NOTE 1 — ORGANIZATION AND BUSINESS

All references in this report to “Milestone Scientific,” “us,” “our,” “we,” the “Company” or “Milestone” refer to Milestone Scientific Inc., and its consolidated subsidiaries, Wand Dental, Inc., Milestone Advanced Cosmetic Devices, Inc., Milestone Medical, Inc. and Milestone Education LLC (all described below), unless the context otherwise indicates. Milestone Scientific is the owner of the following registered U.S. trademarks: CompuDent®; CompuMed®; CompuFlo®; DPS Dynamic Pressure Sensing technology®; Milestone Scientific ®; the Milestone logo ®; SafetyWand®; STA Single Tooth Anesthesia Device®; and The Wand ®. 

Milestone Scientific was incorporated in the State of Delaware in August 1989. Milestone Scientific has developed a proprietary, computer-controlled anesthetic delivery device, using The Wand®, a single use disposable handpiece. The device is marketed in dentistry under the trademark CompuDent®, and STA Single Tooth Anesthesia Device® and in medicine under the trademark CompuMed®. CompuDent® is suitable for all dental procedures that require local anesthetic. CompuMed® is suitable for many medical procedures regularly performed in plastic surgery, hair restoration surgery, podiatry, colorectal surgery, dermatology, orthopedics and many other disciplines. The dental devices are sold in the United States, Canada and in 53 other countries. To date there have been no medical devices sold in the United States and limited amounts sold internationally, although certain medical devices have obtained CE mark approval and can be marketed and sold in most European countries. 

During 2016, Milestone Scientific filed for 510(k) marketing clearance with the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for both intra-articular and epidural injections with the CompuFlo® Computer Controlled Anesthesia System (the “CompuFlo Epidural System”).  In June 2017, the FDA approved the CompuFlo Epidural System for epidural injections.  Milestone Scientific is in the process of introductory meetings with medical device distributors within the United States and foreign markets. Milestone Scientific’s immediate focus is on marketing its epidural device throughout the United States and Europe.

In December 2016, we received notification from the FDA that based upon the 510(k)-application submitted for intra- articular injections, we did not adequately document that the device met the equivalency standard required for 510(k) clearances. Following consultation with the FDA Office of Device Evaluation, we intend to file a new 510(k) application for the device in 2018.

NOTE 2- LIQUIDITY AND UNCERTAINTIES

In accordance with Accounting Standard Codification (“ASC”) 205-40, “Presentation of Financial Statements – Going Concern”, the Company has evaluated whether there are conditions or events, considered in the aggregate, that raise substantial doubt about the Company's ability to continue as a going concern within one year after the date that the consolidated financial statements are issued. Milestone Scientific has incurred operating losses and negative cash flows from operating activities in virtually each year since its inception. The capital raised in December 2016 and January 2017 provided Milestone Scientific with working capital to continue to develop its medical devices and obtain regulatory approval for one of its CompuFlo® Epidural Computer Controlled Anesthesia System (the “CompuFlo Epidural System”), as well as to market its dental devices. Milestone Scientific is actively pursuing the generation of positive cash flows from operating activities through an increase in revenue from its dental business worldwide, the generation of revenue from its medical devices and disposables business in the United States (following June 2017 FDA approval of its CompuFlo Epidural System) and worldwide, and a reduction in operating expenses.

Management believes that Milestone Scientific will have sufficient cash reserves to meet its anticipated obligations over the next twelve months from the filing date of this quarterly report. However, Milestone Scientific will likely need to raise additional capital prior to the expected generation of sustainable positive cash flow from operating activities and may also need to raise additional capital to effectively launch its approved Epidural Device and eventually generate positive cash flow from the medical business.

The Company is subject to several risks like those of development stage companies, including dependence on key individuals and products, the difficulties inherent in the development of a commercial market, the potential need to obtain additional capital necessary to fund the development of its products, and competition from larger companies and other medical device companies that develop similar or substitute products. The Company's sales performance, selling and marketing expenditures to develop sales performance, as well as the status of each of its new product development programs and the resulting operating income (loss), will significantly impact its cash requirements.  

