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(Name of Small Business Issuer in its Charter)

Nevada	3841	91-19553323
(State of jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)	(Primary Standard Industrial Classification Code Number)	(I.R.S. Employer Identification No.)

(Address and telephone number of principal executive offices and principal place of business)

(Name, address and telephone number of agent for service)

 

Approximate date of proposed sale to the public: From time to time after the date this registration statement becomes effective.

 

If this Form is filed to register additional securities for an offering pursuant to Rule 462(b) under the Securities Act, please check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

 

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(c) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

 

If this Form is a post-effective amendment filed pursuant to Rule 462(d) under the Securities Act, check the following box and list the Securities Act registration statement number of the earlier effective registration statement for the same offering. o

 

If delivery of the prospectus is expected to be made pursuant to Rule 434, check the following box. o

 

 

The registrant hereby amends this registration statement on such date or dates as may be necessary to delay its effective date until the registrant shall file a further amendment which specifically states that this registration statement shall thereafter become effective in accordance with Section 8(a) of the Securities Act of 1933 or until the registration statement shall become effective on such date as the Commission, acting pursuant to said Section 8(a), may determine.

 

The information in this prospectus is not complete and may be changed. We may not sell these securities until the registration statement filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission is effective. This prospectus is not an offer to sell these securities and it is not soliciting an offer to buy these securities in any state where the offer or sale is not permitted.

 

 

 

PROSPECTUS

 

 

12,740,597 Shares of Common Stock

 

 

 

This prospectus relates to the sale of up to 7,143,097 shares of our currently outstanding shares of common stock that are owned by some of our stockholders, and 5,597,500 shares of our common stock issuable upon the exercise of currently outstanding common stock purchase warrants held by some of our stockholders. For a list of the selling stockholders, please see "Selling Stockholders." We are not selling any shares of common stock in this offering and therefore will not receive any proceeds from this offering. We will, however, receive the exercise price of the warrants if and when those warrants are exercised by the selling stockholders. None of the warrants has been exercised as of the date of this prospectus. We will pay the expenses of registering these shares.

 

Our common stock is traded in the over-the-counter market and is quoted on the OTC Bulletin Board under the symbol ABOS. On September 27, 2004, the closing price of our common stock was $4.75 per share.

 

The shares included in this prospectus may be offered and sold directly by the selling stockholders in the open market at prevailing prices or in individually negotiated transactions, through agents designated from time to time or thorough underwriters or dealers. We will not control or determine the price at which a selling stockholder decides to sell its shares. Brokers or dealers effecting transactions in these shares should confirm that the shares are registered under applicable state law or that an exemption from registration is available.

 

 

 

The date of this prospectus is October 1, 2004.

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

		Page
Prospectus Summary		2
Risk Factors		4
Forward-Looking Statements		12
Use of Proceeds		13
Market Price of Common Stock and Other Shareholder Matters		13
Management’s Discussion and Analysis or Plan of Operation		14
Business		17
Directors, Executive Officers, Promoters and Control Persons		36
Executive Compensation		38
Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management		41
Selling Stockholders		42
Plan of Distribution		47
Certain Relationships and Related Transactions		48
Description of Securities		49
Change of Accountants		51
Interests of Named Experts and Counsel		52
Disclosure of Commission Position of Indemnification for Securities Act Liabilities		52
Legal Matters		52
Where You Can Find More Information		53
Glossary of Terms		53
Index to Financial Statements		54

           

 

Common stock offered by the selling stockholders	12,740,597 shares, consisting of 7,143,097 outstanding shares owned by selling stockholders and 5,597,500 shares issuable to selling stockholders upon exercise of outstanding warrants.
Common stock currently outstanding	13,198,097 shares (1)
Common stock to be outstanding after the offering, assuming no exercise of the warrants	13,198,097 shares (1)
Common stock to be outstanding after the offering, assuming the exercise of all warrants	18,795,598 shares (1)
OTC Bulletin Board Trading Symbol	ABOS
Risk Factors	An investment in our common stock involves significant risks. See "Risk Factors" beginning on page 4

__________________________________

 

(1) In addition to these outstanding shares of common stock, as of July 31, 2004, there were outstanding options to purchase 644,000 shares of our common stock (with exercise prices ranging from $0.15 per share to $2.60 per share).

 

	3

 

An investment in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. You should carefully consider the risks described below and the other information contained in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated by reference before deciding to invest in our company. If any of the following risks actually occur, our business, financial condition or operating results and the trading price or value of our securities could be materially adversely affected.

 

 

 

We are a start-up company that has not generated any operating revenues to date (our only revenues were two government research grants). Accordingly, while we have been in existence since November 1999, and ATI, our operating subsidiary, has been in existence since 2000, we should be evaluated as a new, start-up company, subject to all of the risks and uncertainties normally associated with a new, start-up company. As a start-up company, we expect to incur significant operating losses for the foreseeable future, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to validate and market products in the future that will generate revenues or that any revenues generated will be sufficient for us to become profitable or thereafter maintain profitability.

 

 

All of our products are still in research or development, and no revenues have been generated to date from product sales. There is no guarantee that we will ever develop commercially viable products. To become profitable, we will have to successfully develop, obtain regulatory approval for, produce, market and sell our products. There can be no assurance that our product development efforts will be successfully completed, that we will be able to obtain all required regulatory approvals, that we will be able to manufacture our products at an acceptable cost and with acceptable quality, or that our products can be successfully marketed in the future. We currently do not expect to receive significant revenues from the sale of any of our products for at least the next few years.

 

 

The development, production and marketing of our products are subject to extensive regulation by government authorities in the United States and other countries. In the U.S., SEPET™ and our bioartificial liver systems will require approval from the FDA prior to clinical testing and commercialization. The process for obtaining FDA approval to market therapeutic products is both time-consuming and costly, with no certainty of a successful outcome. This process includes the conduct of extensive pre-clinical and clinical testing, which may take longer or cost more than we currently anticipate due to numerous factors, including without limitation, difficulty in securing centers to conduct trials, difficulty in enrolling patients in conformity with required protocols and/or projected timelines, unexpected adverse reactions by patients in the trials to our products, temporary suspension and/or complete ban on trials of our products due to the risk of transmitting pathogens from the xenogeneic biologic component, and changes in the FDA’s requirements for our testing during the course of that testing. We have not yet established with the FDA the nature and number of clinical trials that the FDA will require in connection with its review and approval of either SEPET™ or our bioartificial liver systems and these requirements may be more costly or time-consuming than we currently anticipate.

 

	4

 

 

Before obtaining regulatory approvals for the commercial sale of our products, significant and potentially very costly preclinical and clinical work will be necessary. There can be no assurance that we will be able to successfully complete all required testing of SEPET™ or our bioartificial liver systems. While the time periods for testing our products and obtaining the FDA’s approval are dependent upon many future variable and unpredictable events, we estimate that it could take between one to three years to obtain approval for SEPET™, approximately five years for LIVERAID™, and two to three years for HepatAssist-2™. We have not independently confirmed any of the third party claims made with respect to patents, licenses or technologies we have acquired concerning the potential safety or efficacy of these products and technologies. We will need to file an investigational new drug application ("IND") for LIVERAID™ and an investigational drug exemption for SEPET™ with the FDA and have these applications cleared by the FDA before we can begin clinical testing of these two products, and the FDA may require significant revisions to our clinical testing plans or require us to demonstrate efficacy endpoints that are more time-consuming or difficult to achieve than what we currently anticipate. We have not yet completed preparation of either the IND or the investigational drug exemption application, and there can be no assurance that we will have sufficient experimental data to justify the submission of said applications. Because of the early stage of development of each of our products, we do not know if we will be able to generate clinical data that will support the filing of the FDA applications for these products or the FDA’s approval of any product marketing approval application or IND that we do file.

 

 

We are currently considering requesting FDA approval for a Phase III clinical study of the HepatAssist-2™ system. Such a request will require that we supplement and/or amend the existing Phase III IND that was approved by the FDA for the original HepatAssist system on which the HepatAssist-2™ is based. The preparation of a modified or supplemented Phase III IND will be expensive and difficult to prepare. Although the cost of completing the Phase III study in the manner that we currently contemplate is uncertain and could vary significantly, if that Phase III clinical study is authorized by the FDA, we currently estimate that the cost of conducting that study would be between $15 million and $20 million. We currently do not have sufficient funds to conduct this study and have not identified any sources for obtaining the required funds. In addition, no assurance can be given that the FDA will accept our proposed changes to the previously approved Phase III IND. The clinical tests that we would conduct under any FDA-approved protocol are very expensive to conduct and will cost much more than our current financial resources. Accordingly, even if the FDA approves the modified Phase III IND that we submit for HepatAssist-2™, we will not be able to conduct any clinical trials until we raise substantial amounts of additional financing.

 

	5

 

Use of liver cells harvested from pig livers carries a risk of transmitting viruses harmless to pigs but deadly to humans. For instance, all pig cells carry genetic material of the porcine endogenous retrovirus ("PERV"), but its ability to infect people is unknown. Repeated testing, including a 1999 study of 160 xenotransplant (transplantation from animals to humans) patients and recently completed Phase II/III testing of the HepatAssist system by Circe Biomedical, Inc., has turned up no sign of the transmission of PERV to humans. Still, no one can prove that PERV or another virus would not infect bioartificial liver-treated patients and cause potentially serious disease. This may result in the FDA or other health regulatory agencies not approving our bioartificial liver systems or subsequently banning any further use of our product should health concerns arise after the product has been approved. At this time, it is unclear whether we will be able to obtain clinical and product liability insurance that covers the PERV risk.

 

In addition to the potential health risks associated with the use of pig liver cells, our use of xenotransplantation technologies may be opposed by individuals or organizations on health, religious or ethical grounds. Certain animal rights groups and other organizations are known to protest animal research and development programs or to boycott products resulting from such programs. Previously, some groups have objected to the use of pig liver cells by other companies, including Circe Biomedical, Inc., that were developing bioartificial liver support systems, and it is possible that such groups could object to our bioartificial liver system. Litigation instituted by any of these organizations, and negative publicity regarding our use of pig liver cells in a bioartificial liver device, could have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

 

 

Our products will represent new therapeutic approaches for disease conditions. We may, as a result, encounter delays as compared to other products under development in reaching agreements with the FDA or other applicable governmental agencies as to the development plans and data that will be required to obtain marketing approvals from these agencies. There can be no assurance that these approaches will gain acceptance among doctors or patients or that governmental or third party medical reimbursement payers will be willing to provide reimbursement coverage for our products. Moreover, we do not have the marketing data resources possessed by the major pharmaceutical companies, and we have not independently verified the potential size of the commercial markets for any of our products. Since our products will represent new approaches to treating liver diseases, it may be difficult, in any event, to accurately estimate the potential revenues from our products, as there currently are no directly comparable products being marketed.

 

 

Based on our current proposed plans and assumptions, we anticipate that our existing funds will only be sufficient to fund our operations and capital requirements through the middle of 2005. Furthermore, the clinical development expenses of our products will be very substantial. Based on our current assumptions, we estimate that the cost of developing SEPET™ will be between $1 million and $2 million (if the FDA’s Section 510(k) Notification procedure is available for SEPET™ or, up to $3 million if that notification procedure is not available), the cost of developing HepatAssist-2™ will be between $15 million and $20 million, and the cost of developing LIVERAID™ will be between $20 million and $25 million. These amounts, which could vary substantially if our assumptions are not correct, are well in excess of the amount of cash that we currently have available to us. Accordingly, we will have to (i) obtain additional debt or equity financing during the next year in order to fund the further development of our products and working capital needs, and/or (ii) enter into a strategic alliance with a larger pharmaceutical or biomedical company to provide its required funding. The amount of funding needed to complete the development of one or both of our products will be very substantial and may be in excess of our ability to raise capital.

 

	6

 

We have not identified the sources for the additional financing that we will require, and we do not have commitments from any third parties to provide this financing. There can be no assurance that sufficient funding will be available to us at acceptable terms or at all. If we are unable to obtain sufficient financing on a timely basis, the development of our products could be delayed and we could be forced to reduce the scope of our pre-clinical and clinical trials or otherwise limit or terminate our operations altogether. Any equity additional funding that we obtain will reduce the percentage ownership held by our existing security holders.

 

 

The pharmaceutical, biopharmaceutical and biotechnology industry is characterized by intense competition and rapid and significant technological advancements. Many companies, research institutions and universities are working in a number of areas similar to our primary fields of interest to develop new products, some of which may be similar and/or competitive to our products. Furthermore, many companies are engaged in the development of medical devices or products that are or will be competitive with our proposed products. Most of the companies with which we compete have substantially greater financial, technical, manufacturing, marketing, distribution and other resources than us.

 

 

Our business model calls for the outsourcing of the clinical development, manufacturing and marketing of our products in order to reduce our capital and infrastructure costs as a means of potentially improving the profitability of these products for us. We have not yet entered into any strategic alliances or other licensing or contract manufacturing arrangements (except for the contractual manufacturing of LIVERAID™ modules by Spectrum Labs) and there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into satisfactory arrangements for these services or the manufacture or marketing of our products. We will be required to expend substantial amounts to retain and continue to utilize the services of one or more clinical research management organizations without any assurance that the products covered by the clinical trials conducted under their management ultimately will generate any revenues for SEPET™ and/or our bioartificial liver systems. Consistent with our business model, we will seek to enter into strategic alliances with other larger companies to market and sell our products. In addition, we may need to utilize contract manufacturers to manufacture our products or even our commercial supplies, and we may contract with independent sales and marketing firms to use their pharmaceutical sales force on a contract basis.

 

To the extent that we rely on other companies to manage the conduct of our clinical trials and to manufacture or market our products, we will be dependent on the timeliness and effectiveness of their efforts. If the clinical research management organization that we utilize is unable to allocate sufficient qualified personnel to our studies or if the work performed by them does not fully satisfy the rigorous requirement of the FDA, we may encounter substantial delays and increased costs in completing our clinical trials. If the manufacturers of the raw material and finished product for our clinical trials are unable to meet our time schedules or cost parameters, the timing of our clinical trials and development of our products may be adversely affected. Any manufacturer that we select may encounter difficulties in scaling-up the manufacture of new products in commercial quantities, including problems involving product yields, product stability or shelf life, quality control, adequacy of control procedures and policies, compliance with FDA regulations and the need for further FDA approval of any new manufacturing processes and facilities. Should our manufacturing or marketing company encounter regulatory problems with the FDA, FDA approval of our products could be delayed or the marketing of our products could be suspended or otherwise adversely affected.

 

	7

 

We have an exclusive manufacturing arrangement with Spectrum Laboratories, Inc. for the fiber-within-fiber LIVERAID™ cartridges. Although we have no agreement with Spectrum Laboratories, Inc. for the manufacture of the SEPET™ cartridges, Spectrum Laboratories has also been providing us with cartridges for prototypes of the SEPET™ and has expressed an interest in manufacturing the HepatAssist-2™ cartridge. Spectrum Laboratories, Inc. has encountered problems manufacturing the LIVERAID™ cartridges for us, which problems, if not remedied, may limit the amount and timeliness of cartridges that can be manufactured. There can be no assurance that we will not encounter delays or other manufacturing problems with Spectrum Labs with respect to our clinical or commercial supplies of LIVERAID™ (and/or our SEPET™ cartridges if we agree to have Spectrum Laboratories manufacture the SEPET™ cartridges). Although Spectrum Labs has agreed to transfer all of the know-how related to these products to any other manufacturer of our products if Spectrum Laboratories is unable to meet its contractual obligations to us, we may have difficulty in finding a replacement manufacturer or may be required to alter the design of the LIVERAID ™ cartridges if we are unable to effectively transfer the Spectrum Labs know-how to another manufacturer.

 

We currently do not have a manufacturing arrangement for the cartridges used in the HepatAssist-2™ system. While we believe there are several potential contract manufactures who can produce these cartridges, there can be no assurance that we will be able to enter into such an arrangement on commercially favorable terms, or at all.

 

 

Our ability to compete successfully will depend, in part, on our ability to defend patents that have issued, obtain new patents, protect trade secrets and operate without infringing the proprietary rights of others. We currently own 11 U.S. patents on our liver support products, three foreign patents, have one patent application pending, and are the licensee of seven additional liver support patents. We have relied substantially on the patent legal work that was performed for our assignors and licensors with respect to all of these patents, application and licenses, and have not independently verified the validity or any other aspects of the patents or patent applications covering our products with our own patent counsel.

 

Even when we have obtained patent protection for our products, there is no guarantee that the coverage of these patents will be sufficiently broad to protect us from competitors or that we will be able to enforce our patents against potential infringers. Patent litigation is expensive, and we may not be able to afford the costs. Third parties could also assert that our products infringe patents or other proprietary rights held by them.

 

	8

We will attempt to protect our proprietary information as trade secrets through nondisclosure agreements with each of our employees, licensing partners, consultants, agents and other organizations to which we disclose our proprietary information. There can be no assurance, however, that these agreements will provide effective protection for our proprietary information in the event of unauthorized use of disclosure of such information.

 

 

We are highly dependent on Jacek Rozga, MD, PhD, our President and Chief Scientific Officer. To a lesser extent, we also depend upon the medical and scientific advisory services that we receive from the members of our Board of Directors, all of whom have extensive backgrounds in medicine. However, each of these individuals, except Dr. Rozga, works for us as an unpaid advisor only on a part-time, very limited basis. We are also dependent upon the voluntary advisory services of Achilles A. Demetriou, MD, PhD, FACS, the other co-founder of ATI and the Chairman of our Scientific Advisory Board. We do not have a long-term employment contract with Dr. Jacek Rozga, and the loss of the services of either of the foregoing persons would have a material adverse effect on our business, operations and on the development of our products. We do not carry key man life insurance on either of these individuals.

