of the independent insurance agents our insurance subsidiaries appoint to seek service improvement recommendations, react to service issues and better understand local market conditions.

•

Maintaining premium rate adequacy to enhance the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries, while maintaining their existing book of business and preserving their ability to write new business.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain discipline in their pricing by effecting rate increases to sustain or improve their underwriting profitability without unduly affecting their customer retention. In addition to appropriate pricing, our insurance subsidiaries seek to ensure that their premium rates are adequate relative to the amount of risk they insure. Our insurance subsidiaries review loss trends on a periodic basis to identify changes in the frequency and severity of their claims and to assess the adequacy of their rates and underwriting standards. Our insurance subsidiaries also carefully monitor and audit the information they use to price their policies for the purpose of enabling them to receive an adequate level of premiums for the risk they assume. For example, our insurance subsidiaries inspect substantially all commercial lines risks and a substantial number of personal lines property risks before they commit to insure them to determine the adequacy of the insured amount to the value of the insured property, assess property conditions and identify any liability exposures. Our insurance subsidiaries audit the payroll data of their workers’ compensation customers to verify that the assumptions used to price a particular policy were accurate. By implementing appropriate rate increases and understanding the risks our insurance subsidiaries agree to insure, our insurance subsidiaries are generally able to achieve consistent underwriting profitability.

•

Focusing on expense controls and utilization of technology to increase the operating efficiency of our insurance subsidiaries.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain stringent expense controls under direct supervision of their senior management. We centralize many processing and administrative activities of our insurance subsidiaries to realize operating synergies and better expense control. Our insurance subsidiaries utilize technology to automate much of their underwriting and to facilitate agency and policyholder communications on an efficient, timely and cost-effective basis. We operate on a paperless basis. Our insurance subsidiaries have increased their annual premium per employee, a measure of efficiency that our insurance subsidiaries use to evaluate their operations, from approximately $470,000 in 1999 to approximately $1.0 million in 2016.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain technology comparable to that of the largest of their competitors. “Ease of doing business” is an increasingly important component of an insurer’s value to an independent agency. Our insurance subsidiaries provide a fully automated personal lines underwriting and policy issuance system called “WritePro^®.” WritePro^® is a web-based user interface that substantially eases data entry and facilitates the quoting and issuance of policies for the independent agents of our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries also provide a similar commercial business system called “WriteBiz^®.” WriteBiz^® is a web-based user interface that provides the independent agents of our insurance subsidiaries with an online ability to quote and issue commercial automobile, workers’ compensation, business owners and tradesman policies automatically. WriteFarm^® is a web-based user interface that provides the independent agents of our insurance subsidiaries with an online ability to quote and issue farm policies. As a result, applications of the independent agents for our insurance subsidiaries can result in policy issuance without further re-entry of information. These systems also interface with the policy management systems of the independent agents of our insurance subsidiaries.

•

Maintaining a conservative investment approach.

Return on invested assets is an important element of the financial results of our insurance subsidiaries. The investment strategy of our insurance subsidiaries is to generate an appropriate amount of after-tax income on invested assets while minimizing credit risk through investments in high-quality securities. As a result, our insurance subsidiaries seek to invest a high percentage of their assets in diversified, highly rated and marketable fixed-maturity instruments. The fixed-maturity portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries consist of both taxable and tax-exempt securities. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain a portion of their portfolios in short-term securities to provide liquidity for the payment of claims and operation of their respective businesses. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain a small percentage (5.0% at December 31, 2016) of their portfolios in equity securities.

Competition

The property and casualty insurance industry is highly competitive on the basis of both price and service. Numerous companies compete for business in the geographic areas where our insurance subsidiaries operate. Many of these other insurance companies are substantially larger and have greater financial resources than those of our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, because our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market their respective insurance products exclusively through independent insurance agencies, most of which represent more than one insurance company, our insurance subsidiaries face competition within agencies, as well as competition to retain qualified independent agents.

Products and Underwriting

We report the results of our insurance operations in two segments: personal lines of insurance and commercial lines of insurance. The personal lines our insurance subsidiaries write consist primarily of private passenger automobile and homeowners insurance. The commercial lines our insurance subsidiaries write consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation insurance. We describe these lines of insurance in greater detail below:

Personal

•

Private passenger automobile — policies that provide protection against liability for bodily injury and property damage arising from automobile accidents and protection against loss from damage to automobiles owned by the insured.

•

Homeowners — policies that provide coverage for damage to residences and their contents from a broad range of perils, including fire, lightning, windstorm and theft. These policies also cover liability of the insured arising from injury to other persons or their property while on the insured’s property and under other specified conditions.

Commercial

•

Commercial automobile — policies that provide protection against liability for bodily injury and property damage arising from automobile accidents and protection against loss from damage to automobiles owned by the insured.

•

Commercial multi-peril — policies that provide protection to businesses against many perils, usually combining liability and physical damage coverages.

•

Workers’ compensation — policies employers purchase to provide benefits to employees for injuries sustained during employment. The workers’ compensation laws of each state determine the extent of the coverage we provide.

The following table sets forth the net premiums written of our insurance subsidiaries by line of insurance for the periods indicated:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2016					2015					2014
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		%			Amount		%			Amount		%
Personal lines:
Automobile	$	229,789		33.7	%	$	214,610		34.1	%	$	204,174		35.3	%
Homeowners		122,811		18.0			119,541		19.0			113,576		19.6
Other		19,057		2.8			18,176		2.9			16,989		2.9

Total personal lines		371,657		54.5			352,327		56.0			334,739		57.8

Commercial lines:
Automobile		87,849		12.9			76,729		12.2			65,552		11.3
Commercial multi-peril		104,728		15.4			94,219		15.0			83,413		14.4
Workers’ compensation		108,349		15.9			98,079		15.6			88,739		15.3
Other		9,451		1.3			7,483		1.2			6,758		1.2

Total commercial lines		310,377		45.5			276,510		44.0			244,462		42.2

Total business	$	682,034		100.0	%	$	628,837		100.0	%	$	579,201		100.0	%

The personal lines and commercial lines underwriting departments of our insurance subsidiaries evaluate and select those risks that they believe will enable our insurance subsidiaries to achieve an underwriting profit. The underwriting departments have significant interaction with the independent agents regarding the underwriting philosophy and the underwriting guidelines of our insurance subsidiaries. Our underwriting personnel also assist the research and development department in the development of quality products at competitive prices to promote growth and profitability.

In order to achieve underwriting profitability on a consistent basis, our insurance subsidiaries:

•

assess and select primarily standard and preferred risks;

•

adhere to disciplined underwriting guidelines;

•

inspect substantially all commercial lines risks and a substantial number of personal lines property risks; and

•

utilize various types of risk management and loss control services.

Our insurance subsidiaries also review their existing policies and accounts to determine whether those risks continue to meet their underwriting guidelines. If a given policy or account no longer meets those underwriting guidelines, our insurance subsidiaries will take appropriate action regarding that policy or account, including raising premium rates or non-renewing the policy to the extent applicable law permits.

As part of the effort of our insurance subsidiaries to maintain acceptable underwriting results, they conduct annual reviews of agencies that have failed to meet their underwriting profitability criteria. The review process includes an analysis of the underwriting and re-underwriting practices of the agency, the completeness and accuracy of the applications the agency submits, the adequacy of the training of the agency’s staff and the agency’s record of adherence to the underwriting guidelines and service standards of our insurance subsidiaries. Based on the results of this review process, the marketing and underwriting personnel of our insurance subsidiaries develop, together with the agency, a plan to improve its underwriting profitability. Our insurance subsidiaries monitor the agency’s compliance with the plan and take other measures as required in the judgment of our insurance subsidiaries, including the termination to the extent applicable law permits of agencies that are unable to achieve acceptable underwriting profitability.

Distribution

Our insurance subsidiaries market their products primarily in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England and Southern regions through approximately 2,400 independent insurance agencies. At December 31, 2016, the Donegal Insurance Group actively wrote business in 21 states (Alabama, Delaware, Georgia, Indiana, Iowa, Maine, Maryland, Michigan, Nebraska, New Hampshire, New York, North Carolina, Ohio, Pennsylvania, South Carolina, South Dakota, Tennessee, Vermont, Virginia, West Virginia and Wisconsin). We believe the relationships of our insurance subsidiaries with their independent agents are valuable in identifying, obtaining and retaining profitable business. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain a stringent agency selection procedure that emphasizes appointing agencies with proven marketing strategies for the development of profitable business, and our insurance subsidiaries only appoint agencies with a strong underwriting history and potential growth capabilities. Our insurance subsidiaries also regularly evaluate the independent agencies that represent them based on their profitability and performance in relation to the objectives of our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries seek to be among the top three insurers within each of their agencies for the lines of business our insurance subsidiaries write.

The following table sets forth the percentage of direct premiums our insurance subsidiaries write, including 80% of the direct premiums Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write, in each of the states where they conducted a significant portion of their business in 2016:


Pennsylvania	35.8	%
Michigan	15.4
Maryland	8.8
Virginia	8.4
Georgia	6.7
Delaware	5.6
Wisconsin	3.7
Ohio	3.4
Iowa	2.5
Tennessee	2.4
Nebraska	2.3
South Dakota	1.1
Other	3.9

Total	100.0	%

Our insurance subsidiaries employ a number of policies and procedures that we believe enable them to attract, retain and motivate their independent agents. We believe that the consistency of the product offerings of our insurance subsidiaries enables our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively for independent agents with other insurers whose product offerings may fluctuate based upon industry conditions. Our insurance subsidiaries have a competitive profit-sharing plan for their independent agents, consistent with applicable state laws and regulations, under which the independent agents may earn additional commissions based upon the volume of premiums produced and the profitability of the business our insurance subsidiaries receive from that agency.

Our insurance subsidiaries encourage their independent agents to focus on “account selling,” or serving all of a particular insured’s property and casualty insurance needs, which our insurance subsidiaries believe generally results in more favorable loss experience than covering a single risk for an individual insured.

Technology

Donegal Mutual owns the majority of the technology systems our insurance subsidiaries use. The technology systems consist primarily of an integrated central processing computer system, a series of server-based computer networks and various communication systems that allow the home office of our insurance subsidiaries and their branch offices to utilize the same systems for the processing of business. Donegal Mutual maintains backup facilities and systems at the office of one of our insurance subsidiaries and tests these backup facilities and systems on a regular basis. Our insurance subsidiaries bear their proportionate share of information services expenses based on their respective percentage of the total net written premiums of the Donegal Insurance Group during the preceding calendar year.

The business strategy of our insurance subsidiaries depends on the use, development and implementation of integrated technology systems. These systems enable our insurance subsidiaries to provide a high level of service to agents and policyholders by processing business in a timely and efficient manner, communicating and sharing data with agents, providing a variety of methods for the payment of premiums and allowing for the accumulation and analysis of information for the management of our insurance subsidiaries.

We believe the availability and use of these technology systems has resulted in improved service to agents and policyholders, increased efficiencies in processing the business of our insurance subsidiaries and lower operating costs. Key components of these integrated technology systems are the agency interface system, the WritePro^®, WriteBiz^® and WriteFarm^® systems, a claims processing system and an imaging system. The agency interface system provides our insurance subsidiaries with a high level of data sharing both to and from agents’ systems and also provides agents with an integrated means of processing new business. The WritePro^®, WriteBiz^® and WriteFarm^® systems are fully automated underwriting and policy issuance systems that provide agents with the ability to generate underwritten quotes and automatically issue policies that meet the underwriting guidelines of our insurance subsidiaries with limited or no intervention by their personnel. The claims processing system allows our insurance subsidiaries to process claims efficiently and in an automated environment. The imaging system eliminates the need to handle paper files, while providing greater access to the same information by a variety of personnel. We believe our technology systems compare favorably to those of many national property and casualty insurance carriers in terms of quality and service levels.

Claims

The management of claims is a critical component of the philosophy of our insurance subsidiaries to achieve underwriting profitability on a consistent basis and is fundamental to the successful operations of our insurance subsidiaries and their dedication to excellent service. Our senior claims management oversees the claims processing units of each of our insurance subsidiaries to assure consistency in the claims settlement process. The field office staff of our insurance subsidiaries receives support from home office technical, litigation, material damage, subrogation and medical audit personnel.

The claims departments of our insurance subsidiaries rigorously manage claims to assure that they settle legitimate claims quickly and fairly and that they identify questionable claims for defense. In the majority of cases, the personnel of our insurance subsidiaries, who have significant experience in the property and casualty insurance industry and know the service philosophy of our insurance subsidiaries, adjust claims. Our insurance subsidiaries provide various means of claims reporting on a 24-hours a day, seven-days a week basis, including toll-free numbers and electronic reporting through our website and mobile applications. Our insurance subsidiaries strive to respond to notifications of claims promptly, generally within the day reported. Our insurance subsidiaries believe that, by responding promptly to claims, they provide quality customer service and minimize the ultimate cost of the claims. Our insurance subsidiaries engage independent adjusters as needed to handle claims in areas in which the volume of claims is not sufficient to justify the hiring of internal claims adjusters by our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries also employ private adjusters and investigators, structural experts and various outside legal counsel to supplement their internal staff and to assist in the investigation of claims. Our insurance subsidiaries have a special investigative unit staffed by former law enforcement officers that attempts to identify and prevent fraud and abuse and to investigate questionable claims.

The management of the claims departments of our insurance subsidiaries develops and implements policies and procedures for the establishment of adequate claim reserves. Our insurance subsidiaries employ an actuarial staff that regularly reviews their reserves for incurred but not reported claims. The management and staff of the claims departments resolve policy coverage issues, manage and process reinsurance recoveries and handle salvage and subrogation matters. The litigation and personal injury sections of our insurance subsidiaries manage all claims litigation. Branch office claims above certain thresholds require home office review and settlement authorization. Our insurance subsidiaries provide their claims adjusters reserving and settlement authority based upon their experience and demonstrated abilities. Larger or more complicated claims require consultation and approval of senior claims department management.

Liabilities for Losses and Loss Expenses

Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to incurred policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances then known. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends and expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates of liability. We reflect any adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses in our operating results in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries record the changes in their estimates.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss their policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries closely monitor their liabilities and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses.

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions as to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced a decrease in claims frequency on workers’ compensation claims during the past several years while claims severity has gradually increased. These trend changes give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements on workers’ compensation claims. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include the cost of medical technologies and procedures and changes in the utilization of medical procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and legal decisions that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and the collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries attempt to make appropriate adjustments for such changes in their reserves. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at December 31, 2016. For every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of operations would be approximately $3.5 million.

The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, since the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimates of future liabilities have exceeded their actual liabilities. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and the evaluation of information received since the prior reporting date. Our insurance subsidiaries recognized an increase in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $3.0 million, $7.2 million and $14.5 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy, key reserving assumptions or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in these years. The 2016 development represented 0.9% of the December 31, 2015 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from higher-than-expected severity in the commercial multiple peril and commercial automobile liability lines of business, offset by lower-than-expected severity in the workers’ compensation line of business, in accident years prior to 2016. The majority of the 2016 development related to increases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and Southern. The 2015 development represented 2.5% of the December 31, 2014 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from higher-than-expected severity in the private passenger automobile liability, commercial multiple peril and commercial automobile lines of business in accident years prior to 2015. The majority of the 2015 development related to increases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and Southern. The 2014 development represented 5.4% of the December 31, 2013 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from higher-than-expected severity in the private passenger automobile liability, commercial multiple peril and commercial automobile lines of business in accident years prior to 2014. The majority of the 2014 development related to increases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and Southern.

Excluding the impact of catastrophic weather events, our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and slight downward trends in the number of claims outstanding at period ends relative to their premium

base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years as the property and casualty insurance industry has experienced increased litigation trends and economic conditions that have extended the estimated length of disabilities and contributed to increased medical loss costs and a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could be required to make further adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries’ internal procedures which analyze, among other things, their prior assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their liability for losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2016.

Differences between liabilities reported in our financial statements prepared on a GAAP basis and our insurance subsidiaries’ financial statements prepared on a SAP basis result from anticipating salvage and subrogation recoveries for GAAP but not for SAP. These differences amounted to $16.8 million, $15.3 million and $14.2 million at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The following table sets forth a reconciliation of the beginning and ending GAAP net liability of our insurance subsidiaries for unpaid losses and loss expenses for the periods indicated:


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2016		2015		2014
Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses at beginning of year	$	578,205	$	538,258	$	495,619
Less reinsurance recoverable		256,151		245,957		230,014

Net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses at beginning of year		322,054		292,301		265,605

Provision for net losses and loss expenses for claims incurred in the current year		420,327		391,167		373,932
Change in provision for estimated net losses and loss expenses for claims incurred in prior years		2,989		7,200		14,469

Total incurred		423,316		398,367		388,401

Net losses and loss payments for claims incurred during:
The current year		248,106		236,835		229,939
Prior years		149,746		131,779		131,766

Total paid		397,852		368,614		361,705

Net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses at end of year		347,518		322,054		292,301
Plus reinsurance recoverable		259,147		256,151		245,957

Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses at end of year	$	606,665	$	578,205	$	538,258

The following table sets forth the development of the liability for net unpaid losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries from 2006 to 2016. Loss data in the table includes business Atlantic States received from the underwriting pool.

“Net liability at end of year for unpaid losses and loss expenses” sets forth the estimated liability for net unpaid losses and loss expenses recorded at the balance sheet date for each of the indicated years. This liability represents the estimated amount of net losses and loss expenses for claims arising in the current and all prior years that are unpaid at the balance sheet date, including losses incurred but not reported.

The “Net liability re-estimated as of” portion of the table shows the re-estimated amount of the previously recorded liability based on experience for each succeeding year. The estimate increases or decreases as payments are made and more information becomes known about the severity of the remaining unpaid claims. For example, the 2006 liability has developed a redundancy after ten years because we expect the re-estimated net losses and loss expenses to be $12.5 million less than the estimated liability we initially established in 2006 of $163.3 million.

The “Cumulative (excess) deficiency” shows the cumulative excess or deficiency at December 31, 2016 of the liability estimate shown on the top line of the corresponding column. An excess in liability means that the liability established in prior years exceeded the amount of actual payments and currently re-estimated unpaid liability remaining. A deficiency in liability means that the liability established in prior years was less than the amount of actual payments and currently re-estimated remaining unpaid liability.

The “Cumulative amount of liability paid through” portion of the table shows the cumulative net losses and loss expense payments made in succeeding years for net losses incurred prior to the balance sheet date. For example, the 2006 column indicates that at December 31, 2016 payments equal to $147.2 million of the currently re-estimated ultimate liability for net losses and loss expenses of $150.8 million had been made.

Amounts shown in the 2008 column of the table include information for Sheboygan for all accident years prior to 2008. Amounts shown in the 2010 column of the table include information for MICO for all accident years prior to 2010.


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2006			2007		2008			2009			2010			2011		2012		2013			2014		2015		2016
Net liability at end of year for unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	163,312		$	150,152	$	161,307		$	180,262		$	217,896		$	243,015	$	250,936	$	265,605		$	292,301	$	322,054	$	347,518
Net liability re-estimated as of:
One year later		153,299			152,836		171,130			177,377			217,728			250,611		261,294		280,074			299,501		325,043
Two years later		150,934			154,435		167,446			177,741			217,355			255,612		268,877		281,782			299,919
Three years later		150,078			152,315		166,756			178,403			218,449			257,349		270,473		281,666
Four years later		148,745			151,120		166,852			179,909			218,514			256,460		270,794
Five years later		148,407			151,287		166,788			179,961			218,202			255,660
Six years later		149,031			151,739		166,964			179,858			217,430
Seven years later		149,487			151,790		167,425			179,996
Eight years later		149,700			152,240		167,732
Nine years later		150,241			152,760
Ten years later		150,839
Cumulative (excess) deficiency		(12,473	)		2,608		6,425			(266	)		(466	)		12,645		19,858		16,061			7,618		2,989

Cumulative amount of liability paid through:
One year later	$	72,499		$	71,950	$	79,592		$	84,565		$	96,202		$	119,074	$	126,677	$	131,766		$	131,779	$	149,746
Two years later		104,890			105,576		116,035			123,204			148,140			181,288		191,208		194,169			206,637
Three years later		121,711			124,659		136,837			147,165			178,073			217,138		225,956		233,371
Four years later		132,698			135,392		148,243			161,363			195,948			234,392		245,094
Five years later		138,878			140,280		155,331			169,452			203,633			241,538
Six years later		141,752			143,778		160,324			173,153			206,731
Seven years later		143,784			146,491		162,531			174,376
Eight years later		145,290			148,235		163,432
Nine years later		146,557			149,013
Ten years later		147,210
	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2008			2009		2010			2011			2012			2013		2014		2015			2016
Gross liability at end of year	$	239,809		$	263,599	$	383,317		$	442,408		$	458,827		$	495,619	$	538,258	$	578,205		$	606,665
Reinsurance recoverable		78,502			83,337		165,421			199,393			207,891			230,014		245,957		256,151			259,147
Net liability at end of year		161,307			180,262		217,896			243,015			250,936			265,605		292,301		322,054			347,518
Gross re-estimated liability		254,034			270,076		365,195			459,823			484,317			509,123		544,593		567,406
Re-estimated recoverable		86,302			90,080		147,765			204,163			213,523			227,457		244,674		242,363
Net re-estimated liability		167,732			179,996		217,430			255,660			270,794			281,666		299,919		325,043
Gross cumulative deficiency (excess)		14,225			6,477		(18,122	)		17,415			25,490			13,504		6,335		(10,799	)

Third-Party Reinsurance

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual purchase certain third-party reinsurance on a combined basis. Le Mars, Peninsula, Sheboygan and MICO also have separate reinsurance programs that provide certain coverage that is commensurate with their relative size and exposures. Our insurance subsidiaries use several different reinsurers, all of which, consistent with the requirements of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, have an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an A- (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best.

The external reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual purchase includes:

•

excess of loss reinsurance, under which the losses of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries are automatically reinsured, through a series of contracts, over a set retention (generally $1.0 million); and

•

catastrophe reinsurance, under which Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries recover, through a series of reinsurance agreements, 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention (generally $5.0 million) and after exceeding an annual aggregate deductible ($975,000 in 2016 and $1.5 million in 2015 and 2014) up to aggregate losses of $170.0 million per occurrence.

The amount of coverage each of these types of reinsurance provides depends upon the amount, nature, size and location of the risk being reinsured.

For property insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss treaties that provide for coverage of $4.0 million per loss over a set retention of $1.0 million. For liability insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss treaties that provide for coverage of $49.0 million per occurrence over a set retention of $1.0 million. For workers’ compensation insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss treaties that provide for coverage of $9.0 million on any one life over a set retention of $1.0 million and after exceeding an annual aggregate deductible ($1.2 million in 2016 and $1.0 million in 2015 and 2014).

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual also purchase facultative reinsurance to cover exposures from property and casualty losses that exceed the limits provided by their respective treaty reinsurance.

For policies effective through December 31, 2014, MICO maintained a quota-share reinsurance agreement with third-party reinsurers to reduce its net exposures. Effective from December 1, 2010 to December 31, 2011, the quota-share reinsurance percentage was 50%. Effective January 1, 2012, MICO reduced the quota-share reinsurance percentage to 40%. Effective January 1, 2013, MICO reduced the quota-share reinsurance percentage to 30%. Effective January 1, 2014, MICO reduced the quota-share reinsurance percentage to 20%. Effective January 1, 2015, MICO no longer maintains a quota-share reinsurance agreement with third-party reinsurers.

Investments

At December 31, 2016, 99.8% of all debt securities our insurance subsidiaries held had an investment-grade rating. The investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries did not contain any mortgage loans or any non-performing assets at December 31, 2016.

The following table shows the composition of the debt securities (at carrying value) in the investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries, excluding short-term investments, by rating at December 31, 2016:


(dollars in thousands)	December 31, 2016
Rating⁽¹⁾	Amount		Percent
U.S. Treasury and U.S. agency securities⁽²⁾	$	363,289		42.7	%
Aaa or AAA		18,634		2.2
Aa or AA		237,603		27.9
A		157,956		18.6
BBB		71,688		8.4
B		2,006		0.2

Total	$	851,176		100.0	%

(1)	Ratings assigned by Moody’s Investors Services, Inc. or Standard & Poor’s Corporation.

(2)	Includes mortgage-backed securities of $263.3 million.

Our insurance subsidiaries invest in both taxable and tax-exempt securities as part of their strategy to maximize after-tax income. This strategy considers, among other factors, the alternative minimum tax. Tax-exempt securities made up approximately 32.2%, 40.9% and 50.2% of the fixed-maturity securities in the combined investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The following table shows the classification of our investments and the investments of our insurance subsidiaries at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (at carrying value):


	December 31,
	2016					2015					2014
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Percent of Total			Amount		Percent of Total			Amount		Percent of Total
Fixed maturities⁽¹⁾:
Held to maturity:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	61,382		6.5	%	$	51,194		5.7	%	$	53,619		6.4	%
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		122,793		13.0			119,115		13.2			110,999		13.3
Corporate securities		91,555		9.6			65,307		7.2			52,226		6.3
Mortgage-backed securities		60,371		6.4			74,643		8.3			90,548		10.9

Total held to maturity		336,101		35.5			310,259		34.4			307,392		36.9

Available for sale:
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies		38,588		4.1			37,189		4.1			21,259		2.5
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		186,083		19.7			236,556		26.3			266,242		32.0
Corporate securities		87,456		9.2			72,812		8.1			53,945		6.5
Mortgage-backed securities		202,948		21.5			154,836		17.2			93,704		11.2

Total available for sale		515,075		54.5			501,393		55.7			435,150		52.2

Total fixed maturities		851,176		90.0			811,652		90.1			742,542		89.1
Equity securities⁽²⁾		47,088		5.0			37,261		4.1			30,822		3.7
Investment in affiliate⁽³⁾		37,885		4.0			38,477		4.3			39,284		4.7
Short-term investments⁽⁴⁾		9,371		1.0			13,432		1.5			20,293		2.5

Total investments	$	945,520		100.0	%	$	900,822		100.0	%	$	832,941		100.0	%

(1)

We refer to Notes 1 and 4 to our Consolidated Financial Statements. We value those fixed maturities we classify as held to maturity at amortized cost; we value those fixed maturities we classify as available for sale at fair value. The total fair value of fixed maturities we classified as held to maturity was $344.6 million at December 31, 2016, $322.8 million at December 31, 2015 and $322.2 million at December 31, 2014. The amortized cost of fixed maturities we classified as available for sale was $511.6 million at December 31, 2016, $489.0 million at December 31, 2015 and $414.2 million at December 31, 2014.

(2)	We value equity securities at fair value. Total cost of equity securities was $42.4 million at December 31, 2016, $35.8 million at December 31, 2015 and $30.0 million at December 31, 2014.

(3)	We value our investment in our affiliate at cost, adjusted for our share of earnings and losses of our affiliate as well as changes in equity of our affiliate due to unrealized gains and losses.

(4)	We value short-term investments at cost, which approximates fair value.

The following table sets forth the maturities (at carrying value) in the fixed maturity portfolio of our insurance subsidiaries at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	December 31,
	2016					2015					2014
			Percent of					Percent of					Percent of
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Total			Amount		Total			Amount		Total
Due in⁽¹⁾:
One year or less	$	44,120		5.2	%	$	20,990		2.6	%	$	32,886		4.4	%
Over one year through three years		90,018		10.6			66,505		8.2			45,967		6.2
Over three years through five years		67,640		7.9			66,410		8.2			62,417		8.4
Over five years through ten years		197,967		23.3			202,122		24.9			189,082		25.5
Over ten years through fifteen years		148,959		17.5			172,429		21.2			169,182		22.8
Over fifteen years		39,153		4.6			53,717		6.6			58,756		7.9
Mortgage-backed securities		263,319		30.9			229,479		28.3			184,252		24.8

	$	851,176		100.0	%	$	811,652		100.0	%	$	742,542		100.0	%

(1)	Based on stated maturity dates with no prepayment assumptions. Actual maturities will differ because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.

As shown above, our insurance subsidiaries held investments in mortgage-backed securities having a carrying value of $263.3 million at December 31, 2016. The mortgage-backed securities consist primarily of investments in governmental agency balloon pools with stated maturities between one and 34 years. The stated maturities of these investments limit the exposure of our insurance subsidiaries to extension risk in the event that interest rates rise and prepayments decline. Our insurance subsidiaries perform an analysis of the underlying loans when evaluating a mortgage-backed security for purchase, and they select those securities that they believe will provide a return that properly reflects the prepayment risk associated with the underlying loans.

The following table sets forth the investment results of our insurance subsidiaries for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2016			2015			2014
Invested assets⁽¹⁾	$	923,171		$	866,882		$	812,375
Investment income⁽²⁾		22,633			20,950			18,344
Average yield		2.5	%		2.4	%		2.3	%
Average tax-equivalent yield		3.0			3.1			3.1

(1)	Average of the aggregate invested amounts at the beginning and end of the period.

(2)	Investment income is net of investment expenses and does not include realized investment gains or losses or provision for income taxes.

A.M. Best Rating

Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries have an A.M. Best rating of A (Excellent), based upon the respective current financial condition and historical statutory results of operations of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. We believe that the A.M. Best rating of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries is an important factor in their marketing of their products to their agents and customers. A.M. Best’s ratings are industry ratings based on a comparative analysis of the financial condition and operating performance of insurance companies. A.M. Best’s classifications are A++ and A+ (Superior), A and A- (Excellent), B++ and B+ (Good), B and B- (Fair), C++ and C+ (Marginal), C and C- (Weak), D (Poor) and E (Under Regulatory Supervision), F (Liquidation) and S (Suspended). A.M. Best bases its ratings upon factors relevant to the payment of claims of policyholders and are not directed toward the protection of investors in insurance companies. According to A.M. Best, the “Excellent” rating that the Donegal Insurance Group maintains is assigned to those companies that, in A.M. Best’s opinion, have an excellent ability to meet their ongoing obligations to policyholders.

Regulation

The supervision and regulation of insurance companies consists primarily of the laws and regulations of the various states in which the insurance companies transact business, with the primary regulatory authority being the insurance regulatory authorities in the state of domicile of the insurance company. Such supervision and regulation relate to numerous aspects of an insurance company’s business and financial condition. The primary purpose of such supervision and regulation is the protection of policyholders. The authority of the state insurance departments includes the establishment of standards of solvency that insurers must meet and maintain, the licensing of insurers and insurance agents to do business, the nature of, and limitations on, investments, premium rates for property and casualty insurance, the provisions that insurers must make for current losses and future liabilities, the deposit of securities for the benefit of policyholders, the approval of policy forms, notice requirements for the cancellation of policies and the approval of certain changes in control. State insurance departments also conduct periodic examinations of the affairs of insurance companies and require the filing of annual and other reports relating to the financial condition of insurance companies.

In addition to state-imposed insurance laws and regulations, the National Association of Insurance Commissioners, or the NAIC, maintains a risk-based capital system, or RBC, for assessing the adequacy of the statutory capital and surplus of insurance companies that augments the states’ current fixed dollar minimum capital requirements for insurance companies. At December 31, 2016, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual each exceeded by a substantial margin the minimum levels of statutory capital the RBC rules require.

Generally, every state has guaranty fund laws under which insurers licensed to do business in that state can be assessed on the basis of premiums written by the insurer in that state in order to fund policyholder liabilities of insolvent insurance companies. Under these laws in general, an insurer is subject to assessment, depending upon its market share of a given line of business, to assist in the payment of policyholder claims against insolvent insurers. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have made accruals for their portion of assessments related to such insolvencies based upon the most current information furnished by the guaranty associations.

We are part of an insurance holding company system of which Donegal Mutual is the ultimate controlling person. All of the states in which our insurance companies and Donegal Mutual maintain a domicile have legislation that regulates insurance holding company systems. Each insurance company in the insurance holding company system must register with the insurance supervisory agency of its state of domicile and furnish information concerning the operations of companies within the insurance holding company system that may materially affect the operations, management or financial condition of the insurers within the system. Pursuant to these laws, the respective insurance departments in which our subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual maintain a domicile may examine our insurance subsidiaries or Donegal Mutual at any time, require disclosure of material transactions by the holding company with another member of the insurance holding company system and require prior notice or prior approval of certain transactions, such as “extraordinary dividends” from the insurance subsidiaries to the holding company. We have insurance subsidiaries domiciled in Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Wisconsin.

The Pennsylvania Insurance Holding Companies Act, which generally applies to Donegal Mutual, us and our insurance subsidiaries, requires that all transactions within an insurance holding company system to which an insurer is a party must be fair and reasonable and that any charges or fees for services performed must be reasonable. Any management agreement, service agreement, cost sharing arrangement and material reinsurance agreement must be filed with the Pennsylvania Insurance Department, or the Department, and is subject to the Department’s review. We have filed with the Department the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States that established the underwriting pool and all material agreements between Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries.

Approval of the applicable insurance commissioner is also required prior to consummation of transactions affecting the control of an insurer. In virtually all states, including the states where our insurance subsidiaries are domiciled, the acquisition of 10% or more of the outstanding capital stock of an insurer or its holding company or the intent to acquire such an interest creates a rebuttable presumption of a change in control. Pursuant to an order issued in April 2003, the Department approved Donegal Mutual’s ownership of up to 70% of our outstanding Class A common stock and Donegal Mutual’s ownership of up to 100% of our outstanding Class B common stock.

Our insurance subsidiaries have the legal obligation under state insurance laws to participate in involuntary insurance programs for automobile insurance, as well as other property and casualty insurance lines, in the states in which they conduct business. These programs include joint underwriting associations, assigned risk plans, fair access to insurance requirements plans, reinsurance facilities, windstorm plans and tornado plans. Legislation establishing these programs requires all companies that write lines covered by these programs to provide coverage, either directly or through reinsurance, for insureds who are

unable to obtain insurance in the voluntary market. The legislation creating these programs usually allocates a pro rata portion of risks attributable to such insureds to each company on the basis of the direct premiums it has written in that state or the number of automobiles it insures in that state. Generally, state law requires participation in these programs as a condition to obtaining a certificate of authority. Our loss ratio on insurance we write under these involuntary programs has traditionally been significantly greater than our loss ratio on insurance we voluntarily write in those states.

Regulatory requirements, including RBC requirements, may impact our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to pay dividends. The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to satisfy regulatory requirements, including RBC requirements, was not significant in relation to our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2016. Generally, the maximum amount that one of our insurance subsidiaries may pay to us as ordinary dividends during any year after notice to, but without prior approval of, the insurance commissioner of its domiciliary state is limited to a stated percentage of that subsidiary’s statutory capital and surplus at December 31 of the preceding fiscal year or the net income of that subsidiary for its preceding fiscal year. Our insurance subsidiaries paid dividends to us of $13.0 million, $3.9 million and $11.5 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. At December 31, 2016, the amount of dividends our insurance subsidiaries could pay to us during 2017, without the prior approval of their respective domiciliary insurance commissioners, is shown in the following table.


Name of Insurance Subsidiary	Ordinary Dividend Amount
Atlantic States	$	22,790,738
Le Mars		2,554,380
MICO		4,986,371
Peninsula		1,639,137
Sheboygan		643,035
Southern		6,333,100

Total	$	38,946,761

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company

Donegal Mutual organized as a mutual fire insurance company in Pennsylvania in 1889. At December 31, 2016, Donegal Mutual had admitted assets of $469.0 million and policyholders’ surplus of $235.2 million. At December 31, 2016, Donegal Mutual had total liabilities of $233.9 million, including reserves for net losses and loss expenses of $61.8 million and unearned premiums of $53.6 million. Donegal Mutual’s investment portfolio of $273.1 million at December 31, 2016 consisted primarily of investment-grade bonds of $20.0 million, its investment in DFSC’s common stock and its investment in our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock. At December 31, 2016, Donegal Mutual owned 9,851,025 shares, or approximately 46%, of our Class A common stock, which Donegal Mutual carried on its books at $139.8 million, and 4,647,338 shares, or approximately 83%, of our Class B common stock, which Donegal Mutual carried on its books at $65.9 million. We present Donegal Mutual’s financial information in accordance with SAP as the NAIC Accounting Practices and Procedures Manual requires. Donegal Mutual does not, nor is it required to, prepare financial statements in accordance with GAAP.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

In 2000, we and Donegal Mutual formed DFSC as a unitary thrift holding company and its wholly owned subsidiary, Province Bank FSB, as a federal savings bank. In May 2011, DFSC merged with Union National Financial Corporation, or UNNF, with DFSC as the surviving company in the merger. Under the merger agreement, Province Bank FSB and Union National Community Bank, which UNNF owned, also merged to form UCB. UCB is a state savings bank with 15 banking offices, substantially all of which are located in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and approximately $536.2 million in assets at December 31, 2016.

Because Donegal Mutual and we together own all of the outstanding capital stock of DFSC, the Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System, or the FRB, regulates Donegal Mutual, DFSC and us as grandfathered savings and loan holding companies. As a result, Donegal Mutual, DFSC and we are subject to regulation by the FRB under the holding company provisions of the federal Home Owners’ Loan Act. However, if any of Donegal Mutual, DFSC or we were to lose this grandfathered status, they or we would become a bank holding company regulated by the FRB under the Bank Holding Company Act. UCB, as a state-chartered stock savings bank, is subject to regulation and supervision by the Pennsylvania

Department of Banking and by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. The primary purpose of the statutory and regulatory supervision of financial institutions is to protect depositors, the financial institutions and the financial system as a whole rather than the stockholders of financial institutions or their holding companies.

Sections 23A and 23B of the Federal Reserve Act impose quantitative and qualitative restrictions on transactions between a savings association and its “affiliates.” Affiliates of a savings association include, among other entities, the savings association’s holding company and non-banking companies under common control with the savings association such as Donegal Mutual and us and our respective subsidiaries. These restrictions on transactions with affiliates apply to transactions between DFSC and UCB, on the one hand, and Donegal Mutual and us and our insurance subsidiaries, on the other hand. These restrictions also apply to transactions among DFSC, UCB and Donegal Mutual. Because DFSC directly controls UCB and Donegal Mutual and we indirectly control UCB, DFSC, Donegal Mutual and we are subject to the Change in Bank Control Act.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Form 10-K Report and the documents we incorporate by reference in this Form 10-K Report contain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements include certain discussions relating to underwriting, premium and investment income volumes, business strategies, reserves, profitability and business relationships and our other business activities during 2016 and beyond. In some cases, you can identify forward-looking statements by terms such as “may,” “will,” “should,” “could,” “would,” “expect,” “plan,” “intend,” “anticipate,” “believe,” “estimate,” “objective,” “project,” “predict,” “potential,” “goal” and similar expressions. These forward-looking statements reflect our current views about future events and our current assumptions, and are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties that may cause our results, performance or achievements to differ materially from those we anticipate or imply by our forward-looking statements. We cannot control or predict many of the factors that could determine our future financial condition or results of operations. Such factors may include those we describe under “Risk Factors.” The forward-looking statements contained in this Form 10-K Report reflect our views and assumptions only as of the date of this Form 10-K Report. Except as required by law, we do not intend to update, and we assume no responsibility for updating, any forward-looking statements we have made. We qualify all of our forward-looking statements by these cautionary statements.