NOTE 3 — SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES

1. Principles of Consolidation

The accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States ("GAAP") and include the accounts of Milestone Scientific and its wholly owned and majority owned subsidiaries, including, Wand Dental (wholly owned), Milestone Advanced Cosmetic (majority owned) and Milestone Medical (majority owned). Milestone Education is a variable interest entity of which Milestone Scientific is the primary beneficiary and is consolidated into Milestone Scientific's financial statements. All significant, intra-entity transactions and balances have been eliminated in the consolidation.   

2.  Basis of Presentation

              The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements of Milestone Scientific have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) for interim financial information with the instructions for Form 10Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Accordingly, they do not include all of the information and footnotes required by GAAP for complete annual financial statements. In the opinion of management, the accompanying unaudited financial statements contain all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring entries) necessary to fairly present such interim results. Interim results are not necessarily indicative of the results of operations which may be expected for a full year or any subsequent period. These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2017, included in Milestone Scientific's Annual Report on Form 10-K.

3.  Reclassifications

Certain reclassifications have been made to the 2017 financial statements to conform to the condensed consolidated 2018 financial statement presentation. These reclassifications had no effect on net loss or cash flows as previously reported.

4. Revenue Recognition

Under ASC 606, the Company recognizes revenue when its customer obtains control of promised goods or services, in an amount that reflects the consideration which the Company expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. To perform revenue recognition for arrangements within the scope of ASC 606, the Company performs the following five steps:

(i)         identification of the promised goods or services in the contract;

(ii)        determination of whether the promised goods or services are performance obligations including whether they are distinct in the context of the contract;

(iii)       measurement of the transaction price, including the constraint on variable consideration;

(iv)       allocation of the transaction price to the performance obligations based on estimated selling prices; and

(v)        recognition of revenue when (or as) the Company satisfies each performance obligation. A performance obligation is a promise in a contract to transfer a distinct good

  or service to the customer and is the unit of account in ASC 606.

The Company derives its revenues from the sale of its products, primarily dental instruments, handpieces, and other related products. The Company sells its products through a global distribution network and that includes both exclusive and non-exclusive distribution agreements with third parties.

Revenue from product sales are recognized upon transfer of control of a product to a customer, generally upon date of shipment. For certain arrangements where the shipping terms are FOB destination, revenue is recognized upon delivery. The Company has no obligation on product sales for any installation, set-up or maintenance, these being the responsibility of the buyer. Milestone Scientific's only obligation after sale is the normal commercial warranty against manufacturing defects if the alleged defective unit is returned within the warranty period.

Sales Returns

A variable interest entity ("VIE") is an entity that either (i) has insufficient equity to permit the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support or (ii) has equity investors who lack the characteristics of a controlling financial interest. A VIE is consolidated by its primary beneficiary. The primary beneficiary has both the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the entity's economic performance and the obligation to absorb losses or the right to receive benefits from the entity that could potentially be significant to the VIE.

If Milestone Scientific determines that it has operating power and the obligation to absorb losses or receive benefits, Milestone Scientific consolidates the VIE as the primary beneficiary. Milestone Scientific’s involvement constitutes power that is most significant to the entity when it has unconstrained decision-making ability over key operational functions within the entity.                  

Milestone Scientific became the primary beneficiary of Milestone Education as of January 2017. Accordingly, the assets and liabilities of Milestone Education are included in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.

Because Milestone Scientific had an increasing variable interest in Milestone China, it considered the guidance in ASC 810, “Consolidation” as it relates to determining whether Milestone China is a VIE and, if so, identifying the primary beneficiary. As Milestone China’s equity at risk and voting rights were not proportional to their economic interest, Milestone China was determined to be a VIE. Milestone Scientific would be considered the primary beneficiary of the VIE if it has both of the following characteristics:

Milestone management does not have the ability to control the activities that most significantly impact Milestone China's economics and, therefore, the power criterion has not been met. Management placed the most weight on the relationship and significance of activities of Milestone China to the majority shareholder/CEO of Milestone China.  As majority shareholder, majority holder of voting rights, and the active CEO, the 53% investor has the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact the economic performance of Milestone China. Management has concluded that Milestone Scientific is not the primary beneficiary under ASC 810. Accordingly, Milestone China has not been consolidated into the financial statements of Milestone Scientific and continues to be accounted for under the equity method

6. Cash and Cash Equivalents

Milestone Scientific considers all highly liquid investments purchased with an original maturity of three months or less to be cash equivalents.