 

As we expand the scope of our operations by preparing FDA submissions, conducting multiple clinical trials, and potentially acquiring related technologies, we will need to obtain the full-time services of additional senior scientific and management personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, and there can be no assurance that we will be able to attract or retain qualified senior personnel. As we retain full-time senior personnel, our overhead expenses for salaries and related items will increase substantially from current levels.

 

 

Our ability to successfully penetrate the market for our products may depend significantly on the availability of reimbursement for our products from third-party payers, such as governmental programs, private insurance and private health plans. We have not yet established with Medicare or any third-party payers what level of reimbursement, if any, will be available for our products, and we cannot predict whether levels of reimbursement for our products, if any, will be high enough to allow us to charge a reasonable profit margin. Even with FDA approval, third-party payers may deny reimbursement if the payer determines that our particular new products are unnecessary, inappropriate or not cost effective. If patients are not entitled to receive reimbursement similar to reimbursement for competing products, they may be unwilling to use our products since they will have to pay for the unreimbursed amounts, which may well be substantial. The reimbursement status of newly approved health care products is highly uncertain. If levels of reimbursement are decreased in the future, the demand for our products could diminish or our ability to sell our products on a profitable basis could be adversely affected.

 

 

The development, manufacture and sale of medical products expose us to the risk of significant damages from product liability claims. We plan to obtain and maintain product liability insurance for coverage of our clinical trial activities. However, there can be no assurance that we will be able to secure such insurance for clinical trials for either of our two current products. We intend to obtain coverage for our products when they enter the marketplace (as well as requiring the manufacturers of our products to maintain insurance). We do not know if it will be available to us at acceptable costs. We may encounter difficulty in obtaining clinical trial or commercial product liability insurance for any bioartificial liver device that we develop since this therapy includes the use of pig liver cells and we are not aware of any therapy using these cells that has sought or obtained such insurance. If the cost of insurance is too high or insurance is unavailable to us, we will have to self-insure. A successful claim in excess of product liability coverage could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. The costs for many forms of liability insurance have risen substantially during the past year, and such costs may continue to increase in the future, which could materially impact our costs for clinical or product liability insurance.

 

	9

 

 

The shares of our common stock are thinly-traded on the OTC Bulletin Board, meaning that the number of persons interested in purchasing our common shares at or near ask prices at any given time may be relatively small or non-existent. This situation is attributable to a number of factors, including the fact that we are a small company which is relatively unknown to stock analysts, stock brokers, institutional investors and others in the investment community that generate or influence sales volume, and that even if we came to the attention of such persons, they tend to be risk-averse and would be reluctant to follow an unproven, early stage company such as ours or purchase or recommend the purchase of our shares until such time as we became more seasoned and viable. As a consequence, there may be periods of several days or more when trading activity in our shares is minimal or non-existent, as compared to a seasoned issuer which has a large and steady volume of trading activity that will generally support continuous sales without an adverse effect on share price. We cannot give you any assurance that a broader or more active public trading market for our common shares will develop or be sustained, or that current trading levels will be sustained. Due to these conditions, we can give you no assurance that you will be able to sell your shares at or near ask prices or at all if you need money or otherwise desire to liquidate your shares.

 

 

Small, relatively unknown companies can achieve visibility in the trading market through research and reports that industry or securities analysts publish. However, to our knowledge, no analysts either cover our company. The lack of published reports by independent securities analysts could limit the interest in our stock and negatively affect our stock price. We do not have any control over research and reports these analysts publish or whether they will be published at all. If any analyst who does cover us downgrades our stock, our stock price would likely decline. If any analyst ceases coverage of our company or fails to regularly publish reports on us, we could lose visibility in the financial markets, which in turn could cause our stock price or trading volume to decline.

 

 

Since our common stock is not listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market, if the trading price of our common stock is below $5.00 per share, trading in our common stock will be subject to the requirements of certain rules promulgated under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), which require additional disclosure by broker-dealers in connection with any trades involving a stock defined as a penny stock (generally, any non-Nasdaq equity security that has a market price of less than $5.00 per share, subject to certain exceptions). Such rules require the delivery, prior to any penny stock transaction, of a disclosure schedule explaining the penny stock market and the risks associated therewith and impose various sales practice requirements on broker-dealers who sell penny stocks to persons other than established customers and accredited investors (generally defined as an investor with a net worth in excess of $1,000,000 or annual income exceeding $200,000 individually or $300,000 together with a spouse). For these types of transactions, the broker-dealer must make a special suitability determination for the purchaser and have received the purchaser’s written consent to the transaction prior to the sale. The broker-dealer also must disclose the commissions payable to the broker-dealer, current bid and offer quotations for the penny stock and, if the broker-dealer is the sole market-maker, the broker-dealer must disclose this fact and the broker-dealer’s presumed control over the market. Such information must be provided to the customer orally or in writing before or with the written confirmation of trade sent to the customer. Monthly statements must be sent disclosing recent price information for the penny stock held in the account and information on the limited market in penny stocks. The additional burdens imposed upon broker-dealers by such requirements could discourage broker-dealers from effecting transactions in our common stock, which could severely limit the market liquidity of the common stock and the ability of holders of the common stock to sell their shares.

 

	10

 

Our Articles of Incorporation contains certain provisions that could be an impediment to a non-negotiated change in control. In particular, without stockholder approval we can issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock with rights and preferences determined by the board of directors. These provisions could make a hostile takeover or other non-negotiated change in control difficult, so that stockholders would not be able to receive a premium for their common stock.

 

 

We are authorized to issue up to 25,000,000 shares of common stock. To the extent of such authorization, our board of directors has the ability, without seeking stockholder approval, to issue additional shares of common stock in the future for such consideration as the board of directors may consider sufficient. The issuance of additional common stock in the future will reduce the proportionate ownership and voting power of the common stock offered hereby. We are also authorized to issue up to 5,000,000 shares of preferred stock, the rights and preferences of which may be designated in series by the board of directors. Such designation of new series of preferred stock may be made without stockholder approval, and could create additional securities which would have dividend and liquidation preferences over the common stock offered hereby. Preferred stockholders could adversely affect the rights of holders of common stock by:

 

·	exercising voting, redemption and conversion rights to the detriment of the holders of common stock;

 

·	receiving preferences over the holders of common stock regarding or surplus funds in the event of our dissolution or liquidation;

 

·	delaying, deferring or preventing a change in control of our company; and

 

·	discouraging bids for our common stock.

 

 

As of August 31, 2004, we had outstanding 13,198,097 shares of common stock, of which approximately 11,930,597 shares were "restricted securities" (as that term is defined under Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended). Other than the shares registered for resale by this prospectus, only approximately 1,220,000 shares are currently freely tradable shares. However, as a result of the registration of the shares included in this prospectus, an additional 7,143,097 shares of our currently outstanding common stock will be able to be freely sold on the market, which number will increase to 12,740,597 shares if the warrants owned by the selling stockholders are exercised and the underlying 5,597,500 shares that are included in this prospectus are purchased. Because there currently are only 1,220,000 shares freely tradable shares, the sudden release of 12,740,597 additional freely trading shares included in this prospectus onto the market, or the perception that such shares will come onto the market, could have an adverse affect on the trading price of the stock. In addition to the shares that may be registered for re-sale under this prospectus, an additional 4,835,000 shares of restricted stock will become eligible for public resale under Rule 144 commencing in November 2004. Although Rule 144 restricts the number of shares that any one holder can sell during any three-month period under Rule 144, because more than one stockholder holds these restricted shares, a significant number of shares could legally be sold commencing in November 2004. No prediction can be made as to the effect, if any, that sales of the shares included in this prospectus or subject to Rule 144 sales commencing in November 2004, or the availability of such shares for sale, will have on the market prices prevailing from time to time. Nevertheless, the possibility that substantial amounts of common stock may be sold in the public market may adversely affect prevailing market prices for our common stock and could impair our ability to raise capital through the sale of our equity securities.

 

	11

 

The market price of our common stock is likely to be volatile and could fluctuate widely in response to many factors, including:

 

·	announcements of the results of clinical trials by us or our competitors,

·	developments with respect to patents or proprietary rights,

·	announcements of technological innovations by us or our competitors,

·	announcements of new products or new contracts by us or our competitors,

·	actual or anticipated variations in our operating results due to the level of development expenses and other factors,

·	changes in financial estimates by securities analysts and whether our earnings meet or exceed such estimates,

·	conditions and trends in the pharmaceutical and other industries,

·	new accounting standards,

·	general economic, political and market conditions and other factors, and

 

 

 

The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a "safe harbor" for forward-looking statements. This document contains forward-looking statements, which reflect the views of our management with respect to future events and financial performance. These forward-looking statements are subject to a number of uncertainties and other factors that could cause actual results to differ materially from such statements. Forward-looking statements are identified by words such as "anticipates," "believes," "estimates," "expects," "plans," "projects," "targets" and similar expressions. Readers are cautioned not to place undue reliance on these forward-looking statements, which are based on the information available to management at this time and which speak only as of this date. We undertake no obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise. For a discussion of some of the factors that may cause actual results to differ materially from those suggested by the forward-looking statements, please read carefully the information under “Risk Factors” beginning on page 4.

 

	12

 

The identification in this document of factors that may affect future performance and the accuracy of forward-looking statements is meant to be illustrative and by no means exhaustive. All forward-looking statements should be evaluated with the understanding of their inherent uncertainty. You may rely only on the information contained in this prospectus.

 

We have not authorized anyone to provide information different from that contained in this prospectus. Neither the delivery of this prospectus nor the sale of common stock means that information contained in this prospectus is correct after the date of this prospectus. This prospectus is not an offer to sell or solicitation of an offer to buy these securities in any circumstances under which the offer or solicitation is unlawful.

 

 

We will not receive any proceeds from the sale of the common stock by the selling stockholders pursuant to this prospectus. However, we may receive the sale price of any common stock we sell to the selling stockholders upon exercise of the warrants. If all warrants are exercised for cash (including those that contain "cash-less exercise" provisions), the total amount of proceeds we would receive is $12,628,750. Other than the warrants to purchase 150,000 shares at an exercise price of $3.40 per share that contain "cash-less exercise" provisions, all other warrants must be exercised by the payment of the cash exercise price. We expect to use the proceeds we receive from the exercise of warrants, if any, for general working capital purposes. We will pay the expenses of registration of these shares, including legal and accounting fees.

 

 

 

Our common stock has been traded on the OTC Bulletin Board over-the-counter market since March 18, 2004 under the symbol "ABOS." From the Reorganization until March 18, 2004, our common stock was listed on the Pink Sheets over-the-counter electronic trading system under the symbol "ABOS." Before to the Reorganization on October 30, 2003, our common stock was listed on the Pink Sheets under the symbol "HIAU," but there was virtually no trading in the common stock.

 

Our common stock will be offered in amounts, at prices, and on terms to be determined in light of market conditions at the time of sale. The shares may be sold directly by the selling stockholders in the open market at prevailing prices or in individually negotiated transactions, through agents, underwriters, or dealers. We will not control or determine the price at which the shares are sold.

 

To our knowledge, there was no trading in our common stock until shortly before the Reorganization on October 30, 2003, and any trading was not based on our company’s current operations or prospects. Accordingly, the following table only sets forth the high and low bid information for our common stock for the periods indicated since the Reorganization. The following price information reflects inter-dealer prices, without retail mark-up, mark-down or commission and may not represent actual transactions:

 

Quarter Ending			High			Low
December 31, 2003(1)		$	3.26		$	3.00
March 31, 2004		$	3.50		$	3.40
June 30, 2004		$	4.25		$	2.75
September 30, 2004		$	5.15		$	4.00

____________________

⁽¹⁾    Reflects initial trading activity commencing on November 1, 2003 through the end of the calendar quarter ended December 31, 2003.

 

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Holders

 

As of August 16, 2004, there were 141 holders of record of our common stock.

 

 

We have not paid any dividends on our common stock to date and do not anticipate that we will be paying dividends in the foreseeable future. Any payment of cash dividends on our common stock in the future will be dependent upon the amount of funds legally available, our earnings, if any, our financial condition, our anticipated capital requirements and other factors that the Board of Directors may think are relevant. However, we currently intend for the foreseeable future to follow a policy of retaining all of our earnings, if any, to finance the development and expansion of our business and, therefore, do not expect to pay any dividends on our common stock in the foreseeable future.

 

 

 

On October 30, 2003, we completed a reorganization (the "Reorganization") in which Arbios Technologies, Inc. ("ATI"), our operating company, became our wholly-owned subsidiary. At the time of the Reorganization, we had virtually no assets and virtually no liabilities (prior to the Reorganization we were an e-commerce based company engaged in the business of acquiring and marketing historical documents). Shortly after the Reorganization, we changed its name to "Arbios Systems, Inc." In the Reorganization, we also replaced our officers and directors with those of Arbios Technologies, Inc. Following the Reorganization, we ceased our e-commerce business, closed our former offices, and moved our offices to Los Angeles, California. We currently do not plan to conduct any business other than the business of developing liver assist devices that Arbios Technologies, Inc. has conducted since its organization.

 

Although we acquired ATI in the Reorganization, for accounting purposes, the Reorganization was accounted for as a reverse merger since the stockholders of ATI acquired a majority of the issued and outstanding shares of our common stock, and the directors and executive officers of ATI became our directors and executive officers. Accordingly, the financial statements contained in this prospectus, and the description of our results of operations and financial condition, reflect (i) the operations of ATI alone prior to the Reorganization, and (ii) the combined results of this company and ATI since the Reorganization. No goodwill was recorded as a result of the Reorganization.

 

Since the formation of ATI in 2000, our efforts have been principally devoted to research and development activities, raising capital, and recruiting additional scientific and management personnel and advisors. To date, we have not marketed or sold any product and have not generated any revenues from commercial activities, and we do not expect to generate any revenues from commercial activities during the next 12 months. Substantially all of the revenues that we have recognized to date have been Small Business Innovation Research grants (in an aggregate amount of $283,000) that we received from the United States Small Business Administration. We recently completed our work under the grants that we had previously received and, other than the payment of $38,000 expected later this year, do not expect to receive any additional grant funds during the next twelve months.

 

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In April 2004 we purchased certain assets of Circe Biomedical, Inc. including a portfolio of patents, rights to a bioartificial liver (HepatAssist), a Phase III IND, selected equipment, clinical and marketing data, and over 400 standard operating procedures and clinical protocols that have previously been reviewed by the FDA. The purchase price paid for these assets consisted of $200,000 paid at the closing and our agreement to make a second payment, in the amount of $250,000, on the earlier of April 12, 2006 or when we have raised, on a cumulative basis, gross proceeds of $4 million from the issuance of debt or equity securities.

 

 

The preparation of financial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States require management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported assets, liabilities, sales and expenses in the accompanying financial statements. Critical accounting policies are those that require the most subjective and complex judgments, often employing the use of estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain. Certain critical accounting policies, including the assumptions and judgments underlying them, are disclosed in the Note 1 to the Consolidated Financial Statements included in this prospectus. However, we do not believe that there are any alternative methods of accounting for our operations that would have a material affect on our financial statements.

 

 

 

Since we are still developing our products and do not have any products available for sale, we have not yet generated any revenues from sales. Revenues of $33,810 and $43,018 for the six month periods ended June 30, 2004 and 2003 represent revenues recognized from a government research grant.

 

General and administrative expenses of $905,770 and $76,170 were incurred for the six months ended June 30, 2004 and 2003, respectively. For the six months ended June 30, 2004, the expenses primarily consisted of $460,000 in non-cash option and warrant charges for grants awarded to consultants, $252,000 in fees incurred to outside consultants and professionals, and $66,000 in salaries and other administrative expenses. The 2003 expenses consist primarily of legal and audit fees incurred. Professional fees increased due to the legal and accounting fees and expenses related to our status as a public company and legal expenses associated with the acquisition of certain assets from Circe Biomedical Inc. in April 2004. In 2004 we also incurred additional consulting fees in connection with our investigation of the suitability and advisability of submitting a Section 510(k) Pre-Market Notification with the FDA for our SEPET^TM product. General and administrative expenses are expected to remain at a significantly higher level than in past periods due to the lease of additional office space (effective as of April 1, 2004), the addition of more employees and consultants (primarily to assist with our financial controls and investor relations strategies), and additional professional and other fees related to being a public company.

 

Research and development expenses of $880,506 and $181,076 were incurred for the six months ended June 30, 2004 and 2003, respectively. Research and development expenses for the six months ended June 30, 2004 increased by $699,000 over prior year levels primarily due to $450,000 of purchased research and development from Circe Biomedical, Inc., $110,000 incurred for various research and development consultants regarding manufacturing, regulatory and product management, $65,000 non cash option grant charges for options awarded to scientific consultants, $54,000 in higher salary costs for scientists and technicians, and $15,000 increase in preclinical testing of SEPET^TM and LIVERAID^TM. We expect our research and development activities and expenses specifically related to regulatory and clinical trial costs for SEPET^TM to increase during the balance of the current fiscal year ending December 31, 2004.

 

Interest income of $9,707 was earned for the six months ended June 30, 2004. There was no interest income for the corresponding 2003 period. In September and October 2003, we raised $4,400,000 in the private placement of our securities. As a result, during the six month period ended June 30, 2004, we maintained cash balances of over $2.5 million. In addition, we used a portion of the foregoing offering proceeds to repay all outstanding indebtedness, thereby substantially decreasing our interest expense.

