UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

                                                     ☒        ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

OR

                                                     ☐        TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE

SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from                          to                         

Commission File No.: 000-51826

MERCER INTERNATIONAL INC.

(Exact name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number including area code: (604) 684-1099

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if the Registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Act.  ☐  Yes  ☒  No

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§ 232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the Registrant was required to submit such files). Yes  ☒  No  ☐

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the Registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act.  ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the Registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act).  ☐  Yes  ☒  No

The aggregate market value of the Registrant’s voting and non-voting common equity held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2018, the last business day of the Registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter, based on the closing price of the voting stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on such date, was approximately $1,072.5 million.

As of February 13, 2019, the Registrant had 65,201,661 shares of common stock, $1.00 par value per share, outstanding.

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

Certain information that will be contained in the definitive proxy statement for the Registrant’s annual meeting to be held in 2019 is incorporated by reference into Part III of this Form 10-K.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

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CAUTIONARY NOTE REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This annual report on Form 10-K includes “forward-looking” statements within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements can be identified by the fact that they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts. They often include words such as “believes”, “expects”, “anticipates”, “estimates”, “intends”, “plans”, “seeks” or words of similar meaning, or future or conditional verbs, such as “will”, “should”, “could”, “may”, “aims”, “intends” or “projects”. A forward-looking statement is neither a prediction nor a guarantee of future events or circumstances, and those future events or circumstances may not occur. You should not place undue reliance on forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this annual report on Form 10-K. These forward-looking statements are all based on currently available operating, financial and competitive information and are subject to various risks and uncertainties. Our actual future results and trends may differ materially depending on a variety of factors, including, but not limited to, the risks and uncertainties discussed under Item 1. “Business”, Item 1A. “Risk Factors” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. Given these risks and uncertainties, you should not rely on forward-looking statements as a prediction of actual results. Any or all of the forward-looking statements contained in this annual report on Form 10-K and any other public statement made by us, including by our management, may turn out to be incorrect. We are including this cautionary note to make applicable and take advantage of the safe harbor provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 for forward-looking statements. We expressly disclaim any obligation to update or revise any forward-looking statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.

INDUSTRY AND MARKET DATA

In this annual report on Form 10-K, we rely on and refer to information and statistics regarding our market share and the markets in which we compete. We have obtained some of this market share information and industry data from internal surveys, market research, publicly available information and industry publications. Such reports generally state that the information contained therein has been obtained from sources believed to be reliable, but the accuracy or completeness of such information is not guaranteed. Although we believe this information is reliable, we have not independently verified, nor can we guarantee, the accuracy or completeness of that information.

Statements in this annual report on Form 10-K concerning the production capacity of our mills are management estimates based primarily on historically achieved levels of production and assumptions regarding maintenance downtime. Statements concerning electrical generating capacity at our mills are also management estimates based primarily on our expected production (which largely determines the amount of electricity we can generate) and assumptions regarding maintenance downtime, in each case within manufacturers’ specifications of capacity.

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CURRENCY

The following table sets out exchange rates, based on the noon buying rates in New York City for cable transfers in foreign currencies as certified for customs purposes by the Federal Reserve Bank of New York, referred to as the “Noon Buying Rate”, for the conversion of dollars to euros and Canadian dollars in effect at the end of the following periods, the average exchange rates during these periods (based on daily Noon Buying Rates) and the range of high and low exchange rates for these periods:

On February 11, 2019, the most recent weekly publication of the daily Noon Buying Rate before the filing of this annual report on Form 10-K reported that the Noon Buying Rate as of February 8, 2019 for the conversion of dollars to euros and Canadian dollars was $1.1326 per euro and $0.7532 per Canadian dollar.

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PART I

In this document, please note the following:

Due to rounding, numbers presented throughout this report may not add up precisely to totals we provide and percentages may not precisely reflect the absolute figures.

Mercer

General

Mercer Inc. is a corporation organized under the laws of the State of Washington whose common stock is quoted and listed for trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market (MERC).

We have two reporting operating segments, being Pulp and Wood Products.

We are one of the world’s largest producers of “market” NBSK pulp, which is pulp that is sold on the open market. Our size provides us increased presence, better industry information in our markets and close customer relationships with many large pulp consumers. Until December 10, 2018, we operated two modern and highly efficient NBSK mills in Eastern Germany and one NBSK mill in Western Canada.