7. Accounts Receivable

Milestone Scientific sells a significant amount of its product on credit terms to its major distributors. Milestone Scientific estimates losses from the inability of its customers to make payments on amounts billed. Most of credit sales are due within 90 days from invoicing. There have not been any significant credit losses incurred to date. As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, accounts receivable was recorded, net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $10,000.

8. Note Receivable

Milestone Scientific values note receivable at historic cost less amount paid against principle. Milestone Scientific estimates losses on the note-based payments and credit quality of the debtor. 

9. Product Return and Warranty

Milestone Scientific generally does not accept non-defective returns from its customers. Product returns under warranty are accepted, evaluated and repaired or replaced in accordance with the Company’s warranty policy. Returns not within the warranty policy are evaluated and the customer is charged for the repair.

10. Inventories

Inventories principally consist of finished goods and component parts stated at the lower of cost (first-in, first-out method) or net realizable value. Inventory quantities on hand are reviewed on a quarterly basis and a provision for excess, slow moving, and obsolete inventory is recorded based on past and expected future sales, potential technological obsolescence and product expiration requirements. As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, inventory was recorded net of allowance for slow moving inventory of approximately $220,000.

11. Equity Method Investments

Investments in which Milestone Scientific can exercise significant influence, but do not control, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting and are included in the noncurrent assets on the Condensed Consolidated Balance Sheets. Under this method of accounting, Milestone Scientific's share of the net earnings or losses of the investee is presented below the income tax line on the Condensed Consolidated Statements of Operations. Milestone Scientific evaluates its equity method investments whenever events or changes in circumstance indicate that the carrying amounts of such investments may be impaired. If a decline in the value of an equity method investment is determined to be other than temporary, a loss is recorded in earnings in the current period.

12. Furniture, Fixture and Equipment  

Equipment is recorded at cost, less accumulated depreciation. Depreciation expense is computed using the straight-line method over the estimated useful lives of the assets, which range from two to seven years. The costs of maintenance and repairs are charged to operations as incurred. 

 13.  Intangible Assets – Patents and Developed Technology

Patents are recorded at cost to prepare and file the applicable documents with the US Patent Office, or internationally with the applicable governmental office in the respective country. The costs related to these patents are being amortized using the straight-line method over the estimated useful life of the patent. Patents and other developed technology acquired from another business entity will be amortized at the estimated average useful life of the patent. These patents and developed technology are recorded at the acquisition cost. 

Patent defense costs, to the extent applicable, are expensed as incurred.  Patent applications filed, and patents obtained in foreign countries are subject to the laws and procedures that differ from those in the United States. Patent protection in foreign countries may be different from patent protection under United States laws and may not be favorable to Milestone Scientific. Milestone Scientific also attempts to protect the proprietary information using confidentiality agreements and by limiting access to its facilities. There can be no assurance that the program of patents, confidentiality agreements and restricted access to the facilities will be sufficient to protect the proprietary technology.              

14. Impairment of Long-Lived Assets

As of March 31, 2018, Milestone Scientific has reviewed long-lived assets for any impairments. The carrying value of the assets is evaluated in relation to the operating performance and future undiscounted cash flows of the underlying assets when an impairment indicator or triggering event occurs. Milestone Scientific adjusts the net book value of an underlying asset if its fair value is determined to be less than its net book value. There have been no impairment indicators or triggering events and therefore, there were no impairments as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.

15. Shipping and Handling Costs

Shipping and handling costs, if any, are paid by or billed to customers at the time of shipments. Domestic and international shipments are FOB warehouse; therefore, no costs are incurred by Milestone Scientific.  

16. Research and Development

Research and development costs, which consist principally of new product development costs payable to third parties, are expensed as incurred. Advance payments for the research are amortized to expense either as services are performed or over the relevant service period using the straight-line method.

17. Income Taxes

Milestone Scientific accounts for income taxes pursuant to the asset and liability method which requires deferred income tax assets and liabilities to be computed for temporary differences between the financial statement and tax basis of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the differences are expected to affect taxable income. Valuation allowances are established when necessary to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount expected to be realized.