 

Our net loss was $1,746,000 and $216,000 for the six months ended June 30, 2004 and 2003. The increase in net loss is attributed to an increase in operating expenses incurred in the fiscal 2004 period as compared to the same period in 2003 as explained above without an increase in revenues. Operating expenses are expected to further increase in the current fiscal year compared to last year as we increase our operations, while revenues are not currently anticipated

 

 

Revenues for fiscal year 2003 ($138,000) and fiscal year 2002 ($111,000) represented revenues recognized during those periods from two government research grants that we have received. The total amount of the two grants is $304,000, of which we have received $249,000. We anticipate that the balance of the foregoing grants, a total of $55,000, will be recognized as revenues and paid to us during 2004.

 

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of salaries, office and equipment lease expenses, and professional fees and expenses. General and administrative doubled from $173,000 in fiscal 2002 to $340,000 in fiscal 2003 due to an increase in the number of employees and consultants employed by us in fiscal 2003, and increased professional fees. In addition, professional fees increased during 2003 due to the legal and accounting fees and expenses related to the Reorganization and the additional legal, consulting and accounting fees and expenses related to our status as an active public company. General and administrative expenses are expected to significantly increase during the current fiscal year ending December 31, 2004 due to the lease of additional office space (which new lease went into effect on April 1, 2004), the addition of more employees and consultants (primarily to assist with our financial controls and to evaluate and prepare submissions to the FDA), and additional professional and other fees related to being a public company.

 

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Research and development expenses consisted primarily of salaries for our scientists and technicians, laboratory costs, and the cost scientific supplies. Research and development expenses remained substantially unchanged from fiscal 2002 to fiscal 2003 because of the limited amount of capital available to us during most of fiscal 2003 and because of our focus on completing the studies sponsored and funded by the SBIR. However, we expect our research and development activities and expenses to increase significantly in the current fiscal year ending December 31, 2004.

 

Interest expense increased from $1,000 in fiscal 2002 to $243,000 in fiscal 2003 due to the accounting treatment of the $400,000 we borrowed from certain investors during fiscal 2003. The $400,000 aggregate amount of loans were represented by convertible notes that were issued to the investors. In addition to the convertible loans, the investors also received, in the aggregate, warrants to purchase 300,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price of $1.00 per share. All of the loans were converted by the investors in October 2003 into 400,000 shares of common stock and warrants to purchase an additional 400,000 shares at a price of $2.50 per share. Most of the $243,000 interest expense in fiscal 2003 represented a non-cash expense recognized under accounting rules based on the value of conversion feature of the convertible notes and the value attributed to the warrants. Since the convertible notes have all been converted, no additional interest will be accrued under these notes during the current fiscal year.

 

Our net loss increased to $886,000 in fiscal 2003 from $495,000 in fiscal 2002 due to the increased operating and other expenses incurred in fiscal 2003. Operating expenses are expected to further increase in the current fiscal year as we increase our operations, while revenues are expected to remain insignificant.

 

 

As of June 30, 2004, we had cash of $2,512,000 and $314,000 of total indebtedness (both long-term and current liabilities reduced by non-cash unvested option expense of $226,000). We do not have any bank credit lines. To date, we have funded our operations primarily from the sale of debt and equity securities and an SBIR government grant. During fiscal 2003, sales of our securities consisted of the following: (i) $250,000 obtained in January 2003 from the sale of our common stock sold at a price of $0.60 per share; (ii) $400,000 raised from the sale of subordinated convertible promissory notes (which notes were converted in October 2003 into common stock and warrants at $1.00 per share immediately prior to the Reorganization); (iii) $2,310,000 raised in a private offering of common stock and warrants sold at a price of $1.00 per share; and (iv) $1,690,000 obtained immediately prior to the Reorganization in an offering of common stock and warrants sold at a price of $1.00 per share. We have not, however, raised any capital from financings since the end of the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003. Of the 4.4 million warrant shares issued in September and October, 2003 are exercisable at $2.50 per share and are callable by the Company if the common stock trades at an average price of $4 per share for 20 consecutive trading days.

 

In April 2004 we purchased certain assets of Circe Biomedical, Inc. including Circe’s patent portfolio, rights to a bioartificial liver (HepatAssist)™, a Phase III Investigational New Drug application, selected equipment, clinical and marketing data, and over 400 standard operating procedures and technical validation protocols that have previously been reviewed by the FDA. The purchase price paid for these assets consisted of $200,000 paid at the closing and our agreement to make a second payment, in the amount of $250,000, on the earlier of April 12, 2006 or when we have raised, on a cumulative basis from April 12, 2004, gross proceeds of $4 million from the issuance of debt or equity securities. We believe that the original HepatAssist™ bioartificial liver that we acquired can be enhanced by, among other things, increasing the number of pig cells used in the device and by using a different perfusion platform. As a result, we have recently shifted our emphasis from the development of LIVERAID™ to the further development of the HepatAssist™ bioartificial liver (we refer to the enhanced version of this bioartificial liver as our HepatAssist-2™ system). Many of the standard operating procedures and technical protocols that we acquired will be usable by us and will eliminate the need for us to independently develop these procedures and protocols.

 

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We do not currently anticipate that we will derive any revenues from either product sales or from additional governmental research grants during the next twelve months (other than a $38,200 final payment from the prior research grant expected to be received later this year).

The following is a summary of our contractual cash obligations at June 30, 2004 for the balance of this fiscal year and for the following fiscal years:

 

Contractual Obligations		Total				2004				2005				2006				2007 and thereafter
Purchased Research &Development	$	250,000				—				—			$	250,000				—
Long-Term Office Leases	$	428,000			$	137,000			$	137,000			$	77,000			$	77,000

We do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our business or operations.

 

We are not a party to any off-balance sheet arrangements, and we do not engage in trading activities involving non-exchange traded contracts. In addition, we have no financial guarantees, debt or lease agreements or other arrangements that could trigger a requirement for an early payment or that could change the value of our assets

 

 

We conduct all of our operations through our wholly owned subsidiary, Arbios Technologies, Inc. ("ATI"). We currently have two products in development; a novel blood purification therapy called selective plasma filtration therapy ("SEPET™") and an extracorporeal, bioartificial liver that incorporates porcine hepatocytes (pig liver cells).

 

 

We currently own the rights to two bioartificial liver systems. The system that we have been developing is known as LIVERAID™. This system was developed by this company’s founders, Drs. A. A. Demetriou and J. Rozga. In April 2004, we acquired from Circe Biomedical, Inc., and unaffiliated biomedical company, the rights to another bioartificial liver, known as the HepatAssist system. Certain technologies included in the HepatAssist bioartificial liver were designed and tested in pre-clinical and clinical studies by Drs. A. A. Demetriou and J. Rozga. Both of our bioartificial liver systems are based on substantially similar underlying medical technologies, and both utilize a single-use cartridge that contains pig liver cells and certain sorbents. When a patient’s blood is pumped through either the bioartificial liver cartridges, substances normally metabolized by the liver and accumulated in the blood during liver failure move across the porous tubes into two compartments, one of which is filled with pig liver cells and the other that incorporates chemical particles (sorbents). The exposure of the viable pig liver cells to blood or plasma will cause these substances to be metabolized, thereby reducing their level. In addition, the activated charcoal also lowers the level of pathological blood components, such as ammonia. At the same time, substances produced by pig liver cells move across the porous wall into the plasma compartment. As a result of these two processes (provision of whole liver functions by the pig liver cells and removal of toxins by the sorbents), we believe the levels of pathological and normal blood components will move toward normal ranges. Our belief is confirmed by the results of tests performed using the HepatAssist bioartificial liver system that we acquired and now own, which system is an earlier version of our LIVERAID™ system.

 

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LIVERAID™ is based on a single-use cartridge that contains our proprietary designed porous tubes. In addition, the LIVERAID™ cartridge contains approximately three times more pig cells than the cartridge that was originally used in the HepatAssist system. We anticipate that LIVERAID™ cartridge will be attached to a perfusion platform (a machine-- such as a kidney dialysis machine-- through which the patient’s blood is circulated) that has been customized to operate with this system.

 

Our HepatAssist-2™ system effectively is the HepatAssist system that has been enhanced by using more pig cells. In addition, we do not expect that the HepatAssist-2™ will use the proprietary perfusion platform that was designed and developed for the HepatAssist system.

 

SEPET™ is a single-use cartridge that contains specially designed porous tubes. When a patient’s blood is pumped through these tubes, substances normally metabolized by the liver and accumulated in the blood during liver failure move across the porous wall and are discarded. As a result of this blood purification (detoxification) process, we believe that the levels of pathological blood components will move toward normal ranges.

 

SEPET™, LIVERAID™ and HepatAssist-2™ all rely on single-use cartridges that are placed on a blood perfusion apparatus that is attached to the patient's blood circulation system. For SEPET™ the blood perfusion apparatus is a standard kidney dialysis machine. At the end of the treatments with any of our products, the disposable cartridges are discarded, and new cartridges are used for the next therapy.

 

 

Arbios Technologies, Inc., our operating subsidiary, was formed in August of 2000 by Drs. A. A. Demetriou and J. Rozga, two leaders in the field of artificial liver therapy, to develop extracorporeal devices for the treatment of liver failure. As employees of Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Drs. A. A. Demetriou and J. Rozga previously were involved in the development of a first generation bioartificial liver (known as HepatAssist) that was licensed by Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in 1994 to W.R. Grace & Co. and then subsequently transferred to other entities, including Circe Biomedical, Inc. The prior owners of this technology, including in particular W.R. Grace & Co. and Circe Biomedical, Inc., spent many millions of dollars on the research and development of the original HepatAssist system, the perfusion platform and on the related technologies and operating procedures necessary to bring the product to market. The original HepatAssist system was tested in Phase II/III clinical trials approved by the FDA in patients with fulminant/subfulminant liver failure and primary non-function following liver transplantation. These trials of the original HepatAssist system were the first large (171 patients) prospective, randomized, controlled multi-center trial demonstrating a survival advantage for an extracorporeal liver assist system utilizing pig liver cells. Although treated fulminant/subfuliminat hepatic failure patients with viral and drug-induced liver injury had improved survival compared to controls when adjusted for the effect of confounding factors (such as liver transplantation), the primary clinical end point in the overall study population (survival at 30 days post-transplantation) was not achieved. Accordingly, the HepatAssist system was not approved for marketing, and the FDA requested that a new Phase III clinical study be performed. A new Phase III protocol was prepared and approved by the FDA. However, before these new studies could be undertaken, in 2003 Circe Biomedical, Inc. ceased its operations. In April 2004, we purchased most of the remaining assets of Circe Biomedical, Inc. that related to its bioartificial liver operations, including rights to original HepatAssist system, the new Phase III protocol that was approved by the FDA, and over 400 manufacturing and quality control and quality assurance standard operation protocols previously reviewed by the FDA.

 

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To date, we have been funded the research and development of our two products through funds derived from the sale of approximately $5,485,000 of its equity securities and $304,000 of Small Business Innovation Research (SBIR) grants that have been awarded by the United States Small Business Administration. We have applied for additional SBIR grants to fund a portion of our research expenditures, which applications are still pending. However, whether or not we receive additional SBIR grants, we will have to raise substantial additional proceeds to fund our future clinical development expenses and our on-going working capital needs.

 

Our research offices and laboratories are located at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California. Under our lease agreement and other arrangements with Cedars-Sinai, we have access to all of the key development resources of that leading medical center (e.g., animal facility, surgical core facility, clinical laboratory and others). Cedars-Sinai Medical Center will be considered as the primary clinical testing site.

 

We have also entered into various agreements with Spectrum Laboratories, Inc. ("Spectrum Labs"), including research and development agreements and manufacturing agreements. Spectrum is expected to be the manufacturer of the cartridges to be used in both liver assist devices. Spectrum Labs is a company that specializes in the development and manufacture of innovative molecular separation products for the research community and is a supplier of dialysis and ultrafiltration membranes used for biomedical research, molecular biology and clinical diagnostics throughout the world.

 

 

We have established collaborations with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center and Spectrum Labs that are expected to facilitate the development of SEPET™ and our bioartificial liver systems and could potentially accelerate the clinical testing, regulatory approval and commercialization of those products in the United States and other markets. In addition, in April 2004 we purchased certain assets (including a bioartificial liver system that is the predecessor of our HepatAssist-2™) that we intend to utilize to reduce our development costs and expedite the testing and regulatory process for our bioartificial liver systems. We currently do not intend to engage in the manufacture of either of our products or of the pig cells that would be used in the bioartificial liver systems and intend to rely on third parties for these functions.

 

We believe that the testing and regulatory approval periods for SEPET™ will be shorter than for either of our bioartificial liver systems because (i) the FDA’s Section 510(k) Pre-Market Notification process may be available for SEPET™, and if not, (ii) SEPET™ will be evaluated as a medical device that does not contain biological components (such as pig cells that are an integral part of our two bioartificial liver systems). Accordingly, because of the shorter regulatory period and the ability of SEPET™ to operate through the use of a standard, currently available kidney dialysis unit, we expect that the development of SEPET™ will be completed before the development of either LIVERAID™ or HepatAssist-2™ is completed. However, we will need to raise significant additional capital to be able to generate the research, clinical and manufacturing data necessary to support applications of our products to the FDA and regulatory agencies in other countries.

 

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We have already performed in vitro and in vivo testing of the SEPET™ and LIVERAID™ prototype devices and currently plan to commence clinical testing of SEPET™ during 2004. If we proceed with a Section 510 (k) Pre-Market Notification for SEPET™, we expect to submit that notification in 2005. Alternatively, if we do not pursue a 510(k) Notification, based on our current estimates, we anticipate that we will be able to file an application requesting market approval of the SEPET™ in 2007. We are currently evaluating the possibility of conducting clinical studies of the HepatAssist-2™ system under a modified version of the FDA- approved Phase III IND protocol that we recently acquired. Since we are still currently developing our clinical and regulatory strategies for our two bioartificial liver systems, we cannot estimate when an application requesting marketing approval of either systems will be filed with the FDA.

 

 

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Based on our current assumptions, we estimate that the cost of developing SEPET™ will be between $1 million and $2 million (if the FDA’s Section 510(k) Notification procedure is available for SEPET™) or, up to $3 million if that notification procedure is not available). The cost of developing HepatAssist-2™ will be between $15 million and $20 million, and the cost of developing LIVERAID™ will be between $20 million and $25 million. These amounts, which could vary substantially if our assumptions are not correct, and are well in excess of the amount of cash that we currently have available to us. See, "Risk Factors."

 

 

The liver controls, or affects, almost every aspect of metabolism and most physiologic regulatory processes, including protein synthesis, sugar and fat metabolism, blood clotting, the immune system, detoxification (alcohol, chemical toxins, drugs) and waste removal. Loss of liver function is a devastating and life threatening condition. Liver failure affects all age groups and may be due to many causes, including viral infection (hepatitis), ingestion of common medications, alcohol, and surgical liver removal for trauma and cancer.

 

Currently, there is no direct treatment for liver failure, except for a successful liver transplant. There is, however, a current scarcity of donor livers, and approximately two thousand patients on the waiting list for donor livers die annually before receiving liver transplants. Treatments with currently available technologies (e.g., blood purification methods) are, at best, short-term measures, and none of them has achieved wide clinical use or ability to arrest or reverse liver failure and improve survival. As a consequence, liver failure patients must still either undergo liver transplantation or endure prolonged hospitalization with low probability of survival. In addition, many patients do not qualify for transplantation. Still others do not recover after transplantation because of irreversible brain damage caused by liver failure. Although the liver has a remarkable capacity for regeneration, the repair process after massive liver damage is markedly impaired.

 

There is a need to develop artificial means of liver replacement and/or assistance with the aim of either supporting patients with borderline functional liver cell mass until their liver regenerates or until a donor liver becomes available for transplantation. Such an "artificial liver" should also support patients during recovery after transplantation with marginal livers and after extended liver resections for trauma or cancer. To achieve these effects, an effective liver support system should be able to lower blood levels of substances toxic to the brain and liver and to provide whole liver functions, which are impaired or lost.

 

It is generally believed that liver support at this level of complexity requires utilization of viable isolated liver cells (hepatocytes). The founders of this company as well as investigators not associated with this company have demonstrated in vitro and in animal models of liver failure that cell-based bioartificial livers can provide whole liver functions. However, only a few bioartificial livers were tested in humans and it remains to be seen whether systems utilizing hepatocytes as the only means of liver support are effective. We believe that in order to provide the maximum support for the failing liver, porcine hepatocyte therapy should be combined with blood detoxification.

 

Each of our bioartificial liver systems (LIVERAID™ and HepatAssist-2™) was designed to become an advanced, relatively inexpensive, effective application of the basic bioartificial liver concept. In these bioartificial liver systems, liver cell therapy (porcine hepatocytes) is combined with blood detoxification (sorbent based plasma therapy). Depending on the cause of liver disease, severity of illness and deficiency of specific liver functions, these bioartificial liver modes of therapy can be provided individually, simultaneously or sequentially. Because of these features, we believe our bioartificial liver technology is well suited to treat patients with liver failure of all causes and severity, including those requiring maximum liver support. While the original HepatAssist Phase II/III clinical trial demonstrated an increase in patient survival in patients with viral and drug-induced fulminant/subfulminant hepatic failure, a new Phase III clinical trial will be needed before our HepatAssist-2™ system (which is an enhanced version of the original HepatAssist system) can be used by human patients. Pre-clinical data for our LIVERAID™ system has indicated that this novel bioartificial liver system can improve heart rate and blood pressure, clearance of ammonia and ICG (a liver function test) and prolonged survival time of pigs with terminal liver failure. The pre-clinical data is significant because it provides evidence of feasibility and efficacy in laboratory testing and in animal studies. However, the efficacy of the LIVERAID™ system still needs to be demonstrated in FDA-approved clinical trials before it can be used by human patients.

