Document
Table of Contents

 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-K
ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
FOR THE FISCAL YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018
Commission File No. 1-12504
THE MACERICH COMPANY
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
MARYLAND
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
95-4448705
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification Number)
401 Wilshire Boulevard, Suite 700, Santa Monica, California 90401
(Address of principal executive office, including zip code)
Registrant's telephone number, including area code (310) 394-6000
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act
Title of each class
 
Name of each exchange on which registered
Common Stock, $0.01 Par Value
 
New York Stock Exchange
Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act YES ý    NO o
Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act YES o    NO ý
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports) and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. YES ý    NO o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit such files). YES ý    NO o
Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant's knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment on to this Form 10-K. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See the definitions of "large accelerated filer," "accelerated filer," "smaller reporting company" and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer ý
 
Accelerated filer o
 
Non-accelerated filer o
 
Smaller reporting company o
 
 
 
 
 
 
Emerging growth company o
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). YES o    NO ý
The aggregate market value of voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the registrant was approximately $8.0 billion as of the last business day of the registrant's most recently completed second fiscal quarter based upon the price at which the common shares were last sold on that day.
Number of shares outstanding of the registrant's common stock, as of February 21, 2019: 141,161,293 shares
DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE
Portions of the proxy statement for the annual stockholders meeting to be held in 2019 are incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.
 


THE MACERICH COMPANY
ANNUAL REPORT ON FORM 10-K
FOR THE YEAR ENDED DECEMBER 31, 2018
INDEX

 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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PART I
IMPORTANT FACTORS RELATED TO FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
This Annual Report on Form 10-K of The Macerich Company (the "Company") contains statements that constitute forward-looking statements within the meaning of the federal securities laws. Any statements that do not relate to historical or current facts or matters are forward-looking statements. You can identify some of the forward-looking statements by the use of forward-looking words, such as "may," "will," "could," "should," "expects," "anticipates," "intends," "projects," "predicts," "plans," "believes," "seeks," "estimates," "scheduled" and variations of these words and similar expressions. Statements concerning current conditions may also be forward-looking if they imply a continuation of current conditions. Forward-looking statements appear in a number of places in this Form 10-K and include statements regarding, among other matters:
•
expectations regarding the Company's growth;
•
the Company's beliefs regarding its acquisition, redevelopment, development, leasing and operational activities and opportunities, including the performance of its retailers;
•
the Company's acquisition, disposition and other strategies;
•
regulatory matters pertaining to compliance with governmental regulations;
•
the Company's capital expenditure plans and expectations for obtaining capital for expenditures;
•
the Company's expectations regarding income tax benefits;
•
the Company's expectations regarding its financial condition or results of operations; and
•
the Company's expectations for refinancing its indebtedness, entering into and servicing debt obligations and entering into joint venture arrangements.
Stockholders are cautioned that any such forward-looking statements are not guarantees of future performance and involve risks, uncertainties and other factors that may cause actual results, performance or achievements of the Company or the industry to differ materially from the Company's future results, performance or achievements, or those of the industry, expressed or implied in such forward-looking statements. Such factors include, among others, general industry, as well as national, regional and local economic and business conditions, which will, among other things, affect demand for retail space or retail goods, availability and creditworthiness of current and prospective tenants, anchor or tenant bankruptcies, closures, mergers or consolidations, lease rates, terms and payments, interest rate fluctuations, availability, terms and cost of financing and operating expenses; adverse changes in the real estate markets including, among other things, competition from other companies, retail formats and technology, risks of real estate development and redevelopment, acquisitions and dispositions; the liquidity of real estate investments, governmental actions and initiatives (including legislative and regulatory changes); environmental and safety requirements; and terrorist activities or other acts of violence which could adversely affect all of the above factors. You are urged to carefully review the disclosures we make concerning risks and other factors that may affect our business and operating results, including those made in "Item 1A. Risk Factors" of this Annual Report on Form 10-K, as well as our other reports filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission ("SEC"). You are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this document. The Company does not intend, and undertakes no obligation, to update any forward-looking information to reflect events or circumstances after the date of this document or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events, unless required by law to do so.
ITEM 1.    BUSINESS
General
The Company is involved in the acquisition, ownership, development, redevelopment, management and leasing of regional and community/power shopping centers located throughout the United States. The Company is the sole general partner of, and owns a majority of the ownership interests in, The Macerich Partnership, L.P., a Delaware limited partnership (the "Operating Partnership"). As of December 31, 2018, the Operating Partnership owned or had an ownership interest in 47 regional shopping centers and five community/power shopping centers. These 52 regional and community/power shopping centers (which include any related office space) consist of approximately 51 million square feet of gross leasable area (“GLA”) and are referred to herein as the “Centers”. The Centers consist of consolidated Centers (“Consolidated Centers”) and unconsolidated joint venture Centers (“Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers”), as set forth in “Item 2. Properties,” unless the context otherwise requires.

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The Company is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust ("REIT") and conducts all of its operations through the Operating Partnership and the Company's management companies, Macerich Property Management Company, LLC, a single member Delaware limited liability company, Macerich Management Company, a California corporation, Macerich Arizona Partners LLC, a single member Arizona limited liability company, Macerich Arizona Management LLC, a single member Delaware limited liability company, Macerich Partners of Colorado LLC, a single member Colorado limited liability company, MACW Mall Management, Inc., a New York corporation, and MACW Property Management, LLC, a single member New York limited liability company. All seven of the management companies are owned by the Company and are collectively referred to herein as the "Management Companies."
The Company was organized as a Maryland corporation in September 1993. All references to the Company in this Annual Report on Form 10-K include the Company, those entities owned or controlled by the Company and predecessors of the Company, unless the context indicates otherwise.
Financial information regarding the Company for each of the last three fiscal years is contained in the Company's Consolidated Financial Statements included in "Item 15. Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedule."
Recent Developments
Acquisitions and Dispositions:
On February 16, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia sold its share of an office building for $41.8 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $5.5 million. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on the sale of assets of $2.8 million was included in equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its portion of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On March 1, 2018, the Company formed a 25/75 joint venture with Hudson Pacific Properties, whereby the Company agreed to contribute Westside Pavilion (referred to hereafter as One Westside), a 680,000 square foot regional shopping center in Los Angeles, California in exchange for $142.5 million. The Company completed the sale of the 75% ownership interest in the property to Hudson Pacific Properties on August 31, 2018, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $46.2 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $36.9 million and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $105.6 million. The Company used the proceeds to fund its share of the cost to defease the mortgage note payable on the property (See "Financing Activity").
On May 17, 2018, the Company sold Promenade at Casa Grande, a 761,000 square foot community center in Casa Grande, Arizona for $26.0 million, resulting in a loss on sale of assets of $0.3 million. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for other general corporate purposes.
On July 6, 2018, the Company’s joint venture in The Market at Estrella Falls, a 298,000 square foot community center in Goodyear, Arizona, sold the property for $49.1 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $12.6 million. The Company's share of the gain of $3.0 million was included in equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures. The proceeds were used to pay off the $24.1 million mortgage loan payable on the property, settle development obligations and for distributions to the partners. The Company used its share of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.
Financing Activity:
On January 22, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia obtained a $250.0 million term loan that bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.0% and matures on January 22, 2023. Concurrent with the loan closing, the joint venture borrowed $150.0 million on the term loan and borrowed the remaining $100.0 million on March 26, 2018. The Company used its share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On March 29, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Broadway Plaza placed a $450.0 million loan on the property that bears interest at an effective rate of 4.19% and matures on April 1, 2030. The Company used its share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On August 31, 2018, concurrent with the sale of the ownership interest in One Westside (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions"), the joint venture defeased the loan on the property by providing a $149.2 million portfolio of marketable securities as replacement collateral in lieu of the property. At December 31, 2018, the balance of the marketable securities and the defeased loan at the joint venture were $146.9 million and $138.2 million, respectively, with Company's pro rata share at $36.7 million and $34.6 million, respectively. The Company funded its $37.3 million share of the purchase price of the marketable securities portfolio with the proceeds from the sale of the ownership interest in the property.

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On September 14, 2018, the Company entered into four interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert a total of $400.0 million of the outstanding balance of the Company’s line of credit from floating rate debt of LIBOR plus 1.45% to fixed rate debt of 4.30% until September 30, 2021.
On November 7, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Boulevard Shops replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $18.8 million loan that bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.85% and matures on December 5, 2023. The loan can be expanded, depending on certain conditions, up to $23.0 million. The Company used its share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On January 10, 2019, the Company replaced the existing loan on Fashion Outlets of Chicago with a new $300.0 million loan that bears interest at an effective rate of 4.58% and matures on February 1, 2031. The Company used the net proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On February 13, 2019, the Company’s joint venture in SanTan Village Regional Center entered into a commitment for a ten-year $220.0 million loan to replace the existing loan on the property. The new loan will bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.30% and is expected to close during the second quarter of 2019.
On February 22, 2019, the Company’s joint venture in The Shops at Atlas Park entered into an agreement to increase the total borrowing capacity of the existing loan on the property from $57.8 million to $80.0 million, and to extend the maturity date to October 28, 2021, including extension options. Concurrent with the loan modification, the joint venture borrowed an additional $18.4 million. The Company used its $9.2 million share of the additional proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
Redevelopment and Development Activity:
The Company's joint venture is proceeding with the redevelopment of Fashion District Philadelphia, an 850,000 square foot shopping center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The project is expected to be completed in September 2019. The total cost of the project is estimated to be between $400.0 million and $420.0 million, with $200.0 million to $210.0 million estimated to be the Company's pro rata share. The Company has funded $151.5 million of the total $302.9 million incurred by the joint venture as of December 31, 2018.
The Company's joint venture in Scottsdale Fashion Square is redeveloping a former Barney's store and an 80,000 square foot exterior expansion. The project is expected to be completed in 2019. The total cost of the project is estimated to be between $140.0 million and $160.0 million, with $70.0 million to $80.0 million estimated to be the Company's pro rata share. The Company has funded $26.8 million of the total $53.6 million incurred by the joint venture as of December 31, 2018.
The Company's joint venture with Hudson Pacific Properties is redeveloping One Westside into 584,000 square feet of creative office space and 96,000 square feet of dining and entertainment space. The entire creative office space has been leased to Google and is expected to be completed in 2022. The total cost of the project is estimated to be between $500.0 million and $550.0 million, with $125.0 million to $137.5 million estimated to be the Company's pro rata share. The Company has funded $35.6 million of the total $142.4 million incurred by the joint venture as of December 31, 2018.
On September 6, 2018, the Company formed a 50/50 joint venture with Simon Property Group to develop Los Angeles Premium Outlets, a premium outlet center in Carson, California that is planned to open with approximately 400,000 square feet, followed by an additional 165,000 square feet in the second stage. The first phase of the project is expected to be completed in Fall 2021. The Company has funded $15.8 million of the total $31.5 million incurred by the joint venture as of December 31, 2018.
In connection with the anticipated closures and lease rejections of several Sears stores owned or partially owned by the Company, the Company anticipates spending between $250.0 million to $300.0 million at the Company’s pro rata share to redevelop the  Sears stores. The anticipated openings of such redevelopments are expected to occur between 2020 and 2024. The estimated range of redevelopment costs could increase if the Company or its joint venture decide to expand the scope of the redevelopments.  
Other Transactions and Events:
On January 1, 2018, upon adoption of ASU 2014-09, "Revenue From Contracts With Customers (ASC 606)", the Company changed its accounting for Chandler Freehold from a co-venture arrangement to a financing arrangement (the "Financing Arrangement"). As a result, the Company no longer records co-venture expense for its partner's share of the income of Chandler Freehold. Under the Financing Arrangement, the Company recognizes interest expense on (i) the changes in fair value of the Financing Arrangement obligation, (ii) any payments to the joint venture partner equal to their pro rata share of net income and (iii) any payments to the joint venture partner less than or in excess of their pro rata share of net income.

5

On February 1 and 2, 2018, the Company reduced its workforce by approximately 10 percent. The Company incurred a one-time charge of $12.7 million in connection with the workforce reduction during the year ended December 31, 2018.  As a result of the workforce reduction, the Company, exclusive of the one-time charge, reduced expenses by approximately $10.0 million during the year ended December 31, 2018.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred $19.4 million in costs associated with activities related to shareholder activism. These costs were primarily for legal and advisory services.
The Shopping Center Industry
General:
There are several types of retail shopping centers, which are differentiated primarily based on size and marketing strategy. Regional shopping centers generally contain in excess of 400,000 square feet of GLA and are typically anchored by two or more department or large retail stores ("Anchors") and are referred to as "Regional Shopping Centers" or "Malls." Regional Shopping Centers also typically contain numerous diversified retail stores ("Mall Stores"), most of which are national or regional retailers typically located along corridors connecting the Anchors. "Strip centers", "urban villages" or "specialty centers" ("Community/Power Shopping Centers") are retail shopping centers that are designed to attract local or neighborhood customers and are typically anchored by one or more supermarkets, discount department stores and/or drug stores. Community/Power Shopping Centers typically contain 100,000 to 400,000 square feet of GLA. Outlet Centers generally contain a wide variety of designer and manufacturer stores, often located in an open-air center, and typically range in size from 200,000 to 850,000 square feet of GLA ("Outlet Centers"). In addition, freestanding retail stores are located along the perimeter of the shopping centers ("Freestanding Stores"). Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores over 10,000 square feet of GLA are also referred to as "Big Box." Anchors, Mall Stores, Freestanding Stores and other tenants typically contribute funds for the maintenance of the common areas, property taxes, insurance, advertising and other expenditures related to the operation of the shopping center.
Regional Shopping Centers:
A Regional Shopping Center draws from its trade area by offering a variety of fashion merchandise, hard goods and services and entertainment, often in an enclosed, climate controlled environment with convenient parking. Regional Shopping Centers provide an array of retail shops and entertainment facilities and often serve as the town center and a gathering place for community, charity and promotional events.
Regional Shopping Centers have generally provided owners with relatively stable income despite the cyclical nature of the retail business. This stability is due both to the diversity of tenants and to the typical dominance of Regional Shopping Centers in their trade areas.
Regional Shopping Centers have different strategies with regard to price, merchandise offered and tenant mix, and are generally tailored to meet the needs of their trade areas. Anchors are located along common areas in a configuration designed to maximize consumer traffic for the benefit of the Mall Stores. Mall GLA, which generally refers to GLA contiguous to the Anchors for tenants other than Anchors, is leased to a wide variety of smaller retailers. Mall Stores typically account for the majority of the revenues of a Regional Shopping Center.
Business of the Company
Strategy:
The Company has a long-term four-pronged business strategy that focuses on the acquisition, leasing and management, redevelopment and development of Regional Shopping Centers.
Acquisitions.    The Company principally focuses on well-located, quality Regional Shopping Centers that can be dominant in their trade area and have strong revenue enhancement potential. In addition, the Company pursues other opportunistic acquisitions of property that include retail and will complement the Company's portfolio such as Outlet Centers. The Company subsequently seeks to improve operating performance and returns from these properties through leasing, management and redevelopment. Since its initial public offering, the Company has acquired interests in shopping centers nationwide. The Company believes that it is geographically well positioned to cultivate and maintain ongoing relationships with potential sellers and financial institutions and to act quickly when acquisition opportunities arise (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Recent Developments).
Leasing and Management.    The Company believes that the shopping center business requires specialized skills across a broad array of disciplines for effective and profitable operations. For this reason, the Company has developed a fully integrated real estate organization with in-house acquisition, accounting, development, finance, information technology, leasing, legal, marketing, property management and redevelopment expertise. In addition, the Company emphasizes a philosophy of

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decentralized property management, leasing and marketing performed by on-site professionals. The Company believes that this strategy results in the optimal operation, tenant mix and drawing power of each Center, as well as the ability to quickly respond to changing competitive conditions of the Center's trade area.
The Company believes that on-site property managers can most effectively operate the Centers. Each Center's property manager is responsible for overseeing the operations, marketing, maintenance and security functions at the Center. Property managers focus special attention on controlling operating costs, a key element in the profitability of the Centers, and seek to develop strong relationships with and be responsive to the needs of retailers.
The Company generally utilizes regionally located leasing managers to better understand the market and the community in which a Center is located. The Company continually assesses and fine tunes each Center's tenant mix, identifies and replaces underperforming tenants and seeks to optimize existing tenant sizes and configurations.
On a selective basis, the Company provides property management and leasing services for third parties. The Company currently manages two regional shopping centers and three community centers for third party owners on a fee basis.
Redevelopment.    One of the major components of the Company's growth strategy is its ability to redevelop acquired properties. On a selective basis, the Company's business strategy may include mixed-use densification to maximize space at the Company’s Regional Shopping Centers, including by developing available land at the Regional Shopping Centers or by demolishing underperforming department store boxes and redeveloping the land. For this reason, the Company has built a staff of redevelopment professionals who have primary responsibility for identifying redevelopment opportunities that they believe will result in enhanced long-term financial returns and market position for the Centers. The redevelopment professionals oversee the design and construction of the projects in addition to obtaining required governmental approvals (See "Redevelopment and Development Activity" in Recent Developments).
Development.    The Company pursues ground-up development projects on a selective basis. The Company has supplemented its strong acquisition, operations and redevelopment skills with its ground-up development expertise to further increase growth opportunities (See "Redevelopment and Development Activity" in Recent Developments).
The Centers:
As of December 31, 2018, the Centers primarily included 47 Regional Shopping Centers and five Community/Power Shopping Centers totaling approximately 51 million square feet of GLA. These 52 Centers average approximately 935,000 square feet of GLA and range in size from 3.5 million square feet of GLA at Tysons Corner Center to 185,000 square feet of GLA at Boulevard Shops. As of December 31, 2018, the Centers primarily included 184 Anchors totaling approximately 25.1 million square feet of GLA and approximately 5,000 Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores totaling approximately 24.2 million square feet of GLA.
Competition:
Numerous owners, developers and managers of malls, shopping centers and other retail-oriented real estate compete with the Company for the acquisition of properties and in attracting tenants or Anchors to occupy space. There are five other publicly traded mall companies and several large private mall companies in the United States, any of which under certain circumstances could compete against the Company for an Anchor or a tenant. In addition, these companies, as well as other REITs, private real estate companies or investors compete with the Company in terms of property acquisitions. This results in competition both for the acquisition of properties or centers and for tenants or Anchors to occupy space. Competition for property acquisitions may result in increased purchase prices and may adversely affect the Company's ability to make suitable property acquisitions on favorable terms. The existence of competing shopping centers could have a material adverse impact on the Company's ability to lease space and on the level of rents that can be achieved. There is also increasing competition from other retail formats and technologies, such as lifestyle centers, power centers, outlet centers, Internet shopping, home shopping networks, catalogs, telemarketing and discount shopping clubs that could adversely affect the Company's revenues.
In making leasing decisions, the Company believes that retailers consider the following material factors relating to a center: quality, design and location, including consumer demographics; rental rates; type and quality of Anchors and retailers at the center; and management and operational experience and strategy of the center. The Company believes it is able to compete effectively for retail tenants in its local markets based on these criteria in light of the overall size, quality and diversity of its Centers.
Major Tenants:
For the year ended December 31, 2018, the Centers derived approximately 72% of their total rents from Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores under 10,000 square feet and 28% of their total rents from Big Box and Anchor tenants. Total rents as set forth in "Item 1. Business" include minimum rents and percentage rents.

7

The following retailers (including their subsidiaries) represent the 10 largest tenants in the Centers based upon total rents in place as of December 31, 2018:
Tenant
 
Primary DBAs
 
Number of
Locations
in the
Portfolio
 
% of Total
Rents
L Brands, Inc.
 
Victoria's Secret, Bath and Body Works, PINK
 
93

 
3.0
%
Forever 21, Inc.
 
Forever 21, XXI Forever
 
30

 
2.5
%
Foot Locker, Inc.
 
Champs Sports, Foot Locker, Kids Foot Locker, Lady Foot Locker, Foot Action, House of Hoops SIX:02 and others
 
92

 
2.2
%
H & M Hennes & Mauritz AB
 
H & M
 
31

 
2.1
%
Gap, Inc., The
 
Athleta, Banana Republic, Gap, Gap Kids, Old Navy and others
 
49

 
1.8
%
Signet Jewelers
 
Jared Jewelry, Kay Jewelers, Piercing Pagoda, Shaw's Jewelers, Weisfield Jewelers, Zales
 
93

 
1.6
%
Dick's Sporting Goods, Inc.
 
Dick's Sporting Goods
 
17

 
1.6
%
American Eagle Outfitters, Inc.
 
American Eagle Outfitters, aerie
 
35

 
1.2
%
Express
 
Express, Express Men
 
28

 
1.1
%
Abercrombie & Fitch
 
Abercrombie & Fitch, Hollister
 
42

 
1.0
%
Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores:
Mall Store and Freestanding Store leases generally provide for tenants to pay rent comprised of a base (or "minimum") rent and a percentage rent based on sales. In some cases, tenants pay only minimum rent, and in other cases, tenants pay only percentage rent. The Company generally enters into leases for Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores that also require tenants to pay a stated amount for operating expenses, generally excluding property taxes, regardless of the expenses the Company actually incurs at any Center. However, certain leases for Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores contain provisions that only require tenants to pay their pro rata share of maintenance of the common areas, property taxes, insurance, advertising and other expenditures related to the operations of the Center.
Tenant space of 10,000 square feet and under in the Company's portfolio at December 31, 2018 comprises approximately 65% of all Mall Store and Freestanding Store space. The Company uses tenant spaces of 10,000 square feet and under for comparing rental rate activity because this space is more consistent in terms of shape and configuration and, as such, the Company is able to provide a meaningful comparison of rental rate activity for this space. Mall Store and Freestanding Store space greater than 10,000 square feet is inconsistent in size and configuration throughout the Company's portfolio and as a result does not lend itself to a meaningful comparison of rental rate activity with the Company's other space. Much of the non-Anchor space over 10,000 square feet is not physically connected to the mall, does not share the same common area amenities and does not benefit from the foot traffic in the mall. As a result, space greater than 10,000 square feet has a unique rent structure that is inconsistent with mall space under 10,000 square feet.

8

The following tables set forth the average base rent per square foot for the Centers, as of December 31 for each of the past five years:
Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores under 10,000 square feet:
For the Years Ended December 31,
Avg. Base
Rent Per
Sq. Ft.(1)(2)
 
Avg. Base Rent
Per Sq. Ft. on
Leases Executed
During the Year(2)(3)
 
Avg. Base Rent
Per Sq. Ft.
on Leases Expiring
During the Year(2)(4)
Consolidated Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
2018
$
56.82

 
$
54.00

 
$
49.07

2017
$
55.08

 
$
57.36

 
$
49.61

2016
$
53.51

 
$
53.48

 
$
44.77

2015
$
52.64

 
$
53.99

 
$
49.02

2014
$
49.68

 
$
49.55

 
$
41.20

Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers (at the Company's pro rata share):
 
 
 
 
 
2018
$
63.84

 
$
66.95

 
$
59.49

2017
$
60.99

 
$
63.50

 
$
55.50

2016
$
57.90

 
$
64.78

 
$
57.29

2015
$
60.74

 
$
80.18

 
$
60.85

2014
$
63.78

 
$
82.47

 
$
64.59

Big Box and Anchors:
For the Years Ended December 31,
Avg. Base
Rent Per
Sq. Ft.(1)(2)
 
Avg. Base Rent
Per Sq. Ft. on
Leases Executed
During the Year(2)(3)
 
Number of
Leases
Executed
During
the Year
 
Avg. Base Rent
Per Sq. Ft.
on Leases Expiring
During the Year(2)(4)
 
Number of
Leases
Expiring
During
the Year
Consolidated Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018
$
15.29

 
$
14.03

 
23

 
$
16.83

 
13

2017
$
14.13

 
$
18.19

 
24

 
$
14.85

 
21

2016
$
13.34

 
$
22.23

 
20

 
$
19.12

 
8

2015
$
12.72

 
$
19.87

 
19

 
$
8.96

 
14

2014
$
11.26

 
$
18.28

 
22

 
$
15.16

 
14

Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers (at the Company's pro rata share):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018
$
17.40

 
$
38.98

 
11

 
$
38.20

 
7

2017
$
16.87

 
$
26.33

 
15

 
$
33.25

 
8

2016
$
15.76

 
$
29.41

 
13

 
$
28.00

 
1

2015
$
14.48

 
$
33.00

 
14

 
$
9.30

 
8

2014
$
18.51

 
$
33.62

 
11

 
$
27.27

 
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_____________________

(1)
Average base rent per square foot is based on spaces occupied as of December 31 for each of the Centers and gives effect to the terms of each lease in effect, as of such date, including any concessions, abatements and other adjustments or allowances that have been granted to the tenants.
(2)
Centers under development and redevelopment are excluded from average base rents. As a result, the leases for Fashion District Philadelphia, Paradise Valley Mall and One Westside are excluded for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014. The leases for Broadway Plaza are excluded for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015, and 2014. The leases for Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA and SouthPark Mall are excluded for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014.

9

The leases for Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall, which were sold on January 18, 2017, are excluded for the year ended December 31, 2016. Flagstaff Mall was conveyed to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on July 15, 2016 and is excluded for the year ended December 31, 2015. On June 30, 2015, Great Northern Mall was conveyed to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure and is excluded for the year ended December 31, 2014.
(3)
The average base rent per square foot on leases executed during the year represents the actual rent paid on a per square foot basis during the first twelve months of the lease.
(4)
The average base rent per square foot on leases expiring during the year represents the actual rent to be paid on a per square foot basis during the final twelve months of the lease.
Cost of Occupancy:
A major factor contributing to tenant profitability is cost of occupancy, which consists of tenant occupancy costs charged by the Company. Tenant expenses included in this calculation are minimum rents, percentage rents and recoverable expenditures, which consist primarily of property operating expenses, real estate taxes and repair and maintenance expenditures. These tenant charges are collectively referred to as tenant occupancy costs. These tenant occupancy costs are compared to tenant sales. A low cost of occupancy percentage shows more potential capacity for the Company to increase rents at the time of lease renewal than a high cost of occupancy percentage. The following table summarizes occupancy costs for Mall Store and Freestanding Store tenants in the Centers as a percentage of total Mall Store sales for the last five years:
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016 (1)
 
2015 (2)
 
2014 (3)
Consolidated Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Minimum rents
9.3
%
 
9.5
%
 
9.4
%
 
9.0
%
 
8.7
%
Percentage rents
0.3
%
 
0.3
%
 
0.4
%
 
0.4
%
 
0.4
%
Expense recoveries(4)
3.9
%
 
4.2
%
 
4.3
%
 
4.5
%
 
4.3
%
 
13.5
%
 
14.0
%
 
14.1
%
 
13.9
%
 
13.4
%
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Minimum rents
7.8
%
 
8.6
%
 
8.6
%
 
8.1
%
 
8.7
%
Percentage rents
0.3
%
 
0.3
%
 
0.3
%
 
0.4
%
 
0.4
%
Expense recoveries(4)
3.4
%
 
3.8
%
 
3.9
%
 
4.0
%
 
4.5
%
 
11.5
%
 
12.7
%
 
12.8
%
 
12.5
%
 
13.6
%
_____________________________

(1)
Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall were sold on January 18, 2017 and are excluded for the year ended December 31, 2016.
(2)
Flagstaff Mall was conveyed to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on July 15, 2016 and is excluded for the year ended December 31, 2015.
(3)
Great Northern Mall was conveyed to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on June 30, 2015 and is excluded for the year ended December 31, 2014.
(4)
Represents real estate tax and common area maintenance charges.

10


Lease Expirations:
The following tables show scheduled lease expirations for Centers owned as of December 31, 2018 for the next ten years, assuming that none of the tenants exercise renewal options:
Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores under 10,000 square feet:
Year Ending December 31,
 
Number of
Leases
Expiring
 
Approximate
GLA of Leases
Expiring(1)
 
% of Total Leased
GLA Represented
by Expiring
Leases(1)
 
Ending Base Rent
per Square Foot of
Expiring Leases(1)
 
% of Base Rent
Represented
by Expiring
Leases(1)
Consolidated Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
321

 
622,707

 
13.59
%
 
$
56.00

 
11.91
%
2020
 
318

 
625,774

 
13.66
%
 
$
55.19

 
11.79
%
2021
 
283

 
557,506

 
12.17
%
 
$
61.60

 
11.73
%
2022
 
219

 
400,752

 
8.75
%
 
$
65.00

 
8.90
%
2023
 
216

 
456,668

 
9.97
%
 
$
60.39

 
9.42
%
2024
 
194

 
520,294

 
11.36
%
 
$
62.00

 
11.02
%
2025
 
158

 
390,149

 
8.52
%
 
$
71.69

 
9.55
%
2026
 
134

 
400,740

 
8.75
%
 
$
71.82

 
9.83
%
2027
 
100

 
233,954

 
5.11
%
 
$
84.09

 
6.72
%
2028
 
82

 
210,852

 
4.60
%
 
$
71.08

 
5.12
%
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers (at the Company's pro rata share):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
205

 
229,108

 
10.32
%
 
$
70.38

 
10.18
%
2020
 
188

 
243,473

 
10.97
%
 
$
60.68

 
9.33
%
2021
 
223

 
278,815

 
12.56
%
 
$
67.12

 
11.82
%
2022
 
166

 
220,758

 
9.94
%
 
$
66.67

 
9.29
%
2023
 
150

 
230,940

 
10.40
%
 
$
61.66

 
8.99
%
2024
 
116

 
186,452

 
8.40
%
 
$
65.91

 
7.76
%
2025
 
126

 
210,633

 
9.49
%
 
$
69.25

 
9.21
%
2026
 
151

 
214,368

 
9.66
%
 
$
89.30

 
12.09
%
2027
 
109

 
162,767

 
7.33
%
 
$
87.74

 
9.02
%
2028
 
94

 
168,930

 
7.61
%
 
$
85.10

 
9.08
%


11

Big Boxes and Anchors:
Year Ending December 31,
 
Number of
Leases
Expiring
 
Approximate
GLA of Leases
Expiring(1)
 
% of Total Leased
GLA Represented
by Expiring
Leases(1)
 
Ending Base Rent
per Square Foot of
Expiring Leases(1)
 
% of Base Rent
Represented
by Expiring
Leases(1)
Consolidated Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
11

 
349,937

 
3.62
%
 
$
10.37

 
2.20
%
2020
 
17

 
787,639

 
8.16
%
 
$
10.33

 
4.94
%
2021
 
25

 
1,025,585

 
10.62
%
 
$
11.55

 
7.19
%
2022
 
23

 
871,991

 
9.03
%
 
$
22.71

 
12.02
%
2023
 
29

 
875,095

 
9.06
%
 
$
12.63

 
6.71
%
2024
 
28

 
922,040

 
9.55
%
 
$
20.84

 
11.67
%
2025
 
25

 
923,651

 
9.57
%
 
$
20.45

 
11.47
%
2026
 
17

 
738,212

 
7.65
%
 
$
15.00

 
6.72
%
2027
 
18

 
544,493

 
5.64
%
 
$
30.37

 
10.04
%
2028
 
19

 
877,330

 
9.09
%
 
$
17.13

 
9.12
%
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers (at the Company's pro rata share):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
8

 
102,361

 
2.00
%
 
$
19.28

 
2.20
%
2020
 
24

 
678,668

 
13.23
%
 
$
13.27

 
10.02
%
2021
 
19

 
248,344

 
4.84
%
 
$
25.14

 
6.95
%
2022
 
18

 
606,825

 
11.83
%
 
$
8.18

 
5.52
%
2023
 
21

 
291,620

 
5.69
%
 
$
23.61

 
7.66
%
2024
 
19

 
282,291

 
5.50
%
 
$
38.55

 
12.11
%
2025
 
21

 
1,049,746

 
20.47
%
 
$
12.69

 
14.82
%
2026
 
19

 
364,157

 
7.10
%
 
$
25.41

 
10.30
%
2027
 
11

 
157,891

 
3.08
%
 
$
31.46

 
5.53
%
2028
 
13

 
398,044

 
7.76
%
 
$
19.49

 
8.63
%
_______________________________________________________________________________

(1)
The ending base rent per square foot on leases expiring during the period represents the final year minimum rent, on a cash basis, for tenant leases expiring during the year. Currently, 38% of leases have provisions for future consumer price index increases that are not reflected in ending base rent. The leases for Centers currently under development and redevelopment are excluded from this table.
Anchors:
Anchors have traditionally been a major factor in the public's identification with Regional Shopping Centers. Anchors are generally department stores whose merchandise appeals to a broad range of shoppers. Although the Centers receive a smaller percentage of their operating income from Anchors than from Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores, strong Anchors play an important part in maintaining customer traffic and making the Centers desirable locations for Mall Store and Freestanding Store tenants.
Anchors either own their stores, the land under them and in some cases adjacent parking areas, or enter into long-term leases with an owner at rates that are lower than the rents charged to tenants of Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores. Each Anchor that owns its own store and certain Anchors that lease their stores enter into reciprocal easement agreements with the owner of the Center covering, among other things, operational matters, initial construction and future expansion.
Anchors accounted for approximately 8.5% of the Company's total rents for the year ended December 31, 2018.



12

The following table identifies each Anchor, each parent company that owns multiple Anchors and the number of square feet owned or leased by each such Anchor or parent company in the Company's portfolio at December 31, 2018.
Name
 
Number of
Anchor
Stores
 
GLA Owned
by Anchor
 
GLA Leased
by Anchor
 
Total GLA
Occupied by
Anchor
Macy's Inc.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Macy's
 
36

 
4,698,000

 
1,931,000

 
6,629,000

Bloomingdale's
 
2

 
—

 
355,000

 
355,000

 
 
38

 
4,698,000

 
2,286,000

 
6,984,000

JCPenney
 
27

 
1,641,000

 
2,299,000

 
3,940,000

Sears(1)
 
17

 
429,000

 
2,168,000

 
2,597,000

Dillard's
 
13

 
2,107,000

 
257,000

 
2,364,000

Nordstrom(2)
 
12

 
739,000

 
1,339,000

 
2,078,000

Dick's Sporting Goods
 
15

 
—

 
952,000

 
952,000

Forever 21
 
8

 
155,000

 
629,000

 
784,000

Target
 
4

 
304,000

 
273,000

 
577,000

Hudson Bay Company
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Lord & Taylor
 
3

 
121,000

 
199,000

 
320,000

Saks Fifth Avenue
 
1

 
—

 
92,000

 
92,000

 
 
4

 
121,000

 
291,000

 
412,000

Home Depot
 
3

 
—

 
395,000

 
395,000

Burlington
 
4

 
187,000

 
182,000

 
369,000

Costco
 
2

 
—

 
321,000

 
321,000

Primark
 
3

 
—

 
240,000

 
240,000

Kohl's(3)
 
2

 
—

 
200,000

 
200,000

Neiman Marcus
 
2

 
—

 
188,000

 
188,000

Von Maur
 
2

 
187,000

 
—

 
187,000

Walmart
 
1

 
—

 
173,000

 
173,000

Century 21
 
2

 
—

 
171,000

 
171,000

La Curacao
 
1

 
—

 
165,000

 
165,000

Boscov's
 
1

 
—

 
161,000

 
161,000

Belk
 
2

 
—

 
139,000

 
139,000

BJ's Wholesale Club
 
1

 
—

 
123,000

 
123,000

Lowe's
 
1

 
—

 
114,000

 
114,000

Mercado de los Cielos
 
1

 
—

 
78,000

 
78,000

L.L. Bean
 
1

 
—

 
75,000

 
75,000

Best Buy
 
1

 
66,000

 
—

 
66,000

Des Moines Area Community College
 
1

 
64,000

 
—

 
64,000

Bealls
 
1

 
—

 
40,000

 
40,000

Vacant Anchors(4)
 
10

 
—

 
819,000

 
819,000

 
 
180

 
10,698,000

 
14,078,000

 
24,776,000

Anchors at Centers not owned by the Company(5):
 


 


 


 


Kohl's
 
1

 
—

 
83,000

 
83,000

Vacant Anchors(4)
 
3

 
—

 
195,000

 
195,000

Total
 
184

 
10,698,000

 
14,356,000

 
25,054,000




_______________________________

(1)
Sears filed for Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection in October 2018, and as a result, closed four of its stores at the Centers in 2018 and in January 2019, Sears closed nine more of its stores at the Centers.
(2)
Nordstrom has announced plans to open a 116,000 square foot store at Country Club Plaza in Spring 2021.
(3)
Kohl's has announced plans to close its store at Green Acres Mall in 2019.