18. Basic and diluted net loss per common share

Milestone Scientific presents “basic” earnings (loss) per common share applicable to common stockholders and, if applicable, “diluted” earnings (loss) per common share applicable to common stockholders pursuant to the provisions of ASC 260, “Earnings per Share”. Basic earnings (loss) per common share is calculated by dividing net income or loss applicable to common stockholders by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding and to be issued during each period. The calculation of diluted earnings per common share is like that of basic earnings per common share, except that the denominator is increased to include the number of additional common shares that would have been outstanding if all potentially dilutive common shares, such as those issuable upon the exercise of stock options, warrants, and the conversion of debt were issued during the period.

Since Milestone Scientific had net losses for 2018 and 2017, the assumed effects of the exercise of potentially dilutive outstanding stock options and warrants were not included in the calculation as their effect would have been anti-dilutive. Such outstanding options and warrants totaled 3,510,335 and 3,710,335 at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. 

19. Use of Estimates

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions in determining the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. The most significant estimates relate to the allowance for doubtful accounts, inventory valuation, and cash flow assumptions regarding evaluations for impairment of long-lived assets and going concern considerations, and valuation allowances on deferred tax assets. Actual results could differ from those estimates.

20. Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Fair Value Measurements: Fair value is the price that would be received to sell an asset or paid to transfer a liability in an orderly transaction between market participants in the principal market at the measurement date (exit price). We are required to classify fair value measurements in one of the following categories:

●         Level 1 inputs which are defined as quoted prices (unadjusted) in active markets for identical assets or liabilities that the reporting entity can access at the measurement date.

●         Level 2 inputs which are defined as inputs other than quoted prices included within Level 1 that are observable for the assets or liabilities, either directly or indirectly.

●         Level 3 inputs are defined as unobservable inputs for the assets or liabilities.

Financial assets and liabilities are classified based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. Our assessment of the significance of an input to the fair value measurement requires judgment and may affect the valuation of the fair value of assets and liabilities and their placement within the fair value hierarchy levels.

21. Stock-Based Compensation

Milestone Scientific accounts for stock-based compensation under ASC 718, “Compensation – Stock Compensation”. ASC 718 requires all share-based payments to employees, including grants of employee stock options, to be recognized as expense over the requisite service period as an operating expense, based on the grant-date fair values.

The fair value of the non-employee options was estimated on the date of grant using the Black Scholes option-pricing model. In accordance with the provisions of ASC 505, Milestone Scientific will re-measure the value of the grant at each presentation date unless there is a significant disincentive for non-performance or until performance has been rendered. For the three months March 31, 2018 and 2017, Milestone Scientific recognized approximately $4,000 of expense, and $17,100 of income related to non-employee options, respectively.

22. Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued Accounting Standards Update (“ASU”) No. 2014-09, “Revenue from Contracts with Customers (Topic 606)” (ASC 606). The standard, including subsequently issued amendments, replaces most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP. The key focus of the new standard is that an entity should recognize revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for those goods or services. We adopted this new standard as of January 1, 2018 by using the modified-retrospective method.

In connection with the adoption, we performed a review of our existing revenue arrangements as of January 1, 2018 following the five-step model outlined in ASC 606.

Based on our analysis, there were no changes identified that impacted the amount or timing of revenues recognized under the new guidance as compared to the previous guidance. Additionally, our analysis indicated that there were no changes to how costs to obtain and fulfill our customer contracts would be recognized under the new guidance as compared to the previous guidance.

In February 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-02, “Leases (Topic 842)”. This ASU requires lessees to recognize a right of use asset and lease liability on the balance sheet for all leases, with the exception of short-term leases. The Company will adopt this standard on January 1, 2019. We are currently evaluating the impact of adopting this guidance on our consolidated balance sheets, results of operations and financial condition.

In August 2016, the FASB issued ASU No. 2016-15, "Statement Cash Flows “Classification of Certain Cash Receipts and Cash Payments" (Topic 230). The new standard provides guidance as to the conformity of presentation of certain cash receipts and disbursements. The Company adopted this standard during the quarter ended March 31, 2018 and there was no material impact on the Company’s consolidated statements of cash flows.  