Item 1A.

Risk Factors.

Risk Factors

Risks Relating to Us and Our Business

Donegal Mutual is our controlling stockholder. Donegal Mutual and its directors and executive officers have potential conflicts of interest between the best interests of our stockholders and the best interests of the policyholders of Donegal Mutual.

Donegal Mutual controls the election of all of the members of our board of directors. Six of the eleven members of our board of directors are also directors of Donegal Mutual. Donegal Mutual and we share the same executive officers. These common directors and executive officers have a fiduciary duty to our stockholders and also have a fiduciary duty to the policyholders of Donegal Mutual. Among the potential conflicts of interest that could arise from these separate fiduciary duties are the following:

•

We and Donegal Mutual periodically review the percentage participation of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual in the underwriting pool that Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States have maintained since 1986;

•

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual annually review and then establish the terms of certain reinsurance agreements between our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. Our objective, over the long-term, is for these agreements to have approximately an equal balance between payments and recoveries;

•

We and Donegal Mutual periodically allocate certain shared expenses among ourselves and our insurance subsidiaries in accordance with various inter-company expense-sharing agreements; and

•

We and our insurance subsidiaries may enter into other transactions or contractual relationships with Donegal Mutual, including, for example, our purchases from time to time from Donegal Mutual of the surplus note of a mutual insurance company that will subsequently convert into a stock insurance company and ultimately become one of our wholly owned subsidiaries.

Donegal Mutual has sufficient voting power to determine the outcome of all matters submitted to our stockholders for approval.

Each share of our Class A common stock has one-tenth of a vote per share and generally votes as a single class with our Class B common stock. Each share of our Class B common stock has one vote per share and generally votes as a single class with our Class A common stock. Donegal Mutual has the right to vote approximately 73% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock and has sufficient voting control to:

•

elect all of the members of our board of directors, who determine our management and policies; and

•

control the outcome of any corporate transaction or other matter submitted to a vote of our stockholders for approval, including mergers or other acquisition proposals and the sale of all or substantially all of our assets, in each case regardless of how all of our stockholders other than Donegal Mutual vote their shares.

The interests of Donegal Mutual in maintaining this greater-than-majority voting control of us may have an adverse effect on the price of our Class A common stock and the price of our Class B common stock because of the absence of any potential “takeover” premium and may, therefore, be inconsistent with the interests of our stockholders other than Donegal Mutual.

Donegal Mutual’s majority voting control of us, certain provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and certain provisions of Delaware law make it remote that anyone could acquire actual control of us unless Donegal Mutual were in favor of another person’s acquisition of control of us.

Donegal Mutual’s majority voting control of us, certain anti-takeover provisions in our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and certain provisions of the Delaware General Corporation Law, or the DGCL, could delay or prevent the removal of members of our board of directors and could make a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us more expensive as well as unlikely to succeed, even if such events were in the best interests of our stockholders other than Donegal Mutual. These factors could also discourage a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. In particular, our certificate of incorporation and by-laws include the following anti-takeover provisions:

•

our board of directors is classified into three classes, so that our stockholders elect only one-third of the members of our board of directors each year;

•

our stockholders may remove our directors only for cause;

•

our stockholders may not take stockholder action except at an annual or special meeting of our stockholders;

•

the request of stockholders holding at least 20% of the combined voting power of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock is required for a stockholder to call a special meeting of our stockholders;

•

our by-laws require that stockholders provide advance notice to us to nominate candidates for election to our board of directors or to propose any other item of stockholder business at a stockholders’ meeting;

•

we do not permit cumulative voting rights in the election of our directors;

•

our certificate of incorporation does not provide for preemptive rights in connection with any issuance of securities by us; and

•

our board of directors may issue, without stockholder approval unless otherwise required by law, preferred stock with such terms as our board of directors may determine.

We have authorized preferred stock that we could issue without stockholder approval to make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us.

We have 2.0 million authorized shares of preferred stock that we could issue in one or more series without further stockholder approval, unless the DGCL or the rules of the NASDAQ Global Select Market otherwise require, and upon such terms and conditions, and having such rights, privileges and preferences, as our board of directors may determine. Our potential issuance of preferred stock may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us.

Because we are an insurance holding company, no person can acquire or seek to acquire a 10% or greater interest in us without first obtaining approval of the insurance commissioners of the states of domicile of each of our insurance subsidiaries.

We own insurance subsidiaries domiciled in the states of Iowa, Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Wisconsin, and Donegal Mutual controls an insurance company domiciled in Georgia. The insurance laws of each of these states provide that no person can acquire or seek to acquire a 10% or greater interest in us without first filing specified information with the insurance commissioners of those states and obtaining the prior approval of the proposed acquisition of a 10% or greater interest in us by each of the state insurance commissioners based on statutory standards designed to protect the safety and soundness of us and our insurance subsidiaries.

Because we are a grandfathered unitary savings and loan holding company, no person can acquire or seek to acquire more than a 10% interest in either class of our common stock without first obtaining approval of, or an exemption from, the FRB.

We own 48.2% of the outstanding stock of DFSC, which owns all of the outstanding stock of UCB. As a result of our ownership interest in DFSC, we are a grandfathered unitary savings and loan holding company regulated by the FRB under HOLA. No person may lawfully acquire more than 10% of any class of voting security of a unitary savings and loan holding company registered under the Exchange Act, as we are, without first filing specified information with the FRB and obtaining the FRB’s prior approval of the proposed acquisition or an exemption from the FRB for such acquisition.

Our insurance subsidiaries currently conduct business in a limited number of states, with a concentration of business in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland and Virginia. Any single catastrophe occurrence or other condition affecting losses in these states could adversely affect the results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

Our insurance subsidiaries conduct business in 21 states located primarily in the Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England and Southern states. A substantial portion of their business consists of private passenger and commercial automobile, homeowners and workers’ compensation insurance in Pennsylvania, Michigan, Maryland and Virginia. While our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual actively manage their respective exposure to catastrophes through their underwriting processes and the purchase of reinsurance, a single catastrophic occurrence, destructive weather pattern, general economic trend, terrorist attack, regulatory development or other condition affecting one or more of the states in which our insurance subsidiaries conduct substantial business could materially adversely affect their business, financial condition and results of operations. Common catastrophic events include hurricanes, earthquakes, tornadoes, wind and hail storms, fires, explosions and severe winter storms.

If the independent agents who market the products of our insurance subsidiaries do not maintain their current levels of premium writing with us, fail to comply with established underwriting guidelines of our insurance subsidiaries or otherwise inappropriately market the products of our insurance subsidiaries, the business, financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries could be adversely affected.

Our insurance subsidiaries market their insurance products solely through a network of approximately 2,400 independent insurance agencies. This agency distribution system is one of the most important components of the competitive profile of our insurance subsidiaries. As a result, our insurance subsidiaries depend to a material extent upon their independent agents, each of whom has the authority to bind one or more of our insurance subsidiaries to insurance coverage. To the extent that such independent agents’ marketing efforts fail to result in the maintenance of their current levels of volume and quality or they bind our insurance subsidiaries to unacceptable insurance risks, fail to comply with the established underwriting guidelines of our insurance subsidiaries or otherwise inappropriately market the products of our insurance subsidiaries, the business, financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries could suffer.

The business of our insurance subsidiaries may not continue to grow and may be materially adversely affected if our insurance subsidiaries cannot retain existing, and attract new, independent agents or if insurance consumers increase their use of insurance marketing systems other than independent agents.

Our insurance subsidiaries’ ability to retain existing, and to attract new, independent agents is essential to the continued growth of the business of our insurance subsidiaries. If independent agents find it easier to do business with the competitors of our insurance subsidiaries, our insurance subsidiaries could find it difficult to retain their existing business or to attract new

business. While our insurance subsidiaries believe they maintain good relationships with the independent agents they have appointed, our insurance subsidiaries cannot be certain that these independent agents will continue to sell the products of our insurance subsidiaries to the consumers these independent agents represent. Some of the factors that could adversely affect the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to retain existing, and attract new, independent agents include:

•

the significant competition among insurance companies to attract independent agents;

•

the labor-intensive and time-consuming process of selecting new independent agents;

•

the insistence of our insurance subsidiaries that independent agents adhere to consistent underwriting standards; and

•

the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay competitive and attractive commissions, bonuses and other incentives to independent agents.

While our insurance subsidiaries sell insurance to policyholders solely through their network of independent agencies, many competitors of our insurance subsidiaries sell insurance through a variety of delivery methods, including independent agencies, captive agencies, the Internet and direct sales. To the extent that current and potential policyholders change their marketing system preference, the business, financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries may be adversely affected.

We are dependent on dividends from our insurance subsidiaries for the payment of our operating expenses, our debt service and dividends to our stockholders; however, there are regulatory restrictions and business considerations that may limit the amount of dividends our insurance subsidiaries may pay to us.

As a holding company, we rely primarily on dividends from our insurance subsidiaries as a source of funds to meet our corporate obligations and to pay dividends to our stockholders. The amount of dividends our insurance subsidiaries can pay to us is subject to regulatory restrictions and depends on the amount of surplus our insurance subsidiaries maintain. From time to time, the NAIC and various state insurance regulators consider modifying the method of determining the amount of dividends that an insurance company may pay without prior regulatory approval. The maximum amount of ordinary dividends that our insurance subsidiaries can pay to us in 2017 without prior regulatory approval is approximately $38.9 million. Other business and regulatory considerations, such as the impact of dividends on surplus that could affect the ratings of our insurance subsidiaries, competitive conditions, RBC requirements, the investment results of our insurance subsidiaries and the amount of premiums that our insurance subsidiaries write could also adversely impact the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to us.

If A.M. Best downgrades the rating it has assigned to Donegal Mutual or any of our insurance subsidiaries, it would adversely affect their competitive position.

Industry ratings are a factor in establishing and maintaining the competitive position of insurance companies. A.M. Best, an industry-accepted source of insurance company financial strength ratings, rates Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. A.M. Best ratings provide an independent opinion of an insurance company’s financial health and its ability to meet its obligations to its policyholders. We believe that the financial strength rating of A.M. Best is material to the operations of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. Currently, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries each have an A (Excellent) rating from A.M. Best. If A.M. Best were to downgrade the rating of Donegal Mutual or any of our insurance subsidiaries, it would adversely affect the competitive position of Donegal Mutual or that insurance subsidiary and make it more difficult for it to market its products and retain its existing policyholders.

Our strategy to grow in part through acquisitions of smaller insurance companies exposes us to risks that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

The affiliation with, and acquisition of, smaller, and often undercapitalized, insurance companies involves risks that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition. The risks associated with these affiliations and acquisitions include:

•

the potential inadequacy of reserves for losses and loss expenses of the other insurer;

•

the need to supplement management of the other insurer with additional experienced personnel;

•

conditions imposed by regulatory agencies that make the realization of cost-savings through integration of the operations of the other insurer with our operations more difficult;

•

the need of the other insurer for additional capital that we did not anticipate at the time of the acquisition or affiliation; and

•

the use of more of our management’s time in improving the operations of the other insurer than we originally anticipated.

If we cannot obtain sufficient capital to fund the organic growth of our insurance subsidiaries and to make acquisitions, we may not be able to expand our business.

Our strategy is to expand our business through the organic growth of our insurance subsidiaries and through our strategic acquisitions of regional insurance companies. Our insurance subsidiaries will require additional capital in the future to support this strategy. If we cannot obtain sufficient capital on satisfactory terms and conditions, we may not be able to expand the business of our insurance subsidiaries or to make future acquisitions. Our ability to obtain additional financing will depend on a number of factors, many of which are beyond our control. For example, we may not be able to obtain additional debt or equity financing because we or our insurance subsidiaries may already have substantial debt at the time, because we or our insurance subsidiaries do not have sufficient cash flow to service or repay our existing or additional debt or because financial institutions are not making financing available. In addition, any equity capital we obtain in the future could be dilutive to our existing stockholders.

A number of the competitors of our insurance subsidiaries have greater financial strength than our insurance subsidiaries, and these competitors may be able to offer their products at lower prices than our insurance subsidiaries can afford to offer their products.

The property and casualty insurance industry is intensely competitive. Competition can be based on many factors, including:

•

the perceived financial strength of the insurer;

•

premium rates;

•

policy terms and conditions;

•

policyholder service;

•

reputation; and

•

experience.

Our insurance subsidiaries compete with many regional and national property and casualty insurance companies, including direct sellers of insurance products, insurers having their own agency organizations and other insurers represented by independent agents. Many of these insurers have greater capital than our insurance subsidiaries, have substantially greater financial, technical and operating resources and have equal or higher ratings from A.M. Best than our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, our competitors may become increasingly better capitalized in the future as the property and casualty insurance industry continues to consolidate.

The greater capitalization of many of the competitors of our insurance subsidiaries enables them to operate with lower profit margins and, therefore, allows them to market their products more aggressively, to take advantage more quickly of new marketing opportunities and to offer lower premium rates. Our insurance subsidiaries may not be able to maintain their current competitive position in the markets in which they operate if their competitors offer prices for their products that are lower than the prices our insurance subsidiaries are prepared to offer. Moreover, if these competitors lower the price of their products and our insurance subsidiaries meet their pricing, the profit margins and revenues of our insurance subsidiaries may decrease and their ratios of claims and expenses to premiums may increase. All of these factors could materially adversely affect the financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries and their A.M. Best ratings.

Because the investment portfolios of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of fixed-income securities, their investment income and the fair value of their investment portfolios could decrease as a result of a number of factors.

Our insurance subsidiaries invest the premiums they receive from their policyholders and maintain investment portfolios that consist primarily of fixed-income securities. The management of these investment portfolios is an important component of the profitability of our insurance subsidiaries. Our insurance subsidiaries derive a significant portion of their operating income from the income they receive on their invested assets. A number of factors may affect the quality and/or yield of their investment portfolios, including the general economic and business environment, government monetary policy, changes in the credit quality of the issuers of the fixed-income securities our insurance subsidiaries own, changes in market conditions and regulatory changes. The fixed-income securities our insurance subsidiaries own consist primarily of securities issued by domestic entities that are backed either by the credit or collateral of the underlying issuer. Factors such as an economic downturn, disruption in the credit market or the availability of credit, a regulatory change pertaining to a particular issuer’s industry, a significant deterioration in the cash flows of the issuer or a change in the issuer’s marketplace may adversely affect the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to collect principal and interest from the issuer in which they invest.

The investments of our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk resulting from interest rate fluctuations. Increasing interest rates or a widening in the spread between interest rates available on U.S. Treasury securities and corporate debt or asset-backed securities, for example, will typically have an adverse impact on the market values of fixed-rate securities. If interest rates remain at historically low levels, our insurance subsidiaries will generally have a lower overall rate of return on investments of cash their operations generate. In addition, in the event of the call or maturity of investments in a low interest rate environment, our insurance subsidiaries may not be able to reinvest the proceeds in securities with comparable interest rates. Changes in interest rates may reduce both the profitability and the return on the invested capital of our insurance subsidiaries.

We and our insurance subsidiaries depend on key personnel. The loss of any member of our executive management or the senior management of our insurance subsidiaries could negatively affect the continuation of our business strategies and achievement of our growth objectives.

The loss of, or failure to attract, key personnel could significantly impede our financial plans, growth, marketing and other objectives and those of our insurance subsidiaries. The continued success of our insurance subsidiaries depends to a substantial extent on the ability and experience of their senior management. Our insurance subsidiaries and we believe that our future success is dependent on our ability to attract and retain additional skilled and qualified personnel and to expand, train and manage our employees. We and Donegal Mutual have two to five-year automatically-renewing employment agreements with our senior officers, including all of our named executive officers.

The reinsurance agreements on which our insurance subsidiaries rely do not relieve our insurance subsidiaries from their primary liability to their policyholders, and our insurance subsidiaries face a risk of non-payment from their reinsurers as well as the non-availability of reinsurance in the future.

Our insurance subsidiaries rely on reinsurance agreements to limit their maximum net loss from large single catastrophic risks or excess of loss risks in areas where our insurance subsidiaries may have a concentration of policyholders. Reinsurance also enables our insurance subsidiaries to increase their capacity to write insurance because it has the effect of leveraging the surplus of our insurance subsidiaries. Although the reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries maintain provides that the reinsurer is liable to them for any reinsured losses, the reinsurance agreements do not generally relieve our insurance subsidiaries from their primary liability to their policyholders if the reinsurer fails to pay the reinsurance claims of our insurance subsidiaries. To the extent that a reinsurer is unable to pay losses for which it is liable to our insurance subsidiaries, our insurance subsidiaries remain liable for such losses. At December 31, 2016, our insurance subsidiaries had approximately $107.2 million of reinsurance receivables from third-party reinsurers relating to paid and unpaid losses. Any insolvency or inability of these reinsurers to make timely payments to our insurance subsidiaries under the terms of their reinsurance agreements would adversely affect the results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

Michigan law requires MICO to provide unlimited lifetime medical benefits under the personal injury protection, or PIP, coverage of the personal automobile and commercial automobile policies it writes in the State of Michigan. Michigan law also requires MICO to be a member of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association, or MCCA, in order to write automobile insurance. The MCCA receives funding through assessments that its members collect from policyholders in the state and provides reinsurance for PIP claims that exceed a set retention. At December 31, 2016, MICO had approximately $48.5 million of reinsurance receivables from MCCA relating to paid and unpaid losses. The MCCA has generated significant operating deficits in recent years. Although we currently consider the risk to be remote, should the MCCA be unable to fulfill its payment obligations to MICO in the future, MICO’s financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.

In addition, our insurance subsidiaries face a risk of the non-availability of reinsurance or an increase in reinsurance costs that could adversely affect their ability to write business or their results of operations. Market conditions beyond the control of our insurance subsidiaries, such as the amount of surplus in the reinsurance market and the frequency and severity of natural and man-made catastrophes, affect both the availability and the cost of the reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries purchase. If our insurance subsidiaries cannot maintain their current level of reinsurance or purchase new reinsurance protection in amounts that our insurance subsidiaries consider sufficient, our insurance subsidiaries would either have to accept an increase in their net risk retention or reduce their insurance writings, either of which could adversely affect them.

Our equity investment in DFSC subjects us to certain risks inherent to community banking organizations.

Our equity in the earnings of DFSC primarily reflects the underlying results of operations of UCB. UCB is subject to a number of risks, which include, but are not limited to, the following:

•

variations in interest rates that may negatively affect UCB’s financial performance;

•

inherent risks associated with UCB’s lending activities;

•

a significant decline in general economic conditions in the specific markets in which UCB operates;

•

the potential adverse impact of extensive federal and state regulation and supervision of banking organizations;

•

potential declines in the value of UCB’s investments that are considered other than temporary;

•

competition for loans and deposits with numerous regional and national banks and other financial institutions; and

•

UCB’s inability to attract and retain qualified key personnel.

The growth and profitability of our insurance subsidiaries depend, in part, on the effective maintenance and ongoing development of Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems.

Our insurance subsidiaries utilize Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems to conduct their insurance business, including policy quoting and issuance, claims processing, processing of incoming premium payments and other important functions. As a result, the ability of our insurance subsidiaries to grow their business and conduct profitable operations depends on Donegal Mutual’s ability to maintain its existing information technology systems and to develop new technology systems that will support the business of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries in a cost-efficient manner and provide information technology capabilities equivalent to those of our competitors. The allocation among our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual of the costs of developing and maintaining Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems may impact adversely our insurance subsidiaries’ expense ratio and underwriting profitability, and such costs may exceed Donegal Mutual’s and our expectations. In addition, while Donegal Mutual is committed to developing and maintaining information technology systems that will allow Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries to compete effectively, Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems may not deliver the benefits Donegal Mutual and we expect and may fail to keep pace with our competitors’ information technology systems. As a result, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries may not have the ability to grow their business and meet their profitability objectives.

Our insurance subsidiaries rely on Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems, and the disruption or failure of these systems or the compromise of the security of those systems that results in the theft or misuse of confidential information could materially impact adversely the business of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries.

Our insurance subsidiaries’ business operations depend significantly upon the availability and successful operation of Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems in order to process new and renewal business, service their policies, process and settle claims and facilitate processing of premium payments. In addition, in the normal course of their operations, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries collect, utilize and maintain confidential information regarding individuals and businesses. While Donegal Mutual has established various security measures to protect its information technology systems and confidential data, unanticipated computer viruses, malware, power outages, unauthorized access or other cyberattacks could disrupt those systems or result in the misappropriation or loss of confidential data. Disruption in the availability of Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems could impact the ability of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries to underwrite and process their policies timely, process and settle claims promptly and provide expected levels of customer service to agents and policyholders.

While Donegal Mutual has identified threats to the security of its information technology systems, Donegal Mutual and we are unaware of any significant breach of the security measures Donegal Mutual maintains. A significant breach of the security of Donegal Mutual’s information technology systems that results in the misappropriation or misuse of confidential information could damage the business reputation of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries and could expose Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries to litigation. The financial impact to Donegal Mutual, us and our insurance subsidiaries of a significant breach could be material.

Risks Relating to the Property and Casualty Insurance Industry

Industry trends, such as increased litigation against the insurance industry and individual insurers, the willingness of courts to expand covered causes of loss, rising jury awards, escalating medical costs, increasing loss frequency due to distracted driving and other factors and increasing loss severity may contribute to increased costs and result in the deterioration of the reserves of our insurance subsidiaries.

Loss severity in the property and casualty insurance industry has increased in recent years, principally driven by larger court judgments and increasing medical and automobile repair costs. The industry has also experienced increases in the frequency of automobile losses due to distracted driving, increases in miles driven due to lower fuel costs and other factors. In addition, many classes of complainants have brought legal actions and proceedings that tend to increase the size of judgments. The propensity of policyholders and third-party claimants to litigate and the willingness of courts to expand causes of loss and the size of awards to eliminate exclusions and to increase coverage limits may make the loss reserves of our insurance subsidiaries inadequate for current and future losses.

Loss or significant restriction of the use of credit scoring in the pricing and underwriting of the personal lines insurance products by our insurance subsidiaries could adversely affect their future profitability.

Our insurance subsidiaries use credit scoring as a factor in making risk selection and pricing decisions for personal lines insurance products where allowed by state law. Recently, some consumer groups and regulators have questioned whether the use of credit scoring unfairly discriminates against people with low incomes, minority groups and the elderly. These consumer groups and regulators often call for the prohibition or restriction on the use of credit scoring in underwriting and pricing. Laws or regulations enacted in a number of states that significantly curtail the use of credit scoring in the underwriting process could reduce the future profitability of our insurance subsidiaries.

Changes in applicable insurance laws or regulations or changes in the way insurance regulators administer those laws or regulations could adversely affect the operating environment of our insurance subsidiaries and increase their exposure to loss or put them at a competitive disadvantage.

Property and casualty insurers are subject to extensive supervision in their domiciliary states and in the states in which they do business. This regulatory oversight includes matters relating to:

•

licensing and examination;

•

approval of premium rates;

•

market conduct;

•

policy forms;

•

limitations on the nature and amount of certain investments;

•

claims practices;

•

mandated participation in involuntary markets and guaranty funds;

•

reserve adequacy;

•

insurer solvency;

•

transactions between affiliates;

•

the amount of dividends that insurers may pay; and

•

restrictions on underwriting standards.

Such regulation and supervision are primarily for the benefit and protection of policyholders rather than stockholders. For instance, our insurance subsidiaries are subject to involuntary participation in specified markets in various states in which they operate and the premium rates our insurance subsidiaries may charge do not always correspond with the underlying costs of providing that coverage.

The NAIC and state insurance regulators are re-examining existing laws and regulations, specifically focusing on:

•

insurance company investments;

•

issues relating to the solvency of insurance companies;

•

risk-based capital guidelines;

•

restrictions on the terms and conditions included in insurance policies;

•

certain methods of accounting;

•

reserves for unearned premiums, losses and other purposes;

•

the values at which insurance companies may carry investment securities and the definition of other-than-temporary impairment of investment securities; and

•

interpretations of existing laws and the development of new laws.

Changes in state laws and regulations, as well as changes in the way state regulators view related-party transactions in particular, could change the operating environment of our insurance subsidiaries and have an adverse effect on their business. The state insurance regulatory framework has recently come under increased federal scrutiny. Congress is considering proposals that it should create an optional federal charter for insurers. Federal chartering has the potential to create an uneven playing field for insurers by subjecting federally-chartered and state-chartered insurers to different regulatory requirements. Federal chartering also raises the possibility of duplicative or conflicting federal and state requirements. In addition, if federal legislation repeals the partial exemption for the insurance industry from federal antitrust laws, our ability to collect and share loss cost data with the industry could adversely affect the results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

Insurance companies are subject to assessments, based on their market share in a given line of business, to assist in the payment of unpaid claims and related costs of insolvent insurance companies. Such assessments could adversely affect the financial condition of our insurance subsidiaries.

Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to assessments pursuant to the guaranty fund laws of the various states in which they conduct business. Generally, under these laws, our insurance subsidiaries can be assessed, depending upon the market share of our insurance subsidiaries in a given line of insurance business, to assist in the payment of unpaid claims and related costs of insolvent insurance companies in those states. We cannot predict the number and magnitude of future insurance company failures in the states in which our insurance subsidiaries conduct business, but future assessments could adversely affect the business, financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

Our insurance subsidiaries must establish premium rates and loss and loss expense reserves from forecasts of the ultimate costs they expect will arise from risks underwritten during the policy period, and the profitability of our insurance subsidiaries could be adversely affected if their premium rates or reserves are insufficient to satisfy their ultimate costs.

One of the distinguishing features of the property and casualty insurance industry is that it prices its products before it knows its costs, since insurers generally establish their premium rates before they know the amount of losses they will incur. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries establish premium rates from forecasts of the ultimate costs they expect to arise from risks they have underwritten during the policy period. These premium rates may not be sufficient to cover the ultimate losses

our insurance subsidiaries incur. Further, our insurance subsidiaries must establish reserves for losses and loss expenses as balance sheet liabilities based upon estimates involving actuarial and statistical projections at a given time of what our insurance subsidiaries expect their ultimate liability to be. Significant periods of time often elapse between the occurrence of an insured loss and the reporting of the loss and the payment of that loss. It is possible that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability could exceed these estimates because of the future development of known losses, the existence of losses that have occurred but are currently unreported and larger than historical settlements of pending and unreported claims. The process of estimating reserves is inherently judgmental and can be influenced by a number of factors, including the following:

•

trends in claim frequency and severity;

•

changes in operations;

•

emerging economic and social trends;

•

inflation; and

•

changes in the regulatory and litigation environments.

If our insurance subsidiaries have insufficient premium rates or reserves, insurance regulatory authorities may require increases to these reserves. An increase in reserves results in an increase in losses and a reduction in net income for the period in which our insurance subsidiaries recognize a deficiency in reserves. Accordingly, an increase in reserves may adversely impact the business, liquidity, financial condition and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

The financial results of our insurance subsidiaries depend primarily on their ability to underwrite risks effectively and to charge adequate rates to policyholders.

The financial condition, cash flows and results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries depend on their ability to underwrite and set rates accurately for a full spectrum of risks across a number of lines of insurance. Rate adequacy is necessary to generate sufficient premium to pay losses, loss adjustment expenses and underwriting expenses and to realize a profit.

The ability to underwrite and set rates effectively is subject to a number of risks and uncertainties, including:

•

the availability of sufficient, reliable data;

•

the ability to conduct a complete and accurate analysis of available data;

•

the ability to recognize in a timely manner changes in trends and to project both the severity and frequency of losses with reasonable accuracy;

•

uncertainties generally inherent in estimates and assumptions;

•

the ability to project changes in certain operating expense levels with reasonable certainty;

•

the development, selection and application of appropriate rating formulae or other pricing methodologies;

•

the use of modeling tools to assist with correctly and consistently achieving the intended results in underwriting and pricing;

•

the ability to innovate with new pricing strategies and the success of those innovations on implementation;

•

the ability to secure regulatory approval of premium rates on an adequate and timely basis;

•

the ability to predict policyholder retention accurately;

•

unanticipated court decisions, legislation or regulatory action;

•

unanticipated changes in our claim settlement practices;

•

changes in driving patterns for auto exposures;

•

changes in weather patterns for property exposures;

•

changes in the medical sector of the economy;

•

unanticipated changes in auto repair costs, auto parts prices and used car prices;

•

the impact of emerging technologies on pricing, insurance coverages and loss costs;

•

the impact of inflation and other factors on the cost of construction materials and labor;

•

the ability to monitor property concentration in catastrophe-prone areas, such as hurricane, earthquake and wind/hail regions; and

•

the general state of the economy in the states in which our insurance subsidiaries operate.

Such risks may result in the premium rates of our insurance subsidiaries being based on inadequate or inaccurate data or inappropriate assumptions or methodologies and may cause our estimates of future changes in the frequency or severity of claims to be incorrect. As a result, our insurance subsidiaries could underprice risks, which would negatively affect our margins, or our insurance subsidiaries could overprice risks, which could reduce their volume and competitiveness. In either event, underpricing or overpricing risks could adversely impact our operating results, financial condition and cash flows.

The cyclical nature of the property and casualty insurance industry may reduce the revenues and profit margins of our insurance subsidiaries.

The property and casualty insurance industry is highly cyclical with respect to both individual lines of business and the overall insurance industry. Premium rate levels relate to the availability of insurance coverage, which varies according to the level of surplus available in the insurance industry. The level of surplus in the industry varies with returns on invested capital and regulatory barriers to withdrawal of surplus. Increases in surplus may result in increased price competition among property and casualty insurers. If our insurance subsidiaries find it necessary to reduce premiums or limit premium increases due to these competitive pressures on pricing, our insurance subsidiaries may experience a reduction in their profit margins and revenues, an increase in their ratios of losses and expenses to premiums and, therefore, lower profitability.

Risks Relating to Our Common Stock

The price of our common stock may be adversely affected by its low trading volume.

Our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock have limited liquidity. Reported average daily trading volume for our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock for the year ended December 31, 2016 was approximately 32,975 shares and approximately 556 shares, respectively. This limited liquidity could subject our shares of Class A common stock and our shares of Class B common stock to greater price volatility.

Donegal Mutual’s majority voting control of our stock, anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws and certain state laws make it unlikely anyone could acquire control of us unless Donegal Mutual were in favor of the acquisition of control.

Donegal Mutual’s ownership of our Class A common stock and Class B common stock, certain anti-takeover provisions of our certificate of incorporation and by-laws, certain provisions of Delaware law and the insurance laws and regulations of Iowa, Georgia, Maryland, Michigan, Pennsylvania, Virginia and Wisconsin could delay or prevent the removal of members of our board of directors and could make it more difficult for a merger, tender offer or proxy contest involving us to succeed, even if our stockholders other than Donegal Mutual believed any of such events would be beneficial to them. These factors could also discourage a third party from attempting to acquire control of us. The classification of our board of directors could also have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in our control.

In addition, we have 2,000,000 authorized shares of preferred stock that we could issue in one or more series without stockholder approval, to the extent applicable law permits, and upon such terms and conditions, and having such rights, privileges and preferences, as our board of directors may determine. Our ability to issue preferred stock could make it difficult for a third party to acquire us. We have no current plans to issue any preferred stock.

Moreover, the DGCL contains provisions that prohibit certain business combination transactions under certain circumstances. In addition, state insurance laws and regulations generally prohibit any person from acquiring, or seeking to acquire, a 10% or greater interest in an insurance company without the prior approval of the state insurance commissioner of the state of domicile of the insurer. Because of our indirect control of UCB, HOLA also prohibits the acquisition of a 10% or greater interest in either our Class A common stock or our Class B common stock without the prior approval of the FRB or the granting of an exemption by the FRB.

Item 1B.

Unresolved Staff Comments.

We have no unresolved written comments from the Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) staff regarding our filings under the Exchange Act.

Item 2.

Properties.

We and our insurance subsidiaries share administrative headquarters with Donegal Mutual in a building in Marietta, Pennsylvania that Donegal Mutual owns. Donegal Mutual charges us and our insurance subsidiaries for an appropriate portion of the building expenses under an inter-company allocation agreement. The Marietta headquarters has approximately 235,000 square feet of office space. Southern owns a facility of approximately 10,000 square feet in Glen Allen, Virginia. Le Mars owns a facility of approximately 25,500 square feet in Le Mars, Iowa, Peninsula owns a facility of approximately 14,600 square feet in Salisbury, Maryland and Sheboygan owns a facility of approximately 8,800 square feet in Sheboygan Falls, Wisconsin.

Item 3.

Legal Proceedings.

Our insurance subsidiaries are parties to routine litigation that arises in the ordinary course of their insurance business. We believe that the resolution of these lawsuits will not have a material adverse effect on the financial condition or results of operations of our insurance subsidiaries.

Item 4.

Mine Safety Disclosures.

Not applicable.

Executive Officers of the Registrant

The following table sets forth information regarding the executive officers of Donegal Mutual and the Registrant as of December 31, 2016, each of whom has served with us for more than 10 years:


Name	Age		Position
Kevin G. Burke		51	President and Chief Executive Officer of us since 2015; Executive Vice President and Chief Operating Officer of Donegal Mutual since 2014; Senior Vice President of Human Resources of Donegal Mutual and us from 2005 to 2014; Vice President of Human Resources of Donegal Mutual and us from 2001 to 2005; other positions from 2000 to 2001.

Cyril J. Greenya		72	Senior Vice President and Chief Underwriting Officer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2005; Senior Vice President, Underwriting, of Donegal Mutual from 1997 to 2005; other positions from 1986 to 1997.

Jeffrey D. Miller		52	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2014; Senior Vice President and Chief Financial Officer of Donegal Mutual and us from 2005 to 2014; Vice President and Controller of Donegal Mutual and us from 2000 to 2005; other positions from 1995 to 2000.

Donald H. Nikolaus		74	President and Chief Executive Officer of Donegal Mutual since 1981; President and Chief Executive Officer of us from 1986 to 2015. Chairman of our board of directors since April 2012.

Sanjay Pandey		50	Senior Vice President and Chief Information Officer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2013; Vice President and Chief Information Officer of Donegal Mutual and us from 2009 to 2013; other positions from 2000 to 2009.

Robert G. Shenk		63	Senior Vice President, Claims, of Donegal Mutual and us since 1997; other positions from 1986 to 1997.

Daniel J. Wagner		56	Senior Vice President and Treasurer of Donegal Mutual and us since 2005; Vice President and Treasurer of Donegal Mutual and us from 2000 to 2005; other positions from 1993 to 2000.

PART II

Item 5.

Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities.

Our Class A common stock and Class B common stock trade on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbols “DGICA” and “DGICB,” respectively. The following table shows the dividends declared per share and the stock price range for both classes of stock for each quarter during 2016 and 2015:


Quarter	High		Low		Cash Dividend Declared Per Share
2016 - Class A
1st	$	15.00	$	12.69	$	—
2nd		16.50		13.30		0.1375
3rd		16.85		15.48		0.1375
4th		18.55		14.49		0.2750
2016 - Class B
1st	$	16.15	$	13.51	$	—
2nd		15.99		12.56		0.1200
3rd		22.88		14.88		0.1200
4th		20.55		15.30		0.2400
2015 - Class A
1st	$	16.47	$	14.53	$	—
2nd		15.99		14.29		0.1350
3rd		15.48		13.45		0.1350
4th		14.87		13.05		0.2700
2015 - Class B
1st	$	27.00	$	18.95	$	—
2nd		20.95		18.00		0.1175
3rd		21.60		18.54		0.1175
4th		18.72		16.00		0.2350

At the close of business on March 3, 2017, we had approximately 1,887 holders of record of our Class A common stock and approximately 301 holders of record of our Class B common stock.

We declared dividends of $0.55 per share on our Class A common stock and $0.48 per share on our Class B common stock in 2016, compared to $0.54 per share on our Class A common stock and $0.47 per share on our Class B common stock in 2015.

Stock Performance Chart.

The following graph provides an indicator of cumulative total stockholder returns on our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock for the period beginning on December 31, 2011 and ending on December 31, 2016, compared to the Russell 2000 Index and a peer group comprised of seven property and casualty insurance companies over the same period. The peer group consists of Cincinnati Financial Corp., EMC Insurance Group Inc., Hanover Insurance, Horace Mann Educators, Selective Insurance Group Inc., State Auto Financial Corp. and United Fire and Casualty Co. The graph shows the change in value of an initial $100 investment on December 31, 2011, assuming reinvestment of all dividends.

LOGO


	2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
Donegal Group Inc. Class A	$	100.00	$	102.69	$	120.43	$	125.28	$	114.36	$	147.16
Donegal Group Inc. Class B		100.00		112.30		150.66		139.64		109.83		108.99
Russell 2000 Index		100.00		114.63		157.05		162.59		153.31		183.17
Peer Group		100.00		126.71		181.18		194.18		226.12		289.48

Value Line Publishing LLC prepared the foregoing performance graph and data. The performance graph and accompanying data shall not be deemed “filed” as part of this Form 10-K Report for purposes of Section 18 of the Exchange Act or otherwise subject to the liabilities of that section and should not be deemed incorporated by reference into any other filing we make under the Securities Act of 1933 or the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, except to the extent we specifically incorporate the performance graph and accompanying data by reference into such filing.

Item 6.

Selected Financial Data.