 

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In liver failure patients, there is a need for an effective blood purification therapy that will clear the blood of toxins. SEPET™ (selective plasma filtration) is a novel form of such therapy. During selective plasma filtration therapy, the plasma fraction containing substances that are toxic to the brain, the liver and other internal organs and tissues would be removed from patient blood and replaced with normal human plasma.

 

 

We currently are developing two novel treatments for acute and chronic liver failure. We believe that both our SEPET™ and either of our bioartificial liver systems may:

 

·	Help keep liver failure patients alive and neurologically intact before, during and immediately after transplantation.

·	Allow, in selected cases, survival without a transplant (a "bridge" to liver regeneration).

·	Support patients during periods of functional recovery and regeneration after extensive removal due to liver trauma and/or cancer.

·	Accelerate recovery from acute exacerbation of chronic liver disease.

·	Shorten length of stay in intensive care units.

·	Shorten hospital stay.

·	Reduce the cost of care.

·	Reduce intractable itching associated with severe jaundice.

 

We believe that SEPET™ and our bioartificial liver systems can achieve these effects because it can lower blood levels of substances that are toxic to both the brain and liver. However, proof of feasibility is lacking at this time, and the clinical utility of this product still needs to be demonstrated in patients with acute liver failure.

 

We own certain technologies and rights related to our products, and have licensed certain other technologies. See "Patents and Proprietary Rights" below, for a description of the rights that we own and have licensed.

 

 

We are developing SEPET™ (selective plasma filtration therapy) as a blood purification measure to provide temporary liver support during acute liver failure and acute exacerbation of chronic liver disease. Selective plasma filtration therapy will be provided through our single-use, disposable cartridge that contains a bundle of hollow fibers made of bio- and hemo-compatible material and being capable of sieving substances with molecular weight of up to 100 kDa. The importance of using fibers with this sieving characteristics is that most hepatic failure toxins have a molecular weight that is less than 100 kDa, while all "good" blood components have molecular weight greater than 100 kDa. At present, Spectrum Labs is the manufacture of these disposable cartridges. See "Business—Manufacturing," below. The SEPET™ system is designed for use with any commercially available kidney dialysis unit or other similar machines that utilize hollow-fiber cartridges. Accordingly, no apparatus needs to be developed or manufactured for SEPET™. Accessory components for the SEPET™ system (e.g., tubings, connectors, pressure gauges, etc.), will consist of standard components that are currently used in renal dialysis. We expect that these accessory components will be manufactured for us by third-party vendors.

 

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During therapy, an ultrafiltrate containing toxins with molecular weight of 100 kDa or less will be recovered from the side port of the cartridge, while at the same time, commercially available (e.g., blood bank) fresh frozen plasma and/or its synthetic substitute will be administered to the patient.

 

We believe that as a result of these two processes, the levels of pathological and normal blood components present in the patient’s circulation will move toward normal ranges, thereby facilitating recovery from liver failure. Based on published medical literature, rapid and efficient blood detoxification is expected to protect the liver, brain and other organs against further injury, accelerate healing of the native liver and improve its residual functions.

 

 

We currently have two bioartificial liver systems under development that have been designed to function similarly. Although there are distinctions between the two systems as described below, both systems are designed to (i) provide liver cell functions by utilizing viable pig liver cells that are housed in specially designed cartridges and (ii) detoxify blood. Since it has been scientifically established that pig liver cells perform liver functions when maintained in specially designed cartridges outside of the human body, our bioartificial liver cartridges are designed to bring human plasma into contact with viable pig liver cells in a manner similar to that observed in the normal human liver inside the body in order to provide liver functions to the patient. In addition, both of our bioartificial liver systems are designed to lower the levels of pathological blood components (through charcoal and other purification sorbents).

 

We have designed and are attempting to demonstrate that our LIVERAID™ product can provide temporary liver support during acute liver failure and acute exacerbation of chronic liver disease. The LIVERAID™ utilizes a proprietary multi-compartment hollow fiber module incorporating viable pig liver cells and a blood detoxification circuit. The module is attached to a base instrument pumps the patient’s plasma through the LIVERAID™ cartridge. The hollow fibers are made of a polyethersulfone membrane or a similar material based on our proprietary fiber-within-a-fiber geometry. This geometry allows for the integration of two different functions within a single module. Depending on the causes of liver disease, severity of illness and deficiency of specific liver functions, LIVERAID™ is designed to offer liver cell therapy, blood detoxification or a combination thereof. During treatment, individual modes of therapy may be added or removed. The other components of LIVERAID™, including blood purification columns (charcoal), oxygenator, filters and tubing kit are available from third party vendors.

 

At present, most bioartificial liver systems (including the original HepatAssist system) are filled with plasma rather than blood. Both the LIVERAID™ and HepatAssist-2™ systems are designed to be perfused with a patient’s plasma to prevent leakage of pig cells and cell debris into patient blood circulation. The platform for our bioartificial liver systems will utilize a commercially available oxygenator and a disposable tubing kit.

 

The HepatAssist-2™ system also incorporates several proprietary components and technologies into an integrated liver assist system, including a bioartificial liver cartridge with porcine hepatocytes and a plasma re-circulation circuit. However, since the HepatAssist-2™ is based on the HepatAssist system, its cartridge does not contain our proprietary fiber-within-a-fiber geometry

 

A critical aspect of both the LIVERAID™ and HepatAssist-2™ technology include the source and method of procurement of liver cells, the cryopreservation (freezing) of the liver cells, the storage of the liver cells, the proprietary plasma re-circulation loop incorporating the cell cartridge and sorbents, and the standard operating procedure protocols and quality control and programs related to the foregoing. We currently own or have licensed numerous proprietary technologies and methods for sourcing and using hepatocytes, which technologies and methods apply to both our LIVERAID™ and HepatAssist-2™ systems. The following addresses our current plans and procedures regarding viable liver cells (hepatocytes).

 

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Hepatocyte donors. Ideally, human hepatocytes should be used in a bioartificial liver. However, there is a shortage of organ donors and published data demonstrated that pig liver cells outperform animal and human liver cell lines, including those derived from liver cancers. In addition, use of human cancer-derived cells raises safety concerns. At this time, we intend to utilize normal pig liver cells.

 

Hepatocyte harvest. The founders of our ATI subsidiary and Circe Biomedical, Inc. developed certain semi-automated methods for large-scale harvest of pig hepatocytes. The methods of harvesting and collecting liver cells are covered by four patents, which patents we either have acquired from Circe and now own or have licensed from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

 

Hepatocyte storage. Hepatocyte storage, quality control and shipment of cells to treatment sites are best achieved by use of cell freezing (i.e., cryopreservation). Cryopreservation also provides greater protection from bacterial and viral contamination because frozen cells can be stored until microbiologic testing is completed and cells are then released for clinical use. Prior to use, cells are rapidly thawed and their viability is tested. The patented hepatocyte cryopreservation technology is now owned by us and by Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, who has licensed this technology to us.

 

The pig liver cells will be harvested from young purpose-bred, pathogen-free, vaccinated pigs raised in an United States Department of Agriculture ("USDA") certified facility specifically for biomedical research purposes. Each batch of cryopreserved pig liver cells will be released for clinical use only after proper verification of biosafety and viability/functionality of the cells. We acquired all of the required laboratory and quality assurance protocols from Circe Biomedical, which protocols were previously reviewed by the FDA and deemed to be in compliance with FDA requirements.

 

LIVERAID™ is designed to be used in the same manner as any other plasma therapy device. In a typical clinical procedure, the operator will install a LIVERAID™ cartridge and tubing set containing sorbent detoxification columns into the blood/plasmaperfusion platform. Approximately 15 billion viable pig hepatocytes will be seeded into the extra-fiber space through the module side ports. At the start of treatment, the platform will be attached to the patient and the module will be perfused with the patient’s oxygenated plasma. At the same time, fresh frozen plasma will be recirculated through the sorbent columns in the diafiltration circuit. At the end of treatment, the disposables will be discarded in the normal manner that all other biohazardous waste products (such as syringes and bandages) are handled and disposed of. No special governmental regulations have been required, or are expected, to dispose of the used cartridges and disposable products.

 

We expect to demonstrate that during LIVERAID™ or HepatAssist-2™ therapy, substances normally metabolized by the liver and accumulated in the blood during liver failure will diffuse freely across the porous membrane into the compartment containing pig liver cells. At the same time, products of pig liver cell metabolism will diffuse back into the plasma compartment and then into the blood circuit. It is anticipated that as a result of these two processes, the levels of pathological and normal blood components present in the patient’s circulation will move toward normal ranges, thereby facilitating recovery from liver failure. Additional therapeutic benefits may be provided by blood purification (detoxification) therapy. In this mode of therapy, small and large protein-bound toxins, which accumulate in the blood during liver failure are expected to be removed by sorbents. Blood detoxification is believed to protect the liver, brain and other organs against further injury, accelerate healing of the native liver and improve its residual functions. Decreased blood toxicity is also expected to prolong the life and metabolic activity of pig hepatocytes in the bioartificial liver modules.

 

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We believe that SEPET™ as a blood purification therapy will be more effective than sorbent-based devices (e.g., charcoal, resin, silica, etc.) and whole plasma exchange therapy because the plasma fraction containing known toxins is being removed and discarded during SEPET™ therapy. However, sorbent-based blood purification is not toxin-specific, and sorption is limited because of the protective coating of the charcoal particles. Once development of SEPET™ is completed and its use is approved, we believe that it will be able to be used with currently available hospital kidney dialysis systems to provide selective plasma filtration therapy, which may offer the following advantages:

 

·	Ease of use. The systems bring user friendliness (e.g., pump integration, automation and an intuitive user interface) to traditionally complex liver support procedures.

·	Simplicity. Kidney dialysis systems are routinely used and, therefore, there may be no need for extensive personnel training for use of these similar systems in the SEPET™.

·

Low cost. The cost of therapy is expected to be lower than with any other liver assist device that is currently under development because the machine to which the SEPET™ cartridge can be attached to a standard machine (such as a kidney dialysis machine) with commercially available tubing. Therefore, unlike other devices, no special equipment is required.

·

No Intensive Care Unit needed to provide treatment. SEPET™ may become available for treatment of patients with lower degree of liver failure outside of intensive care unit settings. We do not believe that any changes will have to be made to SEPET™ or the dialysis system in order for SEPET™ to become available outside of intensive care unit settings.

 

To our knowledge, LIVERAID™ and HepatAssist-2™ are the only liver assist devices under development that are capable of providing both liver cell functions and blood purification either simultaneously or sequentially in a versatile and customized manner depending on the cause and severity of liver failure.

 

Drs. Demetriou and Rozga, the founders of ATI and the principal stockholders of this company, have previously demonstrated that cryopreserved pig hepatocytes remain alive (>80% viability) after thawing. Moreover, they quickly aggregate, forming liver-like 3-D units, and resume basic functions (e.g., drug metabolism) at levels comparable to those seen in intact livers. Drs. Demetriou and Rozga have also reported that treatment of animals and patients with fulminant hepatic failure with a bioartificial liver loaded with freshly thawed pig hepatocytes prolonged life, alleviated intracranial hypertension and improved blood chemistry. In addition, in experimental animals bioartificial liver therapy improved native liver function and triggered mechanisms regulating liver regeneration. In addition, treatment with either of our two bioartificial liver systems can be commenced with 2-3 hours of patient preparation, thereby making bioartificial liver therapy available on demand. In contrast, other liver assist devices under development require longer time for preparation prior to patient treatment (up to several days in some instances).

 

 

The clinical performance of the SEPET™ and LIVERAID™ has not been assessed yet. However, in vivo large animal studies have provided proofs of feasibility and clinical efficacy for LIVERAID™. Additionally, virtually all basic aspects of these new technologies (effect of blood purification, liver cell function, utility of hollow-fiber membranes, performance of a design incorporating both pig liver cells and sorbent) have been validated in the past by Drs. Demetriou and Rozga, the founders of ATI, and other investigators. Furthermore, the animal and clinical data generated and published to date on the first-generation bioartificial liver, indicate that the basic concept of a bioartificial liver utilizing cryopreserved pig liver cells and blood detoxification, is valid and that repeated 6-hour bioartificial liver treatments are safe and yield measurable therapeutic benefits. Accordingly, we believe that our novel, next-generation products will represent improvements and/or enhancements of earlier technologies.

 

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Our HepatAssist-2™ system is an enhanced version of the original HepatAssist system. The safety and efficacy of the original HepatAssist were evaluated in a prospective, randomized, controlled, multi-center FDA-approved clinical trial. A total of 171 patients, 86 in the control group, and 85 bioartificial liver group, were enrolled. Patients with fulminant/subfulminant hepatic failure and primary non-function following liver transplantation were included. Data were analyzed with and without accounting for the following confounding factors: liver transplantation, time to transplant, cause of the disease or condition, disease severity, and treatment site. For the entire patient population, survival at 30 days was 71% for bioartificial liver vs. 62% for Control. When survival was analyzed accounting for confounding factors (e.g., liver transplantation, survival prior to transplantation), in the entire patient population, there was no difference between the two groups. However, survival in 147 fulminant/subfulminant hepatic failure patients was significantly higher in the bioartificial liver compared to the Control group. Thus, this was the first prospective, randomized, controlled trial of an extracorporeal liver support system that demonstrated safety and improved survival in patients with fulminant/subfulminant hepatic failure.

 

 

There is an urgent need for artificial means of liver replacement and/or assistance to facilitate recovery from liver failure without a transplant. An effective liver assist device could also help maintain liver failure patients alive until an organ becomes available for transplantation. The SEPET™ and LIVERAID™/HepatAssist-2™ systems are designed to treat patients with liver failure of all causes and severity, including acute exacerbation of chronic liver disease.

 

The patient and market opportunity is substantial and underserved. According to the American Liver Foundation, National Center For Health Statistics and data published in medical literature, it is estimated that five million Americans have viral hepatitis and each year as many as 700,000 patients in the United States are diagnosed with liver disease.

 

According to American Liver Foundation, 25,000,000 Americans - one in every 10 - are or have been suffering from liver and biliary diseases. According to the National Center For Health Statistics published for 2000, there were 360,000 hospital discharges for patients with chronic liver disease or cirrhosis. Of those, 27,035 died (10th leading cause of death in males and 12^th in females; 4^th cause of death in persons aged 45 - 54 years) because no donor liver was found or because they had contraindications to transplantation. During 2001 alone, 12,207 people died in the United States due to alcoholic liver disease and 5,652 individuals died as a consequence of other diseases of liver (inflammatory, drug-induced, acute hepatitis, unspecified, etc.). Approximately 3.9 million Americans are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus and an estimated 25,000 people each year are infected with the hepatitis C virus. At the same time, 10,000 - 12,000 deaths occur annually due to hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatic decompensation, as a result of chronic hepatitis C virus infection, is the leading cause of liver transplantation. In 2002, there were only 4,200 liver donations in the United States versus 6,900 additions to the waiting list. As of September 1, 2004, the liver transplant waiting list contained 17,485 individuals. According to National Institutes of Health and the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases, 5,000 deaths occur annually as a consequence of hepatitis B virus infection.

 

Based on these data, we estimate that more than 200,000 extracorporeal liver support treatments may be needed annually in the United States alone to help keep liver failure patients alive until either an organ becomes available for transplantation or the native liver recovers from injury. We believe that SEPET™ and our bioartificial liver systems may address this demand and, based on published data, estimate that there were approximately 250,000 patients hospitalized in the United States in 2001 who had indications for selective plasma filtration and/or bioartificial liver therapy.

 

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At present no direct treatment for liver failure is available and such patients must receive a liver transplant or endure prolonged hospitalization with significant mortality. Moreover, no prognostic test is available that would help predict which liver failure patient is likely to survive on medical therapy alone. Due to the critical nature of liver failure and the resulting adverse effects on other organs, the hospitalization costs can be as high as $20,000 per day. In fact, it is estimated that the in-patient cost of liver failure treatment can reach $200,000 per episode without a transplant. While liver transplants have significantly increased the chances of survival for patients with liver failure, due to a severe shortage of donor livers, less than 10% of liver failure patients received a transplant. Further, many liver failure patients were excluded from the waiting list because of alcohol or drug abuse, cancer, cardiovascular disease or inadequate post-operative support by family or others.

 

At this time, based on the preliminary information available to us, we estimate that the cost of a single treatment with the SEPET™ therapy could be within a $2,000 - $4,000 range and that cost of the bioartificial liver therapy could be approximately $20,000. We anticipate that SEPET™ and/or bioartificial liver therapy will have to be repeated up to 5-7 times before a satisfactory clinical outcome is obtained. Based on these estimates and the above mentioned projections, the potential U.S. market for SEPET™ and bioartificial liver is significant, with similar opportunities in countries outside the U.S. However, we have not confirmed the potential size of these markets through an independent marketing study.

 

If we are successful in demonstrating the clinical utility of one or both of our products, liver failure patients treated with our products may be spared liver transplantation and the need for life long immune-suppression. In addition, these patients can be treated outside of the intensive care unit and could be discharged from the hospital after shorter stays, all of which would reduce costs for healthcare providers and generate a demand for the use of these products.