In May 2017, the FASB issued ASU No. 2017-09, “Compensation – Stock Compensation” (Topic 718). The new standard provides guidance and clarity for modification to equity-based compensation programs. The Company adopted this standard during the quarter ended March 31, 2018 and there was no material impact on the Company’s consolidated financial statements.

In February 2018, the FASB issued ASU No. 2018-02, “Income Statement – Reporting Comprehensive Income (Topic 220)”, which amends the previous guidance to allow for certain tax effects “stranded” in accumulated other comprehensive income, which are impacted by the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “Act”), to be reclassified from accumulated other comprehensive income into retained earnings. This amendment pertains only to those items impacted by the new tax law and will not apply to any future tax effects stranded in accumulated other comprehensive income. This standard is effective for fiscal years beginning after December 15, 2018 and allows for early adoption. The Company does not anticipate that the adoption of this standard will have a material impact on the Company’s consolidated balance sheet.

NOTE 4 — NOTES RECEIVABLE

In June 2017, Milestone Scientific entered into an agreement for the sale of its forty percent (40%) interest in Milestone China (the “Milestone China Shares”) to an unaffiliated United States domiciled purchaser and a 10-year option agreement to repurchase the Milestone China Shares. The purchase price for the Milestone China Shares was $1,400,000 of which $125,000 was paid in cash and $1,275,000 was paid by delivery of a non-interest bearing secured promissory note. The note was payable in quarterly installments of $125,000 and was secured by the Milestone China Shares until full repayment.  In addition, the purchaser was precluded from selling all or substantially all its assets prior to repayment of the note. The 10-year option agreement provides Milestone Scientific an option to repurchase the Milestone China Shares at $1,400,000 within the first two years and at fair market value (as defined in such agreement) for the remainder of the 10-year term.

The transaction has been accounted for as a secured financing and Milestone Scientific will continue to account for its relationship with Milestone China under the equity method of accounting. A note receivable is presented on the Company’s condensed consolidated balance sheet, along with a deferral from financing transaction ($1,400,000). The carrying value of the forty (40%) percent investment at the transaction date was zero.

As of March 2, 2018, the promissory note was in default. In April 2018, Milestone Scientific entered into a Release, Assignment and Termination Agreement with the issuer of the promissory note, pursuant to which, Milestone Scientific repaid the $250,000 payment made by the issuer and the issuer returned the 1.4 million shares of Milestone China’s common stock to Milestone Scientific and cancelled the promissory note (see Note 16).    

NOTE 5 — INVENTORIES

Inventories at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 consist of the following:

As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, inventory was recorded net of allowance for slow moving inventory of approximately $220,000.

NOTE 6 — ADVANCES ON CONTRACTS

The advances on contracts represent funding of future STA inventory purchases and Epidural replacements parts. The balance of the advances as of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 was $984,408 and $697,192 respectively. The advance is classified as current based on the estimated annual usage of the underlying inventory.    

NOTE 7 – CONSOLIDATION OF VARIABLE INTEREST ENTITY

Milestone Education is a 50% owned subsidiary of Milestone Scientific which began operations in 2013 to provide training and education to dentists throughout the world. As of March 31, 2018, and 2017, approximately 72% and 82% of the revenue earned by Milestone Education is from services performed for Milestone Scientific, respectively. Because of this dependency and relationship, we determined that we had the power to direct the activities that most significantly impact Milestone Education's economic performance, and therefore Milestone Education is consolidated in our financial statements. 

 NOTE 8 – INVESTMENT IN UNCONSOLIDATED AFFILIATE

Milestone China Ltd.

In June 2014, Milestone Scientific invested $1 million in Milestone China Ltd. (“Milestone China”) by contributing 772 STA Instruments to Milestone China for a 40% ownership interest. Milestone Scientific recorded this investment under the equity method of accounting. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, and 2017, Milestone Scientific recorded a loss on its investment in Milestone China of $0 and $44,401, respectively, inclusive of the intra-entity deferral of profit. As of  March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, Milestone Scientific's investment in Milestone China was $0. As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, Milestone Scientific’s share of cumulative losses of Milestone china were $3,524,617 and $3,147,470, respectively, which have been suspended.