Year Ended December 31,	2016		2015		2014		2013		2012
Income Statement Data
Premiums earned	$	656,204,797	$	605,640,728	$	556,497,535	$	515,291,944	$	475,002,222
Investment income, net		22,632,730		20,949,698		18,344,382		18,795,239		20,168,919
Realized investment gains		2,525,575		1,934,424		3,134,081		2,423,442		6,859,439
Total revenues		688,423,020		636,387,263		586,547,742		547,110,065		514,982,585
Income before income taxes		41,328,407		27,592,268		16,282,817		32,710,265		27,858,260
Income taxes		10,527,270		6,602,235		1,743,799		6,388,273		4,765,640
Net income		30,801,137		20,990,033		14,539,018		26,321,992		23,092,620
Basic earnings per share - Class A		1.19		0.78		0.56		1.04		0.92
Diluted earnings per share - Class A		1.16		0.77		0.55		1.02		0.91
Cash dividends per share - Class A		0.55		0.54		0.53		0.51		0.49
Basic earnings per share - Class B		1.06		0.69		0.49		0.94		0.83
Diluted earnings per share - Class B		1.06		0.69		0.49		0.94		0.83
Cash dividends per share - Class B		0.48		0.47		0.46		0.46		0.44

Balance Sheet Data at Year End
Total investments	$	945,519,655	$	900,822,274	$	832,941,077	$	791,808,307	$	806,429,032
Total assets		1,623,131,037		1,537,834,415		1,458,654,644		1,385,410,502		1,336,889,187
Debt obligations		74,000,000		86,000,000		58,500,000		63,000,000		72,465,000
Stockholders’ equity		438,615,320		408,388,568		416,134,643		396,877,111		400,034,094
Book value per share		16.21		15.66		15.40		15.02		15.63

Item 7.

Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (“Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. See “Business - History and Organizational Structure” for more information. Our insurance subsidiaries, Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”), Le Mars Insurance Company (“Le Mars”), The Peninsula Insurance Company and Peninsula Indemnity Company (collectively, “Peninsula”), Sheboygan Falls Insurance Company (“Sheboygan Falls”) and Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”) write personal and commercial lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwest, New England and Southern states. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies. We also own 48.2% of the outstanding stock of Donegal Financial Services Corporation (“DFSC”), a grandfathered unitary savings and loan holding company. Donegal Mutual owns the remaining 51.8% of the outstanding stock of DFSC.

Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States entered into a proportional reinsurance agreement, or pooling agreement, effective October 1, 1986. Under this pooling agreement, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States pool and then share proportionately substantially all of their respective premiums, losses and expenses. Atlantic States’ participation in the pool has been 80% since March 1, 2008. The operations of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual are interrelated due to the pooling agreement and other factors. While maintaining the separate corporate existence of each company, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products. See “Business - History and Organizational Structure” for more information regarding the pooling agreement and other transactions with our affiliates.

On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 additional shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of the SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during 2016. We purchased 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program during 2015. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through December 31, 2016.

On December 18, 2015, we and Donegal Mutual entered into a Stock Purchase and Standstill Agreement (the “Purchase Agreement”) with Gregory M. Shepard (“Mr. Shepard”). Under the terms of the Purchase Agreement, we purchased 2,000,000 shares of our Class A common stock from Mr. Shepard on December 22, 2015 for a price of $33.0 million, or $16.50 per share, representing a premium of approximately $5.8 million from the market price of our Class A common stock on the date of the Purchase Agreement. We reported this premium in excess of the market price as an expense in our consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income for 2015 that we include in this Form 10-K Report. We borrowed $33.0 million under our existing line of credit with M&T Bank to fund the purchase. The Purchase Agreement contains a number of typical “standstill” provisions pursuant to which Mr. Shepard and any affiliate of Mr. Shepard agree not to take a number of “control-seeking” actions with respect to us for a period of 25 years from the date of the Purchase Agreement.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

We combine our financial statements with those of our insurance subsidiaries and present them on a consolidated basis in accordance with GAAP.

Our insurance subsidiaries make estimates and assumptions that can have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to the reserves of our insurance subsidiaries for property and casualty insurance unpaid losses and loss expenses, valuation of investments and determination of other-than-temporary investment impairments and the policy acquisition costs of our insurance subsidiaries. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates we provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our results of operations for the period in which we make an adjustment.

Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses

Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances then known to the insurer. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends, expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding individual claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates of liability. We reflect any adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses in our consolidated results of operations in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries make the changes in estimates.

Our insurance subsidiaries maintain liabilities for the payment of losses and loss expenses with respect to both reported and unreported claims. Our insurance subsidiaries establish these liabilities for the purpose of covering the ultimate costs of settling all losses, including investigation and litigation costs. Our insurance subsidiaries base the amount of their liability for reported losses primarily upon a case-by-case evaluation of the type of risk involved, knowledge of the circumstances surrounding each claim and the insurance policy provisions relating to the type of loss the policyholder incurred. Our insurance subsidiaries determine the amount of their liability for unreported claims and loss expenses on the basis of historical information by line of insurance. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results. Our insurance subsidiaries closely monitor their liabilities and recompute them periodically using new information on reported claims and a variety of statistical techniques. Our insurance subsidiaries do not discount their liabilities for losses.

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced a decrease in claims frequency on workers’ compensation claims during the past several years while claims severity has gradually increased. These trend changes give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements on workers’ compensation claims. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include the cost of medical technologies and procedures and changes in the utilization of medical procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectability of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries attempt to make appropriate adjustments for such changes in their reserves. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded at December 31, 2016. For every 1% change in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate for loss and loss expense reserves, net of reinsurance recoverable, the effect on our pre-tax results of operations would be approximately $3.5 million.

The establishment of appropriate liabilities is an inherently uncertain process and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, since the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods and, in other periods, their estimates of future liabilities have exceeded their actual liabilities. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received since the prior reporting date. Our insurance subsidiaries recognized an increase in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $3.0 million, $7.2 million and $14.5 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy, key reserving assumptions or claims management personnel, and have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in these years. The 2016 development represented 0.9% of the December 31, 2015 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from higher-than-expected severity in the commercial multiple peril and commercial automobile liability lines of business in accident years prior to 2016.

Excluding the impact of weather events, our insurance subsidiaries have noted stable amounts in the number of claims incurred and a slight downward trend in the number of claims outstanding at period ends relative to their premium base in recent years across most of their lines of business. However, the amount of the average claim outstanding has increased gradually over the past several years as the United States property and casualty insurance industry has experienced increased litigation trends and economic conditions that have extended the estimated length of disabilities and contributed to increased medical loss costs. We have also experienced a general slowing of settlement rates in litigated claims. Our insurance subsidiaries could have to make further adjustments to their estimates in the future. However, on the basis of our insurance subsidiaries’ internal procedures, which analyze, among other things, their prior assumptions, their experience with similar cases and historical trends such as reserving patterns, loss payments, pending levels of unpaid claims and product mix, as well as court decisions, economic conditions and public attitudes, we believe that our insurance subsidiaries have made adequate provision for their liability for losses and loss expenses at December 31, 2016.

Atlantic States’ participation in the pool with Donegal Mutual exposes it to adverse loss development on the business of Donegal Mutual that the pool includes. However, pooled business represents the predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both companies, and Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States proportionately share any adverse risk development of the pooled business. The business in the pool is homogeneous and each company has a pro-rata share of the entire pool. Since substantially all of the business of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual is pooled and the results shared by each company according to its participation level under the terms of the pooling agreement, the intent of the underwriting pool is to produce a more uniform and stable underwriting result from year to year for each company than either would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the companies.

Our insurance subsidiaries’ liability for losses and loss expenses by major line of business at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consisted of the following:


	2016		2015
	(in thousands)
Commercial lines:
Automobile	$	58,615	$	53,938
Workers’ compensation		104,446		99,212
Commercial multi-peril		60,887		54,395
Other		3,868		3,119

Total commercial lines		227,816		210,664

Personal lines:
Automobile		100,498		93,923
Homeowners		17,286		15,816
Other		1,918		1,651

Total personal lines		119,702		111,390

Total commercial and personal lines		347,518		322,054
Plus reinsurance recoverable		259,147		256,151

Total liability for losses and loss expenses	$	606,665	$	578,205

We have evaluated the effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables we consider in establishing loss and loss expense reserves. We established the range of reasonably likely changes based on a review of changes in accident year development by line of business and applied it to our insurance subsidiaries’ loss reserves as a whole. The selected range does not necessarily indicate what could be the potential best or worst case or the most-likely scenario. The following table sets forth the effect on our insurance subsidiaries’ loss and loss expense reserves and our stockholders’ equity in the event of reasonably likely changes in the variables considered in establishing loss and loss expense reserves:


Change in Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance	Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at December 31, 2016	Percentage Change in Equity at December 31, 2016(1)	Adjusted Loss and Loss Expense Reserves Net of Reinsurance at December 31, 2015	Percentage Change in Equity at December 31, 2015(1)
(dollars in thousands)

-10.0%	$312,766	5.1%	$289,849	5.1%

-7.5	321,454	3.9	297,900	3.8

-5.0	330,142	2.6	305,951	2.6

-2.5	338,830	1.3	314,003	1.3

Base	347,518	—	322,054	—

2.5	356,206	-1.3	330,105	-1.3

5.0	364,894	-2.6	338,157	-2.6

7.5	373,582	3.9	346,208	-3.8

10.0	382,270	-5.1	354,259	-5.1

(1)	Net of income tax effect.

Our insurance subsidiaries base their reserves for unpaid losses and loss expenses on current trends in loss and loss expense development and reflect their best estimates for future amounts needed to pay losses and loss expenses with respect to incurred events currently known to them plus incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) claims. Our insurance subsidiaries develop their reserve estimates based on an assessment of known facts and circumstances, review of historical loss settlement patterns, estimates of trends in claims severity, frequency, legal and regulatory changes and other assumptions. Our insurance subsidiaries consistently apply actuarial loss reserving techniques and assumptions, which rely on historical information as adjusted to reflect current conditions, including consideration of recent case reserve activity. Our insurance subsidiaries use the most-likely number their actuaries determine. For the year ended December 31, 2016, the actuaries developed a range from a low of $318.6 million to a high of $379.0 million and with a most-likely number of $347.5 million. The actuaries’ range of estimates for commercial lines in 2016 was $208.9 million to $248.4 million, and the actuaries selected the most-likely number of $227.8 million. The actuaries’ range of estimates for personal lines in 2016 was $109.7 million to $130.6 million, and the actuaries selected the most-likely number of $119.7 million. For the year ended December 31, 2015, the actuaries developed a range from a low of $293.3 million to a high of $353.7 million and with a most-likely number of $322.1 million. The actuaries’ range of estimates for commercial lines in 2015 was $191.9 million to $231.3 million, and the actuaries selected the most-likely number of $210.7 million. The actuaries’ range of estimates for personal lines in 2015 was $101.4 million to $122.4 million, and the actuaries selected the most-likely number of $111.4 million.

Our insurance subsidiaries seek to enhance their underwriting results by carefully selecting the product lines they underwrite. For personal lines products, our insurance subsidiaries insure standard and preferred risks in private passenger automobile and homeowners lines. For commercial lines products, the commercial risks that our insurance subsidiaries primarily insure are business offices, wholesalers, service providers, contractors, artisans and light manufacturing operations. Our insurance subsidiaries have limited exposure to asbestos and other environmental liabilities. Our insurance subsidiaries write no medical malpractice liability risks. Through the consistent application of this disciplined underwriting philosophy, our insurance subsidiaries have avoided many of the “long-tail” issues other insurance companies have faced. We consider workers’ compensation to be a “long-tail” line of business, in that workers’ compensation claims tend to be settled over a longer time frame than those in the other lines of business of our insurance subsidiaries.

The following table presents 2016 and 2015 claim count and payment amount information for workers’ compensation. Workers’ compensation losses primarily consist of indemnity and medical costs for injured workers.


	For the Year Ended December 31,
(dollars in thousands)	2016		2015
Number of claims pending, beginning of period		2,694		2,682
Number of claims reported		6,343		6,136
Number of claims settled or dismissed		6,327		6,124
Number of claims pending, end of period		2,710		2,694

Losses paid	$	39,718	$	35,262
Loss expenses paid		9,326		8,782

Investments

We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and the recognition of other-than-temporary declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, when we consider a decline in the value of an individual investment to be other than temporary, we write down the investment to its fair value and reflect the amount of the write-down as a realized loss in our results of operations. We individually monitor all investments for other-than-temporary declines in value. Generally, we assume there has been an other-than-temporary decline in value if an individual equity security has depreciated in value by more than 20% of original cost and has been in such an unrealized loss position for more than six months. We held 13 equity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2016. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these equity securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary. With respect to a debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize an impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we consider the impairment to be other than temporary. We then recognize the amount of the impairment loss related to the credit loss in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, company or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. We held 247 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2016. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary. We did not recognize any impairment losses in 2016, 2015 or 2014.

We held fixed maturities and equity securities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2016 as follows:


	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	37,729,947	$	1,279,510	$	—	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		40,739,099		802,311		710,280		8,936
Corporate securities		80,181,238		2,127,451		4,706,945		472,044
Mortgage-backed securities		168,771,543		2,727,720		416,828		2,602
Equity securities		5,420,875		132,071		—		—

Totals	$	332,842,702	$	7,069,063	$	5,834,053	$	483,582

We held fixed maturities and equity securities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2015 as follows:


	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	10,168,014	$	50,819	$	—	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		19,437,469		483,022		—		—
Corporate securities		69,481,645		1,615,369		11,323,819		957,678
Mortgage-backed securities		105,299,953		875,658		7,538,257		168,806
Equity securities		9,245,342		772,848		—		—

Totals	$	213,632,423	$	3,797,716	$	18,862,076	$	1,126,484

We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that we could realize if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values or obtain market quotations for substantially all of our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per security. The pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to determine if the estimates we obtain are representative of fair values based upon their general knowledge of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against the expectations of our investment personnel with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security type and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain periodically to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. At December 31, 2016, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at December 31, 2016, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.

We had no sales or transfers from the held to maturity portfolio in 2016, 2015 or 2014.

Policy Acquisition Costs

We defer our insurance subsidiaries’ policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceded commissions, that vary with and relate directly to the production of business. We amortize these costs over the period in which our insurance subsidiaries earn the premiums on that business. The method our insurance subsidiaries follow in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss expenses and certain other costs we expect to incur as our insurance subsidiaries earn the premium.

Management Evaluation of Operating Results

Despite economic uncertainty, challenging insurance market conditions and unusually adverse weather conditions that affected our results in recent years, we believe that our focused business strategy, including our insurance subsidiaries’ disciplined underwriting practices, have positioned us well for 2017 and beyond.

The property and casualty insurance industry is highly cyclical, and individual lines of business experience their own cycles within the overall property and casualty insurance industry cycle. Premium rate levels relate to the availability of insurance coverage, which varies according to the level of surplus in the insurance industry and other factors. The level of

surplus in the industry varies with returns on capital and regulatory barriers to the withdrawal of surplus. Increases in surplus have generally been accompanied by increased price competition among property and casualty insurers. If our insurance subsidiaries were to find it necessary to reduce premiums or limit premium increases due to competitive pressures on pricing, our insurance subsidiaries could experience a reduction in profit margins and revenues, an increase in ratios of losses and expenses to premiums and, therefore, lower profitability. The cyclicality of the insurance market and its potential impact on our results is difficult to predict with any significant reliability. We evaluate the performance of our commercial lines and personal lines segments primarily based upon the underwriting results of our insurance subsidiaries as determined under statutory accounting practices (“SAP”), which our management uses to measure performance for the total business of our insurance subsidiaries.

We use the following financial data to monitor and evaluate our operating results:


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2016			2015			2014
Net premiums written:
Personal lines:
Automobile	$	229,789		$	214,610		$	204,174
Homeowners		122,811			119,541			113,576
Other		19,057			18,176			16,989

Total personal lines		371,657			352,327			334,739

Commercial lines:
Automobile		87,849			76,729			65,552
Workers’ compensation		108,349			98,079			88,739
Commercial multi-peril		104,728			94,219			83,413
Other		9,451			7,483			6,758

Total commercial lines		310,377			276,510			244,462

Total net premiums written	$	682,034		$	628,837		$	579,201

Components of GAAP combined ratio:
Loss ratio		64.5	%		65.8	%		69.8	%
Expense ratio		33.0			32.6			31.4
Dividend ratio		0.6			0.6			0.5

GAAP combined ratio		98.1	%		99.0	%		101.7	%

Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Personal lines	$	361,128		$	344,355		$	325,442
Commercial lines		295,077			261,286			231,056

GAAP premiums earned		656,205			605,641			556,498
Net investment income		22,633			20,950			18,344
Realized investment gains		2,526			1,934			3,134
Equity in earnings of DFSC		1,086			1,277			1,243
Other		5,973			6,585			7,329

Total revenues	$	688,423		$	636,387		$	586,548


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2016			2015			2014
Components of net income:
Underwriting income (loss):
Personal lines	$	(10,745	)	$	(6,414	)	$	(6,383	)
Commercial lines		18,284			9,259			(9,434	)

SAP underwriting income (loss)		7,539			2,845			(15,817	)
GAAP adjustments		4,642			3,344			6,312

GAAP underwriting income (loss)		12,181			6,189			(9,505	)
Net investment income		22,633			20,950			18,344
Realized investment gains		2,526			1,934			3,134
Equity in earnings of DFSC		1,086			1,277			1,243
Premium paid on purchase of treasury stock		—			(5,780	)		—
Other		2,902			3,022			3,067

Income before income tax		41,328			27,592			16,283
Income tax		(10,527	)		(6,602	)		(1,744	)

Net income	$	30,801		$	20,990		$	14,539

Statutory Combined Ratios

We evaluate our insurance operations by monitoring certain key measures of growth and profitability. In addition to using GAAP-based performance measurements, we also utilize certain non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are valuable in managing our business and for comparison to our peers. These non-GAAP measures are underwriting income (loss), statutory combined ratio and net premiums written. An insurance company’s statutory combined ratio is a standard measure of underwriting profitability. This ratio is the sum of the ratio of calendar-year incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned; the ratio of expenses incurred for commissions, premium taxes and underwriting expenses to premiums written and the ratio of dividends to policyholders to premiums earned. The statutory combined ratio does not reflect investment income, federal income taxes or other non-operating income or expense. A ratio of less than 100 percent generally indicates underwriting profitability. The statutory combined ratio differs from the GAAP combined ratio. In calculating the GAAP combined ratio, we do not deduct installment payment fees from incurred expenses, and we base the expense ratio on premiums earned instead of premiums written. The following table sets forth our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory combined ratios by major line of business for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Commercial lines:
Automobile		110.8	%		109.5	%		115.0	%
Workers’ compensation		83.8			87.6			91.1
Commercial multi-peril		87.7			90.8			102.9
Total commercial lines		90.7			92.8			99.8

Personal lines:
Automobile		106.7			104.3			102.8
Homeowners		95.5			97.6			97.8
Total personal lines		101.8			100.9			101.0
Total commercial and personal lines		96.8			97.4			100.5

Results of Operations

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2016 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015

Net Premiums Written

Our insurance subsidiaries’ 2016 net premiums written increased 8.5% to $682.0 million, compared to $628.8 million for 2015. We primarily attribute the increase to the impact of premium rate increases and an increase in the writing of commercial lines of insurance. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $33.9 million, or 12.2%, for 2016 compared to 2015. The increase was primarily attributable to premium rate increases and increased writings of new accounts in the commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation lines of business. Personal lines net premiums written increased $19.3 million, or 5.5%, for 2016 compared to 2015. The increase was primarily attributable to premium rate increases.

Net Premiums Earned

Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned increased to $656.2 million for 2016, an increase of $50.6 million, or 8.3%, over 2015, reflecting increases in net premiums written during 2015 and 2016. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Such terms are generally one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding twelve-month period compared to the same period one year earlier.

Investment Income

For 2016, our net investment income increased to $22.6 million, an increase of $1.7 million, or 8.0%, over 2015. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in average invested assets.

Installment Payment Fees

Our insurance subsidiaries’ installment fees decreased primarily as a result of their customers’ increased usage of payment plans that have lower installment payment fees during 2016.

Net Realized Investment Gains

Our net realized investment gains in 2016 and 2015 were $2.5 million and $1.9 million, respectively. The net realized investment gains in 2016 and 2015 resulted from normal turnover within our investment portfolio. We did not recognize any impairment losses during 2016 or 2015.

Equity in Earnings of DFSC

Our equity in the earnings of DFSC in 2016 and 2015 was $1.1 million and $1.3 million, respectively.

Losses and Loss Expenses

Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 64.5% in 2016, compared to 65.8% in 2015. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio decreased to 59.6% in 2016, compared to 62.3% in 2015. This decrease resulted primarily from the workers’ compensation loss ratio decreasing to 52.1% in 2016, compared to 56.7% in 2015, and the commercial multi-peril loss ratio decreasing to 54.4% in 2016, compared to 58.2% in 2015. The personal lines loss ratio was 68.5% in 2016 and 2015. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced unfavorable loss reserve development of approximately $3.0 million during 2016 in their reserves for prior accident years, improved from unfavorable loss reserve development of approximately $7.2 million during 2015. The change in loss reserve development patterns occurred primarily within our insurance subsidiaries’ private passenger automobile liability, workers’ compensation and homeowners lines of business.

Underwriting Expenses

Our insurance subsidiaries’ expense ratio, which is the ratio of policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned, was 33.0% in 2016, compared to 32.6% in 2015. We attribute the increase to higher underwriting-based incentives in 2016.

Combined Ratio

Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratio was 98.1% and 99.0% in 2016 and 2015, respectively. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of workers’ compensation policy dividends incurred to premiums earned. We attribute the decrease in our combined ratio primarily to the decrease in our loss ratio.

Interest Expense

Our interest expense in 2016 increased to $1.7 million, compared to $1.1 million in 2015. We attribute the increase to higher average borrowings during 2016 compared to 2015.

Income Taxes

Our income tax expense was $10.5 million in 2016, compared to $6.6 million in 2015. Our effective tax rate for 2016 was 25.5%, compared to 23.9% for 2015. The increase in our 2016 effective tax rate was primarily due to tax-exempt interest income representing a smaller proportion of income before income tax expense in 2016 compared to 2015.

Net Income and Earnings Per Share

Our net income in 2016 was $30.8 million, or $1.16 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $1.06 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $21.0 million, or $.77 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.69 per share of Class B common stock, in 2015. We had 21.5 million and 20.5 million Class A shares outstanding at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding for both periods. There are no outstanding securities that dilute our shares of Class B common stock.

Book Value Per Share and Return on Equity

Our stockholders’ equity increased by $30.2 million in 2016. Our book value per share increased to $16.21 at December 31, 2016, compared to $15.66 a year earlier. Our return on average equity was 7.3% for 2016, compared to 5.1% for 2015.

YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2015 COMPARED TO YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2014

Net Premiums Written

Our insurance subsidiaries’ 2015 net premiums written increased 8.6% to $628.8 million, compared to $579.2 million for 2014. We primarily attribute the increase to a reduction in MICO’s quota-share reinsurance, the impact of premium rate increases and an increase in the writing of commercial lines of insurance. Effective January 1, 2015, MICO terminated its external quota-share reinsurance with third-party reinsurers. Commercial lines net premiums written increased $32.0 million, or 13.1%, for 2015 compared to 2014. The increase included $11.9 million related to the reduction in the amount of premium MICO reinsured in 2015, with the remainder attributable to premium rate increases and increased writings of new accounts in the commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation lines of business. Personal lines net premiums written increased $17.6 million, or 5.3%, for 2015 compared to 2014. The increase included $7.7 million resulting from the reduction in the amount of premium MICO reinsured in 2015, with the remainder primarily attributable to premium rate increases.

Net Premiums Earned

Our insurance subsidiaries’ net premiums earned increased to $605.6 million for 2015, an increase of $49.1 million, or 8.8%, over 2014, reflecting increases in net premiums written during 2014 and 2015. Our insurance subsidiaries earn premiums and recognize them as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Such terms are generally one year or less in duration. Therefore, increases or decreases in net premiums earned generally reflect increases or decreases in net premiums written in the preceding twelve-month period compared to the same period one year earlier.

Investment Income

For 2015, our net investment income increased to $20.9 million, an increase of $2.6 million, or 14.2%, over 2014. We attribute the increase primarily to an increase in average invested assets and a decrease in our allocation of expenses to our investment function.

Installment Payment Fees

Our insurance subsidiaries’ installment fees decreased primarily as a result of their customers’ increased usage of payment plans that have lower installment payment fees during 2015.

Net Realized Investment Gains

Our net realized investment gains in 2015 and 2014 were $1.9 million and $3.1 million, respectively. The net realized investment gains in 2015 and 2014 resulted from normal turnover within our investment portfolio. We did not recognize any impairment losses during 2015 or 2014.

Equity in Earnings of DFSC

Our equity in the earnings of DFSC in 2015 and 2014 was $1.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively.

Losses and Loss Expenses

Our insurance subsidiaries’ loss ratio, which is the ratio of incurred losses and loss expenses to premiums earned, was 65.8% in 2015, compared to 69.8% in 2014. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines loss ratio decreased to 62.3% in 2015, compared to 72.0% in 2014. This decrease resulted primarily from the workers’ compensation loss ratio decreasing to 56.7% in 2015, compared to 64.7% in 2014, and the commercial multi-peril loss ratio decreasing to 58.2% in 2015, compared to 73.5% in 2014. The personal lines loss ratio was 68.5% in 2015, virtually unchanged from 68.2% in 2014. Our insurance subsidiaries experienced unfavorable loss reserve development of approximately $7.2 million during 2015 in their reserves for prior accident years, improved from unfavorable loss reserve development of approximately $14.5 million during 2014. The change in loss reserve development patterns occurred primarily within our insurance subsidiaries’ private passenger automobile liability, workers’ compensation and commercial automobile lines of business.

Underwriting Expenses

Our insurance subsidiaries’ expense ratio, which is the ratio of policy acquisition and other underwriting expenses to premiums earned, was 32.6% in 2015, compared to 31.4% in 2014. We attribute the increase to higher underwriting-based incentives in 2015.

Combined Ratio

Our insurance subsidiaries’ combined ratio was 99.0% and 101.7% in 2015 and 2014, respectively. The combined ratio represents the sum of the loss ratio, the expense ratio and the dividend ratio, which is the ratio of workers’ compensation policy dividends incurred to premiums earned. We attribute the decrease in our combined ratio primarily to the decrease in our loss ratio.

Interest Expense

Our interest expense in 2015 decreased to $1.1 million, compared to $1.5 million in 2014. The decrease was related to our utilization in 2015 of borrowings under Atlantic States’ line of credit with the FHLB of Pittsburgh to repay borrowings under our line of credit with M&T that carried a higher interest rate.

Income Taxes

Our income tax expense was $6.6 million in 2015, compared to $1.7 million in 2014. Our effective tax rate for 2015 was 23.9%, compared to 10.7% for 2014. The increase in our 2015 effective tax rate was primarily due to tax-exempt interest income representing a smaller proportion of income before income tax expense and non-deductible expenses we incurred in 2015 compared to 2014.

Net Income and Earnings Per Share

Our net income in 2015 was $21.0 million, or $.77 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.69 per share of Class B common stock, compared to $14.5 million, or $.55 per share of Class A common stock on a diluted basis and $.49 per share of Class B common stock, in 2014. We had 20.5 million and 21.4 million Class A shares outstanding at December 31, 2015 and 2014, respectively. We had 5.6 million Class B shares outstanding for both periods. There are no outstanding securities that dilute our shares of Class B common stock.

Book Value Per Share and Return on Equity

Our stockholders’ equity decreased by $7.7 million in 2015. We attribute the decrease primarily to our repurchase of 2.0 million shares of our Class A common stock in a private transaction in December 2015. Book value per share increased to $15.66 at December 31, 2015, compared to $15.40 a year earlier. Our return on average equity was 5.1% for 2015, compared to 3.6% for 2014.

Financial Condition

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Liquidity is a measure of an entity’s ability to secure enough cash to meet its contractual obligations and operating needs as they arise. Our major sources of funds from operations are the net cash flows generated from our insurance subsidiaries’ underwriting results, investment income and maturing investments.

We have historically generated sufficient net positive cash flow from our operations to fund our commitments and build our investment portfolio, thereby increasing future investment returns. The pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual historically has been cash flow positive because of the profitability of the underwriting pool. Because we settle the pool monthly, our cash flows are substantially similar to the cash flows that would result from the underwriting of direct business. We maintain a high degree of liquidity in our investment portfolio in the form of marketable fixed maturities, equity securities and short-term investments. We structure our fixed-maturity investment portfolio following a “laddering” approach so that projected cash flows from investment income and principal maturities are evenly distributed from a timing perspective. This laddering approach provides an additional measure of liquidity to meet our obligations and the obligations of our insurance subsidiaries should an unexpected variation occur in the future. Net cash flows provided by operating activities in 2016, 2015 and 2014 were $60.0 million, $68.2 million and $44.5 million, respectively.

In July 2016, we renewed our existing credit agreement with Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company (“M&T”) relating to a $60.0 million unsecured, revolving line of credit. The line of credit now expires in July 2019. We have the right to request a one-year extension of the credit agreement as of each anniversary date of the agreement. At December 31, 2016, we had $34.0 million in outstanding borrowings and had the ability to borrow an additional $26.0 million at interest rates equal to M&T’s current prime rate or the then-current LIBOR rate plus 2.25%. The interest rate on our outstanding borrowings is adjustable quarterly. At December 31, 2016, the interest rate on our outstanding borrowings was 3.02%. We pay a fee of 0.2% per annum on the loan commitment amount regardless of usage. The credit agreement requires our compliance with certain covenants. These covenants include minimum levels of our net worth, leverage ratio, statutory surplus and the A.M. Best ratings of our insurance subsidiaries. We complied with all requirements of the credit agreement during 2016.

MICO has an agreement with the FHLB of Indianapolis. Through its membership, MICO has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Indianapolis in exchange for cash advances. There were no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2016 or 2015.

Atlantic States is a member of the FHLB of Pittsburgh. Through its membership, Atlantic States has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances. During 2013, Atlantic States issued secured debt in the principal amount of $15.0 million to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances in the amount of $15.0 million. Atlantic States then loaned $15.0 million to us. We used the proceeds of our loan from Atlantic States to fund our prepayment of subordinated debentures. In July 2015, Atlantic States issued secured debt in the principal amount of $20.0 million to the FHLB of Pittsburgh in exchange for cash advances in the amount of $20.0 million. Atlantic States then loaned $20.0 million to us. We used the proceeds of our loan from Atlantic States to repay borrowings under our line of credit with M&T. The interest rate on the advances was .63% at December 31, 2016.

The following table shows expected payments for our significant contractual obligations at December 31, 2016:


(in thousands)	Total		Less than 1 year		1-3 years		4-5 years		After 5 years
Net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries	$	347,518	$	162,144	$	159,096	$	12,540	$	13,738
Subordinated debentures		5,000		—		—		—		5,000
Borrowings under lines of credit		69,000		35,000		34,000		—		—

Total contractual obligations	$	421,518	$	197,144	$	193,096	$	12,540	$	18,738

We estimated the timing of the amounts for the net liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses of our insurance subsidiaries based on historical experience and expectations of future payment patterns. We have shown the liability net of reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses to reflect expected future cash flows related to such liability. Assumed amounts from the underwriting pool with Donegal Mutual represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses, and ceded amounts to the underwriting pool represent a substantial portion of our insurance subsidiaries’ reinsurance recoverable on unpaid losses and loss expenses. We include cash settlements of Atlantic States’ assumed liability from the pool in our monthly settlements of pooled activity. In these monthly settlements, we net amounts ceded to and assumed from the pool. Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States do not anticipate any further changes in the pool participation levels in the foreseeable future. However, any such change would be prospective in nature and therefore would not impact the timing of expected payments for Atlantic States’ proportionate liability for pooled losses occurring in periods prior to the effective date of such change.

We estimated the timing of the amounts for the borrowings under our lines of credit based on their contractual maturities that we discuss in Note 9 - Borrowings. Our borrowings under our lines of credit carry interest rates that vary as discussed in Note 9 - Borrowings. Based upon the interest rates in effect at December 31, 2016, our annual interest cost associated with our borrowings under our lines of credit is approximately $1.4 million. For every 1% change in the interest rate associated with our borrowings under our lines of credit, the effect on our annual interest cost would be approximately $690,000.

The cash dividends we declared to our stockholders totaled $14.2 million, $14.5 million and $13.7 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. There are no regulatory restrictions on our payment of dividends to our stockholders, although there are restrictions under applicable state laws on the payment of dividends from our insurance subsidiaries to us. Our insurance subsidiaries are required by law to maintain certain minimum surplus on a statutory basis and are subject to regulations under which their payment of dividends from statutory surplus is restricted and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements. The amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, was not significant in relation to our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2016. Amounts available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of insurance regulatory authorities in 2017 are $22.8 million from Atlantic States, $6.3 million from Southern, $2.6 million from Le Mars, $1.6 million from Peninsula, $643,035 from Sheboygan and $5.0 million from MICO, or a total of approximately $38.9 million.

Investments

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, our investment portfolio of primarily investment-grade bonds, common stock, short-term investments and cash totaled $970.1 million and $929.0 million, respectively, representing 59.8% and 60.4%, respectively, of our total assets. See “Business - Investments” for more information.


	December 31,
	2016					2015
			Percent of					Percent of
(dollars in thousands)	Amount		Total			Amount		Total
Fixed maturities:
Total held to maturity	$	336,101		35.5	%	$	310,259		34.4	%
Total available for sale		515,075		54.5			501,393		55.7

Total fixed maturities		851,176		90.0			811,652		90.1
Equity securities		47,088		5.0			37,261		4.1
Investment in affiliate		37,885		4.0			38,477		4.3
Short-term investments		9,371		1.0			13,432		1.5

Total investments	$	945,520		100.0	%	$	900,822		100.0	%

The carrying value of our fixed maturity investments represented 90.0% and 90.1% of our total invested assets at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Our fixed maturity investments consisted of high-quality marketable bonds, of which 99.8% were rated at investment-grade levels at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

At December 31, 2016, the net unrealized gain on our available-for-sale fixed maturity investments, net of deferred taxes, amounted to $2.2 million, compared to $8.0 million at December 31, 2015.

At December 31, 2016, the net unrealized gain on our equity securities, net of deferred taxes, amounted to $3.0 million, compared to $972,264 at December 31, 2015.

Impact of Inflation

Our insurance subsidiaries establish their property and casualty insurance premium rates before they know the amount of losses and loss settlement expenses or the extent to which inflation may impact such expenses. Consequently, our insurance subsidiaries attempt, in establishing rates, to anticipate the potential future impact of inflation. Our insurance subsidiaries account for inflation in the reserving function through analysis of costs and trends and reviews of historical reserving results.

Impact of New Accounting Standards

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (the “FASB”) issued guidance that requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. While the guidance will replace most existing GAAP revenue recognition guidance, the scope of the guidance excludes insurance contracts. The new standard is effective on January 1, 2018. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or the cumulative effect transition method. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In August 2014, the FASB issued an ASU related to the disclosure of uncertainties about an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. The intent of this standard is to help reduce the diversity in the timing and content of footnote disclosures as those disclosures relate to an entity’s ability to continue as a going concern. The standard was effective for annual periods ending after December 15, 2016. If conditions or events raise substantial doubt that is not alleviated, an entity should disclose that there is substantial doubt about the entity’s ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the financial statements are issued (or available to be issued), along with the principal conditions or events that raise substantial doubt, management’s evaluation of the significance of those conditions or events in relation to the entity’s ability to meet its obligations and management’s plans that are intended to mitigate those conditions. The adoption of this new guidance had no impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In April 2015, the FASB issued updated guidance to clarify the required presentation of debt issuance costs. The updated guidance requires that debt issuance costs be presented in the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the recognized debt liability, consistent with the treatment of debt discounts. Amortization of debt issuance costs is to be reported as interest expense. The recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs are not affected by the updated guidance. The guidance was effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this new guidance had no impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2015, the FASB issued guidance that removes the requirement to categorize within the fair value hierarchy all investments for which fair value is measured using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The guidance also removes the requirement to make certain disclosures for all investments that are eligible to be measured at fair value using the net asset value per share practical expedient. The guidance instead limits disclosure to investments for which the entity has elected to measure fair value using that practical expedient. The guidance was effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim reporting periods within those annual reporting periods. The adoption of this new guidance had no impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In May 2015, the FASB issued guidance that requires entities to provide additional disclosures about their liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses to increase the transparency of significant estimates. The guidance also requires entities to disclose information about significant changes in methodologies and assumptions used to calculate the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses, including the reasons for the changes and the effects on the entities’ financial statements, and the timing, frequency and severity of claims. The guidance also requires entities to disclose a rollforward of the liability for unpaid claims and claim adjustment expenses for annual and interim reporting periods. The guidance was effective for annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015, and interim reporting periods within annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We have included the disclosures this guidance requires in the notes to our consolidated financial statements for the annual reporting period ended December 31, 2016. The adoption of this new guidance had no impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In January 2016, the FASB issued guidance that generally requires entities to measure equity investments at fair value and recognize changes in fair value in their results of operations. The guidance also simplifies the impairment assessment of equity investments without readily determinable fair values by requiring entities to perform a qualitative assessment to identify impairment. The FASB issued other disclosure and presentation improvements related to financial instruments within the guidance. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017. As a result of this guidance, we will reflect changes in the fair value of our equity investments in our results of operations beginning January 1, 2018.

In February 2016, the FASB issued guidance that requires lessees to recognize leases, including operating leases, on the lessee’s balance sheet, unless a lease is considered a short-term lease. The guidance also requires entities to make new judgments to identify leases. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018 and permits early adoption. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In March 2016, the FASB issued guidance that simplifies and improves several aspects of the accounting for share-based payment transactions, including the income tax consequences, classification of awards as either equity or liabilities and classification on the statement of cash flows. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2016. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In June 2016, the FASB issued guidance that amends previous guidance on the impairment of financial instruments by adding an impairment model that requires an entity to recognize expected credit losses as an allowance rather than impairments as credit losses are incurred. The intent of the new guidance is to reduce complexity and result in a more timely recognition of expected credit losses. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. We do not expect the adoption of this new guidance to have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

In August 2016, the FASB issued guidance that clarifies the presentation and classification of certain cash receipts and cash payments in the statement of cash flows. This guidance addresses eight specific cash flow matters with the objective of reducing the existing diversity in practice. The guidance is effective for annual and interim reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2017 and permits early adoption. The adoption of this new guidance did not have a significant impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Item 7A.

Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.

We are exposed to the impact of interest rate changes, to changes in fair values of investments and to credit risk.

In the normal course of business, we employ established policies and procedures to manage our exposure to changes in interest rates, fluctuations in the fair market value of our debt and equity securities and credit risk. We seek to mitigate these risks by various actions we describe below.

Interest Rate Risk

Our exposure to market risk for a change in interest rates is concentrated in our investment portfolio. We monitor this exposure through periodic reviews of our asset and liability positions. We regularly monitor estimates of cash flows and the impact of interest rate fluctuations relating to our investment portfolio. Generally, we do not hedge our exposure to interest rate risk because we have the capacity to, and do, hold fixed-maturity investments to maturity.

Principal cash flows and related weighted-average interest rates by stated maturity dates for the financial instruments we held at December 31, 2016 that are sensitive to interest rates are as follows:


(in thousands)	Principal Cash Flows		Weighted- Average Interest Rate
Fixed-maturity and short-term investments:
2017	$	52,986		3.62	%
2018		48,361		4.75
2019		39,758		3.23
2020		34,577		2.51
2021		34,997		3.50
Thereafter		640,940		3.35

Total	$	851,619

Fair value	$	869,093

Debt:
2017	$	35,000		0.63	%
2018		34,000		3.02
Thereafter		5,000		5.00

Total	$	74,000

Fair value	$	74,000

Actual cash flows from investments may differ from those depicted above as a result of calls and prepayments.

Equity Price Risk

Our portfolio of equity securities, which we carry on our consolidated balance sheets at estimated fair value, has exposure to price risk, which is the risk of potential loss in estimated fair value resulting from an adverse change in prices. Our objective is to mitigate this risk and to earn competitive relative returns by investing in a diverse portfolio of high-quality, liquid securities.

Credit Risk

Our objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay the debt. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our investment personnel. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security.

Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and liability insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies located throughout their operating areas. Our insurance subsidiaries bill the majority of this business directly to the insured, although our insurance subsidiaries bill a portion of their commercial business through their agents, to whom they extend credit in the normal course of business.

Because the pooling agreement does not relieve Atlantic States of primary liability as the originating insurer, Atlantic States is subject to a concentration of credit risk arising from the business Atlantic States cedes to Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries maintain reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of other major unaffiliated authorized reinsurers.

Through November 30, 2010, MICO and West Bend Mutual Insurance Company (“West Bend”) were parties to quota-share reinsurance agreements whereby MICO ceded 75% of its business to West Bend. MICO and West Bend terminated the reinsurance agreement in effect at November 30, 2010 on a run-off basis. West Bend’s obligations related to all past reinsurance agreements with MICO remain in effect for all policies with effective dates prior to December 1, 2010. West Bend and MICO entered into a trust agreement on December 1, 2010. Under the terms of the trust agreement, West Bend placed into trust, for the sole benefit of MICO, assets with a fair value equal to the amount of unearned premiums and unpaid losses and loss expenses, reduced by any net premium balances not yet paid by MICO, that West Bend had assumed pursuant to such reinsurance agreements at November 30, 2010. The amount of assets required to be held in trust adjusts monthly based upon the remaining net obligations of West Bend. West Bend may terminate the trust agreement on the earlier of December 1, 2020 or the date on which the obligations of West Bend are equal to or less than $5.0 million. As of December 31, 2016, West Bend’s net obligations under the reinsurance agreements were approximately $6.9 million, and the fair value of assets held in trust was approximately $8.9 million.

Item 8.

Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.


Consolidated Balance Sheets			57

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income			58

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity			59

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			60

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			61

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			100

Donegal Group Inc.

Consolidated Balance Sheets


	December 31,
	2016			2015
*Assets*
Investments
Fixed maturities
Held to maturity, at amortized cost (fair value $344,647,138 and $322,799,167 )	$	336,100,948		$	310,258,704
Available for sale, at fair value (amortized cost $511,629,644 and $489,010,066)		515,074,940			501,393,559
Equity securities, available for sale, at fair value (cost $42,431,695 and $35,765,030)		47,087,842			37,260,821
Investment in affiliate		37,884,918			38,476,708
Short-term investments, at cost, which approximates fair value		9,371,007			13,432,482

Total investments		945,519,655			900,822,274
Cash		24,587,214			28,139,144
Accrued investment income		6,295,513			5,991,197
Premiums receivable		159,389,667			141,267,411
Reinsurance receivable		263,028,008			259,728,113
Deferred policy acquisition costs		56,309,196			52,108,388
Deferred tax asset, net		19,043,413			19,443,807
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		124,255,495			113,522,505
Property and equipment, net		6,668,489			7,027,143
Federal income taxes recoverable		1,108,250			1,487,656
Due from affiliate		9,204,910			—
Goodwill		5,625,354			5,625,354
Other intangible assets		958,010			958,010
Other		1,137,863			1,713,413

Total assets	$	1,623,131,037		$	1,537,834,415

*Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity*
Liabilities
Losses and loss expenses	$	606,664,590		$	578,205,109
Unearned premiums		466,055,228			429,493,203
Accrued expenses		28,246,691			22,460,475
Reinsurance balances payable		4,369,528			3,480,406
Borrowings under lines of credit		69,000,000			81,000,000
Cash dividends declared to stockholders		3,622,821			3,511,881
Subordinated debentures		5,000,000			5,000,000
Accounts payable - securities		—			582,560
Due to affiliate		—			3,557,177
Other		1,556,859			2,155,036

Total liabilities		1,184,515,717			1,129,445,847

Stockholders’ Equity
Preferred stock, $.01 par value, authorized 2,000,000 shares; none issued		—			—
Class A common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 40,000,000 shares, issued 24,483,377 and 23,501,805 shares and outstanding 21,480,789 and 20,499,217 shares		244,834			235,018
Class B common stock, $.01 par value, authorized 10,000,000 shares, issued 5,649,240 shares and outstanding 5,576,775 shares		56,492			56,492
Additional paid-in capital		236,851,709			219,525,301
Accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income		(2,254,271	)		773,744
Retained earnings		244,942,913			229,024,370
Treasury stock, at cost		(41,226,357	)		(41,226,357	)

Total stockholders’ equity		438,615,320			408,388,568

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	1,623,131,037		$	1,537,834,415

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Group Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income


	Years Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
*Statements of Income*
Revenues
Net premiums earned (includes affiliated reinsurance of $184,656,732, $175,024,905 and $167,070,235 - see note 3)	$	656,204,797		$	605,640,728		$	556,497,535
Investment income, net of investment expenses		22,632,730			20,949,698			18,344,382
Installment payment fees		5,302,896			5,834,897			6,473,288
Lease income		670,865			750,287			855,546
Net realized investment gains (includes $2,525,575, $1,934,424 and $3,134,081 accumulated other comprehensive income reclassification)		2,525,575			1,934,424			3,134,081
Equity in earnings of DFSC		1,086,157			1,277,229			1,242,910

Total revenues		688,423,020			636,387,263			586,547,742

Expenses
Net losses and loss expenses (includes affiliated reinsurance of $102,124,332, $100,110,773 and $108,847,508 - see note 3)		423,315,903			398,366,874			388,401,182
Amortization of deferred policy acquisition costs		107,876,000			99,513,000			90,146,000
Other underwriting expenses		108,458,742			97,709,656			84,659,364
Policyholder dividends		4,373,377			3,862,606			2,795,515
Interest		1,657,647			1,111,441			1,516,983
Premium paid on purchase of treasury stock		—			5,780,000			—
Other		1,412,944			2,451,418			2,745,881

Total expenses		647,094,613			608,794,995			570,264,925

Income before income tax expense		41,328,407			27,592,268			16,282,817
Income tax expense (includes $883,951, $677,048 and $1,065,588 income tax expense from reclassification items)		10,527,270			6,602,235			1,743,799

Net income	$	30,801,137		$	20,990,033		$	14,539,018

Basic earnings per common share:
Class A common stock	$	1.19		$	0.78		$	0.56

Class B common stock	$	1.06		$	0.69		$	0.49

Diluted earnings per common share:
Class A common stock	$	1.16		$	0.77		$	0.55

Class B common stock	$	1.06		$	0.69		$	0.49

*Statements of Comprehensive Income*
Net income	$	30,801,137		$	20,990,033		$	14,539,018

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
Unrealized (loss) gain on securities:
Unrealized holding (loss) gain arising during the period, net of income tax (benefit) expense of ($746,518), ($1,788,852) and $5,193,522		(1,386,391	)		(3,322,149	)		9,734,652
Reclassification adjustment for gains included in net income, net of income tax of $883,951, $677,048 and $1,065,588		(1,641,624	)		(1,257,376	)		(2,068,493	)

Other comprehensive (loss) income		(3,028,015	)		(4,579,525	)		7,666,159

Comprehensive income	$	27,773,122		$	16,410,508		$	22,205,177

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Group Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity


	Common Stock								Additional		Accumulated Other									Total
	Class A Shares		Class B Shares		Class A Amount		Class B Amount		Paid-In Capital		Comprehensive (Loss) Income			Retained Earnings			Treasury Stock			Stockholders’ Equity
Balance, January 1, 2014		21,786,765		5,649,240	$	217,868	$	56,492	$	189,116,410	$	(2,312,890	)	$	222,888,887		$	(13,089,656	)	$	396,877,111

Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		127,711				1,277				1,839,394											1,840,671
Stock-based compensation		474,893				4,749				8,963,020											8,967,769
Net income															14,539,018						14,539,018
Cash dividends															(13,744,059	)					(13,744,059	)
Grant of stock options										429,959					(429,959	)					—
Purchase of treasury stock																		(12,026	)		(12,026	)
Other comprehensive income												7,666,159									7,666,159

Balance, December 31, 2014		22,389,369		5,649,240	$	223,894	$	56,492	$	200,348,783	$	5,353,269		$	223,253,887		$	(13,101,682	)	$	416,134,643

Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		129,066				1,290				1,836,067											1,837,357
Stock-based compensation		983,370				9,834				16,620,676											16,630,510
Net income															20,990,033						20,990,033
Cash dividends															(14,499,775	)					(14,499,775	)
Grant of stock options										719,775					(719,775	)					—
Purchase of treasury stock																		(28,124,675	)		(28,124,675	)
Other comprehensive loss												(4,579,525	)								(4,579,525	)

Balance, December 31, 2015		23,501,805		5,649,240	$	235,018	$	56,492	$	219,525,301	$	773,744		$	229,024,370		$	(41,226,357	)	$	408,388,568

Issuance of common stock (stock compensation plans)		149,105				1,491				2,118,471											2,119,962
Stock-based compensation		832,467				8,325				14,522,217											14,530,542
Net income															30,801,137						30,801,137
Cash dividends															(14,196,874	)					(14,196,874	)
Grant of stock options										685,720					(685,720	)					—
Other comprehensive loss												(3,028,015	)								(3,028,015	)

Balance, December 31, 2016		24,483,377		5,649,240	$	244,834	$	56,492	$	236,851,709	$	(2,254,271	)	$	244,942,913		$	(41,226,357	)	$	438,615,320

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Group Inc.

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows


	Years Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Cash Flows from Operating Activities:
Net income	$	30,801,137		$	20,990,033		$	14,539,018

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Depreciation, amortization and other non-cash items		6,587,282			6,740,346			3,523,692
Net realized investment gains		(2,525,575	)		(1,934,424	)		(3,134,081	)
Equity in earnings of DFSC		(1,086,157	)		(1,277,229	)		(1,242,910	)
Changes in Assets and Liabilities:
Losses and loss expenses		28,459,481			39,946,703			42,639,137
Unearned premiums		36,562,025			20,846,840			25,911,721
Accrued expenses		5,786,216			3,030,848			164,530
Premiums receivable		(18,122,256	)		(7,960,450	)		(9,402,332	)
Deferred policy acquisition costs		(4,200,808	)		(3,809,780	)		(4,671,098	)
Deferred income taxes		2,030,865			168,395			(963,679	)
Reinsurance receivable		(3,299,895	)		(6,092,223	)		(9,396,777	)
Accrued investment income		(304,316	)		(239,821	)		(327,845	)
Amounts due from affiliate		(12,762,087	)		1,147,830			239,122
Reinsurance balances payable		889,122			(4,360,766	)		(10,107,636	)
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		(10,732,990	)		2,349,278			(3,207,841	)
Current income taxes		379,406			(906,179	)		(160,525	)
Other, net		(22,628	)		(2,235,228	)		111,941
Dividends received from affiliate		1,591,300			1,783,700			—

Net adjustments		29,228,985			47,197,840			29,975,419

Net cash provided by operating activities		60,030,122			68,187,873			44,514,437

Cash Flows from Investing Activities:
Purchases of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity		(44,907,210	)		(31,310,026	)		(103,654,684	)
Available for sale		(161,873,868	)		(181,106,519	)		(89,585,027	)
Purchases of equity securities		(15,222,724	)		(14,759,861	)		(23,607,077	)
Sales of fixed maturities:
Available for sale		55,731,299			40,321,838			26,816,642
Maturity of fixed maturities:
Held to maturity		19,488,644			28,575,153			36,832,890
Available for sale		82,586,588			66,744,045			38,417,972
Sales of equity securities		9,201,657			8,761,474			8,337,461
Net purchases of property and equipment		(384,207	)		(151,536	)		(2,127,311	)
Net sales of short-term investments		4,061,475			6,861,166			79,384,147

Net cash used in investing activities		(51,318,346	)		(76,064,266	)		(29,184,987	)

Cash Flows from Financing Activities:
Issuance of common stock		13,822,228			15,516,870			10,700,637
Cash dividends paid		(14,085,934	)		(14,455,167	)		(13,575,968	)
Purchases of treasury stock		—			(28,124,675	)		(12,026	)
Payments on lines of credit		(12,000,000	)		(9,500,000	)		(7,500,000	)
Borrowings under lines of credit		—			37,000,000			3,000,000

Net cash (used in) provided by financing activities		(12,263,706	)		437,028			(7,387,357	)

Net (decrease) increase in cash		(3,551,930	)		(7,439,365	)		7,942,093
Cash at beginning of year		28,139,144			35,578,509			27,636,416

Cash at end of year	$	24,587,214		$	28,139,144		$	35,578,509

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Group Inc.

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1 - Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Organization and Business

Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (”Donegal Mutual”) organized us as an insurance holding company on August 26, 1986. Our insurance subsidiaries, Atlantic States Insurance Company (“Atlantic States”), Southern Insurance Company of Virginia (“Southern”), Le Mars Insurance Company (“Le Mars”), the Peninsula Insurance Group (“Peninsula”), which consists of Peninsula Indemnity Company and The Peninsula Insurance Company, Sheboygan Falls Insurance Company (“Sheboygan”) and Michigan Insurance Company (“MICO”), write personal and commercial lines of property and casualty coverages exclusively through a network of independent insurance agents in certain Mid-Atlantic, Midwestern, New England and Southern states. We also own 48.2% of the outstanding stock of Donegal Financial Services Corporation (“DFSC”), a grandfathered unitary savings and loan holding company that owns Union Community Bank (“UCB”), a state savings bank. UCB has 15 banking offices, substantially all of which are located in Lancaster County, Pennsylvania. Donegal Mutual owns the remaining 51.8% of the outstanding stock of DFSC.

We have four segments: our investment function, our personal lines of insurance, our commercial lines of insurance and our investment in DFSC. The personal lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of homeowners and private passenger automobile policies. The commercial lines products of our insurance subsidiaries consist primarily of commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation policies.

At December 31, 2016, Donegal Mutual held approximately 46% of our outstanding Class A common stock and approximately 83% of our outstanding Class B common stock. This ownership provides Donegal Mutual with approximately 73% of the total voting power of our common stock. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have interrelated operations due to a pooling agreement and other intercompany agreements and transactions. While each company maintains its separate corporate existence, our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual conduct business together as the Donegal Insurance Group. As such, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share the same business philosophy, the same management, the same employees and the same facilities and offer the same types of insurance products.

Atlantic States, our largest subsidiary, participates in a pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Under the pooling agreement, the two companies pool their insurance business and each company receives an allocated percentage of the pooled business. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pooled business, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pooled business.

The same executive management and underwriting personnel administer products, classes of business underwritten, pricing practices and underwriting standards of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries. In addition, as the Donegal Insurance Group, Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries share a combined business plan to achieve market penetration and underwriting profitability objectives. The products our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual market are generally complementary, thereby allowing the Donegal Insurance Group to offer a broader range of products to a given market and to expand the Donegal Insurance Group’s ability to service an entire personal lines or commercial lines account. Distinctions within the products of Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries generally relate to specific risk profiles targeted within similar classes of business, such as preferred tier versus standard tier products, but we do not allocate all of the standard risk gradients to one company. Therefore, the underwriting profitability of the business the individual companies write directly will vary. However, as the risk characteristics of all business Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States write directly are homogenized within the underwriting pool, Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States share the underwriting results in proportion to their respective participation in the pool. Pooled business represents the predominant percentage of the net underwriting activity of both Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States. We refer to Note 3 - Transactions with Affiliates for more information regarding the pooling agreement.

Basis of Consolidation

Our consolidated financial statements, which we have prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“GAAP”), include our accounts and those of our wholly owned subsidiaries. We have eliminated all significant inter-company accounts and transactions in consolidation. The terms “we,” “us,” “our” or the “Company” as we use them in the notes to our consolidated financial statements refer to the consolidated entity.

Use of Estimates

In preparing our consolidated financial statements, our management makes estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities at the date of the balance sheet and revenues and expenses for the period then ended. Actual results could differ significantly from those estimates.

We make estimates and assumptions that could have a significant effect on amounts and disclosures we report in our consolidated financial statements. The most significant estimates relate to our insurance subsidiaries’ reserves for property and casualty insurance unpaid losses and loss expenses, valuation of investments and determination of other-than-temporary impairment of investment securities and our insurance subsidiaries’ policy acquisition costs. While we believe our estimates and the estimates of our insurance subsidiaries are appropriate, the ultimate amounts may differ from the estimates provided. We regularly review our methods for making these estimates as well as the continuing appropriateness of the estimated amounts, and we reflect any adjustment we consider necessary in our current results of operations.

Reclassification

We have made certain reclassifications in our prior period financial statements to conform to the current year presentation.

Investments

We classify our debt and equity securities into the following categories:

Held to Maturity - Debt securities that we have the positive intent and ability to hold to maturity; reported at amortized cost.

Available for Sale - Debt and equity securities not classified as held to maturity; reported at fair value, with unrealized gains and losses excluded from income and reported as a separate component of stockholders’ equity (net of tax effects).

Short-term investments carried at amortized cost, which approximates fair value.

We make estimates concerning the valuation of our investments and the recognition of other-than-temporary declines in the value of our investments. For equity securities, we write down the investment to its fair value and we reflect the amount of the write-down as a realized loss in our results of operations when we consider the decline in value of an individual investment to be other than temporary. We individually monitor all of our investments for other-than-temporary declines in value. Generally, we assume there has been an other-than-temporary decline in value if an individual equity security has depreciated in value by more than 20% of original cost and has been in such an unrealized loss position for more than six months. With respect to a debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize an impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we consider the impairment to be other than temporary. We then recognize the amount of the impairment loss related to the credit loss in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, company or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades.

We amortize premiums and discounts on debt securities over the life of the security as an adjustment to yield using the effective interest method. We compute realized investment gains and losses using the specific identification method.

We amortize premiums and discounts for mortgage-backed debt securities using anticipated prepayments.

We account for our investment in affiliate using the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method, we record our investment at cost, with adjustments for our share of the affiliate’s earnings and losses as well as changes in the affiliate’s equity due to unrealized gains and losses.

Fair Values of Financial Instruments

We use the following methods and assumptions in estimating our fair value disclosures:

Investments - We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that we could realize if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values for our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per security. The pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to determine if the estimates we obtain are representative of fair values based upon the general knowledge of our investment personnel of the market, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and the pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security type and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain periodically to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security types are reasonable. We refer to Note 5 - Fair Value Measurements for more information regarding our methods and assumptions in estimating fair values.

Cash and Short-Term Investments - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments approximate their fair values.

Premiums and Reinsurance Receivables and Payables - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments related to premiums and paid losses and loss expenses approximate their fair values.

Subordinated Debentures - The carrying amounts we report in the balance sheet for these instruments approximate their fair values.

Revenue Recognition

Our insurance subsidiaries recognize insurance premiums as income over the terms of the policies they issue. Our insurance subsidiaries calculate unearned premiums on a daily pro-rata basis.

Policy Acquisition Costs

We defer our insurance subsidiaries’ policy acquisition costs, consisting primarily of commissions, premium taxes and certain other underwriting costs, reduced by ceding commissions, that vary with and relate directly to the production of business. We amortize these deferred policy acquisition costs over the period in which our insurance subsidiaries earn the premiums. The method we follow in computing deferred policy acquisition costs limits the amount of such deferred costs to their estimated realizable value, which gives effect to the premium to be earned, related investment income, losses and loss expenses and certain other costs we expect to incur as our insurance subsidiaries earn the premium. Estimates in the calculation of policy acquisition costs have not shown material variability because of uncertainties in applying accounting principles or as a result of sensitivities to changes in key assumptions.

Property and Equipment

We report property and equipment at depreciated cost that we compute using the straight-line method based upon estimated useful lives of the assets.

Losses and Loss Expenses

Liabilities for losses and loss expenses are estimates at a given point in time of the amounts an insurer expects to pay with respect to policyholder claims based on facts and circumstances then known to the insurer. At the time of establishing its estimates, an insurer recognizes that its ultimate liability for losses and loss expenses will exceed or be less than such estimates. Our insurance subsidiaries base their estimates of liabilities for losses and loss expenses on assumptions as to future loss trends and expected claims severity, judicial theories of liability and other factors. However, during the loss adjustment period, our insurance subsidiaries may learn additional facts regarding certain claims, and, consequently, it often becomes necessary for our insurance subsidiaries to refine and adjust their estimates of liability. We reflect any adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for losses and loss expenses in our operating results in the period in which our insurance subsidiaries record the changes in estimates.

Reserve estimates can change over time because of unexpected changes in assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment and, to a lesser extent, assumptions as to our insurance subsidiaries’ internal operations. For example, our insurance subsidiaries have experienced a decrease in claims frequency on workers’ compensation claims during the past several years while claims severity has gradually increased. These trend changes give rise to greater uncertainty as to the pattern of future loss settlements on workers’ compensation claims. Related uncertainties regarding future trends include the cost of medical technologies and procedures and changes in the utilization of medical procedures. Assumptions related to our insurance subsidiaries’ external environment include the absence of significant changes in tort law and the legal environment that increase liability exposure, consistency in judicial interpretations of insurance coverage and policy provisions and the rate of loss cost inflation. Internal assumptions include consistency in the recording of premium and loss statistics, consistency in the recording of claims, payment and case reserving methodology, accurate measurement of the impact of rate changes and changes in policy provisions, consistency in the quality and characteristics of business written within a given line of business and consistency in reinsurance coverage and collectibility of reinsured losses, among other items. To the extent our insurance subsidiaries determine that underlying factors impacting their assumptions have changed, our insurance subsidiaries attempt to make appropriate adjustments for such changes in their reserves. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses will likely differ from the amount recorded.

Our insurance subsidiaries seek to enhance their underwriting results by carefully selecting the product lines they underwrite. Our insurance subsidiaries’ personal lines products primarily include standard and preferred risks in private passenger automobile and homeowners lines. Our insurance subsidiaries’ commercial lines products primarily include business offices, wholesalers, service providers, contractors, artisans and light manufacturing operations. Our insurance subsidiaries have limited exposure to asbestos and other environmental liabilities. Our insurance subsidiaries write no medical malpractice liability risks.

Income Taxes

We currently file a consolidated federal income tax return.

We account for income taxes using the asset and liability method. The objective of the asset and liability method is to establish deferred tax assets and liabilities for the temporary differences between the financial reporting basis and the tax basis of our assets and liabilities at enacted tax rates we expect to be in effect when we realize or settle such amounts.

Credit Risk

Our objective is to earn competitive returns by investing in a diversified portfolio of securities. Our portfolio of fixed maturity securities and, to a lesser extent, short-term investments is subject to credit risk. We define this risk as the potential loss in fair value resulting from adverse changes in the borrower’s ability to repay its debt to us. We manage this risk by performing an analysis of prospective investments and through regular reviews of our portfolio by our investment personnel. We also limit the amount of our total investment portfolio that we invest in any one security.

Our insurance subsidiaries provide property and liability insurance coverages through independent insurance agencies located throughout their operating areas. Our insurance subsidiaries bill the majority of this business directly to their policyholders, although our insurance subsidiaries bill a portion of their commercial business through their agents, to whom they extend credit in the normal course of business.

Our insurance subsidiaries have reinsurance agreements with Donegal Mutual and with a number of major unaffiliated reinsurers.

Reinsurance Accounting and Reporting

Our insurance subsidiaries rely upon reinsurance agreements to limit their maximum net loss from large single risks or risks in concentrated areas and to increase their capacity to write insurance. Reinsurance does not relieve our insurance subsidiaries from liability to their respective policyholders. To the extent that a reinsurer cannot pay losses for which it is liable under the terms of a reinsurance agreement with one or more of our insurance subsidiaries, our insurance subsidiaries retain continued liability for such losses. However, in an effort to reduce the risk of non-payment, our insurance subsidiaries require all of their reinsurers to have an A.M. Best rating of A- or better or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, to have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with an A.M. Best rating of A- or better. We refer to Note 10 - Reinsurance for more information regarding the reinsurance agreements of our insurance subsidiaries.

Stock-Based Compensation

We measure all share-based payments to our directors and the directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, including grants of stock options, using a fair-value-based method and record such expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options we grant to our directors and the directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, expected term, dividend yield and expected volatility.

In 2016, 2015 and 2014, we realized $788,700, $437,474 and $304,533, respectively, in tax benefits upon the exercise of stock options.

Earnings per Share

We calculate basic earnings per share by dividing net income by the weighted-average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted earnings per share reflects the dilution that could occur if securities or other contracts to issue common stock were exercised or converted into common stock.

We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Our Class A common stock is entitled to the declaration and payment of cash dividends that are at least 10% higher than those we declare and pay on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method for the computation of earnings per common share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends declared and an allocation of remaining undistributed earnings using a participation percentage that reflects the dividend rights of each class.

Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of acquired entities. When completing acquisitions, we seek also to identify separately identifiable intangible assets that we have acquired. We assess goodwill and intangible assets with an indefinite useful life for impairment annually. We also assess goodwill and other intangible assets for impairment upon the occurrence of certain events. In making our assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows and current market data. Inherent uncertainties exist with respect to these factors and to our judgment in applying them when we make our assessment. Impairment of goodwill and other intangible assets could result from changes in economic and operating conditions in future periods.

2 - Impact of New Accounting Standards

In April 2015, the FASB issued updated guidance to clarify the required presentation of debt issuance costs. The updated guidance requires entities to present debt issuance costs in the balance sheet as a direct reduction from the carrying amount of the recognized debt liability, consistent with the treatment of debt discounts, and to report amortization of debt issuance costs as interest expense. The updated guidance does not affect recognition and measurement guidance for debt issuance costs. The guidance was effective for reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2015. The adoption of this new guidance had no impact on our financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

3 - Transactions with Affiliates

Our insurance subsidiaries conduct business and have various agreements with Donegal Mutual that we describe in the following subparagraphs:

a. Reinsurance Pooling and Other Reinsurance Arrangements

Atlantic States, our largest insurance subsidiary, and Donegal Mutual have a pooling agreement under which both companies contribute all of their direct written business to the pool and receive an allocated percentage of the pooled underwriting results, excluding certain reinsurance Donegal Mutual assumes from our insurance subsidiaries. Atlantic States has an 80% share of the results of the pool, and Donegal Mutual has a 20% share of the results of the pool. The intent of the pooling agreement is to produce more uniform and stable underwriting results from year to year for each pool participant than they would experience individually and to spread the risk of loss between the participants based on each participant’s relative amount of surplus and relative access to capital. Each participant in the pool has at its disposal the capacity of the entire pool, rather than being limited to policy exposures of a size commensurate with its own capital and surplus.

The following amounts represent reinsurance Atlantic States ceded to the pool during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016		2015		2014
Premiums earned	$	185,444,009	$	170,418,931	$	158,221,567
Losses and loss expenses		115,371,839		115,029,244		116,193,967
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		95,469,329		87,780,338		82,144,290
Liability for losses and loss expenses		120,434,535		108,672,769		98,873,924

The following amounts represent reinsurance Atlantic States assumed from the pool during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016		2015		2014
Premiums earned	$	422,985,921	$	396,098,036	$	372,001,855
Losses and loss expenses		240,394,302		240,197,659		257,682,215
Unearned premiums		214,372,048		199,966,888		190,470,447
Liability for losses and loss expenses		230,543,393		216,194,945		196,781,007

Until February 1, 2016, Donegal Mutual and Le Mars had a quota-share reinsurance agreement under which Le Mars assumed 100% of the premiums and losses related to certain products Donegal Mutual offered in certain Midwestern states, which provided the availability of complementary products to Le Mars’ commercial accounts. Until October 31, 2012, Donegal Mutual and Southern had a quota-share reinsurance agreement whereby Southern assumed 100% of the premiums and losses related to personal lines products Donegal Mutual offered in Virginia through the use of its automated policy quoting and

issuance system. The following amounts represent reinsurance Southern and Le Mars assumed from Donegal Mutual pursuant to the quota-share reinsurance agreements during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016			2015		2014
Premiums earned	$	(1,512	)	$	880,787	$	4,265,196
Losses and loss expenses		(378,199	)		1,492,673		4,002,879
Unearned premiums		—			—		514,297
Liability for losses and loss expenses		3,222,100			5,722,000		7,360,792

Donegal Mutual and MICO have a quota-share reinsurance agreement under which Donegal Mutual assumes 25% of the premiums and losses related to the business of MICO. Donegal Mutual and Peninsula have a quota-share reinsurance agreement under which Donegal Mutual assumes 100% of the premiums and losses related to the workers’ compensation product line of Peninsula in certain states. The business Donegal Mutual assumes under the reinsurance agreements is subject to the pooling agreement between Donegal Mutual and Atlantic States.

The following amounts represent reinsurance ceded to Donegal Mutual pursuant to these quota-share reinsurance agreements during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016		2015		2014
Premiums earned	$	39,917,800	$	37,299,760	$	36,007,453
Losses and loss expenses		21,524,856		19,735,479		24,951,662
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		19,180,421		17,172,112		16,396,417
Liability for losses and loss expenses		31,881,756		29,968,948		28,172,373

Atlantic States, Southern and Le Mars each have a catastrophe reinsurance agreement with Donegal Mutual that provides coverage under any one catastrophic occurrence above a set retention ($2,000,000, $1,500,000 and $750,000 for Atlantic States, Southern and Le Mars, respectively), with a combined retention of $4,000,000 for a catastrophe involving a combination of these subsidiaries, up to the amount Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries retain under catastrophe reinsurance agreements with unaffiliated reinsurers. The set retention for Le Mars was $500,000 in 2014. Donegal Mutual and Southern have an excess of loss reinsurance agreement in which Donegal Mutual assumes up to $500,000 of Southern’s losses in excess of $500,000.

The following amounts represent reinsurance that our insurance subsidiaries ceded to Donegal Mutual pursuant to these reinsurance agreements during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016		2015		2014
Premiums earned	$	12,965,868	$	14,235,227	$	14,967,796
Losses and loss expenses		995,076		6,814,836		11,691,957
Liability for losses and loss expenses		3,136,438		4,485,201		3,981,351

The following amounts represent the effect of affiliated reinsurance transactions on net premiums our insurance subsidiaries earned during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016			2015			2014
Assumed	$	422,984,409		$	396,978,823		$	376,267,051
Ceded		(238,327,677	)		(221,953,918	)		(209,196,816	)

Net	$	184,656,732		$	175,024,905		$	167,070,235

The following amounts represent the effect of affiliated reinsurance transactions on net losses and loss expenses our insurance subsidiaries incurred during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016			2015			2014
Assumed	$	240,016,103		$	241,690,332		$	261,685,094
Ceded		(137,891,771	)		(141,579,559	)		(152,837,586	)

Net	$	102,124,332		$	100,110,773		$	108,847,508

b. Expense Sharing

Donegal Mutual provides facilities, management and other services to us and our insurance subsidiaries. Donegal Mutual allocates certain related expenses to Atlantic States in relation to the relative participation of Atlantic States and Donegal Mutual in the pooling agreement. Our insurance subsidiaries other than Atlantic States reimburse Donegal Mutual for their personnel costs and bear their proportionate share of information services costs based on their percentage of the total written premiums of the Donegal Insurance Group. Charges for these services totalled $122,428,117, $108,473,146 and $98,634,816 for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

c. Lease Agreement

We lease office equipment and automobiles with terms ranging from 3 to 10 years to Donegal Mutual under a 10-year lease agreement dated January 1, 2011.

d. Legal Services

Donald H. Nikolaus, our Chairman of the Board and one of our directors, is a partner in the law firm of Nikolaus & Hohenadel. Such firm has served as our general counsel since 1986, principally in connection with the defense of claims litigation arising in Lancaster, Dauphin and York counties of Pennsylvania. We pay such firm its customary fees for such services.

e. Union Community Bank

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we had $16,981,744 and $24,030,780, respectively, in checking accounts with UCB, a wholly owned subsidiary of DFSC. We earned $87,941, $3,317 and $2,757 in interest on these accounts during 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

4 - Investments

The amortized cost and estimated fair values of our fixed maturities and equity securities at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:


	2016
Held to Maturity	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	61,381,605	$	1,255,480	$	674,371	$	61,962,714
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		122,793,411		8,403,996		368,530		130,828,877
Corporate securities		91,555,136		1,172,002		1,678,133		91,049,005
Mortgage-backed securities		60,370,796		545,812		110,066		60,806,542

Totals	$	336,100,948	$	11,377,290	$	2,831,100	$	344,647,138


	2016
Available for Sale	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	39,093,734	$	99,429	$	605,139	$	38,588,024
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		179,889,661		6,635,941		442,717		186,082,885
Corporate securities		87,715,049		662,132		921,362		87,455,819
Mortgage-backed securities		204,931,200		637,268		2,620,256		202,948,212

Fixed maturities		511,629,644		8,034,770		4,589,474		515,074,940
Equity securities		42,431,695		4,788,218		132,071		47,087,842

Totals	$	554,061,339	$	12,822,988	$	4,721,545	$	562,162,782


	2015
Held to Maturity	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	51,193,849	$	1,544,520	$	—	$	52,738,369
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		119,115,002		10,827,728		119,350		129,823,380
Corporate securities		65,306,517		816,408		1,560,891		64,562,034
Mortgage-backed securities		74,643,336		1,180,745		148,697		75,675,384

Totals	$	310,258,704	$	14,369,401	$	1,828,938	$	322,799,167


	2015
Available for Sale	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	37,080,117	$	159,510	$	50,819	$	37,188,808
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		223,768,856		13,151,235		363,672		236,556,419
Corporate securities		73,474,433		350,140		1,012,156		72,812,417
Mortgage-backed securities		154,686,660		1,045,022		895,767		154,835,915

Fixed maturities		489,010,066		14,705,907		2,322,414		501,393,559
Equity securities		35,765,030		2,268,639		772,848		37,260,821

Totals	$	524,775,096	$	16,974,546	$	3,095,262	$	538,654,380

At December 31, 2016, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $220.1 million and an amortized cost of $211.0 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $96.8 million and an amortized cost of $91.7 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of that category at December 31, 2016. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 62% and 23%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2016. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2016 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

At December 31, 2015, our holdings of obligations of states and political subdivisions included general obligation bonds with an aggregate fair value of $256.9 million and an amortized cost of $241.1 million. Our holdings also included special revenue bonds with an aggregate fair value of $109.5 million and an amortized cost of $101.8 million. With respect to both categories of bonds, we held no securities of any issuer that comprised more than 10% of that category at December 31, 2015. Education bonds and water and sewer utility bonds represented 57% and 26%, respectively, of our total investments in special revenue bonds based on their carrying values at December 31, 2015. Many of the issuers of the special revenue bonds we held at December 31, 2015 have the authority to impose ad valorem taxes. In that respect, many of the special revenue bonds we held are similar to general obligation bonds.

We made reclassifications from available for sale to held to maturity of fixed maturities at fair value on November 30, 2013. We present the impact of the transfers at November 30, 2013, summarized by type of securities, in the following table:


	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	50,627,225	$	47,914,311
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		88,456,842		79,866,801
Corporate securities		15,745,976		14,879,294
Mortgage-backed securities		72,465,250		69,567,883

Totals	$	227,295,293	$	212,228,289

We have segregated within accumulated other comprehensive loss the net unrealized losses of $15.1 million arising prior to the November 30, 2013 reclassification date for fixed maturities reclassified from available for sale to held to maturity. We will amortize this balance over the remaining life of the related securities as an adjustment of yield in a manner consistent with the accretion of discount on the same fixed maturities. During 2016, we recorded amortization of $1.3 million in accumulated other comprehensive income. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, net unrealized losses of $11.0 million and $12.3 million, respectively, remained within accumulated other comprehensive (loss) income.

We set forth below the amortized cost and estimated fair value of fixed maturities at December 31, 2016 by contractual maturity. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because borrowers may have the right to call or prepay obligations with or without call or prepayment penalties.


	Amortized Cost		Estimated Fair Value
Held to maturity
Due in one year or less	$	7,586,580	$	7,591,796
Due after one year through five years		42,966,785		43,368,519
Due after five years through ten years		88,920,549		90,854,599
Due after ten years		136,256,238		142,025,682
Mortgage-backed securities		60,370,796		60,806,542

Total held to maturity	$	336,100,948	$	344,647,138

Available for sale
Due in one year or less	$	36,119,023	$	36,533,033
Due after one year through five years		111,729,669		114,691,263
Due after five years through ten years		108,499,192		109,046,513
Due after ten years		50,350,560		51,855,919
Mortgage-backed securities		204,931,200		202,948,212

Total available for sale	$	511,629,644	$	515,074,940

The amortized cost of fixed maturities on deposit with various regulatory authorities at December 31, 2016 and 2015 amounted to $9,632,126 and $9,625,807, respectively.

Our investment in affiliate represented our 48.2% investment in DFSC in the amount of $37,884,918 and $38,476,708 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. We account for our investment in DFSC using the equity method of accounting. Under this method, we record our investment at cost, with adjustments for our share of DFSC’s earnings and losses as well as changes in DFSC’s equity due to its unrealized gains and losses.