13

(4)
The Company is seeking replacement tenants and/or contemplating redevelopment opportunities for these vacant sites.
(5)
The Company owns an office building and six stores located at shopping centers not owned by the Company. Of these six stores, one has been leased to Kohl's, three are vacant or partially vacant and two have been leased for non-Anchor usage.
Environmental Matters
Each of the Centers has been subjected to an Environmental Site Assessment—Phase I (which involves review of publicly available information and general property inspections, but does not involve soil sampling or ground water analysis) completed by an environmental consultant.
Based on these assessments, and on other information, the Company is aware of the following environmental issues, which may result in potential environmental liability and cause the Company to incur costs in responding to these liabilities or in other costs associated with future investigation or remediation:
•
Asbestos.  The Company has conducted asbestos-containing materials ("ACM") surveys at various locations within the Centers. The surveys indicate that ACMs are present or suspected in certain areas, primarily vinyl floor tiles, mastics, roofing materials, drywall tape and joint compounds. The identified ACMs are generally non-friable, in good condition, and possess low probabilities for disturbance. At certain Centers where ACMs are present or suspected, however, some ACMs have been or may be classified as "friable," and ultimately may require removal under certain conditions. The Company has developed and implemented an operations and maintenance ("O&M") plan to manage ACMs in place.
•
Underground Storage Tanks.  Underground storage tanks ("USTs") are or were present at certain Centers, often in connection with tenant operations at gasoline stations or automotive tire, battery and accessory service centers located at such Centers. USTs also may be or have been present at properties neighboring certain Centers. Some of these tanks have either leaked or are suspected to have leaked. Where leakage has occurred, investigation, remediation, and monitoring costs may be incurred by the Company if responsible current or former tenants, or other responsible parties, are unavailable to pay such costs.
•
Chlorinated Hydrocarbons.  The presence of chlorinated hydrocarbons such as perchloroethylene ("PCE") and its degradation byproducts have been detected at certain Centers, often in connection with tenant dry cleaning operations. Where PCE has been detected, the Company may incur investigation, remediation and monitoring costs if responsible current or former tenants, or other responsible parties, are unavailable to pay such costs.
See "Item 1A. Risk Factors—Possible environmental liabilities could adversely affect us."
Insurance
Each of the Centers has comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage and rental loss insurance with insured limits customarily carried for similar properties. The Company does not insure certain types of losses (such as losses from wars), because they are either uninsurable or not economically insurable. In addition, while the Company or the relevant joint venture, as applicable, carry specific earthquake insurance on the Centers located in California, the policies are subject to a deductible equal to 5% of the total insured value of each Center, a $100,000 per occurrence minimum and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $100 million on these Centers. The Company or the relevant joint venture, as applicable, carry specific earthquake insurance on the Centers located in the Pacific Northwest and in the New Madrid Seismic Zone. However, the policies are subject to a deductible equal to 2% of the total insured value of each Center, a $50,000 per occurrence minimum and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $100 million on these Centers. While the Company or the relevant joint venture also carries standalone terrorism insurance on the Centers, the policies are subject to a $25,000 deductible and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $1.0 billion. Each Center has environmental insurance covering eligible third‑party losses, remediation and non-owned disposal sites, subject to a $100,000 retention and a $50 million three-year aggregate loss limit, with the exception of one Center, which has a $5 million ten-year aggregate loss limit and another Center, which has a $20 million ten-year aggregate loss limit. Some environmental losses are not covered by this insurance because they are uninsurable or not economically insurable. Furthermore, the Company carries title insurance on substantially all of the Centers for generally less than their full value.

14

Qualification as a Real Estate Investment Trust
The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code"), commencing with its first taxable year ended December 31, 1994, and intends to conduct its operations so as to continue to qualify as a REIT under the Code. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to federal and state income taxes on its net taxable income that it currently distributes to stockholders. Qualification and taxation as a REIT depends on the Company's ability to meet certain dividend distribution tests, share ownership requirements and various qualification tests prescribed in the Code.
Supplemental Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations
The following discussion updates the disclosures under “Material United States Federal Income Tax Considerations” in the prospectus dated August 10, 2017 contained in the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-3ASR filed with the SEC on August 10, 2017, as previously updated by the disclosures under “Supplemental Material Federal Income Tax Considerations” in its Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017 filed with the SEC on February 23, 2018 (collectively, the “Base Disclosure”).
Due to a recent change in law, the applicable tax rate for backup withholding is 24%, rather than 28% as indicated in the Base Disclosure.
The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act repealed the corporate alternative minimum tax. Therefore, notwithstanding the Company's Base Disclosure, absent a subsequent change in law the Company will not be subject to an alternative minimum tax.
The Internal Revenue Service has recently issued proposed regulations that limit the application of FATCA (as defined in the Base Disclosure). Specifically, no withholding is imposed under FATCA on sales proceeds. These proposed regulations have not been finalized and may not ever be finalized, but taxpayers may rely upon the proposed regulations unless and until they are revised or repealed.
Employees
As of December 31, 2018, the Company had approximately 718 employees, of which approximately 715 were full-time. The Company believes that relations with its employees are good.
Seasonality
The shopping center industry is seasonal in nature, particularly in the fourth quarter during the holiday season when retailer occupancy and retail sales are typically at their highest levels. In addition, shopping malls achieve a substantial portion of their specialty (temporary retailer) rents during the holiday season and the majority of percentage rent is recognized in the fourth quarter. As a result of the above, earnings are generally higher in the fourth quarter.
Available Information; Website Disclosure; Corporate Governance Documents
The Company's corporate website address is www.macerich.com. The Company makes available free-of-charge through this website its reports on Forms 10-K, 10-Q and 8-K and all amendments thereto, as soon as reasonably practicable after the reports have been filed with, or furnished to, the SEC. These reports are available under the heading "Investors—Financial Information—SEC Filings", through a free hyperlink to a third-party service. Information provided on our website is not incorporated by reference into this Form 10-K. The following documents relating to Corporate Governance are available on the Company's website at www.macerich.com under "Investors—Corporate Governance":
Guidelines on Corporate Governance
Code of Business Conduct and Ethics
Code of Ethics for CEO and Senior Financial Officers
Audit Committee Charter
Compensation Committee Charter
Executive Committee Charter
Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee Charter
You may also request copies of any of these documents by writing to:
Attention: Corporate Secretary
The Macerich Company
401 Wilshire Blvd., Suite 700
Santa Monica, CA 90401


15

 ITEM 1A.    RISK FACTORS
The following factors could cause our actual results to differ materially from those contained in forward-looking statements made in this Annual Report on Form 10-K and presented elsewhere by our management from time to time. This list should not be considered to be a complete statement of all potential risks or uncertainties as it does not describe additional risks of which we are not presently aware or that we do not currently consider material. We may update our risk factors from time to time in our future periodic reports. Any of these factors may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, operating results and cash flows. For purposes of this “Risk Factor” section, Centers wholly owned by us are referred to as “Wholly Owned Centers” and Centers that are partly but not wholly owned by us are referred to as “Joint Venture Centers.”
RISKS RELATED TO OUR BUSINESS AND PROPERTIES
We invest primarily in shopping centers, which are subject to a number of significant risks that are beyond our control.
Real property investments are subject to varying degrees of risk that may affect the ability of our Centers to generate sufficient revenues to meet operating and other expenses, including debt service, lease payments, capital expenditures and tenant improvements, and to make distributions to us and our stockholders. A number of factors may decrease the income generated by the Centers, including:
•
the national economic climate;
•
the regional and local economy (which may be negatively impacted by rising unemployment, declining real estate values, increased foreclosures, higher taxes, plant closings, industry slowdowns, union activity, adverse weather conditions, natural disasters and other factors);
•
local real estate conditions (such as an oversupply of, or a reduction in demand for, retail space or retail goods, decreases in rental rates, declining real estate values and the availability and creditworthiness of current and prospective tenants);
•
decreased levels of consumer spending, consumer confidence, and seasonal spending (especially during the holiday season when many retailers generate a disproportionate amount of their annual sales);
•
increasing use by customers of e-commerce and online store sites and the impact of internet sales on the demand for retail space;
•
negative perceptions by retailers or shoppers of the safety, convenience and attractiveness of a Center;
•
acts of violence, including terrorist activities; and
•
increased costs of maintenance, insurance and operations (including real estate taxes).
Income from shopping center properties and shopping center values are also affected by applicable laws and regulations, including tax, environmental, safety and zoning laws.
A significant percentage of our Centers are geographically concentrated and, as a result, are sensitive to local economic and real estate conditions.
A significant percentage of our Centers are located in California and Arizona. Nine Centers in the aggregate are located in New York, New Jersey and Connecticut. To the extent that weak economic or real estate conditions or other factors affect California, Arizona, New York, New Jersey or Connecticut (or their respective regions) more severely than other areas of the country, our financial performance could be negatively impacted.
We are in a competitive business.
Numerous owners, developers and managers of malls, shopping centers and other retail-oriented real estate compete with us for the acquisition of properties and in attracting tenants or Anchors to occupy space. There are five other publicly traded mall companies and several large private mall companies in the United States, any of which under certain circumstances could compete against us for an Anchor or a tenant. In addition, these companies, as well as other REITs, private real estate companies or investors compete with us in terms of property acquisitions. This results in competition both for the acquisition of properties or centers and for tenants or Anchors to occupy space. Competition for property acquisitions may result in increased purchase prices and may adversely affect our ability to make suitable property acquisitions on favorable terms or at all. The existence of competing shopping centers could have a material adverse impact on our ability to lease space and on the rental

16

rates that can be achieved. There is also increasing competition for tenants and shoppers from other retail formats and technologies, such as lifestyle centers, power centers, outlet centers, e-commerce, home shopping networks, catalogs, telemarketing and discount shopping clubs that could adversely affect our revenues.
We may be unable to renew leases, lease vacant space or re-let space as leases expire on favorable terms or at all, which could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
There are no assurances that our leases will be renewed or that vacant space in our Centers will be re-let at net effective rental rates equal to or above the current average net effective rental rates or that substantial rent abatements, tenant improvements, early termination rights or below‑market renewal options will not be offered to attract new tenants or retain existing tenants. If the rental rates at our Centers decrease, if our existing tenants do not renew their leases or if we do not re-let a significant portion of our available space and space for which leases will expire, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
If Anchors or other significant tenants experience a downturn in their business, close or sell stores or declare bankruptcy, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected if a downturn in the business of, or the bankruptcy or insolvency of, an Anchor or other significant tenant leads them to close retail stores or terminate their leases after seeking protection under the bankruptcy laws from their creditors, including us as lessor. In recent years, a number of companies in the retail industry, including some of our tenants, have declared bankruptcy, have gone out of business or have significantly reduced the number of their retail stores. If one of our tenants files for bankruptcy, we may not be able to collect amounts owed by that party prior to filing for bankruptcy. In addition, after filing for bankruptcy, a tenant may terminate any or all of its leases with us, in which event we would have a general unsecured claim against such tenant that would likely be worth less than the full amount owed to us for the remainder of the lease term. We may be unable to re-let stores vacated as a result of voluntary closures or the bankruptcy of a tenant.
On October 15, 2018, Sears filed for bankruptcy and announced additional store closings. As of December 31, 2018, following the closure of four stores during 2018, we had 17 Sears stores totaling approximately 2.6 million square feet of gross leasable area within our portfolio and accounting for approximately 1% of our total minimum and percentage rents. In January 2019, Sears closed nine additional stores. The remaining eight stores include three owned by us, three owned by our joint venture with Seritage Growth Properties and two owned by a third-party.
Furthermore, certain department stores and other national retailers have experienced, and may continue to experience, decreases in customer traffic in their retail stores, increased competition from alternative retail options such as e-commerce and other forms of pressure on their business models. If the store sales of retailers operating at our Centers decline significantly due to adverse economic conditions or for any other reason, tenants might be unable to pay their minimum rents or expense recovery charges. In the event of a default by a lessee, the affected Center may experience delays and costs in enforcing its rights as lessor.
Anchors and/or tenants at one or more Centers might also terminate their leases as a result of mergers, acquisitions, consolidations or dispositions in the retail industry. The sale of an Anchor or store to a less desirable retailer may reduce occupancy levels, customer traffic and rental income. Depending on economic conditions, there is also a risk that Anchors or other significant tenants may sell stores operating in our Centers or consolidate duplicate or geographically overlapping store locations. Store closures by an Anchor and/or a significant number of tenants may allow other Anchors and/or certain other tenants to terminate their leases, receive reduced rent and/or cease operating their stores at the Center or otherwise adversely affect occupancy at the Center.
Our real estate acquisition, development and redevelopment strategies may not be successful.
Our historical growth in revenues, net income and funds from operations has been in part tied to the acquisition, development and redevelopment of shopping centers. Many factors, including the availability and cost of capital, our total amount of debt outstanding, our ability to obtain financing on attractive terms, if at all, interest rates and the availability of attractive acquisition targets, among others, will affect our ability to acquire, develop and redevelop additional properties in the future. We may not be successful in pursuing acquisition opportunities, and newly acquired properties may not perform as well as expected. Expenses arising from our efforts to complete acquisitions, develop and redevelop properties or increase our market penetration may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. We face competition for acquisitions primarily from other REITs, as well as from private real estate companies or investors. Some of our competitors have greater financial and other resources. Increased competition for shopping center acquisitions may result in

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increased purchase prices and may impact adversely our ability to acquire additional properties on favorable terms. We cannot guarantee that we will be able to implement our growth strategy successfully or manage our expanded operations effectively and profitably.
We may not be able to achieve the anticipated financial and operating results from newly acquired assets. Some of the factors that could affect anticipated results are:
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our ability to integrate and manage new properties, including increasing occupancy rates and rents at such properties;
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the disposal of non-core assets within an expected time frame; and
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our ability to raise long-term financing to implement a capital structure at a cost of capital consistent with our business strategy.
Our business strategy also includes the selective development and construction of retail properties. On a selective basis, our business strategy may include mixed-use densification to maximize space at our Regional Shopping Centers, including by developing available land at our Regional Shopping Centers or by demolishing underperforming department store boxes and redeveloping the land. Any development, redevelopment and construction activities that we may undertake will be subject to the risks of real estate development, including lack of financing, construction delays, environmental requirements, budget overruns, sunk costs and lease-up. Furthermore, occupancy rates and rents at a newly completed property may not be sufficient to make the property profitable. Real estate development activities are also subject to risks relating to the inability to obtain, or delays in obtaining, all necessary zoning, land-use, building, and occupancy and other required governmental permits and authorizations. If any of the above events occur, our ability to pay dividends to our stockholders and service our indebtedness could be adversely affected.
Real estate investments are relatively illiquid and we may be unable to sell properties at the time we desire and on favorable terms.
Investments in real estate are relatively illiquid, which limits our ability to adjust our portfolio in response to changes in economic, market or other conditions. Moreover, there are some limitations under federal income tax laws applicable to REITs that limit our ability to sell assets. In addition, because our properties are generally mortgaged to secure our debts, we may not be able to obtain a release of a lien on a mortgaged property without the payment of the associated debt and/or a substantial prepayment penalty, which restricts our ability to dispose of a property, even though the sale might otherwise be desirable. Furthermore, the number of prospective buyers interested in purchasing shopping centers is limited. Therefore, if we want to sell one or more of our Centers, we may not be able to dispose of it in the desired time period and may receive less consideration than we originally invested in the Center.
Our real estate assets may be subject to impairment charges.
We periodically assess whether there are any indicators that the value of our real estate assets and other investments may be impaired. A property’s value is considered to be impaired only if the estimated aggregate future undiscounted property cash flows are less than the carrying value of the property. In our estimate of cash flows, we consider factors such as trends and prospects and the effects of demand and competition on expected future operating income. If we are evaluating the potential sale of an asset or redevelopment alternatives, the undiscounted future cash flows consider the most likely course of action as of the balance sheet date based on current plans, intended holding periods and available market information. We are required to make subjective assessments as to whether there are impairments in the value of our real estate assets and other investments. Impairment charges have an immediate direct impact on our earnings. There can be no assurance that we will not take additional charges in the future related to the impairment of our assets. Any future impairment could have a material adverse effect on our operating results in the period in which the charge is taken.
Our success depends, in part, on our ability to attract and retain talented employees, and the loss of any one of our key personnel could adversely impact our business.
The success of our business depends, in part, on the leadership and performance of our executive management team and key employees, and our ability to attract, retain and motivate talented employees could significantly impact our future performance. Competition for these individuals is intense, and we cannot assure you that we will retain our executive management team and key employees or that we will be able to attract and retain other highly qualified individuals for these positions in the future. Losing any one or more of these persons could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

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Possible environmental liabilities could adversely affect us.
Under various federal, state and local environmental laws, ordinances and regulations, a current or previous owner or operator of real property may be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances on, under or in that real property. These laws often impose liability whether or not the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances. The costs of investigation, removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances may be substantial. In addition, the presence of hazardous or toxic substances, or the failure to remedy environmental hazards properly, may adversely affect the owner's or operator's ability to sell or rent affected real property or to borrow money using affected real property as collateral.
Persons or entities that arrange for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances may also be liable for the costs of removal or remediation of hazardous or toxic substances at the disposal or treatment facility, whether or not that facility is owned or operated by the person or entity arranging for the disposal or treatment of hazardous or toxic substances. Laws exist that impose liability for release of asbestos containing materials (“ACMs”) into the air, and third parties may seek recovery from owners or operators of real property for personal injury associated with exposure to ACMs. In connection with our ownership, operation, management, development and redevelopment of the Centers, or any other centers or properties we acquire in the future, we may be potentially liable under these laws and may incur costs in responding to these liabilities.
Some of our properties are subject to potential natural or other disasters.
Some of our Centers are located in areas that are subject to natural disasters, including our Centers in California or in other areas with higher risk of earthquakes, our Centers in flood plains or in areas that may be adversely affected by tornadoes, as well as our Centers in coastal regions that may be adversely affected by increases in sea levels or in the frequency or severity of hurricanes, tropical storms or other severe weather conditions. The occurrence of natural disasters can delay redevelopment or development projects, increase investment costs to repair or replace damaged properties, increase future property insurance costs and negatively impact the tenant demand for lease space. If insurance is unavailable to us or is unavailable on acceptable terms, or our insurance is not adequate to cover losses from these events, our financial condition and results of operations could be adversely affected.
Uninsured losses could adversely affect our financial condition.
Each of our Centers has comprehensive liability, fire, extended coverage and rental loss insurance with insured limits customarily carried for similar properties. We do not insure certain types of losses (such as losses from wars), because they are either uninsurable or not economically insurable. In addition, while we or the relevant joint venture, as applicable, carry specific earthquake insurance on the Centers located in California, the policies are subject to a deductible equal to 5% of the total insured value of each Center, a $100,000 per occurrence minimum and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $100 million on these Centers. We or the relevant joint venture, as applicable, carry specific earthquake insurance on the Centers located in the Pacific Northwest and in the New Madrid Seismic Zone. However, the policies are subject to a deductible equal to 2% of the total insured value of each Center, a $50,000 per occurrence minimum and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $100 million on these Centers. While we or the relevant joint venture also carries standalone terrorism insurance on the Centers, the policies are subject to a $25,000 deductible and a combined annual aggregate loss limit of $1.0 billion. Each Center has environmental insurance covering eligible third‑party losses, remediation and non-owned disposal sites, subject to a $100,000 retention and a $50 million three-year aggregate loss limit, with the exception of one Center, which has a $5 million ten-year aggregate loss limit and another Center has a $20 million ten-year aggregate loss limit. Some environmental losses are not covered by this insurance because they are uninsurable or not economically insurable. Furthermore, we carry title insurance on substantially all of the Centers for generally less than their full value.
If an uninsured loss or a loss in excess of insured limits occurs, we could lose all or a portion of the capital we have invested in a property, as well as the anticipated future revenue from the property, but may remain obligated for any mortgage debt or other financial obligations related to the property.

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We face risks associated with and have been the target of security breaches through cyber attacks, cyber intrusions or otherwise, as well as other significant disruptions of our information technology (IT) networks and related systems.
We face risks associated with and have been the target of security breaches, whether through cyber attacks or cyber intrusions over the Internet, malware, computer viruses, attachments to e-mails, persons inside our organization or persons with access to systems inside our organization, and other significant disruptions of our IT networks and related systems. The risk of a security breach or disruption, particularly through cyber attack or cyber intrusion, including by computer hackers, foreign governments and cyber terrorists, has generally increased as the number, intensity and sophistication of attempted attacks and intrusions from around the world have increased. Our IT networks and related systems are essential to the operation of our business and our ability to perform day-to-day operations and, in some cases, may be critical to the operations of certain of our tenants. Although we make efforts to maintain the security and integrity of these types of IT networks and related systems, and we have implemented various measures to manage the risk of a security breach or disruption, there can be no assurance that our security efforts and measures will be effective or that attempted security breaches or disruptions would not be successful or damaging. A security breach or other significant disruption involving our IT networks and related systems could disrupt the proper functioning of our networks and systems; result in misstated financial reports, violations of loan covenants and/or missed reporting deadlines; result in our inability to properly monitor our compliance with the rules and regulations regarding our qualification as a REIT; result in the unauthorized access to, and destruction, loss, theft, misappropriation or release of proprietary, confidential, sensitive or otherwise valuable information of ours or others, which others could use to compete against us or for disruptive, destructive or otherwise harmful purposes and outcomes; require significant management attention and resources to remedy any damages that result; subject us to claims for breach of contract, damages, credits, penalties or termination of leases or other agreements; or damage our reputation among our tenants and investors generally. Moreover, cyber attacks perpetrated against our Anchors and tenants, including unauthorized access to customers’ credit card data and other confidential information, could diminish consumer confidence and consumer spending and negatively impact our business.
Compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act and fire, safety and other regulations may require us to make expenditures that adversely affect our cash flows.
All of the properties in our portfolio are required to comply with the Americans with Disabilities Act (“ADA”). The ADA has separate compliance requirements for “public accommodations” and “commercial facilities,” but generally requires that buildings be made accessible to people with disabilities. Compliance with the ADA requirements could require removal of access barriers, and non-compliance could result in the imposition of fines by the United States government or an award of damages to private litigants, or both. While the tenants to whom our portfolio is leased are obligated to comply with ADA provisions, within their leased premises, if required changes within their  leased premises involve greater expenditures than anticipated, or if the changes must be made on a more accelerated basis than anticipated, the ability of tenants to cover costs could be adversely affected. Furthermore, we are required to comply with ADA requirements within the common areas of our portfolio and we may not be able to pass on to our tenants any costs necessary to remediate any common area ADA issues. As a result, we could be required to expend funds to comply with the provisions of the ADA, which could adversely affect our financial condition and operating results. In addition, we are required to operate the properties in compliance with fire and safety regulations, building codes and other land use regulations, as they may be adopted by governmental agencies and bodies and become applicable to our portfolio. We may be required to make substantial capital expenditures to comply with, and we may be restricted in our ability to renovate or redevelop the properties subject to, those requirements. The resulting expenditures and restrictions could have a material adverse effect on our ability to meet our financial obligations.
Possible terrorist activity or other acts or threats of violence and threats to public safety could adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
Terrorist attacks and threats of terrorist attacks in the United States or other acts or threats of violence may result in declining economic activity, which could harm the demand for goods and services offered by our tenants and the value of our properties and might adversely affect the value of an investment in our securities. Such a resulting decrease in retail demand could make it difficult for us to renew or re-lease our properties.
Terrorist activities or violence also could directly affect the value of our properties through damage, destruction or loss, and the availability of insurance for such acts, or of insurance generally, might be reduced or cost more, which could increase our operating expenses and adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. To the extent that our tenants are affected by such attacks and threats of attacks, their businesses similarly could be adversely affected, including their ability to continue to meet obligations under their existing leases. These acts and threats might erode business and consumer confidence and spending and might result in increased volatility in national and international financial markets and economies.

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Any one of these events might decrease demand for real estate, decrease or delay the occupancy of our new or redeveloped properties, and limit our access to capital or increase our cost of raising capital.
Inflation may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations.
If inflation increases in the future, we may experience any or all of the following:
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Difficulty in replacing or renewing expiring leases with new leases at higher rents;
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Decreasing tenant sales as a result of decreased consumer spending which could adversely affect the ability of our tenants to meet their rent obligations and/or result in lower percentage rents; and
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An inability to receive reimbursement from our tenants for their share of certain operating expenses, including common area maintenance, real estate taxes and insurance.
Inflation also poses a risk to us due to the possibility of future increases in interest rates. Such increases would adversely impact us due to our outstanding floating-rate debt as well as result in higher interest rates on new fixed-rate debt. In certain cases, we may limit our exposure to interest rate fluctuations related to a portion of our floating-rate debt by the use of interest rate cap and swap agreements. Such agreements, subject to current market conditions, allow us to replace floating-rate debt with fixed-rate debt in order to achieve our desired ratio of floating-rate to fixed-rate debt. However, in an increasing interest rate environment the fixed rates we can obtain with such replacement fixed-rate cap and swap agreements or the fixed-rate on new debt will also continue to increase.
We have substantial debt that could affect our future operations.
Our total outstanding loan indebtedness at December 31, 2018 was $7.9 billion (consisting of $5.0 billion of consolidated debt, less $318.7 million attributable to noncontrolling interests, plus $3.2 billion of our pro rata share of mortgages and other notes payable on unconsolidated joint ventures). As a result of this substantial indebtedness, we are required to use a material portion of our cash flow to service principal and interest on our debt, which limits the amount of cash available for other business opportunities. We are also subject to the risks normally associated with debt financing, including the risk that our cash flow from operations will be insufficient to meet required debt service and that rising interest rates could adversely affect our debt service costs. In addition, our use of interest rate hedging arrangements may expose us to additional risks, including that the counterparty to the arrangement may fail to honor its obligations and that termination of these arrangements typically involves costs such as transaction fees or breakage costs. Furthermore, most of our Centers are mortgaged to secure payment of indebtedness, and if income from the Center is insufficient to pay that indebtedness, the Center could be foreclosed upon by the mortgagee resulting in a loss of income and a decline in our total asset value. Certain Centers also have debt that could become recourse debt to us if the Center is unable to discharge such debt obligation and, in certain circumstances, we may incur liability with respect to such debt greater than our legal ownership.
We are obligated to comply with financial and other covenants that could affect our operating activities.
Our unsecured credit facilities contain financial covenants, including interest coverage requirements, as well as limitations on our ability to incur debt, make dividend payments and make certain acquisitions. These covenants may restrict our ability to pursue certain business initiatives or certain transactions that might otherwise be advantageous. In addition, failure to meet certain of these financial covenants could cause an event of default, which, if not cured or waived, could accelerate some or all of such indebtedness which could have a material adverse effect on us.
We depend on external financings for our growth and ongoing debt service requirements.
We depend primarily on external financings, principally debt financings and, in more limited circumstances, equity financings, to fund the growth of our business and to ensure that we can meet ongoing maturities of our outstanding debt. Our access to financing depends on the willingness of banks, lenders and other institutions to lend to us based on their underwriting criteria which can fluctuate with market conditions and on conditions in the capital markets in general. In addition, levels of market disruption and volatility could materially adversely impact our ability to access the capital markets for equity financings.
There are no assurances that we will continue to be able to obtain the financing we need for future growth or to meet our debt service as obligations mature, or that the financing will be available to us on acceptable terms, or at all. Any debt refinancing could also impose more restrictive terms.

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RISKS RELATED TO OUR ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE
Certain individuals have substantial influence over the management of both us and the Operating Partnership, which may create conflicts of interest.
Under the limited partnership agreement of the Operating Partnership, we, as the sole general partner, are responsible for the management of the Operating Partnership's business and affairs. Two of the principals of the Operating Partnership serve as our executive officers and as members of our board of directors. Accordingly, these principals have substantial influence over our management and the management of the Operating Partnership. As a result, certain decisions concerning our operations or other matters affecting us may present conflicts of interest for these individuals.
Outside partners in Joint Venture Centers result in additional risks to our stockholders.
We own partial interests in property partnerships that own 23 Joint Venture Centers as well as several development sites. We may acquire partial interests in additional properties through joint venture arrangements. Investments in Joint Venture Centers involve risks different from those of investments in Wholly Owned Centers.
We have fiduciary responsibilities to our joint venture partners that could affect decisions concerning the Joint Venture Centers. Our partners in certain Joint Venture Centers (notwithstanding our majority legal ownership) share control of major decisions relating to the Joint Venture Centers, including decisions with respect to sales, refinancings and the timing and amount of additional capital contributions, as well as decisions that could have an adverse impact on us.
In addition, we may lose our management and other rights relating to the Joint Venture Centers if:
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we fail to contribute our share of additional capital needed by the property partnerships; or
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we default under a partnership agreement for a property partnership or other agreements relating to the property partnerships or the Joint Venture Centers.    
Furthermore, the bankruptcy of one of the other investors in our Joint Venture Centers could materially and adversely affect the respective property or properties. Pursuant to the bankruptcy code, we could be precluded from taking some actions affecting the estate of the other investor without prior court approval which would, in most cases, entail prior notice to other parties and a hearing. At a minimum, the requirement to obtain court approval may delay the actions we would or might want to take. If the relevant joint venture through which we have invested in a Joint Venture Center has incurred recourse obligations, the discharge in bankruptcy of one of the other investors might result in our ultimate liability for a greater portion of those obligations than would otherwise be required.
Our legal ownership interest in a joint venture vehicle may, at times, not equal our economic interest in the entity because of various provisions in certain joint venture agreements regarding distributions of cash flow based on capital account balances, allocations of profits and losses and payments of preferred returns. As a result, our actual economic interest (as distinct from our legal ownership interest) in certain of the Joint Venture Centers could fluctuate from time to time and may not wholly align with our legal ownership interests. Substantially all of our joint venture agreements contain rights of first refusal, buy-sell provisions, exit rights, default dilution remedies and/or other break up provisions or remedies which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements and which may, positively or negatively, affect the ultimate realization of cash flow and/or capital or liquidation proceeds.
Our holding company structure makes us dependent on distributions from the Operating Partnership.
Because we conduct our operations through the Operating Partnership, our ability to service our debt obligations and pay dividends to our stockholders is strictly dependent upon the earnings and cash flows of the Operating Partnership and the ability of the Operating Partnership to make distributions to us. Under the Delaware Revised Uniform Limited Partnership Act, the Operating Partnership is prohibited from making any distribution to us to the extent that at the time of the distribution, after giving effect to the distribution, all liabilities of the Operating Partnership (other than some non-recourse liabilities and some liabilities to the partners) exceed the fair value of the assets of the Operating Partnership. An inability to make cash distributions from the Operating Partnership could jeopardize our ability to maintain qualification as a REIT.

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An ownership limit and certain of our Charter and bylaw provisions could inhibit a change of control or reduce the value of our common stock.
The Ownership Limit. In order for us to maintain our qualification as a REIT, not more than 50% in value of our outstanding stock (after taking into account certain options to acquire stock) may be owned, directly or indirectly or through the application of certain attribution rules, by five or fewer individuals (as defined in the Internal Revenue Code to include some entities that would not ordinarily be considered “individuals”) at any time during the last half of a taxable year. To assist us in maintaining our qualification as a REIT, among other purposes, our Charter restricts ownership of more than 5% (the “Ownership Limit”) of the lesser of the number or value of our outstanding shares of stock by any single stockholder or a group of stockholders (with limited exceptions). In addition to enhancing preservation of our status as a REIT, the Ownership Limit may:
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have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of us or other transaction without the approval of our board of directors, even if the change in control or other transaction is in the best interests of our stockholders; and
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limit the opportunity for our stockholders to receive a premium for their common stock or preferred stock that they might otherwise receive if an investor were attempting to acquire a block of stock in excess of the Ownership Limit or otherwise effect a change in control of us.
Our board of directors, in its sole discretion, may waive or modify (subject to limitations and upon any conditions as it may direct) the Ownership Limit with respect to one or more of our stockholders, if it is satisfied that ownership in excess of this limit will not jeopardize our status as a REIT.
Selected Provisions of our Charter, Bylaws and Maryland Law. Some of the provisions of our Charter, bylaws and Maryland law may have the effect of delaying, deferring or preventing a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us and may inhibit a change in control that holders of some, or a majority, of our shares might believe to be in their best interests or that could give our stockholders the opportunity to realize a premium over the then-prevailing market prices for our shares. These provisions include the following:
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advance notice requirements for stockholder nominations of directors and stockholder proposals to be considered at stockholder meetings;
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the obligation of our directors to consider a variety of factors with respect to a proposed business combination or other change of control transaction;
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the authority of our directors to classify or reclassify unissued shares and cause the Company to issue shares of one or more classes or series of common stock or preferred stock;
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the authority of our directors to create and cause the Company to issue rights entitling the holders thereof to purchase shares of stock or other securities from us; and
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limitations on the amendment of our Charter and bylaws, the change in control of us, and the liability of our directors and officers.
In addition, the Maryland General Corporation Law prohibits business combinations between a Maryland corporation and an interested stockholder (which includes any person who beneficially holds 10% or more of the voting power of the corporation's outstanding voting stock or any affiliate or associate of ours who was the beneficial owner, directly or indirectly, of 10% or more of the voting power of the corporation's outstanding stock at any time within the two-year period prior to the date in question) or its affiliates for five years following the most recent date on which the interested stockholder became an interested stockholder and, after the five-year period, requires the recommendation of the board of directors and two supermajority stockholder votes to approve a business combination unless the stockholders receive a minimum price determined by the statute. As permitted by Maryland law, our Charter exempts from these provisions any business combination between us and the principals and their respective affiliates and related persons. Maryland law also allows the board of directors to exempt particular business combinations before the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. Furthermore, a person is not an interested stockholder if the transaction by which he or she would otherwise have become an interested stockholder is approved in advance by the board of directors.
The Maryland General Corporation Law also provides that the acquirer of certain levels of voting power in electing directors of a Maryland corporation (one-tenth or more but less than one-third, one-third or more but less than a majority and a majority or more) is not entitled to vote the shares in excess of the applicable threshold, unless voting rights for the shares are

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approved by holders of two-thirds of the disinterested shares or unless the acquisition of the shares has been specifically or generally approved or exempted from the statute by a provision in our Charter or bylaws adopted before the acquisition of the shares. Our Charter exempts from these provisions voting rights of shares owned or acquired by the principals and their respective affiliates and related persons. Our bylaws also contain a provision exempting from this statute any acquisition by any person of shares of our common stock. There can be no assurance that this bylaw will not be amended or eliminated in the future. The Maryland General Corporation Law and our Charter also contain supermajority voting requirements with respect to our ability to amend certain provisions of our Charter, merge, or sell all or substantially all of our assets. Furthermore, the Maryland General Corporation Law permits our board of directors, without stockholder approval and regardless of what is currently provided in our Charter or bylaws, to adopt certain Charter and bylaw provisions, such as a classified board, that may have the effect of delaying or preventing a third party from making an acquisition proposal for us.
FEDERAL INCOME TAX RISKS
The tax consequences of the sale of some of the Centers and certain holdings of the principals may create conflicts of interest.
The principals will experience negative tax consequences if some of the Centers are sold. As a result, the principals may not favor a sale of these Centers even though such a sale may benefit our other stockholders. In addition, the principals may have different interests than our stockholders because they are significant holders of limited partnership units in the Operating Partnership.
If we were to fail to qualify as a REIT, we would have reduced funds available for distributions to our stockholders.
We believe that we currently qualify as a REIT. No assurance can be given that we will remain qualified as a REIT. Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Internal Revenue Code provisions for which there are only limited judicial or administrative interpretations. The complexity of these provisions and of the applicable income tax regulations is greater in the case of a REIT structure like ours that holds assets through the Operating Partnership and joint ventures. The determination of various factual matters and circumstances not entirely within our control, including determinations by our partners in the Joint Venture Centers, may affect our continued qualification as a REIT. In addition, legislation, new regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions could significantly change the tax laws with respect to our qualification as a REIT or the U.S. federal income tax consequences of that qualification.
In addition, we currently hold certain of our properties through subsidiaries that have elected to be taxed as REITs and we may in the future determine that it is in our best interests to hold one or more of our other properties through one or more subsidiaries that elect to be taxed as REITs. If any of these subsidiaries fails to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, then we may also fail to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes.
If in any taxable year we were to fail to qualify as a REIT, we will suffer the following negative results:
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we will not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing our taxable income; and
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we will be subject to U.S. federal income tax on our taxable income at regular corporate rates.
In addition, if we were to lose our REIT status, we would be prohibited from qualifying as a REIT for the four taxable years following the year during which the qualification was lost, absent relief under statutory provisions. As a result, net income and the funds available for distributions to our stockholders would be reduced for at least five years and the fair market value of our shares could be materially adversely affected. Furthermore, the Internal Revenue Service could challenge our REIT status for past periods. Such a challenge, if successful, could result in us owing a material amount of tax, interest and penalties for prior periods. It is possible that future economic, market, legal, tax or other considerations might cause our board of directors to revoke our REIT election.
Even if we remain qualified as a REIT, we might face other tax liabilities that reduce our cash flow. Further, we might be subject to federal, state and local taxes on our income and property. Any of these taxes would decrease cash available for distributions to stockholders.

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Complying with REIT requirements might cause us to forego otherwise attractive opportunities.
In order to qualify as a REIT for U.S. federal income tax purposes, we must satisfy tests concerning, among other things, our sources of income, the nature of our assets, the amounts we distribute to our stockholders and the ownership of our stock. We may also be required to make distributions to our stockholders at disadvantageous times or when we do not have funds readily available for distribution. Thus, compliance with REIT requirements may cause us to forego opportunities we would otherwise pursue.
In addition, the REIT provisions of the Internal Revenue Code impose a 100% tax on income from “prohibited transactions.” Prohibited transactions generally include sales of assets that do not qualify for a statutory safe harbor if such assets constitute inventory or other property held for sale in the ordinary course of business, other than foreclosure property. This 100% tax could impact our desire to sell assets and other investments at otherwise opportune times if we believe such sales could be considered prohibited transactions.
Complying with REIT requirements may force us to borrow or take other measures to make distributions to our stockholders.
As a REIT, we generally must distribute 90% of our annual taxable income (subject to certain adjustments) to our stockholders. From time to time, we might generate taxable income greater than our net income for financial reporting purposes, or our taxable income might be greater than our cash flow available for distributions to our stockholders. If we do not have other funds available in these situations, we might be unable to distribute 90% of our taxable income as required by the REIT rules. In that case, we would need to borrow funds, liquidate or sell a portion of our properties or investments (potentially at disadvantageous or unfavorable prices), in certain limited cases distribute a combination of cash and stock (at our stockholders' election but subject to an aggregate cash limit established by the Company) or find another alternative source of funds. These alternatives could increase our costs or reduce our equity. In addition, to the extent we borrow funds to pay distributions, the amount of cash available to us in future periods will be decreased by the amount of cash flow we will need to service principal and interest on the amounts we borrow, which will limit cash flow available to us for other investments or business opportunities.
We may face risks in connection with Section 1031 Exchanges.
If a transaction intended to qualify as a Section 1031 Exchange is later determined to be taxable, we may face adverse consequences, and if the laws applicable to such transactions are amended or repealed, we may not be able to dispose of properties on a tax deferred basis. Under recently enacted legislation, Section 1031 Exchanges now only apply to real property and do not apply to any related personal property transferred with the real property. As a result, any appreciated personal property that is transferred in connection with a Section 1031 Exchange of real property will cause gain to be recognized, and such gain is generally treated as non-qualifying income for the 95% and 75% gross income tests. Any such non-qualifying income could have an adverse effect on our REIT status.
If our Operating Partnership fails to maintain its status as a partnership for tax purposes, we would face adverse tax consequences.
We intend to maintain the status of the Operating Partnership as a partnership for federal income tax purposes. However, if the Internal Revenue Service were to successfully challenge the status of the Operating Partnership as an entity taxable as a partnership, the Operating Partnership would be taxable as a corporation. This would reduce the amount of distributions that the Operating Partnership could make to us. This could also result in our losing REIT status, with the consequences described above. This would substantially reduce the cash available to us to make distributions and the return on your investment. In addition, if any of the partnerships or limited liability companies through which the Operating Partnership owns its property, in whole or in part, loses its characterization as a partnership or disregarded entity for federal income tax purposes, it would be subject to taxation as a corporation, thereby reducing distributions to the Operating Partnership. Such a recharacterization of an underlying entity could also threaten our ability to maintain REIT status.