As of March 2, 2018, the Note Receivable identified on the Balance Sheet was in default. If Milestone Scientific exercises its rights as a secured party it may be obligated to return to the purchaser up to the $250,000 received for the Milestone China Shares as surplus. At March 31, 2018, Milestone Scientific did not receive a response from the purchaser of the Milestone China Shares and did not recorded any financial benefit from the sale of Milestone China Shares to date. Refer to Note 4 for subsequent actions.

Milestone Scientific had no related party sales of handpieces and devices to Milestone China and Milestone China’s agent for three months ended March 31, 2018. Milestone Scientific had $1,001,800 of related party sales of handpieces and devices to Milestone China for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Milestone Scientific defers the total revenue and costs of goods sold when devices and handpieces are shipped to Milestone China and Milestone China’s agent due to market conditions and Milestone China liquidity concerns until a payment is received.

Due to timing differences of when the inventory sold to Milestone China is recognized and when Milestone China sells the acquired inventory to third parties, an elimination of the intra-entity profit is required as of the balance sheet date. In accordance with ASC 323, “Investments – Equity Method and Joint Ventures”, Milestone Scientific has deferred 40% of the gross profit associated with recognized revenue from Milestone China that has not been sold to third parties. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the deferred profit was $714,717 and $751,500, respectively, which is included in deferred profit, related party in the, condensed consolidated balance sheets.

The following table includes summarized financial information (unaudited) of Milestone China:

 NOTE 9 — PATENTS

Patents at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017 are comprised of the following:

Patents are amortized utilizing the straight-line method over estimated useful lives ranging from 3 to 20 years, with a weighted average amortization period of approximately 5 years.

On July 13, 2017, Milestone Scientific consummated a Asset Purchase Agreement (the “Agreement”) with APAD Octrooi B.V. and APAD B.V. (each, a “Seller” and collectively, the “Sellers”) pursuant to which Milestone Scientific acquired certain patent rights and other intellectual property rights related to the Sellers’ computer-controlled injection instrument (the “Purchased Assets”) and has been accounted for as an asset acquisition. On the closing date, Milestone Scientific issued to the Sellers an aggregate of 1,646,358 shares of its common stock, valued at approximately $2,486,000 for the Purchased Assets which shares are subject to certain post-closing upward or downward adjustments not to exceed twenty-five percent of the initial shares as of the purchase date or 250,000 Euros, as defined in the agreement. As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, Milestone Scientific has recorded a liability of $295,000 relating to the estimated additional shares that would have to be issued according this provision in the Agreement. The asset purchase price of approximately $2,639,000, net of expenses has been capitalized and will amortized over their three-year estimated useful life. 

Amortization expense was $237,366 and $17,682 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The annual amortization expense expected to be recorded for existing intangibles assets for the next five years from the balance sheet date of March 31, 2018 are as follows: $927,000, $920,000, $259,000, $39,000 and $39,000, respectively.

NOTE 10 — STOCKHOLDERS’ EQUITY

Shares to be Issued 

As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, there were 1,699,323 and 1,401,247 shares of common stock, respectively, whose issuance has been deferred under the terms of an employment agreements with the Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer and other employees of Milestone Scientific. Such shares will be issued to each such person upon termination of their employment. The number of shares was fixed at the date of grant and were fully vested upon grant date.

Shares Reserved for Future Issuance

As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017 there were 5,209,658 and 5,111,582 shares reserved for future issuance and 3,510,335, and 3,710,335 shares underlying other stock options and warrants outstanding, respectively. At March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, there were 1,699,323 shares and 1,401,247 shares, respectively, reserved for issuance in settlement of deferred compensation to officers of Milestone Scientific.

NOTE 11 — INCOME TAXES

Due to Milestone Scientific's history of operating losses, a full valuation allowances have been provided for all of Milestone Scientific's deferred tax assets. As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, no recognition was given to the utilization of the remaining net operating loss carryforwards in each of these periods.

The utilization of Milestone Scientific's net operating losses may be subject to a substantial limitation due to the "change of ownership provisions" under Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code and similar state provisions. Such limitation may result in the expiration of the net operating loss carry forwards before their utilization. Milestone Scientific has established a 100% valuation allowance for all its deferred tax assets due to uncertainty as to their future realization.  