On December 10, 2018, we acquired all of the shares of Mercer Peace River Pulp Ltd. (formerly Daishowa-Marubeni International Ltd.), referred to as “MPR”. MPR owns 100% of a bleached kraft pulp mill near Peace River, Alberta and has a 50% joint venture interest in the Cariboo Pulp & Paper Company, referred to as “CPP”, which owns the Cariboo NBSK mill in Quesnel, British Columbia.

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We are the sole NBSK producer, and the only significant market pulp producer in Germany, which is the largest pulp import market in Europe. We are able to supply the growing pulp demand in China both through our Canadian mills’ ready access to the Port of Vancouver and through our Stendal mill’s existing logistics arrangements. In addition, as a result of the significant investments made in cogeneration equipment, all of our mills generate and sell a significant amount of surplus “green” energy. We also produce and sell tall oil, a by-product of our production process, which is used as both a chemical additive and as a green energy source.

We entered the Wood Products segment in April 2017 when we acquired substantially all of the assets of the Friesau mill, one of Germany’s largest sawmills.

As at December 31, 2018 and after giving effect to the acquisition of MPR, we have consolidated annual production capacity of approximately 2.2 million ADMTs of kraft pulp, 550 million board feet of lumber and approximately 411.5 MW of electricity. Of our pulp capacity, approximately 1.9 million ADMTs or 86% is NBSK and the balance is NBHK.

Key operating details for each of our mills are as follows:

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We currently employ approximately 2,210 people and have our headquarters in Vancouver, Canada.

Pulp Segment

Our pulp mills are some of the newest and most modern pulp mills in Europe and North America. We believe the relative age, production capacity and electrical generation capacity of our mills provide us with certain manufacturing cost and other advantages over many of our competitors. We believe our competitors’ older mills do not have the equipment or capacity to produce or sell surplus power or chemicals in a meaningful amount. In addition, since our mills are relatively new, they benefit from lower maintenance capital requirements and higher efficiency relative to many of our competitors’ mills.

The following table sets out our pulp production and pulp revenues for the periods indicated:

Our modern pulp mills generate electricity, which is surplus to their operating requirements, providing our mills with a stable revenue source unrelated to pulp prices. Additionally, our German pulp mills generate tall oil from black liquor, which is sold to third parties for use in numerous applications including bio-fuels. Since our energy and chemical production are by-products of our pulp production process, there are minimal incremental costs and our surplus energy and chemical sales are highly profitable. All of our mills generate and sell surplus energy to regional utilities or the regional electrical market. Our German mills benefit from special tariffs under Germany’s Renewable Energy Sources Act, referred to as the “Renewable Energy Act”, which provides for premium pricing on green energy. Our recently acquired Peace River mill sells surplus energy to its regional electrical market. Each of our Celgar mill and the Cariboo mill is party to a fixed electricity purchase agreement with the regional public utility provider for the sale of surplus power through 2020 and 2022, respectively, and, in the case of the Cariboo mill, renewable at the option of the joint venture for an additional ten-year term.

The following table sets out the amount of surplus energy we produced and sold and revenues from the sale of such surplus energy and chemicals in our pulp segment for the periods indicated:

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Our strategic pulp mill locations position us well to serve customers in Europe, Asia and North America. We primarily work directly with customers to capitalize on our geographic diversity, coordinate sales and enhance customer relationships. We believe our ability to deliver high-quality pulp on a timely basis and our customer service make us a preferred supplier for many customers.

Wood Products Segment

We manufacture, sell and distribute lumber, electricity and other wood residuals at the Friesau mill which produces lumber for European, U.S. and other lumber export markets.

The Friesau mill also expanded our biomass energy profile and provides synergies relating to the sharing of wood and biomass fuel resources and the optimization of staffing and services with our Rosenthal mill.

The European and U.S. lumber markets are very different. In the European market, lumber is generally customized in terms of dimensions and finishing, whereas the U.S. market is driven primarily by demand from new housing starts and dimensions and finishing are generally standardized.

Additionally, lumber production and sales in Europe are commonly measured in cubic meters, whereas in the U.S. they are measured in thousand board feet or Mfbm.

The following table sets out our lumber production and revenues from April 12, 2017, being the date we acquired the Friesau mill, to December 31, 2017 and the year ended December 31, 2018:

The Friesau mill generates electricity for minimal incremental costs, all of which is sold, providing a stable revenue source unrelated to lumber prices. The Friesau mill’s modern biomass fueled cogeneration power plant has an annual production capacity of approximately 13 MW of electricity. The plant sells electricity pursuant to a long-term fixed price green power tariff that runs to 2029.