We include our share of DFSC’s net income in our results of operations. We have compiled the following summary financial information for DFSC at December 31, 2016 and 2015 from the financial statements of DFSC.


	December 31,
Balance sheets:		2016		2015

Total assets	$	535,590,133	$	507,138,740

Total liabilities	$	457,101,287	$	427,422,661
Stockholders’ equity		78,488,846		79,716,079

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	535,590,133	$	507,138,740


	Year Ended December 31,
Income statements:		2016		2015		2014

Net income	$	2,252,456	$	2,372,650	$	2,853,576

Other comprehensive (loss) income in our statements of comprehensive income includes net unrealized (losses) gains of ($103,331), ($263,991) and $1.5 million for 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, representing our share of DFSC’s unrealized investment gains or losses.

We received distributions from DFSC of $1.6 million and $1.8 million during 2016 and 2015, respectively. Based on the nature of the activities that generated these distributions, we made an accounting policy election to classify these distributions as a return on our investment in DFSC.

We derive net investment income, consisting primarily of interest and dividends, from the following sources:


	2016			2015			2014
Fixed maturities	$	25,066,582		$	23,636,468		$	22,910,621
Equity securities		1,187,814			707,703			528,453
Short-term investments		115,763			181,154			139,243
Other		108,003			33,450			34,675

Investment income		26,478,162			24,558,775			23,612,992
Investment expenses		(3,845,432	)		(3,609,077	)		(5,268,610	)

Net investment income	$	22,632,730		$	20,949,698		$	18,344,382

We present below gross realized gains and losses from investments, including those we classified as held to maturity, and the change in the difference between fair value and cost of investments:


	2016			2015			2014
Gross realized gains:
Fixed maturities	$	2,161,108		$	2,259,045		$	1,811,295
Equity securities		1,378,548			1,088,467			1,455,076

		3,539,656			3,347,512			3,266,371

Gross realized losses:
Fixed maturities		281,131			105,432			37,449
Equity securities		732,950			1,307,656			94,841

		1,014,081			1,413,088			132,290

Net realized gains	$	2,525,575		$	1,934,424		$	3,134,081

Change in difference between fair value and cost of investments:
Fixed maturities	$	(12,932,470	)	$	(10,787,772	)	$	23,893,815
Equity securities		3,160,356			659,597			581,467

Totals	$	(9,772,114	)	$	(10,128,175	)	$	24,475,282

We held fixed maturities and equity securities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2016 as follows:


	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	37,729,947	$	1,279,510	$	—	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		40,739,099		802,311		710,280		8,936
Corporate securities		80,181,238		2,127,451		4,706,945		472,044
Mortgage-backed securities		168,771,543		2,727,720		416,828		2,602
Equity securities		5,420,875		132,071		—		—

Totals	$	332,842,702	$	7,069,063	$	5,834,053	$	483,582

We held fixed maturities and equity securities with unrealized losses representing declines that we considered temporary at December 31, 2015 as follows:


	Less than 12 months				12 months or longer
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses		Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	10,168,014	$	50,819	$	—	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		19,437,469		483,022		—		—
Corporate securities		69,481,645		1,615,369		11,323,819		957,678
Mortgage-backed securities		105,299,953		875,658		7,538,257		168,806
Equity securities		9,245,342		772,848		—		—

Totals	$	213,632,423	$	3,797,716	$	18,862,076	$	1,126,484

more than 20% of original cost and has been in such an unrealized loss position for more than six months. We held 13 equity securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2016. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these equity securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary. With respect to a debt security that is in an unrealized loss position, we first assess if we intend to sell the debt security. If we determine we intend to sell the debt security, we recognize the impairment loss in our results of operations. If we do not intend to sell the debt security, we determine whether it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we recognize an impairment loss in our results of operations. If we determine it is more likely than not that we will not be required to sell the debt security prior to recovery, we then evaluate whether a credit loss has occurred. We determine whether a credit loss has occurred by comparing the amortized cost of the debt security to the present value of the cash flows we expect to collect. If we expect a cash flow shortfall, we consider that a credit loss has occurred. If we determine that a credit loss has occurred, we consider the impairment to be other than temporary. We then recognize the amount of the impairment loss related to the credit loss in our results of operations, and we recognize the remaining portion of the impairment loss in our other comprehensive income, net of applicable taxes. In addition, we may write down securities in an unrealized loss position based on a number of other factors, including when the fair value of an investment is significantly below its cost, when the financial condition of the issuer of a security has deteriorated, the occurrence of industry, company or geographic events that have negatively impacted the value of a security and rating agency downgrades. We held 247 debt securities that were in an unrealized loss position at December 31, 2016. Based upon our analysis of general market conditions and underlying factors impacting these debt securities, we considered these declines in value to be temporary.

We did not recognize any impairment losses in 2016, 2015 or 2014. We had no sales or transfers from our held to maturity portfolio in 2016, 2015 or 2014. We had no derivative instruments or hedging activities during 2016, 2015 or 2014.

5 - Fair Value Measurements

We account for financial assets using a framework that establishes a hierarchy that ranks the quality and reliability of inputs, or assumptions, used in the determination of fair value, and we classify financial assets and liabilities carried at fair value in one of the following three categories:

Level 1 - quoted prices in active markets for identical assets and liabilities;

Level 2 - directly or indirectly observable inputs other than Level 1 quoted prices; and

Level 3 - unobservable inputs not corroborated by market data.

For investments that have quoted market prices in active markets, we use the quoted market price as fair value and include these investments in Level 1 of the fair value hierarchy. We classify publicly traded equity securities as Level 1. When quoted market prices in active markets are not available, we base fair values on quoted market prices of comparable instruments or price estimates we obtain from independent pricing services. We classify our fixed maturity investments as Level 2. Our fixed maturity investments consist of U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies,

obligations of states and political subdivisions, corporate securities and mortgage-backed securities.

We present our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at estimated fair value. The estimated fair value of a security may differ from the amount that we could realize if we sold the security in a forced transaction. In addition, the valuation of fixed maturity investments is more subjective when markets are less liquid, increasing the potential that the estimated fair value does not reflect the price at which an actual transaction would occur. We utilize nationally recognized independent pricing services to estimate fair values or obtain market quotations for substantially all of our fixed maturity and equity investments. We generally obtain two prices per security. The pricing services utilize market quotations for fixed maturity and equity securities that have quoted prices in active markets. For fixed maturity securities that generally do not trade on a daily basis, the pricing services prepare estimates of fair value measurements based predominantly on observable market inputs. The pricing services do not use broker quotes in determining the fair values of our investments. Our investment personnel review the estimates of fair value the pricing services provide to determine if the estimates we obtain are representative of fair values based upon the general knowledge of the market of our investment personnel, their research findings related to unusual fluctuations in value and their comparison of such values to execution prices for similar securities. Our investment personnel monitor the market and are familiar with current trading ranges for similar securities and pricing of specific investments. Our investment personnel review all pricing estimates that we receive from the pricing services against their expectations with respect to pricing based on fair market curves, security ratings, coupon rates, security type and recent trading activity. Our investment personnel review documentation with respect to the pricing services’ pricing methodology that they obtain periodically to determine if the primary pricing sources, market inputs and pricing frequency for various security

types are reasonable. At December 31, 2016, we received two estimates per security from the pricing services, and we priced substantially all of our Level 1 and Level 2 investments using those prices. In our review of the estimates the pricing services provided at December 31, 2016, we did not identify any material discrepancies, and we did not make any adjustments to the estimates the pricing services provided.

We present our cash and short-term investments at estimated fair value. The carrying values in our balance sheet for premium receivables and reinsurance receivables and payables for premiums and paid losses and loss expenses approximate their fair values. The carrying amounts reported in the balance sheet for our subordinated debentures and borrowings under lines of credit approximate their fair values. We classify these items as Level 3.

We evaluate our assets and liabilities on a regular basis to determine the appropriate level at which to classify them for each reporting period. Based on our review of the methodology and summary of inputs the pricing services use, we have concluded that our Level 1 and Level 2 investments were classified properly at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2016:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	38,588,024	$	—	$	38,588,024	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		186,082,885		—		186,082,885		—
Corporate securities		87,455,819		—		87,455,819		—
Mortgage-backed securities		202,948,212		—		202,948,212		—
Equity securities		35,922,337		35,922,337		—		—

Total investments in the fair value hierarchy		550,997,277		35,922,337		515,074,940		—

Investment measured at net asset value		11,165,505		—		—		—

Totals	$	562,162,782	$	35,922,337	$	515,074,940	$	—

The following table presents our fair value measurements for our investments in available-for-sale fixed maturity and equity securities at December 31, 2015:


	Fair Value Measurements Using
	Fair Value		Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets (Level 1)		Significant Other Observable Inputs (Level 2)		Significant Unobservable Inputs (Level 3)
U.S. Treasury securities and obligations of U.S. government corporations and agencies	$	37,188,808	$	—	$	37,188,808	$	—
Obligations of states and political subdivisions		236,556,419		—		236,556,419		—
Corporate securities		72,812,417		—		72,812,417		—
Mortgage-backed securities		154,835,915		—		154,835,915		—
Equity securities		26,726,924		26,726,924		—		—

Total investments in the fair value hierarchy		528,120,483		26,726,924		501,393,559		—

Investment measured at net asset value		10,533,897		—		—		—

Totals	$	538,654,380	$	26,726,924	$	501,393,559	$	—

6 - Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs

Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ deferred policy acquisition costs are as follows:


	2016			2015			2014
Balance, January 1	$	52,108,388		$	48,298,608		$	43,627,510
Acquisition costs deferred		112,076,808			103,322,780			94,817,098
Amortization charged to earnings		(107,876,000	)		(99,513,000	)		(90,146,000	)

Balance, December 31	$	56,309,196		$	52,108,388		$	48,298,608

7 - Property and Equipment

Property and equipment at December 31, 2016 and 2015 consisted of the following:


	2016			2015			Estimated Useful Life
Office equipment	$	9,129,318		$	9,118,021			3-15 years
Automobiles		1,334,385			1,685,483			5 years
Real estate		7,685,228			7,323,868			5-50 years
Software		2,794,864			2,794,864			5 years

		20,943,795			20,922,236
Accumulated depreciation		(14,275,306	)		(13,895,093	)

	$	6,668,489		$	7,027,143

Depreciation expense for 2016, 2015 and 2014 amounted to $742,861, $792,733 and $883,674, respectively.

8 - Liability for Losses and Loss Expenses

The establishment of an appropriate liability for losses and loss expenses is an inherently uncertain process, and we can provide no assurance that our insurance subsidiaries’ ultimate liability will not exceed their loss and loss expense reserves and have an adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition. Furthermore, we cannot predict the timing, frequency and extent of adjustments to our insurance subsidiaries’ estimated future liabilities, because the historical conditions and events that serve as a basis for our insurance subsidiaries’ estimates of ultimate claim costs may change. As is the case for substantially all property and casualty insurance companies, our insurance subsidiaries have found it necessary in the past to increase their estimated future liabilities for losses and loss expenses in certain periods, and, in other periods, their estimates have exceeded their actual liabilities. Changes in our insurance subsidiaries’ estimate of their liability for losses and loss expenses generally reflect actual payments and their evaluation of information received since the prior reporting date.

We summarize activity in our insurance subsidiaries’ liability for losses and loss expenses as follows:


	2016			2015			2014
Balance at January 1	$	578,205,109		$	538,258,406		$	495,619,269
Less reinsurance recoverable		(256,150,860	)		(245,957,364	)		(230,014,037	)

Net balance at January 1		322,054,249			292,301,042			265,605,232

Incurred related to:
Current year		420,327,164			391,166,740			373,932,058
Prior years		2,988,739			7,200,134			14,469,124

Total incurred		423,315,903			398,366,874			388,401,182

Paid related to:
Current year		248,106,788			236,834,666			229,939,627
Prior years		149,745,921			131,779,001			131,765,745

Total paid		397,852,709			368,613,667			361,705,372

Net balance at December 31		347,517,443			322,054,249			292,301,042
Plus reinsurance recoverable		259,147,147			256,150,860			245,957,364

Balance at December 31	$	606,664,590		$	578,205,109		$	538,258,406

Our insurance subsidiaries recognized an increase in their liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years of $3.0 million, $7.2 million and $14.5 million in 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. Our insurance subsidiaries made no significant changes in their reserving philosophy, key reserving assumptions or claims management personnel, and they have made no significant offsetting changes in estimates that increased or decreased their loss and loss expense reserves in those years. The 2016 development represented 0.9% of the December 31, 2015 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from higher-than-expected severity in the commercial multiple peril and commercial automobile liability lines of business, offset by lower-than-expected severity in the workers’ compensation line of business, in accident years prior to 2016. The majority of the 2016 development related to increases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and Southern. The 2015 development represented 2.5% of the December 31, 2014 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from higher-than-expected severity in the private passenger automobile liability, commercial multiple peril and commercial automobile lines of business in accident years prior to 2015. The majority of the 2015 development related to increases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and Southern. The 2014 development represented 5.4% of the December 31, 2013 net carried reserves and resulted primarily from higher-than-expected severity in the private passenger automobile liability, commercial multiple peril and commercial automobile lines of business in accident years prior to 2014. The majority of the 2014 development related to increases in the liability for losses and loss expenses of prior years for Atlantic States and Southern.

Short-duration contracts are contracts for which our insurance subsidiaries receive premiums that they recognize as revenue over the period of the contract in proportion to the amount of insurance protection our insurance subsidiaries provide. Our insurance subsidiaries consider the policies they issue to be short-duration contracts. We consider our insurance subsidiaries’ material lines of business to be personal automobile, homeowners, commercial automobile, commercial multi-peril and workers’ compensation.

Our insurance subsidiaries determine incurred but not reported (“IBNR”) reserves by subtracting the cumulative loss and loss expense amounts our insurance subsidiaries have paid and the case reserves our insurance subsidiaries have established at the balance sheet date from their actuaries’ estimate of the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. Accordingly, our insurance subsidiaries’ IBNR reserves include their actuaries’ projections of the cost of unreported claims as well as their actuaries’ projected development of case reserves on known claims and reopened claims. Our insurance subsidiaries’ methodology for estimating IBNR reserves has been in place for many years, and their actuaries made no significant changes to that methodology during 2016.

The actuaries for our insurance subsidiaries generally prepare an initial estimate for ultimate losses and loss expenses for the current accident year by multiplying earned premium by an expected loss ratio for each line of business our insurance subsidiaries write. Expected loss ratios represent the actuaries’ expectation of losses at the time our insurance subsidiaries price and write their policies, before the emergence of any actual claims experience. The actuaries determine an expected loss ratio by analyzing historical experience and adjusting for loss cost trends, loss frequency and severity trends, premium rate level changes, reported and paid loss emergence patterns and other known or observed factors.

The actuaries use a variety of actuarial methods to estimate the ultimate cost of losses and loss expenses. These methods include paid loss development, incurred loss development and the Bornhuetter-Ferguson method. The actuaries base their selection of a point estimate on a judgmental weighting of estimates each of these methods produce.

The actuaries consider loss frequency and severity trends when they develop expected loss ratios and point estimates. Loss frequency is a measure of the number of claims per unit of insured exposure, and loss severity is a measure of the average size of claims. Factors that affect loss frequency include changes in weather patterns or economic activity. Factors that affect loss severity include changes in policy limits, reinsurance retentions, inflation rates and judicial interpretations.

Our insurance subsidiaries create a claim file when they receive notice of an actual demand for payment, an event that may lead to a demand for payment or when they otherwise determine that a demand for payment could potentially lead to a future demand for payment on another coverage under the same policy or another policy they have issued. In recent years, our insurance subsidiaries have noted an increase in the period of time between the occurrence of a casualty loss event and the date on which they receive notice of a liability claim. Changes in the length of time between the loss occurrence date and the claim reporting date affect the actuaries’ ability to accurately predict loss frequency and the amount of IBNR reserves our insurance subsidiaries require.

Our insurance subsidiaries generally create a claim file for a policy at the claimant level by type of coverage and generally recognize one count for each claim event. In certain lines of business where it is common for multiple parties to claim damages arising from a single claim event, our insurance subsidiaries recognize one count for each claimant involved in the event. Atlantic States recognizes one count for each claim event, or claimant involved in a multiple-party claim event, related to losses Atlantic States assumes through its participation in its pooling agreement with Donegal Mutual. Our insurance subsidiaries accumulate the claim counts and report them by line of business. For purposes of the claim development tables we present below, our insurance subsidiaries count claims on policies they issue even if they eventually close such claims without making a loss payment. Claims our insurance subsidiaries close without making a loss payment typically generate loss expenses. The methods our insurance subsidiaries have used to summarize claim counts have not changed significantly over the time periods we report in the tables below.

The following tables present information about incurred and paid claims development as of December 31, 2016, net of reinsurance, as well as cumulative claim frequency and the total of IBNR reserves plus expected development on reported claims that our insurance subsidiaries included within their net incurred claims amounts. The tables include unaudited information about incurred and paid claims development for the years ended December 31, 2007 through 2015, which we present as supplementary information. We present amounts retrospectively for MICO, which we acquired in December 2010, for all accident years prior to 2010.


Personal Automobile																					At December 31, 2016
	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
			Unaudited

(in thousands)
2007	$	82,123	$	87,561	$	88,070	$	87,608	$	87,624	$	87,634	$	87,395	$	87,350	$	87,343	$	87,315	$	6		56
2008				98,139		101,937		100,782		101,388		101,119		100,819		100,984		100,923		100,918		16		61
2009						105,707		106,313		106,841		107,589		107,190		106,705		106,549		106,499		45		65
2010								117,967		117,552		118,562		118,876		118,916		118,587		118,385		92		70
2011										127,929		131,678		132,987		133,229		133,617		133,218		158		74
2012												130,415		133,201		135,592		136,493		136,552		379		69
2013														124,965		130,737		131,594		132,643		906		66
2014																124,426		124,806		124,210		2,234		71
2015																		137,569		139,334		5,907		73
2016																				150,215		21,120		71

																		Total		1,229,289

Personal Automobile
	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
			Unaudited

(in thousands)
2007	$	55,240	$	74,047	$	80,710	$	83,930	$	85,615	$	86,253	$	86,593	$	87,101	$	87,179	$	87,196
2008				66,648		85,262		93,325		97,134		99,110		100,153		100,642		100,712		100,778
2009						69,585		89,089		97,349		102,332		104,779		105,577		105,922		106,017
2010								75,889		96,749		107,662		113,243		116,748		117,812		117,978
2011										87,191		110,249		121,621		127,545		131,319		132,479
2012												87,517		111,941		124,652		130,862		133,428
2013														84,241		109,051		120,118		125,946
2014																85,377		104,736		114,893
2015																		93,611		116,303
2016																				102,433

																		Total		1,137,451
						All outstanding liabilities before 2007, net of reinsurance														508

						Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance														92,346


Homeowners																					At December 31, 2016
	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims			Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
	Unaudited
(in thousands)
2007	$	34,278	$	33,893	$	34,109	$	33,998	$	33,932	$	33,833	$	33,839	$	33,862	$	33,887	$	33,884	$	—			13
2008				40,989		42,790		42,944		42,700		42,839		42,897		42,862		42,852		42,844		—			18
2009						51,054		50,621		50,333		49,998		50,137		50,405		50,419		50,433		—			18
2010								60,315		60,729		60,248		59,972		60,355		60,440		60,443		—			25
2011										71,256		70,461		70,436		70,381		70,297		70,351		(12	)		27
2012												53,962		54,794		54,468		54,351		54,281		66			19
2013														50,887		51,121		51,122		50,874		74			13
2014																56,916		58,378		57,680		53			18
2015																		63,359		63,925		668			14
2016																				62,443		3,575			13

																		Total		547,158

Homeowners
	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
	Unaudited
(in thousands)
2007	$	26,507	$	32,663	$	33,284	$	33,400	$	33,600	$	33,785	$	33,840	$	33,862	$	33,887	$	33,884
2008				32,548		40,037		41,582		42,095		42,511		42,699		42,797		42,817		42,812
2009						39,961		49,180		49,827		50,021		50,301		50,430		50,429		50,433
2010								47,419		57,334		59,283		59,875		60,239		60,486		60,501
2011										57,588		69,345		70,125		70,351		70,541		70,626
2012												46,566		53,619		54,028		54,298		54,317
2013														40,949		49,410		50,210		50,478
2014																45,823		56,255		56,990
2015																		51,885		61,542
2016																				50,125

																		Total		531,708
						All outstanding liabilities before 2007, net of reinsurance														14

						Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance														15,464


Commercial Automobile																					At December 31, 2016
	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
	Unaudited
(in thousands)
2007	$	16,674	$	16,524	$	16,498	$	16,753	$	16,501	$	16,668	$	16,635	$	16,553	$	16,556	$	16,552	$	—		6
2008				18,164		17,889		17,719		17,941		17,960		18,158		18,063		18,054		18,051		—		6
2009						18,735		18,549		18,998		19,015		19,346		19,569		19,430		19,461		6		6
2010								19,315		19,913		20,695		21,477		21,490		21,756		21,746		15		7
2011										26,642		27,157		28,570		28,893		29,112		29,107		39		9
2012												26,557		27,720		30,606		31,435		31,278		95		8
2013														32,902		33,749		34,751		35,240		607		9
2014																42,760		44,544		47,326		1,607		11
2015																		46,526		48,323		4,181		12
2016																				54,302		12,636		12

																		Total		321,386

Commercial Automobile
	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
	Unaudited
(in thousands)
2007	$	8,831	$	11,804	$	14,029	$	15,431	$	15,872	$	15,947	$	16,336	$	16,549	$	16,549	$	16,552
2008				9,204		12,330		14,115		16,077		17,110		17,548		18,052		18,051		18,051
2009						9,309		12,872		15,479		17,160		18,696		19,389		19,386		19,408
2010								10,778		14,180		16,426		19,030		20,804		21,014		21,482
2011										13,876		19,106		24,267		26,973		28,014		28,758
2012												13,642		20,240		23,718		27,417		29,873
2013														16,306		23,557		26,879		31,053
2014																22,707		31,089		39,436
2015																		23,875		35,342
2016																				27,033

																		Total		266,988
						All outstanding liabilities before 2007, net of reinsurance														39

						Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance														54,437


Commercial Multi-Peril																					At December 31, 2016
	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
	Unaudited
(in thousands)
2007	$	21,474	$	21,918	$	22,999	$	22,663	$	22,830	$	22,567	$	22,738	$	22,740	$	22,699	$	22,659	$	—		5
2008				26,868		27,693		26,796		26,906		27,286		27,023		27,182		27,258		27,184		10		5
2009						26,712		26,454		27,357		27,357		27,739		27,959		27,625		27,484		2		6
2010								28,745		29,656		29,390		29,169		29,373		29,453		29,463		1		6
2011										33,054		35,411		35,942		37,576		37,385		38,270		2		7
2012												29,789		30,716		32,449		34,117		35,755		36		6
2013														35,683		35,679		37,292		37,205		851		6
2014																48,204		50,135		51,843		2,082		7
2015																		42,070		43,874		4,283		6
2016																				43,005		9,652		5

																		Total		356,742


Commercial Multi-Peril
	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
	Unaudited
(in thousands)
2007	$	13,187	$	16,396	$	18,828	$	20,148	$	21,137	$	21,669	$	22,111	$	22,374	$	22,583	$	22,659
2008				16,128		21,645		22,991		24,161		25,154		25,983		26,760		26,956		27,017
2009						13,675		19,356		21,560		24,977		26,212		26,780		27,287		27,357
2010								17,007		22,017		24,749		26,832		27,768		28,681		28,906
2011										18,773		24,767		30,286		33,526		36,722		37,759
2012												16,666		23,384		26,634		29,370		33,327
2013														19,875		26,216		29,159		33,614
2014																27,920		35,520		40,936
2015																		21,837		29,419

2016																				19,660

																		Total		300,654
						All outstanding liabilities before 2007, net of reinsurance														340

						Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance														56,428


Workers’ Compensation																					At December 31, 2016
	Incurred Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016		Total IBNR Plus Expected Development on Reported Claims		Cumulative Number of Reported Claims
	Unaudited
(in thousands)
2007	$	21,350	$	21,892	$	21,831	$	21,837	$	21,463	$	21,102	$	21,266	$	21,119	$	21,037	$	20,921	$	45		6
2008				24,034		26,361		27,037		26,791		26,471		26,226		25,941		25,963		25,713		86		5
2009						21,571		22,497		21,894		21,826		22,848		22,278		22,172		22,114		110		4
2010								27,304		27,859		27,010		26,637		26,944		27,121		27,037		156		5
2011										32,490		35,757		36,614		36,369		35,670		35,039		207		6
2012												39,142		39,516		38,827		37,926		37,163		323		6
2013														46,325		47,027		44,289		42,828		1,074		6
2014																51,508		51,553		49,288		2,714		6
2015																		53,332		49,615		7,441		6
2016																				58,814		22,953		6

																		Total		368,532


Workers’ Compensation
	Cumulative Paid Claims and Allocated Claim Adjustment Expenses, Net of Reinsurance For the Year Ended December 31,
Accident Year	2007		2008		2009		2010		2011		2012		2013		2014		2015		2016
	Unaudited
(in thousands)
2007	$	5,233	$	11,823	$	16,379	$	18,404	$	19,636	$	20,116	$	20,315	$	20,464	$	20,621	$	20,663
2008				6,562		14,776		19,199		21,933		23,782		24,551		24,880		25,017		25,112
2009						6,490		12,627		16,516		18,329		19,665		20,476		20,939		21,117
2010								8,066		15,937		21,176		23,137		24,539		25,337		25,804
2011										9,157		21,450		27,517		31,905		32,394		33,067
2012												11,097		22,963		28,812		31,244		33,196
2013														13,052		26,043		32,783		36,351
2014																13,932		28,513		36,284
2015																		13,071		27,531
2016																				14,709

																		Total		273,834
						All outstanding liabilities before 2007, net of reinsurance														3,326

						Liabilities for claims and claims adjustment expenses, net of reinsurance														98,024

The following table presents a reconciliation of the net incurred and paid claims development tables to the liability for claims and claims adjustment expenses in our consolidated balance sheet:


(in thousands)	At December 31, 2016
Net outstanding liabilities:
Personal automobile	$	92,346
Homeowners		15,464
Commercial automobile		54,437
Commercial multi-peril		56,428
Workers’ compensation		98,024
Other		5,420

		322,119

Reinsurance recoverable:
Personal automobile	$	87,248
Homeowners		7,640
Commercial automobile		32,787
Commercial multi-peril		36,068
Workers’ compensation		81,152
Other		4,031

		248,926

Unallocated loss adjustment expenses	$	35,620

Gross liability for unpaid losses and loss expenses	$	606,665

The following table presents supplementary information about average historical claims duration as of December 31, 2016:


	Average Annual Percentage Payout of Incurred Claims by Age, Net of Reinsurance
Years	1			2			3			4			5			6			7			8			9			10
Personal automobile		65.6	%		18.0	%		8.4	%		4.3	%		2.3	%		0.9	%		0.3	%		0.2	%		0.1	%		—	%
Homeowners		80.1	%		16.7	%		1.8	%		0.6	%		0.5	%		0.4	%		0.1	%		—	%		—	%		—	%
Commercial automobile		48.6	%		18.9	%		12.9	%		10.4	%		6.0	%		2.0	%		1.8	%		0.5	%		—	%		—	%
Commercial multi-peril		52.3	%		17.3	%		9.4	%		8.2	%		5.9	%		2.7	%		1.9	%		0.7	%		0.6	%		0.3	%
Workers’ compensation		27.6	%		30.7	%		17.6	%		9.0	%		5.2	%		2.8	%		1.5	%		0.7	%		0.6	%		0.2	%

9 - Borrowings

Lines of Credit

MICO has an agreement with the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”) of Indianapolis. Through its membership, MICO has the ability to issue debt to the FHLB of Indianapolis in exchange for cash advances. There were no outstanding borrowings at December 31, 2016 or 2015. The table below presents the amount of FHLB of Indianapolis stock MICO purchased, collateral pledged and assets related to MICO’s agreement at December 31, 2016.


FHLB stock purchased and owned as part of the agreement	$	236,700
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $2,732,990)		2,850,000
Borrowing capacity currently available		2,572,247


FHLB stock purchased and owned as part of the agreement	$	1,574,700
Collateral pledged, at par (carrying value $36,564,278)		37,003,861
Borrowing capacity currently available		291,398

Subordinated Debentures

In January 2002, West Bend purchased a surplus note from MICO for $5.0 million to increase MICO’s statutory surplus. On December 1, 2010, Donegal Mutual purchased the surplus note from West Bend at face value. The surplus note carries an interest rate of 5.00%, and any repayment of principal or interest requires prior insurance regulatory approval. Upon receipt of regulatory approval, MICO paid $250,000 in interest to Donegal Mutual during each of 2016, 2015 and 2014.

10 - Reinsurance

Unaffiliated Reinsurers

Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual purchase certain third-party reinsurance on a combined basis. Le Mars, MICO, Peninsula and Sheboygan also have separate third-party reinsurance programs that provide certain coverage that is commensurate with their relative size and exposures. Our insurance subsidiaries use several different reinsurers, all of which, consistent with the requirements of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual, have an A.M. Best rating of A- (Excellent) or better, or, with respect to foreign reinsurers, have a financial condition that, in the opinion of our management, is equivalent to a company with at least an A- rating from A.M. Best. The external reinsurance our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual purchase includes “excess of loss reinsurance,” under which their losses are automatically reinsured, through a series of contracts, over a set retention (generally $1.0 million), and “catastrophic reinsurance,” under which they recover, through a series of contracts, 100% of an accumulation of many losses resulting from a single event, including natural disasters, over a set retention (generally $5.0 million) and after exceeding an annual aggregate deductible ($975,000 in 2016 and $1.5 million in 2015 and 2014). For property insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss treaties that provide for coverage up to $5.0 million per loss. For liability insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss treaties that provide for coverage up to $50.0 million per occurrence. For workers’ compensation insurance, our insurance subsidiaries have excess of loss treaties that provide for coverage up to $10.0 million on any one life. Our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual have property catastrophe coverage through a series of layered treaties up to aggregate losses of $175.0 million for any single event. As many as 28 reinsurers provided coverage for 2016 on any one treaty with no reinsurer taking more than 30% of any one treaty. The

amount of coverage provided under each of these types of reinsurance depends upon the amount, nature, size and location of the risks being reinsured. Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries also purchased facultative reinsurance to cover exposures from losses that exceeded the limits provided by the treaty reinsurance Donegal Mutual and our insurance subsidiaries purchased. In order to write automobile insurance in the State of Michigan, MICO is required to be a member of the Michigan Catastrophic Claims Association (“MCCA”). The MCCA provides reinsurance to MICO for personal automobile and commercial automobile personal injury claims in the State of Michigan over a set retention.

Through December 1, 2010, MICO and West Bend were parties to quota-share reinsurance agreements whereby MICO ceded 75% of its business to West Bend. MICO and West Bend agreed to terminate the reinsurance agreement in effect at November 30, 2010 on a run-off basis. West Bend’s obligations related to all past reinsurance agreements with MICO remain in effect for all policies effective prior to December 1, 2010.

The following amounts represent ceded reinsurance transactions with unaffiliated reinsurers during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016		2015		2014
Premiums written	$	45,354,233	$	40,997,351	$	62,351,702
Premiums earned		44,318,542		49,758,371		66,418,933
Losses and loss expenses		18,588,114		30,722,807		78,912,356
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		9,605,746		8,570,055		17,331,076
Liability for losses and loss expenses		103,694,418		113,023,942		114,929,716

Total Reinsurance

The following amounts represent total ceded reinsurance transactions with both affiliated and unaffiliated reinsurers during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016		2015		2014
Premiums earned	$	282,646,219	$	271,712,289	$	275,615,749
Losses and loss expenses		156,479,885		172,302,366		231,749,942
Prepaid reinsurance premiums		124,255,495		113,522,505		115,871,783
Liability for losses and loss expenses		259,147,147		256,150,860		245,957,364

The following amounts represent the effect of reinsurance on premiums written for 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016			2015			2014
Direct	$	537,880,237		$	492,073,587		$	469,274,692
Assumed		437,532,812			406,126,275			388,750,312
Ceded		(293,379,217	)		(269,363,012	)		(278,823,589	)

Net premiums written	$	682,033,832		$	628,836,850		$	579,201,415

The following amounts represent the effect of reinsurance on premiums earned for 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016			2015			2014
Direct	$	515,721,745		$	480,210,534		$	455,689,137
Assumed		423,129,271			397,142,483			376,424,147
Ceded		(282,646,219	)		(271,712,289	)		(275,615,749	)

Net premiums earned	$	656,204,797		$	605,640,728		$	556,497,535

11 - Income Taxes

Our provision for income tax for 2016, 2015 and 2014 consisted of the following:


	2016		2015		2014
Current	$	8,496,405	$	5,621,367	$	2,707,478
Deferred		2,030,865		980,868		(963,679	)

Federal income tax provision	$	10,527,270	$	6,602,235	$	1,743,799

Our effective tax rate is different from the amount computed at the statutory federal rate of 35% for 2016, 2015 and 2014. The reasons for such difference and the related tax effects are as follows:


	2016			2015			2014
Income before income taxes	$	41,328,407		$	27,592,268		$	16,282,817

Computed “expected” taxes		14,464,942			9,657,294			5,698,986
Tax-exempt interest		(3,951,926	)		(4,806,855	)		(5,063,140	)
Proration		629,697			737,644			766,334
Other, net		(615,443	)		1,014,152			341,619

Federal income tax provision	$	10,527,270		$	6,602,235		$	1,743,799

The tax effects of temporary differences that give rise to significant portions of our deferred tax assets and deferred tax liabilities at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows:


	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Unearned premium	$	23,964,558		$	22,174,971
Loss reserves		6,460,683			6,615,751
Net operating loss carryforward - Le Mars		1,271,411			1,402,857
Alternative minimum tax credit carryforward		7,357,733			10,336,593
Net unrealized losses		1,213,836			—
Other		3,307,286			2,565,340

Total gross deferred tax assets		43,575,507			43,095,512
Less valuation allowance		(440,778	)		(440,778	)

Net deferred tax assets		43,134,729			42,654,734

Deferred tax liabilities:
Deferred policy acquisition costs		19,708,220			18,237,936
Net unrealized gains		—			416,635
Other		4,383,096			4,556,356

Total gross deferred tax liabilities		24,091,316			23,210,927

Net deferred tax asset	$	19,043,413		$	19,443,807

We provide a valuation allowance when we believe it is more likely than not that we will not realize some portion of a deferred tax asset. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, we established a valuation allowance of $440,778 related to a portion of the net operating loss carryforward of Le Mars that we acquired on January 1, 2004. We determined that we were not required to establish a valuation allowance for the other net deferred tax assets of $43.1 million and $42.7 million at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively, since it is more likely than not that we will realize these deferred tax assets through reversals of existing temporary differences, future taxable income and our implementation of tax-planning strategies.

Tax years 2013 through 2016 remained open for examination at December 31, 2016. The net operating loss carryforward of $3.6 million of Le Mars will begin to expire in 2020 if not utilized and is subject to an annual limitation of approximately $376,000. We also had an alternative minimum tax credit carryforward of $7.4 million at December 31, 2016 with an indefinite life.

12 - Stockholders’ Equity

Each share of our Class A common stock outstanding at the time of the declaration of any dividend or other distribution payable in cash upon the shares of our Class B common stock is entitled to a dividend or distribution payable at the same time and to stockholders of record on the same date in an amount at least 10% greater than any dividend declared upon each share of our Class B common stock. In the event of our merger or consolidation with or into another entity, the holders of our Class A common stock and the holders of our Class B common stock are entitled to receive the same per share consideration in such merger or consolidation. In the event of our liquidation, dissolution or winding-up, any assets available to common stockholders will be distributed pro-rata to the holders of our Class A common stock and our Class B common stock after payment of all of our obligations.

On July 18, 2013, our board of directors authorized a share repurchase program pursuant to which we have the authority to purchase up to 500,000 additional shares of our Class A common stock at prices prevailing from time to time in the open market subject to the provisions of the SEC Rule 10b-18 and in privately negotiated transactions. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during 2016. We purchased 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program during 2015. We did not purchase any shares of our Class A common stock under this program during 2014. We have purchased a total of 57,658 shares of our Class A common stock under this program from its inception through December 31, 2016.

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, our treasury stock consisted of 3,002,588 and 72,465 shares of Class A common stock and Class B common stock, respectively.

13 - Stock Compensation Plans

Equity Incentive Plans

Since 1996, we have maintained an Equity Incentive Plan for Employees. During 2015, we adopted a plan that made a total of 4,500,000 shares of Class A common stock available for issuance to employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates. The plan provides for the granting of awards by our board of directors in the form of stock options, stock appreciation rights, restricted stock or any combination of the above. The plan provides that stock options may become exercisable up to five years from their date of grant, with an option price not less than fair market value on the date preceding the date of grant. We have not granted any stock appreciation rights.

Since 1996, we have maintained an Equity Incentive Plan for Directors. During 2015, we adopted a plan that made 500,000 shares of Class A common stock available for issuance to our directors and the directors of our subsidiaries and affiliates.We may make awards in the form of stock options. The plan also provides for the issuance of 500 shares of restricted stock on the first business day of January in each year to each of our directors and each director of Donegal Mutual who does not serve as one of our directors. We issued 8,500 shares of restricted stock on January 4, 2016 under our director plan. We issued 7,200 and 6,800 shares of restricted stock on January 2, 2015 and 2014 under our director plan.

We measure all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, using a fair-value-based method and record such expense in our results of operations. In determining the expense we record for stock options granted to directors and employees of our subsidiaries and affiliates, we estimate the fair value of each option award on the date of grant using the Black-Scholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions we utilize in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, expected term, dividend yield and expected volatility. The risk-free interest rate is the implied yield currently available on U.S. Treasury zero coupon issues with a remaining term equal to the expected term used as the assumption in the model. We base the expected term of an option award on our historical experience for similar awards. We determine the dividend yield by dividing the per share dividend by the grant date stock price. We base the expected volatility on the volatility of our stock price over a historical period comparable to the expected term.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2016 was $1.94. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 2.23%, an expected life of three years, an expected volatility of 20% and an expected dividend yield of 3%.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2015 was $1.55. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 1.86%, an expected life of three years, an expected volatility of 23% and an expected dividend yield of 4%.