Accounting for uncertainties in income taxes prescribes a recognition threshold and measurement attribute for the financial statement recognition and measurement of a tax position taken or expected to be taken in a tax return, and provides guidance on derecognition, classification, interest and penalties, disclosure and transition. At March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, we had no uncertain tax positions that required recognition in the consolidated financial statements. Milestone Scientific's policy is to recognize interest and penalties on unrecognized tax benefits in income tax expense in the Statements of Operations.

No interest and penalties are present for periods open. Tax returns for the 2014, 2015, 2016 and 2017 years are subject to audit by federal and state jurisdictions.

NOTE 12 — SEGMENT AND GEOGRAPHIC DATA

We conduct our business through two reportable segments dental and medical.  These segments offer different products to different customer base. The following tables present information about our reportable and operating segments:

The following table presents information about our operations by geographic area as March 31, 2018 and 2017.  Net sales by geographic area are based on the respective locations of our subsidiaries

NOTE 13 -- CONCENTRATION

Milestone Scientific has informal arrangements with a third-party manufacturer of the STA, CompuDent® and CompuMed® devices, pursuant to which they manufacture these products under specific purchase orders but without any long-term contract or minimum purchase commitment. In January 2017, Milestone Scientific entered into a purchase commitment for the delivery of 2,000 instruments beginning in the 4th quarter of 2017. At March 31, 2018, Milestone Scientific’s purchase commitment for this purchase order was $186,965. In January 2018, Wand Dental entered into a new purchase commitment for the delivery of 2,000 devices beginning in the third quarter of 2018, Milestone Scientific’s purchase commitment for this purchase order was $1,397,440. An advance of $ 984,408 and $697,192 was recorded at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. Consequently, advances on contracts have been classified as current at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017.  The termination of the manufacturing relationship with any of the above manufacturer could have a material adverse effect on Milestone Scientific’s ability to produce and sell its products. Although alternate sources of supply exist, and new manufacturing relationships could be established, Milestone Scientific would need to recover its existing tools or have new tools produced. Establishment of new manufacturing relationships could involve significant expense and delay. Any curtailment or interruption of the supply, whether because of termination of such a relationship, would have a material adverse effect on Milestone Scientific’s financial condition, business and results of operations

For the three months ended March 31, 2018, an aggregate of approximately 54% of Milestone Scientific's net product sales were to one customer/distributor. For the three months ended March 31, 2017, an aggregate of approximately 79% of Milestone Scientific's net product sales were to two customer/distributors (one of which, Milestone China, is a related party), 52%, and 27%, respectively. Accounts receivable for the major customer/distributors amounted to an aggregate of approximately $1,923,950, or 76% of Milestone Scientific's accounts receivable, as of March 31, 2018. Accounts receivable for the major customer/distributors amounted to an aggregate of approximately $2,555,476, or 78% of Milestone Scientific's accounts receivable, as of December 31, 2017.

 NOTE 14 -- RELATED PARTY TRANSACTIONS

Milestone Scientific has a manufacturing agreement with United Systems (whose controlling shareholder, Tom Cheng, is a significant stockholder of Milestone), the principal manufacturers of its handpieces, pursuant to which it manufactures products under specific purchase orders, but without minimum purchase commitments. Purchases from this manufacturer were $351,280 and $452,352 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. As of March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, Milestone Scientific owed $1,075,078 and $985,678 this manufacturer, respectively.

Milestone Scientific had no related party sales of handpieces and devices to Milestone China and Milestone China’s agent for three months ended March 31, 2018. Milestone Scientific had $1,001,800 of related party sales of handpieces and devices to Milestone China for the three months ended March 31, 2017. Milestone Scientific defers the total revenue and costs of goods sold when devices and handpieces are shipped to Milestone China and Milestone China’s agent due to market conditions and Milestone China liquidity concerns until a payment is received.

In August 2016, K. Tucker Andersen, a significant stockholder of Milestone Scientific, entered a three-year agreement with Milestone Scientific to provide financial and business strategic services. Expenses recognized on this agreement were $50,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.