The following table sets out the amount of surplus energy we produced and sold and revenues from the sale of surplus energy by our Friesau mill for the periods indicated.

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Corporate Structure, History and Development of Business

The following simplified chart sets out our principal operating subsidiaries, their jurisdictions of organization, their principal activities and their annual pulp or lumber production and electrical generation capacity:

MERCER INTERNATIONAL INC. Washington, U.S.A. 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% 100% Zellstoff-und Papierfabrik Rosenthal GmbH Pulp production and sales Germany 360,000 ADMTs 57 MW Zellstoff Stendal GmbH Pulp production and sales Germany 660,000 ADMTs 148 MW Zellstoff Celgar Limited Partnership Pulp production and sales British Columbia, Canada 520,000 ADMTs 100 MW Mercer Timber Products GmbH Lumber production and sales Germany 550 MMfbm 13 MW Mercer Holz GmbH Wood procurement and logistics Germany Mercer Peace River Pulp Ltd.(1) Pulp production and sales British Columbia, Canada 645,000 ADMTs 93.5 MW

We entered into the pulp business in 1994 when we acquired our Rosenthal mill. In 1999, we completed a major capital project to convert it to the production of kraft pulp. Subsequent capital investments and efficiency improvements reduced emissions and energy costs, increased the mill’s annual production capacity and enabled the production of tall oil.

In September 2004, we completed construction of the Stendal mill at a cost of approximately $1.1 billion, which was financed through a combination of government grants, long-term project debt and equity. Subsequent capital investments and efficiency improvements have increased the mill’s annual production capacity and its generation of green energy. We initially had a 63.6% interest in Stendal which increased over time through acquisitions and/or further investments until September 2014, when we acquired all of the economic interest in Stendal.

We expanded our pulp operations into Western Canada in February 2005 when we acquired the Celgar mill for $210.0 million plus defined working capital. Since its acquisition, we have effected several capital projects and other initiatives at the Celgar mill to increase its annual production capacity and its generation of green energy.

In April 2017, we entered into the wood products segment when we acquired the Friesau mill for $61.6 million in cash.

In October 2018, we acquired the Santanol Group, which operates Indian sandalwood plantations and an oil extractives plant in Australia, for $35.7 million in cash.

In December 2018, we significantly expanded our pulp business when we acquired MPR for approximately $344.6 million in cash.

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Corporate Strategy

Our corporate strategy is to expand our asset and earnings base through organic growth and acquisitions, primarily in Europe and North America. We pursue organic growth through active management and targeted capital expenditures to generate a high return by improving efficiency, reducing costs and increasing production of pulp, lumber, energy and by-products such as chemicals. We are also leveraging our fiber and process expertise to develop innovative new products based on other derivatives of the kraft pulping process and wood processing. We seek to acquire interests in companies and assets primarily in the forest products business and related wood extractive businesses where we can leverage our experience and expertise in adding value through a focused management approach. Key elements of our strategy include:

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The Pulp Industry

General

Pulp is used in the production of paper, tissues and paper-related products. Pulp is generally classified according to fiber type, the process used in its production and the degree to which it is bleached. Kraft pulp, a type of chemical pulp, is produced through a sulphate chemical process in which lignin, the component of wood which binds individual fibers, is dissolved in a chemical reaction. Chemically prepared pulp allows the wood’s fiber to retain its length and flexibility, resulting in stronger paper products. Kraft pulp can be bleached to increase its brightness. Softwood kraft pulp is noted for its strength, brightness and absorption properties and is used to produce a variety of products, including lightweight publication grades of paper, tissues and other paper-related products.

There are two main types of bleached kraft pulp, being softwood kraft made from coniferous trees and hardwood kraft made from deciduous trees. Softwood species generally have long, flexible fibers which add strength to paper while fibers from species of hardwood contain shorter fibers which lend bulk and opacity.

We primarily produce and sell NBSK pulp, which is a bleached kraft pulp manufactured using northern softwood and is considered a premium grade because of its strength. It generally obtains the highest price relative to other kraft pulps.

Prior to our recent acquisition of the Peace River mill, NBSK pulp was the sole pulp product of our mills. The Peace River mill is a “swing mill” as it produces both NBSK and NBHK pulp. Generally, approximately 37% of the Peace River mill’s production is NBSK and 63% is NBHK. The mill expands our product offering and its swing capabilities allow us to adjust our production mix to respond to market developments and take advantage of pricing differentials between NBSK and NBHK.