25

Recent legislation substantially modified the taxation of REITs and their shareholders, and the effects of such legislation and related regulatory action are uncertain.
On December 22, 2017, President Trump signed into law H.R. 1, informally titled the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”). The TCJA makes major changes to the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), including a number of provisions of the Code that affect the taxation of REITs and their stockholders. Among the changes made by the TCJA are permanently reducing the generally applicable corporate tax rate, generally reducing the tax rate applicable to individuals and other non-corporate taxpayers for tax years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, eliminating or modifying certain previously allowed deductions (including substantially limiting interest deductibility and, for individuals, the deduction for non-business state and local taxes), and, for taxable years beginning after December 31, 2017 and before January 1, 2026, providing for preferential rates of taxation through a deduction of up to 20% (subject to certain limitations) on most ordinary REIT dividends and certain trade or business income of non-corporate taxpayers. The TCJA also imposes new limitations on the deduction of net operating losses and requires us to recognize income for tax purposes no later than when we take it into account on our financial statements, which may result in us having to make additional taxable distributions to our stockholders in order to comply with REIT distribution requirements or avoid taxes on retained income and gains. The effect of the significant changes made by the TCJA is highly uncertain, and administrative guidance will be required in order to fully evaluate the effect of many provisions. The effect of any technical corrections with respect to the TCJA could have an adverse effect on us or our stockholders. Investors should consult their tax advisors regarding the implications of the TCJA on their investment in our capital stock.
In recent years, numerous legislative, judicial and administrative changes have been made to the U.S. federal income tax laws applicable to investments similar to an investment in our stock. Additional changes to tax laws are likely to continue in the future, and we cannot assure you that any such changes will not adversely affect the taxation of us or our stockholders. Any such changes could have an adverse effect on an investment in our stock or on the market value or the resale potential of our properties.
ITEM 1B.    UNRESOLVED STAFF COMMENTS
None.


26

ITEM 2.    PROPERTIES
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the Centers and other locations that are wholly owned or partly owned by the Company as of December 31, 2018.
Count
 
Company's
Ownership(1)
 
Name of
Center/Location(2)
 
Year of
Original
Construction/
Acquisition
 
Year of Most
Recent
Expansion/
Renovation
 
Total
GLA(3)
 
Mall and
Freestanding
GLA
 
Percentage
of Mall and
Freestanding
GLA Leased
 
Non-Owned Anchors (3)
 
Company-Owned Anchors (3)
 
 
 
CONSOLIDATED CENTERS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
 
50.1%
 
Chandler Fashion Center
 
2001/2002
 
-
 
1,318,000

 
633,000

 
97.6
%
 
Dillard's, Macy's, Nordstrom
 
Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
Chandler, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2
 
100%
 
Danbury Fair Mall
 
1986/2005
 
2016
 
1,269,000

 
524,000

 
96.1
%
 
JCPenney, Macy's
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, Forever 21, Lord & Taylor, Primark, Sears
 
 
 
 
 
Danbury, Connecticut
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3
 
100%
 
Desert Sky Mall(5)
 
1981/2002
 
2007
 
746,000

 
280,000

 
99.1
%
 
Burlington, Dillard's
 
La Curacao, Mercado de los Cielos
 
 
 
 
 
Phoenix, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4
 
100%
 
Eastland Mall(6)(8)
 
1978/1998
 
1996
 
1,026,000

 
492,000

 
94.9
%
 
Dillard's, Macy's
 
JCPenney
 
 
 
 
 
Evansville, Indiana
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5
 
100%
 
Fashion Outlets of Chicago
 
2013/—
 
-
 
538,000

 
538,000

 
98.0
%
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Rosemont, Illinois
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
6
 
100%
 
Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA
 
1982/2011
 
2014
 
688,000

 
688,000

 
93.9
%
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Niagara Falls, New York
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
7
 
50.1%
 
Freehold Raceway Mall
 
1990/2005
 
2007
 
1,672,000

 
774,000

 
97.8
%
 
JCPenney, Lord & Taylor, Macy's, Nordstrom
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, Primark, Sears
 
 
 
 
 
Freehold, New Jersey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
8
 
100%
 
Fresno Fashion Fair
 
1970/1996
 
2006
 
992,000

 
431,000

 
95.2
%
 
Macy's
 
Forever 21, JCPenney, Macy's
 
 
 
 
 
Fresno, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
9
 
100%
 
Green Acres Mall(6)
 
1956/2013
 
2016
 
2,081,000

 
893,000

 
98.0
%
 
—
 
BJ's Wholesale Club, Dick's Sporting Goods, Century 21, JCPenney, Kohl's(7), Macy's (two), Sears, Walmart
 
 
 
 
 
Valley Stream, New York
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
10
 
100%
 
Inland Center
 
1966/2004
 
2016
 
870,000

 
208,000

 
97.0
%
 
Macy's, Sears
 
Forever 21, JCPenney
 
 
 
 
 
San Bernardino, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
11
 
100%
 
Kings Plaza Shopping Center(6)
 
1971/2012
 
2018
 
1,138,000

 
446,000

 
97.9
%
 
Macy's
 
Burlington, JCPenney, Lowe's, Primark
 
 
 
 
 
Brooklyn, New York
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
12
 
100%
 
La Cumbre Plaza(6)
 
1967/2004
 
1989
 
492,000

 
175,000

 
80.7
%
 
Macy's
 
Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
 
Santa Barbara, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
13
 
100%
 
NorthPark Mall(5)(8)
 
1973/1998
 
2001
 
934,000

 
399,000

 
87.8
%
 
Dillard's, JCPenney, Von Maur
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Davenport, Iowa
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
14
 
100%
 
Oaks, The
 
1978/2002
 
2009
 
1,199,000

 
597,000

 
88.9
%
 
JCPenney, Macy's (two)
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, Nordstrom
 
 
 
 
 
Thousand Oaks, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
15
 
100%
 
Pacific View
 
1965/1996
 
2001
 
1,061,000

 
413,000

 
91.3
%
 
JCPenney, Sears, Target
 
Macy's
 
 
 
 
 
Ventura, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
16
 
100%
 
Queens Center(6)
 
1973/1995
 
2004
 
964,000

 
407,000

 
99.7
%
 
JCPenney, Macy's
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Queens, New York
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
17
 
100%
 
Santa Monica Place
 
1980/1999
 
2015
 
526,000

 
303,000

 
93.4
%
 
—
 
Bloomingdale's, Nordstrom
 
 
 
 
 
Santa Monica, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
18
 
84.9%
 
SanTan Village Regional Center
 
2007/—
 
2018
 
1,119,000

 
711,000

 
98.1
%
 
Dillard's, Macy's
 
Dick's Sporting Goods
 
 
 
 
 
Gilbert, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
19
 
100%
 
SouthPark Mall(8)
 
1974/1998
 
2015
 
863,000

 
348,000

 
87.2
%
 
Dillard's, Von Maur
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, JCPenney
 
 
 
 
 
Moline, Illinois
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

27

Count
 
Company's
Ownership(1)
 
Name of
Center/Location(2)
 
Year of
Original
Construction/
Acquisition
 
Year of Most
Recent
Expansion/
Renovation
 
Total
GLA(3)
 
Mall and
Freestanding
GLA
 
Percentage
of Mall and
Freestanding
GLA Leased
 
Non-Owned Anchors (3)
 
Company-Owned Anchors (3)
 
20
 
100%
 
Stonewood Center(6)
 
1953/1997
 
1991
 
933,000

 
359,000

 
91.9
%
 
—
 
JCPenney, Kohl's, Macy's, Sears
 
 
 
 
 
Downey, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
21
 
100%
 
Superstition Springs Center(5)(8)
 
1990/2002
 
2002
 
919,000

 
345,000

 
96.8
%
 
Dillard's, JCPenney, Macy's
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Mesa, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
22
 
100%
 
Towne Mall(8)
 
1985/2005
 
1989
 
350,000

 
179,000

 
90.3
%
 
—
 
Belk, JCPenney
 
 
 
 
 
Elizabethtown, Kentucky
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
23
 
100%
 
Tucson La Encantada
 
2002/2002
 
2005
 
246,000

 
246,000

 
97.0
%
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Tucson, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
24
 
100%
 
Valley Mall
 
1978/1998
 
1992
 
506,000

 
191,000

 
97.1
%
 
Target
 
Belk, Dick's Sporting Goods, JCPenney
 
 
 
 
 
Harrisonburg, Virginia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25
 
100%
 
Valley River Center(8)
 
1969/2006
 
2007
 
869,000

 
345,000

 
95.7
%
 
Macy's
 
JCPenney
 
 
 
 
 
Eugene, Oregon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
26
 
100%
 
Victor Valley, Mall of
 
1986/2004
 
2012
 
577,000

 
254,000

 
98.1
%
 
Macy's
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, JCPenney, Sears
 
 
 
 
 
Victorville, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
27
 
100%
 
Vintage Faire Mall
 
1977/1996
 
2008
 
1,138,000

 
404,000

 
97.3
%
 
Forever 21, Macy's
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, JCPenney, Macy's, Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
 
Modesto, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
28
 
100%
 
Wilton Mall(8)
 
1990/2005
 
1998
 
734,000

 
449,000

 
93.7
%
 
JCPenney
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
 
Saratoga Springs, New York
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Consolidated Centers
 
 
 
25,768,000

 
12,032,000

 
95.2
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURE CENTERS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
29
 
60%
 
Arrowhead Towne Center
 
1993/2002
 
2015
 
1,197,000

 
389,000

 
97.2
%
 
Dillard's, JCPenney, Macy's
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, Forever 21, Sears
 
 
 
 
 
Glendale, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
30
 
50%
 
Biltmore Fashion Park
 
1963/2003
 
2006
 
517,000

 
212,000

 
91.0
%
 
—
 
Macy's, Saks Fifth Avenue
 
 
 
 
 
Phoenix, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
31
 
50%
 
Broadway Plaza
 
1951/1985
 
2016
 
887,000

 
342,000

 
99.4
%
 
Macy's
 
Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom
 
 
 
 
 
Walnut Creek, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
32
 
50.1%
 
Corte Madera, The Village at
 
1985/1998
 
2005
 
461,000

 
225,000

 
94.4
%
 
Macy's, Nordstrom
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Corte Madera, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
33
 
50%
 
Country Club Plaza(9)
 
1922/2016
 
2015
 
1,003,000

 
1,003,000

 
90.1
%
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Kansas City, Missouri
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
34
 
51%
 
Deptford Mall
 
1975/2006
 
1990
 
1,040,000

 
344,000

 
97.4
%
 
JCPenney, Macy's
 
Boscov's, Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
 
Deptford, New Jersey
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
35
 
51%
 
FlatIron Crossing
 
2000/2002
 
2009
 
1,428,000

 
729,000

 
97.2
%
 
Dillard's, Macy's, Nordstrom
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, Forever 21
 
 
 
 
 
Broomfield, Colorado
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
36
 
50%
 
Kierland Commons
 
1999/2005
 
2003
 
437,000

 
437,000

 
97.8
%
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Scottsdale, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
37
 
60%
 
Lakewood Center
 
1953/1975
 
2008
 
2,070,000

 
1,005,000

 
97.0
%
 
—
 
Costco, Forever 21, Home Depot, JCPenney, Macy's, Target
 
 
 
 
 
Lakewood, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
38
 
60%
 
Los Cerritos Center
 
1971/1999
 
2016
 
1,305,000

 
545,000

 
96.5
%
 
Macy's, Nordstrom
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, Forever 21, Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
 
Cerritos, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
39
 
50%
 
North Bridge, The Shops at(6)
 
1998/2008
 
-
 
669,000

 
409,000

 
98.2
%
 
—
 
Nordstrom
 
 
 
 
 
Chicago, Illinois
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
40
 
50%
 
Scottsdale Fashion Square
 
1961/2002
 
Ongoing
 
1,845,000

 
885,000

 
92.1
%
 
Dillard's
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, Macy's, Neiman Marcus, Nordstrom
 
 
 
 
 
Scottsdale, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
41
 
60%
 
South Plains Mall
 
1972/1998
 
2017
 
1,135,000

 
476,000

 
92.0
%
 
—
 
Bealls, Dillard's (two), JCPenney, Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
 
Lubbock, Texas
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

28

Count
 
Company's
Ownership(1)
 
Name of
Center/Location(2)
 
Year of
Original
Construction/
Acquisition
 
Year of Most
Recent
Expansion/
Renovation
 
Total
GLA(3)
 
Mall and
Freestanding
GLA
 
Percentage
of Mall and
Freestanding
GLA Leased
 
Non-Owned Anchors (3)
 
Company-Owned Anchors (3)
 
42
 
51%
 
Twenty Ninth Street(6)
 
1963/1979
 
2007
 
845,000

 
553,000

 
97.1
%
 
Macy's
 
Home Depot
 
 
 
 
 
Boulder, Colorado
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
43
 
50%
 
Tysons Corner Center
 
1968/2005
 
2014
 
1,973,000

 
1,088,000

 
96.8
%
 
—
 
Bloomingdale's, L.L. Bean, Lord & Taylor, Macy's, Nordstrom
 
 
 
 
 
Tysons Corner, Virginia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
44
 
60%
 
Washington Square
 
1974/1999
 
2005
 
1,446,000

 
511,000

 
98.8
%
 
Macy's
 
Dick's Sporting Goods, JCPenney, Nordstrom, Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
 
Portland, Oregon
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
45
 
19%
 
West Acres
 
1972/1986
 
2001
 
678,000

 
413,000

 
97.2
%
 
Macy's
 
JCPenney
 
 
 
 
 
Fargo, North Dakota
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total Unconsolidated Joint Ventures
 
18,936,000

 
9,566,000

 
95.6
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
REGIONAL SHOPPING CENTERS UNDER REDEVELOPMENT
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
46
 
50%
 
Fashion District Philadelphia(10)
 
1977/2014
 
ongoing
 
850,000

 
624,000

 
(11)

 
—
 
Burlington, Century 21
 
 
 
 
 
Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
47
 
100%
 
Paradise Valley Mall(12)
 
1979/2002
 
2009
 
1,202,000

 
421,000

 
(11)

 
Dillard's, JCPenney, Macy's
 
Costco, Sears(4)
 
 
 
 
 
Phoenix, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
47
 
 
 
Total Regional Shopping Centers
 
46,756,000

 
22,643,000

 
95.4
%
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
COMMUNITY/POWER SHOPPING CENTERS
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1
 
50%
 
Atlas Park, The Shops at(10)
 
2006/2011
 
2013
 
370,000

 
370,000

 
89.9
%
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Queens, New York
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2
 
50%
 
Boulevard Shops(10)
 
2001/2002
 
2004
 
185,000

 
185,000

 
90.0
%
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Chandler, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
3
 
100%
 
Southridge Center(8)(12)
 
1975/1998
 
2013
 
848,000

 
459,000

 
87.8
%
 
Des Moines Area Community College
 
Target, Younkers
 
 
 
 
 
Des Moines, Iowa
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
4
 
100%
 
Superstition Springs Power Center(12)
 
1990/2002
 
-
 
206,000

 
53,000

 
100.0
%
 
Best Buy, Burlington
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Mesa, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5
 
100%
 
The Marketplace at Flagstaff(6)(12)
 
2007/—
 
-
 
268,000

 
147,000

 
100.0
%
 
—
 
Home Depot
 
 
 
 
 
Flagstaff, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
5
 
 
 
Total Community/Power Shopping Centers
 
1,877,000

 
1,214,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
52
 
 
 
Total before Other Assets
 
48,633,000

 
23,857,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
OTHER ASSETS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
100%
 
Various(12)(13)
 
-
 
-
 
427,000

 
149,000

 


 
—
 
Kohl's
 
 
 
86.5%
 
Estrella Falls(12)
 
2016
 
2016
 
79,000

 
79,000

 
—
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Goodyear, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50%
 
Scottsdale Fashion Square-Office(10)
 
1984/2002
 
2016
 
123,000

 
—

 
—
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Scottsdale, Arizona
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50%
 
Tysons Corner Center-Office(10)
 
1999/2005
 
2012
 
174,000

 
—

 
—
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Tysons Corner, Virginia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50%
 
Hyatt Regency Tysons Corner Center(10)
 
2015
 
2015
 
290,000

 
—

 
—
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Tysons Corner, Virginia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50%
 
VITA Tysons Corner Center(10)
 
2015
 
2015
 
510,000

 
—

 
—
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Tysons Corner, Virginia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
50%
 
Tysons Tower(10)
 
2014
 
2014
 
529,000

 
—

 
—
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Tysons Corner, Virginia
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
OTHER ASSETS UNDER DEVELOPMENT:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
25%
 
One Westside(10)(14)
 
1985/1998
 
Ongoing
 
680,000

 
96,000

 
—
 
—
 
—
 
 
 
 
 
Los Angeles, California
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

29

Count
 
Company's
Ownership(1)
 
Name of
Center/Location(2)
 
Year of
Original
Construction/
Acquisition
 
Year of Most
Recent
Expansion/
Renovation
 
Total
GLA(3)
 
Mall and
Freestanding
GLA
 
Percentage
of Mall and
Freestanding
GLA Leased
 
Non-Owned Anchors (3)
 
Company-Owned Anchors (3)
 
 
 
 
 
Total Other Assets
 
2,812,000

 
324,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Grand Total
 
51,445,000

 
24,181,000

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
________________________
(1)
The Company's ownership interest in this table reflects its direct or indirect legal ownership interest. Legal ownership may, at times, not equal the Company's economic interest in the listed properties because of various provisions in certain joint venture agreements regarding distributions of cash flow based on capital account balances, allocations of profits and losses and payments of preferred returns. As a result, the Company's actual economic interest (as distinct from its legal ownership interest) in certain of the properties could fluctuate from time to time and may not wholly align with its legal ownership interests. Substantially all of the Company's joint venture agreements contain rights of first refusal, buy-sell provisions, exit rights, default dilution remedies and/or other break up provisions or remedies which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements and which may, positively or negatively, affect the ultimate realization of cash flow and/or capital or liquidation proceeds. See “Item 1A.-Risks Related to Our Organizational Structure-Outside partners in Joint Venture Centers result in additional risks to our stockholders.”
(2)
With respect to 43 Centers, the underlying land controlled by the Company is owned in fee entirely by the Company or, in the case of Joint Venture Centers, by the joint venture property partnership or limited liability company. With respect to the remaining nine Centers, portions of the underlying land controlled by the Company are owned by third parties and leased to the Company, or the joint venture property partnership or limited liability company, pursuant to long-term ground leases. Under the terms of a typical ground lease, the Company, or the joint venture property partnership or limited liability company, has an option or right of first refusal to purchase the land. The termination dates of the ground leases range from 2028 to 2098.
(3)
Total GLA includes GLA attributable to Anchors (whether owned or non-owned) and Mall and Freestanding Stores as of December 31, 2018. “Non-owned Anchors” is space not owned by the Company (or, in the case of Joint Venture Centers, by the joint venture property partnership or limited liability company) which is occupied by Anchor tenants. “Company-owned Anchors” is space owned (or leased) by the Company (or, in the case of Joint Venture Centers, by the joint venture property partnership or limited liability company) and leased (or subleased) to Anchor tenants.
(4)
These Sears stores closed in January 2019.
(5)
This Center had a Sears store, not owned by the Company, that closed.
(6)
Portions of the land on which the Center is situated are subject to one or more long-term ground leases.
(7)
Kohl's has announced plans to close this store in 2019.
(8)
These Centers have vacant Anchor locations. The Company is seeking replacement tenants and/or considering redevelopment opportunities for these vacant sites.
(9)
Nordstrom has announced plans to open a 116,000 square foot store at Country Club Plaza in 2021.
(10)
Included in Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers.
(11)
Tenant spaces have been intentionally held off the market and remain vacant because of redevelopment plans. As a result, the Company believes the percentage of mall and freestanding GLA leased at this redevelopment property is not meaningful data.
(12)
Included in Consolidated Centers.
(13)
The Company owns an office building and six stores located at shopping centers not owned by the Company. Of the six stores, one has been leased to Kohl's, three are vacant or partially vacant and two have been leased for non-Anchor usage. With respect to the office building and three of the six stores, the underlying land is owned in fee entirely by the Company. With respect to the remaining three stores, the underlying land is owned by third parties and leased to the Company pursuant to long-term building or ground leases. Under the terms of a typical building or ground lease, the Company pays rent for the use of the building or land and is generally responsible for all costs and expenses associated with the building and improvements. In some cases, the Company has an option or right of first refusal to purchase the land. The termination dates of the ground leases range from 2023 to 2027.
(14)
One Westside, formerly known as Westside Pavilion, was a regional shopping center that closed in January 2019. This property is under redevelopment into 584,000 square feet of creative office leased entirely to Google, along with 96,000 square feet of existing dining and entertainment space.

30

Mortgage Debt
The following table sets forth certain information regarding the mortgages encumbering the Centers, including those Centers in which the Company has less than a 100% interest. The information set forth below is as of December 31, 2018 (dollars in thousands):
Property Pledged as Collateral
 
Fixed or
Floating
 
Carrying
Amount(1)
 
Effective Interest
Rate(2)
 
Annual
Debt
Service(3)
 
Maturity
Date(4)
 
Balance
Due on
Maturity
 
Earliest Date
Notes Can Be
Defeased or
Be Prepaid
Consolidated Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Chandler Fashion Center(5)
 
Fixed
 
$
199,972

 
3.77
%
 
$
7,500

 
7/1/19
 
$
200,000

 
Any Time
Danbury Fair Mall
 
Fixed
 
202,158

 
5.53
%
 
18,456

 
10/1/20
 
188,854

 
Any Time
Fashion Outlets of Chicago(6)
 
Floating
 
199,622

 
4.01
%
 
7,700

 
3/31/20
 
200,000

 
Any Time
Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA
 
Fixed
 
109,651

 
4.89
%
 
8,724

 
10/6/20
 
103,810

 
Any Time
Freehold Raceway Mall(5)
 
Fixed
 
398,212

 
3.94
%
 
15,600

 
11/1/29
 
386,013

 
11/1/22
Fresno Fashion Fair
 
Fixed
 
323,460

 
3.67
%
 
11,652

 
11/1/26
 
325,000

 
2/28/19
Green Acres Commons(7)
 
Floating
 
128,006

 
5.06
%
 
5,850

 
3/29/21
 
130,000

 
Any Time
Green Acres Mall
 
Fixed
 
284,686

 
3.61
%
 
17,364

 
2/3/21
 
269,922

 
Any Time
Kings Plaza Shopping Center
 
Fixed
 
437,120

 
3.67
%
 
26,748

 
12/3/19
 
427,423

 
Any Time
Oaks, The
 
Fixed
 
192,037

 
4.14
%
 
12,768

 
6/5/22
 
174,433

 
Any Time
Pacific View
 
Fixed
 
121,362

 
4.08
%
 
8,016

 
4/1/22
 
110,597

 
Any Time
Queens Center
 
Fixed
 
600,000

 
3.49
%
 
20,928

 
1/1/25
 
600,000

 
Any Time
Santa Monica Place(8)
 
Floating
 
297,069

 
4.01
%
 
11,266

 
12/9/22
 
300,000

 
Any Time
SanTan Village Regional Center(9)
 
Fixed
 
121,585

 
3.14
%
 
7,068

 
6/1/19
 
120,238

 
Any Time
Towne Mall
 
Fixed
 
20,733

 
4.48
%
 
1,404

 
11/1/22
 
18,886

 
Any Time
Tucson La Encantada
 
Fixed
 
65,361

 
4.23
%
 
4,416

 
3/1/22
 
59,788

 
Any Time
Victor Valley, Mall of
 
Fixed
 
114,675

 
4.00
%
 
4,560

 
9/1/24
 
115,000

 
Any Time
Vintage Faire Mall
 
Fixed
 
258,207

 
3.55
%
 
15,072

 
3/6/26
 
210,825

 
Any Time
 
 
 
 
$
4,073,916

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 


31

Property Pledged as Collateral
 
Fixed or
Floating
 
Carrying
Amount(1)
 
Effective Interest
Rate(2)
 
Annual
Debt
Service(3)
 
Maturity
Date(4)
 
Balance
Due on
Maturity
 
Earliest Date
Notes Can Be
Defeased or
Be Prepaid
Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers (at Company's Pro Rata Share):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Arrowhead Towne Center(60.0%)
 
Fixed
 
$
240,000

 
4.05
%
 
$
9,720

 
2/1/28
 
$
212,719

 
2/1/22
Atlas Park, The Shops at(50.0%)(10)
 
Floating
 
26,466

 
4.42
%
 
1,174

 
10/28/20
 
26,993

 
Any Time
Boulevard Shops(50.0%)(11)
 
Floating
 
9,219

 
4.56
%
 
398

 
12/5/23
 
9,400

 
Any Time
Broadway Plaza(50.0%)(12)
 
Fixed
 
224,409

 
4.19
%
 
9,405

 
4/1/30
 
189,724

 
4/1/22
Corte Madera, The Village at(50.1%)
 
Fixed
 
112,378

 
3.53
%
 
3,945

 
9/1/28
 
98,753

 
9/30/19
Country Club Plaza(50.0%)
 
Fixed
 
159,656

 
3.88
%
 
6,160

 
4/1/26
 
137,525

 
4/1/21
Deptford Mall(51.0%)
 
Fixed
 
93,018

 
3.55
%
 
5,795

 
4/3/23
 
81,750

 
Any Time
FlatIron Crossing(51.0%)
 
Fixed
 
121,254

 
2.81
%
 
8,525

 
1/5/21
 
110,538

 
Any Time
Kierland Commons(50.0%)
 
Fixed
 
108,949

 
3.98
%
 
6,406

 
4/1/27
 
88,724

 
Any Time
Lakewood Center(60.0%)
 
Fixed
 
218,503

 
4.15
%
 
13,144

 
6/1/26
 
185,306

 
Any Time
Los Cerritos Center(60.0%)
 
Fixed
 
315,000

 
4.00
%
 
12,600

 
11/1/27
 
278,711

 
11/1/21
North Bridge, The Shops at(50.0%)
 
Fixed
 
186,990

 
3.71
%
 
6,900

 
6/1/28
 
160,523

 
Any Time
Scottsdale Fashion Square(50.0%)
 
Fixed
 
229,485

 
3.02
%
 
13,281

 
4/3/23
 
201,331

 
Any Time
South Plains Mall(60.0%)
 
Fixed
 
120,000

 
4.22
%
 
5,065

 
11/6/25
 
120,000

 
Any Time
Twenty Ninth Street(51.0%)
 
Fixed
 
76,500

 
4.10
%
 
3,137

 
2/6/26
 
76,500

 
Any Time
Tysons Corner Center(50.0%)
 
Fixed
 
381,975

 
4.13
%
 
24,643

 
1/1/24
 
333,233

 
Any Time
Washington Square(60.0%)
 
Fixed
 
330,000

 
3.65
%
 
12,045

 
11/1/22
 
311,863

 
Any Time
West Acres(19.0%)
 
Fixed
 
14,610

 
4.61
%
 
1,025

 
3/1/32
 
8,256

 
Any Time
 
 
 
 
$
2,968,412

 
 

 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
_______________________________________________________________________________

(1)
The mortgage notes payable balances include the unamortized debt premiums (discounts). Debt premiums (discounts) represent the excess (deficiency) of the fair value of debt over (under) the principal value of debt assumed in various acquisitions. The debt premiums (discounts) are being amortized into interest expense over the term of the related debt in a manner which approximates the effective interest method.
The debt premiums (discounts) as of December 31, 2018 consisted of the following:
Property Pledged as Collateral
 
Consolidated Centers
 
Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA
$
1,701

Unconsolidated Joint Venture Center (at Company's Pro Rata Share)
 
Deptford Mall
$
664

FlatIron Crossing
2,516

Lakewood Center
(10,499
)
 
$
(7,319
)
The mortgage notes payable balances also include unamortized deferred finance costs that are amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt in a manner that approximates the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred finance costs at December 31, 2018 were $13,053 for Consolidated Centers and $3,847 for Unconsolidated Joint Ventures (at Company's pro rata share).
(2)
The interest rate disclosed represents the effective interest rate, including the debt premiums (discounts) and deferred finance costs.
(3)
The annual debt service represents the annual payment of principal and interest.
(4)
The maturity date assumes that all extension options are fully exercised and that the Company does not opt to refinance the debt prior to these dates. These extension options are at the Company's discretion, subject to certain conditions, which the Company believes will be met.
(5)
A 49.9% interest in the loan has been assumed by a third party in connection with the Financing Arrangement (See "Item 1. Business—Other Transactions and Events").
(6)
The loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.50%. On January 10, 2019, the Company replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $300.0 million loan that bears interest at 4.58% and matures on February 1, 2031.
(7)
On March 1, 2018, the Company borrowed the remaining $20,000 available under the loan agreement on the property. The loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.15%.

32

(8)
The loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.35%. The loan is covered by an interest rate cap agreement that effectively prevents LIBOR from exceeding 4.0% during the period ending December 9, 2019.
(9)
On February 13, 2019, the Company’s joint venture in SanTan Village Regional Center entered into a commitment for a ten-year $220.0 million loan to replace the existing loan on the property. The new loan will bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.30% and is expected to close during the second quarter of 2019.
(10)
The loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.00%. On February 22, 2019, the Company’s joint venture in The Shops at Atlas Park entered into an agreement to increase the total borrowing capacity of the existing loan on the property from $57.8 million to $80.0 million, and to extend the maturity date to October 28, 2021, including extension options. Concurrent with the loan modification, the joint venture borrowed an additional $18.4 million.
(11)
On November 7, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Boulevard Shops replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $18.8 million loan that bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.85% and matures on December 5, 2023. The loan can be expanded, depending on certain conditions, up to $23.0 million.
(12)
On March 29, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Broadway Plaza placed a $450.0 million loan on the property that bears interest at an effective rate of 4.19% and matures on April 1, 2030.
ITEM 3.    LEGAL PROCEEDINGS
None of the Company, the Operating Partnership, the Management Companies or their respective affiliates is currently involved in any material legal proceedings.
ITEM 4.    MINE SAFETY DISCLOSURES
Not applicable.

33

PART II
ITEM 5.    MARKET FOR REGISTRANT'S COMMON EQUITY, RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS AND ISSUER PURCHASES OF EQUITY SECURITIES
The common stock of the Company is listed and traded on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol "MAC". The common stock began trading on March 10, 1994 at a price of $19 per share. As of February 21, 2019, there were approximately 507 stockholders of record.
To maintain its qualification as a REIT, the Company is required each year to distribute to stockholders at least 90% of its net taxable income after certain adjustments. The Company paid all of its 2018 and 2017 quarterly dividends in cash. The timing, amount and composition of future dividends will be determined in the sole discretion of the Company's board of directors and will depend on actual and projected cash flow, financial condition, funds from operations, earnings, capital requirements, annual REIT distribution requirements, contractual prohibitions or other restrictions, applicable law and such other factors as the board of directors deems relevant. For example, under the Company's existing financing arrangements, the Company may pay cash dividends and make other distributions based on a formula derived from funds from operations (See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Funds From Operations ("FFO")") and only if no default under the financing agreements has occurred, unless, under certain circumstances, payment of the distribution is necessary to enable the Company to continue to qualify as a REIT under the Code.
Stock Performance Graph
The following graph provides a comparison, from December 31, 2013 through December 31, 2018, of the yearly percentage change in the cumulative total stockholder return (assuming reinvestment of dividends) of the Company, the Standard & Poor's ("S&P") 500 Index, the S&P Midcap 400 Index, FTSE Nareit Equity Retail Index and FTSE Nareit All Equity REITs Index. The FTSE Nareit Equity Retail Index and FTSE Nareit All Equity REITs Index are industry indexes of publicly-traded REITs that include the Company.
The graph assumes that the value of the investment in each of the Company's common stock and the indices was $100 at the close of the market on December 31, 2013.
Upon written request directed to the Secretary of the Company, the Company will provide any stockholder with a list of the REITs included in the FTSE Nareit Equity Retail Index and the FTSE Nareit All Equity REITs Index. The historical information set forth below is not necessarily indicative of future performance.

34

Data for the FTSE Nareit Equity Retail Index, FTSE Nareit All Equity REITs Index, the S&P 500 Index and the S&P Midcap 400 Index were provided by Research Data Group.
chart-84d707cb30185481bdc.jpg
Copyright© 2019 S&P, a division of The McGraw-Hill Companies Inc. All rights reserved.
 
 
12/31/13
 
12/31/14
 
12/31/15
 
12/31/16
 
12/31/17
 
12/31/18
The Macerich Company
 
$
100.00

 
$
147.20

 
$
154.58

 
$
140.71

 
$
136.68

 
$
94.92

S&P 500 Index
 
100.00

 
113.69

 
115.26

 
129.05

 
157.22

 
150.33

S&P Midcap 400 Index
 
100.00

 
109.77

 
107.38

 
129.65

 
150.71

 
134.01

FTSE Nareit Equity Retail Index (1)
 
100.00

 
127.62

 
133.44

 
134.70

 
128.27

 
121.91

FTSE Nareit All Equity REITs Index (1)
 
100.00

 
128.03

 
131.64

 
143.00

 
155.41

 
149.12

_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Beginning with this Annual Report on Form 10-K, the Company determined to use the FTSE Nareit Equity Retail Index instead of the FTSE Nareit All Equity REITs Index as a comparator group in the stock performance graph. The Company believes that the FTSE Nareit Equity Retail Index provides a more narrowly defined peer group that more closely matches its business and better correlates with the performance of the retail REIT industry.

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities
None.

35

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities
Period
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased
 
 
Average Price Paid per Share
 
Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs
 
 
Approximate Dollar Value of Shares That May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
 
October 1, 2018 to October 31, 2018
 
—

 
 
$
—

 
—

 
 
$
278,707,048

 
November 1, 2018 to November 30, 2018
 
—

 
 
—

 
—

 
 
$
278,707,048

 
December 1, 2018 to December 31, 2018
 
—

 
 
—

 
—

 
 
$
278,707,048

 
 
 
—

 
 
$
—

 
—

 
 
 
 

(1)
On February 12, 2017, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $500.0 million of the Company's outstanding common shares from time to time as market conditions warrant.


36

ITEM 6.    SELECTED FINANCIAL DATA
The following sets forth selected financial data for the Company on a historical basis. The following data should be read in conjunction with the consolidated financial statements (and the notes thereto) of the Company and "Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations," each included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. All dollars and share amounts are in thousands, except per share data.
 
Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
OPERATING DATA:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Minimum rents (1)
$
575,856

 
$
594,030

 
$
616,295

 
$
759,603

 
$
633,571

Percentage rents
17,569

 
17,124

 
20,902

 
25,693

 
24,350

Tenant recoveries
263,477

 
283,295

 
305,282

 
415,129

 
361,119

Other
59,969

 
55,819

 
59,328

 
61,470

 
52,226

Management Companies
43,480

 
43,394

 
39,464

 
26,254

 
33,981

Total revenues
960,351

 
993,662

 
1,041,271

 
1,288,149

 
1,105,247

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shopping center and operating expenses
277,470

 
295,190

 
307,623

 
379,815

 
353,505

Management Companies' operating expenses
103,534

 
100,121

 
98,323

 
92,340

 
88,424

REIT general and administrative expenses
24,160

 
28,240

 
28,217

 
29,870

 
29,412

Costs related to shareholder activism (2)
19,369

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Costs related to unsolicited takeover offer (3)
—

 
—

 
—

 
25,204

 
—

Depreciation and amortization
327,436

 
335,431

 
348,488

 
464,472

 
378,716

Interest expense
182,962

 
171,776

 
163,675

 
211,943

 
190,689

(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net (4)
—

 
—

 
(1,709
)
 
(1,487
)
 
9,551

Total expenses
934,931

 
930,758

 
944,617

 
1,202,157

 
1,050,297

Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures (5)
71,773

 
85,546

 
56,941

 
45,164

 
60,626

Co-venture expense (6)
—

 
(13,629
)
 
(13,382
)
 
(11,804
)
 
(9,490
)
Income tax benefit (expense) (7)
3,604

 
(15,594
)
 
(722
)
 
3,223

 
4,269

(Loss) gain on sale or write down of assets, net (8)
(31,825
)
 
42,446

 
415,348

 
378,248

 
73,440

Gain on remeasurement of assets (9)
—

 
—

 
—

 
22,089

 
1,423,136

Net income
68,972

 
161,673

 
554,839

 
522,912

 
1,606,931

Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
8,952

 
15,543

 
37,844

 
35,350

 
107,889

Net income attributable to the Company
$
60,020

 
$
146,130

 
$
516,995

 
$
487,562

 
$
1,499,042

Earnings per common share ("EPS") attributable to the Company:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.42

 
$
1.02

 
$
3.52

 
$
3.08

 
$
10.46

Diluted (10)(11)
$
0.42

 
$
1.02

 
$
3.52

 
$
3.08

 
$
10.45


37


 
As of December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
BALANCE SHEET DATA:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Investment in real estate (before accumulated depreciation)
$
8,878,820

 
$
9,127,533

 
$
9,209,211

 
$
10,689,656

 
$
12,777,882

Total assets
$
9,026,808

 
$
9,605,862

 
$
9,958,148

 
$
11,235,584

 
$
13,094,948

Total mortgage and notes payable
$
4,982,460

 
$
5,170,264

 
$
4,965,900

 
$
5,260,750

 
$
6,265,570

Equity (12)
$
3,188,432

 
$
3,967,999

 
$
4,427,168

 
$
5,071,239

 
$
6,039,849

OTHER DATA:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Funds from operations ("FFO")—diluted (13)
$
564,436

 
$
582,878

 
$
642,304

 
$
642,268

 
$
542,754

Cash flows provided by (used in):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Operating activities
$
344,311

 
$
386,389

 
$
429,534

 
$
554,956

 
$
409,731

Investing activities
$
176,323

 
$
178,988

 
$
454,066

 
$
(70,136
)
 
$
(262,317
)
Financing activities
$
(514,438
)
 
$
(566,269
)
 
$
(867,502
)
 
$
(452,329
)
 
$
(138,748
)
Number of Centers at year end
52

 
55

 
57

 
58

 
60

Regional Shopping Centers portfolio occupancy (14)
95.4
%
 
95.0
%
 
95.4
%
 
96.1
%
 
95.8
%
Regional Shopping Centers portfolio sales per square foot (15)
$
726

 
$
660

 
$
630

 
$
635

 
$
587

Weighted average number of shares outstanding—EPS basic
141,142

 
141,877

 
146,599

 
157,916

 
143,144

Weighted average number of shares outstanding—EPS diluted(11)
141,144

 
141,913

 
146,711

 
158,060

 
143,291

Distributions declared per common share (16)
$
2.97

 
$
2.87

 
$
2.75

 
$
6.63

 
$
2.51

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1)
Minimum rents were increased by amortization of above and below-market leases of $1.9 million, $1.0 million, $12.8 million, $16.5 million and $9.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively.
(2)
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred $19.4 million in costs associated with activities related to shareholder activism. These costs were primarily for legal and advisory services.
(3)
During the year ended December 31, 2015, the Company incurred $25.2 million in legal and advisory costs in response to an unsolicited, conditional proposal from Simon Property Group, Inc.
(4)
The (gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 includes the (gain) loss on the extinguishment of mortgage notes payable of $(1.7) million, $(2.1) million and $9.6 million, respectively. The (gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net for the year ended December 31, 2015 also includes the loss on the extinguishment of a term loan of $0.6 million.
(5)
On June 4, 2014, the Company acquired the remaining 49.0% ownership interest in Cascade Mall that it did not previously own for a cash payment of $15.2 million. The Company purchased Cascade Mall from its joint venture in Pacific Premier Retail LLC. Prior to the acquisition, the Company had accounted for its investment in Cascade Mall under the equity method of accounting. From the date of acquisition until it was sold on January 18, 2017, the Company has included Cascade Mall in its consolidated financial statements.
On July 30, 2014, the Company formed a joint venture to redevelop Fashion District Philadelphia. The Company invested $106.8 million for a 50% ownership interest in the joint venture, which was funded by borrowings under its line of credit.
On August 28, 2014, the Company sold its 30% ownership interest in Wilshire Boulevard for a total sales price of $17.1 million, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $9.0 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $15.4 million and the assumption of the Company's share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $1.7 million. The Company used the cash proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On November 14, 2014, the Company acquired the remaining 49% ownership interest that it did not previously own in two separate joint ventures, Pacific Premier Retail LLC and Queens JV LP, which together owned five Centers: Lakewood Center, Los Cerritos Center, Queens Center, Stonewood Center and Washington Square (collectively referred to herein as the "PPR Queens Portfolio.") The total consideration of approximately $1.8 billion was funded by the direct issuance of approximately $1.2 billion of common stock of the Company and the assumption of the third party's pro rata share of the mortgage notes payable on the properties of $672.1 million. The Company has included Stonewood Center and Queens Center in its consolidated financial statements since the date of acquisition and has included Lakewood Center, Los Cerritos Center and Washington Square in its consolidated financial statements from the date of acquisition until the Company sold a 40% interest in Pacific Premier Retail LLC (the "PPR Portfolio") on October 30, 2015 as provided below.
On February 17, 2015, the Company acquired the remaining 50% ownership interest in Inland Center that it did not previously own for $51.3 million. The purchase price was funded by a cash payment of $26.3 million and the assumption of the third party's share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $25.0 million. Concurrent with the purchase of the joint venture interest, the Company paid off the $50.0 million mortgage note payable on the property. The cash payment was funded by borrowings under the Company's line of credit.

38

On April 30, 2015, the Company entered into a 50/50 joint venture with Sears to own nine freestanding stores located at Arrowhead Towne Center, Chandler Fashion Center, Danbury Fair Mall, Deptford Mall, Freehold Raceway Mall, Los Cerritos Center, South Plains Mall, Vintage Faire Mall and Washington Square. The Company invested $150.0 million for a 50% interest in the joint venture, which was funded by borrowings under its line of credit.
On October 30, 2015, the Company sold a 40% ownership interest in the PPR Portfolio, which owns Lakewood Center, Los Cerritos Center, South Plains Mall and Washington Square for a total sales price of $1.3 billion, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $311.2 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $545.6 million and the assumption of the pro rata share of the mortgage and other notes payable on the properties of $713.0 million. The Company used the cash proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes, which included funding the accelerated share repurchase program and Special Dividend (See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Other Transactions and Events"). Upon completion of the sale of the ownership interest, the Company has accounted for its investment in the PPR Portfolio under the equity method of accounting.
On January 6, 2016, the Company sold a 40% ownership interest in Arrowhead Towne Center for $289.5 million, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $101.6 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $129.5 million and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $160.0 million. The Company used the cash proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes, which included funding the Special Dividend (See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Other Transactions and Events"). Upon completion of the sale of the ownership interest, the Company has accounted for its investment in Arrowhead Towne Center under the equity method of accounting.
On January 14, 2016, the Company formed a joint venture, whereby the Company sold a 49% ownership interest in Deptford Mall, FlatIron Crossing and Twenty Ninth Street (the "MAC Heitman Portfolio"), for $771.5 million, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $340.7 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $478.6 million and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage notes payable on the properties of $292.9 million. The Company used the cash proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes. Upon completion of the sale of the ownership interest, the Company has accounted for its investment in the MAC Heitman Portfolio under the equity method of accounting.
On March 1, 2016, the Company, through a 50/50 joint venture, acquired Country Club Plaza for a purchase price of $660.0 million. The Company funded its pro rata share of the purchase price of $330.0 million from borrowings under its line of credit. On March 28, 2016, the joint venture placed a $320.0 million loan on the property that bears interest at an effective rate of 3.88% and matures on April 1, 2026. The Company used its pro rata share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit.
On March 17, 2017, the Company's joint venture in Country Club Plaza sold an ownership interest in an office building for $78.0 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $4.6 million. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on sale of assets of $2.3 million was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its share of the proceeds to fund repurchases under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program.
On September 18, 2017, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia sold an ownership interest in an office building for $61.5 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $13.1 million. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on sale of assets of $6.5 million was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its share of the proceeds to fund repurchases under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program.
On December 14, 2017, the Company’s joint venture in Westcor/Queen Creek LLC sold land for $30.5 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $14.9 million. The Company’s share of the gain on sale was $5.4 million, which was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its portion of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On February 16, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia sold its share of an ownership interest in an office building for $41.8 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $5.5 million. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on the sale of assets of $2.8 million was included in equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its portion of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On July 6, 2018, the Company’s joint venture in The Market at Estrella Falls, a 298,000 square foot community center in Goodyear, Arizona, sold the property for $49.1 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $12.6 million. The Company's share of the gain of $3.0 million was included in equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures. The proceeds were used to pay off the $24.1 million mortgage loan payable on the property, settle development obligations and for distributions to the partners. The Company used its share of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.
On August 31, 2018, the Company completed the sale of a 75% ownership interest in One Westside, a 680,000 square foot regional shopping center in Los Angeles, California, for $142.5 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $46.2 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $36.9 million and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $105.6 million. Concurrent with the sale of the ownership interest in the property, the joint venture defeased the loan on the property by providing a $149.2 million portfolio of marketable securities as replacement collateral in lieu of the property. The Company funded its share of the purchase price of the marketable securities portfolio with the proceeds from the sale of the ownership interest in the property. From March 1, 2018 to the completion of the sale, the Company accounted for its interest in One Westside as a collaborative arrangement (See Note 14—Collaborative Arrangement in the Company's Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements). Upon completion of the sale, the Company has accounted for its ownership interest in One Westside under the equity method of accounting.
On September 6, 2018, the Company formed a 50/50 joint venture with Simon Property Group to develop Los Angeles Premium Outlets in Carson, California that is planned to open with approximately 400,000 square feet, followed by an additional 165,000 square feet in the second stage. The first phase of the project is expected to be completed in Fall 2021.
(6)
On January 1, 2018, upon adoption of ASU 2014-09, "Revenue From Contracts With Customers (ASC 606)", the Company changed its accounting for Chandler Freehold from a co-venture arrangement to the Financing Arrangement. As a result, the Company no longer records co-venture expense for its partner's share of the income of Chandler Freehold. Under the Financing Arrangement, the Company recognizes interest

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expense on (i) the changes in fair value of the Financing Arrangement obligation, (ii) any payments to the joint venture partner equal to their pro rata share of net income and (iii) any payments to the joint venture partner less than or in excess of their pro rata share of net income.
(7)
The Company's taxable REIT subsidiaries are subject to corporate level income taxes. The income tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes a charge of $14.2 million due to the impact of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 ("TCJA 2017"). The TCJA 2017 reduced the federal income tax rate to 21% (See Note 21—Income Taxes in the Company's Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
(8)
(Loss) gain on sale or write down of assets, net includes a gain of $46.2 million from the sale of a 75% ownership interest in One Westside during the year ended December 31, 2018, $14.6 million from sale of 500 North Michigan Avenue and $59.6 million from the sale of Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall during the year ended December 31, 2017, $340.7 million from the sale of a 49% ownership interest in the MAC Heitman Portfolio, $101.6 million from the sale of a 40% ownership interest in Arrowhead Towne Center and $24.9 million from the sale of Capitola Mall during the year ended December 31, 2016, $311.2 million from the sale of a 40% ownership interest in the PPR Portfolio and $73.7 million from the sale of Panorama Mall during the year ended December 31, 2015 and $121.9 million from the sale of South Towne Center, $24.6 million from the sale of Camelback Colonnade and $9.0 million from the sale of a 30% ownership interest in Wilshire Boulevard during the year ended December 31, 2014. (Loss) gain on sale or write down of assets, net also includes a charge for loss on impairment and write down of assets net of gains on land sales of $78.1 million, $31.7 million, $51.9 million, $6.7 million and $82.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, respectively (See Note 6—Property, net in the Company's Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
(9)
Gain on remeasurement of assets includes $22.1 million from the acquisition of Inland Center during the year ended December 31, 2015 and $1.4 billion from the acquisition of the PPR Queens Portfolio during the year ended December 31, 2014.
(10)
Assumes the conversion of Operating Partnership units to the extent they are dilutive to the EPS computation. It also assumes the conversion of MACWH, LP common and preferred units to the extent that they are dilutive to the EPS computation.
(11)
Includes the dilutive effect, if any, of share and unit-based compensation plans calculated using the treasury stock method and the dilutive effect, if any, of all other dilutive securities calculated using the "if converted" method.
(12)
Equity includes the noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership, nonredeemable noncontrolling interests in consolidated joint ventures and common and non-participating convertible preferred units of MACWH, LP.
(13)
See "Item 7. Management's Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations—Funds From Operations ("FFO")".
(14)
Occupancy is the percentage of Mall and Freestanding GLA leased as of the last day of the reporting period. Centers under development and redevelopment are excluded from occupancy. As a result, occupancy for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 excluded Fashion District Philadelphia, Paradise Valley Mall and One Westside. Occupancy for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 excluded Broadway Plaza. Occupancy for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 excluded Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA and SouthPark Mall.
In addition, occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2016 excluded Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall, which were sold on January 18, 2017. Occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2015 excluded Flagstaff Mall, which was conveyed to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on July 15, 2016. Occupancy for the year ended December 31, 2014 excluded Great Northern Mall, which was conveyed to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure in 2015.
(15)
Sales per square foot are based on reports by retailers leasing Mall Stores and Freestanding Stores for the trailing twelve months for tenants which have occupied such stores for a minimum of twelve months. Sales per square foot also are based on tenants 10,000 square feet and under for Regional Shopping Centers. The sales per square foot exclude Centers under development and redevelopment. As a result, sales per square foot for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 excluded Fashion District Philadelphia, Paradise Valley Mall and One Westside. Sales per square foot for the years ended December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 excluded Broadway Plaza. Sales per square foot for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 excluded Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA and SouthPark Mall.
In addition, sales per square foot for the year ended December 31, 2016 excluded Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall, which were sold on January 18, 2017. Sales per square foot for the year ended December 31, 2015 excluded Flagstaff Mall, which was conveyed to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure on July 15, 2016. Sales per square foot for the year ended December 31, 2014 excluded Great Northern Mall, which was conveyed to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure in 2015.
(16)
On October 30, 2015, the Company declared two special dividends/distributions ("Special Dividend"), each of $2.00 per share of common stock and per OP Unit to stockholders and OP Unit holders of record on November 12, 2015. The first Special Dividend was paid on December 8, 2015 and the second Special Dividend was paid on January 6, 2016. The Special Dividends were funded from proceeds in connection with the financing and sale of ownership interests in the PPR Portfolio and Arrowhead Towne Center.

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ITEM 7.    MANAGEMENT'S DISCUSSION AND ANALYSIS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION AND RESULTS OF OPERATIONS
Management's Overview and Summary
The Company is involved in the acquisition, ownership, development, redevelopment, management and leasing of regional and community/power shopping centers located throughout the United States. The Company is the sole general partner of, and owns a majority of the ownership interests in, the Operating Partnership. As of December 31, 2018, the Operating Partnership owned or had an ownership interest in 47 regional shopping centers and five community/power shopping centers. These 52 regional and community/power shopping centers (which include any related office space) consist of approximately 51 million square feet of gross leasable area (“GLA”) and are referred to herein as the “Centers”. The Centers consist of consolidated Centers (“Consolidated Centers”) and unconsolidated joint venture Centers (“Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers”) as set forth in “Item 2. Properties,” unless the context otherwise requires. The Company is a self-administered and self-managed REIT and conducts all of its operations through the Operating Partnership and the Management Companies.
The following discussion is based primarily on the consolidated financial statements of the Company for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016. It compares the results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2018 to the results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017. Also included is a comparison of the results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2017 to the results of operations and cash flows for the year ended December 31, 2016. This information should be read in conjunction with the accompanying consolidated financial statements and notes thereto.
Acquisitions and Dispositions:
The financial statements reflect the following acquisitions, dispositions and changes in ownership subsequent to the occurrence of each transaction.
On January 6, 2016, the Company sold a 40% ownership interest in Arrowhead Towne Center, a 1,197,000 square foot regional shopping center in Glendale, Arizona, for $289.5 million, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $101.6 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $129.5 million and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $160.0 million. The Company used the cash proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes, which included funding the Special Dividend (See "Other Transactions and Events"). Upon completion of the sale of the ownership interest, the Company no longer has a controlling interest in the joint venture due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partner. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its investment in Arrowhead Towne Center under the equity method of accounting.
On January 14, 2016, the Company formed a joint venture, whereby the Company sold a 49% ownership interest in Deptford Mall, a 1,040,000 square foot regional shopping center in Deptford, New Jersey; FlatIron Crossing, a 1,428,000 square foot regional shopping center in Broomfield, Colorado; and Twenty Ninth Street, an 845,000 square foot regional shopping center in Boulder, Colorado (the "MAC Heitman Portfolio"), for $771.5 million, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $340.7 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $478.6 million and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage notes payable on the properties of $292.9 million. The Company used the cash proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes. Upon completion of the sale of the ownership interest, the Company no longer has a controlling interest in the joint venture due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partner. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its investment in the MAC Heitman Portfolio under the equity method of accounting.
The sale of ownership interests in Arrowhead Towne Center and the MAC Heitman Portfolio are collectively referred to herein as the Joint Venture Transactions.
On March 1, 2016, the Company through a 50/50 joint venture, acquired Country Club Plaza, a 1,003,000 square foot regional shopping center in Kansas City, Missouri, for a purchase price of $660.0 million. The Company funded its pro rata share of $330.0 million with borrowings under its line of credit.
On April 13, 2016, the Company sold Capitola Mall, a 586,000 square foot regional shopping center in Capitola, California, for $93.0 million, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $24.9 million. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On May 31, 2016, the Company sold a former Mervyn's store in Yuma, Arizona, for $3.2 million, resulting in a loss on the sale of assets of $3.1 million. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.

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On January 18, 2017, the Company sold Cascade Mall, a 589,000 square foot regional shopping center in Burlington, Washington; and Northgate Mall, a 750,000 square foot regional shopping center in San Rafael, California, in a combined transaction for $170.0 million, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $59.6 million. The proceeds were used to pay off the mortgage note payable on Northgate Mall and to repurchase shares of the Company's common stock under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program (See "Other Transactions and Events").
On March 17, 2017, the Company's joint venture in Country Club Plaza sold an ownership interest in an office building for $78.0 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $4.6 million. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on sale of assets of $2.3 million was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its share of the proceeds to fund repurchases under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program (See "Other Transactions and Events").
On September 18, 2017, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia sold an ownership interest in an office building for $61.5 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $13.1 million. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on sale of assets of $6.5 million was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its share of the proceeds to fund repurchases under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program (See "Other Transactions and Events").
On November 16, 2017, the Company sold 500 North Michigan Avenue, a 326,000 square foot office building in Chicago, Illinois for $86.4 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $14.6 million. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for other general corporate purposes.
On December 14, 2017, the Company’s joint venture in Westcor/Queen Creek LLC sold land for $30.5 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $14.9 million. The Company’s share of the gain on sale was $5.4 million, which was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its portion of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On February 16, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia sold its ownership share of an office building for $41.8 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $5.5 million. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on the sale of assets of $2.8 million was included in equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its portion of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On March 1, 2018, the Company formed a 25/75 joint venture with Hudson Pacific Properties, whereby the Company agreed to contribute Westside Pavilion (referred to hereafter as One Westside), a 680,000 square foot regional shopping center in Los Angeles, California in exchange for $142.5 million. The Company completed the sale of the 75% ownership interest in the property to Hudson Pacific Properties on August 31, 2018, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $46.2 million. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $36.9 million and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $105.6 million. The Company used the proceeds to fund its share of the cost to defease the mortgage note payable on the property (See "Financing Activity"). From March 1, 2018 to the completion of the sale, the Company accounted for its interest in the property as a collaborative arrangement (See Note 14—Collaborative Arrangement of the Company's consolidated financial statements). Upon completion of the sale, the Company has accounted for its ownership interest in the property under the equity method of accounting.
On May 17, 2018, the Company sold Promenade at Casa Grande, a 761,000 square foot community center in Casa Grande, Arizona for $26.0 million, resulting in a loss on sale of assets of $0.3 million. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for other general corporate purposes.
On July 6, 2018, the Company’s joint venture in The Market at Estrella Falls, a 298,000 square foot community center in Goodyear, Arizona, sold the property for $49.1 million, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $12.6 million. The Company's share of the gain of $3.0 million was included in equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures. The proceeds were used to pay off the $24.1 million mortgage loan payable on the property, settle development obligations and for distributions to the partners. The Company used its share of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.
Financing Activity:
On January 6, 2016, the Company replaced the existing loan on Arrowhead Towne Center with a new $400.0 million loan that bears interest at an effective rate of 4.05% and matures on February 1, 2028, which resulted in a loss of $3.6 million on the early extinguishment of debt. Concurrently, a 40% interest in the loan was assumed by a third party in connection with the sale of a 40% ownership interest in the underlying property (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions").
On January 14, 2016, the Company placed a $150.0 million loan on Twenty Ninth Street that bears interest at an effective rate of 4.10% and matures on February 6, 2026. Concurrently, a 49% interest in the loan was assumed by a third party in connection with the sale of a 49% ownership interest in the MAC Heitman Portfolio (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions").

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On March 28, 2016, the Company's joint venture in Country Club Plaza placed a $320.0 million loan on the property that bears interest at an effective rate of 3.88% and matures on April 1, 2026. The Company used its share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On May 27, 2016, the Company's joint venture in The Shops at North Bridge replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $375.0 million loan that bears interest at an effective rate of 3.71% and matures on June 1, 2028. The Company used its share of the excess proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On July 6, 2016, the Company modified and amended its line of credit. The amended $1.5 billion line of credit bears interest at LIBOR plus a spread of 1.30% to 1.90%, depending on the Company's overall leverage level, and matures on July 6, 2020 with a one-year extension option. Based on the Company's leverage level as of the amendment date, the initial borrowing rate on the facility was LIBOR plus 1.33%. The line of credit can be expanded, depending on certain conditions, up to a total facility of $2.0 billion.
On August 5, 2016, the Company’s joint venture in The Village at Corte Madera replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $225.0 million loan that bears interest at an effective rate of 3.53% and matures on September 1, 2028. The Company used its share of the excess proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On October 6, 2016, the Company placed a $325.0 million loan on Fresno Fashion Fair that bears interest at an effective rate of 3.67% and matures on November 1, 2026. The Company used the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On February 1, 2017, the Company's joint venture in West Acres replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $80.0 million loan that bears interest at an effective rate of 4.61% and matures on March 1, 2032. The Company used its share of the excess proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On March 16, 2017, the Company's joint venture in Kierland Commons replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $225.0 million loan that bears interest at an effective rate of 3.98% and matures on April 1, 2027. The Company used its share of the excess proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On September 29, 2017, the Company placed a new $110.0 million loan on Green Acres Commons that bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.15% and matures on March 29, 2021, including extension options. The Company expanded the loan and borrowed the additional $20.0 million available on the loan on March 1, 2018. The Company used the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On October 19, 2017, the Company's joint venture in Chandler Fashion Center and Freehold Raceway Mall replaced the existing loan on Freehold Raceway Mall with a new $400.0 million loan that bears interest at an effective rate of 3.94% and matures on November 1, 2029. The Company used its share of the net proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On November 1, 2017, the Company paid off in full the $95.0 million mortgage loan payable on Stonewood Center. The Company funded the repayment of the mortgage loan payable from borrowings under its line of credit.
On December 4, 2017, the Company replaced the existing loan on Santa Monica Place with a new $300.0 million loan that bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.35% and matures on December 9, 2022, including three one-year extension options. The loan is covered by an interest rate cap agreement that effectively prevents LIBOR from exceeding 4.00%. The Company used the net proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On January 22, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia obtained a $250.0 million term loan that bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.0% and matures on January 22, 2023. Concurrent with the loan closing, the joint venture borrowed $150.0 million on the term loan and borrowed the remaining $100.0 million on March 26, 2018. The Company used its share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On March 29, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Broadway Plaza placed a $450.0 million loan on the property that bears interest at an effective rate of 4.19% and matures on April 1, 2030. The Company used its share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On August 31, 2018, concurrent with the sale of the ownership interest in One Westside (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions"), the joint venture defeased the loan on the property by providing a $149.2 million portfolio of marketable securities as replacement collateral in lieu of the property. At December 31, 2018, the balance of the marketable securities and the defeased loan at the joint venture were $146.9 million and $138.2 million, respectively, with Company's pro rata share at $36.7 million and $34.6 million, respectively. The Company funded its $37.3 million share of the purchase price of the marketable securities portfolio with the proceeds from the sale of the ownership interest in the property.

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On September 14, 2018, the Company entered into four interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert a total of $400.0 million of the outstanding balance of the Company’s line of credit from floating rate debt of LIBOR plus 1.45% to fixed rate debt of 4.30% until September 30, 2021.
On November 7, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Boulevard Shops replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $18.8 million loan that bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.85% and matures on December 5, 2023. The loan can be expanded, depending on certain conditions, up to $23.0 million. The Company used its share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On January 10, 2019, the Company replaced the existing loan on Fashion Outlets of Chicago with a new $300.0 million loan that bears interest at 4.58% and matures on February 1, 2031. The Company used the net proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On February 13, 2019, the Company’s joint venture in SanTan Village Regional Center entered into a commitment for a ten-year $220.0 million loan to replace the existing loan on the property. The new loan will bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.30% and is expected to close during the second quarter of 2019.
On February 22, 2019, the Company’s joint venture in The Shops at Atlas Park entered into an agreement to increase the total borrowing capacity of the existing loan on the property from $57.8 million to $80.0 million, and to extend the maturity date to October 28, 2021, including extension options. Concurrent with the loan modification, the joint venture borrowed an additional $18.4 million. The Company used its $9.2 million share of the additional proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
Redevelopment and Development Activity:
The Company's joint venture is proceeding with the redevelopment of Fashion District Philadelphia, an 850,000 square foot shopping center in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. The project is expected to be completed in September 2019. The total cost of the project is estimated to be between $400.0 million and $420.0 million, with $200.0 million to $210.0 million estimated to be the Company's pro rata share. The Company has funded $151.5 million of the total $302.9 million incurred by the joint venture as of December 31, 2018.
The Company's joint venture in Scottsdale Fashion Square is redeveloping a former Barney's store and an 80,000 square foot exterior expansion. The project is expected to be completed in 2019. The total cost of the project is estimated to be between $140.0 million and $160.0 million, with $70.0 million to $80.0 million estimated to be the Company's pro rata share. The Company has funded $26.8 million of the total $53.6 million incurred by the joint venture as of December 31, 2018.
The Company's joint venture with Hudson Pacific Properties is redeveloping One Westside, into 584,000 square feet of creative office space and 96,000 square feet of dining and entertainment space. The entire creative office space has been leased to Google and is expected to be completed in 2022. The total cost of the project is estimated to be between $500.0 million and $550.0 million, with $125.0 million to $137.5 million estimated to be the Company's pro rata share. The Company has funded $35.6 million of the total $142.4 million incurred by the joint venture as of December 31, 2018.
On September 6, 2018, the Company formed a 50/50 joint venture with Simon Property Group to develop Los Angeles Premium Outlets, a premium outlet center in Carson, California that is planned to open with approximately 400,000 square feet, followed by an additional 165,000 square feet in the second stage. The first phase of the project is expected to be completed in Fall 2021. The Company has funded $15.8 million of the total $31.5 million incurred by the joint venture as of December 31, 2018.
In connection with the anticipated closures and lease rejections of several Sears stores owned or partially owned by the Company, the Company anticipates spending between $250.0 million to $300.0 million at the Company’s pro rata share to redevelop the  Sears stores. The anticipated openings of such redevelopments are expected to occur between 2020 and 2024. The estimated range of redevelopment costs could increase if the Company or its joint venture decide to expand the scope of the redevelopments.
Other Transactions and Events:
On October 30, 2015, the Company declared a special dividend/distribution ("Special Dividend") of $2.00 per share of common stock and per OP Unit that was paid on January 6, 2016 to common stockholders and OP Unit holders of record on November 12, 2015. The Special Dividend was funded from proceeds in connection with the financing and sale of ownership interests in Pacific Premier Retail LLC in 2015 and Arrowhead Towne Center in 2016 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" and "Financing Activity").

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On February 17, 2016, the Company entered into an accelerated share repurchase program ("ASR") to repurchase $400.0 million of the Company's common stock. In accordance with the ASR, the Company made a prepayment of $400.0 million and received an initial share delivery of 4,222,193 shares. On April 19, 2016, the ASR was completed and the Company received delivery of an additional 861,235 shares. The average price of the 5,083,428 shares repurchased under the ASR was $78.69 per share. The ASR was funded from borrowings under the Company's line of credit, which had been paid down from the proceeds from the recently completed Joint Venture Transactions (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" and "Financing Activity").
On May 9, 2016, the Company entered into an ASR to repurchase the remaining $400.0 million of the Company's common stock authorized for repurchase. In accordance with the ASR, the Company made a prepayment of $400.0 million and received an initial share delivery of 3,964,812 shares. On July 11, 2016, the ASR was completed and the Company received delivery of an additional 1,104,162 shares. The average price of the 5,068,974 shares repurchased under the ASR was $78.91 per share. The ASR was funded from borrowings under the Company's line of credit, which had been recently paid down from the proceeds from the recently completed Joint Venture Transactions (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" and "Financing Activity").
On July 15, 2016, the Company conveyed Flagstaff Mall, a 347,000 square foot regional shopping center in Flagstaff, Arizona, to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure and was discharged from the mortgage note payable. The mortgage note payable was a non-recourse loan. As a result, the Company recognized a gain of $5.3 million on the extinguishment of debt.
On February 12, 2017, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $500.0 million of its outstanding common shares as market conditions and the Company’s liquidity warrant (the "2017 Stock Buyback Program"). Repurchases may be made through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, structured or derivative transactions, including ASR transactions, or other methods of acquiring shares, from time to time as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements. During the period from February 12, 2017 to December 31, 2017, the Company repurchased a total of 3,627,390 of its common shares for $221.4 million, representing an average price of $61.01 per share. The Company funded the repurchases from the net proceeds of the sale of Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions"), its share of the proceeds from the sale of ownership interests in office buildings at Fashion District Philadelphia and Country Club Plaza (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions") and from borrowings under its line of credit.
On January 1, 2018, upon adoption of ASU 2014-09, "Revenue From Contracts With Customers (ASC 606)", the Company changed its accounting for Chandler Freehold from a co-venture arrangement to the Financing Arrangement. As a result, the Company no longer records co-venture expense for its partner's share of the income of Chandler Freehold. Under the Financing Arrangement, the Company recognizes interest expense on (i) the changes in fair value of the Financing Arrangement obligation, (ii) any payments to the joint venture partner equal to their pro rata share of net income and (iii) any payments to the joint venture partner less than or in excess of their pro rata share of net income.
On February 1 and 2, 2018, the Company reduced its workforce by approximately 10 percent. The Company incurred a one-time charge of $12.7 million in connection with the workforce reduction during the year ended December 31, 2018.  As a result of the workforce reduction, the Company, exclusive of the one-time charge, reduced expenses by approximately $10.0 million during the year ending December 31, 2018.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred $19.4 million in costs associated with activities related to shareholder activism. These costs were primarily for legal and advisory services.
Inflation:
In the last five years, inflation has not had a significant impact on the Company because of a relatively low inflation rate. Most of the leases at the Centers have rent adjustments periodically throughout the lease term. These rent increases are either in fixed increments or based on using an annual multiple of increases in the Consumer Price Index ("CPI"). In addition, approximately 5% to 12% of the leases for spaces 10,000 square feet and under expire each year, which enables the Company to replace existing leases with new leases at higher base rents if the rents of the existing leases are below the then existing market rate. The Company has generally entered into leases that require tenants to pay a stated amount for operating expenses, generally excluding property taxes, regardless of the expenses actually incurred at any Center, which places the burden of cost control on the Company. Additionally, certain leases require the tenants to pay their pro rata share of operating expenses.

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Critical Accounting Policies
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the United States of America requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Some of these estimates and assumptions include judgments on revenue recognition, estimates for common area maintenance and real estate tax accruals, provisions for uncollectible accounts, impairment of long-lived assets, the allocation of purchase price between tangible and intangible assets, capitalization of costs and fair value measurements. The Company's significant accounting policies are described in more detail in Note 2—Summary of Significant Accounting Policies in the Company's Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements. However, the following policies are deemed to be critical.
Acquisitions:
The Company allocates the estimated fair value of acquisitions to land, building, tenant improvements and identified intangible assets and liabilities, based on their estimated fair values. In addition, any assumed mortgage notes payable are recorded at their estimated fair values. The estimated fair value of the land and buildings is determined utilizing an “as if vacant” methodology. Tenant improvements represent the tangible assets associated with the existing leases valued on a fair value basis at the acquisition date prorated over the remaining lease terms. The tenant improvements are classified as an asset under property and are depreciated over the remaining lease terms. Identifiable intangible assets and liabilities relate to the value of in-place operating leases which come in three forms: (i) leasing commissions and legal costs, which represent the value associated with “cost avoidance” of acquiring in-place leases, such as lease commissions paid under terms generally experienced in the Company's markets; (ii) value of in-place leases, which represents the estimated loss of revenue and of costs incurred for the period required to lease the “assumed vacant” property to the occupancy level when purchased; and (iii) above or below-market value of in-place leases, which represents the difference between the contractual rents and market rents at the time of the acquisition, discounted for tenant credit risks. Leasing commissions and legal costs are recorded in deferred charges and other assets and are amortized over the remaining lease terms. The value of in-place leases are recorded in deferred charges and other assets and amortized over the remaining lease terms plus any below-market fixed rate renewal options. Above or below-market leases are classified in deferred charges and other assets or in other accrued liabilities, depending on whether the contractual terms are above or below-market, and the asset or liability is amortized to minimum rents over the remaining terms of the leases. The remaining lease terms of below-market leases may include certain below-market fixed-rate renewal periods. In considering whether or not a lessee will execute a below-market fixed-rate lease renewal option, the Company evaluates economic factors and certain qualitative factors at the time of acquisition such as tenant mix in the Center, the Company's relationship with the tenant and the availability of competing tenant space. The initial allocation of purchase price is based on management's preliminary assessment, which may change when final information becomes available. Subsequent adjustments made to the initial purchase price allocation are made within the allocation period, which does not exceed one year. The purchase price allocation is described as preliminary if it is not yet final. The use of different assumptions in the allocation of the purchase price of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed could affect the timing of recognition of the related revenues and expenses.
The Company immediately expenses costs associated with business combinations as period costs and capitalizes costs associated with asset acquisitions.
Remeasurement gains are recognized when the Company obtains control of an existing equity method investment to the extent that the fair value of the existing equity investment exceeds the carrying value of the investment.
Asset Impairment:
The Company assesses whether an indicator of impairment in the value of its properties exists by considering expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other economic factors. Such factors include projected rental revenue, operating costs and capital expenditures as well as estimated holding periods and capitalization rates. If an impairment indicator exists, the determination of recoverability is made based upon the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows, excluding interest expense. The amount of impairment loss, if any, is determined by comparing the fair value, as determined by a discounted cash flows analysis or a contracted sales price, with the carrying value of the related assets. The Company generally holds and operates its properties long-term, which decreases the likelihood of their carrying values not being recoverable. Properties classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.

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The Company reviews its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for a series of operating losses and other factors that may indicate that a decrease in the value of its investments has occurred which is other-than-temporary. The investment in each unconsolidated joint venture is evaluated periodically, and as deemed necessary, for recoverability and valuation declines that are other-than-temporary.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments:
The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity and the reporting entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions.
Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which is typically based on an entity's own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
The Company calculates the fair value of financial instruments and includes this additional information in the notes to consolidated financial statements when the fair value is different than the carrying value of those financial instruments. When the fair value reasonably approximates the carrying value, no additional disclosure is made.
The Company records its Financing Arrangement obligation at fair value on a recurring basis with changes in fair value being recorded as interest expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The fair value is determined based on a discounted cash flow model, with the significant unobservable inputs including the multiple of net operating income, discount rate, and market rents. The fair value of the Financing Arrangement obligation is sensitive to these significant unobservable inputs and a change in these inputs may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.
Results of Operations
Many of the variations in the results of operations, discussed below, occurred because of the transactions affecting the Company's properties described above, including those related to the Redevelopment Properties, the JV Transition Centers and the Disposition Properties (each as defined below).
For purposes of the discussion below, the Company defines "Same Centers" as those Centers that are substantially complete and in operation for the entirety of both periods of the comparison. Non-Same Centers for comparison purposes include those Centers or properties that are going through a substantial redevelopment often resulting in the closing of a portion of the Center (“Redevelopment Properties”), those properties that have recently transitioned to or from equity method joint ventures to consolidated assets ("JV Transition Centers") and properties that have been disposed of ("Disposition Properties"). The Company moves a Center in and out of Same Centers based on whether the Center is substantially complete and in operation for the entirety of both periods of the comparison. Accordingly, the Same Centers consist of all consolidated Centers, excluding the Redevelopment Properties, the JV Transition Centers and the Disposition Properties for the periods of comparison.
For the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2018 to the year ended December 31, 2017, the Redevelopment Properties are Paradise Valley Mall and certain ground up developments. For the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016, the Redevelopment Properties are the expansion portion of Green Acres Mall, Paradise Valley Mall and One Westside.
For the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2018 to the year ended December 31, 2017, the JV Transition Center is One Westside. For the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016, the JV Transition Centers are Arrowhead Towne Center and the MAC Heitman Portfolio. The change in revenues and expenses at the JV Transition Center for the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2018 to the year ended December 31, 2017 is primarily due to the conversion of One Westside from a Consolidated Center to an Unconsolidated Joint Venture Center. The change in revenues and expenses at the JV Transition Centers for the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016 is primarily due to the conversion of Arrowhead Towne Center and the MAC Heitman Portfolio from Consolidated Centers to Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers.