In January 2017, Milestone Scientific entered into a 12-month agreement with Innovest S.p.A. to provide consulting services. This agreement will renew for successive 12-month terms unless terminated by Innovest S.p.A or Milestone Scientific. Expenses recognized on this agreement were $20,000 for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017. 

NOTE 15 — COMMITMENTS 

(1)  Contract Manufacturing Agreement

Milestone Scientific has informal arrangements with a third-party manufacturer of the STA, CompuDent® and CompuMed® devices, pursuant to which they manufacture these products under specific purchase orders but without any long-term contract or minimum purchase commitment. In January 2017, Milestone Scientific entered into a purchase commitment for the delivery of 2,000 instruments beginning in the 4th quarter of 2017. At March 31, 2018, Milestone Scientific’s purchase commitment for this purchase order was $186,965. In January 2018 Wand Dental entered into a purchase commitment for the delivery of 2,000 instruments beginning in the 3rd quarter of 2018, Milestone Scientific’s purchase commitment for this purchase order was $1,397,440. An advance of $ 984,408 and $697,192 was recorded at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.

(2)  Other Commitments

In February 2018, Milestone Scientific and Daniel Goldberger, the Company’s former President and Chief Executive Officer, who resigned effective October 2, 2017, signed a Settlement and Release Agreement with respect to Mr. Goldberger’s leaving the Company. The gross settlement was $175,000, and $80,555 was paid in March 2018. The remainder of the settlement will be paid over a nine-month period beginning in March 2018. 

The technology underlying the Safety Wand® and CompuFlo®, and an improvement to the controls for CompuDent® were developed by the Director of Clinical Affairs and assigned to Milestone Scientific. Milestone Scientific purchased this technology pursuant to an agreement dated January 1, 2005. The Director of Clinical Affairs will receive additional payments of 2.5% of the total sales of products using certain of these technologies, and 5% of the total sales of products using certain other of the technologies until the expiration of the last patent covering these technologies. The Director of Clinical Affairs was granted, pursuant to the agreement, an option to purchase, at fair market value on the date of the grant 8,333 shares of common stock upon the issuance of each additional patent relating to these technologies. If products produced by third parties use any of these technologies (under license from us) then the Director of Clinical Affairs will receive the corresponding percentage of the consideration received by Milestone Scientific for such sale or license. 

The Director of Clinical Affairs’ royalty fee was $85,769 and $131,908 for three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. Additionally, Milestone Scientific expensed consulting fees to the Director of Clinical Affairs of $68,751 for three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. 

In January 2017, Milestone Scientific entered into a 12-month agreement with Innovest S.p.A. to provide consulting services. This agreement will renew for successive 12-month terms unless terminated by Innovest S.p.A or Milestone Scientific. Expenses recognized on this agreement were $20,000 for three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017.

NOTE 16 — SUBSEQUENT EVENTS

In April 2018, Milestone Scientific entered into a Release, Assignment and Termination Agreement (the “Termination Agreement”) with the issuer of the promissory note, pursuant to which, Milestone Scientific repaid the $250,000 payment made by the issuer and the issuer returned the 1.4 million shares of Milestone China’s common stock to Milestone Scientific and cancelled the Note. As a result of the Termination Agreement and related repayment made by Milestone Scientific, the Company derecognized the outstanding note receivable balance of $1,150,000 and the related deferred gain on financing transaction of $1,400,000, and no gain or loss was recognized on the transaction. See Note 4.

In May 2018, the Company entered a twelve-month Consulting Agreement to provide corporate finance advice, assisting the Company to establish corporate financing goals, and creating public awareness in European markets. The Company shall grant to the Consultant, upon fulfilment of Condition Precedent, an option to buy from the Company 500,000 shares of newly issued common stock at the price of $1.00; such option being exercisable any time up to the 1^st anniversary year of this Agreement. The Condition Precedent is the purchase of at least 400,000 shares of the Company's common stock from the secondary market within 30 days of signing the Consulting Agreement. If the Consultant purchases up to additional 400,000 shares of the Company common stock in the secondary market in the period between 30 to 60 days from the date hereof, the option will increase up to an additional 500,000 shares of newly issued common stock at a price of 1.00, the proportion shall be on a 4 to 5 ratio (e.g., 400,000 shares purchased equals 500,000 shares option).