Most paper users of market kraft pulp use a mix of softwood and hardwood grades to optimize production and product qualities. In 2018, market kraft pulp consumption was approximately 56% hardwood bleached kraft and 41% softwood bleached kraft, with the remainder comprised of unbleached pulp. Over the last several years, production of hardwood pulp, based on fast growing plantation fiber primarily from Asia and South America, has increased much more rapidly than that of softwood grades, based on fiber that has longer growth cycles. Hardwood kraft generally has a cost advantage over softwood kraft as a result of lower fiber costs, higher wood yields and, for newer hardwood mills, economies of scale. As a result of this growth in supply and lower costs, kraft pulp customers have substituted some of the pulp content in their products to hardwood pulp.

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Counteracting customers’ ability to substitute lower priced hardwood pulp for NBSK pulp is the requirement for strength and formation characteristics in finished goods. Paper and tissue makers focus on larger paper machines with higher speeds and lower basis weights for certain papers which require the strength characteristics of softwood pulp. Additionally, where paper products are lightweight or specialized, like direct mail, magazine paper or premium tissue, or where strength or absorbency are important, softwood kraft forms a significant proportion of the fiber used. As a result, we believe that the ability of kraft pulp users to further substitute hardwood for softwood pulp is limited by such requirements.

Kraft pulp can be made in different grades, with varying technical specifications, for different end uses. Softwood kraft pulp is valued for its reinforcing role in mechanical printing papers and is sought after by producers of paper for the publishing industry, primarily for magazines and advertising materials. Softwood kraft pulp is also an important ingredient for tissue manufacturing and tissue demand tends to increase with living standards in developing countries. NBSK pulp produced for reinforcement fibers is considered the highest grade of kraft pulp and generally obtains the highest price.

Markets

We believe that over 140 million ADMTs of chemical pulp are converted annually into tissues, printing and writing papers, carton boards and other specialty grades of paper and paperboard around the world. We also believe that approximately 45% of this pulp is sold on the open market as market pulp, while the remainder is produced for internal purposes by integrated paper and paperboard manufacturers.

The pulp business is highly cyclical in nature and markets are characterized by periods of supply and demand imbalance, which in turn affect prices. Pulp markets are highly competitive and are sensitive to cyclical changes in the global economy, industry capacity and foreign exchange rates, all of which can have a significant influence on selling prices and our operating results. The length and magnitude of industry cycles have varied over time but generally reflect changes in macro-economic conditions and levels of industry capacity. Pulp is a commodity that is generally available from other producers. Because commodity products have few distinguishing qualities from producer to producer, competition is generally based upon price, which is generally determined by supply relative to demand.

Between 2009 and 2018, worldwide demand for chemical market pulp grew at an average rate of approximately 2% annually, with worldwide demand for bleached softwood kraft market pulp having grown at an average of approximately 2% per annum.

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The following chart illustrates the global demand for chemical market pulp for the periods indicated:

Estimated Global Chemical Market Pulp Demand

Over the last several years, macro-economic trends affecting worldwide NBSK pulp demand include:

Over the last ten years, demand for chemical softwood market pulp has grown in the emerging markets of Asia, particularly China and Eastern Europe. In China, imports of chemical softwood market pulp grew by approximately 6% per annum between 2009 and 2018. We believe the emerging markets now account for approximately 55% of total world demand for bleached softwood kraft market pulp and China itself now accounts for approximately 32% of global bleached softwood kraft market pulp demand compared to approximately 23% in 2009. Western Europe currently accounts for approximately 24% of global bleached softwood kraft market pulp demand compared to approximately 30% in 2009.

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The following chart sets forth industry-wide bleached softwood kraft deliveries to China for the periods indicated:

12 Month Rolling Bleached Softwood Kraft Pulp Deliveries to China

Growth in NBSK pulp demand in China and other emerging markets has been primarily driven by increased demand from tissue and specialty paper producers, as a result of economic growth and rising income levels and living standards in such markets. These factors generally contribute to a greater demand for personal hygiene products in such regions. In China alone, tissue production capacity has increased by approximately 5.6 million ADMTs over the last five years.

This has also led to an overall shift in demand for NBSK pulp, as demand from tissue producers has increased, while demand from printing and writing end uses has decreased.

The following chart compares worldwide NBSK pulp demand by end use in each of 2003 and 2017 (the latest year for which figures are currently available):

NBSK Pulp Demand by End Use

We believe 2018 NBSK demand by end use was generally consistent with the trend in the chart above.