The weighted-average grant date fair value of options we granted during 2014 was $1.69. We calculated this fair value based upon a risk-free interest rate of 1.76%, an expected life of five years, an expected volatility of 18% and an expected dividend yield of 3%.

We charged compensation expense for our stock compensation plans against income before income taxes of $2.5 million, $2.6 million and $2.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively, with a corresponding income tax benefit of $864,210, $896,753 and $700,487. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, our total unrecognized compensation cost related to non-vested share-based compensation granted under our stock compensation plans was $3.7 million and $4.0 million, respectively. We expect to recognize this cost over a weighted average period of 1.5 years.

During 2016, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $11.2 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $788,700 for 2016. During 2015, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $13.7 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $437,474 for 2015. During 2014, we received cash from option exercises under all stock compensation plans of $6.5 million. We realized actual tax benefits for the tax deductions from option exercises of share-based compensation of $304,533 for 2014. No further shares are available for future option grants for plans in effect prior to 2015.

Information regarding activity in our stock option plans follows:


	Number of Options			Weighted- Average Exercise Price Per Share
Outstanding at December 31, 2013		7,201,334		$	14.39
Granted - 2014		1,574,500			15.80
Exercised - 2014		(474,893	)		13.64
Forfeited - 2014		(112,511	)		15.23
Expired - 2014		(5,000	)		17.50

Outstanding at December 31, 2014		8,183,430			14.69
Granted - 2015		1,710,500			13.64
Exercised - 2015		(983,370	)		13.91
Forfeited - 2015		(114,967	)		15.30
Expired - 2015		(641	)		14.00

Outstanding at December 31, 2015		8,794,952			14.57
Granted - 2016		1,417,500			16.44
Exercised - 2016		(832,467	)		13.44
Forfeited - 2016		(41,337	)		14.97

Outstanding at December 31, 2016		9,338,648		$	14.95

Exercisable at:
December 31, 2014		4,477,240		$	13.88

December 31, 2015		5,250,338		$	14.42

December 31, 2016		6,347,470		$	14.77

Shares available for future option grants at December 31, 2016 totaled 1,880,001 shares under all plans.

The following table summarizes information about stock options outstanding at December 31, 2016:


Exercise Price	Number of Options Outstanding		Weighted-Average Remaining Contractual Life		Number of Options Exercisable
12.50		1,188,274		5.0 years		1,188,274
14.50		1,275,012		6.0 years		1,275,012
15.90		2,344,036		7.0 years		2,344,036
15.80		1,489,119		8.0 years		992,746
13.64		1,642,207		4.0 years		547,402
16.48		1,400,000		5.0 years		—

Total		9,338,648				6,347,470

Employee Stock Purchase Plan

Since 1996, we have maintained an Employee Stock Purchase Plan. During 2011, we adopted a plan that made 300,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance. The plan extends over a 10-year period and provides for shares to be offered to all eligible employees at a purchase price equal to the lesser of 85% of the fair market value of our Class A common stock on the last day before the first day of each enrollment period (June 1 and December 1 of each year) under the plan or 85% of the fair market value of our Class A common stock on the last day of each subscription period (June 30 and December 31 of each year).

A summary of plan activity follows:


	Shares Issued
	Price		Shares
January 1, 2014		12.58		16,964
July 1, 2014		13.01		19,627
January 1, 2015		12.40		17,662
July 1, 2015		12.95		20,006
January 1, 2016		11.97		18,387
July 1, 2016		11.83		22,418

On January 1, 2017, we issued 18,512 shares at a price of $13.76 per share under this plan.

Agency Stock Purchase Plan

Since 1996, we have maintained an Agency Stock Purchase Plan. During 2015, we adopted a plan that made 350,000 shares of our Class A common stock available for issuance to agents of our insurance subsidiaries and Donegal Mutual. The plan permits an agent to invest up to $12,000 per subscription period (April 1 to September 30 and October 1 to March 31 of each year) under various methods. We issue stock at the end of each subscription period at a price equal to 90% of the average market price during the last ten trading days of each subscription period. During 2016, 2015 and 2014, we issued 99,800, 84,198 and 84,320 shares, respectively, under this plan. The expense we recognized under the plan was not material.

14 - Statutory Net Income, Capital and Surplus and Dividend Restrictions

The following table presents selected information, as filed with insurance regulatory authorities, for our insurance subsidiaries as determined in accordance with accounting practices prescribed or permitted by such insurance regulatory authorities:


	2016		2015			2014
Atlantic States:
Statutory capital and surplus	$	227,907,377	$	207,636,824		$	191,195,309
Statutory unassigned surplus		167,872,138		149,257,062			134,473,661
Statutory net income		15,750,876		13,352,784			6,054,186
Southern:
Statutory capital and surplus		63,331,001		61,742,861			60,061,445
Statutory unassigned surplus		11,881,309		10,459,840			8,946,329
Statutory net income		1,774,299		2,301,009			987,335
Le Mars:
Statutory capital and surplus		25,543,803		26,168,865			27,251,245
Statutory unassigned surplus		12,614,756		13,367,321			14,571,069
Statutory net income (loss)		603,226		(600,608	)		(591,242	)
Peninsula:
Statutory capital and surplus		41,977,034		41,838,137			42,065,153
Statutory unassigned surplus		23,826,681		23,813,003			24,170,534
Statutory net income		966,391		1,976,093			3,240,015
Sheboygan:
Statutory capital and surplus		13,129,143		13,254,117			11,553,018
Statutory unassigned surplus (deficit)		914,773		1,107,421			(525,782	)
Statutory net income (loss)		644,344		1,719,703			(707,321	)
MICO:
Statutory capital and surplus		49,863,705		46,199,534			41,989,986
Statutory unassigned surplus		23,380,942		19,894,850			15,860,855
Statutory net income (loss)		7,187,213		3,562,536			(276,023	)

Our principal source of cash for payment of dividends is dividends from our insurance subsidiaries. State insurance laws require our insurance subsidiaries to maintain certain minimum capital and surplus amounts on a statutory basis. Our insurance subsidiaries are subject to regulations that restrict the payment of dividends from statutory surplus and may require prior approval of their domiciliary insurance regulatory authorities. Our insurance subsidiaries are also subject to risk-based capital (“RBC”) requirements that may further impact their ability to pay dividends. Our insurance subsidiaries’ statutory capital and surplus at December 31, 2016 exceeded the amount of statutory capital and surplus necessary to satisfy regulatory requirements, including the RBC requirements, by a significant margin. Amounts available for distribution to us as dividends from our insurance subsidiaries without prior approval of insurance regulatory authorities in 2017 are $22.8 million from Atlantic States, $6.3 million from Southern, $2.6 million from Le Mars, $1.6 million from Peninsula, $643,035 from Sheboygan and $5.0 million from MICO, or a total of approximately $38.9 million.

15 - Reconciliation of Statutory Filings to Amounts Reported Herein

Our insurance subsidiaries must file financial statements with state insurance regulatory authorities using accounting principles and practices prescribed or permitted by those authorities. We refer to these accounting principles and practices as statutory accounting principles (“SAP”). Accounting principles used to prepare these SAP financial statements differ from those used to prepare financial statements on the basis of GAAP.

Reconciliations of statutory net income and capital and surplus, as determined using SAP, to the amounts included in the accompanying GAAP financial statements are as follows:


	Year Ended December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Statutory net income of insurance subsidiaries	$	26,926,349		$	22,311,517		$	8,706,950
Increases (decreases):
Deferred policy acquisition costs		4,200,808			3,809,780			4,671,098
Deferred federal income taxes		(2,030,865	)		(168,395	)		963,679
Salvage and subrogation recoverable		1,502,600			1,082,800			1,132,000
Consolidating eliminations and adjustments		(12,327,517	)		(3,679,277	)		(11,075,829	)
Parent-only net income (loss)		12,529,762			(2,366,392	)		10,141,120

Net income as reported herein	$	30,801,137		$	20,990,033		$	14,539,018


	December 31,
	2016			2015			2014
Statutory capital and surplus of insurance subsidiaries	$	421,752,063		$	396,840,338		$	374,116,156
Increases (decreases):
Deferred policy acquisition costs		56,309,196			52,108,388			48,298,608
Deferred federal income taxes		(20,843,506	)		(16,930,202	)		(17,639,443	)
Salvage and subrogation recoverable		16,777,400			15,274,800			14,192,000
Non-admitted assets and other adjustments, net		1,689,814			2,441,591			2,236,021
Fixed maturities		(7,271,932	)		957,401			7,637,828
Parent-only equity and other adjustments		(29,797,715	)		(42,303,748	)		(12,706,527	)

Stockholders’ equity as reported herein	$	438,615,320		$	408,388,568		$	416,134,643

16 - Supplementary Cash Flow Information

The following table reflects net income taxes and interest we paid during 2016, 2015 and 2014:


	2016		2015		2014
Income taxes	$	7,305,000	$	7,100,000	$	2,550,000
Interest		1,377,247		870,675		1,252,194

17 - Earnings Per Share

We have two classes of common stock, which we refer to as Class A common stock and Class B common stock. Our Class A common stock is entitled to be paid cash dividends that are at least 10% higher than the cash dividends we pay on our Class B common stock. Accordingly, we use the two-class method for the computation of earnings per common share. The two-class method is an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share separately for each class of common stock based on dividends declared and an allocation of remaining undistributed earnings using a participation percentage reflecting the dividend rights of each class.

We present below a reconciliation of the numerators and denominators we used in the basic and diluted per share computations for our Class A common stock:


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2016		2015		2014

Basic earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$	24,885	$	17,155	$	11,797

Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		20,917		22,046		21,100

Basic earnings per share	$	1.19	$	0.78	$	0.56

Diluted earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$	24,885	$	17,155	$	11,797

Denominator:
Number of shares used in basic computation		20,917		22,046		21,100
Weighted-average effect of dilutive securities
Add: Director and employee stock options		613		348		465

Number of shares used in per share computations		21,530		22,394		21,565

Diluted earnings per share	$	1.16	$	0.77	$	0.55

We used the following information in the basic and diluted per share computations for our Class B common stock:


	Year Ended December 31,
(in thousands)	2016		2015		2014

Basic and diluted earnings per share:
Numerator:
Allocation of net income	$	5,916	$	3,835	$	2,742

Denominator:
Weighted-average shares outstanding		5,577		5,577		5,577

Basic and diluted earnings per share	$	1.06	$	0.69	$	0.49

During 2014, we did not include options to purchase 4,030,500 shares of our Class A common stock in the computation of diluted earnings per share because the exercise price of the options was greater than the average market price of our Class A common stock.

18 - Condensed Financial Information of Parent Company

Condensed Balance Sheets

(in thousands)


December 31,	2016		2015
*Assets*
Investment in subsidiaries/affiliates (equity method)	$	510,731	$	493,600
Short-term investments		30		32
Cash		1,820		1,153
Property and equipment		342		619
Other		1,010		649

Total assets	$	513,933	$	496,053

*Liabilities and Stockholders’ Equity*
Liabilities
Cash dividends declared to stockholders	$	3,623	$	3,512
Borrowings under lines of credit		69,000		81,000
Other		2,695		3,152

Total liabilities		75,318		87,664

Stockholders’ equity		438,615		408,389

Total liabilities and stockholders’ equity	$	513,933	$	496,053

Condensed Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income

(in thousands)


Year Ended December 31,	2016			2015			2014
*Statements of Income*
Revenues
Dividends from subsidiaries	$	13,000		$	3,875		$	11,500
Other		1,759			2,028			2,099

Total revenues		14,759			5,903			13,599

Expenses
Operating expenses		1,413			2,451			2,746
Premium paid on purchase of treasury stock		—			5,780			—
Interest		1,747			1,066			1,367

Total expenses		3,160			9,297			4,113

Income (loss) before income tax benefit and equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		11,599			(3,394	)		9,486
Income tax benefit		931			1,028			655

Income (loss) before equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		12,530			(2,366	)		10,141
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		18,271			23,356			4,398

Net income	$	30,801		$	20,990		$	14,539

*Statements of Comprehensive Income*
Net income	$	30,801		$	20,990		$	14,539

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax
Unrealized (loss) gain - subsidiaries		(3,028	)		(4,579	)		7,666

Other comprehensive (loss) income, net of tax		(3,028	)		(4,579	)		7,666

Comprehensive income	$	27,773		$	16,411		$	22,205

Condensed Statements of Cash Flows

(in thousands)


Year Ended December 31,	2016			2015			2014
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income	$	30,801		$	20,990		$	14,539

Adjustments:
Equity in undistributed net income of subsidiaries		(18,271	)		(23,356	)		(4,398	)
Other		(27	)		539			(432	)

Net adjustments		(18,298	)		(22,817	)		(4,830	)

Net cash provided (used)		12,503			(1,827	)		9,709

Cash flows from investing activities:
Net sale (purchase) of short-term investments		2			498			(381	)
Net purchase of property and equipment		(11	)		(23	)		(426	)
Investment in subsidiaries		(2,393	)		(2,427	)		(1,710	)
Other		—			—			26

Net cash used		(2,402	)		(1,952	)		(2,491	)

Cash flows from financing activities:
Cash dividends paid		(14,085	)		(14,454	)		(13,575	)
Issuance of common stock		16,651			18,468			10,808
Payments on line of credit		(12,000	)		(9,500	)		(7,500	)
Borrowings under lines of credit		—			37,000			3,000
Purchase of treasury stock		—			(28,125	)		(12	)

Net cash (used) provided		(9,434	)		3,389			(7,279	)

Net change in cash		667			(390	)		(61	)
Cash at beginning of year		1,153			1,543			1,604

Cash at end of year	$	1,820		$	1,153		$	1,543

19 - Segment Information

We have four reportable segments, which consist of our investment function, our personal lines of insurance, our commercial lines of insurance and our investment in DFSC. Using independent agents, our insurance subsidiaries market personal lines of insurance to individuals and commercial lines of insurance to small and medium-sized businesses.

We evaluate the performance of the personal lines and commercial lines primarily based upon our insurance subsidiaries’ underwriting results as determined under SAP for our total business.

We do not allocate assets to the personal and commercial lines and review the two segments in total for purposes of decision-making. We operate only in the United States, and no single customer or agent provides 10 percent or more of our revenues.

Financial data by segment is as follows:


	2016		2015		2014
	(in thousands)
Revenues:
Premiums earned:
Commercial lines	$	295,077	$	261,286	$	231,056
Personal lines		361,128		344,355		325,442

GAAP premiums earned		656,205		605,641		556,498
Net investment income		22,633		20,950		18,344
Realized investment gains		2,526		1,934		3,134
Equity in earnings of DFSC		1,086		1,277		1,243
Other		5,973		6,585		7,329

Total revenues	$	688,423	$	636,387	$	586,548


	2016			2015			2014
	(in thousands)
Income before income taxes:
Underwriting income (loss):
Commercial lines	$	18,284		$	9,259		$	(9,434	)
Personal lines		(10,745	)		(6,414	)		(6,383	)

SAP underwriting income (loss)		7,539			2,845			(15,817	)
GAAP adjustments		4,642			3,344			6,312

GAAP underwriting income (loss)		12,181			6,189			(9,505	)
Net investment income		22,633			20,950			18,344
Realized investment gains		2,526			1,934			3,134
Equity in earnings of DFSC		1,086			1,277			1,243
Premium paid on purchase of treasury stock		—			(5,780	)		—
Other		2,902			3,022			3,067

Income before income taxes	$	41,328		$	27,592		$	16,283

20 - Guaranty Fund and Other Insurance-Related Assessments

Our insurance subsidiaries’ liabilities for guaranty fund and other insurance-related assessments were $1,490,376 and $1,348,427 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. These liabilities included $447,620 and $400,690 related to surcharges collected by our insurance subsidiaries on behalf of regulatory authorities for 2016 and 2015, respectively.

21 - Interim Financial Data (unaudited)


	2016
	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Net premiums earned	$	158,475,279	$	161,942,637	$	166,809,851	$	168,977,030
Total revenues		166,068,776		169,846,867		175,311,263		177,196,114
Net losses and loss expenses		95,578,065		103,193,915		111,174,963		113,368,960
Net income		11,848,913		8,584,654		4,813,404		5,554,166
Net earnings per common share:
Class A common stock - basic		0.46		0.33		0.19		0.21
Class A common stock - diluted		0.46		0.32		0.18		0.20
Class B common stock - basic and diluted		0.42		0.30		0.16		0.18


	2015
	First Quarter		Second Quarter		Third Quarter		Fourth Quarter
Net premiums earned	$	146,529,816	$	150,457,785	$	153,096,075	$	155,557,052
Total revenues		154,772,448		158,016,954		159,801,784		163,796,077
Net losses and loss expenses		95,939,312		97,839,291		102,233,708		102,354,563
Net income		6,854,336		6,465,027		5,686,831		1,983,839
Net earnings per common share:
Class A common stock - basic		0.26		0.24		0.21		0.07
Class A common stock - diluted		0.25		0.24		0.21		0.07
Class B common stock - basic and diluted		0.23		0.21		0.18		0.07

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Donegal Group Inc.:

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Donegal Group Inc. and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We did not audit the financial statements of Donegal Financial Services Corporation (a 48.2 percent owned investee company). The Company’s investment in Donegal Financial Services Corporation at December 31, 2016 and 2015 was $37,884,918 and $38,476,708, respectively, and its equity in earnings of Donegal Financial Services Corporation was $1,086,157, $1,277,229 and $1,242,910 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively. The financial statements of Donegal Financial Services Corporation were audited by other auditors whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Donegal Financial Services Corporation, is based solely on the report of the other auditors.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits and the reports of the other auditors provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, based on our audits and the reports of the other auditors, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Donegal Group Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), Donegal Group Inc.’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO), and our report dated March 10, 2017 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

LOGO

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 10, 2017

100

Item 9.

Changes in and Disagreements with Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure.

None.

Item 9A.

Controls and Procedures.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

Our management, with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) at December 31, 2016 covered by this Form 10-K Report. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, at December 31, 2016, our disclosure controls and procedures are effective in recording, processing, summarizing and reporting, on a timely basis, information we are required to disclose in the reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act and our disclosure controls and procedures are also effective to ensure that information we disclose in the reports we file or submit under the Exchange Act is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting, as that term is defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Under the supervision and with the participation of our Chief Executive Officer and our Chief Financial Officer, our management has conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting based on the framework and criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO Framework”). Based on our evaluation under the COSO Framework, our management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective at December 31, 2016.

The effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting at December 31, 2016 has been audited by KPMG LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in its report, which is included in this Form 10-K Report.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There were no changes to our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) that occurred during the fourth quarter of 2016 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

Item 9B.

Other Information.

None.

101

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of Donegal Group Inc.:

We have audited Donegal Group Inc.’s (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO). Donegal Group Inc.’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting in Item 9A. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit.

We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States). Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

In our opinion, Donegal Group Inc. maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2016, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (COSO).

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States), the consolidated balance sheets of Donegal Group Inc. and subsidiaries as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the related consolidated statements of income and comprehensive income, stockholders’ equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, and our report dated March 10, 2017, expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.

LOGO

Philadelphia, Pennsylvania

March 10, 2017

102

PART III

Item 10.

Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance.

We incorporate the response to this Item 10 by reference to our proxy statement we will file with the SEC on or about March 16, 2017 relating to our annual meeting of stockholders that we will hold on April 20, 2017, or our Proxy Statement. We respond to this Item with respect to our executive officers by reference to Part I of this Form 10-K Report.

We incorporate the full text of our Code of Business Conduct and Ethics by reference to Exhibit 14 to this Form 10-K Report.

Item 11.

Executive Compensation.

We incorporate the response to this Item 11 by reference to our Proxy Statement. Neither the Report of our Compensation Committee nor the Report of our Audit Committee included in our Proxy Statement shall constitute or be deemed to constitute a filing with the SEC under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act or be deemed to have been incorporated by reference into any filing we make under the Securities Act or the Exchange Act, except to the extent we specifically incorporate the Report of Our Compensation Committee or the Report of Our Audit Committee by reference.

Item 12.

Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters.

We incorporate the response to this Item 12 by reference to our Proxy Statement.

Item 13.

Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence.

We incorporate the response to this Item 13 by reference to our Proxy Statement.

Item 14.

Principal Accounting Fees and Services.

We incorporate the response to this Item 14 by reference to our Proxy Statement.

103

PART IV

Item 15.

Exhibits, Financial Statement Schedules.

(a)

Financial statements, financial statement schedule and exhibits filed:

(a)

Consolidated Financial Statements


	Page
Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm		100

Donegal Group Inc. and Subsidiaries:

Consolidated Balance Sheets at December 31, 2016 and 2015		57

Consolidated Statements of Income and Comprehensive Income for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014		58

Consolidated Statements of Stockholders’ Equity for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014		59

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014		60

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements		61

Report and Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
(Filed as Exhibit 23.1)

Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
(Filed as Exhibit 23.2)

(b)

Financial Statement Schedule


Schedule III — Supplementary Insurance Information		Filed herewith

Consolidated Financial Statements of Donegal Financial Services Corporation		Filed herewith

We have omitted all other schedules since they are not required, not applicable or the information is included in the financial statements or notes to the financial statements.

(c)

Exhibits


Exhibit No.	Description of Exhibits	Reference

3.1	Certificate of Incorporation of Donegal Group Inc., as amended.	(a)

3.2	Amended and Restated By-laws of Donegal Group Inc.	(i)

Management Contracts and Compensatory Plans or Arrangements

10.1	Donegal Group Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees.	(c)

10.2	Donegal Group Inc. 2013 Equity Incentive Plan for Directors.	(c)

10.3	Donegal Group Inc. 2011 Employee Stock Purchase Plan.	(c)

10.4	Donegal Group Inc. 2011 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees.	(c)

10.5	Donegal Group Inc. 2011 Equity Incentive Plan for Directors.	(c)

10.6	Employment Agreement dated as of July 29, 2011 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Donald H. Nikolaus.	(d)

10.7	Consulting Agreement dated as of July 29, 2011 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Donald H. Nikolaus.	(d)

104



10.8	Employment Agreement dated as of July 29, 2011 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Kevin G. Burke.	(d)

10.9	Employment Agreement dated as of July 29, 2011 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Cyril J. Greenya.	(d)

10.10	Employment Agreement dated as of July 29, 2011 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Jeffrey D. Miller.	(d)

10.11	Employment Agreement dated as of July 18, 2013 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Sanjay Pandey.	(s)

10.12	Employment Agreement dated as of July 29, 2011 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Robert G. Shenk.	(d)

10.13	Employment Agreement dated as of July 29, 2011 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Daniel J. Wagner.	(d)

10.14	Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.	(e)

10.15	Amendment No. 1 effective January 1, 2000 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.	(e)

10.16	Amendment No. 2 effective January 6, 2000 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.	(b)

10.17	Amendment No. 3 effective July 23, 2001 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.	(b)

10.18	Amendment No. 4 effective January 1, 2002 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.	(b)

10.19	Amendment No. 5 effective December 31, 2001 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.	(b)

10.20	Amendment No. 6 effective July 1, 2002 to Donegal Mutual Insurance Company 401(k) Plan.	(h)

10.21	Donegal Group Inc. Cash Incentive Bonus Plan.	(j)

10.22	Donegal Group Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan for Employees.	(t)

10.23	Donegal Group Inc. 2015 Equity Incentive Plan for Directors.	(t)

Other Material Contracts

10.24	Reinsurance and Retrocession Agreement dated May 21, 1996 between Donegal Mutual Insurance Company and Southern Insurance Company of Virginia.	(f)

10.25	Surplus Note Purchase Agreement dated September 8, 2009 between Donegal Mutual Insurance Company and Southern Mutual Insurance Company.	(k)

10.26	Quota-share Reinsurance Agreement dated October 30, 2009 but effective 11:59 p.m. on October 31, 2009 between Donegal Mutual Insurance Company and Southern Mutual Insurance Company.	(k)

10.27	Services and Affiliation Agreement dated October 30, 2009 between Donegal Mutual Insurance Company and Southern Mutual Insurance Company.	(k)

10.28	Technology License Agreement dated October 30, 2009 between Donegal Mutual Insurance Company and Southern Mutual Insurance Company.	(k)

10.29	Amended and Restated Proportional Reinsurance Agreement dated March 1, 2010 between Donegal Mutual Insurance Company and Atlantic States Insurance Company.	(k)

10.30	Agreement and Plan of Merger dated April 19, 2010, and as amended May 20, 2010, among Donegal Acquisition Inc., Donegal Financial Services Corporation, Donegal Group Inc. and Union National Financial Corporation; amended dated September 1, 2010; amended dated December 8, 2010.	(l)

10.31	Amended and Restated Agreement and Plan of Merger dated December 6, 2010 among Michigan Insurance Company, West Bend Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and DGI Acquisition Corp.	(m)

105



10.32	Amended and Restated Tax Sharing Agreement dated December 1, 2010 among Donegal Group Inc., Atlantic States Insurance Company, Southern Insurance Company of Virginia, Le Mars Insurance Company, The Peninsula Insurance Company, Peninsula Indemnity Company and Michigan Insurance Company.	(n)

10.33	Amended and Restated Services Allocation Agreement dated December 1, 2010 among Donegal Group Inc., Atlantic States Insurance Company, Southern Insurance Company of Virginia, Le Mars Insurance Company, The Peninsula Insurance Company, Peninsula Indemnity Company and Michigan Insurance Company.	(n)

10.34	Quota-share Reinsurance Agreement dated December 1, 2010 between Donegal Mutual Insurance Company and Michigan Insurance Company.	(n)

10.35	Donegal Group Inc. 2015 Agency Stock Purchase Plan.	(o)

10.36	Credit Agreement dated June 21, 2010 between Donegal Group Inc. and Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company, First Amendment to Credit Agreement dated October 12, 2010 and Second Amendment to Credit Agreement dated June 1, 2011.	(p)

10.37	Third Amendment to Credit Agreement between Donegal Group Inc. and Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company dated June 1, 2012 and Fourth Amendment to Credit Agreement dated December 5, 2012.	(q)

10.38	Fifth Amendment to Credit Agreement between Donegal Group Inc. and Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company dated June 1, 2013.	(r)

10.39	Sixth Amendment to Credit Agreement between Donegal Group Inc. and Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company dated June 1, 2014.	(s)

10.40	Seventh Amendment to Credit Agreement between Donegal Group Inc. and Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company dated June 1, 2015.	(v)

10.41	Stock Purchase and Standstill Agreement dated as of December 18, 2015 among Donegal Mutual Insurance Company, Donegal Group Inc. and Gregory M. Shepard.	(u)

10.42	Eighth Amendment to Credit Agreement between Donegal Group Inc. and Manufacturers and Traders Trust Company dated July 1, 2016.	Filed herewith

14	Code of Business Conduct and Ethics.	(g)

21	Subsidiaries of Registrant.	Filed herewith

23.1	Report and Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.	Filed herewith

23.2	Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.	Filed herewith

31.1	Rule 13a-14(a)/15(d)-14(a) Certification of Chief Executive Officer.	Filed herewith

31.2	Rule 13a-14(a)/15(d)-14(a) Certification of Chief Financial Officer.	Filed herewith

32.1	Section 1350 Certification of Chief Executive Officer.	Filed herewith

32.2	Section 1350 Certification of Chief Financial Officer.	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.INS	XBRL Instance Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

106



Exhibit 101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

Exhibit 101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document	Filed herewith

(a)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2013.

(b)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2001.

(c)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 8-K Report dated April 22, 2011.

(d)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 8-K Report dated August 3, 2011.

(e)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 1999.

(f)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 1996.

(g)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2003.

(h)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2002.

(i)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 8-K Report dated July 18, 2008.

(j)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the description of such plan in Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on April 17, 2014 filed on March 17, 2014.

(k)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2009.

(l)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form S-4 registration statement filed June 25, 2010, Registrant’s Form 8-K Report dated September 1, 2010 and Registrant’s Form 8-K Report dated December 8, 2010.

(m)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 8-K Report dated December 8, 2010.

(n)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2010.

(o)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit filed in Registrant’s Form S-3 registration statement filed on April 28, 2015.

(p)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2011.

(q)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2012.

(r)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2013.

(s)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2014.

(t)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the description of such plan in Registrant’s definitive proxy statement for its Annual Meeting of Stockholders held on April 16, 2015 filed on March 16, 2015.

(u)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 8-K Report dated December 22, 2015.

(v)	We incorporate such exhibit by reference to the like-described exhibit in Registrant’s Form 10-K Report for the year ended December 31, 2015.

107

DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCHEDULE III — SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION

Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014

($ in thousands)


Segment	Net Premiums Earned		Net Investment Income		Net Losses and Loss Expenses		Amortization of Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs		Other Underwriting Expenses		Net Premiums Written
Year Ended December 31, 2016
Personal lines	$	361,128	$	—	$	247,323	$	59,367	$	59,688	$	371,657
Commercial lines		295,077		—		175,993		48,509		48,771		310,377
Investments		—		22,633		—		—		—		—

	$	656,205	$	22,633	$	423,316	$	107,876	$	108,459	$	682,034

Year Ended December 31, 2015
Personal lines	$	344,355	$	—	$	235,717	$	56,581	$	55,556	$	352,327
Commercial lines		261,286		—		162,650		42,932		42,154		276,510
Investments		—		20,950		—		—		—		—

	$	605,641	$	20,950	$	398,367	$	99,513	$	97,710	$	628,837

Year Ended December 31, 2014
Personal lines	$	325,442	$	—	$	221,975	$	52,718	$	49,509	$	334,739
Commercial lines		231,056		—		166,426		37,428		35,150		244,462
Investments		—		18,344		—		—		—		—

	$	556,498	$	18,344	$	388,401	$	90,146	$	84,659	$	579,201

108

DONEGAL GROUP INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

SCHEDULE III — SUPPLEMENTARY INSURANCE INFORMATION, CONTINUED

($ in thousands)


	At December 31,
Segment	Deferred Policy Acquisition Costs		Liability For Losses and Loss Expenses		Unearned Premiums		Other Policy Claims and Benefits Payable
2016
Personal lines	$	31,477	$	217,793	$	260,525	$	—
Commercial lines		24,832		388,872		205,530		—
Investments		—		—		—		—

	$	56,309	$	606,665	$	466,055	$	—

2015
Personal lines	$	29,754	$	208,154	$	245,241	$	—
Commercial lines		22,354		370,051		184,252		—
Investments		—		—		—		—

	$	52,108	$	578,205	$	429,493	$	—

See accompanying Report and Consent of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm.

109


		Donegal Financial Services Corporation

		Consolidated Financial Statements

		As of December 31, 2016 and 2015
		Years Ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Contents


Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm			2

Financial Statements

Consolidated Balance Sheets			4

Consolidated Statements of Income			5

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income			6

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity			7

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows			8 - 9

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements			10 - 47

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Board of Directors

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Mount Joy, Pennsylvania

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Donegal Financial Services Corporation and subsidiary, (the “Company”) as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, shareholders’ equity and cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016. These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits.

We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) and in accordance with the auditing standards generally accepted in the United States of America. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audits to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement. The Company is not required to have, nor were we engaged to perform, an audit of its internal control over financial reporting. Our audits included consideration of internal control over financial reporting as a basis for designing audit procedures that are appropriate in the circumstances, but not for the purpose of expressing an opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting. Accordingly, we express no such opinion. An audit also includes examining, on a test basis, evidence supporting the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements, assessing the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall consolidated financial statement presentation. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements referred to above present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of Donegal Financial Services Corporation and subsidiary at December 31, 2016 and 2015, and the results of their operations and their cash flows for each of the years in the three-year period ended December 31, 2016, in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Harrisburg, Pennsylvania

March 8, 2017

BDO USA, LLP, a Delaware limited liability partnership, is the U.S. member of BDO International Limited, a UK company limited by guarantee, and forms part of the international BDO network of independent member firms.

BDO is the brand name for the BDO network and for each of the BDO Member Firms.

Consolidated Financial Statements

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Consolidated Balance Sheets

(dollars in thousands, except share data)


December 31,	2016			2015
Assets
Cash and due from banks	$	24,428		$	18,901
Interest-bearing demand deposits in other banks		34,708			42,906

Cash and cash equivalents		59,136			61,807

Interest-bearing time deposits in other banks		2,509			6
Securities available-for-sale		94,571			102,390
Loans held for sale		216			679
Loans receivable, net of allowance for loan losses of $4,143 at December 31, 2016 and $3,861 at December 31, 2015		349,394			310,776
Restricted investment in bank stocks		520			1,391
Property and equipment, net		9,711			10,094
Bank-owned life insurance		13,433			13,531
Goodwill		901			901
Intangible assets		377			546
Other real estate owned		731			188
Accrued interest receivable		1,315			1,210
Other assets		2,776			3,620

Total Assets	$	535,590		$	507,139

Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity

Liabilities
Deposits:
Demand, non-interest bearing	$	104,607		$	86,948
Interest bearing		346,263			312,960

Total deposits		450,870			399,908

Short-term borrowings		—			20,833
Junior subordinated debentures		4,694			4,559
Other liabilities		1,537			2,122

Total Liabilities		457,101			427,422

Shareholders’ Equity
Common stock, par value $0.01 per share; 17,864 shares authorized, issued and outstanding		1			1
Surplus		62,757			62,607
Retained earnings		16,885			17,933
Accumulated other comprehensive loss		(1,154	)		(824	)

Total Shareholders’ Equity		78,489			79,717

Total Liabilities and Shareholders’ Equity	$	535,590		$	507,139

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Income

(dollars in thousands)


Years Ended December 31,	2016		2015		2014
Interest Income
Loans, including fees	$	16,525	$	16,220	$	16,737
Securities:
Taxable		1,534		2,085		2,102
Tax exempt		506		789		911
Other		206		127		201

Total Interest Income		18,771		19,221		19,951

Interest Expense
Deposits		1,516		1,227		1,717
Junior subordinated debentures		516		2,953		784
Other		3		9		1

Total Interest Expense		2,035		4,189		2,502

Net interest income		16,736		15,032		17,449

Provision for Loan Losses		521		92		67

Net interest income after provision for loan losses		16,215		14,940		17,382

Other Income
Service charges on deposits		807		896		1,064
Other service charges, commissions, fees		1,217		1,202		1,515
Income from fiduciary activities		51		68		70
Alternative investment sales commissions		645		927		889
Gains on sales of loans		343		593		695
Net realized gains/(losses) on sales of securities		8		906		(77	)
Earnings from bank-owned life insurance		506		383		483
Other		193		88		74

Total Other Income		3,770		5,063		4,713

Other Expenses
Salaries and employee benefits		9,367		8,924		8,663
Occupancy and equipment		2,278		1,931		2,855
Advertising and marketing		711		571		358
Data and ATM processing		2,345		2,449		2,273
Professional fees		390		448		847
Supplies and printing		151		207		255
FDIC insurance		224		219		232
Amortization of core deposit intangible		168		202		237
Other		1,243		1,712		2,419

Total Other Expenses		16,877		16,663		18,139

Income before income tax expense		3,108		3,340		3,956

Income Tax Expense		856		967		1,103

Net Income	$	2,252	$	2,373	$	2,853

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income

(dollars in thousands)


Years Ended December 31,	2016			2015			2014
Net Income	$	2,252		$	2,373		$	2,853

Other Comprehensive Income (Loss):
Unrealized gains (losses) arising during the period on available-for-sale securities, net of income taxes of ($166), ($126) and $2,375, respectively		(325	)		(244	)		4,611
Reclassification adjustment for net (gains) losses on sales of available-for-sale securities included in net income, income taxes of $3, $308 and ($26), respectively ^(A)(B)		(5	)		(598	)		51

Total other comprehensive income		(330	)		(842	)		4,662

Total Comprehensive Income	$	1,922		$	1,531		$	7,515

^(A)	Amounts are included in net realized (losses) gains on sales of securities on the consolidated statements of income in total other income.

^(B)	Income tax amounts are included in income tax expense on the consolidated statements of income.

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Shareholders’ Equity

(dollars in thousands except per share data)


	Common Stock		Surplus		Retained Earnings			Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss			Total
Balance, January 1, 2014	$	1	$	62,164	$	16,407		$	(4,644	)	$	73,928

Net income		—		—		2,853			—			2,853
Other comprehensive income, net of taxes		—		—		—			4,662			4,662
Stock option expense		—		224		—			—			224

Balance, December 31, 2014		1		62,388		19,260			18			81,667

Net income		—		—		2,373			—			2,373
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes		—		—		—			(842	)		(842	)
Common stock dividend ($207 per share)		—		—		(3,700	)		—			(3,700	)
Stock option expense		—		219		—			—			219

Balance, December 31, 2015		1		62,607		17,933			(824	)		79,717

Net income		—		—		2,252			—			2,252
Other comprehensive loss, net of taxes		—		—		—			(330	)		(330	)
Common stock dividend ($185 per share)		—		—		(3,300	)		—			(3,300	)
Stock option expense		—		150		—			—			150

Balance, December 31, 2016	$	1	$	62,757	$	16,885		$	(1,154	)	$	78,489

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(dollars in thousands)


Years Ended December 31,	2016			2015			2014
Cash Flows from Operating Activities
Net income	$	2,252		$	2,373		$	2,853
Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
Provision for loan losses		521			92			67
Depreciation and amortization		720			824			897
Intangible amortization		168			208			259
Accretion of junior subordinated debentures		135			121			347
Net (gain) loss on calls, sales of securities		(8	)		(906	)		77
Net loss on sales of other real estate owned		61			77			66
Gain on sales of loans		(331	)		(580	)		(695	)
Proceeds from sales of loans		10,750			18,141			20,592
Loans originated for sale		(9,956	)		(17,161	)		(19,463	)
Stock option expense		150			219			224
Net gain on sale of property and equipment		—			—			(1	)
Amortization on securities, net		222			5			425
Earnings from bank-owned life insurance		(378	)		(383	)		(382	)
Gain from life insurance proceeds		(128	)		—			(101	)
Deferred income taxes		157			292			583
Decrease in accrued interest receivable and other assets		752			50			374
(Decrease) increase in other liabilities		(582	)		(731	)		162

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities		4,505			2,641			6,284

Cash Flows from Investing Activities
Purchases of securities available-for-sale		(10,227	)		(12,309	)		(14,763	)
Proceeds from sales of securities available-for-sale		—			24,542			25,630
Proceeds from calls, maturities and principal repayments of securities available-for-sale		17,331			12,892			8,988
Net increase in loans		(39,888	)		(9,434	)		(27,796	)
Increase in interest bearing time deposits		(2,503	)		—			—
Redemption of restricted stock		871			(425	)		210
Proceeds from life insurance claim		604			—			279
Proceeds from the sale of property and equipment		—			—			1
Purchases of property and equipment		(337	)		(158	)		(783	)
Disposals of property and equipment		—			378			—
Proceeds from sale of other real estate owned		145			275			645

Net Cash Provided by (Used In) Investing Activities		(34,004	)		15,761			(7,589	)

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows

(dollars in thousands)


Years Ended December 31,	2016			2015			2014
Cash Flows from Financing Activities
Net (decrease) increase in deposits	$	50,961		$	(3,459	)	$	(24,892	)
Repayment of junior subordinated debenture		—			(3,610	)		—
Net (decrease) increase in short-term borrowings		(20,833	)		10,833			10,000
Dividends paid		(3,300	)		(3,700	)		—

Net Cash Provided by (Used in) Financing Activities		26,828			64			(14,892	)

Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(2,671	)		18,466			(16,197	)

Cash and Cash Equivalents, Beginning of Year		61,807			43,341			59,538

Cash and Cash Equivalents, End of Year	$	59,136		$	61,807		$	43,341

Supplementary Cash Flows Information
Interest paid	$	2,057		$	4,211		$	2,594

Income taxes paid	$	670		$	330		$	540

Supplementary Schedule of Noncash Investing Activities
Loan transfers to other real estate owned	$	749		$	430		$	446

See accompanying notes to consolidated financial statements.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

1.	Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

The accounting policies discussed below are followed consistently by Donegal Financial Services Corporation (the “Company”). These policies are in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (“US GAAP”) and conform to common practices in the banking industry.