 

In addition to the U.S., the potential market for our products includes Europe and Asia. According to World Health Organization, globally, an estimated 170 million persons are chronically infected with the hepatitis C virus (8.9 million in Europe, 32.3 million in South-East Asia, 62.2 million in Western Pacific). At the same time, an estimated 3 to 4 million persons are newly infected each year. Hepatitis B virus infection causes nearly 1,000,000 deaths annually. It is most common in Asia, Africa and Middle East. Of the 2 billion people who have been infected with the hepatitis B virus, more than 350 million have chronic (lifelong) infections. These chronically infected persons are at high risk of death from cirrhosis of the liver and liver cancer. In China, liver disease represents a pressing health problem and the need for an effective liver support therapy is more urgent than in most other markets. Although epidemiological data on hepatitis C virus and hepatitis B virus infection in China are not publicly available, we believe there are approximately 200 million carriers of the hepatitis virus B or C in China, and primary liver cancer is a common malignancy.

 

 

We currently do not have any agreements in place to market any of our products if and when those products are commercially released, and we do not currently expect to establish an in-house marketing and sales program to distribute our products. We currently expect to outsource the sales, marketing and distribution of our products to third parties who specialize in the sales, marketing and distribution of medical products. Alternatively, we may enter into strategic alliances with larger medical companies or license the rights to our products to such larger companies. We currently expect that our products will be marketed in the U.S., Europe and Asia.

 

 

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With respect to cartridges that we expect will be needed for SEPET™, we anticipate that such cartridges will be commercially manufactured by either Spectrum Labs or a manufacturer of clinical hemodialyzers. Additional disposable components (tubing kits) may also be manufactured by third party subcontractors.

 

The kidney dialysis unit that will be used as a platform for SEPET^TM therapy is not expected to require any technical adjustments. Since pressure monitors and hemoglobin detectors are standard in kidney dialysis systems, addition of additional safety features may not be required. Since the existing kidney dialysis units will not be affected, only the kidney dialysis cartridge will be replaced by a SEPET^TM cartridge, no consents will have to be obtained from the manufacturers of those units, and no additional insurance is expected to be required to use those units. Blood oxygenator/heat exchangers are available from third party vendors who sell these products.

 

The platform we currently expect to use for LIVERAID™ will be an existing instrument manufactured and marketed by an unaffiliated medical device manufacturer. The instrument we expect to use has been certified and approved in Europe for bioartificial liver use. However, in order to use this existing platform for bioartificial liver therapy, the instrument must be outfitted with customized software and with hook-ups and components (tubing set) that are specifically designed for use with LIVERAID™ and HepatAssist-2™.

 

The pig liver cells will be harvested from young purpose-bred, pathogen-free, vaccinated pigs raised in an USDA certified facility specifically for biomedical research purposes. We have identified a facility that currently breeds pigs that meet the FDA’s requirements. The liver cells will be harvested and cryopreserved under aseptic conditions using our proprietary technology as well as commercially available equipment.

 

As regards to cell procurement/cryopreservation for bioartificial liver use, we do not yet own our own specialized and certified bio-secure porcine liver cell manufacturing plant. Currently, we expect to subcontract the manufacture of the bioartificial liver porcine liver cells needed to conduct clinical trials and during early stages of commercialization from one or more third parties who already manufacture such cells. At the conclusion of Phase II/III clinical testing of the LIVERAID™ or Phase III clinical testing of HepatAssist-2™ (if we obtain FDA approval to conduct such studies under a modified version of the FDA-approved Phase III IND protocol), we will have to determine whether to build a cell procurement facility to meet the expected requirements for commercial sales, which will require a substantial capital investment, or to continue to purchase such cells from third parties. This decision will be based on technical evaluation of the project as well as an economic evaluation of company performance.

 

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(1)  A hollow fiber module with unique fiber-in-fiber geometry (US Patent #5,015,585 "Method and Apparatus for Culturing and Diffusively Oxygenating Cells on Isotropic Membranes" issued on May 14, 1991). We have licensed this patent from Spectrum Labs.

 

(2)  A bioartificial liver system in which liver cell therapy and blood detoxification are integrated in a single fiber-in-fiber module (US Patent # 6,582,955 B2 for "Bioreactor With Application as Blood Therapy Device" issued in June 2003). We have licensed this patent from Spectrum Labs.

 

(3)  Semi-automated large-scale liver cell procurement technology (US Patent #5,888,409 for "Methods for Cell Isolation and Collection" issued on March 30, 1999). We licensed this patent from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

 

(4)  Liver cell procurement technology (US Patent #5,968,356 for "System for Hepatocyte Cell Isolation and Collection" issued on October 19, 1999, and related European Patent #0 830 099 for "Apparatus and Method for Cell Isolation and Collection"). We licensed this patent from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

 

(5)  Liver cell cryopreservation technology (US Patent #6,140,123 for "Method for Conditioning and Cryopreserving Cells" issued on October 31, 2000). We licensed this patent from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

 

(6)  A bioartificial liver device with integrated tubes ("Bioreactor and Related Method" US Patent #6,242,248 B1 issued on June 5, 2001). We licensed this patent from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

 

(7)  A bioartificial liver device ("Bioreactor and Related Method" US Patent #6,207,448 B1 issued on March 27, 2001). We licensed this patent from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.

 

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center Licenses. On June 19, 2001, ATI entered into an agreement with Cedars-Sinai Medical Center pursuant to which Cedars-Sinai granted to ATI exclusive and worldwide rights to the foregoing five patents and to certain other technical information. These rights are and remain exclusive over the legal life of the various patents and include, subject to limitations, the right to sublicense the patent rights to third parties. In order to maintain its rights under the license, ATI is required to expend an aggregate amount of $1,760,000 in research and development expenses toward the development and promotion of products derived from the patents. ATI’s research and development commitment remains in full force and effect until June 30, 2008. Under the terms of the license, ATI is obligated to meet expenditure milestones per annum through 2008 in order to reach the required $1,760,000. If ATI expenditures exceed a given year’s milestone, however, such excess may be carried over to the following year. To date, we have spent approximately $1,010,000 towards the fulfillment of this obligation. Additionally, Cedars-Sinai Medial Center will have nonexclusive rights to any products derived from the patents. We will have to pay Cedars-Sinai Medical Center royalty fees equal to 1.5% of the gross sales price of royalty bearing products. From the third to tenth years of the license, the royalty fee percent will phase out evenly to 0%. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is a major stockholder of this company. See "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions."

 

Spectrum Labs License Agreement. On December 26, 2001, ATI entered into a license agreement with Spectrum Labs, pursuant to which Spectrum Labs granted to ATI an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, make, use and distribute products based on Spectrum Labs’ hollow fiber-in-fiber technology, solely for applications in ATI’s liver assist devices. The license includes the rights to the two issued patents referred to above. Provided that ATI purchases the hollow fiber cartridges that it expects that it will need for its products from Spectrum Labs, ATI will not have to pay a royalty for the license. In the event that Spectrum Labs is not the manufacturer of the hollow fiber cartridges, ATI will have to pay Spectrum Labs a royalty for the license (see, "Business--Manufacturing," above). Unless the Spectrum Labs license agreement is terminated sooner due to a breach of the license, the term of the license will continue until the expiration of the two patents. Spectrum Labs also agreed to grant ATI a right of first refusal to obtain a license to make, use, develop or distribute products based on Spectrum Labs’ technology other than in liver assisted products, provided that such other products are in the fields of artificial blood therapy and bioprocessing and therapeutic devices. See "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions."

 

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In addition, in April 2004, we acquired from Circe Biomedical, Inc,. a portfolio of intellectual properties, including certain U.S. and foreign patents, applicable to (i) the HepatAssist bioartificial liver that Circe was developing, including various patents related to the harvesting and handling of cells to be used in the bioartificial liver, and (ii) Circe’s artificial pancreas system. We do not intend to use or maintain certain of the bioartificial liver patents or any of the artificial pancreas patents. The following is a list of the patents and patent applications that we acquired from Circe Biomedical and that we expect to maintain and use with our bioartificial liver system:

 

(1)	Process for preparing isotropic microporous polysulfone membranes.US Patent #4970034 (issued on November 13, 1990).

 

(2)	Continuous Spinning of Hollow-Fiber Membranes Using Solvent Mixture as Precipitation Medium. US Patent #5151227 (issued on September 29, 1992).

 

(3)	Method and Apparatus for Casting Hollow Fiber Membranes. US Patent #5298206 (issued on March 29, 1994).

 

(4)	Apparatus for Bioprocessing a Circulating Fluid. US Patent #5643794 (issued on July 1, 1997).

 

(5)	Dual Fiber Bioreactor. US Patent #5712154 (issued on January 27, 1998).

 

(6)	Cryopreserved Hepatocytes and High Viability and Metabolic Activity. US Patent #5795711 (issued on August 18, 1998).

 

(7)	Closed System for Processing Cells. US Patent #5858642 (issued on January 12, 1999).

 

(8)	Method of Thawing Cryopreserved Cells. US Patent #5895745 (issued on April 20, 1999).

 

(9)	High Flow Technique for Harvesting Mammalian Cells. US Patent #5912163 (issued on June 15, 1999).

 

(10)	Removal of Agent From Cell Suspension. US Patent #6068775 (issued on May 30, 2000).

 

(11)	Method for Cryopreserving Hepatocytes. US Patent #6136525 (issued on October 24, 2000).

 

 

 

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In addition to the foregoing Circe Biomedical patents, we also acquired other rights to Circe’s HepatAssist bioartificial liver and related technologies, such as clinical and marketing data and over 400 manufacturing and quality assurance/control standard operation protocols that the FDA had previously reviewed. In addition to being necessary for the HepatAssist system, the manufacturing standard operating procedures for harvesting and cryopreservation of hepatocytes are directly applicable to, and important to the development of our LIVERAID™ and HepatAssist-2™ systems. The Phase I - III clinical data that we acquired is expected to be useful in the preparation of future FDA submissions, since the data is based on pig liver cells from the same source that we currently intend to use for our bioartificial liver systems. We also acquired an FDA Phase III IND for an enhanced version of the Hepat Assist system. We are currently evaluating the possibility of conducting clinical studies of the HepatAssist-2™ system under a modified version of the FDA- approved Phase III IND protocol that we acquired. The various protocols may also offer us an opportunity to expedite an IND submission for our LIVERAID™ system and to shorten the regulatory timeline for FDA approval of our two bioartificial liver systems.

 

In connection with our acquisition of the foregoing patents, we also assumed Circe Biomedical’s obligations to make the following royalty payments:

 

(a)    Pursuant to that certain Royalty Agreement, dated as of January 29, 1999, between Circe Biomedical, Inc. (as a wholly-owned subsidiary of W.R. Grace & Co.) and Circe Acquisition Corp., we assumed the obligation to pay a royalty of 2% of "net sales" any product that utilizes or incorporates the bioartificial liver patents, technology, inventions, and technical or scientific data that Circe Biomedical acquired from W.R. Grace & Co. Since the assets that we acquired from Circe are expected to be used in either the LIVERAID™ or the HepatAssist-2™ systems, it is likely that we will have to pay this royalty with respect of sales of those parts of our bioartificial liver systems that incorporate the W.R. Grace & Co. technology. Net sales includes revenues received from by us or our licensees and sublicensees from third parties. The obligation to pay royalties on the net sales of certain parts of our bioartificial liver systems will continue for at least 10 years after the date on which we have obtained all required regulatory approvals and have received $100,000 of net sales.

 

(b)    Pursuant to that certain Restated License Agreement dated as of August 1, 1999 between Circe Biomedical, Inc. and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, we are obligated to make royalty payments equal to 1% of the "net sales" price for that portion of a liver assist system sold by us or any of our sublicensees that comprises or incorporates a cartridge having a combination of porcine hepatocytes with hollow fiber membranes. Since both of our bioartificial liver systems will utilize this type of cartridge, we will have to pay this royalty with respect of sales of all cartridges used in either of our bioartificial liver systems. Our obligation to pay these royalties will begin with the first commercial sale of a bioartificial liver and continue thereafter for ten years.

 

Under U.S. law, utility patents filed before June 8, 1995 are valid for 20 years from the filing date, or 17 years from date of issuance, whichever period is longer. Patents filed on or after June 8, 1995 are good for 20 years from the date of filing.

 

SEPET™ Rights. Our intellectual property rights to SEPET™ consist of patent application and certain related trade secrets. Our patent application regarding our selective plasma filtration therapy (SEPET™) technology was filed in August 2002.

 

We have not filed for any copyright or trademark protection to date.

 

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ATI and Spectrum Labs also entered into a four-year research agreement pursuant to which ATI and Spectrum Labs agreed to combine their expertise and their respective technologies to enable ATI to (i) develop liver assist systems, (ii) conduct pre-clinical and Phase I-III clinical testing, (iii) obtain regulatory approvals and (iv) commercialize such liver assist systems. Under the terms of the agreement, Spectrum Labs agreed to perform certain research on liver assist devices for ATI during product development, pre-clinical and clinical testing at no cost to ATI. Spectrum Labs also agreed to pay for all costs and expenses in connection with the research program and agreed to allocate a total of $550,000 to the program during the research term. ATI and Spectrum Labs have recently agreed that Spectrum Labs has now satisfied its obligations to develop and manufacture clinical-grade, second-generation liver assist devices and that we will pay Spectrum Labs an additional $54,960 over an 18-month period. Spectrum Labs has agreed to perform additional research and development work as may we may request, which additional future work will be provided by Spectrum Labs on terms that we may in the future agree to.

 

 

Our products will compete with numerous other products and technologies that are currently used or are being developed by companies, academic medical centers and research institutions. These competitors consist of both large established companies as well as small, single product development stage companies. We expect substantial competition from these companies as they develop different and/or novel approaches to the treatment of liver disease. Some of these approaches may directly compete with the products that we are currently developing.

 

Other therapies currently available include whole plasma exchange therapy, a procedure involving massive plasma transfusions that is being used primarily for correction of coagulopathy in patients with severe acute liver failure. In addition, two extracorporeal blood detoxification systems are currently available in the U.S. for treatment of liver failure: (1) the Adsorba column (Gambro, Hechingen, Germany) which contains activated charcoal and (2) the BioLogic-DT system (HemoCleanse, West Lafayette, Indiana) utilizing a mixture of charcoal, silica and exchange resins. Published data indicate that in limited, uncontrolled clinical trials utilizing these systems, only a transient improvement in neurological status was observed with no effect on patients survival.

 

Other technologies offered by competing companies include the following:

 

Excorp Medical, Inc.’s device (BLAD) is a freestanding blood perfusion system including pumps, a heat exchanger, an oxygenator, pressure gauges, safety features and computer-assisted monitoring. To our knowledge, no clinical trials have been carried out with this system. To our knowledge, this product does not include detoxification components.

 

Algenix, Inc.’s device (LIVE-Rx 2000) utilizes pig liver cells and a commercially available dialysis cartridge. In its commercial form, the LIVE-Rx 2000 will consist of an installed base instrument, support equipment and a consumable set of a single-use tubing and disposable bioreactor. The LIVE-Rx 2000 offers cell therapy only. Pig liver cell aggregates will be generated using proprietary technology and maintained in perfusion culture. Cells are suitable for clinical use only after a prolonged processing and have a limited shelf live (up to 2 weeks), making this therapy impractical for many liver failure patients.    

 

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VitaGen, Inc. uses technology initially developed and marketed by Hepatix. VitaGen’s ELAD utilizes a cell line derived from human liver cancer tissue and a conventional hollow fiber bioreactor. A pilot clinical study was completed in Europe (King’s College of Medicine, London, UK). In patients with acute liver failure, treatment with ELAD had no effect on the clinical course when compared to patients receiving standard therapy. We belive that VitaGen has initiated a clinical trial in the U.S. Their new ELAD has 4 (instead of 1) cell cartridges placed in a plasma recirculation loop.

 

RanD S.r.I. developed a radial-flow bioreactor for liver cell culture and an integrated pumping apparatus in which the patient’s plasma is recirculated through the bioreactor loaded with 200 gm of freshly isolated pig hepatocytes. The RanD system was used in seven patients with fulminant hepatic failure and six of them were successfully bridged to orthotopic liver transplantation. At this time, it is unclear whether this technology will be further developed and tested in prospective randomized controlled clinical trials.

 

Several other technologies could potentially compete with our bioartificial liver systems. These include xenotransplantation (use of pig organs in humans), transplantation of isolated hepatocytes and ex vivo whole liver perfusions. While major progress has been made in the area of xenotransplantation and transgenic pigs are now available, attempts at xenotransplantation have resulted only in short-term survival of grafted organs. Ex vivo whole liver perfusion is impractical because it is cumbersome and requires maintenance of multiple pathogen-free pig colonies due to direct cell-cell contact between pig liver and human blood cells. Although transplantation of hepatocytes showed great promise in animal models of liver failure, there is no adequate supply source of human cells due to shortage of organ donors.