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A measure of demand for kraft pulp is the ratio obtained by dividing the worldwide demand of kraft pulp by the worldwide capacity for the production of kraft pulp, or the “demand/capacity ratio”. An increase in this ratio generally occurs when there is an increase in global and regional levels of economic activity. An increase in this ratio also generally indicates greater demand as consumption increases, which often results in rising kraft pulp prices and a reduction of inventories by producers and buyers. As prices continue to rise, producers continue to run at higher operating rates. However, an adverse change in global and regional levels of economic activity generally negatively affects demand for kraft pulp, often leading buyers to reduce their purchases and rely on existing pulp inventories. As a result, producers run at lower operating rates by taking downtime to limit the build-up of their own inventories. The demand/capacity ratio for bleached softwood kraft pulp was approximately 89%, 93% and 92% in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Between 2013 and 2018, we believe approximately 0.5 million ADMTs of pulp capacity was idled or shut down through mill closures or curtailments. Further, in efforts to improve environmental and safety standards, China closed “old” mills and removed about 15.6 million ADMTs.

In 2018, chemical pulp capacity increased by approximately 0.9 million ADMTs, consisting entirely of softwood kraft pulp. Currently, we are not aware of any material announced capacity increases of NBSK or NBHK pulp in 2019. However, we cannot predict whether new capacity will be announced or may come online in the future. As pulp prices are highly cyclical, there can be no assurance that pulp prices will not decline in the future as a result of increases to the supply of kraft pulp. While not a direct competitor to NBSK pulp, if any future increases of NBHK supply are not absorbed by demand growth, such supply could put downward pressure on NBSK pulp prices. However, we believe customers’ ability to further substitute lower priced bleached hardwood kraft pulp for NBSK pulp is limited by the strength characteristic of NBSK pulp which is required by large modern paper machines to run lower basis-weight paper products efficiently.

In addition, certain integrated pulp and paper producers have the ability to discontinue paper production by idling their paper machines and selling their NBSK pulp production on the market, if market conditions, prices and trends warrant such actions.

NBSK Pulp Pricing

Kraft pulp is a globally traded commodity and prices are highly cyclical and volatile. Kraft pulp prices are generally quoted in dollars. Pricing is primarily influenced by the balance between supply and demand, as affected by global macro-economic conditions, changes in consumption and capacity, the level of customer and producer inventories and fluctuations in exchange rates. Generally, we and other producers consider global NBSK pulp supply and demand to be evenly balanced when world inventory levels are at about 30 days’ supply.

General macro-economic conditions are closely tied to overall global business activity, which helps determine pulp demand and, in turn, impacts pricing.

As the majority of market NBSK pulp is produced and sold by Canadian and Northern European producers, while the price of NBSK pulp is generally quoted in dollars, pricing is often affected by fluctuations in the currency exchange rates for the dollar versus the euro and the Canadian dollar. As NBSK pulp producers generally incur costs in their local currency, while pulp is quoted in dollars, a dollar strengthening generally benefits producers’ businesses and operating margins. Conversely, a weakening of the dollar versus the local currency of producers generally adversely affects producers’ businesses and operating margins.

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As a corollary to changes in exchange rates between the dollar and the euro and Canadian dollar, a stronger dollar generally increases costs to customers of NBSK pulp producers and results in downward pressure on prices. Conversely, a weakening dollar generally supports higher pulp pricing. However, there is invariably a time lag between changes in currency exchange rates and pulp prices. This lag can vary and is not predictable with any certainty.

As Northern Europe has historically been the world’s largest market and NBSK pulp is the premium grade, the European market NBSK price is generally used as a benchmark price by the industry. The average European list prices for NBSK pulp since 2009 have fluctuated between a low of approximately $575 per ADMT in 2009 and a high of $1,230 per ADMT in 2018.

The following chart sets out the changes in list prices for NBSK pulp in Europe, as stated in dollars, Canadian dollars and euros for the periods indicated:

NBSK Pulp Price History (European Delivery)

The following table sets out list prices for NBSK pulp in the regions indicated at the dates indicated:

A producer’s net sales realizations are list prices, net of customer discounts, rebates and other selling concessions. Over the last three years, these have increased as producers compete for customers and sales. The nature of the pricing structure in Asia is different in that, while quoted list prices tend to be lower than Europe, customer discounts and rebates are much lower, resulting in net sales realizations that are generally similar to other markets.