Nature of Operations

The consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiary, Union Community Bank, (the “Bank”). All material intercompany transactions have been eliminated in consolidation. The Company is owned by Donegal Mutual Insurance Company (the “Insurance Company”) and Donegal Group Inc.

The Company is a one-bank holding company and provides full banking services through its subsidiary, Union Community Bank. The Bank serves primarily Lancaster County, Pennsylvania.

On May 6, 2011, Donegal Financial Services Corporation, the parent company of Province Bank, FSB, merged with Union National Financial Corporation, the parent company of Union National Community Bank, pursuant to which Union National Financial Corporation merged with and into Donegal Financial Services Corporation. As part of the transaction, Union National Community Bank merged with and into Province Bank, FSB. The entity is operating under the new name Union Community Bank. This series of transactions is collectively referred to as the “acquisition.”

Estimates

The preparation of consolidated financial statements in conformity with US GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the consolidated financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates. Material estimates that are particularly susceptible to significant change in the near term relate to the determination of the allowance for loan losses, the valuation of deferred tax assets, the valuation of other real estate owned and the evaluation of investment securities for other than temporary impairment.

Presentation of Cash Flows

For purposes of reporting cash flows, cash and cash equivalents include cash on hand, amounts due from banks, federal funds sold, interest-bearing demand deposits with other banks, and short-term investments consisting of money market accounts and U.S. Treasury bills purchased with a maturity date of three months or less. Generally, federal funds are purchased and sold for one-day periods.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Securities

Management determines the appropriate classification of debt securities at the time of purchase, or acquisition, and re-evaluates such designation as of each balance sheet date.

Securities classified as available-for-sale are those securities that the Company intends to hold for an indefinite period of time but not necessarily to maturity. Any decision to sell a security classified as available-for-sale would be based on various factors, including significant movement in interest rates, changes in maturity mix of the Company’s assets and liabilities, liquidity needs, regulatory capital considerations and other similar factors. Securities available-for-sale are carried at fair value. Unrealized gains and losses are reported as increases or decreases in other comprehensive (loss) income. Realized gains or losses, determined on the basis of the cost of the specific securities sold, are included in earnings. Premiums and discounts are recognized in interest income using the interest method over the terms of the securities.

Other-than-temporary impairment guidance on debt securities specifies that (a) if a company does not have the intent to sell a debt security prior to recovery and (b) it is more likely than not that it will not have to sell the debt security prior to recovery, the security would not be considered other-than-temporarily impaired unless there is a loss due to credit quality. When an entity does not intend to sell the security, and it is more likely than not, the entity will not have to sell the security before the recovery of its cost basis, it will recognize the credit component of an other-than-temporary impairment of a debt security in earnings and the remaining portion in other comprehensive (loss) income. The Company has not recognized any other-than-temporary impairment losses in the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 or 2014.

Loans Held for Sale

Loans originated and intended for sale in the secondary market are carried in the aggregate at the lower of cost or estimated fair value. The fair value of loans held for sale is determined, when possible, using quoted secondary-market prices. If no such quoted prices exist, the fair value of a loan is determined using quoted prices for a similar loan or loans, adjusted for the specific attribute of that loan. Net unrealized losses are recognized through a valuation allowance with corresponding charges in the consolidated statements of income. The Company did not write down any loans held for sale during the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, or 2014. All sales are made without recourse and are sold with servicing released.

Loans Receivable

Loans that management has the intent and ability to hold for the foreseeable future or until maturity or payoff are generally stated at their outstanding unpaid principal balances, net of an allowance for credit losses, and any deferred fees or costs on originated loans. Interest income is accrued on the unpaid principal balance. Loan origination fees, net of certain direct origination costs, are deferred and recognized as an adjustment of the yield (interest income) of the related loans. The Company is amortizing these amounts over the contractual life of the loan. Premiums and discounts on purchased loans are amortized as adjustments to interest income using the effective yield method.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The loan portfolio is segmented into commercial and consumer loans. Commercial loans consist of the following classes: commercial real estate secured; commercial and industrial (“C&I”); and commercial other. Consumer loans consist of the following classes: residential mortgage loans; home equity installment loans and lines of credit; and consumer loans other.

Commercial Loans - Real Estate Secured - the Company engages in commercial lending secured by real estate in its primary market, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and surrounding areas. The majority of the commercial loan portfolio is secured by owner-occupied commercial office and manufacturing properties, as well as agricultural land. A smaller portion of the Company’s commercial real estate portfolio is secured by commercial real estate development and construction projects.

Generally, commercial real estate loans have terms that do not exceed 20 years, have loan-to-value ratios of up to 80% of the appraised value of the property, and typically require the personal guarantees of the principals of the borrowing entities. Terms of construction loans depend on the specifics of the project such as estimated absorption rates, estimated time to complete, etc. In underwriting commercial real estate loans, the Company performs a thorough analysis of the financial condition and cash flows of the borrower, the borrower’s credit history, the borrower’s character, and the reliability and predictability of the cash flow generated by the business and property securing the loan. Appraisals supporting the underwriting of properties securing commercial real estate loans are performed by independent appraisers.

Commercial real estate loans generally present a higher level of risk than other types of loans primarily due to adverse economic conditions causing declines in the values of the collateral. This market value risk is somewhat mitigated for owner-occupied commercial real estate loans since the performance and cash flow of the business is the primary source of loan repayment, and not the sale or rent of the real estate.

Commercial Loans - C & I, and Other - The Company originates commercial loans not secured by real estate, but instead by business operations and non-real-estate assets, generally referred to as commercial and industrial loans. These commercial and industrial loans are made primarily to businesses located in the Company’s primary market, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and surrounding areas. These loans are used for various business purposes which include short-term loans and lines of credit to finance machinery and equipment purchases, and inventory and accounts receivable management, supporting the businesses growth, stability, and profitability.

Generally, the maximum term for commercial loans used for machinery and equipment purchases is based on the projected useful life of such machinery and equipment. Most working capital and business lines of credit are written on demand and require annual renewal. Commercial and industrial loans are generally secured with short-term assets; however, in some cases, additional collateral such as junior liens on real estate is provided as additional security for the loan. Loan-to-values have been established by the Company, specific to the type of business collateral, and generally do not exceed 75% of the value of the underlying business assets. Collateral values may be determined using invoices, inventory reports, accounts receivable aging reports and collateral appraisals.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In underwriting commercial and industrial loans, an analysis of the borrower’s capacity to repay the loan, the adequacy of the borrower’s capital and collateral, the borrower’s character, as well as an evaluation of the local and broader economic conditions affecting the borrower’s business, is performed. Analysis of the borrower’s past, present and future cash flows is also an important aspect of the Company’s underwriting analysis.

Commercial loans generally present a higher level of risk than other types of loans primarily due to adverse economic conditions having a negative effect on business sales, receivable collections, and, cash flows.

Residential Mortgage Loans, and Home Equity Loans and Lines of Credit - The Company originates one-to-four-family first position residential mortgage loans, and junior lien home equity loans and lines of credit, through the Company’s marketing efforts, to present customers, new walk-in customers, and referred customers. Residential mortgage and home equity credits include fixed-rate and adjustable rate mortgages with terms up to a maximum of 20 years for both permanent structures and those under construction. These one-to-four-family mortgage originations are secured by residential properties primarily located in the Company’s primary market, Lancaster County, Pennsylvania, and surrounding areas. The majority of residential mortgage and home equity credits have a total loans-to-value ratio of 80% or less. If the total of residential mortgage and home equity loans and lines on a residential property exceed 80% of the underlying real estate value, the borrowers are required to have private mortgage insurance.

In underwriting one-to-four-family residential mortgage and home equity credits, the Company evaluates both the borrower’s ability to make monthly payments (from the borrower’s existing financial condition and sustainable income sources), and the value of the residential property securing the loan. Real estate properties securing residential mortgage and home equity credits are appraised by independent appraisers. The Company generally requires borrowers to obtain an attorney’s title opinion or title insurance, and fire and property insurance (and flood insurance, if necessary) in an amount not less than the appraised value of the property securing the loan. The Company has not engaged in sub-prime residential mortgage originations.

Residential mortgage and home equity credits present a credit risk to the Company, but generally at a lower risk profile as compared to other types of loans since, though adverse economic conditions may cause a decline in property value or cessation in borrower repayment ability, the loan-to-value underwriting standards and generally higher marketability of residential real estate provides for more effective collateral liquidation to cover outstanding loan balances.

Consumer Loans, Other - The Company offers a variety of secured and unsecured consumer loans, including vehicle loans, loans secured by savings deposits, and unsecured consumer loans. Consumer loan terms vary according to the type and value of collateral and creditworthiness of the borrower. In underwriting consumer loans, a thorough analysis of the borrower’s willingness and financial ability to repay the loan as agreed is performed. The ability to repay shall be determined by the borrower’s employment history, current financial conditions, and credit background.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Consumer loans not secured by real estate generally entail greater credit risk than do residential mortgage loans, particularly in the case of consumer loans which are unsecured or are secured by rapidly depreciable assets, such as automobiles or recreational equipment. In such cases, any repossessed collateral for a defaulted consumer loan may not provide an adequate source of repayment of the outstanding loan balance as a result of the greater likelihood of damage, loss or depreciation. In addition, consumer loan collections are dependent on the borrower’s continuing financial stability, and thus are more likely to be affected by adverse personal circumstances. Furthermore, the application of various federal and state laws, including bankruptcy and insolvency laws, may limit the amount which can be recovered on such loans.

Nonaccrual Loans - Generally, a loan is classified as nonaccrual, and the accrual of interest on such loan is discontinued, when (1) the contractual payment of principal or interest has become 90 days past due or (2) management has serious doubts about the further collectability of principal or interest, even though the loan is currently performing. A loan 90 days or more past due may remain on accrual status if it is in the process of collection and is either guaranteed or well-secured. When a loan is placed on nonaccrual status, unpaid interest credited to income is reversed. Interest received on nonaccrual loans including impaired loans is either applied against principal or reported as interest income, according to management’s judgment as to the collectability of principal. Generally, loans are restored to accrual status when both principal and interest are brought current, the loan has performed in accordance with the contractual terms for a reasonable period of time (generally six months), and the ultimate collectability of the total contractual principal and interest is no longer in doubt. The past due status of all classes of loans receivable is determined based on the contractual due dates for loan payments.

Allowance for Loan Losses

The allowance for loan losses represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in the loan portfolio as of the balance sheet date and is recorded as a reduction to loans. The allowance for loan losses is increased by the provision for loan losses, and decreased by charge-offs, net of recoveries. Loans deemed to be uncollectible are charged against the allowance for loan losses, and subsequent recoveries, if any, are credited to the allowance. All, or part, of the principal balance of loans receivable are charged off to the allowance as soon as it is determined that the repayment of all, or part, of the principal balance is highly unlikely. Non-residential consumer loans are generally charged off no later than 120 days past due on a contractual basis, earlier in the event of bankruptcy, or if there is an amount deemed uncollectible. Because all identified losses are immediately charged off, no portion of the allowance for loan losses is restricted to any individual loan or groups of loans, and the entire allowance is available to absorb any and all loan losses.

The allowance for loan losses is maintained at a level considered adequate to provide for losses that can be reasonably anticipated. Management performs a monthly evaluation of the adequacy of the allowance, which is based on the Company’s past loan loss experience, industry peer analysis, known and inherent risks in the portfolio, adverse situations that may affect the borrower’s ability to repay, the estimated value of any underlying collateral, composition of the loan portfolio, current economic conditions, and other relevant factors. This evaluation is inherently subjective as it requires material estimates that may be susceptible to significant revision as more information becomes available.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The allowance for loan losses consists of specific, general and unallocated components. The specific component relates to loans that are classified as impaired. For such loans, an allowance is established when the (i) discounted cash flows, or (ii) collateral value, or (iii) observable market price of the impaired loan is lower than the carrying value of that loan. The general component covers pools of loans by loan class including commercial loans not considered impaired, as well as smaller balance homogeneous loans, such as residential real estate, home equity loans and home equity lines of credit, and other consumer loans. These pools of loans are evaluated for loss exposure based upon historical loss rates for each of these categories of loans, adjusted for relevant qualitative factors. Separate qualitative factor adjustments are made for higher-risk criticized loans that are not impaired.

Qualitative risk factors used by the Company to adjust historical loan loss rates include:

Lending policies and procedures including underwriting standards and risk assessment.

Quality of the Company’s credit and collection processes.

National, regional, and local economic and business conditions as well as the condition of various market segments, including the value of underlying collateral for collateral dependent loans.

Nature and volume of the portfolio and terms of loans.

Experience, ability, and depth of lending management and staff.

Volume and severity of past due, classified and nonaccrual loans as well as trends and other loan modifications.

Quality of the Company’s loan review system, and the degree of oversight by the Company’s Board of Directors.

Existence and effect of any concentrations of credit and changes in the level of such concentrations.

Effect of external factors, such as competition and legal and regulatory requirements.

Each qualitative factor is assigned a value that is added to or deducted from the historical loss rate for separately defined loan pools to reflect improving, stable or declining conditions based on management’s best judgment using relevant information available at the time of the evaluation.

A component of the allowance for loan losses is unallocated and covers uncertainties that could affect management’s estimate of probable losses. The unallocated component reflects the margin of imprecision inherent in the underlying assumptions used in the methodologies for estimating the specific and general loss components in the portfolio.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

If, based on current information and events, it is probable that the Company will be unable to collect both the contractual principal and interest payments as scheduled according to a loan’s contractual terms, the loan is considered impaired. However, management determines the significance of payment delays and shortfalls on a case-by-case basis and may judge an insignificant delay or insignificant shortfall in the amount of payments as not reflective of an impairment. For example, a loan is not considered impaired during a period of delay in payment if the Company expects to collect all amounts due including interest accrued at the contractual interest rate for the period of delay.

Measuring impairment of a loan requires judgment and estimates, and the eventual outcomes may differ from those estimates. When the Company determines that a loan is impaired, the Company measures impairment based on the present value of expected future cash flows, or based upon a loan’s observable market price, or based upon the fair value of collateral if the loan is collateral dependent. When the Company uses the fair value of collateral to measure impairment where some or all of the repayment of the loan is dependent upon the liquidation of the collateral, the fair value of the collateral shall be adjusted by the estimated costs of liquidation.

For commercial loans secured by real estate, estimated fair values are determined primarily through third-party appraisals. When a real estate secured loan becomes impaired, a decision is made regarding whether an updated appraisal of the real estate is necessary. This decision is based on various considerations, including the age of the most recent appraisal, the loan-to-value ratio based on the original appraisal and the condition of the property. Appraised values are discounted to arrive at the estimated selling price of the collateral, which is considered to be the estimated fair value. The discounts also include estimated costs to sell the property.

For commercial loans secured by non-real estate collateral, such as accounts receivable, inventory and equipment, estimated fair values are determined based on the borrower’s financial statements, inventory reports, accounts receivable agings or equipment appraisals or invoices. Indications of value from these sources are generally discounted based on the age of the financial information or the quality of the assets.

Large groups of smaller balance homogeneous loans are collectively evaluated for impairment. Accordingly, the Company does not separately identify individual residential mortgage loans, home equity loans and other consumer loans for impairment disclosures, unless such loans are associated with a commercial relationship or the subject of a troubled debt restructuring agreement.

Loans whose terms are modified are classified as troubled debt restructurings if the Company grants such borrowers concessions and it is deemed that those borrowers are experiencing financial difficulty. Concessions granted under a troubled debt restructuring generally involve a temporary reduction in interest rate or an extension of a loan’s stated maturity date. Non-accrual troubled debt restructurings are restored to accrual status if principal and interest payments, under the modified terms, are current for six consecutive months after modification.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The allowance calculation methodology includes further segregation of loan pools into risk rating categories. The borrower’s overall financial condition, repayment sources, guarantors and value of collateral, if appropriate, are evaluated annually for commercial loans or when credit deficiencies arise, such as delinquent loan payments, for commercial and consumer loans. Credit quality risk ratings include regulatory classifications of special mention, substandard, doubtful and loss. Loans criticized as special mention have potential weaknesses that deserve management’s close attention. If uncorrected, the potential weaknesses may result in deterioration of the repayment prospects. Loans classified substandard have a well-defined weakness or weaknesses that jeopardize the liquidation of the debt. They include loans that are inadequately protected by the current sound net worth and paying capacity of the obligor or of the collateral pledged, if any. Loans classified doubtful have all the weaknesses inherent in loans classified substandard with the added characteristic that collection or liquidation in full, on the basis of current conditions and facts, is highly improbable. Loans classified as a loss are considered uncollectible and are charged off against the allowance for loan losses. Loans not criticized are rated pass.

In addition, Federal and state regulatory agencies, as an integral part of their examination process, periodically review the Company’s allowance for loan losses and may require the Company to recognize additions to or charge-offs against the allowance based on their judgments about information available to them at the time of their examination, which may not be currently available to management.

Based on management’s comprehensive analysis of the loan portfolio, management believes the current level of the allowance for loan losses is adequate.

Reserve for Unfunded Lending Commitments - The reserve for unfunded lending commitments represents management’s estimate of losses inherent in its unfunded loan commitments and is recorded in other liabilities on the balance sheet. The Company had a reserve of $140,000 as of December 31, 2016 and $114,000 as of December 31, 2015.

Acquired Loans

Loans acquired in connection with business combinations are recorded at fair value with no carryover of the related allowance for loan losses. Fair value of the loans involves estimating the amount and timing of principal and interest cash flows expected to be collected on the loans and discounting those cash flows at a market rate of interest.

The excess of cash flows expected at acquisition over the estimated fair value is referred to as the accretable discount and is recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan. The difference between contractually required payments at acquisition and the cash flows expected to be collected at acquisition is referred to as the nonaccretable discount. The nonaccretable discount includes estimated future credit losses expected to be incurred over the life of the loan. Subsequent decreases to the expected cash flows will require an evaluation for the need for an additional allowance for credit losses. Subsequent improvement in expected cash flows will result in the reversal of a corresponding amount of the nonaccretable discount which will then be reclassified as accretable discount that will be recognized into interest income over the remaining life of the loan.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Acquired loans that met the criteria for impaired or nonaccrual of interest prior to the acquisition may be considered performing upon acquisition, regardless of whether the customer is contractually delinquent if the Company expects to fully collect the new carrying value (i.e. fair value) of the loans. As such, the Company may no longer consider the loan to be nonaccrual or nonperforming and may accrue interest on these loans, including the impact of any accretable discount. In addition, charge-offs on such loans would be first applied to the nonaccretable difference portion of the fair value adjustment.

Loans acquired through business combinations that do not meet the specific criteria of Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 310-30, but for which a discount is attributable at least in part to credit quality, are accounted for in accordance with ASC 310-20. As a result, related discounts are recognized subsequently through accretion based on the contractual cash flows of the acquired loans.

Business Combinations and Core Deposit Intangible

The Company accounts for business combinations using the acquisition accounting method. Acquisition accounting requires the total purchase price to be allocated to the estimated fair values of assets acquired and liabilities assumed, including certain intangible assets that must be recognized. Typically, this allocation results in the purchase price exceeding the fair value of net assets acquired, which is recorded as goodwill. Core deposit intangibles are a measure of the value of checking, money market and savings deposits acquired in business combinations accounted for under the purchase method. Core deposit intangibles are being amortized over the sum of years’ digits. We complete an annual impairment test for goodwill and other intangible assets. Identifiable intangible assets are evaluated for impairment if events and circumstances indicate a possible impairment. There can be no assurance that future goodwill impairment tests will not result in a charge to earnings.

Goodwill

Goodwill represents the excess of the purchase price over the underlying fair value of merged entities. We assess goodwill for impairment annually as of October 1 of each year. If certain events occur which indicate goodwill might be impaired between annual tests, goodwill must be tested when such events occur. In making this assessment, we consider a number of factors including operating results, business plans, economic projections, anticipated future cash flows, current market data, etc. There are inherent uncertainties related to these factors and our judgment in applying them to the analysis of goodwill impairment. Changes in economic and operating conditions could result in goodwill impairment in future periods. The Company did not identify any impairment on its outstanding goodwill from its most recent testing which was performed as of October 1, 2016. Goodwill was evaluated in accordance with ASC 350-20 using a qualitative analysis.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Transfers of Financial Assets

Transfers of financial assets, including loan and loan participation sales, are accounted for as sales, when control over the assets has been surrendered. Control over transferred assets is deemed to be surrendered when (1) the assets have been isolated from the Company, (2) the transferee obtains the right (free of conditions that constrain it from taking advantage of that right) to pledge or exchange the transferred assets, and (3) the Company does not maintain effective control over the transferred assets through an agreement to repurchase them before their maturity.

Property and Equipment

Buildings and improvements, leasehold improvements, and furniture, fixtures and equipment are stated at cost less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation is computed on the straight-line method over the assets’ estimated useful lives. Buildings and improvements are depreciated using an estimated life of six to forty years. Furniture, fixtures, and equipment are depreciated using an estimated useful life of three to ten years. Land improvements are depreciated over an estimated useful life of five to twenty years. Leasehold improvements are depreciated using an estimated useful life that is the lesser of the remaining life of the lease or ten to forty years.

Restricted Investment in Bank Stock

Federal law requires a member institution of the Federal Home Loan Bank system to hold stock of its district Federal Home Loan Bank according to a predetermined formula. This restricted stock is carried at cost.

Bank-Owned Life Insurance

The Company invests in bank-owned life insurance (“BOLI”) as a source of funding for employee benefit expenses. BOLI involves the purchase of life insurance by the Company on a chosen group of employees. The Company is the owner and is a joint or sole beneficiary of the policies. This life insurance investment is carried as an asset at the cash surrender value of the underlying policies. Income from the increase in cash surrender value of the policies and income from the realization of death benefits is reflected in other income.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

ASC Topic 715, Compensation - Retirement Benefits, requires the recognition of a liability related to the postretirement benefits covered by an endorsement split-dollar life insurance arrangement. The Company has certain split-dollar life insurance arrangements as part of the Company’s bank-owned life insurance program, and recognized its liability and related compensation expense in accordance with ASC Topic 715. Compensation expense related to this split-dollar life insurance was $14,000, $20,000 and $20,000 for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively.

Other Real Estate Owned

Other real estate owned (“OREO”) includes assets acquired through foreclosure, deed in-lieu of foreclosure, and loans identified as in-substance foreclosures. A loan is classified as an in-substance foreclosure when effective control of the real estate collateral has been taken prior to completion of formal foreclosure proceedings. OREO is held for sale and is recorded at fair value less estimated costs to sell. Net costs to maintain OREO and subsequent net losses or gains attributable to OREO liquidations are included in the income statement in other expense as realized. No depreciation or amortization expense is recognized.

Advertising Costs

The Company follows the policy of charging the costs of advertising to expense as incurred.

Income Taxes

The Company accounts for income taxes in accordance with income tax accounting guidance (ASC 740, Income Taxes).

The income tax accounting guidance results in two components of income tax expense: current and deferred. Current income tax expense reflects taxes to be paid or refunded for the current period by applying the provisions of the enacted tax law to the taxable income or excess of deductions over revenues. The Company determines deferred income taxes using the liability (or balance sheet) method. Under this method, the net deferred tax asset or liability is based on the tax effects of the differences between the book and tax bases of assets and liabilities, and enacted changes in tax rates and laws are recognized in the period in which they occur.

Deferred income tax expense results from changes in deferred tax assets and liabilities between periods. Deferred tax assets are reduced by a valuation allowance if, based on the weight of evidence available, it is more likely than not that some portion or all of a deferred tax asset will not be realized.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Uncertain tax positions are recognized if it is more likely than not, based on the technical merits, that the tax position will be realized or sustained upon examination. The term more likely than not means a likelihood of more than 50 percent; the terms examined and upon examination also include resolution of the related appeals or litigation processes, if any. A tax position that meets the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold is initially and subsequently measured as the largest amount of tax benefit that has a greater than 50 percent likelihood of being realized upon settlement with a taxing authority that has full knowledge of all relevant information. The determination of whether or not a tax position has met the more-likely-than-not recognition threshold considers the facts, circumstances, and information available at the reporting date and is subject to management’s judgment. As of December 31, 2016 and 2015, there were no uncertain tax positions.

The Company recognizes interest and penalties on income taxes as a component of income tax expense. Tax years subject to examination by tax authorities are the years ended December 31, 2015, 2014, and 2013.

Off-Balance Sheet Financial Instruments

In the ordinary course of business, the Company has entered into off-balance sheet financial instruments consisting of commitments to extend credit. Such financial instruments are recorded in the consolidated balance sheet when they are funded.

Stock-based Compensation

The Company measures all stock-based compensation, which is comprised of stock options, using the Black-Sholes option pricing model. The significant assumptions the Company utilizes in applying the Black-Scholes option pricing model are the risk-free interest rate, expected term, dividend yield and expected volatility. The expense is recognized over the period during which an employee is required to provide service in exchange for the award.

Comprehensive Income

Accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America require that recognized revenue, expenses, gains and losses be included in net income. Although certain changes in assets and liabilities, such as unrealized gain and losses on securities available-for-sale, are reported as a separate component of the shareholders’ equity section of the balance sheet, such items, along with net income, are components of comprehensive income.

Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update 2016-02, “Leases.” This standards update states that a lessee should recognize the assets and liabilities that arise from all leases with a term greater than 12 months. The core principle requires the lessee to recognize a liability to make lease payments and a “right-of-use” asset. The accounting applied by the lessor is relatively unchanged. The standards update also requires expanded qualitative and quantitative disclosures. For public business entities, ASC Update 2016-02 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2018. ASC Update 2016-02 mandates a modified retrospective transition for all entities. Early application is permitted. For the Company, this standards update is effective on January 1, 2019. The Company has determined that the provisions of ASU No. 2016-02 may result in an increase in assets to recognize the present value of lease obligations with a corresponding increase in liabilities; however, the Company does not expect this to have a material impact on the Company’s financial position, results of operations or cash flows.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

In June 2016, the FASB issued ASC Update 2016-13, “Financial Instruments - Credit Losses.” The new impairment model prescribed by this standards update is a single impairment model for all financial assets (i.e., loans and investments). The recognition of credit losses would be based on an entity’s current estimate of expected losses (referred to as the Current Expected Credit Loss model, or “CECL”), as opposed to recognition of losses only when they are probable (current practice). ASC Update 2016-13 is effective for interim and annual reporting periods beginning after December 15, 2019. Early adoption is permitted. The Company intends to adopt this standards update effective January 1, 2020. The Company is currently evaluating the impact of the adoption of ASC Update 2016-13 on its consolidated financial statements. The impact of the ASU will depend upon the state of the economy and the nature of the Company’s portfolios at the date of adoption.

Subsequent Events

The Company has evaluated events and transactions occurring subsequent to the consolidated balance sheet date of December 31, 2016 for items that should potentially be recognized or disclosed in these consolidated financial statements. The evaluation was conducted through March 8, 2017, the date these consolidated financial statements were available to be issued.

2.	Merger

On May 6, 2011, Donegal Financial Services Corporation, the parent company of Province Bank, FSB, merged with Union National Financial Corporation, the parent company of Union National Community Bank, with Donegal Financial Services Corporation as the surviving entity. As part of the transaction, Union National Community Bank merged with and into Province Bank, FSB. The merged Bank is operating under the new name Union Community Bank.

Included in the purchase price was goodwill and core deposit intangible of $901,000 and $1,738,000, respectively. The core deposit intangible is being amortized over a ten-year period using a sum of the years’ digits basis. The goodwill is not amortized, but is measured annually for impairment. Core deposit intangible amortization expense of $168,000, $202,000 and $237,000 was recorded in 2016, 2015, and 2014, respectively. Intangible amortization expense projected for the succeeding five years beginning 2017 is estimated to be $134,000, $99,000, $65,000, $30,000, and $2,000 per year, respectively.

3.	Restrictions on Cash and Cash Equivalents

The Company is required to maintain cash reserve balances for the Federal Reserve Bank. The total required reserve balances were $8,637,000 and $8,302,000 as of December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

4.	Securities Available-for-Sale

The amortized cost, related fair value and unrealized gains and losses of securities available-for-sale are as follows at December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):


December 31, 2016	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
U.S. treasuries	$	6,993	$	—	$	(96	)	$	6,897
U.S. government agencies securities		7,143		43		(60	)		7,126
Corporate debt securities		2,838		21		(2	)		2,857
Tax-free municipal securities		19,985		95		(621	)		19,459
U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities		59,320		49		(1,178	)		58,191
Equity securities		41		—		—			41

	$	96,320	$	208	$	(1,957	)	$	94,571


December 31, 2015	Amortized Cost		Gross Unrealized Gains		Gross Unrealized Losses			Fair Value
U.S. treasuries	$	6,992	$	6	$	(92	)	$	6,906
U.S. government agencies securities		9,598		32		(75	)		9,555
Corporate debt securities		2,868		29		(77	)		2,820
Tax-free municipal securities		15,345		128		(241	)		15,232
U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities		68,795		95		(1,055	)		67,835
Equity securities		42		—		—			42

	$	103,640	$	290	$	(1,540	)	$	102,390

Certain obligations of the U.S. Government are pledged to secure public deposits. The carrying value of the pledged assets was $26,898,000 and $23,113,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The amortized cost and fair value of securities as of December 31, 2016, by contractual maturity, are shown below. Expected maturities may differ from contractual maturities because the securities may be called or prepaid with or without any penalty (in thousands).


	Amortized Cost		Fair Value
Due in one year or less	$	768	$	783
Due after one year through five years		6,452		6,457
Due after five years through ten years		13,179		12,951
Due after ten years		16,560		16,148
U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities		59,320		58,191
Equity securities		41		41

	$	96,320	$	94,571

The following table shows the Company’s investments’ gross unrealized losses and fair value, aggregated by investment category and length of time that individual securities have been in a continuous unrealized loss position at December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):


December 31, 2016	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries	$	6,897	$	(96	)	$	—	$	—		$	6,897	$	(96	)
U.S. government agencies securities		3,685		(60	)		—		—			3,685		(60	)
Corporate debt securities		534		(2	)		—		—			534		(2	)
Tax-free municipal securities		15,394		(621	)		—		—			15,394		(621	)
U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities		48,455		(915	)		5,972		(263	)		54,427		(1,178	)

	$	74,965	$	(1,694	)	$	5,972	$	(263	)	$	80,937	$	(1,957	)


December 31, 2015	Less than 12 Months					12 Months or More					Total
	Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses			Fair Value		Unrealized Losses
U.S. treasuries	$	5,445	$	(92	)	$	—	$	—		$	5,445	$	(92	)
U.S. government agencies securities		4,483		(60	)		735		(15	)		5,218		(75	)
Corporate debt securities		1,754		(77	)		—		—			1,754		(77	)
Tax-free municipal securities		1,493		(24	)		6,504		(217	)		7,997		(241	)
U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities		39,644		(379	)		18,930		(676	)		58,574		(1,055	)

	$	52,819	$	(632	)	$	26,169	$	(908	)	$	78,988	$	(1,540	)

At December 31, 2016, four available-for-sale U.S. treasury securities had unrealized losses. All four of the securities have been in a continuous loss position less than 12 months. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

At December 31, 2016, four available-for-sale U.S. government and agency securities had unrealized losses. All four of the securities have been in a continuous loss position less than 12 months. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities.

At December 31, 2016, one available-for-sale corporate debt security had an unrealized loss. The security has been in a continuous loss position for less than 12 months. The unrealized loss relates principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of the security.

At December 31, 2016, twenty-six available-for-sale tax-free municipal securities had unrealized losses. All of the twenty-six securities have been in a continuous loss position less than 12 months. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities.

At December 31, 2016, thirty-four available-for-sale U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities had unrealized losses. Thirty-one of the thirty-four securities have been in a continuous loss position less than 12 months. Three securities have been in a continuous loss position for more than 12 months. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities.

At December 31, 2015, three available-for-sale U.S. treasury securities had unrealized losses. All three of the securities have been in a continuous loss position less than 12 months. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost.

At December 31, 2015, five available-for-sale U.S. government and agency securities had unrealized losses. Four of the five securities have been in a continuous loss position less than 12 months. One of the securities has been in a continuous loss position for more than 12 months. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities.

At December 31, 2015, three available-for-sale corporate debt securities had unrealized losses. All three of the securities have been in a continuous loss position for less than 12 months. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost.

At December 31, 2015, twelve available-for-sale tax-free municipal securities had unrealized losses. Three of the twelve securities have been in a continuous loss position less than 12 months. Nine securities have been in a continuous loss position for more than 12 months. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

At December 31, 2015, twenty-seven available-for-sale U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities had unrealized losses. Six of the twenty-seven securities have been in a continuous loss position less than 12 months. Twenty-one securities have been in a continuous loss position for more than 12 months. None of the securities in this category had a fair value significantly below their amortized cost. These unrealized losses relate principally to changes in interest rates subsequent to the acquisition of specific securities.

Unrealized losses on these securities have not been recognized into earnings because the issuers of the securities are of high credit quality, management has the ability and intent to hold these securities for the foreseeable future and does not believe they will have to sell the securities or be required to sell the securities, and the declines in fair value are largely due to market interest rates and not a result of credit risk. The fair values of these securities are expected to recover as they approach maturity and/or market interest rates fluctuate.

Gross realized gains on securities sold during 2016, 2015 and 2014 totaled $8,000, $906,000 and $232,000, respectively. Gross realized losses on securities sold during 2016, 2015 and 2014 totaled $-0-, $-0- and $309,000, respectively.

5.	Loans and Allowance for Loan Losses

Credit Quality Indicators

Commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, multi-family, residential real estate development and construction loans are based on an internally assigned risk rating system which are assigned at loan origination and reviewed on a periodic or “as needed” basis. Other consumer loans are evaluated based on the payment activity of the loan.

To facilitate the monitoring of credit quality within commercial and industrial, commercial real estate, construction, multi-family and residential real estate development loans, and for purposes of analyzing historical loss rates used in the determination of the allowance for loan losses for the respective portfolio class, the Bank utilizes the following categories of risk ratings: pass/satisfactory (includes risk rating 1 through 5), special mention, substandard, doubtful, and loss. The risk rating categories, which are derived from standard regulatory rating definitions, are assigned upon initial approval of credit to borrowers and updated periodically thereafter. Pass/satisfactory ratings, which are assigned to those borrowers who do not have identified potential or well-defined weaknesses and for whom there is a high likelihood of orderly repayment, are updated periodically based on the size and credit characteristics of the borrower. All other categories are updated on a quarterly basis during the month preceding the end of the calendar quarter. Consumer loans are not assigned a risk rating. While assigning risk ratings involves judgment, the risk-rating process allows management to identify riskier credits in a timely manner and allocate the appropriate resources to managing the loans.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The risk ratings are defined as follows:

(1) - Excellent

•

Loans collateralized by cash, assigned cash surrender value of life insurance, government bonds or time deposits.

•

Loans collateralized by margined listed securities.

•

Loans fully guaranteed by federal or state governments or agencies thereof.

•

Loans granted to entities with taxing powers that have demonstrated the ability to service all debt.

(2) - Good

•

Borrowers with consistent earnings and historical cash flows of at least 2.0 times debt service with reasonable consideration given to allow for discretionary owners’ withdrawals.

•

Balance sheets of borrowers with liquidity and leverage positions that exceed industry averages.

•

Loans would generally be secured by readily marketable collateral or real estate with appropriate appraisals but collateral is viewed clearly as precautionary. Loan-to-value ratios are within specified policy levels.

•

Strong and stable management in critical positions.

•

Loans to municipal authorities that have captive markets from which sufficient fees have been/will be charged to service all debt.

(3) - Satisfactory

•

Borrowers with sufficient earnings and historical cash flows of at least 1.5 times debt service with reasonable consideration given to allow for discretionary owners’ withdrawals.

•

Balance sheets of borrowers with liquidity and leverage positions that generally meet industry averages.

•

Loans secured with collateral that has readily established values, not subject to material market fluctuations, and saleable within reasonable periods of time.

•

Sound management.

(4) - Fair

•

Borrowers with sufficient earnings and historical cash flows of at least 1.2 times debt service with reasonable consideration given to allow for discretionary owners’ withdrawals.

•

Balance sheets of borrowers with liquidity and leverage positions that are generally below those of industry peers.

•

Business operates in an industry that may be negatively impacted by downturns in the economy.

•

Loans secured with collateral that has readily established values, not subject to material market fluctuations, and saleable within reasonable periods of time.

•

Management is adequate.

(5) - Pass Watch

•

Borrowers who do not have the financial and/or managerial strength to sustain a major setback. Historical cash flows greater than 1.0 times, but consistently marginal.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

•

Borrowers whose leverage, inconsistent operating performance or occasional payment delinquency requires regular management attention.