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For comparison of the year ended December 31, 2018 to the year ended December 31, 2017, the Disposition Properties are Promenade at Casa Grande, 500 North Michigan Avenue, Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall. For the comparison of the year ended December 31, 2017 to the year ended December 31, 2016, the Disposition Properties are 500 North Michigan Avenue, Cascade Mall, Northgate Mall, Flagstaff Mall and Capitola Mall.
Unconsolidated joint ventures are reflected using the equity method of accounting. The Company's pro rata share of the results from these Centers is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations as equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures.
The Company considers tenant annual sales per square foot (for tenants in place for a minimum of 12 months or longer and 10,000 square feet and under) for regional shopping centers, occupancy rates (excluding large retail stores or "Anchors") for the Centers and releasing spreads (i.e. a comparison of initial average base rent per square foot on leases executed during the trailing twelve months to average base rent per square foot at expiration for the leases expiring during the year based on the spaces 10,000 square feet and under) to be key performance indicators of the Company's internal growth.
Tenant sales per square foot increased from $660 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2017 to $726 for the twelve months ended December 31, 2018. Occupancy rate increased from 95.0% at December 31, 2017 to 95.4% at December 31, 2018. Releasing spreads remained positive as the Company was able to lease available space at average higher rents than the expiring rental rates, resulting in a releasing spread of $5.75 per square foot ($57.55 on new and renewal leases executed compared to $51.80 on leases expiring), representing a 11.1% increase for the trailing twelve months ended December 31, 2018. The Company expects that releasing spreads will continue to be positive for 2019 as it renews or relets leases that are scheduled to expire. These leases that are scheduled to expire represent approximately 900,000 square feet of the Centers, accounting for 12.5% of the GLA of mall stores and freestanding stores, for spaces 10,000 square feet and under, as of December 31, 2018. These calculations exclude Centers under development or redevelopment and property dispositions (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" and "Redevelopment and Development Activities" in Management's Overview and Summary).
During the trailing twelve months ended December 31, 2018, the Company signed 241 new leases and 363 renewal leases comprising approximately 1.0 million square feet of GLA, of which 0.7 million square feet related to the consolidated Centers. The annual initial average base rent for new and renewal leases was $57.55 per square foot for the trailing twelve months ended December 31, 2018 with an average tenant allowance of $28.74 per square foot.
Outlook
The Company has a long-term four-pronged business strategy that focuses on the acquisition, leasing and management, redevelopment and development of Regional Shopping Centers. Although the Company believes that overall regional shopping centers fundamentals in its markets appear reasonably strong heading into 2019, the Company expects that its results for 2019 will be negatively impacted by rising interest rates and anticipated Anchor closures and tenant bankruptcies, among other factors.
Rising interest rates increase the cost of the Company’s borrowings due to its outstanding floating-rate debt and lead to higher interest rates on new fixed-rate debt. In certain cases, the Company may limit its exposure to interest rate fluctuations related to a portion of its floating-rate debt by using interest rate cap and swap agreements. Such agreements, subject to current market conditions, allow the Company to replace floating-rate debt with fixed-rate debt in order to achieve its desired ratio of floating-rate to fixed-rate debt. However, in an increasing interest rate environment the fixed rates the Company can obtain with such replacement fixed-rate cap and swap agreements or the fixed-rate on new debt will also continue to increase.
In recent years, a number of companies in the retail industry, including some of the Company’s Anchors, have declared bankruptcy, have gone out of business or have significantly reduced the number of their retail stores. Store closures by an Anchor may impact the Company’s Centers more holistically by causing other Anchors and/or certain other tenants to terminate their leases, receive reduced rent and/or cease operating their stores at the Center.
On October 15, 2018, Sears filed for bankruptcy and announced additional store closings. As of December 31, 2018, following the closure of four stores during 2018, the Company had 17 Sears stores totaling approximately 2.6 million square feet of gross leasable area within the Company’s portfolio and accounting for approximately 1% of the Company’s total minimum and percentage rents. In January 2019, Sears closed nine additional stores. The remaining eight stores include three owned by the Company, three owned by the Company’s joint venture with Seritage Growth Properties (“Seritage”) and two owned by a third-party. Due to its bankruptcy filing, Sears may be unable or unwilling to meet its rent obligations and other obligations under its leases with the Company, and the Company may be unable to re-lease a terminated or rejected space on comparable terms or at all.

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Although, in the short-term, the bankruptcy of an Anchor such as Sears may lead to lost base rent and the triggering of co-tenancy clauses, there is also the potential to create additional future value through the recapturing of space and releasing that space to new tenants at higher rent per square foot, which the Company has demonstrated through its joint venture with Seritage and the completed redevelopment of a former Sears store at Kings Plaza Shopping Center in July 2018.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2018 and 2017
Revenues:
Minimum and percentage rents (collectively referred to as "rental revenue") decreased by $17.7 million, or 2.9%, from 2017 to 2018. The decrease in rental revenue is attributed to a decrease of $10.4 million from the Disposition Properties and $9.6 million from the JV Transition Center offset in part by an increase of $1.6 million from the Same Centers and $0.7 million from the Redevelopment Properties.
Rental revenue includes the amortization of above and below-market leases, the amortization of straight-line rents and lease termination income. The amortization of above and below-market leases increased from $1.0 million in 2017 to $1.9 million in 2018. The amortization of straight-line rents increased from $8.6 million in 2017 to $11.8 million in 2018. Lease termination income decreased from $18.1 million in 2017 to $9.9 million in 2018.
Tenant recoveries decreased $19.8 million, or 7.0%, from 2017 to 2018. The decrease in tenant recoveries is attributed to a decrease of $15.3 million from the Same Centers, $3.1 million from the JV Transition Center and $1.4 million from the Disposition Properties. The decrease in tenant recoveries at the the Same Centers is primarily due to a reduction in property tax expense.
Management Companies' revenue increased from $43.4 million in 2017 to $43.5 million in 2018.
Shopping Center and Operating Expenses:
Shopping center and operating expenses decreased $17.7 million, or 6.0%, from 2017 to 2018. The decrease in shopping center and operating expenses is attributed to a decrease of $9.8 million from the Same Centers, $5.5 million from the Disposition Properties and $5.0 million from the JV Transition Center offset in part by an increase of $2.6 million from the Redevelopment Properties. The decrease in shopping center and operating expenses at the the Same Centers is primarily due to a reduction in property tax expense.
Management Companies' Operating Expenses:
Management Companies' operating expenses increased $3.4 million from 2017 to 2018. The increase is attributed to a one-time charge of $12.7 million in connection with the Company's reduction in work force in 2018 (See "Other Transactions and Events" in Management's Overview and Summary) offset in part by a reduction in payroll and share and unit-based compensation costs.
REIT General and Administrative Expenses:
REIT general and administrative expenses decreased $4.1 million from 2017 to 2018 due to a reduction in compensation costs.
Costs Related to Shareholder Activism:
The Company incurred $19.4 million in costs related to shareholder activism in 2018 (See "Other Transactions and Events" in Management's Overview and Summary).
Depreciation and Amortization:
Depreciation and amortization decreased $8.0 million from 2017 to 2018. The decrease in depreciation and amortization is primarily attributed to a decrease of $4.9 million from the JV Transition Center, $4.3 million from the Disposition Properties and $0.3 million from the Redevelopment Properties offset in part by an increase of $1.5 million from the Same Centers.

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Interest Expense:
Interest expense increased $11.2 million from 2017 to 2018. The increase in interest expense is primarily attributed to an increase of $10.6 million from the Same Centers, $4.0 million from borrowings under the line of credit, $0.8 million from the Redevelopment Properties, $0.3 million from the Disposition Properties and $0.2 million from the Financing Arrangement (See "Other Transactions and Events" in Management's Overview and Summary) offset in part by a decrease of $4.7 million from the JV Transition Center. The increase in interest expense at the Same Centers is primarily due to the new loans on Green Acres Commons and Freehold Raceway Mall (See "Financing Activities" in Management's Overview and Summary).
The above interest expense items are net of capitalized interest, which increased from $13.2 million in 2017 to $15.4 million in 2018.
Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures decreased $13.8 million from 2017 to 2018. The decrease in equity in income from joint ventures is primarily due to the gain on the sale of an ownership interest in office buildings at Fashion District Philadelphia in 2017 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary) and interest expense on the new the mortgage loan on Broadway Plaza in 2018 (See "Financing Activities" in Management's Overview and Summary).
(Loss) Gain on Sale or Write Down of Assets, net:
The change in (loss) gain on sale or write down of assets, net was $74.3 million, resulting from a gain of $42.4 million in 2017 and a loss of $31.8 million in 2018. The change in (loss) gain on sale or write down of assets, net is primarily due to the gain of $59.6 million on the sale of Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall in 2017 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary) and impairment losses of $54.5 million on SouthPark Mall, La Cumbre Plaza, Southridge Center and Promenade at Casa Grande in 2018 offset in part by the gain of $46.2 million on the sale of a 75% ownership interest in One Westside in 2018 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary) and impairment losses of $22.1 million on Southridge Center and Promenade at Casa Grande in 2017. The impairment losses were due to the reduction in the estimated holding periods of the properties.
Net Income:
Net income decreased $92.7 million from 2017 to 2018. The decrease in net income is primarily attributed to the change in (loss) gain on sale or write down of assets, net of $74.3 million, as discussed above.
Funds From Operations ("FFO"):
Primarily as a result of the factors mentioned above, FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders—diluted decreased 3.2% from $582.9 million in 2017 to $564.4 million 2018. For a reconciliation of net income attributable to the Company, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders and FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders—diluted, see "Funds From Operations ("FFO")" below.
Operating Activities:
Cash provided by operating activities decreased $42.1 million from 2017 to 2018. The decrease is primarily due to the $19.4 million in costs related to shareholder activism in 2018 (See "Other Transactions and Events" in Management's Overview and Summary), changes in assets and liabilities and the results as discussed above.
Investing Activities:
Cash provided by investing activities decreased $2.7 million from 2017 to 2018. The decrease in cash provided by investing activities is primarily attributed to a decrease in cash proceeds from the sale of assets of $169.4 million, an increase in contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures of $63.7 million, an increase in development, redevelopment, expansion and renovation of properties costs of $20.7 million and an increase in property improvements of $14.3 million offset in part by an increase in distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures of $268.7 million.
The decrease in cash proceeds from the sale of assets is attributed to the sales of Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall in 2017 offset in part by the proceeds from the sale of Promenade at Casa Grande and an ownership interest in Westside Pavilion in 2018 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary). The increase in distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures is primarily due to the distribution of the Company's share of proceeds from the loans placed on Broadway Plaza and Fashion District Philadelphia (See "Financing Activities" in Management's Overview and Summary) and the sale of The Market at Estrella Falls and the sale of an ownership interest in an office building at Fashion District Philadelphia (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary) in 2018.

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Financing Activities:
Cash used in financing activities decreased $51.8 million from 2017 to 2018. The decrease in cash used in financing activities is primarily due to a decrease in payments on mortgages, bank and other notes payable of $749.9 million, the repurchases of the Company's common stock of $221.4 million in 2017 (See "Other Transactions and Events" in Management's Overview and Summary) and a decrease in distributions to co-venture partner of $103.8 million (See "Other Transactions and Events" in Management's Overview and Summary) offset in part by a decrease in proceeds from mortgages, bank and other notes payable of $1.0 billion.
Comparison of Years Ended December 31, 2017 and 2016
Revenues:
Minimum and percentage rents decreased by $26.0 million, or 4.1%, from 2016 to 2017. The decrease in rental revenue is attributed to a decrease of $18.3 million from the Disposition Properties, $17.7 million from the Redevelopment Properties and $3.3 million from the Joint Venture Centers offset in part by an increase of $13.3 million from the Same Centers. The increase in rental revenue at the Same Centers is primarily due to an increase in lease termination income and an increase in leasing spreads.
The amortization of above and below-market leases decreased from $12.8 million in 2016 to $1.0 million in 2017 primarily due to the JV Transition Centers. The amortization of straight-line rents increased from $5.2 million in 2016 to $8.6 million in 2017. Lease termination income decreased from $19.2 million in 2016 to $18.1 million in 2017.
Tenant recoveries decreased $22.0 million, or 7.2%, from 2016 to 2017. The decrease in tenant recoveries is attributed to a decrease of $9.3 million from the Same Centers, $8.3 million from the Disposition Properties, $2.8 million from the Redevelopment Properties and $1.6 million from the Joint Venture Centers. The decrease in tenant recoveries from the Same Centers is primarily due to a decrease in property tax expense and utility cost.
Management Companies' revenue increased from $39.5 million in 2016 to $43.4 million in 2017. The increase in Management Companies' revenue is due to an increase in development and leasing fees from joint ventures.
Shopping Center and Operating Expenses:
Shopping center and operating expenses decreased $12.4 million, or 4.0%, from 2016 to 2017. The decrease in shopping center and operating expenses is attributed to a decrease of $11.5 million from the Disposition Properties, $1.3 million from the Redevelopment Properties and $0.8 million from the Joint Venture Centers offset in part by an increase of $1.2 million from the Same Centers.
Management Companies' Operating Expenses:
Management Companies' operating expenses increased $1.8 million from 2016 to 2017.
REIT General and Administrative Expenses:
REIT general and administrative expenses were $28.2 million in 2016 and 2017.
Depreciation and Amortization:
Depreciation and amortization decreased $13.1 million from 2016 to 2017. The decrease in depreciation and amortization is primarily attributed to a decrease of $10.5 million from the Disposition Properties, $4.4 million from the Same Centers and $1.5 million from the Joint Venture Centers offset in part by an increase of $3.3 million from the Redevelopment Properties.
Interest Expense:
Interest expense increased $8.1 million from 2016 to 2017. The increase in interest expense is primarily attributed to an increase of $6.8 million from borrowings under the line of credit, $5.4 million from the Same Centers and $0.2 million from the Redevelopment Properties offset in part by a decrease of $3.4 million from the Disposition Properties and $0.9 million from the Joint Venture Centers. The increase in interest expense at the Same Centers is primarily due to a new loan on Fresno Fashion Fair in 2016 (See "Financing Activity" in Management's Overview and Summary).
The above interest expense items are net of capitalized interest, which increased from $10.3 million in 2016 to $13.2 million in 2017.

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Gain on Extinguishment of Debt, net:
The gain on extinguishment of debt, net of $1.7 million in 2016 was due to the gain of $5.3 million on the settlement of the mortgage note payable on Flagstaff Mall by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure in 2016 (See “Other Transactions and Events” in Management’s Overview and Summary) offset in part by a loss of $3.6 million on the early extinguishment of debt on Arrowhead Towne Center in 2016 (See “Financing Activities” in Management’s Overview and Summary).
Equity in Income of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures increased $28.6 million from 2016 to 2017. The increase is primarily due to the conversion of Arrowhead Towne Center and the MAC Heitman Portfolio from Consolidated Centers to Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers in 2016 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary), the Company's share of the gain on the sales of ownership interests in office buildings at Fashion District Philadelphia and Country Club Plaza in 2017 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary) and the Company's shares of the gain on land sales at other joint ventures in 2017.
Gain on Sale or Write down of Assets, net:
Gain on sale or write down of assets, net decreased $372.9 million from 2016 to 2017. The decrease is primarily due to the gain of $467.2 million on the sales of ownership interests in Arrowhead Towne Center and the MAC Heitman Portfolio in 2016 and the sale of Capitola Mall in 2016 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary) offset in part by the gain of $74.2 million on the sales of Cascade Mall, Northgate Mall and 500 North Michigan Avenue in 2017 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary).
Net Income:
Net income decreased $393.2 million from 2016 to 2017. The decrease in net income is primarily attributed to a decrease of $372.9 million from gain on sale or write down of assets, net, as discussed above.
Funds From Operations:
Primarily as a result of the factors mentioned above, FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders—diluted decreased 9.3% from $642.3 million in 2016 to $582.9 million in 2017. For a reconciliation of net income attributable to the Company, the most directly comparable GAAP financial measure, to FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders and FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders—diluted, see "Funds From Operations ("FFO")" below.
Operating Activities:
Cash provided by operating activities decreased from $429.5 million in 2016 to $386.4 million in 2017. The decrease is primarily due to changes in assets and liabilities and the results as discussed above.
Investing Activities:
Cash provided by investing activities decreased $275.1 million from 2016 to 2017.  The decrease in cash provided by investing activities was primarily due to a decrease in proceeds from the sale of assets of $469.0 million and a decrease in distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures of $176.1 million offset in part by a decrease in contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures of $312.9 million and a decrease in development, redevelopment and renovations of $51.3 million.
The decrease in cash proceeds from the sale of assets is attributed to the sales of ownership interests in Arrowhead Towne Center and the MAC Heitman Portfolio in 2016 and the sale of Capitola Mall in 2016 offset in part by the sale of Cascade Mall, Northgate Mall and 500 North Michigan Avenue in 2017 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary). The decrease in contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures is primarily due to the acquisition of the 50% ownership interest in Country Club Plaza in 2016 (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary).
Financing Activities:
Cash used in financing activities decreased $301.2 million from 2016 to 2017. The decrease in cash used in financing activities is primarily due to a decrease in payments on mortgages, bank and other notes payable of $1.2 billion, a decrease in the repurchases of the Company's common stock of $578.6 million (See "Other Transactions and Events" in Management's Overview and Summary) and a decrease in cash dividends and distributions of $335.5 million offset in part by a decrease in proceeds from mortgages, bank and other notes payable of $1.8 billion and an increase in distributions to co-venture partner of $85.6 million.

52

Liquidity and Capital Resources
The Company anticipates meeting its liquidity needs for its operating expenses and debt service and dividend requirements for the next twelve months through cash generated from operations, working capital reserves and/or borrowings under its unsecured line of credit.
The following tables summarize capital expenditures and lease acquisition costs incurred at the Centers (at the Company's pro rata share) for the years ended December 31:
(Dollars in thousands)
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Consolidated Centers:
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisitions of property and equipment
$
53,350

 
$
38,153

 
$
56,759

Development, redevelopment, expansion and renovation of Centers
173,329

 
152,095

 
183,220

Tenant allowances
12,636

 
11,484

 
19,229

Deferred leasing charges
17,353

 
26,526

 
24,845

 
$
256,668

 
$
228,258

 
$
284,053

Joint Venture Centers (at Company's pro rata share):
 
 
 
 
 
Acquisitions of property and equipment
$
15,697

 
$
16,069

 
$
349,819

Development, redevelopment, expansion and renovation of Centers
145,905

 
121,787

 
101,124

Tenant allowances
8,736

 
6,779

 
11,271

Deferred leasing charges
10,880

 
6,154

 
7,070

 
$
181,218

 
$
150,789

 
$
469,284

The Company expects amounts to be incurred during the next twelve months for tenant allowances and deferred leasing charges to be comparable or less than 2018 and that capital for those expenditures will be available from working capital, cash flow from operations, borrowings on property specific debt or unsecured corporate borrowings. Although the amounts incurred for deferred leasing charges during the next twelve months are expected to be comparable or less than 2018, the Company will begin expensing a significant portion of its leasing costs in 2019 in accordance with its adoption of Accounting Standards Codification 842 ,"Leases". The Company expects to incur between $250 million and $350 million during the next twelve months for development, redevelopment, expansion and renovations. Capital for these major expenditures, developments and/or redevelopments has been, and is expected to continue to be, obtained from a combination of debt or equity financings, which are expected to include borrowings under the Company's line of credit and construction loans.
The Company has also generated liquidity in the past, and may continue to do so in the future, through equity offerings and issuances, property refinancings, joint venture transactions and the sale of non-core assets. For example, the Company's recently completed sales of ownership interests in Westside Pavilion and ownership interests in office buildings at Fashion District Philadelphia and Country Club Plaza (See "Acquisitions and Dispositions" in Management's Overview and Summary), the sales of The Market at Estrella Falls, Promenade at Casa Grande, Cascade Mall, Northgate Mall and 500 North Michigan Avenue and the financing of Fashion District Philadelphia and Broadway Plaza (See "Financing Activities" in Management's Overview and Summary). The Company used the proceeds from these transactions to pay down its line of credit and for other general corporate purposes, which included the repurchases of the Company's common stock under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program (See "Other Transactions and Events" in Management's Overview and Summary). Furthermore, the Company has filed a shelf registration statement, which registered an unspecified amount of common stock, preferred stock, depositary shares, debt securities, warrants, rights, stock purchase contracts and units that may be sold from time to time by the Company. The Company expects any additional repurchases of the Company's common stock under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program to be funded by future sales of non-core assets, borrowings under its line of credit and/or refinancing transactions.
The capital and credit markets can fluctuate and, at times, limit access to debt and equity financing for companies. As demonstrated by the Company's recent activity as discussed below, the Company has been able to access capital; however, there is no assurance the Company will be able to do so in future periods or on similar terms and conditions. Many factors impact the Company's ability to access capital, such as its overall debt level, interest rates, interest coverage ratios and prevailing market conditions. In the event that the Company has significant tenant defaults as a result of the overall economy and general market conditions, the Company could have a decrease in cash flow from operations, which could result in increased borrowings under its line of credit. These events could result in an increase in the Company's proportion of floating rate debt, which would cause it to be subject to interest rate fluctuations in the future.

53

The Company's total outstanding loan indebtedness, which includes mortgages and other notes payable, at December 31, 2018 was $7.9 billion (consisting of $5.0 billion of consolidated debt, less $318.7 million of noncontrolling interests, plus $3.2 billion of its pro rata share of unconsolidated joint venture debt). The majority of the Company's debt consists of fixed-rate conventional mortgage notes collateralized by individual properties. The Company expects that all of the maturities during the next twelve months will be refinanced, restructured, extended and/or paid off from the Company's line of credit or cash on hand.
The Company believes that the pro rata debt provides useful information to investors regarding its financial condition because it includes the Company’s share of debt from unconsolidated joint ventures and, for consolidated debt, excludes the Company’s partners’ share from consolidated joint ventures, in each case presented on the same basis. The Company has several significant joint ventures and presenting its pro rata share of debt in this manner can help investors better understand the Company’s financial condition after taking into account our economic interest in these joint ventures. The Company’s pro rata share of debt should not be considered as a substitute for the Company’s total consolidated debt determined in accordance with GAAP or any other GAAP financial measures and should only be considered together with and as a supplement to the Company’s financial information prepared in accordance with GAAP.
The Company has a $1.5 billion revolving line of credit facility that bears interest at LIBOR plus a spread of 1.30% to 1.90%, depending on the Company's overall leverage level, and matures on July 6, 2020 with a one-year extension option. The line of credit can be expanded, depending on certain conditions, up to a total facility of $2.0 billion. All obligations under the facility are unconditionally guaranteed only by the Company. Based on the Company's leverage level as of December 31, 2018, the borrowing rate on the facility was LIBOR plus 1.45%. The Company has four interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert a total of $400.0 million of the outstanding balance from floating rate debt of LIBOR plus 1.45% to fixed rate debt of 4.30% until September 30, 2021. At December 31, 2018, total borrowings under the line of credit were $910.0 million less unamortized deferred finance costs of $5.1 million with a total interest rate of 4.20%. The Company's availability under the line of credit was $589.7 million at December 31, 2018.
Cash dividends and distributions for the year ended December 31, 2018 were $453.6 million. A total of $344.3 million was funded by operations. The remaining $109.3 million was funded from distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures, which were included in the cash flows from investing activities section of the Company's Consolidated Statement of Cash Flows.
At December 31, 2018, the Company was in compliance with all applicable loan covenants under its agreements.
At December 31, 2018, the Company had cash and cash equivalents of $102.7 million.
Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements:
The Company accounts for its investments in joint ventures that it does not have a controlling interest or is not the primary beneficiary using the equity method of accounting and those investments are reflected on the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
Additionally, as of December 31, 2018, the Company is contingently liable for $65.8 million in letters of credit guaranteeing performance by the Company of certain obligations relating to the Centers. The Company does not believe that these letters of credit will result in a liability to the Company.

54

Contractual Obligations:
The following is a schedule of contractual obligations as of December 31, 2018 for the consolidated Centers over the periods in which they are expected to be paid (in thousands):
 
 
Payment Due by Period
Contractual Obligations
 
Total
 
Less than
1 year
 
1 - 3 years
 
3 - 5 years
 
More than
five years
Long-term debt obligations (includes expected interest payments)(1)
 
$
5,629,829

 
$
946,442

 
$
2,106,828

 
$
813,398

 
$
1,763,161

Operating lease obligations(2)
 
220,336

 
16,627

 
34,307

 
28,840

 
140,562

Purchase obligations(2)
 
8,360

 
8,360

 
—

 
—

 
—

Other liabilities
 
306,045

 
228,416

 
24,499

 
12,749

 
40,381

 
 
$
6,164,570

 
$
1,199,845

 
$
2,165,634

 
$
854,987

 
$
1,944,104

_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)
Interest payments on floating rate debt were based on rates in effect at December 31, 2018.
(2)
See Note 17—Commitments and Contingencies in the Company's Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements.
Funds From Operations ("FFO")
The Company uses FFO in addition to net income to report its operating and financial results and considers FFO and FFO -diluted as supplemental measures for the real estate industry and a supplement to GAAP measures. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts ("Nareit") defines FFO as net income (loss) (computed in accordance with GAAP), excluding gains (or losses) from sales of properties, plus real estate related depreciation and amortization, impairment write-downs of real estate and write-downs of investments in an affiliate where the write-downs have been driven by a decrease in the value of real estate held by the affiliate and after adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures. As a result of changes in the accounting standard ASC 606 effective January 1, 2018, the Company began treating its joint venture in Chandler Freehold as a Financing Arrangement for accounting purposes. In connection with this treatment, the Company recognizes financing expense on (i) the changes in fair value of the financing arrangement obligation, (ii) any payments to the joint venture partner equal to their pro rata share of net income and (iii) any payments to the joint venture partner less than or in excess of their pro rata share of net income. The Company excludes from its definition of FFO the noted expense related to the changes in fair value and for the payments to the joint venture partner less than or in excess of their pro rata share of net income. Although the Nareit definition of FFO predates this guidance for accounting for financing arrangements, the Company believes that excluding the noted expense resulting from the Financing Arrangement is consistent with the key objective of FFO as a performance measure and it allows the Company’s current FFO to be comparable with the Company’s FFO from prior quarters. Adjustments for unconsolidated joint ventures are calculated to reflect FFO on the same basis. The Company also presents FFO excluding extinguishment of debt, net and costs related to shareholder activism and unsolicited takeover offer.
FFO and FFO on a diluted basis are useful to investors in comparing operating and financial results between periods. This is especially true since FFO excludes real estate depreciation and amortization, as the Company believes real estate values fluctuate based on market conditions rather than depreciating in value ratably on a straight-line basis over time. The Company believes that such a presentation also provides investors with a meaningful measure of its operating results in comparison to the operating results of other REITs. In addition, the Company believes that FFO excluding non-routine costs associated with shareholder activism provides useful supplemental information regarding the Company’s performance as it shows a more meaningful and consistent comparison of the Company’s operating performance and allows investors to more easily compare the Company’s results. The Company further believes that FFO on a diluted basis is a measure investors find most useful in measuring the dilutive impact of outstanding convertible securities.
The Company believes that FFO does not represent cash flow from operations as defined by GAAP, should not be considered as an alternative to net income as defined by GAAP, and is not indicative of cash available to fund all cash flow needs. The Company also cautions that FFO, as presented, may not be comparable to similarly titled measures reported by other real estate investment trusts.
Management compensates for the limitations of FFO by providing investors with financial statements prepared according to GAAP, along with this detailed discussion of FFO and a reconciliation of net income to FFO and FFO-diluted. Management believes that to further understand the Company's performance, FFO should be compared with the Company's reported net

55

income and considered in addition to cash flows in accordance with GAAP, as presented in the Company's consolidated financial statements.
The following reconciles net income attributable to the Company to FFO and FFO-diluted for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014 (dollars and shares in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
2015
 
2014
Net income attributable to the Company
$
60,020

 
$
146,130

 
$
516,995

 
$
487,562

 
$
1,499,042

Adjustments to reconcile net income attributable to the Company to FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders—basic:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership
4,407

 
10,729

 
37,780

 
32,615

 
105,584

Loss (gain) on sale or write down of consolidated assets, net
31,825

 
(42,446
)
 
(415,348
)
 
(378,248
)
 
(73,440
)
Gain on remeasurement of consolidated assets
—

 
—

 
—

 
(22,089
)
 
(1,423,136
)
Add: gain on undepreciated assets—consolidated assets
4,884

 
1,564

 
3,717

 
1,326

 
1,396

Less: loss on write-down of non-real estate assets—consolidated assets
—

 
(10,138
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

Add: noncontrolling interests share of gain (loss) on sale or write-down of assets—consolidated assets
580

 
1,209

 
(1,662
)
 
481

 
146

(Gain) loss on sale or write down of assets—unconsolidated joint ventures(1)
(2,993
)
 
(14,783
)
 
189

 
(4,392
)
 
1,237

Add: gain (loss) on sale of undepreciated assets—unconsolidated joint ventures(1)
666

 
6,644

 
(2
)
 
4,395

 
2,621

Depreciation and amortization on consolidated assets
327,436

 
335,431

 
348,488

 
464,472

 
378,716

Less: noncontrolling interests in depreciation and amortization—consolidated assets
(14,793
)
 
(15,126
)
 
(15,023
)
 
(14,962
)
 
(20,700
)
Depreciation and amortization—unconsolidated joint ventures(1)
174,952

 
177,274

 
179,600

 
84,160

 
82,570

Less: depreciation on personal property
(13,699
)
 
(13,610
)
 
(12,430
)
 
(13,052
)
 
(11,282
)
Financing expense in connection with the adoption of ASC 606 (Chandler Freehold)
(8,849
)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders—basic and diluted
564,436

 
582,878

 
642,304

 
642,268

 
542,754

(Gain) loss on extinguishment of debt, net—consolidated assets
—

 
—

 
(1,709
)
 
(1,487
)
 
9,551

FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders excluding extinguishment of debt, net—diluted
564,436

 
582,878

 
640,595

 
640,781

 
552,305

Costs related to shareholder activism
19,369

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Costs related to unsolicited takeover offer
—

 
—

 
—

 
25,204

 
—

FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders excluding extinguishment of debt, net and costs related to shareholder activism and unsolicited takeover offer—diluted
$
583,805

 
$
582,878

 
$
640,595

 
$
665,985

 
$
552,305

Weighted average number of FFO shares outstanding for:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders—basic(2)
151,502

 
152,293

 
157,320

 
168,478

 
153,224

Adjustments for the impact of dilutive securities in computing FFO—diluted:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
   Share and unit-based compensation plans
2

 
36

 
112

 
144

 
147

FFO attributable to common stockholders and unit holders—diluted(3)
151,504

 
152,329

 
157,432

 
168,622

 
153,371

_______________________________________________________________________________

56

(1)
Unconsolidated assets are presented at the Company's pro rata share.
(2)
Calculated based upon basic net income as adjusted to reach basic FFO. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017, 2016, 2015 and 2014, there were 10.4 million, 10.4 million, 10.7 million, 10.6 million and 10.1 million OP Units outstanding, respectively.
(3)
The computation of FFO—diluted shares outstanding includes the effect of share and unit-based compensation plans and the convertible senior notes using the treasury stock method. It also assumes the conversion of MACWH, LP common and preferred units to the extent that they are dilutive to the FFO-diluted computation.
ITEM 7A.    QUANTITATIVE AND QUALITATIVE DISCLOSURES ABOUT MARKET RISK
The Company's primary market risk exposure is interest rate risk. The Company has managed and will continue to manage interest rate risk by (1) maintaining a ratio of fixed rate, long-term debt to total debt such that floating rate exposure is kept at an acceptable level, (2) reducing interest rate exposure on certain long-term floating rate debt through the use of interest rate caps and/or swaps with matching maturities where appropriate, (3) using treasury rate locks where appropriate to fix rates on anticipated debt transactions, and (4) taking advantage of favorable market conditions for long-term debt and/or equity.
The following table sets forth information as of December 31, 2018 concerning the Company's long term debt obligations, including principal cash flows by scheduled maturity, weighted average interest rates and estimated fair value (dollars in thousands):
 
Expected Maturity Date
 
 
 
 
 
For the years ending December 31,
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2019
 
2020
 
2021
 
2022
 
2023
 
Thereafter
 
Total
 
Fair Value
CONSOLIDATED CENTERS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long term debt:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed rate
$
794,286

 
$
326,067

 
$
290,107

 
$
374,341

 
$
6,895

 
$
1,667,261

 
$
3,458,957

 
$
3,462,733

Average interest rate
3.50
%
 
5.50
%
 
3.47
%
 
4.10
%
 
3.50
%
 
3.64
%
 
3.82
%
 
 

Floating rate
—

 
200,000

 
1,040,000

 
300,000

 
—

 
—

 
1,540,000

 
1,535,568

Average interest rate
—
%
 
3.85
%
 
4.10
%
 
3.76
%
 
—
%
 
—
%
 
4.00
%
 
 

Total debt—Consolidated Centers
$
794,286

 
$
526,067

 
$
1,330,107

 
$
674,341

 
$
6,895

 
$
1,667,261

 
$
4,998,957

 
$
4,998,301

UNCONSOLIDATED JOINT VENTURE CENTERS:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Long term debt (at Company's pro rata share):
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Fixed rate
$
32,036

 
$
40,432

 
$
150,426

 
$
366,267

 
$
352,368

 
$
2,036,207

 
$
2,977,736

 
$
3,012,070

Average interest rate
3.68
%
 
3.70
%
 
3.81
%
 
3.67
%
 
3.39
%
 
3.94
%
 
3.83
%
 
 

Floating rate
—

 
30,743

 
15,000

 
41,250

 
134,400

 
—

 
221,393

 
219,270

Average interest rate
—
%
 
4.25
%
 
3.55
%
 
3.55
%
 
4.34
%
 
—
%
 
4.13
%
 
 

Total debt—Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers
$
32,036

 
$
71,175

 
$
165,426

 
$
407,517

 
$
486,768

 
$
2,036,207

 
$
3,199,129

 
$
3,231,340

The Consolidated Centers' total fixed rate debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $3.5 billion and $3.6 billion, respectively. The average interest rate on such fixed rate debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was 3.82% and 3.85%, respectively. The Consolidated Centers' total floating rate debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $1.5 billion. The average interest rate on such floating rate debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was 4.00% and 2.98%, respectively.
The Company's pro rata share of the Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers' fixed rate debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $3.0 billion and $2.7 billion, respectively. The average interest rate on such fixed rate debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was 3.83% and 3.79%, respectively. The Company's pro rata share of the Unconsolidated Joint Venture Centers' floating rate debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $221.4 million and $106.3 million, respectively. The average interest rate on such floating rate debt at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was 4.13% and 2.86%, respectively.
The Company uses derivative financial instruments in the normal course of business to manage or hedge interest rate risk and records all derivatives on the balance sheet at fair value. Interest rate cap agreements offer protection against floating rates on the notional amount from exceeding the rates noted in the above schedule, and interest rate swap agreements effectively replace a floating rate on the notional amount with a fixed rate as noted above. As of December 31, 2018, the Company has one interest rate cap agreement and four interest rate swap agreements in place (See Note 5—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities in the Company's Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).

57

In addition, the Company has assessed the market risk for its floating rate debt and believes that a 1% increase in interest rates would decrease future earnings and cash flows by approximately $17.6 million per year based on $1.8 billion of floating rate debt outstanding at December 31, 2018.
The fair value of the Company's long-term debt is estimated based on a present value model utilizing interest rates that reflect the risks associated with long-term debt of similar risk and duration. In addition, the method of computing fair value for mortgage notes payable included a credit value adjustment based on the estimated value of the property that serves as collateral for the underlying debt (See Note 9—Mortgage Notes Payable and Note 10—Bank and Other Notes Payable in the Company's Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements).
ITEM 8.    FINANCIAL STATEMENTS AND SUPPLEMENTARY DATA
Refer to the Financial Statements and Financial Statement Schedules for the required information appearing in Item 15.
ITEM 9.    CHANGES IN AND DISAGREEMENTS WITH ACCOUNTANTS ON ACCOUNTING AND FINANCIAL DISCLOSURE
None.
ITEM 9A.    CONTROLS AND PROCEDURES
Conclusion Regarding Effectiveness of Disclosure Controls and Procedures
As required by Rule 13a-15(b) under the Securities and Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the "Exchange Act"), management carried out an evaluation, under the supervision and with the participation of the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, of the effectiveness of the Company's disclosure controls and procedures as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report on Form 10-K. Based on their evaluation as of December 31, 2018, the Company's Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that the Company's disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective to ensure that the information required to be disclosed by the Company in the reports that it files or submits under the Exchange Act is (a) recorded, processed, summarized, and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms and (b) accumulated and communicated to the Company's management, including its Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, or persons performing similar functions, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
Management's Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
The Company's management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) under the Exchange Act). The Company's management assessed the effectiveness of the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, the Company's management used the criteria set forth by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013). The Company's management concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, its internal control over financial reporting was effective based on this assessment.
KPMG LLP, the independent registered public accounting firm that audited the Company's 2018 consolidated financial statements included in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, has issued a report on the Company's internal control over financial reporting which follows below.
Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting
There were no changes in the Company's internal control over financial reporting during the quarter ended December 31, 2018 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company's internal control over financial reporting.

58

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of
The Macerich Company:

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting
We have audited The Macerich Company’s and subsidiaries’ (the Company) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement Schedule III - Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (collectively, the consolidated financial statements), and our report dated February 25, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on those consolidated financial statements.
Basis for Opinion
The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audit in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit of internal control over financial reporting included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.
Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.
Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ KPMG LLP

Los Angeles, California
February 25, 2019

59

ITEM 9B.    OTHER INFORMATION
None
PART III
ITEM 10.    DIRECTORS AND EXECUTIVE OFFICERS AND CORPORATE GOVERNANCE
There is hereby incorporated by reference the information which appears under the captions "Information Regarding our Director Nominees," "Executive Officers," "Section 16(a) Beneficial Ownership Reporting Compliance" and "Audit Committee Matters" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders that is responsive to the information required by this Item.
The Company has adopted a Code of Business Conduct and Ethics that provides principles of conduct and ethics for its directors, officers and employees. This Code complies with the requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Stock Exchange. In addition, the Company has adopted a Code of Ethics for CEO and Senior Financial Officers which supplements the Code of Business Conduct and Ethics applicable to all employees and complies with the additional requirements of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission for those officers. To the extent required by applicable rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the New York Stock Exchange, the Company intends to promptly disclose future amendments to certain provisions of these Codes or waivers of such provisions granted to directors and executive officers, including the Company’s principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer or persons performing similar functions, on the Company’s website at www.macerich.com under "Investors—Corporate Governance-Code of Ethics." Each of these Codes of Conduct is available on the Company’s website at www.macerich.com under "Investors—Corporate Governance."
During 2018, there were no material changes to the procedures described in the Company's proxy statement relating to the 2018 Annual Meeting of Stockholders by which stockholders may recommend director nominees to the Company.
ITEM 11.    EXECUTIVE COMPENSATION
There is hereby incorporated by reference the information which appears under the captions "Compensation of Non-Employee Directors," "Compensation Committee Report," "Compensation Discussion and Analysis," "Executive Compensation" and "Compensation Committee Interlocks and Insider Participation" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders that is responsive to the information required by this Item.
ITEM 12.    SECURITY OWNERSHIP OF CERTAIN BENEFICIAL OWNERS AND MANAGEMENT AND RELATED STOCKHOLDER MATTERS
There is hereby incorporated by reference the information which appears under the captions "Principal Stockholders," "Information Regarding Our Director Nominees," "Executive Officers" and "Equity Compensation Plan Information" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders that is responsive to the information required by this Item.
ITEM 13.    CERTAIN RELATIONSHIPS AND RELATED TRANSACTIONS, AND DIRECTOR INDEPENDENCE
There is hereby incorporated by reference the information which appears under the captions "Certain Transactions" and "The Board of Directors and its Committees" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders that is responsive to the information required by this Item.
ITEM 14.    PRINCIPAL ACCOUNTANT FEES AND SERVICES
There is hereby incorporated by reference the information which appears under the captions "Principal Accountant Fees and Services" and "Audit Committee Pre-Approval Policy" in the Company's definitive proxy statement for its 2019 Annual Meeting of Stockholders that is responsive to the information required by this Item.