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The following chart sets forth changes in FOEX PIX Pulp Index prices for NBSK pulp in Europe and global bleached softwood kraft inventory levels between 2005 and 2018:

Pulp Price and Global Inventory History

Seasonality

We are exposed to fluctuations in quarterly sales volumes and expenses due to seasonal factors. These factors are common in the kraft pulp industry. We generally have weaker pulp demand in Europe during the summer holiday months and in China in the period relating to its lunar new year. We typically have a seasonal build-up in raw material inventories in the early winter months as our mills build up their fiber supply for the winter when there is reduced availability.

Competition

Pulp markets are large and highly competitive. Producers ranging from small independent manufacturers to large integrated companies produce pulp worldwide. Our pulp and customer services compete with similar products manufactured and distributed by others. While many factors influence our competitive position, particularly in weak economic times, a key factor is price. Other factors include service, quality and convenience of location. Some of our competitors are larger than we are in certain markets and have substantially greater financial resources. These resources may afford those competitors more purchasing power, increased financial flexibility, more capital resources for expansion and improvement and enable them to compete more effectively. Our key NBSK pulp competitors are principally located in Northern Europe and Canada and include Canfor Pulp, Stora Enso, Metsä Fibre, Ilim, Södra Cell and Asia Pulp and Paper.

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Pulp Production

Our pulp production capacity and actual production by mill for the periods indicated is set out below:

Softwood kraft pulp is valued for its reinforcing role in mechanical printing papers and is sought after by producers of paper for the publishing industry, primarily for magazines and advertising materials. Softwood kraft pulp is also an important ingredient for tissue manufacturing, and tissue demand tends to increase with living standards in developing countries. NBHK provides bulk and opacity for customers.

The NBSK pulp produced at the Rosenthal mill is a long-fibered softwood pulp produced by a sulphate cooking process and manufactured primarily from wood chips and pulp logs. The Rosenthal mill has the capability of producing both “totally chlorine free” and “elemental chlorine free” pulp. Totally chlorine free pulp is bleached to a high brightness using oxygen, ozone and hydrogen peroxide as bleaching agents, whereas elemental chlorine free pulp is produced by substituting chlorine dioxide for chlorine gas in the bleaching process. This substitution virtually eliminates complex chloro-organic compounds from the mill’s effluent. The Rosenthal mill produces pulp for reinforcement fibers to the specifications of certain of our customers. We believe that a number of our customers consider us their supplier of choice.

The NBSK pulp produced at the Stendal mill is of a slightly different grade than the pulp produced at the Rosenthal mill as the mix of softwood fiber used is slightly different. This results in a complementary product more suitable for different end uses. The Stendal mill is capable of producing both totally chlorine free and elemental chlorine free pulp.

The Celgar mill produces high-quality NBSK pulp that is made from a unique blend of slow growing/long-fiber Western Canadian tree species. It is used in the manufacture of high-quality paper and tissue products. We believe the Celgar mill’s pulp is known for its excellent product characteristics, including tensile strength, wet strength and brightness. The Celgar mill is a long-established supplier to paper and tissue producers in Asia.

The Peace River mill produces NBHK, NBSK and a small amount of “transitional” pulp, a lower grade pulp that is produced during the period when the mill transitions between NBSK and NBHK pulp.

Generation and Sales of Green Energy and Chemicals at Our Mills

Our pulp mills are large scale bio-refineries that, in addition to pulp, also produce surplus “carbon neutral” or green energy. As part of the pulp production process our mills generate green energy using carbon neutral bio-fuels such as black liquor and wood waste. Through the incineration of bio-fuels in the

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recovery and power boilers, our mills produce sufficient steam to cover all of our steam requirements and allow us to produce surplus electricity which we sell to third-party utilities and, in the case of the Peace River mill, into the regional electricity market. As a result, we have benefited from green energy legislation, incentives and commercialization that have developed over the last decade in Europe and Canada. In addition, in recent years we have applied considerable resources to increasing our capacity to produce and sell chemicals, primarily tall oil for use in numerous applications including bio-fuels.

Our Friesau mill also generates and sells green energy produced from its biomass cogeneration power plant.

Our surplus energy and chemical sales provide us with a stable revenue source unrelated to pulp or lumber prices. Since our energy and chemical production are by-products of our production processes, there are minimal incremental costs and our surplus energy and chemical sales are highly profitable. We believe that this revenue source gives our mills a competitive advantage over other older mills which do not have the equipment or capacity to produce and/or sell surplus power and/or chemicals in a meaningful amount.