•

Borrowers who are performing according to agreed upon terms but might be adversely affected by deteriorating industry or economic conditions, operating problems, significant pending litigation, or a decline in the quality or adequacy of collateral.

•

Borrowers engaged in a start-up venture.

•

Loans to borrowers where repayment ability cannot be based on historical performance but rather reliance on projected cash flow.

•

Alternative sources of funding are limited only to competitor banks.

•

Financially strong individuals who have not met all repayment terms.

•

Borrowers with loans secured by collateral that, due to prevailing market conditions, may have a protracted cash conversion period.

•

Dependence on few customers or source of supply is highly dependent on a few vendors.

•

Business operates in an industry that is in the declining stage and/or is negatively impacted by downturns in the economy.

•

Management demonstrates some weakness.

(6) - Special Mention

Loans are currently protected, but have the potential and/or exhibit potential weaknesses. These loans exhibit greater than normal risk, but do not yet warrant a substandard classification (risk rating (7)). The credit risk may be minor, yet constitute an unwarranted risk in light of the circumstances surrounding a specific loan. The loan could have weaknesses which may, if not checked or corrected, weaken the loan or inadequately protect the Bank’s credit position at a later date. Loans in this category could have the following characteristics:

•

Condition and/or control over collateral may be in doubt.

•

Weakened financial condition with cash flow coverage declining and further deterioration likely resulting in shortfalls which could impair the ability to repay.

•

Loan agreement deficiencies, lack of proper documentation, or other deviation from prudent lending practices.

•

Economic and/or market conditions negatively affecting the borrower with additional deterioration possible in the future.

•

An adverse trend in the borrower’s operations or an unbalanced financial condition, which has not reached the stage where repayment is in jeopardy.

(7) - Substandard

•

Loans not adequately protected by the current financial position and debt service capacity of the borrower, thereby placing significant reliance on secondary repayment sources.

•

Borrowers with significant deterioration in financial performance (i.e., operating losses) and/or position (i.e., reduced liquidity, high leverage).

•

Loans to borrowers for which current financial information is not on file that are exhibiting other risk factors such as ongoing delinquency or overdrafts.

•

Loans dependent on the liquidation of collateral for repayment of the debt.

•

Loans with a well-defined weakness or weaknesses such that the repayment of the debt is in jeopardy. Loans so classified will have a higher potential for loss than Pass or Special Mention loans if the deficiencies are not corrected.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

•

Loans with a seven (7) rating require close and constant supervision. A plan of action should be put in place and closely monitored by management.

(7a) - Retail and Small Business Substandard

In compliance with FFIEC Uniform Retail Credit Classifications regarding retail credit:

•

Open-end and closed-end retail loans (to individuals for household, family or other personal expenditures) past due 90 days from contractual due date at the reporting period will be classified Substandard.

•

1-4 residential & home equity loans that are delinquent 90 days or more at the reporting period with a Loan-To-Value greater than 60% will be classified Substandard. Properly secured residential real estate loans with LTV ratios equal to or less than 60% will generally not be classified based solely on delinquency status.

•

Home equity loans to the same borrower at the same institution as the senior mortgage loan (UCB) with a combined LTV ratio equal to or less than 60% need not be classified.

•

Home equity loans where the bank does not hold the senior mortgage that are delinquent 90 days or more at the reporting period will be classified Substandard, even if the LTV ratio is equal to or less than 60%.

•

Loans in bankruptcy and delinquent more than 45 days will be classified Substandard until the borrower re-establishes the ability and willingness to repay (6 months minimum demonstrated payment performance) or until there is receipt of proceeds from liquidation of collateral.

•

Small Business loans (relationships for commercial purposes that are less than $150,000 in total exposure and made to or guaranteed by an individual(s)) will be treated for credit risk rating purposes as retail loans. Small business loans more than 90 days delinquent at the reporting period will be classified Substandard.

(8) - Doubtful

Loans will have all the weaknesses inherent in a loan with a Substandard (7) classification rating, however the severity of the weaknesses make collection in full, on the basis of currently existing facts, conditions, and values, doubtful. The probability of loss is high, but due to pending specific factors which could strengthen either collateral position or debt service ability of the borrower, a risk rating of Loss (9) is precluded at the current time.

Pending factors include:

•

Merger or acquisition is pending.

•

Additional capital.

•

Refinancing or additional financing.

•

Asset sales.

•

Pledge of additional collateral.

•

Such companies exhibit all the indicators of insolvency or bankruptcy, and stringent action required by lending officers and workout staff.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

(9) - Loss

Loans uncollectible with collateral value unable to support the loan. Although partial recovery may be affected in the future, it is not practical or desirable to continue to carry the asset at any value.

The following tables present the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the aggregate credit risk ratings (special mention, substandard and doubtful) within the Company’s internal risk rating system as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):


December 31, 2016	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Commercial loans:
Real estate secured	$	213,748	$	1,539	$	3,018	$	—	$	218,305
C & I		32,736		421		1,285		47		34,489
Other		1,215		—		—		—		1,215
Residential mortgage loans		4,976		—		84		—		5,060
Home equity installments and lines of credit		92,136		—		220		—		92,356
Consumer loans, other		2,094		—		18		—		2,112

	$	346,905	$	1,960	$	4,625	$	47	$	353,537


December 31, 2015	Pass		Special Mention		Substandard		Doubtful		Total
Commercial loans:
Real estate secured	$	187,269	$	663	$	6,764	$	—	$	194,696
C & I		19,194		1,111		1,534		—		21,839
Other		1,737		—		—		—		1,737
Residential mortgage loans		6,243		—		229		—		6,472
Home equity installments and lines of credit		86,913		—		575		—		87,488
Consumer loans, other		2,378		—		27		—		2,405

	$	303,734	$	1,774	$	9,129	$	—	$	314,637

Loans that are individually and collectively evaluated for impairment, as well as the related allowance for loan loss at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are presented below (in thousands):


December 31, 2016	Collectively Evaluated for Impairment				Individually Evaluated for Impairment						Loans Acquired with Credit Deterioration				Total
	Recorded Investment		Allowance for Loan Losses		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Allowance for Loan Losses		Recorded Investment		Allowance for Loan Losses		Recorded Investment		Allowance for Loan Losses
Commercial loans:
Real estate secured	$	216,634	$	2,800	$	226	$	308	$	—	$	1,444	$	—	$	218,304	$	2,800
C & I		33,478		618		—		—		—		1,011		—		34,489		618
Other		1,215		4		—		—		—		—		—		1,215		4
Residential mortgage loans		5,060		38		—		—		—		—		—		5,060		38
Home equity installments and lines of credit		92,344		657		13		13		—		—		—		92,357		657
Consumer loans, other		2,112		26		—		—		—		—		—		2,112		26
Unallocated		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—		—

	$	350,843	$	4,143	$	239	$	321	$	—	$	2,455	$	—	$	353,537	$	4,143

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


December 31, 2015	Collectively Evaluated for Impairment				Individually Evaluated for Impairment						Loans Acquired with Credit Deterioration				Total
	Recorded Investment		Allowance for Loan Losses		Recorded Investment		Unpaid Principal Balance		Allowance for Loan Losses		Recorded Investment		Allowance for Loan Losses		Recorded Investment		Allowance for Loan Losses
Commercial loans:
Real estate secured	$	192,905	$	2,409	$	320	$	444	$	—	$	1,471	$	—	$	194,696	$	2,409
C & I		20,673		311		—		—		—		1,166		—		21,839		311
Other		1,737		5		—		—		—		—		—		1,737		5
Residential mortgage loans		6,472		75		—		—		—		—		—		6,472		75
Home equity installments and lines of credit		87,475		875		13		13		—		—		—		87,488		875
Consumer loans, other		2,405		15		—		—		—		—		—		2,405		15
Unallocated		—		171		—		—		—		—		—		—		171

	$	311,667	$	3,861	$	333	$	457	$	—	$	2,637	$	—	$	314,637	$	3,861

The average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired commercial real estate loans for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $314,000 and $17,000, respectively. The average recorded investment and interest income recognized on home equity installments and lines of credit for the year ended December 31, 2016 was $13,000 and $1,000, respectively.

The average recorded investment and interest income recognized on impaired commercial real estate loans for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $447,000 and $16,000, respectively. The average recorded investment and interest income recognized on home equity installments and lines of credit for the year ended December 31, 2015 was $14,000 and $1,000, respectively.

The average recorded investment and interest income of impaired commercial real estate loans for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $228,000 and $54,000, respectively. The average recorded investment and interest income recognized of home equity installments and lines of credit for the year ended December 31, 2014 was $6,000 and $1,000, respectively.

The following tables summarize the activity by segments of the allowance for loan losses for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 (in thousands):


	Commercial Loans								Residential			Home Equity Installments and			Consumer
December 31, 2016	Real Estate Secured		C & I			Other			Mortgage Loans			Lines of Credit			Loans, Other			Unallocated			Total
Beginning balance, January 1, 2016	$	2,409	$	311		$	5		$	75		$	875		$	15		$	171		$	3,861
Charge-offs		—		(164	)		—			—			(140	)		(1	)		—			(305	)
Recoveries		14		45			—			6			—			1			—			66
Provisions		377		426			(1	)		(43	)		(78	)		11			(171	)		521

Ending balance, December 31, 2016	$	2,800	$	618		$	4		$	38		$	657		$	26		$	—		$	4,143

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


	Commercial Loans									Residential			Home Equity Installments and			Consumer
December 31, 2015	Real Estate Secured			C & I			Other			Mortgage Loans			Lines of Credit			Loans, Other			Unallocated		Total
Beginning balance, January 1, 2015	$	2,649		$	395		$	20		$	71		$	666		$	37		$	140	$	3,978
Charge-offs		(111	)		(2	)		—			(6	)		(107	)		(7	)		—		(233	)
Recoveries		5			18			—			—			—			1			—		24
Provisions		(134	)		(100	)		(15	)		10			316			(16	)		31		92

Ending balance, December 31, 2015	$	2,409		$	311		$	5		$	75		$	875		$	15		$	171	$	3,861


	Commercial Loans									Residential			Home Equity Installments and			Consumer
December 31, 2014	Real Estate Secured			C & I			Other			Mortgage Loans			Lines of Credit			Loans, Other			Unallocated		Total
Beginning balance, January 1, 2014	$	2,661		$	447		$	24		$	62		$	696		$	44		$	113	$	4,047
Charge-offs		(79	)		(60	)		—			(1	)		—			(11	)		—		(151	)
Recoveries		—			13			—			1			—			1			—		15
Provisions		67			(5	)		(4	)		9			(30	)		3			27		67

Ending balance, December 31, 2014	$	2,649		$	395		$	20		$	71		$	666		$	37		$	140	$	3,978

The performance and credit quality of the loan portfolio is also monitored by analyzing the age of the loans receivable as determined by the length of time a recorded payment is past due. The following table presents the classes of the loan portfolio summarized by the past due status as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 (in thousands):


December 31, 2016	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		>90 Days Past Due and Accruing		Non- Accrual Loans		Total Past Due and Non- Accrual		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable
Commercial loans:
Real estate secured	$	89	$	559	$	—	$	556	$	1,204	$	214,510	$	215,714
C & I		—		—		38		—		38		33,412		33,450
Other		—		—		—		182		182		1,033		1,215
Acquired with credit deterioration		—		339		—		534		873		2,757		3,630
Residential mortgage loans:
Residential mortgage loans		—		120		437		248		805		4,255		5,060
Acquired with credit deterioration		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Home equity loans:
Home equity installments and lines of credit		277		339		109		531		1,256		91,060		92,316
Acquired with credit deterioration		—		—		—		—		—		40		40
Consumer loans, other		11		—		—		11		22		2,090		2,112

	$	377	$	1,357	$	584	$	2,062	$	4,380	$	349,157	$	353,537

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


December 31, 2015	30-59 Days Past Due		60-89 Days Past Due		>90 Days Past Due and Accruing		Non- Accrual Loans		Total Past Due and Non- Accrual		Current Loans		Total Loans Receivable
Commercial loans:
Real estate secured	$	89	$	559	$	—	$	556	$	1,204	$	192,021	$	193,225
C & I		—		—		38		—		38		20,635		20,673
Other		—		—		—		182		182		1,555		1,737
Acquired with credit deterioration		—		—		—		540		540		2,097		2,637
Residential mortgage loans:
Residential mortgage loans		—		120		437		248		805		5,667		6,472
Acquired with credit deterioration		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Home equity loans:
Home equity installments and lines of credit		277		339		109		531		1,256		86,232		87,488
Acquired with credit deterioration		—		—		—		—		—		—		—
Consumer loans, other		11		—		—		11		22		2,383		2,405

	$	377	$	1,018	$	584	$	2,068	$	4,047	$	310,590	$	314,637

The Company identified no loans that were considered troubled debt restructurings during the periods presented, and did not have any troubled debt restructurings as of December 31, 2016 or 2015.

There were no loans in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2016. The Company identified $376,000 of loans in the process of foreclosure as of December 31, 2015.

As of December 31, 2016, the Bank has a total of $659,000 in residential real estate foreclosed assets. As of December 31, 2015, the Company has a total of $160,000 in residential real estate foreclosed assets.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The following table provides activity for the accretable yield of purchased impaired loans for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014 (in thousands):


Accretable yield, December 31, 2013	$	5
Accretable yield amortized to interest income		(869	)
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference (1)		866

Accretable yield, December 31, 2014		2
Accretable yield amortized to interest income		(1,123	)
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference (1)		1,121

Accretable yield, December 31, 2015		—
Accretable yield amortized to interest income		(235	)
Reclassification from nonaccretable difference (1)		281

Accretable yield, December 31, 2016	$	46

(1)	Reclassification from nonaccretable difference represents an increase to the estimated cash flows to be collected on the underlying portfolio.

6.	Property and Equipment

The components of property and equipment at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):


	2016			2015
Land and land improvements	$	3,328		$	3,328
Buildings and improvements		7,479			7,454
Leasehold improvements		703			698
Furniture, fixtures and equipment		3,720			3,426

		15,230			14,906
Accumulated depreciation and amortization		(5,519	)		(4,812	)

	$	9,711		$	10,094

Total depreciation and amortization expense was $720,000, $824,000 and $897,000, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

The Company has entered into certain arrangements that are classified as operating leases. The operating leases are for some branch and office locations. The majority of the operating leases are renewable at the Company’s option. The Company leases one of the Company’s branch offices from the Insurance Company. On September 1, 2013, the Company renewed the lease for an additional term of five years. Lease expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 was $30,000, $30,000 and $30,000, respectively, under this related party operating lease.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Future minimum lease payments by year, including payments due under renewal agreements, are as follows (in thousands):


	Lease Obligation		Obligation to Related Party
2017	$	474	$	26
2018		390		11
2019		314		—
2020		322		—
2021		292		—
Thereafter		457		—

Net rental (income) expense at December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 consisted of the following (in thousands):


	2016			2015			2014
Rental (income) expense	$	492		$	(80	)	$	1,094
Sublease rental income		(20	)		(305	)		(271	)

Net Rental (Income) Expense	$	472		$	(385	)	$	823

During 2015, the Company exited a lease resulting in a $440,000 loss on disposal, a settlement charge of $450,000, $413,000 in rental income from the reversal of original purchase accounting favorable lease rights, and $268,000 in sublease income.

7.	Deposits

The components of deposits at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):


	2016		2015
Demand, non-interest bearing	$	104,607	$	86,948
Demand, interest bearing		94,286		87,525
Savings and money market		138,947		128,006
Time, $250,000 and over		3,975		5,591
Time, other		109,055		91,838

Total Deposits	$	450,870	$	399,908

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

At December 31, 2016, the scheduled maturities of time deposits are as follows (in thousands):


2017	$	46,690
2018		54,253
2019		5,101
2020		2,295
2021		4,660
Thereafter		31

	$	113,030

8.	Borrowings

As of December 31, 2016, the Company has a maximum borrowing capacity of $216,059,100 from the Federal Home Loan Bank. As of December 31, 2016, the Company did not have any outstanding overnight borrowings from the Federal Home Loan Bank. Collateral for all outstanding advances consisted of 1-4 family mortgage loans and other real estate secured loans totaling $216,059,100 at December 31, 2016. As of December 31, 2015, the Company had a maximum borrowing capacity of $184,494,900 from the Federal Home Loan Bank of which $20,833,400 was outstanding.

9.	Junior Subordinated Debentures

Through the acquisition of Union National Financial Corporation, the Company acquired two issuances of junior subordinated debentures with a contractual value of $17,341,000 and a fair market value of $7,045,000. The outstanding balance as of December 31, 2016 was $4,694,000 and $4,559,000 at December 31, 2015.

The Company acquired a junior subordinated debenture issued in December 2003 by Union National Capital Trust I (“UNCT 1”) in the amount of $8,248,000. The floating-rate debenture is due January 23, 2034, of which $248,000 is related to the Company’s capital contribution. UNCT I provides for quarterly distributions at a variable annual coupon rate that is reset quarterly, based on three-month LIBOR plus 2.85%. The outstanding balance was $3,599,000, the coupon rate was 3.74%, and the market yield was 10.07% at December 31, 2016. The outstanding balance was $3,414,000, the coupon rate was 3.17%, and the market yield was 10.07% at December 31, 2015.

The Company acquired a junior subordinated debenture issued in October 2004, by Union National Capital Trust II (“UNCT II”) in the amount of $3,093,000. The floating–rate debenture is due November 23, 2034, of which $93,000 is related to the Company’s capital contribution. UNCT II provides for quarterly distributions at a variable annual coupon rate that is reset quarterly, based on three-month LIBOR plus 2.00%. The outstanding balance was $1,096,000, the coupon rate was 2.92% and the market yield was 11.81% at December 31, 2016. The outstanding balance was $1,058,000, the coupon rate was 2.38% and the market yield was 10.29% at December 31, 2015.

UNCT I and UNCT II are callable at the Company’s option beginning at five years from the date of issuance. These debentures do not have to be called in full. UNCT I became callable in December 2008, and UNCT II became callable in October 2009.

Through the acquisition of Union National Community Bank, the Company acquired a junior subordinated debenture issued on July 28, 2006, in the amount of $6,000,000 due September 15,

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

2021 with a five-year initial fixed rate of 7.17%, and then an annual coupon rate, reset quarterly, based on three-month LIBOR plus 1.65%. The fair value of the debenture was determined to be $2,961,000 on May 6, 2011 with an adjusted market yield of 9.96%. The outstanding balance as of December 31, 2014 was $3,610,000, the coupon rate was 1.89% and the market yield was 9.94%.

The Bank’s junior subordinated debenture acquired as part of Union National Community Bank was repaid in 2015 for its notional amount of $6,000,000. The repayment resulted in $2,390,000 being charged to interest expense. All issuances of junior subordinated debentures qualify as a component of risk-based capital for regulatory purposes.

10.

Income Taxes

The components of the income tax expense for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 are as follows (in thousands):


	2016		2015		2014
Federal:
Current	$	481	$	468	$	264
Deferred		157		292		583

		638		760		847
State, current		218		207		256

	$	856	$	967	$	1,103

A reconciliation of the statutory income tax at a rate of 34% to the income tax expense included in the consolidated statement of income is as follows for 2016, 2015 and 2014.


	2016			2015			2014
Federal income tax at statutory rate		34.0	%		34.0	%		34.0	%
State tax expense, net of federal benefit		4.6			4.1			4.3
Tax exempt income, net of disallowed interest expense		(6.3	)		(7.8	)		(8.5	)
Bank owned life insurance		(5.5	)		(3.9	)		(4.2	)
Stock option expense		1.6			2.2			1.9
Other		(0.9	)		0.4			0.4

Effective Income Tax Rate		27.5	%		29.0	%		27.9	%

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The components of the net deferred tax asset, included in other assets on the consolidated balance sheet, at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):


	2016			2015
Deferred tax assets:
Allowance for loan loss	$	1,409		$	1,313
State net operating loss carryforward		467			428
Alternative minimum tax credit carryforward		1,529			1,607
Nonaccrual interest		20			11
Low income housing tax credit carryforward		437			437
Unrealized loss on available-for-sale securities		595			425
Other		111			6

		4,568			4,227
Valuation allowance		(467	)		(428	)

Total deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance		4,101			3,799

Deferred tax liabilities:
Property and equipment		(394	)		(364	)
Unrealized gain on available-for-sale securities		—			—
Purchase accounting adjustments		(2,034	)		(1,776	)

Net deferred tax liabilities		(2,428	)		(2,140	)

Net Deferred Tax Assets	$	1,673		$	1,659

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had no valuation allowance established against its low income housing tax credit carryforward or alternative minimum tax credit carryforward, as management believes the Company will generate sufficient future taxable income to fully utilize these deferred tax assets. The low income housing credit carryforward will expire between 2021 and 2027, and the alternative minimum tax credit carryforward has no expiration. The valuation allowance at December 31, 2016 and 2015 relates to state net operating loss carryforwards for which realizability is uncertain. At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the Company had state net operating loss carryforwards of $4,671,000 and $4,279,000, respectively, which are available to offset future state taxable income, and expire at various dates through 2036.

In assessing the realizability of deferred tax assets, management considers whether it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. The ultimate realization of deferred tax assets is dependent upon the generation of future taxable income during periods in which those temporary differences become deductible. Management considers the scheduled reversal of deferred tax liabilities, projected future taxable income and tax planning strategies in making this assessment. Based on the level of historical taxable income and projections for future taxable income over the periods in which the deferred tax assets are deductible and tax planning strategies, management believes it is more likely than not that the Company will realize the benefits of these deferred tax assets, net of any valuation allowance at December 31, 2016.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

11.

Transactions with Executive Officers, Directors and Affiliated Companies

In addition to leasing transactions disclosed in Note 6, the Company has had, and may be expected to have in the future, banking transactions with its executive officers, directors, their immediate families and affiliated companies (commonly referred to as related parties). Deposits of related parties totaled $9,450,000 and $7,121,000 at December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. At December 31, 2016 and 2015 related party loans totaled $2,113,000 and $3,062,000, respectively. During 2016, loan advances and repayments totaled $1,309,000 and $2,258,000, respectively.

12.

Financial Instruments with Off-Balance Sheet Risk

The Company is a party to financial instruments with off-balance sheet risk in the normal course of business to meet the financing needs of its customers. These financial instruments include commitments to extend credit. Such commitments involve, to varying degrees, elements of credit and interest rate risk in excess of the amount recognized in the consolidated balance sheet.

The Company’s exposure to credit loss in the event of nonperformance by the other party to the financial instrument for commitments to extend credit is represented by the contractual amount of those instruments. The Company uses the same credit policies in making commitments and conditional obligations as it does for on-balance sheet instruments.

At December 31, 2016 and 2015, the following financial instruments were outstanding whose contract amounts represent credit risk (in thousands):


	2016		2015
Commitments to grant loans	$	2,963	$	2,399
Unfunded commitments under lines of credit		103,918		98,646

	$	106,881	$	101,045

Commitments to extend credit are agreements to lend to a customer as long as there is no violation of any condition established in the contract. Since many of the commitments are expected to expire without being drawn upon, the total commitment amounts do not necessarily represent future cash requirements. Commitments generally have fixed expiration dates or other termination clauses and may require payment of a fee. The Company evaluates each customer’s credit worthiness on a case-by-case basis. The amount of collateral obtained, if deemed necessary by the Company upon extension of credit, is based on management’s credit evaluation. Collateral held typically consists of residential or commercial real estate.

13.

Concentration of Credit Risk

The Company’s loans by type of loan are set forth in Note 5. The debtors’ ability to honor their contracts is influenced by the region’s economy and financial stability.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

14.

Employee Benefit Plan

The Bank maintains a defined contribution 401(k) retirement Plan that covers eligible employees. The Bank’s matching contribution is 100% of each participant’s first 1% of elective contribution and 50% of each participant’s next 5% of elective contributions with a maximum contribution of 3.50% of the participants compensation. The Bank’s contributions to the Plan totaled $196,000, $202,000 and $197,000, for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.

15.

Regulatory Matters

The Bank is subject to various regulatory capital requirements administered by its primary regulators, The Pennsylvania Department of Banking and Securities and the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation. Failure to meet the minimum capital requirements can initiate certain mandatory and possibly additional discretionary-actions by regulators that, if undertaken, could have a direct material effect on the Company’s consolidated financial statements. Under capital adequacy guidelines and the regulatory framework for prompt corrective action, the Bank must meet specific capital guidelines that involve quantitative measures of the Bank’s assets, liabilities and certain off-balance sheet items as calculated under regulatory accounting practices. The Bank’s capital amounts and classification are also subject to qualitative judgments by the regulators about components, risk-weightings and other factors, to be considered “well capitalized.”

The Company restricts its capital distributions in any calendar year to not exceed net income year to date plus retained net income for the preceding two years.

In July 2013, the Federal Reserve Board approved final rules (the “U.S. Basel III Capital Rules”) establishing a new comprehensive capital framework for U.S. banking organizations and implementing the Basel Committee on Banking Supervision’s December 2010 framework for strengthening international capital standards. The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules substantially revise the risk-based capital requirements applicable to bank holding companies and depository institutions.

The new minimum regulatory capital requirements established by the U.S. Basel III Capital Rules became effective for the Bank on January 1, 2015, and will be fully phased in on January 1, 2019.

The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules requires the Bank to:

•

Meet a new minimum Common Equity Tier 1 capital ratio of 4.50% of risk-weighted assets and a Tier 1 capital ratio of 6.00% of risk-weighted assets;

•

Continue to require the current minimum total capital ratio of 8.00% of risk-weighted assets and the minimum Tier 1 leverage capital ratio of 4.00% of average assets; and

•

Comply with a revised definition of capital to improve the ability of regulatory capital instruments to absorb losses. Certain non-qualifying capital instruments, including cumulative preferred stock and trust preferred securities, are being phased out as a component of Tier 1 capital for institutions of the Bank’s size.

The capital conservation buffer will be phased in over four years beginning on January 1, 2016, with a maximum buffer of 0.625% of risk weighted assets for 2016, 1.25% for 2017, 1.875% for 2018, and 2.5% for 2019 and thereafter. Failure to maintain the required capital conservation buffer will result in limitations on capital distributions and on discretionary bonuses to executive officers.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The U.S. Basel III Capital Rules use a standardized approach for risk weightings that expands the risk-weightings for assets and off balance sheet exposures from the previous 0%, 20%, 50% and 100% categories to a much larger and more risk-sensitive number of categories, depending on the nature of the assets and off-balance sheet exposures and resulting in higher risk weights for a variety of asset categories.

As of December 31, 2016, the Bank met the applicable minimum requirements of the U.S. Basel III Capital Rules, and each of the Bank’s capital ratios exceeded the amounts required to be considered “well capitalized” as defined in the regulations. As of December 31, 2016, the Bank’s capital levels also met the fully-phased in minimum capital requirements.

Quantitative measures established by regulation to ensure capital adequacy require the Bank to maintain minimum amounts and ratios (set forth below) of total and Tier 1 capital (as defined in the regulations) to risk-weighted assets and of Tier 1 capital to assets. Management believes, as of December 31, 2016, that the Bank meets all capital adequacy requirements to which it is subject.

A comparison of the Bank’s actual capital amounts to the regulatory requirements at December 31, 2016 and 2015 is presented below (dollars in thousands). The Company’s actual capital amounts and ratios are not significantly different from the Bank’s.

December 31, 2016

Actual

For Capital
Adequacy
Purposes

Minimum Capital
Adequacy with
Capital Buffer

To be Well
Capitalized under
Prompt Corrective
Action Provisions

Amount

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

Amount

Ratio

Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)

87,111

22.52

30,942

³8.0

33,360

³8.625

38,678

³10.0

Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)

82,828

21.41

23,207

³6.0

25,624

³6.625

30,942

³8.0

Common equity tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)

82,828

21.41

17,405

³4.5

19,822

³5.125

25,141

³6.5

Core (Tier 1) capital (to adjusted total assets)

82,828

15.69

21,112

³4.0

N/A

26,390

³5.0


December 31, 2015	Actual					For Capital Adequacy Purposes					To be Well Capitalized under Prompt Corrective Action Provisions
	Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio			Amount		Ratio
Total capital (to risk-weighted assets)	$	87,576		24.26	%	$	³28,876		³8.0	%	$	³36,095		³10.0	%
Tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)		83,601		23.16	%		³21,657		³6.0	%		³28,876		³8.0	%
Common equity tier 1 capital (to risk-weighted assets)		83,601		23.16	%		³16,243		³4.5	%		³23,462		³6.5	%
Core (Tier 1) capital (to adjusted total assets)		83,601		16.79	%		³19,920		³4.0	%		³29,880		³6.0	%

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

16.

Fair Value Measurements

Management uses its best judgment in estimating the fair value of the Company’s financial instruments; however, there are inherent weaknesses in any estimation technique. Therefore, for substantially all financial instruments, the fair value estimates herein are not necessarily indicative of the amounts the Company could have realized in a sales transaction on the dates indicated. The estimated fair value amounts have been measured as of year-end and have not been re-evaluated or updated for purposes of these consolidated financial statements subsequent to those respective dates. As such, the estimated fair values of these financial instruments subsequent to the respective reporting dates may be different than the amounts reported at year end.

FASB ASC Topic 820-10, Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures, defines fair value measurement and disclosure guidance as the price that would be received to sell the asset or transfer the liability in an orderly transaction (that is, not a forced liquidation or distressed sale) between market participants at the measurement date under current market conditions. Additional guidance is provided in determining fair value when the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability has significantly decreased, including guidance on identifying circumstances when a transaction may not be considered orderly. Fair value measurement and disclosure guidance provides a list of factors a reporting entity should evaluate to determine whether there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability in relation to normal market activity for the asset or liability. When the reporting entity concludes there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability, further analysis of the information from that market is needed and significant adjustments to the related prices may be necessary to estimate fair value.

The guidance further clarifies that when there has been a significant decrease in the volume and level of activity for the asset or liability; some transactions may not be orderly. In those situations, the entity must evaluate the weight of the evidence to determine whether the transaction is orderly, considering the circumstances that indicate that a transaction is not orderly. A transaction price that is not associated with an orderly transaction is given little, if any, weight when estimating fair value.

Fair value measurement and disclosure guidance establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation methods used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (Level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (Level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy are as follows:

Level 1 - Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities.

Level 2 - Quoted prices in markets that are not active, or inputs that are observable either directly or indirectly, for substantially the full term of the asset or liability.

Level 3 - Prices or valuation techniques that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable (i.e., supported with little or no market activity).

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

An asset’s or liability’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.

For financial assets measured at fair value on a recurring basis, the fair value measurements by level within the fair value hierarchy used at December 31, 2016 and 2015 are as follows (in thousands):


December 31, 2016	Total		(Level 1) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		(Level 2) Significant Other Observable Inputs		(Level 3) Significant Unobservable Inputs
U.S. treasuries	$	6,897	$	6,897	$	—	$	—
U.S. government agencies securities		7,126		—		7,126		—
Corporate debt securities		2,857		—		2,857		—
Tax-free municipal securities		19,459		—		19,459		—
U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities		58,191		—		58,191		—
Equity securities		41		—		41		—


December 31, 2015	Total		(Level 1) Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets		(Level 2) Significant Other Observable Inputs		(Level 3) Significant Unobservable Inputs
U.S. treasuries	$	6,906	$	6,906	$	—	$	—
U.S. government agencies securities		9,555		—		9,555		—
Corporate debt securities		2,820		—		2,820		—
Tax-free municipal securities		15,232		—		15,232		—
U.S. government sponsored enterprise mortgage-backed securities		67,835		—		67,835		—
Equity securities		42		—		42		—

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

The valuation technique used to measure the fair values for the items in the tables above are as follows:

Securities

The fair value of securities available-for-sale (carried at fair value) are determined by matrix pricing, which is a mathematical technique used widely in the industry to value debt securities without relying exclusively on quoted market prices for the specific securities but rather by relying on the securities’ relationship to other benchmark quoted prices.

There are no assets measured on a nonrecurring basis at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

The estimated fair values of financial instruments as of December 31, 2016 and 2015 are set forth in the tables below (in thousands). The information in the table should not be interpreted as an estimate of the fair value of the Company in its entirety since a fair value calculation is only provided for a limited portion of the Company’s assets and liabilities. Due to a wide range of valuation techniques and the degree of subjectivity used in making the estimates, comparisons between the Company’s disclosures and those of other companies may not be meaningful.


December 31, 2016	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	59,136	$	59,136	$	59,136	$	—	$	—
Interest-bearing time deposits in other banks		2,509		2,509		—		2,509		—
Securities available-for-sale		94,571		94,571		6,897		87,674		—
Loans held for sale		216		216		—		—		216
Loans, net		349,394		350,979		—		—		350,979
Restricted investment in bank stocks		520		520		—		520		—
Accrued interest receivable		1,315		1,315		—		1,315		—
Liabilities:
Demand and savings deposits		337,840		337,840		—		337,840		—
Time deposits		113,030		112,532		—		112,532		—
Short-term borrowings		—		—		—		—		—
Junior subordinated debentures		4,694		4,694		—		4,694		—
Accrued interest payable		84		84		—		84		—

Off-Balance-Sheet Items:
Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit		—		—		—		—		—

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements


December 31, 2015	Carrying Amount		Fair Value		Level 1		Level 2		Level 3
Assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	61,807	$	61,807	$	—	$	61,807	$	—
Interest-bearing time deposits in other banks		6		6		—		6		—
Securities available-for-sale		102,390		102,390		6,906		95,484		—
Loans held for sale		679		679		—				679
Loans, net		310,776		315,453		—		—		315,453
Restricted investment in bank stocks		1,391		1,391		—		1,391		—
Accrued interest receivable		1,210		1,210		—		1,210		—
Liabilities:
Demand and savings deposits		302,479		302,479		—		302,479		—
Time deposits		97,429		97,049		—		97,049		—
Short-term borrowings		20,833		20,833		—		20,833		—
Junior subordinated debentures		4,559		4,559		—		4,559		—
Accrued interest payable		120		120		—		120		—

Off-Balance-Sheet Items:
Commitments to extend credit and standby letters of credit		—		—		—		—		—

The following methods and assumptions were used by the Company to estimate the fair value of certain of its assets and liabilities at December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Cash and Cash Equivalents

The carrying amounts of cash and short-term investments (U.S. Treasury Bills with a maturity of less than 90 days) approximate their fair values.

Interest-Bearing Time Deposits in Other Banks

The carrying amounts of interest-bearing time deposits in other banks approximate their fair values. The Company generally purchases amounts below the insured limit, limiting the amount of credit risk on these time deposits.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Loans Held for Sale

The fair value of mortgage loans held for sale are determined as the par amounts to be received at settlement by establishing the respective buyer and rate in advance.

Loans

For variable-rate loans that reprice frequently and which entail no significant changes in credit risk, carrying value approximates fair value. The fair value of other loans are estimated by calculating the present value of future cash flows, discounted at the interest rates currently being offered for loans with similar terms to borrowers with similar credit quality.

Loans purchased were recorded at their acquisition date fair value. In order to record the loans at fair value, management made three different types of fair value adjustments. A market rate adjustment was made to adjust for the movement in market interest rates, irrespective of credit adjustments, compared to the stated rates of the acquired loans. A credit adjustment was made on pools of homogeneous loans representing the changes in credit quality of the underlying borrowers from the loan inception to the acquisition date. A credit adjustment on distressed loans which represents the portion of the loan balance that has been deemed uncollectible based on our expectations of future cash flows for each respective loan.

Loans individually evaluated for impairment that are measured at fair value on a nonrecurring basis are generally based on the fair value of the loan’s collateral. Fair value is generally determined based upon independent third-party appraisals of the properties, or discounted cash flows based upon the expected proceeds. These assets are included as Level 3 fair values, based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurements.

Restricted Investment in Bank Stocks

The carrying amounts reported in the consolidated balance sheet for restricted investment in bank stocks approximate their fair values.

Accrued Interest Receivable

The carrying amount of accrued interest receivable approximates its fair value.

Deposit Liabilities

The fair values of deposits with no stated maturities, such as demand deposits, savings accounts, NOW and money market deposits, equal their carrying amounts, which represent the amount payable on demand. Fair values for fixed-rate certificates of deposit are estimated using a discounted cash flow calculation that applies interest rates currently being offered on certificates to a schedule of aggregated expected monthly maturities on time deposits.

Short-term Borrowings

Because of time to maturity, the estimated fair value of short-term borrowings approximates the book value.

Donegal Financial Services Corporation

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements

Junior Subordinated Debentures

For floating-rate debentures, fair value is based on the difference between current interest rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements and the current coupon rate. For debentures that are at a fixed rate for a period of time, the fair value is determined using discounted cash flow analyses, based on current interest rates for similar types of borrowing arrangements.

Accrued Interest Payable

The carrying amount of accrued interest payable approximates its fair value.

Off-Balance-Sheet Instruments

The Company’s off-balance-sheet instruments consist of commitments to extend credit, and financial and performance standby letters of credit. The estimated fair value is based on fees currently charged to enter into similar agreements, taking into account the remaining term of the agreements and the present creditworthiness of the counterparties. For fixed-rate loan commitments, fair value also considers the difference between current levels of interest rates and the committed rates.

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized.


DONEGAL GROUP INC.

By:		/s/ Kevin G. Burke
		Kevin G. Burke, President and Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 10, 2017

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed by the following persons on behalf of the Registrant in the capacities and on the dates indicated.


Signature	Title	Date

/s/ Kevin G. Burke Kevin G. Burke	President, Chief Executive Officer and a Director (principal executive officer)	March 10, 2017

/s/ Jeffrey D. Miller Jeffrey D. Miller	Executive Vice President and Chief Financial Officer (principal financial and accounting officer)	March 10, 2017

/s/ Scott A. Berlucchi Scott A. Berlucchi	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ Robert S. Bolinger Robert S. Bolinger	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ Patricia A. Gilmartin Patricia A. Gilmartin	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ Jack L. Hess Jack L. Hess	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ Barry C. Huber Barry C. Huber	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ Kevin M. Kraft, Sr. Kevin M. Kraft, Sr.	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ Jon M. Mahan Jon M. Mahan	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ S. Trezevant Moore, Jr. S. Trezevant Moore, Jr.	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ Donald H. Nikolaus Donald H. Nikolaus	Director	March 10, 2017

/s/ Richard D. Wampler, II Richard D. Wampler, II	Director	March 10, 2017

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