60

PART IV
ITEM 15.    EXHIBITS AND FINANCIAL STATEMENT SCHEDULE
 
 
 
Page
(a) and (c)
1

Financial Statements
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2

Financial Statement Schedule
 
 
 

ITEM 16.    FORM 10-K SUMMARY
Not applicable.


61

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm
To the Stockholders and Board of Directors of
The Macerich Company:

Opinion on the Consolidated Financial Statements
We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of The Macerich Company and subsidiaries (the Company) as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, comprehensive income, equity, and cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes and financial statement Schedule III ‑ Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (collectively, the consolidated financial statements). In our opinion, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the years in the three‑year period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.
We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission, and our report dated February 25, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion on the effectiveness of the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.
Change in Accounting Principle
As discussed in Note 2 to the consolidated financial statements, the Company has changed its method of accounting for certain historical property sales in 2018 due to the adoption of FASB Accounting Standards Update 2014-09, Revenue from Contracts With Customers (ASC 606).
Basis for Opinion
These consolidated financial statements are the responsibility of the Company’s management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on these consolidated financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.
We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the consolidated financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the consolidated financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the consolidated financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the consolidated financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

/s/ KPMG LLP
We have served as the Company’s auditor since 2010.
Los Angeles, California
February 25, 2019

62

THE MACERICH COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(Dollars in thousands, except par value)

 
December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
ASSETS:
 
 
 
Property, net
$
6,785,776

 
$
7,109,230

Cash and cash equivalents
102,711

 
91,038

Restricted cash
46,590

 
52,067

Tenant and other receivables, net
123,492

 
112,653

Deferred charges and other assets, net
390,403

 
449,190

Due from affiliates
85,181

 
82,162

Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
1,492,655

 
1,709,522

Total assets
$
9,026,808

 
$
9,605,862

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY:
 
 
 
Mortgage notes payable:
 
 
 
Related parties
$
—

 
$
171,569

Others
4,073,916

 
4,066,511

Total
4,073,916

 
4,238,080

Bank and other notes payable
908,544

 
932,184

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
59,392

 
58,412

Other accrued liabilities
303,051

 
325,701

Distributions in excess of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
114,988

 
83,486

Financing arrangement obligation
378,485

 
—

Total liabilities
5,838,376

 
5,637,863

Commitments and contingencies


 


Equity:
 
 
 
Stockholders' equity:
 
 
 
Common stock, $0.01 par value, 250,000,000 shares authorized, 141,221,712 and 140,993,985 shares issued and outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively
1,412

 
1,410

Additional paid-in capital
4,567,643

 
4,510,489

Accumulated deficit
(1,614,357
)
 
(830,279
)
Accumulated other comprehensive loss
(4,466
)
 
(42
)
Total stockholders' equity
2,950,232

 
3,681,578

Noncontrolling interests
238,200

 
286,421

Total equity
3,188,432

 
3,967,999

Total liabilities and equity
$
9,026,808

 
$
9,605,862

   
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

63

THE MACERICH COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
Minimum rents
$
575,856

 
$
594,030

 
$
616,295

Percentage rents
17,569

 
17,124

 
20,902

Tenant recoveries
263,477

 
283,295

 
305,282

Other
59,969

 
55,819

 
59,328

Management Companies
43,480

 
43,394

 
39,464

Total revenues
960,351

 
993,662

 
1,041,271

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
Shopping center and operating expenses
277,470

 
295,190

 
307,623

Management Companies' operating expenses
103,534

 
100,121

 
98,323

REIT general and administrative expenses
24,160

 
28,240

 
28,217

Costs related to shareholder activism
19,369

 
—

 
—

Depreciation and amortization
327,436

 
335,431

 
348,488

 
751,969

 
758,982

 
782,651

Interest expense:
 
 
 
 
 
Related parties
6,883

 
8,731

 
8,973

Other
176,079

 
163,045

 
154,702

 
182,962

 
171,776

 
163,675

Gain on extinguishment of debt, net
—

 
—

 
(1,709
)
Total expenses
934,931

 
930,758

 
944,617

Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures
71,773

 
85,546

 
56,941

Co-venture expense
—

 
(13,629
)
 
(13,382
)
Income tax benefit (expense)
3,604

 
(15,594
)
 
(722
)
(Loss) gain on sale or write down of assets, net
(31,825
)
 
42,446

 
415,348

Net income
68,972

 
161,673

 
554,839

Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
8,952

 
15,543

 
37,844

Net income attributable to the Company
$
60,020

 
$
146,130

 
$
516,995

Earnings per common share attributable to common stockholders:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.42

 
$
1.02

 
$
3.52

Diluted
$
0.42

 
$
1.02

 
$
3.52

Weighted average number of common shares outstanding:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
141,142,000

 
141,877,000

 
146,599,000

Diluted
141,144,000

 
141,913,000

 
146,711,000

   The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

64

THE MACERICH COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(Dollars in thousands)

 
For The Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Net income
$
68,972

 
$
161,673

 
$
554,839

Other comprehensive loss:
 
 
 
 
 
Interest rate cap/swap agreements
(4,424
)
 
(42
)
 
—

Comprehensive income
64,548

 
161,631

 
554,839

Less net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
8,952

 
15,543

 
37,844

Comprehensive income attributable to the Company
$
55,596

 
$
146,088

 
$
516,995

   The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

65

THE MACERICH COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)


 
Stockholders' Equity
 
 
 
 
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated
Deficit
 
Total Stockholders'
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
Shares
 
Par
Value
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
Balance at January 1, 2016
154,404,986

 
$
1,544

 
$
4,926,630

 
$
(212,760
)
 
$
4,715,414

 
$
355,825

 
$
5,071,239

Net income
—

 
—

 
—

 
516,995

 
516,995

 
37,844

 
554,839

Amortization of share and unit-based plans
139,671

 
2

 
40,527

 
—

 
40,529

 
—

 
40,529

Employee stock purchases
28,147

 
—

 
1,697

 
—

 
1,697

 
—

 
1,697

Stock repurchase
(11,123,011
)
 
(111
)
 
(412,391
)
 
(387,516
)
 
(800,018
)
 
—

 
(800,018
)
Distributions declared ($2.75) per share
—

 
—

 
—

 
(405,501
)
 
(405,501
)
 
—

 
(405,501
)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(35,677
)
 
(35,677
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
90

 
90

Conversion of noncontrolling interests to common shares
535,243

 
5

 
12,443

 
—

 
12,448

 
(12,448
)
 
—

Redemption of noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
(23
)
 
—

 
(23
)
 
(7
)
 
(30
)
Adjustment of noncontrolling interests in Operating Partnership
—

 
—

 
24,346

 
—

 
24,346

 
(24,346
)
 
—

Balance at December 31, 2016
143,985,036

 
$
1,440

 
$
4,593,229

 
$
(488,782
)
 
$
4,105,887

 
$
321,281

 
$
4,427,168

   
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

66


THE MACERICH COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
 
Stockholders' Equity
 
 
 
 
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated
Deficit
 
Accumulated
Other
Comprehensive
Loss
 
Total Stockholders'
Equity
 
 
 
 
 
Shares
 
Par
Value
 
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2016
143,985,036

 
$
1,440

 
$
4,593,229

 
$
(488,782
)
 
$
—

 
$
4,105,887

 
$
321,281

 
$
4,427,168

Net income
—

 
—

 
—

 
146,130

 
—

 
146,130

 
15,543

 
161,673

Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2016-09
—

 
—

 
—

 
6,484

 
—

 
6,484

 
—

 
6,484

Interest rate cap
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(42
)
 
(42
)
 
—

 
(42
)
Amortization of share and unit-based plans
97,694

 
1

 
37,004

 
—

 
—

 
37,005

 
—

 
37,005

Employee stock purchases
38,832

 
—

 
1,868

 
—

 
—

 
1,868

 
—

 
1,868

Stock repurchases
(3,627,390
)
 
(36
)
 
(135,176
)
 
(86,216
)
 
—

 
(221,428
)
 
—

 
(221,428
)
Distributions declared ($2.87) per share
—

 
—

 
—

 
(407,895
)
 
—

 
(407,895
)
 
—

 
(407,895
)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(35,944
)
 
(35,944
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
30

 
30

Conversion of noncontrolling interests to common shares
499,813

 
5

 
16,792

 
—

 
—

 
16,797

 
(16,797
)
 
—

Redemption of noncontrolling interests
—

 
—

 
(615
)
 
—

 
—

 
(615
)
 
(305
)
 
(920
)
Adjustment of noncontrolling interests in Operating Partnership
—

 
—

 
(2,613
)
 
—

 
—

 
(2,613
)
 
2,613

 
—

Balance at December 31, 2017
140,993,985

 
$
1,410

 
$
4,510,489

 
$
(830,279
)
 
$
(42
)
 
$
3,681,578

 
$
286,421

 
$
3,967,999

   
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

67


THE MACERICH COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF EQUITY (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share data)
 
 
Stockholders' Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
Common Stock
 
Additional Paid-in Capital
 
Accumulated Deficit
 
Accumulated Other Comprehensive Loss
 
Total Stockholders' Equity
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shares
 
Par
Value
 
 
 
 
Noncontrolling
Interests
 
Total
Equity
Balance at December 31, 2017
 
140,993,985

 
$
1,410

 
$
4,510,489

 
$
(830,279
)
 
$
(42
)
 
$
3,681,578

 
$
286,421

 
$
3,967,999

Net income
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
60,020

 
—

 
60,020

 
8,952

 
68,972

Cumulative effect of adoption of ASU 2014-09
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(424,859
)
 
—

 
(424,859
)
 
—

 
(424,859
)
Interest rate cap/swap agreements
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(4,424
)
 
(4,424
)
 
—

 
(4,424
)
Amortization of share and unit-based plans
 
125,723

 
1

 
33,550

 
—

 
—

 
33,551

 
—

 
33,551

Exercise of stock options
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
—

 
—

 
—

Exercise of stock warrants
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
—

 
—

 
—

Employee stock purchases
 
35,293

 
—

 
1,570

 
—

 
—

 
1,570

 
—

 
1,570

Stock offerings, net
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
—

 
—

 
—

Stock issued to acquire properties
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
 
 
—

 
—

 
—

Stock repurchases
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Distributions declared ($2.97) per share
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(419,239
)
 
—

 
(419,239
)
 
—

 
(419,239
)
Distributions to noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(34,395
)
 
(34,395
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
16

 
16

Conversion of noncontrolling interests to common shares
 
66,711

 
1

 
74

 
—

 
—

 
75

 
(75
)
 
—

Redemption of noncontrolling interests
 
—

 
—

 
(511
)
 
—

 
—

 
(511
)
 
(248
)
 
(759
)
Adjustment of noncontrolling interests in Operating Partnership
 
—

 
—

 
22,471

 
—

 
—

 
22,471

 
(22,471
)
 
—

Balance at December 31, 2018
 
141,221,712

 
$
1,412

 
$
4,567,643

 
$
(1,614,357
)
 
$
(4,466
)
 
$
2,950,232

 
$
238,200

 
$
3,188,432

   
The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

68

THE MACERICH COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(Dollars in thousands)
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
68,972

 
$
161,673

 
$
554,839

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Gain on extinguishment of debt, net
—

 
—

 
(1,709
)
Loss (gain) on sale or write down of assets, net
31,825

 
(42,446
)
 
(415,348
)
Depreciation and amortization
334,682

 
341,275

 
355,358

Amortization of net premium on mortgage notes payable
(929
)
 
(3,277
)
 
(4,048
)
Amortization of share and unit-based plans
27,367

 
30,799

 
33,288

Straight-line rent adjustment
(11,755
)
 
(8,597
)
 
(5,237
)
Amortization of above and below-market leases
(1,946
)
 
(964
)
 
(12,815
)
Provision for doubtful accounts
4,663

 
4,314

 
3,586

Income tax (benefit) expense
(3,604
)
 
15,594

 
722

Equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures
(71,773
)
 
(85,546
)
 
(56,941
)
Change in fair value of financing arrangement obligation
(15,225
)
 
—

 
—

Co-venture expense
—

 
13,629

 
13,382

Distributions of income from unconsolidated joint ventures
1,959

 
463

 
7,248

Changes in assets and liabilities, net of acquisitions and dispositions:
 
 
 
 
 
Tenant and other receivables
(13,912
)
 
(6,508
)
 
(7,585
)
Other assets
8,439

 
(4,414
)
 
(20,033
)
Due from affiliates
(3,019
)
 
(13,982
)
 
15,983

Accounts payable and accrued expenses
(2,159
)
 
(5,822
)
 
(8,929
)
Other accrued liabilities
(9,274
)
 
(9,802
)
 
(22,227
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
344,311

 
386,389

 
429,534

Cash flows from investing activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Development, redevelopment, expansion and renovation of properties
(181,089
)
 
(160,343
)
 
(211,616
)
Property improvements
(56,142
)
 
(41,807
)
 
(47,863
)
Proceeds from repayment of notes receivable
1,043

 
7,073

 
3,677

Deferred leasing costs
(28,769
)
 
(31,655
)
 
(28,074
)
Distributions from unconsolidated joint ventures
536,643

 
267,964

 
444,095

Contributions to unconsolidated joint ventures
(181,239
)
 
(117,538
)
 
(430,428
)
Proceeds from sale of assets
85,876

 
255,294

 
724,275

Net cash provided by investing activities
176,323

 
178,988

 
454,066

The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

69

THE MACERICH COMPANY
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands)
 
For the Years Ended December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Cash flows from financing activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Proceeds from mortgages, bank and other notes payable
415,000

 
1,430,000

 
3,201,138

Payments on mortgages, bank and other notes payable
(469,814
)
 
(1,219,728
)
 
(2,437,891
)
Deferred financing costs
(275
)
 
(8,500
)
 
(10,584
)
Payment of finance deposits, net of refunds received
(6,542
)
 
—

 
—

Payment of debt extinguishment costs
—

 
—

 
(14,419
)
Proceeds from share and unit-based plans
1,570

 
1,868

 
1,697

Stock repurchases
—

 
(221,428
)
 
(800,018
)
Redemption of noncontrolling interests
(759
)
 
(920
)
 
(30
)
Contributions from noncontrolling interests
16

 
30

 
90

Settlement of contingent consideration
—

 
—

 
(10,012
)
Dividends and distributions
(453,634
)
 
(443,839
)
 
(779,308
)
Distributions to co-venture partner
—

 
(103,752
)
 
(18,165
)
Net cash used in financing activities
(514,438
)
 
(566,269
)
 
(867,502
)
Net increase (decrease) in cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
6,196

 
(892
)
 
16,098

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash at beginning of year
143,105

 
143,997

 
127,899

Cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash at end of year
$
149,301

 
$
143,105

 
$
143,997

Supplemental cash flow information:
 
 
 
 
 
Cash payments for interest, net of amounts capitalized
$
192,254

 
$
168,493

 
$
153,838

Non-cash investing and financing activities:
 
 
 
 
 
Accrued development costs included in accounts payable and accrued expenses and other accrued liabilities
$
50,006

 
$
43,726

 
$
49,484

Conversion of Operating Partnership Units to common stock
$
75

 
$
16,797

 
$
12,448

Mortgage notes payable settled by deed-in-lieu of foreclosure
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
37,000

Mortgage notes payable assumed by buyer in exchange for investment in unconsolidated joint venture
$
139,249

 
$
—

 
$
997,695

Disposition of property in exchange for investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
$
25,177

 
$
—

 
$
—

   The accompanying notes are an integral part of these consolidated financial statements.

70
Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY

NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)


1. Organization:
The Macerich Company (the "Company") is involved in the acquisition, ownership, development, redevelopment, management and leasing of regional and community/power shopping centers (the "Centers") located throughout the United States.
The Company commenced operations effective with the completion of its initial public offering on March 16, 1994. As of December 31, 2018, the Company was the sole general partner of and held a 93% ownership interest in The Macerich Partnership, L.P. (the "Operating Partnership"). The Company was organized to qualify as a real estate investment trust ("REIT") under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the "Code").
The property management, leasing and redevelopment of the Company's portfolio is provided by the Company's management companies, Macerich Property Management Company, LLC, a single member Delaware limited liability company, Macerich Management Company, a California corporation, Macerich Arizona Partners LLC, a single member Arizona limited liability company, Macerich Arizona Management LLC, a single member Delaware limited liability company, Macerich Partners of Colorado LLC, a single member Colorado limited liability company, MACW Mall Management, Inc., a New York corporation, and MACW Property Management, LLC, a single member New York limited liability company. All seven of the management companies are owned by the Company and are collectively referred to herein as the "Management Companies."
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies:
Basis of Presentation:
These consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP") in the United States of America.
The accompanying consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company. Investments in entities in which the Company has a controlling financial interest or entities that meet the definition of a variable interest entity ("VIE") in which the Company has, as a result of ownership, contractual or other financial interests, both the power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the VIE and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the VIE are consolidated; otherwise they are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are reflected as investments in unconsolidated joint ventures.
The Company's sole significant asset is its investment in the Operating Partnership and as a result, substantially all of the Company's assets and liabilities represent the assets and liabilities of the Operating Partnership. In addition, the Operating Partnership has investments in a number of VIEs.
The Operating Partnership's VIEs included the following assets and liabilities:
 
December 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Assets:
 
 
 
Property, net
$
263,511

 
$
288,881

Other assets
23,001

 
60,586

Total assets
$
286,512

 
$
349,467

Liabilities:
 
 
 
Mortgage notes payable
$
125,273

 
$
129,436

Other liabilities
32,503

 
72,705

Total liabilities
$
157,776

 
$
202,141

All intercompany accounts and transactions have been eliminated in the consolidated financial statements.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: (Continued)

Cash and Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash:
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with an original maturity of three months or less when purchased to be cash equivalents, for which cost approximates fair value. Restricted cash includes impounds of property taxes and other capital reserves required under loan agreements.
Revenues:
Minimum rental revenues are recognized on a straight-line basis over the terms of the related leases. The difference between the amount of rent due in a year and the amount recorded as rental income is referred to as the "straight-line rent adjustment." Minimum rents were increased by $11,755, $8,597 and $5,237 due to the straight-line rent adjustment during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Percentage rents are recognized and accrued when tenants' specified sales targets have been met.
Estimated recoveries from certain tenants for their pro rata share of real estate taxes, insurance and other shopping center operating expenses are recognized as revenues in the period the applicable expenses are incurred. Other tenants pay a fixed rate and these tenant recoveries are recognized as revenues on a straight-line basis over the term of the related leases.
The Management Companies provide property management, leasing, corporate, development, redevelopment and acquisition services to affiliated and non-affiliated shopping centers. In consideration for these services, the Management Companies receive monthly management fees generally ranging from 1.5% to 4% of the gross monthly rental revenue of the properties managed.
Property:
Maintenance and repair expenses are charged to operations as incurred. Costs for major replacements and betterments, which includes HVAC equipment, roofs, parking lots, etc., are capitalized and depreciated over their estimated useful lives. Gains and losses are recognized upon disposal or retirement of the related assets and are reflected in earnings.
Property is recorded at cost and is depreciated using a straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets as follows:
Buildings and improvements
5 - 40 years
Tenant improvements
5 - 7 years
Equipment and furnishings
5 - 7 years
Capitalization of Costs:
The Company capitalizes costs incurred in redevelopment, development, renovation and improvement of properties. The capitalized costs include pre-construction costs essential to the development of the property, development costs, construction costs, interest costs, real estate taxes, salaries and related costs and other costs incurred during the period of development. These capitalized costs include direct and certain indirect costs clearly associated with the project. Indirect costs include real estate taxes, insurance and certain shared administrative costs. In assessing the amounts of direct and indirect costs to be capitalized, allocations are made to projects based on estimates of the actual amount of time spent on each activity. Indirect costs not clearly associated with specific projects are expensed as period costs. Capitalized indirect costs are allocated to development and redevelopment activities based on the square footage of the portion of the building not held available for immediate occupancy. If costs and activities incurred to ready the vacant space cease, then cost capitalization is also discontinued until such activities are resumed. Once work has been completed on a vacant space, project costs are no longer capitalized. For projects with extended lease-up periods, the Company ends the capitalization when significant activities have ceased, which does not exceed the shorter of a one-year period after the completion of the building shell or when the construction is substantially complete.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: (Continued)

Investment in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
The Company accounts for its investments in joint ventures using the equity method of accounting unless the Company has a controlling financial interest in the joint venture or the joint venture meets the definition of a variable interest entity in which the Company is the primary beneficiary through both its power to direct activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of the variable interest entity and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits that could potentially be significant to the variable interest entity. Although the Company has a greater than 50% interest in Corte Madera Village, LLC, Macerich HHF Centers LLC, New River Associates LLC and Pacific Premier Retail LLC, the Company does not have controlling financial interests in these joint ventures due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partners in these joint ventures and, therefore, accounts for its investments in these joint ventures using the equity method of accounting.
Equity method investments are initially recorded on the balance sheet at cost and are subsequently adjusted to reflect the Company’s proportionate share of net earnings and losses, distributions received, additional contributions and certain other adjustments, as appropriate. The Company separately reports investments in joint ventures when accumulated distributions have exceeded the Company’s investment, as distributions in excess of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures. The net investment of certain joint ventures is less than zero because of financing or operating distributions that are usually greater than net income, as net income includes charges for depreciation and amortization.
Acquisitions:
The Company allocates the estimated fair value of acquisitions to land, building, tenant improvements and identified intangible assets and liabilities, based on their estimated fair values. In addition, any assumed mortgage notes payable are recorded at their estimated fair values. The estimated fair value of the land and buildings is determined utilizing an “as if vacant” methodology. Tenant improvements represent the tangible assets associated with the existing leases valued on a fair value basis at the acquisition date prorated over the remaining lease terms. The tenant improvements are classified as an asset under property and are depreciated over the remaining lease terms. Identifiable intangible assets and liabilities relate to the value of in-place operating leases which come in three forms: (i) leasing commissions and legal costs, which represent the value associated with “cost avoidance” of acquiring in-place leases, such as lease commissions paid under terms generally experienced in the Company's markets; (ii) value of in-place leases, which represents the estimated loss of revenue and of costs incurred for the period required to lease the “assumed vacant” property to the occupancy level when purchased; and (iii) above or below-market value of in-place leases, which represents the difference between the contractual rents and market rents at the time of the acquisition, discounted for tenant credit risks. Leasing commissions and legal costs are recorded in deferred charges and other assets and are amortized over the remaining lease terms. The value of in-place leases are recorded in deferred charges and other assets and amortized over the remaining lease terms plus any below-market fixed rate renewal options. Above or below-market leases are classified in deferred charges and other assets or in other accrued liabilities, depending on whether the contractual terms are above or below-market, and the asset or liability is amortized to minimum rents over the remaining terms of the leases. The remaining lease terms of below-market leases may include certain below-market fixed-rate renewal periods. In considering whether or not a lessee will execute a below-market fixed-rate lease renewal option, the Company evaluates economic factors and certain qualitative factors at the time of acquisition such as tenant mix in the Center, the Company's relationship with the tenant and the availability of competing tenant space. The initial allocation of purchase price is based on management's preliminary assessment, which may change when final information becomes available. Subsequent adjustments made to the initial purchase price allocation are made within the allocation period, which does not exceed one year. The purchase price allocation is described as preliminary if it is not yet final. The use of different assumptions in the allocation of the purchase price of the acquired assets and liabilities assumed could affect the timing of recognition of the related revenues and expenses.
The Company immediately expenses costs associated with business combinations as period costs and capitalizes costs associated with asset acquisitions.
Remeasurement gains are recognized when the Company obtains control of an existing equity method investment to the extent that the fair value of the existing equity investment exceeds the carrying value of the investment.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: (Continued)

Deferred Charges:
Costs relating to obtaining tenant leases are deferred and amortized over the initial term of the lease agreement using the straight-line method. As these deferred leasing costs represent productive assets incurred in connection with the Company's leasing arrangements at the Centers, the related cash flows are classified as investing activities within the accompanying Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows. Costs relating to financing of shopping center properties are deferred and amortized over the life of the related loan using the straight-line method, which approximates the effective interest method.
The range of the terms of the agreements is as follows:
Deferred lease costs
1 - 15 years
Deferred financing costs
1 - 15 years
Accounting for Impairment:
The Company assesses whether an indicator of impairment in the value of its properties exists by considering expected future operating income, trends and prospects, as well as the effects of demand, competition and other economic factors. Such factors include projected rental revenue, operating costs and capital expenditures as well as estimated holding periods and capitalization rates. If an impairment indicator exists, the determination of recoverability is made based upon the estimated undiscounted future net cash flows, excluding interest expense. The amount of impairment loss, if any, is determined by comparing the fair value, as determined by a discounted cash flows analysis, with the carrying value of the related assets. The Company generally holds and operates its properties long-term, which decreases the likelihood of their carrying values not being recoverable. Properties classified as held for sale are measured at the lower of the carrying amount or fair value less cost to sell.
The Company reviews its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures for a series of operating losses and other factors that may indicate that a decrease in the value of its investments has occurred which is other-than-temporary. The investment in each unconsolidated joint venture is evaluated periodically, and as deemed necessary, for recoverability and valuation declines that are other-than-temporary.
Share and Unit-based Compensation Plans:
The cost of share and unit-based compensation awards is measured at the grant date based on the calculated fair value of the awards and is recognized on a straight-line basis over the requisite service period, which is generally the vesting period of the awards. For market-indexed LTIP awards, compensation cost is recognized under the graded attribution method.
Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities:
The Company recognizes all derivatives in the consolidated financial statements and measures the derivatives at fair value. The Company uses interest rate swap and cap agreements (collectively, "interest rate agreements") in the normal course of business to manage or reduce its exposure to adverse fluctuations in interest rates. The Company designs its hedges to be effective in reducing the risk exposure that they are designated to hedge. Any instrument that meets the cash flow hedging criteria is formally designated as a cash flow hedge at the inception of the derivative contract. On an ongoing quarterly basis, the Company adjusts its balance sheet to reflect the current fair value of its derivatives. To the extent they are effective, changes in fair value are recorded in comprehensive income. Ineffective portions, if any, are included in net income (loss).
Amounts paid (received) as a result of interest rate agreements are recorded as an addition (reduction) to (of) interest expense.
If any derivative instrument used for risk management does not meet the hedging criteria, it is marked-to-market each period with the change in value included in the consolidated statements of operations.


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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: (Continued)

Income Taxes:
The Company elected to be taxed as a REIT under the Code commencing with its taxable year ended December 31, 1994. To qualify as a REIT, the Company must meet a number of organizational and operational requirements, including a requirement that it distribute at least 90% of its taxable income to its stockholders. It is management's current intention to adhere to these requirements and maintain the Company's REIT status. As a REIT, the Company generally will not be subject to corporate level federal income tax on taxable income it distributes currently to its stockholders. If the Company fails to qualify as a REIT in any taxable year, then it will be subject to federal income taxes at regular corporate rates (including any applicable alternative minimum tax) and may not be able to qualify as a REIT for four subsequent taxable years. Even if the Company qualifies for taxation as a REIT, the Company may be subject to certain state and local taxes on its income and property and to federal income and excise taxes on its undistributed taxable income, if any.
Each partner is taxed individually on its share of partnership income or loss, and accordingly, no provision for federal and state income tax is provided for the Operating Partnership in the consolidated financial statements. The Company's taxable REIT subsidiaries ("TRSs") are subject to corporate level income taxes, which are provided for in the Company's consolidated financial statements.
Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the expected future tax consequences of events that have been included in the financial statements or tax returns. Under this method, deferred tax assets and liabilities are determined based on the differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities using enacted tax rates in effect for the year in which the differences are expected to reverse. The deferred tax assets and liabilities of the TRSs relate primarily to differences in the book and tax bases of property and to operating loss carryforwards for federal and state income tax purposes. A valuation allowance for deferred tax assets is provided if the Company believes it is more likely than not that all or some portion of the deferred tax assets will not be realized. Realization of deferred tax assets is dependent on the Company generating sufficient taxable income in future periods.
Segment Information:
The Company currently operates in one business segment, the acquisition, ownership, development, redevelopment, management and leasing of regional and community shopping centers. Additionally, the Company operates in one geographic area, the United States.
Fair Value of Financial Instruments:
The fair value hierarchy distinguishes between market participant assumptions based on market data obtained from sources independent of the reporting entity and the reporting entity's own assumptions about market participant assumptions.
Level 1 inputs utilize quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the Company has the ability to access. Level 2 inputs are inputs other than quoted prices included in Level 1 that are observable for the asset or liability, either directly or indirectly. Level 2 inputs may include quoted prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, as well as inputs that are observable for the asset or liability (other than quoted prices), such as interest rates, foreign exchange rates and yield curves that are observable at commonly quoted intervals. Level 3 inputs are unobservable inputs for the asset or liability, which are typically based on an entity's own assumptions, as there is little, if any, related market activity. In instances where the determination of the fair value measurement is based on inputs from different levels of the fair value hierarchy, the level in the fair value hierarchy within which the entire fair value measurement falls is based on the lowest level input that is significant to the fair value measurement in its entirety. The Company's assessment of the significance of a particular input to the fair value measurement in its entirety requires judgment, and considers factors specific to the asset or liability.
The Company calculates the fair value of financial instruments and includes this additional information in the notes to consolidated financial statements when the fair value is different than the carrying value of those financial instruments. When the fair value reasonably approximates the carrying value, no additional disclosure is made.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: (Continued)

Fair Value of Financial Instruments:(Continued)
The fair values of interest rate agreements are determined using the market standard methodology of discounting the future expected cash receipts that would occur if variable interest rates fell below or rose above the strike rate of the interest rate agreements. The variable interest rates used in the calculation of projected receipts on the interest rate agreements are based on an expectation of future interest rates derived from observable market interest rate curves and volatilities. The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements. In adjusting the fair value of its derivative contracts for the effect of nonperformance risk, the Company has considered the impact of netting and any applicable credit enhancements, such as collateral postings, thresholds, mutual puts and guarantees.
The Company records its financing arrangement obligation at fair value on a recurring basis with changes in fair value being recorded as interest expense in the Company’s consolidated statements of operations. The fair value is determined based on a discounted cash flow model, with the significant unobservable inputs including the multiple of net operating income, discount rate, and market rents. The fair value of the financing arrangement obligation is sensitive to these significant unobservable inputs and a change in these inputs may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement.
Concentration of Risk:
The Company maintains its cash accounts in a number of commercial banks. Accounts at these banks are guaranteed by the Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation ("FDIC") up to $250. At various times during the year, the Company had deposits in excess of the FDIC insurance limit.
No Center or tenant generated more than 10% of total revenues during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016.
Management Estimates:
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Shareholder Activism Costs:
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred $19,369 in costs associated with activities related to shareholder activism. These costs were primarily for legal and advisory services.
Recent Accounting Pronouncements:
In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (“FASB”) issued Accounting Standards Update ("ASU") 2014-09, “Revenue From Contracts With Customers (ASC 606)," which outlines a comprehensive model for entities to use in accounting for revenue arising from contracts with customers. The standard states that “an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services.” While the standard specifically references contracts with customers, it may apply to certain other transactions such as the sale of real estate or equipment. The standard applies to the Company's recognition of management companies and other revenues. The Company's adoption of the standard on January 1, 2018 did not have an impact on the pattern of revenue recognition for management companies and other revenues.
Additionally, under ASC 606, the Company changed its accounting for its joint venture in Chandler Freehold from a co-venture arrangement to a financing arrangement (See Note 11—Financing Arrangement). Upon adoption of the standard on January 1, 2018, the Company replaced its $31,150 distributions in excess of co-venture obligation (See Note 8—Deferred Charges and Other Assets, net) with a financing arrangement obligation of $393,709 on its consolidated balance sheets. This resulted in the recognition of a $424,859 increase in the Company’s accumulated deficit as a cumulative effect adjustment under the modified retrospective method of adoption.


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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: (Continued)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements: (Continued)
In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-02, which sets out principles for the recognition, measurement, presentation and disclosure of leases for both parties to a contract (i.e. lessees and lessors). The standard requires that lessors expense, on an as-incurred basis, certain initial direct costs that are not incremental in negotiating a lease. Under existing standards, certain of these costs are capitalizable and therefore this new standard may result in certain of these costs being expensed as incurred after adoption. Under the standard, lessees apply a dual approach, classifying leases as either finance or operating leases. A lessee is required to record a right-of-use asset and a lease liability for all leases with a term of greater than twelve months, regardless of their lease classification. The Company is a lessee on ground leases at certain properties, on certain office space leases and on certain other improvements and equipment. The standard is effective for the Company under a modified retrospective approach beginning January 1, 2019.
The FASB has provided a transition package of practical expedients for implementation, which include (i) relief from re-assessing whether an expired or existing contract meets the definition of a lease, (ii) relief from re-assessing the classification of expired or existing leases at the adoption date and (iii) allowing previously capitalized initial direct leasing costs to continue to be amortized. In July 2018, the FASB issued ASU 2018-11, “Leases: Targeted improvements”, which provides companies with an additional transition option that would permit the application of the standard as of the adoption date rather than to all periods presented. The Company plans to utilize this transition option when it adopts the new standard on January 1, 2019 and also plans to elect to use the transition practical expedients package available to the Company under the new standard.
Under ASU 2016-02, initial direct costs for both lessees and lessors would include only those costs that are incremental to the arrangement and would not have been incurred if the lease had not been obtained. As a result, the Company will no longer be able to capitalize internal leasing costs and instead will be required to expense these costs as incurred. The Company capitalized internal leasing costs of $22,536, $22,403 and $25,788 during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
For leases where the Company is the lessee, the adoption of the standard will significantly change the accounting on the Company's consolidated balance sheets since these leases will be required to be recorded on the Company’s consolidated balance sheets as an obligation of the Company. Existing leases executed before the January 1, 2019 adoption date will continue to be accounted for as operating leases and the new guidance will not have a material impact on the Company's recognition of lease expense. The Company anticipates that upon adoption, it will a recognize a right of use asset and a lease liability estimated to be between $110,000 and $130,000 on it consolidated balance sheets, which represents the present value of the minimum lease payments required in accordance with each lease. The right of use asset and lease liability are still being evaluated by management and will be finalized on the the Company's consolidated financial statements for the three months ending March 31, 2019.
On November 17, 2016, the FASB issued ASU 2016-18, “Restricted Cash,” which requires that the statement of cash flows explain the change during a reporting period in the total of cash, cash equivalents, and amounts generally described as restricted cash and restricted cash equivalents. This standard states that transfers between cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash are not part of the entity’s operating, investing, and financing activities. Therefore, restricted cash should be included with cash and cash equivalents when reconciling the beginning-of-period and end-of-period total amounts shown on the statement of cash flows. On January 1, 2018, the Company adopted the standard and retrospectively applied the guidance of the standard to the prior period presented, which resulted in an increase of $2,116 and $8,562 in net cash on its consolidated statements of cash flows for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
2. Summary of Significant Accounting Policies: (Continued)

Recent Accounting Pronouncements: (Continued)
The following table presents a reconciliation of the beginning of period and end of period cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash reported on the Company's consolidated balance sheets to the totals shown on its consolidated statements of cash flows:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Beginning of period
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
91,038

 
$
94,046

 
$
86,510

Restricted cash
52,067

 
49,951

 
41,389

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$
143,105

 
$
143,997

 
$
127,899

End of period
 
 
 
 
 
Cash and cash equivalents
$
102,711

 
$
91,038

 
$
94,046

Restricted cash
46,590

 
52,067

 
49,951

Cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash
$
149,301

 
$
143,105

 
$
143,997

On January 5, 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-01, “Clarifying the Definition of a Business,” which clarifies the definition of a business. The objective of the standard is to add further guidance that assists entities in evaluating whether a transaction will be accounted for as an acquisition of an asset or a business. The guidance requires an entity to evaluate if substantially all of the fair value of the gross assets acquired is concentrated in a single identifiable asset or a group of similar identifiable assets. If so, the set of transferred assets and activities are not a business and should be treated as an asset acquisition. The guidance also requires a business to include at least one substantive process and narrows the definition of outputs. The primary difference between business combinations and asset acquisitions is the recognition of transaction costs, which are expensed as period costs for business combinations and capitalized for asset acquisitions. The Company's adoption of this standard on January 1, 2018 did not have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.
In February 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-05, “Other Income-Gains and Losses from the Derecognition of Nonfinancial Assets (Subtopic 610-20): Clarifying the Scope of Asset Derecognition Guidance and Accounting for Partial Sales of Nonfinancial Assets,” which clarifies the scope of asset derecognition and adds further guidance for recognizing gains and losses from the transfer of nonfinancial assets in contracts with non-customers. The Company has concluded that property sales represent transactions with non-customers. Sales of property generally represent only one performance obligation and are recognized when an enforceable contract is in place, collectability is ensured and control is transferred to the buyer. As a result of the adoption of the standard on January 1, 2018, the Company began measuring the noncontrolling interest retained in partial sale transactions of real estate at fair value.
In August 2017, the FASB issued ASU 2017-12, “Targeted Improvements to Accounting for Hedging Activities,” which aims to (i) improve the transparency and understandability of information conveyed to financial statement users about an entity’s risk management activities by better aligning the entity’s financial reporting for hedging relationships with those risk management activities and (ii) reduce the complexity of and simplify the application of hedge accounting by preparers. The standard is effective for the Company beginning January 1, 2019. The Company does not expect the adoption of this standard to have a significant impact on its consolidated financial statements.