 

 

In order to clinically test, manufacture, and market products for therapeutic use, we will have to satisfy mandatory procedures and safety and effectiveness standards established by various regulatory bodies. In the United States, the Public Health Service Act and the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, as amended, and the regulations promulgated thereunder, and other federal and state statutes and regulations govern, among other things, the testing, manufacture, labeling, storage, record keeping, approval, advertising, and promotion of our products. Product development and approval within this regulatory framework takes a number of years and involves the expenditure of substantial resources. After laboratory analysis and preclinical testing in animals, an investigational new drug application is filed with the FDA to begin human testing. Typically, a three-phase clinical testing program is then undertaken. In phase 1, small clinical trials are conducted to determine the safety of the product. In phase 2, clinical trials are conducted to assess safety and gain preliminary evidence of the efficacy of the product. In phase 3, clinical trials are conducted to provide sufficient data for the statistically valid proof of safety and efficacy. The time and expense required to perform this clinical testing can vary and is substantial. No action can be taken to market any new drug or biologic product in the United States until an appropriate marketing application has been approved by the FDA. Even after initial FDA approval has been obtained, further clinical trials may be required to provide additional data on safety and effectiveness and are required to gain clearance for the use of a product as a treatment for indications other than those initially approved. In addition, side effects or adverse events that are reported during clinical trials can delay, impede, or prevent marketing approval. Similarly, adverse events that are reported after marketing approval can result in additional limitations being placed on the product’s use and, potentially, withdrawal of the product from the market. Any adverse event, either before or after marketing approval, can result in product liability claims against us.

 

In addition to regulating and auditing clinical trials, the FDA regulates and inspects equipment, facilities, and processes used in the manufacturing and testing of such products prior to providing approval to market a product. If after receiving clearance from the FDA, a material change is made in manufacturing equipment, location, or process, additional regulatory review may be required. We will also have to adhere to current Good Manufacturing Practice and product-specific regulations enforced by the FDA through its facilities inspection program. The FDA also conducts regular, periodic visits to re-inspect equipment, facilities, laboratories, and processes following the initial approval. If, as a result of these inspections, the FDA determines that any equipment, facilities, laboratories, or processes do not comply with applicable FDA regulations and conditions of product approval, the FDA may seek civil, criminal, or administrative sanctions and/or remedies against us, including the suspension of the manufacturing operations.

 

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The FDA has separate review procedures for medical devices before such products may be commercially marketed in the United States. There are two basic review procedures for medical devices in the United States. Certain products may qualify for a Section 510(k) procedure, under which the manufacturer gives the FDA a Pre-Market Notification, or 510(k) Notification, of the manufacturer's intention to commence marketing of the product at least 90 days before the product will be introduced into interstate commerce. The manufacturer must obtain written clearance from the FDA before it can commence marketing the product. Among other requirements, the manufacturer must establish in the 510(k) Notification that the product to be marketed is "substantially equivalent" to another legally-marketed, previously existing product. If a device does not qualify for the 510(k) Notification procedure, the manufacturer must file a Pre-Market Approval Application. The Pre-Market Approval Application requires more extensive pre-filing testing than the 510(k) Notification procedure and involves a significantly longer FDA review process. We believe that we have identified products that we believe are "substantially equivalent" to SEPET^TM. We are currently in the process of designing clinical trials to demonstrate the safety and efficacy of SEPET^TM in treating patients with chronic liver failure. We are also preparing an investigational device exemption for SEPET^TM for submission to the FDA.  No assurance can be given that we will, in fact, submit a 510(k) Notification for SEPET^TM or that the FDA will agree with us that this notification filing is available to us.

 

We expect SEPET™ to be classified by the FDA as a Class III medical device. Accordingly, unless Section 510(k) is available, SEPET™ will be subject to a two-step approval process starting with a submission of an investigational new device exemption application to conduct human studies, followed by a Pre-Marketing Approval Application.

 

We expect LIVERAID™ to be classified by the FDA as a biological therapeutic and Class III medical device. Accordingly, it will be subject to a two-step approval process starting with a submission of an investigational new drug application to conduct human studies followed by the submission of a Product Marketing Approval and a new drug application. The latter, if and when accepted, allows the commercialization of the product.

 

In addition to obtaining FDA approval, we will have to obtain the approval of the various foreign health regulatory agencies of the foreign countries in which we may wish to market our products. Certain health regulatory authority (including those of Japan, France and the United Kingdom) have objected, and other countries regulatory authorities could potentially object to the marketing of any therapy that uses pig liver cells (which our bioartificial liver systems are expected to utilize) due to safety concerns. If we are unable to obtain the approval of the health regulatory authorities any country, the potential market for our products will be reduced.

 

	34

 

We currently employ five full-time employees, one part-time employee, one full-time consultant, and three independent contractors who provide services to us on a part-time basis. Of the foregoing employees and contractors, six are primarily engaged in administration/management, and remaining four persons are involved in scientific research, product development and/or regulatory compliance matters. In addition, certain members of our Board of Directors provide us with research and development assistance on a part-time, limited basis. Our employees are not represented by a labor organization or covered by a collective bargaining agreement. We have not experienced work stoppages and we believe that our relationship with our employees is good.

 

 

We currently maintain our laboratory and office space at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, which facilities we lease under a three-year lease that expires on June 30, 2007. We currently pay rent of $6,441 per month for the 1,008 square foot facility under the lease. Cedars-Sinai Medical Center is a stockholder of our company and was one of the initial stockholders of ATI. See "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions."

 

Since April 1, 2004, we have been leasing 1,700 square feet of additional administrative office space in a building across the street from our laboratories that are located at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Our new offices are located at 8797 Beverly Blvd., Suite 206, Los Angeles, California 90048 and are our new executive offices. The new office lease requires us to pay rent of $5,000 per month and has a term of two years.

 

 

We are not a party to any material legal proceedings.

 

We may occasionally become subject to legal proceedings and claims that arise in the ordinary course of our business. It is impossible for us to predict with any certainty the outcome of pending disputes, and we cannot predict whether any liability arising from pending claims and litigation will be material in relation to our consolidated financial position or results of operations.

 

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 DIRECTORS, EXECUTIVE OFFICERS, PROMOTERS AND CONTROL PERSONS

 

 

The following table sets forth the name, age and position held by each of our executive officers and directors as of August 31, 2004. Directors are elected at each annual meeting and thereafter serve until the next annual meeting (currently expected to be held during the first calendar quarter of 2005) at which their successors are duly elected by the stockholders.

 

Name	Age	Position
Jacek Rozga, M.D., Ph.D.	55	President, Chief Financial Officer, and Director
Richard W. Bank, M.D.(1)	71	Director
Roy Eddleman	64	Director
Marvin S. Hausman M.D.	63	Director
John M. Vierling, M.D.(1)	58	Chairman of the Board and Director

       _________________________

⁽¹⁾    Member of our Audit Committee.

 

 

The following describes the backgrounds of current directors and the key members of the management team. All of the our officers and directors also currently hold the same offices with ATI.

 

Jacek Rozga, MD, PhD. Dr. Rozga is a co-founder of ATI and has been a director and the President of that company since its organization in August 2000. Dr. Rozga has been a director, the President, the Chief Financial Officer and the Chief Scientific Officer of this company since October 30, 2003. Since 1992, Dr. Rozga has been a professor of Surgery at UCLA School of Medicine. Dr. Rozga has also been a research scientist at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center since 1992.

 

Roy Eddleman. Mr. Eddleman has been the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Spectrum Laboratories, Inc. since July 1982. Spectrum Laboratories, Inc. is a public company in the business of developing and commercializing proprietary tubular membranes and membrane devices for existing and emerging life sciences applications. Mr. Eddleman also has been the founder and/or principal and Director of each of (i) Spectrum Separations, Inc., now a part of UOP/Hitachi, (ii) ICM, Inc., now a part of Perstorf/Perbio, (iii) Facilichem, Inc., a joint venture with SRI International, (iv) Nuclepore, Inc., now a part of Corning and Whatman, and (v) Inneraction Chemical, Inc., now a part of Merck Darmstadt. He is the founder and a benefactor of the Roy Eddleman Research Museum of Chemistry and the Chemical Heritage Foundation in Philadelphia.

 

Marvin S. Hausman, MD. Dr. Hausman has, since January 1997, been the President and Chief Executive Officer of Axonyx, Inc., a public company engaged in the business of acquiring and developing novel post-discovery central nervous system drug candidates, primarily in areas of memory and cognition. Dr. Hausman has 30 years of drug development and clinical care experience at various pharmaceutical companies, including working in conjunction with Bristol-Meyers International, Mead-Johnson Pharmaceutical Co., and E.R. Squibb. He was a co-founder of Medco Research Inc., a NYSE-traded biopharmaceutical company which was acquired by King Pharmaceuticals, Inc. Dr. Hausman has been the President of Northwest Medical Research Partners, Inc. since 1995 and previously served as a member of the Board of Directors of Regent Assisted Living, Inc. from 1996 through 2001.

 

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John M. Vierling, MD, FACP. Dr. Vierling has been a Professor of Medicine at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA since 1996 and was the Director of Hepatology and Medical Director of Multi-Organ Transplantation Program at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center from 1990-2004. He is also currently the Senior Councilor of the American Association for the Study of Liver Diseases. Dr. Vierling was the Chairman of the Board of the American Liver Foundation from 1994 to 2000, and the President of the Southern California Society for Gastroenterology from 1994 to 1995.  Dr. Vierling has also been a member of numerous National Institutes of Health study sections and advisory committees, including the NIDDK Liver Tissue Procurement and Distribution Program.  He is currently Chairman of the Data Safety Monitoring Board for the National Institute of Health, NIDDK Vira Hep C Multicenter Trial.  Dr. Vierling’s research has focused on the immunological mechanisms of liver injury caused by hepatitis B and C viruses and autoimmune and alloimmune diseases.

 

There are no family relationships between any of the officers and directors.

 

 

In February 2004, our Board of Directors established an Audit Committee. The Board of Directors has instructed the Audit Committee to meet periodically with the company’s management and independent accountants to, among other things, review the results of the annual audit and quarterly reviews and discuss the financial statements, recommend to the Board the independent accountants to be retained, and receive and consider the accountants’ comments as to controls, adequacy of staff and management performance and procedures in connection with audit and financial controls. The Audit Committee is also authorized to review related party transactions for potential conflicts of interest. Until July 1, 2004, the Audit Committee consisted of three persons. On July 1, 2004, Kristin Demetriou resigned from our Board of Directors and our Audit Committee and has not yet been replaced. As a result, the Audit Committee is currently composed of Dr. Bank and Dr. Vierling. Each of these two individuals is a non-employee director and is independent as defined under the Nasdaq Stock Market’s listing standards. While each of the members of the Audit Committee has significant knowledge of financial matters, none of the Audit Committee members has been designated as an "audit committee financial expert" as defined under Item 401(e) of Regulation S-B of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended. As an early stage research and development company with no operating revenues and few audit or financial issues, we have not needed a financial expert on our Audit Committee. However, before our shares can be listed on the Nasdaq Stock Market or on any stock exchange, we will to have appoint an independent director who qualifies as a financial expert to our Audit Committee. The Audit Committee operates under a formal charter that governs its duties and conduct.

 

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The following table sets forth the compensation for services paid to Jacek Rozga, M.D., Ph.D. (the "Named Executive Officer") in all capacities for the three fiscal years ended December 31, 2003. Dr. Rozga has been the chief executive officer of both this company and ATI since the Reorganization in October 2003, and was the chief executive officer ATI before the Reorganization. The information set forth below includes all compensation paid to Dr. Rozga by ATI before the Reorganization by ATI, and all compensation paid to him by both this company and ATI since the Reorganization. No other executive officers of either HAUSA or ATI received an annual salary and bonus that collectively exceeded $100,000 during any of the fiscal years ended December 31, 2003, December 31, 2002 and December 31, 2001.

 

 

		Annual Compensation								Long-Term Compensation Awards
Name and Principal Position		Year		Salary		Bonus		Other Annual Compensation		Securities Underlying Options
Jacek Rozga, M.D., Ph.D Chief Executive Officer, Chief Financial Officer, and Chief Scientific Officer		2003(1)   2002   2001		$143,125   $85,000   $85,000		$15,000   $5,000   —		—   —   —		18,000 (2)   18,000 (2)   —

_________________________

(1)	The compensation set forth for 2003 includes amounts paid to Jacek Rozga, M.D., Ph.D by both ATI and Arbios Systems, Inc.
(2)	Represents options granted to Jacek Rozga, M.D., Ph.D by ATI, which options were assumed by this company in the Reorganization.

 

During the three years prior to the Reorganization, Raymond H. Kuh was the President of HAUSA. During the last three years, HAUSA did not pay Mr. Kuh, or any other executive officer, any salary or bonus, and Mr. Kuh was not granted any options. Accordingly, no information is provided regarding Mr. Kuh or any other former executive officer of HAUSA.

 

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The following table contains information concerning grants of stock options during the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003 by us (including ATI) to the Named Executive Officer (HAUSA did not grant any options). In the Reorganization, all of these options were assumed by HAUSA and now represent options to purchase shares of our common stock. We have not granted any stock appreciation rights.

 

 

Individual Grants
Name		Number of Shares Underlying Options Granted		% of Total Options Granted to Employees In Fiscal Year		Exercise Price		Market Price on Date of Grant		Expiration Date
Jacek Rozga, M.D., Ph.D		18,000		8%		$1.00		(1)		April 20, 2010

 

_________________________

(1)    On the date of grant, the common stock of ATI was not listed for trading on any securities market. Accordingly, there was no market price on the date of grant.

 

 

The following table sets forth the number and value of unexercised options held by the Named Executive Officer as of December 31, 2003. There were no exercises of options by the Named Executive Officer in fiscal year 2003.

 

Aggregated Option Exercises in Fiscal Year Ended December 31, 2003
and FY-End Option Values

 

 

Name		Shares Acquired in Exercise		Value Realized		Number of Securities Underlying Unexercised Options at FY-End (#) Exercisable/ Unexercisable		Value of Unexercised In-the-Money Options at FY-End (#) Exercisable/ Unexercisable(1)
Jacek Rozga, M.D., Ph.D		—		—		36,000/0		$69,300/$-0-

_________________________

(1)    Dollar amounts reflect the net values of outstanding stock options computed as the difference between $2.50 (the last reported sale on December 31, 2003) and the exercise price of the options.

 

 

Dr. Rozga, receives compensation from us in his capacity as the President and Chief Financial Officer of this company and in his capacity as President, Chief Financial Officer and Chief Financial Officer of ATI, our operating subsidiary. In his capacity as the President and Chief Financial Officer of this company, Dr. Rozga earns an annual salary of $65,000. In addition, Dr. Rozga and three of ATI’s other employees provide services to ATI pursuant to that certain Employee Loan-Out Agreement, dated July 1, 2001, as amended, between ATI and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Dr. Rozga and the other employees are technically employed and paid by Cedars-Sinai Medical Center. Under the terms of the Loan-Out Agreement, the medical center permits Dr. Rozga to provide services to ATI, and ATI pays Cedars-Sinai Medical Center an amount equal to Dr. Rozga’s salary plus an amount equal to the cost of fringe benefits and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center pays to Dr. Rozga. Through this arrangement, Dr. Rozga earns an annual salary of $135,000 (which amount is paid through Cedar-Sinai but funded by ATI). The Loan-Out Agreement expires on June 30, 2005, and may be terminated by either party upon notice of breach of the agreement, for cause, or breach of the facilities agreement pursuant to which the Company leases its laboratories from Cedars-Sinai, provided that the parties have an opportunity to cure the breach. Dr. Rozga has no obligations to Cedars-Sinai other than the services he is providing to this company. Other than the Loan-Out Agreement, Dr. Rozga does not have an employment contract with Cedar Sinai Medical Center.

 

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During the fiscal year ended December 31, 2003, HAUSA did not pay its directors any compensation for serving on the Board of Directors. ATI did, however, grant each of its directors stock options to purchase 18,000 shares of common stock at an exercise price of $1.00 per share. The options have a term of seven years. Providing that the directors still are on the board at that time, one half of the options vest six months after the date of grant, and the remaining options vest on the first anniversary of the grant. We currently also reimburse all directors for any expenses incurred by them in attending meetings of the board of directors.

 

In February 2004, the Board of Directors voted to increase the number of options that each director would receive annually for services rendered as a director from 18,000 to 30,000. The vesting schedule (one-half vests after six months, the balance after one year) will remain the same as with options granted in 2003. Director options continue to be granted at the market price on the date of grant.

 

 

In 2001, we adopted our "2001 Stock Option Plan,", pursuant to which the Board of Directors has the authority to grant options to purchase up to a total of 1,000,000 shares of our common stock to our directors, officers, consultants and employees. Awards under the plan may be either non-qualified options or options intended to qualify as "Incentive Stock Options" under Section 422 of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended.

 

The exercise price of options granted under the plan may not be less than 100% of the fair market value of the common stock on the day of grant. If options are granted to a person who controls more than 10% of our stock, then the exercise price may not be less than 110% of the fair market value on the day of the grant. The purchase price and method of exercise of each nonqualified option granted to officers and other key employees shall be determined by the Board of Directors. The purchase price is payable in full by cash. However, the Board of Directors may accept payment for the purchase price of the shares of common stock acquired upon exercise of an option, by optionee’s tendering outstanding shares of our common stock owned by the optionee, or by other so-called cashless exercises as permitted by law, or any combination of cash, check, shares and cashless exercises.

 

Options granted under the stock option plan become exercisable and shall expire on such dates as determined by the Board of Directors, provided, however, that no term may exceed ten years from the date of grant, or five years from the date of grant in the case of any optionee holding more than 10 percent of the combined voting power of all classes of our capital stock as of the date of grant. After options become exercisable they may be exercised at any time or from time to time as to any part thereof.

 

Options are not transferable except by will or by the laws of descent and distribution; during the life of the person to whom the option is granted, that person alone may exercise them. All rights to exercise options terminate 90 days after the date a grantee ceases to be an employee of this company or any subsidiary for any reason other than death or disability.