The following table sets out our electricity generation and surplus electricity sales for the five years ended December 31, 2018:

Electricity Generation and Exports

1.5 million tonnes Pulp Production & 398.7 MMfbm Lumber Production 1.5 million tonnes Pulp Production & 281.3 MMfbm Lumber Production 1.4 million tonnes Pulp Production 1.5 million tonnes Pulp Production 1.5 million tonnes Pulp Production

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The following chart sets forth our consolidated revenues from electricity and chemical sales for the five years ended December 31, 2018:

Energy and Chemical Revenue

German Pulp Mills and Friesau Mill

Our German pulp mills and the Friesau mill participate in a program established pursuant to the Renewable Energy Act, which requires that public electric utilities give priority to electricity produced from renewable energy sources by independent power producers and pay a fixed tariff for such electricity for a period of 20 years. Currently we expect such tariff to expire on December 31, 2020 for our Rosenthal mill, December 31, 2024 for our Stendal mill and in 2029 for the Friesau mill. Recent amendments to the Renewable Energy Act will extend the initial terms for our pulp mills for a further 10-year period, based upon the price received in the last year prior to renewal, regressing at a rate of 8% per annum. Such amendments are subject to compliance with European Union, referred to as the “EU”, state aid rules. While we expect them to be effective, we can provide no assurance that the current proposed amendments will be implemented or when.

In 2018, energy sales for our German pulp mills and the Friesau mill were $64.0 million or 582,728 MWh.

In 2018, our Rosenthal and Stendal mills generated $14.4 million from the sale of tall oil, a by-product of our production process, and other chemicals.

Canadian Pulp Mills

The Celgar mill has an electricity sales agreement with the British Columbia Hydro and Power Authority, referred to as “B.C. Hydro”, for the sale of power generated, pursuant to which the mill agreed to supply a minimum of approximately 238,000 MWh of surplus electrical energy annually to the utility over a ten-year term. The agreement expires in 2020.

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In 2018, our Celgar mill sold approximately 115,463 MWh of renewable electricity for proceeds of approximately $9.9 million.

The Peace River mill has an annual production capacity of approximately 65 MW of electrical generation. The mill’s surplus electricity is sold into the Alberta market.

The Cariboo mill has two generators, only one of which is used for pulp production. The other generator produces and sells electricity to B.C. Hydro at a fixed rate pursuant to a long-term electricity purchase agreement that runs until December 2022 and may be extended for an additional ten-year term at the option of the joint venture.

Cash Production Costs

The following table sets forth our consolidated cash production costs and cash production costs per ADMT for our pulp segment, and a reconciliation of such amounts to cost of sales, excluding depreciation and amortization, as presented in our consolidated financial statements, for the periods indicated:

Production Costs

Our major costs of pulp production are fiber, labor, chemicals and energy. Fiber, comprised of wood chips and pulp logs, is our most significant operating expense for our pulp segment, representing about 57% of our pulp cash production costs in 2018.

Further, fiber, in the form of sawlogs, represents about 80% of lumber cash production costs.

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Given the significance of fiber to our total operating expenses and our limited ability to control its cost compared with our other operating costs, volatility in fiber costs can materially affect our margins and results of operations.

Fiber

Our mills are situated in regions which generally provide a relatively stable supply of fiber. The fiber consumed by our pulp mills consists of wood chips produced by sawmills as a by-product of the sawmilling process and pulp logs. Wood chips are small pieces of wood used to make pulp and are either wood residuals from the sawmilling process or pulp logs chipped especially for this purpose. Pulp logs consist of lower quality logs not used in the production of lumber. The Friesau mill consumes sawlogs and waste wood, which are cyclical in both price and supply.

Generally, the cost of wood chips, pulp logs and sawlogs is primarily affected by the supply and demand for lumber. Additionally, regional factors such as harvesting levels and weather conditions can also have a material effect on the supply, demand and price for fiber.

In Germany, the price and supply of wood chips has been affected by increasing demand from alternative or renewable energy producers and government initiatives for carbon neutral energy. Declining energy prices, weaker economies or periodically warm winters tempered the demand for wood chips resulting from initiatives by European governments to promote the use of wood as a carbon neutral energy. There can be no assurance that such non-traditional demand for fiber will remain strong in the long-term.