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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

3. Earnings Per Share ("EPS"):
The following table reconciles the numerator and denominator used in the computation of earnings per share for the years ended December 31 (shares in thousands):
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Numerator
 
 
 
 
 
Net income
$
68,972

 
$
161,673

 
$
554,839

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(8,952
)
 
(15,543
)
 
(37,844
)
Net income attributable to the Company
60,020

 
146,130

 
516,995

Allocation of earnings to participating securities
(1,106
)
 
(757
)
 
(779
)
Numerator for basic and diluted EPS—net income attributable to common stockholders
$
58,914

 
$
145,373

 
$
516,216

Denominator
 
 
 
 
 
Denominator for basic EPS—weighted average number of common shares outstanding
141,142

 
141,877

 
146,599

Effect of dilutive securities (1)
 
 
 
 
 
   Share and unit based compensation
2

 
36

 
112

Denominator for diluted EPS—weighted average number of common shares outstanding
141,144

 
141,913

 
146,711

EPS—net income attributable to common stockholders:
 
 
 
 
 
Basic
$
0.42

 
$
1.02

 
$
3.52

Diluted
$
0.42

 
$
1.02

 
$
3.52


____________________________________
(1)
Diluted EPS excludes 90,619, 90,619 and 133,366 convertible preferred units for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, as their impact was antidilutive.
Diluted EPS excludes 10,360,390, 10,416,321 and 10,721,271 Operating Partnership units ("OP Units") for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively, as their effect was antidilutive.

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NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

4. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
The following are the Company's direct or indirect investments in various joint ventures with third parties. The Company's direct or indirect ownership interest in each joint venture as of December 31, 2018 was as follows:
Joint Venture
Ownership %(1)
443 Wabash MAB LLC
50.0
%
AM Tysons LLC
50.0
%
Biltmore Shopping Center Partners LLC
50.0
%
CAM-CARSON LLC—Los Angeles Premium Outlets
50.0
%
Coolidge Holding LLC
37.5
%
Corte Madera Village, LLC
50.1
%
Country Club Plaza KC Partners LLC
50.0
%
Fashion District Philadelphia—Various Entities
50.0
%
HPP-MAC WSP, LLC—One Westside
25.0
%
Jaren Associates #4
12.5
%
Kierland Commons Investment LLC
50.0
%
Macerich HHF Broadway Plaza LLC—Broadway Plaza
50.0
%
Macerich HHF Centers LLC—Various Properties
51.0
%
MS Portfolio LLC
50.0
%
New River Associates LLC—Arrowhead Towne Center
60.0
%
North Bridge Chicago LLC
50.0
%
One Scottsdale Investors LLC
50.0
%
Pacific Premier Retail LLC—Various Properties
60.0
%
Propcor II Associates, LLC—Boulevard Shops
50.0
%
Scottsdale Fashion Square Partnership
50.0
%
TM TRS Holding Company LLC
50.0
%
Tysons Corner LLC
50.0
%
Tysons Corner Hotel I LLC
50.0
%
Tysons Corner Property Holdings II LLC
50.0
%
Tysons Corner Property LLC
50.0
%
West Acres Development, LLP
19.0
%
Westcor/Surprise Auto Park LLC
33.3
%
WMAP, L.L.C.—Atlas Park, The Shops at
50.0
%
_______________________________________________________________________________
(1)
The Company's ownership interest in this table reflects its direct or indirect legal ownership interest. Legal ownership may, at times, not equal the Company’s economic interest in the listed entities because of various provisions in certain joint venture agreements regarding distributions of cash flow based on capital account balances, allocations of profits and losses and payments of preferred returns. As a result, the Company’s actual economic interest (as distinct from its legal ownership interest) in certain of the properties could fluctuate from time to time and may not wholly align with its legal ownership interests. Substantially all of the Company’s joint venture agreements contain rights of first refusal, buy-sell provisions, exit rights, default dilution remedies and/or other break up provisions or remedies which are customary in real estate joint venture agreements and which may, positively or negatively, affect the ultimate realization of cash flow and/or capital or liquidation proceeds.


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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
4. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures: (Continued)

The Company has made the following investments and dispositions in unconsolidated joint ventures during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
On January 6, 2016, the Company sold a 40% ownership interest in Arrowhead Towne Center, a 1,197,000 square foot regional shopping center in Glendale, Arizona, for $289,496, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $101,629. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $129,496 and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $160,000. The Company used the cash proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes, which included funding the Special Dividend (See Note 13—Stockholders' Equity). Upon completion of the sale of the ownership interest, the Company no longer has a controlling interest in the joint venture due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partner. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its investment in Arrowhead Towne Center under the equity method of accounting.
On January 14, 2016, the Company formed a joint venture, whereby the Company sold a 49% ownership interest in Deptford Mall, a 1,040,000 square foot regional shopping center in Deptford, New Jersey; FlatIron Crossing, a 1,428,000 square foot regional shopping center in Broomfield, Colorado; and Twenty Ninth Street, an 845,000 square foot regional shopping center in Boulder, Colorado (the "MAC Heitman Portfolio"), for $771,478, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $340,734. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $478,608 and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage notes payable on the properties of $292,870. The Company used the cash proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes. Upon completion of the sale of the ownership interest, the Company no longer has a controlling interest in the joint venture due to the substantive participation rights of the outside partner. Accordingly, the Company accounts for its investment in the MAC Heitman Portfolio under the equity method of accounting.
On March 1, 2016, the Company, through a 50/50 joint venture, acquired Country Club Plaza, a 1,003,000 square foot regional shopping center in Kansas City, Missouri, for a purchase price of $660,000. The Company funded its pro rata share of the purchase price of $330,000 from borrowings under its line of credit. On March 28, 2016, the joint venture placed a $320,000 loan on the property that bears interest at an effective rate of 3.88% and matures on April 1, 2026. The Company used its pro rata share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On March 17, 2017, the Company's joint venture in Country Club Plaza sold an ownership interest in an office building for $78,000, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $4,580. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on sale of assets of $2,290 was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its share of the proceeds to fund repurchases under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program (See Note 13—Stockholders' Equity).
On September 18, 2017, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia sold an ownership interest in an office building for $61,500, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $13,078. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on sale of assets of $6,539 was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its share of the proceeds to fund repurchases under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program (See Note 13—Stockholders' Equity).
On December 14, 2017, the Company’s joint venture in Westcor/Queen Creek LLC sold land for $30,491, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $14,853. The Company’s share of the gain on sale was $5,436, which was included in equity in income of unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its portion of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On February 16, 2018, the Company's joint venture in Fashion District Philadelphia sold its ownership interest in an office building for $41,800, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $5,545. The Company's pro rata share of the gain on the sale of assets of $2,773 was included in equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures. The Company used its share of the proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On March 1, 2018, the Company formed a 25/75 joint venture with Hudson Pacific Properties, whereby the Company agreed to contribute Westside Pavilion, a 680,000 square foot regional shopping center in Los Angeles, California in exchange for $142,500. From March 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018, the Company accounted for its interest in the property as a collaborative arrangement (See Note 14—Collaborative Arrangement). On August 31, 2018, the Company completed the sale of the 75% ownership interest in the property to Hudson Pacific Properties, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $46,242. The sales price was funded by a cash payment of $36,903 and the assumption of a pro rata share of the mortgage note payable on the property of $105,597. Concurrent with the sale of the ownership interest, the joint venture defeased the loan on the property by providing

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
4. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures: (Continued)

$149,175 portfolio of marketable securities as replacement collateral in lieu of the property. The Company funded its $37,294 share of the purchase price of the marketable securities portfolio with the proceeds from the sale of the ownership interest in the property. Upon completion of the sale of the ownership interest in the property, the Company has accounted for its remaining ownership interest in the property, also referred to as One Westside, under the equity method of accounting.
On July 6, 2018, the Company’s joint venture in The Market at Estrella Falls, a 298,000 square foot community center in Goodyear, Arizona, sold the property for $49,100, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $12,598. The Company's share of the gain of $2,996 was included in equity in income from unconsolidated joint ventures. The proceeds were used to pay off the $24,118 mortgage loan payable on the property, settle development obligations and for distributions to the partners. The Company used its share of the net proceeds for general corporate purposes.
On September 6, 2018, the Company formed a 50/50 joint venture with Simon Property Group to develop Los Angeles Premium Outlets, a premium outlet center in Carson, California that is planned to open with approximately 400,000 square feet, followed by an additional 165,000 square feet in the second stage. The joint venture expects to complete the first phase of the development in Fall 2021.
Combined and condensed balance sheets and statements of operations are presented below for all unconsolidated joint ventures.
Combined and Condensed Balance Sheets of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures as of December 31:
 
2018
 
2017
Assets(1):
 
 
 
Property, net
$
9,241,003

 
$
9,052,105

Other assets
703,861

 
635,838

Total assets
$
9,944,864

 
$
9,687,943

Liabilities and partners' capital(1):
 
 
 
Mortgage and other notes payable(2)
$
6,050,930

 
$
5,296,594

Other liabilities
388,509

 
405,052

Company's capital
1,913,475

 
2,188,057

Outside partners' capital
1,591,950

 
1,798,240

Total liabilities and partners' capital
$
9,944,864

 
$
9,687,943

Investment in unconsolidated joint ventures:
 
 
 
Company's capital
$
1,913,475

 
$
2,188,057

Basis adjustment(3)
(535,808
)
 
(562,021
)
 
$
1,377,667

 
$
1,626,036

 
 
 
 
Assets—Investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
$
1,492,655

 
$
1,709,522

Liabilities—Distributions in excess of investments in unconsolidated joint ventures
(114,988
)
 
(83,486
)
 
$
1,377,667

 
$
1,626,036

_______________________________________________________________________________

(1)
These amounts include the assets of $3,047,851 and $3,106,105 of Pacific Premier Retail LLC (the "PPR Portfolio") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and liabilities of $1,859,637 and $1,872,227 of the PPR Portfolio as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.


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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
4. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures: (Continued)

(2)
Included in mortgage and other notes payable at December 31, 2017 was $482,332 due to NML (See Note 18—Related Party Transactions). Interest expense incurred on these borrowings, during the period NML was a related party, amounted to $20,197, $17,898 and $16,898 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

(3)
The Company amortizes the difference between the cost of its investments in unconsolidated joint ventures and the book value of the underlying equity into income on a straight-line basis consistent with the lives of the underlying assets. The amortization of this difference was $12,793, $16,562 and $17,610 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
Combined and Condensed Statements of Operations of Unconsolidated Joint Ventures:
 
 
 
PPR Portfolio
 
Other
Joint
Ventures
 
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2018
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Minimum rents
 
 
$
132,258

 
$
506,537

 
$
638,795

Percentage rents
 
 
4,597

 
15,139

 
19,736

Tenant recoveries
 
 
46,067

 
191,228

 
237,295

Other
 
 
4,907

 
55,844

 
60,751

Total revenues
 
 
187,829

 
768,748

 
956,577

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shopping center and operating expenses
 
 
39,283

 
246,652

 
285,935

Interest expense
 
 
67,117

 
145,915

 
213,032

Depreciation and amortization
 
 
97,885

 
248,778

 
346,663

Total operating expenses
 
 
204,285

 
641,345

 
845,630

(Loss) gain on sale of assets
 
 
(140
)
 
14,471

 
14,331

Net (loss) income
 
 
$
(16,596
)
 
$
141,874

 
$
125,278

Company's equity in net (loss) income
 
 
$
(16
)
 
$
71,789

 
$
71,773

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Year Ended December 31, 2017
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Minimum rents
 
 
$
134,450

 
$
501,732

 
$
636,182

Percentage rents
 
 
5,050

 
13,866

 
18,916

Tenant recoveries
 
 
46,575

 
189,059

 
235,634

Other
 
 
5,959

 
51,767

 
57,726

Total revenues
 
 
192,034

 
756,424

 
948,458

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shopping center and operating expenses
 
 
41,340

 
243,271

 
284,611

Interest expense
 
 
67,053

 
131,714

 
198,767

Depreciation and amortization
 
 
101,625

 
250,921

 
352,546

Total operating expenses
 
 
210,018

 
625,906

 
835,924

(Loss) gain on sale of assets
 
 
(36
)
 
33,861

 
33,825

Net (loss) income
 
 
$
(18,020
)
 
$
164,379

 
$
146,359

Company's equity in net (loss) income
 
 
$
(453
)
 
$
85,999

 
$
85,546

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
4. Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures: (Continued)

 
 
 
PPR Portfolio
 
Other
Joint
Ventures
 
Total
Year Ended December 31, 2016
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Revenues:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Minimum rents
 
 
$
129,145

 
$
471,139

 
$
600,284

Percentage rents
 
 
5,437

 
15,480

 
20,917

Tenant recoveries
 
 
47,856

 
187,288

 
235,144

Other
 
 
6,303

 
49,937

 
56,240

Total revenues
 
 
188,741

 
723,844

 
912,585

Expenses:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Shopping center and operating expenses
 
 
39,804

 
234,704

 
274,508

Interest expense
 
 
64,626

 
123,043

 
187,669

Depreciation and amortization
 
 
108,880

 
251,498

 
360,378

Total operating expenses
 
 
213,310

 
609,245

 
822,555

Loss on sale of assets
 
 
—

 
(375
)
 
(375
)
Net (loss) income
 
 
$
(24,569
)
 
$
114,224

 
$
89,655

Company's equity in net (loss) income
 
 
$
(3,088
)
 
$
60,029

 
$
56,941

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
_______________________________________________________________________________

Significant accounting policies used by the unconsolidated joint ventures are similar to those used by the Company.
5. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities:
The Company uses an interest rate cap and four interest rate swap agreements to manage the interest rate risk of its floating rate debt. The Company recorded other comprehensive loss related to the marking-to-market of derivative instruments of $(4,424) and $(42) during the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. There were no derivatives outstanding during the year ended December 31, 2016. The fair value of the Company's derivatives was $(4,413) and $11 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
        The following derivatives were outstanding at December 31, 2018:
Property
 
Notional Amount
 
Product
 
LIBOR Rate
 
Maturity
 
Fair Value
Santa Monica Place
 
$
300,000

 
Cap
 
4.00
%
 
12/9/2019
 
$
—

The Macerich Partnership, L.P.
 
$
400,000

 
Swaps
 
2.85
%
 
9/30/2021
 
$
(4,413
)
        The above derivative instruments were designated as hedging instruments with an aggregate fair value (Level 2 measurement) and were included in other accrued liabilities. The fair value of the Company's interest rate derivatives was determined using discounted cash flow analysis on the expected cash flows of each derivative. This analysis reflects the contractual terms of the derivatives, including the period to maturity, and uses observable market-based inputs, including interest rate curves and implied volatilities. The Company incorporates credit valuation adjustments to appropriately reflect both its own nonperformance risk and the respective counterparty's nonperformance risk in the fair value measurements.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
5. Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities: (Continued)

Although the Company has determined that the majority of the inputs used to value its derivatives fall within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy, the credit valuation adjustments associated with its derivatives utilize Level 3 inputs, such as estimates of current credit spreads, to evaluate the likelihood of default by the Company and its counterparties. The Company has assessed the significance of the impact of the credit valuation adjustments on the overall valuation of its derivative positions and has determined that the credit valuation adjustments are not significant to the overall valuation of its interest rate swap. As a result, the Company determined that its interest rate cap and swap valuations in their entirety are classified in Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy.
6. Property, net:
Property at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consists of the following:
 
2018
 
2017
Land
$
1,506,678

 
$
1,567,152

Buildings and improvements
6,288,308

 
6,385,035

Tenant improvements
678,110

 
620,352

Equipment and furnishings
206,398

 
187,998

Construction in progress
199,326

 
366,996

 
8,878,820

 
9,127,533

Less accumulated depreciation
(2,093,044
)
 
(2,018,303
)
 
$
6,785,776

 
$
7,109,230


Depreciation expense for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $275,236, $277,917 and $277,270, respectively.
The loss on the sale or write down of assets, net for the year ended December 31, 2018 includes a loss of $54,469 on impairment, $28,266 on the write off of development costs and $311 on the sale of Promenade at Casa Grande (See Note 15—Dispositions). These losses were offset in part by a gain of $46,242 on the sale of a 75% ownership interest in One Westside (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures) and $4,989 on the sale of land parcels. The loss on impairment was due to the reduction of the estimated holding periods of SouthPark Mall, La Cumbre Plaza, Southridge Center and Promenade at Casa Grande.
The gain on sale or write down of assets, net for the year ended December 31, 2017 includes a gain of $59,577 on the sale of Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall (See Note 15—Dispositions), $14,597 on the sale of 500 North Michigan Avenue (See Note 15—Dispositions) and $1,564 on the sales of land. These gains were offset in part by a loss of $22,108 on impairment, $10,138 on the write down of an investment in non-real estate assets and $1,046 on the write off of development costs. The loss on impairment was due to the reduction of the estimated holding periods of Southridge Center and Promenade at Casa Grande.
The gain on sale or write down of assets, net for the year ended December 31, 2016 includes a gain of $101,629 on the sale of a 40% ownership interest in Arrowhead Towne Center (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures), $340,734 on the sale of a 49% ownership interest in the MAC Heitman Portfolio (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures), $24,894 on the sale of Capitola Mall (See Note 15—Dispositions) and $4,546 on the sale of land. These gains were offset in part by a loss of $39,671 on impairment, a charge of $12,180 from a contingent consideration obligation, a loss of $3,066 on the sale of a former Mervyn's store (See Note 15—Dispositions) and $1,538 on the write-off of development costs. The loss on impairment was due to the reduction of the estimated holding periods of Cascade Mall, Promenade at Casa Grande, The Marketplace at Flagstaff and a freestanding store.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
6. Property, net: (Continued)

The following table summarizes certain of the Company's assets that were measured on a nonrecurring basis as a result of impairment charges recorded for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 as described above:
Years ended December, 31
 
Total Fair Value Measurement
 
Quoted Prices in Active Markets for Identical Assets
 
Significant Other Observable Inputs
 
Significant Unobservable Inputs
 
 
(Level 1)
 
(Level 2)
 
(Level 3)
2018
 
$
104,700

 
$
—

 
$
104,700

 
$
—

2017
 
$
38,000

 
$
—

 
$
38,000

 
$
—

2016
 
$
86,100

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
86,100

The fair value relating to impairments that were based on sales contracts were classified within Level 2 of the fair value hierarchy. The fair value relating to impairment assessments that were not based on sales contracts were based on a discounted cash flow model that included all cash inflows and outflows over a specific holding period. Such projected cash flows are comprised of contractual rental revenues and forecasted rental revenues and expenses based upon market conditions and expectations for growth. Terminal capitalization rates and discount rates utilized in these models are based on a reasonable range of current market rates for each property analyzed. Based upon these inputs, the Company determined that its valuations of properties using a discounted cash flow model are classified within Level 3 of the fair value hierarchy.
The following table sets forth quantitative information about the unobservable inputs of the Company’s Level 3 real estate recorded as of December 31, 2016:
Terminal capitalization rate
 
 
7.0% - 10.0%
Discount rate
 
 
8.0% - 15.0%
Market rents per square foot
 
 
$2.00 - $20.00
7. Tenant and Other Receivables, net:
Included in tenant and other receivables, net is an allowance for doubtful accounts of $2,919 and $2,786 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Also included in tenant and other receivables, net are accrued percentage rents of $8,949 and $8,711 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and a deferred rent receivable due to straight-line rent adjustments of $72,456 and $61,859 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
On March 17, 2014, in connection with the sale of Lake Square Mall, a 559,000 square foot regional shopping center in Leesburg, Florida, the Company issued a note receivable for $6,500 that bore interest at an effective rate of 6.5% and was to mature on March 17, 2018. The note was paid off on October 20, 2017.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

8. Deferred Charges and Other Assets, net:
Deferred charges and other assets, net at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consist of the following:
 
2018
 
2017
Leasing
$
226,885

 
$
232,819

Intangible assets:
 
 
 
In-place lease values(1)
94,966

 
108,432

Leasing commissions and legal costs(1)
23,508

 
25,958

   Above-market leases
140,889

 
164,040

Deferred tax assets
32,197

 
29,006

Deferred compensation plan assets
45,857

 
52,221

Distributions in excess of co-venture obligation(2)
—

 
31,150

Other assets
75,497

 
66,990

 
639,799

 
710,616

Less accumulated amortization(3)
(249,396
)
 
(261,426
)
 
$
390,403

 
$
449,190

_______________________________


(1)
The amortization of these intangible assets for the next five years and thereafter is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
 
2019
$
10,957

2020
8,260

2021
6,780

2022
5,111

2023
3,685

Thereafter
11,395

 
$
46,188


(2)
See Note 11—Financing Arrangement.

(3)
Accumulated amortization includes $72,286 and $74,507 relating to in-place lease values, leasing commissions and legal costs at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Amortization expense for in-place lease values, leasing commissions and legal costs was $13,635, $19,958 and $33,048 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
8. Deferred Charges and Other Assets, net: (Continued)

The allocated values of above-market leases and below-market leases consist of the following:
 
2018
 
2017
Above-Market Leases
 
 
 
Original allocated value
$
140,889

 
$
164,040

Less accumulated amortization
(49,847
)
 
(60,210
)
 
$
91,042

 
$
103,830

Below-Market Leases(1)
 
 
 
Original allocated value
$
108,330

 
$
120,573

Less accumulated amortization
(56,345
)
 
(55,489
)
 
$
51,985

 
$
65,084

_______________________________
(1)
Below‑market leases are included in other accrued liabilities.

The allocated values of above and below-market leases will be amortized into minimum rents on a straight-line basis over the individual remaining lease terms. The amortization of these values for the next five years and thereafter is as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
 
Above
Market
 
Below
Market
2019
 
$
8,303

 
$
9,968

2020
 
7,286

 
7,716

2021
 
6,621

 
6,095

2022
 
5,882

 
5,122

2023
 
5,482

 
4,080

Thereafter
 
57,468

 
19,004

 
 
$
91,042

 
$
51,985


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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

9. Mortgage Notes Payable:
Mortgage notes payable at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consist of the following:
 
 
Carrying Amount of Mortgage Notes(1)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
2018
 
2017
 
Effective Interest
Rate(2)
 
Monthly
Debt
Service(3)
 
Maturity
Date(4)
Property Pledged as Collateral
 
Related Party
 
Other
 
Related Party
 
Other
 
Chandler Fashion Center(5)
 
$
—

 
$
199,972

 
$
—

 
$
199,904

 
3.77
%
 
$
625

 
2019
Danbury Fair Mall(6)
 
—

 
202,158

 
104,599

 
104,598

 
5.53
%
 
1,538

 
2020
Fashion Outlets of Chicago(7)
 
—

 
199,622

 
—

 
199,298

 
4.01
%
 
642

 
2020
Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA
 
—

 
109,651

 
—

 
112,770

 
4.89
%
 
727

 
2020
Freehold Raceway Mall(5)
 
—

 
398,212

 
—

 
398,050

 
3.94
%
 
1,300

 
2029
Fresno Fashion Fair
 
—

 
323,460

 
—

 
323,261

 
3.67
%
 
971

 
2026
Green Acres Commons(8)
 
—

 
128,006

 
—

 
107,219

 
5.06
%
 
488

 
2021
Green Acres Mall
 
—

 
284,686

 
—

 
291,366

 
3.61
%
 
1,447

 
2021
Kings Plaza Shopping Center
 
—

 
437,120

 
—

 
447,231

 
3.67
%
 
2,229

 
2019
Oaks, The
 
—

 
192,037

 
—

 
196,732

 
4.14
%
 
1,064

 
2022
Pacific View
 
—

 
121,362

 
—

 
124,397

 
4.08
%
 
668

 
2022
Queens Center
 
—

 
600,000

 
—

 
600,000

 
3.49
%
 
1,744

 
2025
Santa Monica Place(9)
 
—

 
297,069

 
—

 
296,366

 
4.01
%
 
939

 
2022
SanTan Village Regional Center(10)
 
—

 
121,585

 
—

 
124,703

 
3.14
%
 
589

 
2019
Towne Mall
 
—

 
20,733

 
—

 
21,161

 
4.48
%
 
117

 
2022
Tucson La Encantada(6)
 
—

 
65,361

 
66,970

 
—

 
4.23
%
 
368

 
2022
Victor Valley, Mall of
 
—

 
114,675

 
—

 
114,617

 
4.00
%
 
380

 
2024
Vintage Faire Mall
 
—

 
258,207

 
—

 
263,818

 
3.55
%
 
1,256

 
2026
Westside Pavilion(11)
 
—

 
—

 
—

 
141,020

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
$
—

 
$
4,073,916

 
$
171,569

 
$
4,066,511

 
 

 
 

 
 

(1)
The mortgage notes payable balances includes an unamortized debt premium. Debt premiums represent the excess of the fair value of debt over the principal value of debt assumed in various acquisitions and are amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt in a manner that approximates the effective interest method. The loan on Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA had a premium of $1,701 and $2,630 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The mortgage notes payable balances also include unamortized deferred finance costs that are amortized into interest expense over the remaining term of the related debt in a manner that approximates the effective interest method. Unamortized deferred finance costs were $13,053 and $17,838 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
(2)
The interest rate disclosed represents the effective interest rate, including the impact of debt premium and deferred finance costs.
(3)
The monthly debt service represents the payment of principal and interest.
(4)
The maturity date assumes that all extension options are fully exercised and that the Company does not opt to refinance the debt prior to these dates. These extension options are at the Company's discretion, subject to certain conditions, which the Company believes will be met.
(5)
A 49.9% interest in the loan has been assumed by a third party in connection with the Company's joint venture in Chandler Freehold (See Note 11—Financing Arrangement).
(6)
Related party mortgage notes payable were amounts due to NML (See Note 18—Related Party Transactions).
(7)
The loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.50%. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the total interest rate was 4.01% and 3.02%, respectively. On January 10, 2019, the Company replaced the existing loan on the property with a new $300,000 loan that bears interest at 4.58% and matures on February 1, 2031.
(8)
On March 1, 2018, the Company borrowed the remaining $20,000 available under the loan agreement on the property. The loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 2.15%. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the total interest rate was 5.06% and 4.07%, respectively.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
9. Mortgage Notes Payable: (continued)

(9)
The loan bears interest at LIBOR plus 1.35%. The loan is covered by an interest rate cap agreement that effectively prevents LIBOR from exceeding 4.0% during the period ending December 9, 2019 (See Note 5—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities). At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the total interest rate was 4.01% and 3.13%, respectively.
(10)
On February 13, 2019, the Company’s joint venture in SanTan Village Regional Center entered into a commitment for a ten-year $220,000 loan to replace the existing loan on the property. The new loan will bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.30% and is expected to close during the second quarter of 2019.
(11)
On August 31, 2018, a 75% interest in the loan was assumed by a third party in connection with the sale of a 75% ownership interest in the underlying property (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures).
Most of the mortgage loan agreements contain a prepayment penalty provision for the early extinguishment of the debt.
As of December 31, 2018, all of the Company's mortgage notes payable are secured by the properties on which they are placed and are non-recourse to the Company.
The Company expects all loan maturities during the next twelve months will be refinanced, restructured, and/or paid off from the Company's line of credit or with cash on hand.
Total interest expense capitalized during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $15,422, $13,160 and $10,316, respectively.
The estimated fair value (Level 2 measurement) of mortgage notes payable at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $4,082,448 and $4,250,816, respectively, based on current interest rates for comparable loans. Fair value was determined using a present value model and an interest rate that included a credit value adjustment based on the estimated value of the property that serves as collateral for the underlying debt.
The future maturities of mortgage notes payable are as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
 
2019
$
793,399

2020
525,133

2021
418,239

2022
674,341

2023
6,895

Thereafter
1,667,261

 
4,085,268

Debt premium
1,701

Deferred finance cost, net
(13,053
)
 
$
4,073,916

The future maturities reflected above reflect the extension options that the Company believes will be exercised.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

10. Bank and Other Notes Payable:
Bank and other notes payable at December 31, 2018 and 2017 consist of the following:
Line of Credit:
The Company has a $1,500,000 revolving line of credit that bears interest at LIBOR plus a spread of 1.30% to 1.90%, depending on the Company's overall leverage level, and matures on July 6, 2020 with a one-year extension option. The line of credit can be expanded, depending on certain conditions, up to a total facility of $2,000,000.
Based on the Company's leverage level as of December 31, 2018, the borrowing rate on the facility was LIBOR plus 1.45%. The Company has four interest rate swap agreements that effectively convert a total of $400,000 of the outstanding balance from floating rate debt of LIBOR plus 1.45% to fixed rate debt of 4.30% until September 30, 2021 (See Note 5—Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities). As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, borrowings under the line of credit, were $910,000 and $935,000, respectively, less unamortized deferred finance costs of $5,145 and $7,548, respectively, at a total interest rate of 4.20% and 3.13%, respectively. As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company's availability under the line of credit for additional borrowings was $589,719 and $504,412, respectively, The estimated fair value (Level 2 measurement) of the line of credit at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $912,163 and $919,158, respectively, based on a present value model using a credit interest rate spread offered to the Company for comparable debt.
Prasada Note:
On March 29, 2013, the Company issued a $13,330 note payable that bears interest at 5.25% and matures on May 30, 2021. The note payable is collateralized by a portion of a development reimbursement agreement with the City of Surprise, Arizona. At December 31, 2018 and 2017, the note had a balance of $3,689 and $4,732, respectively. The estimated fair value (Level 2 measurement) of the note at December 31, 2018 and 2017 was $3,690 and $4,717, respectively, based on current interest rates for comparable notes. Fair value was determined using a present value model and an interest rate that included a credit value adjustment based on the estimated value of the collateral for the underlying debt.
As of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the Company was in compliance with all applicable financial loan covenants.
The future maturities of bank and other notes payable are as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
 
2019
$
887

2020
934

2021
911,868

 
913,689

Deferred finance cost
(5,145
)
 
$
908,544

The future maturities reflected above reflect the extension options that the Company believes will be exercised.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

11. Financing Arrangement:
On September 30, 2009, the Company formed a joint venture, whereby a third party acquired a 49.9% interest in Chandler Fashion Center, a 1,318,000 square foot regional shopping center in Chandler, Arizona, and Freehold Raceway Mall, a 1,672,000 square foot regional shopping center in Freehold, New Jersey, referred to herein as Chandler Freehold. As a result of the Company having certain rights under the agreement to repurchase the assets after the seventh year of the formation of Chandler Freehold, the transaction did not qualify for sale treatment. The Company, however, is not obligated to repurchase the assets. The transaction was initially accounted for as a co-venture arrangement, and accordingly the assets, liabilities and operations of the properties remain on the books of the Company and a co-venture obligation was established for the net cash proceeds received from the third party less costs allocated to a warrant. The co-venture obligation was increased for the allocation of income to the co-venture partner and decreased for distributions to the co-venture partner.
Upon adoption of ASC 606 on January 1, 2018, the Company changed its accounting for Chandler Freehold from a co-venture arrangement to a financing arrangement. Accordingly, the Company replaced its $31,150 distributions in excess of co-venture obligation (See Note 8—Deferred Charges and Other Assets, net) with a financing arrangement liability of $393,709 on its consolidated balance sheets. This resulted in the recognition of a $424,859 increase in the Company’s accumulated deficit as a cumulative effect adjustment under the modified retrospective method of adoption. The fair value (Level 3 measurement) of the financing arrangement obligation was based upon a multiple on net operating income of 21 times, a discount rate of 5.8% and market rents per square foot of $20 to $225. The fair value of the financing arrangement obligation is sensitive to these significant unobservable inputs and a change in these inputs may result in a significantly higher or lower fair value measurement. Distributions to the partner and subsequent changes in fair value of the financing arrangement obligation are recognized as interest expense in the Company's consolidated statements of operations.
During the year ended December 31, 2018, the Company incurred interest expense (income) in connection with the financing arrangement that included $9,079 from distributions of the partner's share of net income, $6,376 from the distributions in excess of the partner's share of net income and $(15,225) from the adjustment to fair value of the financing arrangement obligation.
12. Noncontrolling Interests:
The Company allocates net income of the Operating Partnership based on the weighted-average ownership interest during the period. The net income of the Operating Partnership that is not attributable to the Company is reflected in the consolidated statements of operations as noncontrolling interests. The Company adjusts the noncontrolling interests in the Operating Partnership periodically to reflect its ownership interest in the Company. The Company had a 93% ownership interest in the Operating Partnership as of December 31, 2018 and 2017. The remaining 7% limited partnership interest as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, was owned by certain of the Company's executive officers and directors, certain of their affiliates, and other third party investors in the form of OP Units. The OP Units may be redeemed for shares of registered or unregistered stock or cash, at the Company's option. The redemption value for each OP Unit as of any balance sheet date is the amount equal to the average of the closing price per share of the Company's common stock, par value $0.01 per share, as reported on the New York Stock Exchange for the ten trading days ending on the respective balance sheet date. Accordingly, as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the aggregate redemption value of the then-outstanding OP Units not owned by the Company was $448,116 and $671,592, respectively.
The Company issued common and cumulative preferred units of MACWH, LP in April 2005 in connection with the acquisition of the Wilmorite portfolio. The common and preferred units of MACWH, LP are redeemable at the election of the holder, the Company may redeem them for cash or shares of the Company's stock at the Company's option, and they are classified as permanent equity.
Included in permanent equity are outside ownership interests in various consolidated joint ventures. The joint ventures do not have rights that require the Company to redeem the ownership interests in either cash or stock.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

13. Stockholders' Equity:
2015 Stock Buyback Program:
On September 30, 2015, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $1,200,000 of the Company's outstanding common shares over the period ending September 30, 2017, as market conditions warranted.
On February 17, 2016, the Company entered into an accelerated share repurchase program ("ASR") to repurchase an $400,000 of the Company's common stock. In accordance with the ASR, the Company made a prepayment of $400,000 and received an initial share delivery of 4,222,193 shares. On April 19, 2016, the ASR was completed and the Company received delivery of an additional 861,235 shares. The average price of the 5,083,428 shares repurchased under the ASR was $78.69 per share. The ASR was funded from borrowings under the Company's line of credit, which had been recently paid down from the proceeds from the financings and sale of ownership interests in Arrowhead Towne Center and the MAC Heitman Portfolio (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures).
On May 9, 2016, the Company entered into an ASR to repurchase the remaining $400,000 of the Company's common stock authorized for repurchase. In accordance with the ASR, the Company made a prepayment of $400,000 and received an initial share delivery of 3,964,812 shares. On July 11, 2016, the ASR was completed and the Company received delivery of an additional 1,104,162 shares. The average price of the 5,068,974 shares repurchased under the ASR was $78.91 per share. The ASR was funded from borrowings under the Company's line of credit, which had been recently paid down from the proceeds from the financings and sale of ownership interests in Arrowhead Towne Center and the MAC Heitman Portfolio (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures).
2017 Stock Buyback Program:
On February 12, 2017, the Company's Board of Directors authorized the repurchase of up to $500,000 of its outstanding common shares as market conditions and the Company’s liquidity warrant. Repurchases may be made through open market purchases, privately negotiated transactions, structured or derivative transactions, including ASR transactions, or other methods of acquiring shares, from time to time as permitted by securities laws and other legal requirements.
During the period from February 12, 2017 to December 31, 2017, the Company repurchased a total of 3,627,390 of its common shares for $221,428, representing an average price of $61.01 per share. The Company funded the repurchases from the net proceeds of the sale of Cascade Mall and Northgate Mall (See Note 15—Dispositions), its share of the proceeds from the sale of ownership interests in office buildings at Country Club Plaza and Fashion District Philadelphia (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures) and from borrowings under its line of credit. There were no repurchases during the year ended December 31, 2018.
Special Dividend:
On October 30, 2015, the Company declared a special dividend/distribution ("Special Dividend") of $2.00 per share of common stock and per OP Unit that was paid on January 6, 2016 to common stockholders and OP Unit holders of record on November 12, 2015. The Special Dividend was funded from proceeds in connection with the financing and sale of ownership interests in the PPR Portfolio and Arrowhead Towne Center (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures).
At-The-Market Stock Offering Program ("ATM Program"):
On August 20, 2014, the Company entered into an equity distribution agreement with a number of sales agents (the "ATM Program") to issue and sell, from time to time, shares of common stock, par value $0.01 per share, having an aggregate offering price of up to $500,000. The ATM Program expired by its terms in August 2017. No shares were sold under the ATM Program.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