 

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The following table sets forth certain information regarding beneficial ownership of our common stock as of July 31, 2004 (a) by each person known by us to own beneficially 5% or more of any class of our common stock, (b) by each of our Named Executive Officer and our directors and (c) by all executive officers and directors of this company as a group. As of August 27, 2004 there were 13,198,097 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding. Unless otherwise noted, we believe that all persons named in the table have sole voting and investment power with respect to all the shares beneficially owned by them. Except as otherwise indicated, the address of each stockholder is c/o the company at 8797 Beverly Blvd., Los Angeles, California, 90048.

 

Name and Address of Beneficial Owner			Shares Beneficially Owned (1	)		Percentage of Class
Jacek Rozga, M.D., Ph.D.			2, 386,000(2	)		18.0	%
Kristin P. Demetriou			2,536,000(3	)		19.2	%
John M. Vierling, MD			51,000(4	)		*
Roy Eddleman			413,669(5	)		3.1	%
Marvin S. Hausman MD			614,500(6	)		4.6	%
Richard W. Bank, MD			449,500(7	)		3.4	%
Achilles A. Demetriou, M.D., Ph.D			2,500,000(8	)		18.9	%
Cedars-Sinai Medical Center 8700 Beverly Boulevard, Los Angeles, California 90048			681,818			5.2	%
Gary Ballen (9) 140 Burlingame, Los Angeles, California 90049			1,139,222(9	)		8.3	%
Suncraft Limited (10) Room 2105, 21/F., West Tower Shun Tak Centre 168-200 Connaught Road Central Sheung Wan, Hong Kong			700,000(10	)		5.2	%
All executive officers and directors as a group (5 persons)			3,914,669 (11	)		28.4	%

*	Less than 1%.

(1)

Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Shares of common stock subject to options, warrants and convertible securities currently exercisable or convertible, or exercisable or convertible within 60 days, are deemed outstanding, including for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of the person holding such option, warrant or convertible security, but not for purposes of computing the percentage of any other holder.

 

(2)	Includes currently exercisable options to purchase 51,000 shares of common stock.

 

(3)	Consists of (i) 2,500,000 shares owned by the A & K Demetriou Family Trust, of which Kristin P. Demetriou is a co-trustee, and (ii) currently exercisable options to purchase 36,000 shares of common stock issued to Kristin P. Demetriou.

 

(4)	Consists of currently exercisable options to purchase 51,000 shares of common stock.

 

(5)	Consists of currently exercisable options to purchase 51,000 shares of common stock, and 362,669 shares of common stock owned by Spectrum Laboratories, Inc. Mr. Eddleman is the Chairman of the Board and Chief Executive Officer of Spectrum Laboratories, Inc.

 

(6)

Consists of (i) currently exercisable options to purchase 83,000 shares of common stock, (ii) currently exercisable warrants to purchase 187,500 shares of common stock, (iii) 100,000 shares owned by the Marvin Hausman Revocable Trust, and (iv) 244,000 shares owned by Northwest Medical Research, Inc. Dr. Hausman is the trustee of the Marvin Hausman Revocable Trust and the Chief Executive Officer and principal stockholder of Northwest Medical Research, Inc.

 

(7)

Includes (i) 40,000 shares of common stock, (ii) currently exercisable warrants to purchase 40,000 shares of common stock, (iii) currently exercisable options to purchase 15,000 shares of common stock, (iv) 254,500 shares of common stock owned by LibertyView Health Sciences Fund, LP, and (v) currently exercisable warrants to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock owned by LibertyView Health Sciences Fund, LP. Dr. Bank is the portfolio manager of LibertyView Health Sciences Fund, LP.

 

(8)	Consists of 2,500,000 shares owned by the A & K Demetriou Family Trust, of which Achilles A. Demetriou, M.D., Ph.D. is a co-trustee.

 

(9)

Includes (i) 417,000 shares of common stock registered in Mr. Ballen’s name, (ii) currently exercisable warrants to purchase 600,000 shares of common stock owned by Mr. Ballen, and (iii) 122,222 shares registered in the name of American Charter & Marketing LLC, over which Mr. Ballen has voting and investment control.

 

(10)	Includes (i) 350,000 shares of common stock, and (ii) currently exercisable warrants to purchase 350,000 shares of common stock..

 

(11)	Includes currently exercisable options and warrants to purchase 578,500 shares of common stock.

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The shares to be offered by the selling stockholders are "restricted" securities under applicable federal and state securities laws and are being registered under the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (the "Securities Act") to give the selling stockholders the opportunity to publicly sell these shares. The registration of these shares does not require that any of the shares be offered or sold by the selling stockholders. The selling stockholders may from time to time offer and sell all or a portion of their shares in the over-the-counter market, in negotiated transactions, or otherwise, at prices then prevailing or related to the then current market price or at negotiated prices.

 

The registered shares may be sold directly or through brokers or dealers, or in a distribution by one or more underwriters on a firm commitment or best efforts basis. To the extent required, the names of any agent or broker-dealer and applicable commissions or discounts and any other required information with respect to any particular offer will be set forth in a prospectus supplement or, if appropriate, a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See "Plan of Distribution." The selling stockholders and any agents or broker-dealers that participate with the selling stockholders in the distribution of registered shares may be deemed to be "underwriters" within the meaning of the Securities Act, and any commissions received by them and any profit on the resale of the registered shares may be deemed to be underwriting commissions or discounts under the Securities Act.

 

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No estimate can be given as to the amount or percentage of our common stock that will be held by the selling stockholders after any sales made pursuant to this prospectus because the selling stockholders are not required to sell any of the shares being registered under this prospectus. The following table assumes that the selling stockholders will sell all of the shares listed in this prospectus.

 

The following table sets forth the beneficial ownership of the selling stockholders:

 

---

1		Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange Commission and generally includes voting or investment power with respect to securities. Shares of common stock subject to options, warrants and convertible securities currently exercisable or convertible, or exercisable or convertible within 60 days, are deemed outstanding, including for purposes of computing the percentage ownership of the person holding the option, warrant or convertible security, but not for purposes of computing the percentage of any other holder.
2		Amy Factor is the owner and manager of AFO Capital Advisors LLC and the trustee of The Jay H. Oyer and Amy Factor Family Foundation, The Melissa H. Oyer Trust, and The Zachary D. Oyer Trust. Ms. Factor has voting and investment control of the securities of these entities.
3		Gary Ballen has voting and investment control over the securities owned by American Charter & Marketing LLC.
4		Alexander Angerman and Judith Angerman Trustees have voting and investment control over the securities owned by the Angerman Family Trust.
5		Cheuk-HoTam, and Wah-On Wong have voting and investment control over the securities owned by Anka Consultants Ltd.
6		Ursula Stabinger has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Bank Julius Baer & Co. Ltd.
7		H. Gerald Bidwell has voting and investment control over the securities owned by the H. Gerald Bidwell Revocable Trust.
8		Wah-On Wong has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Brender Services Limited.
9		Edward M. Prunchunas has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Cedars-Sinai Medical Center.
10		Abe Janz and James Ladner have voting and investment control over the securities owned by Dalworth Capital Ltd.
11		Joseph Edington has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Triax Capital Management, Inc.
12		K. Freimann has voting and investment control over the securities owned by EPM AG and EPM Holdings AG.
13		LibertyView Health Sciences Fund, LP is or may be an affiliate of a registered broker-dealer. We have been informed by LibertyView Health Sciences Fund, LP that it acquired the securities offered by this prospectus for its own account in the ordinary course of business, and that, at the time it acquired such securities, it had no agreement or understanding, direct or indirect, with any person to distribute such securities. Richard Bank has voting and investment control of the securities held by LibertyView Health Sciences Fund, LP.
14		Eric Hutchings has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Five Guys Investments, LLC
15		K. Meyer has voting and investment control over the securities owned by 4P Management Partners.
16		Ernest F. Fox has voting and investment control over the securities Ernest F. Fox, Jr. TTEE for the Fran Fox Trust.
17		Peter J. Brigham has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Granadilla Holdings Ltd.
18		Dr. Hausman is the trustee of the Marvin Hausman Revocable Trust and the Chief Executive Officer and principal stockholder of Northwest Medical Research, Inc. As such, Dr. Hausman has voting and investment control of the securities owned by these entities.
19		Sanford J. Hillsberg and Herbert Hillsberg have voting and investment control of the securities owned by The Hillsberg Foundation.
20		Charles F. Kivowitz and Alexandra Kivowitz have voting and investment control over the securities owned by Charles F. Kivowitz & Alexandra Kivowitz Co-Trustees for the Kivowitz Family Trust
21		Atrene Pemberton has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Livorno Latin America Promotions B.V.
22		Technomedics Management and Systems, Inc. is owned and controlled by Dr. Manfred Mosk, who has voting and investment control of the securities owned by Technomedics Management and Systems, Inc.
23		Steve Boom has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Seashore Investment Ltd.
24		Jesus Martinez has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Spectrum Laboratories Inc.
25		A. Emmet Stephenson, Jr. has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Stephenson Ventures.
26		Cheuk-Ho Tam has voting and investment control over the securities owned by Suncraft Limited.
27		Donald C. Weinberger and Stephen D. Axelrod have voting and investment control over the securities owned by (i) Wolfe Axelrod Weinberger Associates, LLC and (ii) Wolfe Axelrod Weinberger Retirement Plan.

 

 

All stockholders, other than those discussed below, are investors who acquired their securities from us in one or more private placements prior to the Reorganization and who have had no position, office, or other material relationship (other than as purchasers of securities) with us or any of our affiliates within the past three years.

 

We are currently leasing office space and certain research facilities from Cedars-Sinai Medical Center under a three-year lease that expires on June 30, 2007. In addition, in 2000, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center granted us the exclusive and worldwide rights to five patents and other technical information, and we granted Cedars-Sinai Medial Center the nonexclusive rights to any products derived from the patents. As consideration for the license, we will have to pay Cedars-Sinai Medical Center royalty fees equal to 1.5% of the gross sales price of royalty bearing products. From the third to tenth years of the license, the royalty fee percent will phase out evenly to 0%. See "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions," below. In connection with the grant of the foregoing license, Cedars-Sinai also purchased the 681,818 shares included in this prospectus for $250,000.

 

We are a party to various agreements with Spectrum Laboratories, Inc., including a license agreement pursuant to which Spectrum Labs granted us an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, make, use and distribute products based on two Spectrum Labs patents, and a four-year research agreement pursuant to which we have agreed to combine our expertise and technologies to enable us to (i) develop liver assist systems, (ii) conduct pre-clinical and Phase I-III clinical testing, (iii) obtain regulatory approvals and (iv) commercialize liver assist systems. See "Certain Relationships and Related Transactions," below. Concurrently with these agreements, in December 2001, Spectrum Labs also purchased, for $54,400, the 362,669 shares of our common stock included in this prospectus. Mr. Eddleman, one of the members of our Board of Directors, is the Chairman and CEO of Spectrum Labs.

 

AFO Capital Advisors, LLC ("AFO Capital") purchased the 100,000 shares of common stock, and the warrants to purchase the additional 100,000 shares, which shares are included in this prospectus, in the private placement we effected in October 2003. In November 2003, we entered into a consulting agreement with AFO Advisors, LLC ("AFO Advisors") pursuant to which AFO Advisors agreed to provide financial consulting services to us. AFO Capital and AFO Advisors are both controlled by Amy Factor and are affiliated entities. Under our consulting agreement with AFO Advisors, we granted Amy Factor options to purchase 175,000 shares at a price of $1.00 per share and agreed to compensate AFO Advisors on an hourly basis for its services. AFO Advisors agreed that the financial consulting services under that agreement would be provided by Amy Factor. We have also agreed that we may retain AFO Advisors from time to time in connection with possible financing transactions. As of May 31, 2004, we have paid AFO Advisors $13,000 for services related to financing transactions. The Jay H. Oyer and Amy Factor Family Foundation, The Melissa H. Oyer Trust, and The Zachary D. Oyer Trust are family trusts that are related to Amy Factor.

 

Technomedics Management and Systems, Inc. is owned and controlled by Dr. Manfred Mosk. Dr. Mosk was a director of ATI from October 2001 until October 2003. In August 2002, Technomedics Management and Systems, Inc. was issued a warrant to purchase 100,000 shares of common stock as compensation for advisory services rendered to ATI. In June 2002, we issued 70,000 shares of common stock to Dr. Mosk as compensation for services he rendered to us. We valued the 70,000 shares for operating expense purposes at $10,500. The additional shares listed in the table that are owned by Dr. Mosk, including the shares exercisable under outstanding warrants owned by Dr. Mosk, were acquired by him in cash purchases of such securities (including the conversion of a convertible note issued to other investors). In addition to the shares included in this prospectus, Dr. Mosk holds options to purchase a total of 27,000 shares of our common stock, which shares he received as compensation as a member of our Board of Directors.

 

Dr. Richard Bank, a member of this company’s Board of Directors, received a warrant to purchase 40,000 shares of our common stock as a fee for introducing certain investors to this company. The warrant is exercisable at any time until January 5, 2007 at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. Dr. Bank also is the portfolio manager of LibertyView Health Sciences Fund, LP. In addition to the shares included in this prospectus, Dr. Bank also holds options to purchase a total of 30,000 shares of our common stock, which shares he received as compensation as a member of our Board of Directors.

 

	45

Dr. Hausman is a member of our Board of Directors. The 237,500 shares of beneficially owned by Dr. Hausman and included in this prospectus consist of 100,000 shares, and warrants to purchase 137,500 shares of common stock, which shares that were purchased for cash or received upon the conversion of a $50,000 convertible loan that he made to us in September 2003. In addition to the foregoing beneficially owned shares, in July 2003, ATI granted Dr. Marvin Hausman a five-year option to purchase 50,000 shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $1.00 per share, in consideration for Dr. Hausman’s efforts in introducing us to an investor who made a $250,000 investment in ATI. Dr. Hausman also holds options to purchase a total of 98,000 shares of our common stock, which shares he received as compensation as a member of our Board of Directors.

 

We issued a warrant to purchase 7,500 shares of our common stock to Adam Hausman as a finder’s fee for introducing us to an investor. Adam Hausman is the son of Dr. Marvin Hausman, one of the members of our Board of Directors. The warrant is exercisable at any time until January 5, 2007 at an exercise price of $2.50 per share.

 

Sandford J. Hillsberg is a managing partner of Troy & Gould Professional Corporation, our corporate and securities law firm. Mr. Hillsberg purchased the shares included in this prospectus for cash in a private placement that we effected in August 2002.

 

On March 30, 2004, we entered into a retainer agreement with Wolfe Axelrod Weinberger Associates LLC, an investor relations firm, pursuant to which Wolfe Axelrod agreed to provide us with investor relations services for a nine-month period ending December 31, 2004. At our option, the agreement may be extended before December 2004 for an additional nine months. Under the agreement, we are required to pay Wolfe Axelrod Weinberger Associates LLC $6,000 per month. In addition, we granted to Wolfe Axelrod Weinberger Associates LLC a warrant to purchase 150,000 shares of our common stock at a price of $3.40 per share in April 2004. In the event that we do not extend the retainer agreement beyond December 31, 2004, one half of the warrant (i.e. the right to purchase 75,000 shares) will expire and be terminated on December 31, 2004.

 

Mira Zeffren is the wife of David Zeffren. Mrs. Zeffren acquired the shares and warrants referred to in this prospectus in a private placement in October 2003. Mr. Zeffren has been our Director of Business Development since February 2004.

 

The information in the above table is as of the date of this prospectus. Information concerning the selling stockholders may change from time to time and any such changed information will be described if and when necessary in supplements to this prospectus or, if appropriate, a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

	46

 

 

We will pay the costs and fees of registering the shares of common stock, but the selling stockholders will pay any brokerage commissions, discounts or other expenses relating to the sale of these shares. The selling stockholders may sell the shares of common stock in the over-the-counter market or otherwise, at market prices prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the prevailing market prices or at negotiated prices. In addition, the selling stockholders may sell some or all of their shares through:

 

·	a block trade in which a broker-dealer may resell a portion of the block, as principal, in order to facilitate the transaction;

 

·	purchases by a broker-dealer, as principal, and resale by the broker-dealer for its account; or

 

·	ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which a broker solicits purchasers.

 

When selling the shares of common stock, the selling stockholders may enter into hedging transactions. For example, the selling stockholders may:

 

·	enter into transactions involving short sales of the shares by broker-dealers;

 

·	sell shares short themselves and redeliver the shares to close out their short positions;

 

·	enter into option or other types of transactions that require the selling stockholder to deliver shares to a broker-dealer, who will then resell or transfer the common shares under this prospectus; or

 

·	loan or pledge the shares to a broker-dealer, who may sell the loaned shares or, in the event of default, sell the pledged shares.

 

The selling stockholders may pay broker-dealers commissions, discounts or concessions for their services. The selling stockholders and any broker-dealers involved in the sale or resale of the shares of common stock may qualify as "underwriters" within the meaning of Section 2(a)(11) of the Securities Act, and may have civil liability under Section 11 and 12 of the Securities Act for any omissions or misstatements in this prospectus and the registration statement of which it is a part. In addition, the broker-dealers’ commissions, discounts or concession may qualify as underwriters’ compensation under the Securities Act.

 

In addition to selling their shares under this prospectus, the selling stockholders may transfer their shares in other ways not involving market makers or established trading markets, including directly by gift, distribution or other transfer.

 

To comply with the securities laws of some states, if applicable, the shares may be sold in those states only through brokers or dealers. In addition, in some states, the shares may not be sold in those states unless they have been registered or qualified for sale in those states or an exemption from registration or qualification is available and is complied with.