14. Collaborative Arrangement:
On March 1, 2018, the Company formed a 25/75 joint venture with a third party, whereby the Company agreed to contribute Westside Pavilion, a 755,000 square foot regional shopping center in Los Angeles, California in exchange for a cash payment of $142,500. The Company completed the transfer on August 31, 2018.
During the period from March 1, 2018 to August 31, 2018, the Company accounted for the operations of Westside Pavilion as a collaborative arrangement. Both partners shared operating control of the property and the Company was reimbursed by the outside partner for 75% of the carrying cost of the property, which were defined in the agreement as operating expenses in excess of revenues, debt service and capital expenditures. Accordingly, the Company reduced minimum rents, percentage rents, tenant recoveries, other revenue, shopping center and operating expenses and interest expense by its partner's 75% share and recorded a receivable due from its partner, which was settled upon completion of the transfer of the property. In addition, the Company was reimbursed by its partner for its 75% share of mortgage loan principal payments and capital expenditures during the period. Since completion of the transfer, the Company has accounted for its investment in Westside Pavilion, also referred to as One Westside, under the equity method of accounting (See Note 4—Investments in Unconsolidated Joint Ventures).
15. Dispositions:
On April 13, 2016, the Company sold Capitola Mall, a 586,000 square foot regional shopping center in Capitola, California, for $93,000, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $24,894. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On May 31, 2016, the Company sold a former Mervyn's store in Yuma, Arizona, for $3,200, resulting in a loss on the sale of assets of $3,066. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On July 15, 2016, the Company conveyed Flagstaff Mall, a 347,000 square foot regional shopping center in Flagstaff, Arizona, to the mortgage lender by a deed-in-lieu of foreclosure and was discharged from the mortgage note payable. The loan was non-recourse to the Company. As a result, the Company recognized a gain on the extinguishment of debt of $5,284.
On January 18, 2017, the Company sold Cascade Mall, a 589,000 square foot regional shopping center in Burlington, Washington; and Northgate Mall, a 750,000 square foot regional shopping center in San Rafael, California, in a combined transaction for $170,000, resulting in a gain on the sale of assets of $59,577. The proceeds were used to pay off the mortgage note payable on Northgate Mall and to repurchase shares of the Company's common stock under the 2017 Stock Buyback Program (See Note 13—Stockholders' Equity).
On November 16, 2017, the Company sold 500 North Michigan Avenue, a 326,000 square foot office building in Chicago, Illinois for $86,350, resulting in a gain on sale of assets of $14,597. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for other general corporate purposes.
On May 17, 2018, the Company sold Promenade at Casa Grande, a 761,000 square foot community center in Casa Grande, Arizona, for $26,000, resulting in a loss on sale of assets of $311. The Company used the proceeds from the sale to pay down its line of credit and for other general corporate purposes.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

16. Future Rental Revenues:
Under existing non-cancelable operating lease agreements, tenants are committed to pay the following minimum rental payments to the Company:
Year Ending December 31,
 
2019
$
505,404

2020
439,094

2021
380,266

2022
329,840

2023
283,792

Thereafter
816,933

 
$
2,755,329


17. Commitments and Contingencies:
The Company has certain properties subject to non-cancelable operating leases. The leases expire at various times through 2098, subject in some cases to options to extend the terms of the lease. Certain leases provide for contingent rent payments based on a percentage of base rental income, as defined in the lease. Rent expenses were $17,709, $18,442 and $16,495 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. No contingent rent was incurred for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 or 2016.
Minimum future rental payments required under the leases are as follows:
Year Ending December 31,
 
2019
$
16,627

2020
17,183

2021
17,124

2022
17,450

2023
11,390

Thereafter
140,562

 
$
220,336


As of December 31, 2018, the Company was contingently liable for $65,814 in letters of credit guaranteeing performance by the Company of certain obligations relating to the Centers. The Company does not believe that these letters of credit will result in a liability to the Company.
The Company has entered into a number of construction agreements related to its redevelopment and development activities. Obligations under these agreements are contingent upon the completion of the services within the guidelines specified in the relevant agreement. At December 31, 2018, the Company had $8,360 in outstanding obligations, which it believes will be settled in the next twelve months.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)

18. Related Party Transactions:
Certain unconsolidated joint ventures have engaged the Management Companies to manage the operations of the Centers. Under these arrangements, the Management Companies are reimbursed for compensation paid to on-site employees, leasing agents and project managers at the Centers, as well as insurance costs and other administrative expenses. The following are fees charged to unconsolidated joint ventures for the years ended December 31:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Management fees
$
19,752

 
$
19,105

 
$
17,937

Development and leasing fees
14,412

 
15,558

 
13,907

 
$
34,164

 
$
34,663

 
$
31,844


Northwestern Mutual Life ("NML") was considered a related party due its ownership interest in Broadway Plaza until it sold its ownership interest in the property to a third party on October 12, 2018. Certain mortgage notes on the properties are held by NML (See Note 9—Mortgage Notes Payable). Interest expense in connection with these notes during the period NML was a related party was $6,883, $8,731 and $8,973 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Included in accounts payable and accrued expenses at December 31, 2017 was interest payable of $716 to NML.
Due from affiliates includes $6,385 and $5,411 of unreimbursed costs and fees due from unconsolidated joint ventures under management agreements at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
In addition, due from affiliates at December 31, 2018 and 2017 includes a note receivable from RED/303 LLC ("RED") that bears interest at 5.25% and matures on May 30, 2021. Interest income earned on this note was $224, $268 and $366 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The balance on this note receivable was $3,689 and $4,796 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. RED is considered a related party because it is a partner in a joint venture development project. The note is collateralized by RED's interest in a development agreement.
Also included in due from affiliates is a note receivable from Lennar Corporation that bore interest at LIBOR plus 2% and was to mature upon the completion of certain milestones in connection with the planned development of Fashion Outlets of San Francisco. As a result of those milestones not being completed, the Company elected to terminate the development agreement and the note was paid off on February 13, 2019. Interest income earned on this note was $3,152, $2,513 and $2,234 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The balance on this note was $75,107 and $71,955 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Lennar Corporation was considered a related party because it had an ownership interest in the project.
19. Share and Unit-based Plans:
The Company has established share and unit-based compensation plans for the purpose of attracting and retaining executive officers, directors and key employees.
2003 Equity Incentive Plan:
The 2003 Equity Incentive Plan ("2003 Plan") authorizes the grant of stock awards, stock options, stock appreciation rights, stock units, stock bonuses, performance-based awards, dividend equivalent rights and OP Units or other convertible or exchangeable units. As of December 31, 2018, stock awards, stock units, LTIP Units (as defined below), stock appreciation rights ("SARs") and stock options have been granted under the 2003 Plan. All stock options or other rights to acquire common stock granted under the 2003 Plan have a term of 10 years or less. These awards were generally granted based on the performance of the Company and the employees. None of the awards have performance requirements other than a service condition of continued employment unless otherwise provided. All awards are subject to restrictions determined by the Company's compensation committee. The aggregate number of shares of common stock that may be issued under the 2003 Plan is 19,825,428 shares. As of December 31, 2018, there were 6,243,447 shares available for issuance under the 2003 Plan.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
19. Share and Unit-Based Plans: (Continued)

Stock Awards:
The value of the stock awards was determined by the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant. The following table summarizes the activity of non-vested stock awards during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Shares
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Shares
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Shares
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Balance at beginning of year
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—

 
1,612

 
$
62.01

Granted
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Vested
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(1,612
)
 
62.01

Balance at end of year
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
—


Stock Units:
The stock units represent the right to receive upon vesting one share of the Company's common stock for one stock unit. The value of the stock units was determined by the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant. The following table summarizes the activity of non-vested stock units during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Balance at beginning of year
151,355

 
$
73.32

 
148,428

 
$
78.53

 
132,086

 
$
74.58

Granted
87,983

 
58.79

 
86,827

 
66.46

 
85,601

 
79.22

Vested
(108,991
)
 
74.04

 
(81,205
)
 
75.62

 
(69,259
)
 
71.82

Forfeited
(890
)
 
68.81

 
(2,695
)
 
69.57

 
—

 
—

Balance at end of year
129,457

 
$
64.21

 
151,355

 
$
73.32

 
148,428

 
$
78.53


SARs:
The executives and key employees have up to 10 years from the grant date to exercise the SARs. Upon exercise, the executives and key employees will receive unrestricted common shares for the appreciation in value of the SARs from the grant date to the exercise date.
In connection with the payment of the Special Dividend (See Note 13—Stockholders' Equity), the compensation committee approved an adjustment to all outstanding SARs. The exercise price and number of outstanding SARs were adjusted such that each SAR had the same fair value to the holder before and after giving effect to the payment of the special dividend. As a result, the 417,783 outstanding SARs on January 6, 2016 with a weighted-average price of $55.13 were adjusted to 427,968 outstanding SARs with a weighted average price of $53.85.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
19. Share and Unit-Based Plans: (Continued)

The following table summarizes the activity of SARs awards during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Balance at beginning of year
235,439

 
$
53.83

 
284,146

 
$
53.85

 
417,783

 
$
55.13

Granted
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Exercised
(235,439
)
 
53.83

 
(48,707
)
 
53.95

 
(143,822
)
 
53.73

Special dividend adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
10,185

 
53.88

Balance at end of year
—

 
$
—

 
235,439

 
$
53.83

 
284,146

 
$
53.85

Long-Term Incentive Plan Units:
Under the Long-Term Incentive Plan ("LTIP"), each award recipient is issued a form of operating partnership units ("LTIP Units") in the Operating Partnership. Upon the occurrence of specified events and subject to the satisfaction of applicable vesting conditions, LTIP Units (after conversion into OP Units) are ultimately redeemable for common stock of the Company, or cash at the Company's option, on a one-unit for one-share basis. LTIP Units receive cash dividends based on the dividend amount paid on the common stock of the Company. The LTIP may include both market-indexed awards and service-based awards.
The market-indexed LTIP Units vest over the service period of the award based on the percentile ranking of the Company in terms of total return to stockholders (the "Total Return") per common stock share relative to the Total Return of a group of peer REITs, as measured at the end of the measurement period.
The fair value of the service-based LTIP Units was determined by the market price of the Company's common stock on the date of the grant. The fair value of the market-indexed LTIP Units are estimated on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo Simulation model. The stock price of the Company, along with the stock prices of the group of peer REITs (for market-indexed awards), is assumed to follow the Multivariate Geometric Brownian Motion Process. Multivariate Geometric Brownian Motion is a common assumption when modeling in financial markets, as it allows the modeled quantity (in this case, the stock price) to vary randomly from its current value and take any value greater than zero. The volatilities of the returns on the share price of the Company and the peer group REITs were estimated based on a look-back period. The expected growth rate of the stock prices over the "derived service period" is determined with consideration of the risk free rate as of the grant date.

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THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
19. Share and Unit-Based Plans: (Continued)

The Company has granted the following LTIP units during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
Grant Date
 
Units
 
Type
 
Fair Value per LTIP Unit
 
Vest Date
1/1/2016
 
58,786

 
Service-based
 
$
80.69

 
12/31/2018
1/1/2016
 
266,899

 
Market-indexed
 
$
53.32

 
12/31/2018
3/4/2016
 
154,686

 
Service-based
 
$
79.20

 
3/4/2016
 
 
480,371

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1/1/2017
 
66,079

 
Service-based
 
$
70.84

 
12/31/2019
1/1/2017
 
297,849

 
Market-indexed
 
$
47.15

 
12/31/2019
3/3/2017
 
134,742

 
Service-based
 
$
66.57

 
3/3/2017
6/1/2017
 
1,522

 
Service-based
 
$
58.31

 
5/29/2020
6/1/2017
 
6,714

 
Market-indexed
 
$
39.66

 
5/29/2020
 
 
506,906

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
1/1/2018
 
65,466

 
Service-based
 
$
65.68

 
12/31/2020
1/1/2018
 
291,326

 
Market-indexed
 
$
44.28

 
12/31/2020
1/29/2018
 
13,632

 
Service-based
 
$
66.02

 
2/1/2022
1/29/2018
 
1,893

 
Service-based
 
$
66.02

 
12/31/2020
1/29/2018
 
7,775

 
Market-indexed
 
$
48.23

 
12/31/2020
3/2/2018
 
99,407

 
Service-based
 
$
59.04

 
3/2/2018
4/26/2018
 
89,637

 
Service-based
 
$
55.78

 
4/26/2018
 
 
569,136

 
 
 
 
 
 
The fair value of the market-indexed LTIP Units (Level 3) were estimated on the date of grant using a Monte Carlo Simulation model that based on the following assumptions
Grant Date
 
Risk Free Interest Rate
 
Expected Volatility
1/1/2016
 
1.32
%
 
20.31
%
1/1/2017
 
1.49
%
 
20.75
%
6/1/2017
 
1.45
%
 
21.40
%
1/1/2018
 
1.98
%
 
23.38
%
1/29/2018
 
2.25
%
 
23.86
%

99
Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
19. Share and Unit-Based Plans: (Continued)

The following table summarizes the activity of the non-vested LTIP Units during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Balance at beginning of year
636,632

 
$
52.36

 
322,572

 
$
58.18

 
56,315

 
$
73.24

Granted
569,136

 
51.78

 
506,906

 
55.33

 
480,371

 
65.00

Vested
(253,625
)
 
61.17

 
(192,846
)
 
69.93

 
(214,114
)
 
77.45

Forfeited
(290,565
)
 
52.58

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Balance at end of year
661,578

 
$
48.38

 
636,632

 
$
52.36

 
322,572

 
$
58.18


Stock Options:
In connection with the payment of the Special Dividend (See Note 13—Stockholders' Equity), the compensation committee approved an adjustment to all outstanding stock options. The exercise price and number of outstanding stock options were adjusted such that each stock option had the same fair value to the holder before and after giving effect to the payment of the Special Dividend. As a result, the 10,314 outstanding stock options on January 6, 2016 with a weighted-average price of $58.15 were adjusted to 10,565 outstanding stock options with a weighted average price of $56.77.
On May 30, 2017, the Company granted 25,000 non-qualified stock options with a grant date fair value of $10.02 that will vest on May 30, 2019. The Company measured the value of each option awarded using the Black-Scholes Option Pricing Model based upon the following assumptions: volatility of 30.19%, dividend yield of 4.93%, risk free rate of 2.08%, current value of $57.55 and an expected term of 8 years.
The following table summarizes the activity of stock options for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
 
Options
 
Weighted
Average
Exercise
Price
Balance at beginning of year
35,565

 
$
57.32

 
10,565

 
$
56.77

 
10,314

 
$
58.15

Granted
—

 
—

 
25,000

 
57.55

 
—

 
—

Exercised
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Special dividend adjustment
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
251

 
56.77

Balance at end of year
35,565

 
$
57.32

 
35,565

 
$
57.32

 
10,565

 
$
56.77



100
Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
19. Share and Unit-Based Plans: (Continued)

Directors' Phantom Stock Plan:
The Directors' Phantom Stock Plan offers non-employee members of the board of directors ("Directors") the opportunity to defer their cash compensation and to receive that compensation in common stock rather than in cash after termination of service or a predetermined period. Compensation generally includes the annual retainers payable by the Company to the Directors. Deferred amounts are generally credited as units of phantom stock at the beginning of each three-year deferral period by dividing the present value of the deferred compensation by the average fair market value of the Company's common stock at the date of award. Compensation expense related to the phantom stock awards was determined by the amortization of the value of the stock units on a straight-line basis over the applicable service period. The stock units (including dividend equivalents) vest as the Directors' services (to which the fees relate) are rendered. Vested phantom stock units are ultimately paid out in common stock on a one-unit for one-share basis. To the extent elected by a Director, stock units receive dividend equivalents in the form of additional stock units based on the dividend amount paid on the common stock. The aggregate number of phantom stock units that may be granted under the Directors' Phantom Stock Plan is 500,000. As of December 31, 2018, there were 159,374 stock units available for grant under the Directors' Phantom Stock Plan.
The following table summarizes the activity of the non-vested phantom stock units for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
 
Stock Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Stock Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
 
Stock Units
 
Weighted
Average
Grant Date
Fair Value
Balance at beginning of year
4,054

 
$
79.82

 
5,845

 
$
81.47

 
—

 
$
—

Granted
10,380

 
49.55

 
8,760

 
68.93

 
21,088

 
80.21

Vested
(12,193
)
 
54.40

 
(10,551
)
 
71.69

 
(15,243
)
 
79.73

Forfeited
(2,241
)
 
77.91

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Balance at end of year
—

 
$
—

 
4,054

 
$
79.82

 
5,845

 
$
81.47


Employee Stock Purchase Plan ("ESPP"):
The ESPP authorizes eligible employees to purchase the Company's common stock through voluntary payroll deductions made during periodic offering periods. Under the ESPP common stock is purchased at a 15% discount from the lesser of the fair value of common stock at the beginning and end of the offering period. A maximum of 750,000 shares of common stock is available for purchase under the ESPP. The number of shares available for future purchase under the plan at December 31, 2018 was 415,013.
Compensation:
The following summarizes the compensation cost under the share and unit-based plans for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Stock awards
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
20

Stock units
6,355

 
6,045

 
6,305

LTIP units
26,311

 
30,161

 
32,957

Stock options
125

 
85

 
16

Phantom stock units
760

 
714

 
1,231

 
$
33,551

 
$
37,005

 
$
40,529



101
Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
19. Share and Unit-Based Plans: (Continued)

The Company capitalized share and unit-based compensation costs of $6,184, $6,206 and $7,241 for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.
The fair value of the stock awards and stock units that vested during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $6,479, $5,257 and $5,644, respectively. Unrecognized compensation costs of share and unit-based plans at December 31, 2018 consisted of $2,395 from LTIP Units, $1,833 from stock units and $51 from stock options.
20. Employee Benefit Plans:
401(k) Plan:
The Company has a defined contribution retirement plan that covers its eligible employees (the "Plan"). The Plan is a defined contribution retirement plan covering eligible employees of the Macerich Property Management Company, LLC and participating affiliates. The Plan is qualified in accordance with section 401(a) of the Code. Effective January 1, 1995, the Plan was amended to constitute a qualified cash or deferred arrangement under section 401(k) of the Code, whereby employees can elect to defer compensation subject to Internal Revenue Service withholding rules. This Plan was further amended effective as of February 1, 1999 to add The Macerich Company Common Stock Fund as a new investment alternative under the Plan. A total of 150,000 shares of common stock were reserved for issuance under the Plan, which was subsequently increased by an additional 500,000 shares in February 2013. On January 1, 2004, the Plan adopted the "Safe Harbor" provision under Sections 401(k)(12) and 401(m)(11) of the Code. In accordance with adopting these provisions, the Company makes matching contributions equal to 100 percent of the first three percent of compensation deferred by a participant and 50 percent of the next two percent of compensation deferred by a participant. During the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, these matching contributions made by the Company were $3,422, $3,481 and $3,384, respectively. Contributions and matching contributions to the Plan by the plan sponsor and/or participating affiliates are recognized as an expense of the Company in the period that they are made.
Deferred Compensation Plans:
The Company has established deferred compensation plans under which executives and key employees of the Company may elect to defer receiving a portion of their cash compensation otherwise payable in one calendar year until a later year. The Company may, as determined by the Board of Directors in its sole discretion prior to the beginning of the plan year, credit a participant's account with a matching amount equal to a percentage of the participant's deferral. The Company contributed $813, $1,069 and $1,032 to the plans during the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Contributions are recognized as compensation in the periods they are made.
21. Income Taxes:
For income tax purposes, distributions paid to common stockholders consist of ordinary income, capital gains, unrecaptured Section 1250 gain and return of capital or a combination thereof. The following table details the components of the distributions, on a per share basis, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:
 
2018 (1)
 
2017
 
2016 (2)
Ordinary income
$
1.91

 
64.3
%
 
$
1.98

 
69.0
%
 
$
0.94

 
20.8
%
Capital gains
0.05

 
1.7
%
 
0.51

 
17.8
%
 
3.24

 
71.4
%
Unrecaptured Section 1250 gain
—

 
—
%
 
0.38

 
13.2
%
 
0.36

 
7.8
%
Return of capital
1.01

 
34.0
%
 
—

 
—
%
 
—

 
—
%
Dividends paid
$
2.97

 
100.0
%
 
$
2.87

 
100.0
%
 
$
4.54

 
100.0
%

_______________________________________________________________________________


102
Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
21. Income Taxes: (Continued)

(1)
The 2018 taxable ordinary dividends are treated as "qualified REIT dividends" for purposes of Internal Revenue Code Section 199A.
(2)
The Company declared a $2.00 special cash dividend to shareholders of record as of November 12, 2015 which was paid on January 6, 2016 (See Note 13—Stockholders' Equity). Pursuant to relevant U.S. tax rules, $0.21 per common share of this dividend is treated as having been paid by the Company on December 31, 2015, and received by each shareholder of record as of November 12, 2015 on December 31, 2015. The balance of the special cash dividend has been included in the amount of dividends paid for the year ended December 31, 2016
The Company has made Taxable REIT Subsidiary elections for all of its corporate subsidiaries other than its Qualified REIT Subsidiaries. The elections, effective for the year beginning January 1, 2001 and future years, were made pursuant to Section 856(l) of the Code.
The income tax provision of the TRSs for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Current
$
413

 
$
185

 
$
(176
)
Deferred
3,191

 
(15,779
)
 
(546
)
Income tax benefit (expense)
$
3,604

 
$
(15,594
)
 
$
(722
)
The income tax provision of the TRSs for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 are reconciled to the amount computed by applying the Federal Corporate tax rate as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Book loss for TRSs
$
19,525

 
$
2,094

 
$
5,254

Tax at statutory rate on earnings from continuing operations before income taxes
$
4,100

 
$
712

 
$
1,786

Change in tax rates
—

 
(14,189
)
 
—

State taxes
513

 
109

 
160

Other
(1,009
)
 
(2,226
)
 
(2,668
)
Income tax benefit (expense)
$
3,604

 
$
(15,594
)
 
$
(722
)

The Tax Cuts and Jobs Act of 2017 (“TCJA”), signed into law on December 22, 2017, adjusted the federal corporate tax income rate to 21%.  FASB Accounting Standards Codification Topic 740 requires deferred tax assets and liabilities to be measured at the enacted rate expected to apply when temporary differences are to be realized or settled. Accordingly, the Company remeasured its ending deferred tax asset and reduced the value by $14,189 for the year ended December 31, 2017. Additionally, GAAP requires that all adjustments resulting from tax rate changes be recorded to the income statement. Therefore, the Company recorded a $14,189 deferred tax expense for the year ended December 31, 2017 related to the revaluation of its deferred tax assets and liabilities.  
The net operating loss ("NOL") carryforwards for NOLs generated through the 2017 tax year are scheduled to expire through 2037, beginning in 2025. Pursuant to the TCJA, NOLs generated in 2018 and subsequent tax years carryforward indefinitely subject to the 80% of taxable income limitation.

103
Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY
NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS (Continued)
(Dollars in thousands, except per share amounts)
21. Income Taxes: (Continued)

The tax effects of temporary differences and carryforwards of the TRSs included in the net deferred tax assets at December 31, 2018 and 2017 are summarized as follows:
 
2018
 
2017
Net operating loss carryforwards
$
25,751

 
$
21,398

Property, primarily differences in depreciation and amortization, the tax basis of land assets and treatment of certain other costs
4,524

 
5,077

Other
1,922

 
2,531

Net deferred tax assets
$
32,197

 
$
29,006

For the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 there were no unrecognized tax benefits.
The tax years 2015 through 2017 remain open to examination by the taxing jurisdictions to which the Company is subject. The Company does not expect that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefit will materially change within the next 12 months.
22. Quarterly Financial Data (Unaudited):
The following is a summary of quarterly results of operations for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017:
 
2018 Quarter Ended
 
2017 Quarter Ended
 
Dec 31
 
Sep 30
 
Jun 30
 
Mar 31
 
Dec 31
 
Sep 30
 
Jun 30
 
Mar 31
Revenues
$
246,874

 
$
242,198

 
$
234,545

 
$
236,734

 
$
256,743

 
$
242,451

 
$
247,423

 
$
247,045

Net income (loss) attributable to the Company
$
11,749

 
$
74,028

 
$
7,816

 
$
(33,573
)
 
$
32,751

 
$
17,498

 
$
26,638

 
$
69,243

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per share-basic
$
0.08

 
$
0.52

 
$
0.05

 
$
(0.24
)
 
$
0.23

 
$
0.12

 
$
0.19

 
$
0.48

Net income (loss) attributable to common stockholders per share-diluted
$
0.08

 
$
0.52

 
$
0.05

 
$
(0.24
)
 
$
0.23

 
$
0.12

 
$
0.19

 
$
0.48

23. Subsequent Events:
On January 10, 2019, the Company replaced the existing loan on Fashion Outlets of Chicago with a new $300,000 interest only loan that bears interest at 4.58% and matures on February 1, 2031. The Company used the net proceeds to pay down its line of credit and for general corporate purposes.
On January 31, 2019, the Company announced a dividend/distribution of $0.75 per share for common stockholders and OP Unit holders of record on February 21, 2019. All dividends/distributions will be paid 100% in cash on March 1, 2019.
On February 13, 2019, the Company’s joint venture in SanTan Village Regional Center entered into a commitment for a ten-year $220,000 loan to replace the existing loan on the property. The new loan will bear interest at a fixed rate of 4.30% and is expected to close during the second quarter of 2019.





104
Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY
Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation
December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)


 
Initial Cost to Company
 
 
 
Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
 
 
 
 
Shopping Centers/Entities
Land
 
Building and
Improvements
 
Equipment
and
Furnishings
 
Cost Capitalized
Subsequent to
Acquisition
 
Land
 
Building and
Improvements
 
Equipment
and
Furnishings
 
Construction
in Progress
 
Total
 
Accumulated
Depreciation
 
Total Cost
Net of
Accumulated
Depreciation
Chandler Fashion Center
$
24,188

 
$
223,143

 
$
—

 
$
21,764

 
$
24,188

 
$
237,835

 
$
6,043

 
$
1,029

 
$
269,095

 
$
111,436

 
$
157,659

Danbury Fair Mall
130,367

 
316,951

 
—

 
117,155

 
142,751

 
409,786

 
11,414

 
522

 
564,473

 
156,784

 
407,689

Desert Sky Mall
9,447

 
37,245

 
12

 
4,757

 
9,082

 
40,949

 
1,430

 
—

 
51,461

 
11,953

 
39,508

Eastland Mall
22,050

 
151,605

 
—

 
11,683

 
21,400

 
161,402

 
2,174

 
362

 
185,338

 
33,928

 
151,410

Estrella Falls
10,550

 
—

 
—

 
71,511

 
10,524

 
14,265

 
—

 
57,272

 
82,061

 
2,132

 
79,929

Fashion Outlets of Chicago
—

 
—

 
—

 
268,088

 
40,575

 
222,769

 
4,358

 
386

 
268,088

 
57,473

 
210,615

Fashion Outlets of Niagara Falls USA
18,581

 
210,139

 
—

 
104,604

 
22,936

 
307,958

 
2,430

 
—

 
333,324

 
74,062

 
259,262

The Marketplace at Flagstaff
—

 
—

 
—

 
45,610

 
—

 
45,610

 
—

 
—

 
45,610

 
23,524

 
22,086

Freehold Raceway Mall
164,986

 
362,841

 
—

 
125,383

 
168,098

 
474,466

 
10,507

 
139

 
653,210

 
191,173

 
462,037

Fresno Fashion Fair
17,966

 
72,194

 
—

 
47,183

 
17,966

 
115,731

 
2,603

 
1,043

 
137,343

 
55,422

 
81,921

Green Acres Mall
156,640

 
321,034

 
—

 
187,974

 
179,274

 
474,438

 
10,424

 
1,512

 
665,648

 
107,532

 
558,116

Inland Center
8,321

 
83,550

 
—

 
29,278

 
10,291

 
110,618

 
129

 
111

 
121,149

 
17,815

 
103,334

Kings Plaza Shopping Center
209,041

 
485,548

 
20,000

 
256,943

 
200,686

 
675,872

 
43,408

 
51,566

 
971,532

 
95,071

 
876,461

La Cumbre Plaza
18,122

 
21,492

 
—

 
15,699

 
13,856

 
40,425

 
474

 
558

 
55,313

 
23,950

 
31,363

Macerich Management Co.
1,150

 
10,475

 
26,562

 
54,559

 
3,878

 
13,618

 
71,853

 
3,397

 
92,746

 
55,776

 
36,970

MACWH, LP
—

 
25,771

 
—

 
19,072

 
11,557

 
27,455

 
—

 
5,831

 
44,843

 
9,832

 
35,011

NorthPark Mall
7,746

 
74,661

 
—

 
14,202

 
7,885

 
88,125

 
584

 
15

 
96,609

 
20,502

 
76,107

Oaks, The
32,300

 
117,156

 
—

 
259,772

 
56,387

 
349,426

 
3,085

 
330

 
409,228

 
150,737

 
258,491

Pacific View
8,697

 
8,696

 
—

 
137,039

 
7,854

 
144,501

 
2,043

 
34

 
154,432

 
71,282

 
83,150

Paradise Valley Mall
33,445

 
128,485

 
—

 
30,716

 
36,473

 
152,516

 
2,709

 
948

 
192,646

 
79,166

 
113,480

Queens Center
251,474

 
1,039,922

 
—

 
43,506

 
256,786

 
1,074,030

 
3,721

 
365

 
1,334,902

 
119,104

 
1,215,798

Santa Monica Place
26,400

 
105,600

 
—

 
338,853

 
48,374

 
412,436

 
8,189

 
1,854

 
470,853

 
132,506

 
338,347

SanTan Adjacent Land
29,414

 
—

 
—

 
5,156

 
21,923

 
—

 
—

 
12,647

 
34,570

 
—

 
34,570

SanTan Village Regional Center
7,827

 
—

 
—

 
208,509

 
6,344

 
207,590

 
1,657

 
745

 
216,336

 
92,694

 
123,642

SouthPark Mall
7,035

 
38,215

 
—

 
(7,977
)
 
2,899

 
33,696

 
319

 
359

 
37,273

 
13,889

 
23,384

Southridge Center
6,764

 
—

 
—

 
8,257

 
2,295

 
12,358

 
122

 
246

 
15,021

 
6,072

 
8,949

Stonewood Center
4,948

 
302,527

 
—

 
9,920

 
4,935

 
312,258

 
196

 
6

 
317,395

 
40,127

 
277,268

Superstition Springs Center
10,928

 
112,718

 
—

 
8,751

 
10,928

 
120,641

 
708

 
120

 
132,397

 
20,223

 
112,174

Superstition Springs Power Center
1,618

 
4,420

 
—

 
269

 
1,618

 
4,630

 
59

 
—

 
6,307

 
2,009

 
4,298

Tangerine (Marana), The Shops at
36,158

 
—

 
—

 
(8,059
)
 
16,922

 
—

 
—

 
11,177

 
28,099

 
—

 
28,099

The Macerich Partnership, L.P.
—

 
2,534

 
—

 
5,050

 
—

 
—

 
7,365

 
219

 
7,584

 
926

 
6,658

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY
Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Continued)
December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)


 
Initial Cost to Company
 
 
 
Gross Amount at Which Carried at Close of Period
 
 
 
 
Shopping Centers/Entities
Land
 
Building and
Improvements
 
Equipment
and
Furnishings
 
Cost Capitalized
Subsequent to
Acquisition
 
Land
 
Building and
Improvements
 
Equipment
and
Furnishings
 
Construction
in Progress
 
Total
 
Accumulated
Depreciation
 
Total Cost
Net of
Accumulated
Depreciation
Towne Mall
6,652

 
31,184

 
—

 
5,343

 
6,877

 
35,708

 
495

 
99

 
43,179

 
16,062

 
27,117

Tucson La Encantada
12,800

 
19,699

 
—

 
56,522

 
12,800

 
75,422

 
716

 
83

 
89,021

 
43,880

 
45,141

Valley Mall
16,045

 
26,098

 
—

 
14,065

 
15,616

 
40,185

 
407

 
—

 
56,208

 
10,319

 
45,889

Valley River Center
24,854

 
147,715

 
—

 
24,119

 
23,487

 
157,244

 
1,643

 
14,314

 
196,688

 
60,515

 
136,173

Victor Valley, Mall of
15,700

 
75,230

 
—

 
53,101

 
20,080

 
121,973

 
1,919

 
59

 
144,031

 
53,532

 
90,499

Vintage Faire Mall
14,902

 
60,532

 
—

 
59,564

 
17,647

 
115,230

 
1,759

 
362

 
134,998

 
72,801

 
62,197

Wilton Mall
19,743

 
67,855

 
—

 
27,044

 
19,810

 
93,673

 
1,159

 
—

 
114,642

 
40,771

 
73,871

Other freestanding stores
5,926

 
31,785

 
—

 
10,151

 
5,927

 
41,579

 
296

 
60

 
47,862

 
18,064

 
29,798

Other land and development properties
33,795

 
—

 
—

 
23,510

 
25,749

 
—

 
—

 
31,556

 
57,305

 
—

 
57,305

 
$
1,406,580

 
$
4,717,020

 
$
46,574

 
$
2,708,646

 
$
1,506,678

 
$
6,966,418

 
$
206,398

 
$
199,326

 
$
8,878,820

 
$
2,093,044

 
$
6,785,776

See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.

Table of Contents
THE MACERICH COMPANY
Schedule III—Real Estate and Accumulated Depreciation (Continued)
December 31, 2018
(Dollars in thousands)


Depreciation of the Company's investment in buildings and improvements reflected in the consolidated statements of operations are calculated over the estimated useful lives of the asset as follows:

Buildings and improvements
5 - 40 years
Tenant improvements
5 - 7 years
Equipment and furnishings
5 - 7 years

The changes in total real estate assets for the three years ended December 31, 2018 are as follows:

 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Balances, beginning of year
$
9,127,533

 
$
9,209,211

 
$
10,689,656

Additions
246,719

 
202,280

 
254,604

Dispositions and retirements
(495,432
)
 
(283,958
)
 
(1,735,049
)
Balances, end of year
$
8,878,820

 
$
9,127,533

 
$
9,209,211


   The aggregate cost of the property included in the table above for federal income tax purposes was $8,363,296 (unaudited) at December 31, 2018.

The changes in accumulated depreciation for the three years ended December 31, 2018 are as follows:

 
2018
 
2017
 
2016
Balances, beginning of year
$
2,018,303

 
$
1,851,901

 
$
1,892,744

Additions
275,236

 
277,917

 
277,270

Dispositions and retirements
(200,495
)
 
(111,515
)
 
(318,113
)
Balances, end of year
$
2,093,044

 
$
2,018,303

 
$
1,851,901



See accompanying report of independent registered public accounting firm.


107

EXHIBIT INDEX
Exhibit Number
 
Description

 
 
 
 
3.1

 
Articles of Amendment and Restatement of the Company (incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Company's Registration Statement on Form S-11, as amended (No. 33-68964)) (Filed in paper - hyperlink is not required pursuant to Rule 105 of Regulation S-T).
 
 
 
3.1.1

 
Articles Supplementary of the Company (incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Company's Current Report on Form 8-K, event date May 30, 1995) (Filed in paper - hyperlink is not required pursuant to Rule 105 of Regulation S-T).
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

108

Exhibit Number
 
Description

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 

109

Exhibit Number
 
Description

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
10.7

 
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of March 16, 1994, among the Company and Mace Siegel, Dana K. Anderson, Arthur M. Coppola and Edward C. Coppola (incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Company's 1994 Form 10-K) (Filed in paper - hyperlink is not required pursuant to Rule 105 of Regulation S-T).
 
 
 
10.8

 
Registration Rights Agreement, dated as of March 16, 1994, between the Company and The Northwestern Mutual Life Insurance Company (incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Company’s 1994 Form 10-K) (Filed in paper - hyperlink is not required pursuant to Rule 105 of Regulation S-T).
 
 
 

 
 
 
 
 
 
 

110

Exhibit Number
 
Description
10.10

 
Incidental Registration Rights Agreement dated March 16, 1994 (incorporated by reference as an exhibit to the Company's 1994 Form 10-K) (Filed in paper - hyperlink is not required pursuant to Rule 105 of Regulation S-T).
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*

111

Exhibit Number
 
Description

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*
 
 
 

*

112

Exhibit Number
 
Description

*

 
 
 

*

 
 
 

*

 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

 
 
 
 

**
 
 
 
101.INS

 
XBRL Instance Document
 
 
 
101.SCH

 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
 
 
 
101.CAL

 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Calculation Linkbase Document
 
 
 
101.LAB

 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Label Linkbase Document
 
 
 
101.PRE

 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Presentation Linkbase Document
 
 
 
101.DEF

 
XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

* Represents a management contract, or compensatory plan, contract or arrangement required to be filed pursuant to Regulation S-K.
** Furnished herewith.

113

SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned, thereunto duly authorized, on February 25, 2019.
 
THE MACERICH COMPANY
 
 
 
/s/ THOMAS E. O'HERN
 
By
 
 
 
 
Thomas E. O'Hern
 
 
 
Chief Executive Officer and Director


114

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, this report has been signed below by the following persons on behalf of the registrant and in the capacities and on the dates indicated.

Signature
 
Capacity
 
Date
/s/ THOMAS E. O'HERN
 
Chief Executive Officer and Director
 
February 25, 2019
Thomas E. O'Hern
 
(Principal Executive Officer)
 
/s/ EDWARD C. COPPOLA
 
President and Director

 
February 25, 2019
Edward C. Coppola
 
 
/s/ PEGGY ALFORD
 
Director
 
February 25, 2019
Peggy Alford
 
 
/s/ JOHN H. ALSCHULER
 
Director

 
February 25, 2019
John H. Alschuler
 
 
/s/ ERIC K. BRANDT
 
Director
 
February 25, 2019
Eric K. Brandt
 
 
/s/ STEVEN R. HASH
 
Chairman of Board of Directors
 
February 25, 2019
Steven R. Hash
 
 
/s/ DANIEL J. HIRSCH
 
Director

 
February 25, 2019
Daniel J. Hirsch
 
 
/s/ DIANA M. LAING
 
Director

 
February 25, 2019
Diana M. Laing
 
 
/s/ STEVEN L. SOBOROFF
 
Director
 
February 25, 2019
Steven L. Soboroff
 
 
/s/ ANDREA M. STEPHEN
 
Director
 
February 25, 2019
Andrea M. Stephen
 
 
/s/ SCOTT W. KINGSMORE
 
Executive Vice President, Treasurer and Chief Financial Officer (Principal Financial Officer)
 
February 25, 2019
Scott W. Kingsmore
 
 
/s/ CHRISTOPHER J. ZECCHINI
 
Senior Vice President and Chief Accounting Officer (Principal Accounting Officer)
 
February 25, 2019
Christopher J. Zecchini
 
 


115