 

If necessary, the shares of common stock to be sold, the names of the selling stockholders, the respective purchase prices and public offering prices, the names of any agent, dealer or underwriter, and any applicable commissions or discounts with respect to a particular offer will be set forth in an accompanying prospectus supplement or, if appropriate, a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.

 

The rules and regulations in Regulation M under the Exchange Act provide that during the period that any person is engaged in the distribution (as that term is defined in Regulation M) of our common stock, that person generally may not purchase common stock. The selling stockholders are subject to applicable provisions of the Securities Act of 1933 and Securities Exchange Act of 1934 and the rules and regulations thereunder, including, without limitation, Regulation M, which provisions may limit the timing of purchases and sales of our common stock by the selling stockholders. The foregoing may affect the marketability of our common stock.

 

	47

 

 

We currently maintain our laboratory and certain office space at Cedars-Sinai Medical Center in Los Angeles, California, which facilities we lease under a three-year lease that expires on June 30, 2007. See "Business--Property." We currently pay rent of $6,441 per month to Cedars-Sinai Medical Center under the lease (which amount includes $600 per month for the use of certain equipment). Cedars-Sinai Medical Center owns approximately 5.2% of our outstanding common stock.

 

Cedars-Sinai Medical Center has granted ATI the exclusive and worldwide rights to five patents and other technical information. In consideration for the licenses to the five patents and other technical information, we must expend an aggregate amount of $1,760,000 in research and development expenses toward the development and promotion of products derived from the patents by June 30, 2008. Additionally, Cedars-Sinai Medial Center will have nonexclusive rights to any products derived from the patents. We will have to pay Cedars-Sinai Medical Center royalty fees equal to 1.5% of the gross sales price of royalty bearing products. From the third to tenth years of the license, the royalty fee percent will phase out evenly to 0%. See "Business—Patents and Proprietary Rights" for a description of the licensed patents.

 

On December 26, 2001, ATI entered into various agreements with Spectrum Laboratories, Inc. ("Spectrum Labs"). Concurrently with these agreements, Spectrum Labs also purchased 362,669 shares of ATI’s common stock (or 2.8% of our shares of that were outstanding on July 31, 2004). Mr. Eddleman, one of the members of our Board of Directors, is the Chairman and CEO of Spectrum Labs. The three principal agreements entered into by ATI and Spectrum Labs in December 2001 are the following:

 

A.    License Agreement. Spectrum Labs granted to ATI an exclusive, worldwide license to develop, make, use and distribute products based on two Spectrum Labs patents. Provided that ATI purchases the hollow fiber cartridges that it expects that it will need for its products from Spectrum Labs, ATI will not have to pay a royalty for the license. In the event that Spectrum Labs is not the manufacturer of the hollow fiber cartridges, ATI will have to pay Spectrum Labs a royalty for the license (see, "Business--Manufacturing and Supply Agreement"). Spectrum Labs also agreed to grant ATI a right of first refusal to obtain a license to make, use, develop or distribute products based on Spectrum Labs’ technology other than in liver assisted products, provided that such other products are in the fields of artificial blood therapy and bioprocessing and therapeutic devices.

 

B.    Research Agreement. ATI and Spectrum Labs also entered into a four-year research agreement pursuant to which ATI and Spectrum Labs agreed to combine their expertise and their respective technologies to enable ATI to (i) develop liver assist systems, (ii) conduct pre-clinical and Phase I-III clinical testing, (iii) obtain regulatory approvals and (iv) commercialize such liver assist systems. Under the terms of the agreement, Spectrum Labs agreed to perform certain research toward the development of hollow fiber-in-fiber modules for ATI’s liver assist systems during product development, pre-clinical and clinical testing at no cost to ATI. Spectrum Labs also agreed to pay for all costs and expenses in connection with the research program and agreed to allocate a total of $550,000 to the program during the research term. In October 2002, ATI and Spectrum Labs agreed that Spectrum Labs has now satisfied its research and development obligations, that ATI owed Spectrum Labs an additional $54,960 for services provided by Spectrum Labs (which amount has been paid in full), and that the 362,669 shares of ATI common stock previously issued to Spectrum Labs are now fully vested. Spectrum Labs has agreed to perform additional research and development work as may be requested by ATI on such terms as the parties may agree to in good faith negotiations.

 

	48

C.    Manufacturing and Supply Agreement. ATI and Spectrum Labs have also entered into an agreement pursuant to which the parties have agreed that Spectrum Labs will manufacture for ATI the hollow fiber cartridges with fiber-in-fiber geometry that ATI intends to use for its LIVERAID™ device. The agreement provides that the price of the hollow fiber-in-fiber cartridges to be sold by Spectrum Labs to ATI will be determined by good faith negotiations between the parties. ATI has agreed that it will not purchase cartridges with fiber-in-fiber geometry from any other manufacturer unless Spectrum Labs is either unable or unwilling to manufacture the cartridges. In the event that Spectrum Labs is unwilling to manufacture the fiber-in-fiber cartridges for ATI, ATI shall have the right to have a third party manufacture the cartridges for it, in which case AT I will pay Spectrum Labs a royalty for the license granted to ATI by Spectrum Labs under the License Agreement. The royalty shall be equal to 3% of the net sales (total sales less taxes, returns, transportation, insurance, and handling charges) attributed solely to the fiber-in-fiber cartridges.

 

In July 2003, ATI granted Dr. Marvin Hausman a five-year warrant to purchase 50,000 shares of common stock, at an exercise price of $1.00 per share, in consideration for Dr. Hausman’s efforts in introducing ATI to an investor who made a $250,000 investment in ATI. Dr. Hausman is a member of this company’s Board of Directors and a member of ATI’s Board of Directors.

 

Dr. Richard Bank received a warrant to purchase 40,000 shares of our common stock as a fee for introducing certain investors to this company. The warrant is exercisable at any time until January 5, 2007 at an exercise price of $2.50 per share. Dr. Bank is a director of this company.

 

Our management believes that all of the foregoing transactions with related parties were on terms as favorable to this company as could have been obtained from unrelated third parties.

 

 

We are presently authorized to issue 25,000,000 shares of $.001 par value common stock and 5,000,000 shares of $0.001 par value preferred stock. As of July 31, 2004, we had 13,198,097 shares of common stock issued and outstanding and no preferred stock issued and outstanding.

 

 

The holders of our common stock are entitled to equal dividends and distributions per share with respect to the common stock when, as and if declared by the board of directors from funds legally available therefore. No holder of any shares of common stock has a preemptive right to subscribe for any of our securities, nor are any common shares subject to redemption or convertible into other securities. Upon liquidation, dissolution or winding-up of our company, and after payment of creditors and preferred stockholders, if any, the assets will be divided pro rata on a share-for-share basis among the holders of the shares of common stock. All shares of common stock now outstanding are fully paid, validly issued and non-assessable. Each share of our common stock is entitled to one vote with respect to the election of any director or any other matter upon which stockholders are required or permitted to vote.

 

	49

 

Under our articles of incorporation, the board of directors has the power, without further action by the holders of the common stock, to designate the relative rights and preferences of the preferred stock, and to issue the preferred stock in one or more series as designated by the board of directors. The designation of rights and preferences could include preferences as to liquidation, redemption and conversion rights, voting rights, dividends or other preferences, any of which may be dilutive of the interest of the holders of the common stock or the preferred stock of any other series. The issuance of preferred stock may have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control of the company without further stockholder action and may adversely affect the rights and powers, including voting rights, of the holders of the common stock.

 

 

In 2003 we entered into registration rights agreements with the investors who, in the aggregate, purchased 4,400,000 units. Each unit consisted of one share our common stock and one common stock purchase warrant. In those registration rights agreements, we agreed to file a registration statement, at our expense, to register the resale of the 4,400,000 shares of our common stock that are issuable upon the exercise of the warrants held by those investors. Our Board of Directors has also approved the registration of the 4,400,000 shares that were included in the units. The registration statement is required to be filed after January 31, 2004 if (i) requested in writing by the holders of a majority of the then outstanding warrants (including any shares previously issued upon the exercise of the warrants), and (ii) the closing price of our common stock has exceeded $2.50 for 20 consecutive trading days. This prospectus includes the shares that we are obligated to register under the foregoing registration rights agreements.

 

The warrant that we issued to Wolfe Axelrod Weinberger Associates LLC for the purchase of 150,000 shares of our common stock granted the holder of that warrant "piggyback registration" rights. Under the piggyback registration provisions, we are required, subject to certain limited exceptions, to register the 150,000 shares of our common stock in any registration statement that we file. This prospectus includes the 150,000 shares that we are obligated to register under the registration rights provision of the warrant.

 

In connection with the organization and initial capitalization of ATI, we also granted certain "piggy-back" registration rights to The A & K Demetriou Family Trust, Jacek Rozga, and Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, our initial three stockholders. Under these agreements, subject to certain customary conditions and exceptions, the foregoing three stockholders have the right to include in any future registration statement filed by this company some or all of their shares of the common stock. The A & K Demetriou Family Trust, Jacek Rozga have waived their rights to have their shares included in this prospectus.

 

 

As of July 31, 2004, we had 13,198,097 shares of common stock outstanding. That number does not include (i) the 644,000 shares that are reserved for issuance under outstanding options and that may be issued if and when the options are exercised, or (ii) the 5,597,500 shares that are included in this prospectus and that may be issued upon the exercise of currently outstanding warrants.

 

Freely Tradeable Shares After Offering. As of July 31, 2004, only 1,220,000 shares of our 13,198,097 outstanding shares were free trading shares. However, upon the sale of the 7,143,097 currently outstanding shares covered by this prospectus, and the exercise and sale of the 5,597,500 warrant shares included in this prospectus, all of these 12,740,597 shares will also be freely tradable without restriction or limitation under the Securities Act. As a result, after the completion of this offering, there will be a total of 13,960,597 shares of our common stock that will be tradable without restriction under the Securities Act. Other than these 13,960,597 shares, the remaining 4,835,000 shares are "restricted securities" as that term is defined in Rule 144 promulgated under the Securities Act.

 

	50

Rule 144. In general, under Rule 144 as currently in effect, a person (or persons whose shares are aggregated) who has beneficially owned restricted securities shares for at least one year, including persons who may be deemed our "affiliates," as that term is defined under the Securities Act, would be entitled to sell within any three month period a number of shares that does not exceed the greater of 1% of the then outstanding shares (approximately 131,981 shares if the currently outstanding warrants and options are not exercised, or 187,480 shares if all outstanding options and warrants are exercised) or the average weekly trading volume of shares during the four calendar weeks preceding such sale. Sales under Rule 144 are subject to certain manner-of-sale provisions, notice requirements and the availability of current public information about the company. A person who has not been our affiliate at any time during the three months preceding a sale, and who has beneficially owned his shares for at least two years, would be entitled under Rule 144(k) to sell such shares without regard to any volume limitations under Rule 144.

 

 

Form S-8 Registration of Options. We intend to file a registration statement on Form S-8 covering the shares of common stock that have been reserved for issuance under our stock option plan, which would permit the resale of such shares in the public marketplace.

 

 

Our transfer agent currently is The Nevada Agency and Trust Company, 50 West Liberty Street, Suite 880, Reno, Nevada 89501.

 

 

On January 27, 2004, our board of directors approved, by unanimous written consent, resolutions to dismiss our former independent accountants, Williams and Webster, P.S. ("Williams"). Williams’ report on our financial statements for the prior two years did not contain an adverse opinion or disclaimer of opinion, and was not modified as to uncertainty, audit scope, or accounting principles, except that there was an explanatory paragraph relating to our ability to continue as a going concern.

 

During the two prior fiscal years, we had no disagreements with Williams, whether or not resolved, on any matter of accounting principles or practices, financial statement disclosure, or auditing scope or procedure, which, if not resolved to Williams’ satisfaction, would have caused it to make reference to the subject matter of the disagreement in connection with its report. Williams did not advise us of any of the events requiring reporting under the Commission’s rules.

 

	51

On January 27, 2004, our board also approved, by unanimous written consent, resolutions to engage Stonefield Josephson, Inc. as our independent accountants to audit our financial statements for the year ending December 31, 2003, and for quarterly statements during 2004. Stonefield Josephson, Inc. audited the financial statements of our Arbios Technologies, Inc. subsidiary for the fiscal year ended December 31, 2002. We did not consult with Stonefield Josephson, Inc. regarding the application of accounting principles to a specific, completed or contemplated transaction, or the type of audit opinion that might be rendered on our financial statements prior to the engagement.

 

 

No expert or counsel was hired on a contingent basis that will receive a direct or indirect interest in our business that is valued at greater than $50,000.

 

The financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2003 and 2002 included in this prospectus have been audited by Stonefield Josephson, Inc. to the extent and for the periods indicated in their report thereon. Such financial statements have been included in this prospectus and registration statement in reliance upon the report of Stonefield Josephson, Inc. and upon the authority of such firm as experts in auditing and accounting.

 

 

Our Articles of Incorporation provide that no officer or director shall be personally liable to this corporation or its stockholders for monetary damages except as provided pursuant to Nevada Revised Statutes. Our bylaws and Articles of Incorporation also provide that we shall indemnify and hold harmless each person who serves at any time as a director or officer of Arbios Systems, Inc. from and against any and all claims, judgments and liabilities to which such person shall become subject by reason of the fact that he is or was a director or officer of Arbios Systems, Inc., and shall reimburse such person for all legal and other expenses reasonably incurred by him or her in connection with any such claim or liability. We also have the power to defend such person from all suits or claims in accord with the Nevada Revised Statutes. The rights accruing to any person under our bylaws and Articles of Incorporation do not exclude any other right to which any such person may lawfully be entitled, and we may indemnify or reimburse such person in any proper case, even though not specifically provided for by the bylaws and Articles of Incorporation.

 

Insofar as indemnification for liabilities arising under the Securities Act may be permitted to directors, officers and controlling persons of the small business issuer pursuant to the foregoing provisions, or otherwise, the small business issuer has been advised that in the opinion of the Securities and Exchange Commission such indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the Act and is, therefore, unenforceable.

 

 

Troy & Gould Professional Corporation, Los Angeles, California, has rendered an opinion with respect to the validity of the shares of common stock covered by this prospectus. Sanford Hillsberg, a managing member of Troy & Gould Professional Corporation, owns 120,833 shares of our common stock, which shares are included in this prospectus.

 

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We have filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission a registration statement on Form SB-2 under the Securities Act for the common stock offered under this prospectus. We are subject to the informational requirements of the Exchange Act, and file annual reports, quarterly reports, special reports, proxy statements and other information with the Commission. These reports, proxy statements and other information filed by Arbios Systems, Inc. can be inspected and copied at the public reference facilities of the Commission at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549. Copies of these materials can be obtained from the Public Reference Section of the Commission at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549, at prescribed rates. The Commission also maintains a Web site that contains reports, proxy statements, information statements and other information concerning Arbios Systems, Inc. at the site located at http://www.sec.gov. This prospectus does not contain all the information in the registration statement and its exhibits, which we have filed with the Commission under the Securities Act and to which reference is made.

 

  GLOSSARY OF TERMS

 

"Dialysate" is a cleansing liquid used in the two forms of dialysis—hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis.

 

"Dialysis" is the process of cleaning wastes from the blood artificially. This job is normally done by the kidney and liver.

 

"Extracorporeal" means situated or occurring outside the body.

 

"Ex vivo" pertains to a biological process or reaction taking place outside of a living cell or organism.

 

"Fulminant" means occurring suddenly, rapidly, and with great severity or intensity.

 

"Hemodialysis" pertains to the use of a machine to clean wastes from blood after the kidneys have failed. The blood flows through a device called a dialyzer, which removes the wastes. The cleaned blood then flows back into the body.

 

"Hemofiltration/ Hemofiltrate "Hemofiltration" is a continuous dialysis therapy in which blood is pumped through a hollow-fiber cartridge and the liquid portion of blood containing substances are removed into the sink compartment. The liquid portion of the blood ("hemofiltrate") is discarded.

 

"Hepatitis" is an inflammation of the liver caused by infectious or toxic agents.

 

"Hepatocytes" are the organ tissue cells of the liver.

 

"IND" means Investigational New Drug application.

 

"In vitro" pertains to a biochemical process or reaction taking place in a test-tube (or more broadly, in a laboratory) as opposed to taking place in a living cell or organism.

 

"In vivo" pertains to a biological process or reaction taking place in a living cell or organism.

 

 

"PERV" means the porcine endogenous retrovirus.

 

"Plasma" is the clear, yellowish fluid portion of blood. Plasma differs from serum in that it contains fibrin and other soluble clotting elements.

 

"Porcine" means of or pertaining to swine; characteristic of the hog.

 

"Regeneration" means regrowth of lost or destroyed parts or organs.

 

"Sorbent" means to take in and adsorb or absorb.

 

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  INDEX TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

INDEX TO AUDITED

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR

ARBIOS SYSTEMS, INC.

INDEPENDENT AUDITORS REPORT			F-1
CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
	CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET		F-2
	CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS		F-3
	CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF STOCKHOLDERS' EQUITY		F-4
	CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW		F-7
	NOTES TO CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-8

 

INDEX TO UNAUDITED QUARTERLY

FINANCIAL STATEMENTS FOR

ARBIOS SYSTEMS, INC.

CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS:
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEET		F-21
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS		F-22
	CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOW		F-23
	NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS		F-24

 

 

 

 

/s/ STONEFIELD JOSEPHSON, INC.