During the past few years, certain customers have endeavored to purchase pulp that is produced using fiber that meets certain recognized wood certification requirements from forest certification agencies like the Forest Stewardship Council (FSC), the Programme for the Endorsement of Forest Certification (PEFC), the Sustainable Forestry Initiative (SFI) and the Canadian Standards Association (CSA). If the fiber we purchase does not meet certain wood certifications required by customers, it may make it more difficult or prevent us from selling our pulp to such customers. The chain of custody wood certification process is a voluntary process which allows a company to demonstrate that they use forest resources in accordance with strict principles and standards in the areas of sustainable forest management practices and environmental management. In an effort to procure wood only from sustainably managed sources, we employ an FSC Chain of Custody protocol for controlled wood and PEFC certification, which requires tracking of fiber origins and preparing risk based assessments regarding the region and operator. In the areas where we operate, we are actively engaged in the further development of certification processes. However, there is competition among private certification systems along with efforts by supporters to further these systems by having customers of forest products require products to be certified to their preferred system. Such wood certification standards continue to evolve and are not consistent from jurisdiction to jurisdiction or how they are interpreted and applied. We currently do not expect certification requirements to have a material adverse impact on our fiber procurement and sales. However, if sufficient marketplace demand requires wood raw materials to be sourced from standards that are inconsistent with those in our fiber supply regions, it could increase our operating costs and available harvest levels.

Offsetting some of the increases in demand for wood fiber have been initiatives to increase harvest levels in Germany, particularly from small private forest owners. We believe that Germany has the highest availability of softwood forests in Europe suitable for harvesting and manufacturing. We believe private ownership of such forests is approximately 48%. Many of these forest ownership stakes are very small and have been harvested at rates much lower than their rate of growth.

In 2018, our per unit pulp fiber costs in Germany increased compared to 2017, primarily as a result of strong demand for wood in our German mills’ procurement areas. In 2017, our per unit pulp fiber costs in Germany were flat compared to 2016, primarily as a result of a balanced wood market in Germany.

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We believe we are the largest consumer of wood chips and pulp logs in Germany and often provide the best long-term economic outlet for the sale of wood chips in Eastern Germany. We coordinate the wood procurement activities for our German mills to reduce overall personnel and administrative costs, provide greater purchasing power and coordinate buying and trading activities. This coordination and integration of fiber flows also allows us to optimize transportation costs, and the species and fiber mix for both mills. In addition, in 2016, we entered into a joint wood purchasing arrangement with another significant wood consumer in Europe, being the Mondi Group.

In 2018, the Rosenthal mill consumed approximately 1.8 million cubic meters of fiber. Approximately 66% of such consumption was in the form of sawmill wood chips and approximately 34% was in the form of pulp logs. The wood chips for the Rosenthal mill are sourced from approximately 33 sawmills located primarily in the states of Bavaria, Baden-Württemberg and Thüringia and primarily within a 300 kilometer radius of the Rosenthal mill. Within this radius, the Rosenthal mill is the largest consumer of wood chips. Given its location and size, the Rosenthal mill is often the best economic outlet for the sale of wood chips in the area. In 2018, approximately 78% of the fiber consumed by the Rosenthal mill was spruce and the remainder was pine. While fiber costs and supply are subject to cyclical changes largely in the sawmill industry, we expect that we will be able to continue to obtain an adequate supply of fiber on reasonably satisfactory terms for the Rosenthal mill due to its location and our long-term relationships with suppliers. We have not historically experienced any significant fiber supply interruptions at the Rosenthal mill.

Wood chips for the Rosenthal mill are normally sourced from sawmills under one-year contracts with quarterly adjustments for market pricing. Substantially all of our chip supply is sourced from suppliers with which we have long-standing relationships. Pulp logs are sourced from the state forest agencies in Thüringia, Saxony and Bavaria and from private and municipal forest owners. In addition, the Rosenthal mill buys relevant volumes from traders and via imports from the Czech Republic and Poland.

In 2018, the Stendal mill consumed approximately 3.2 million cubic meters of fiber. Approximately 28% of such fiber was in the form of sawmill wood chips and approximately 72% was in the form of pulp logs. The core wood supply region for the Stendal mill includes most of the Northeastern and Western part of Germany primarily within an approximate 300 kilometer radius of the mill. We also purchase wood chips from Southwestern and Southern Germany as well as the Baltic Sea region. The fiber consumed by the Stendal mill consisted of approximately 61% pine, 38% spruce and 1% other species in 2018. The Stendal mill has sufficient chipping capacity to fully operate solely using pulp logs, if required. We source pulp logs from private forest holders, municipal forest owners and from state forest agencies in Saxony-Anhalt, Mecklenburg-Western Pomerania, Saxony, Lower Saxony, North Rhine-Westphalia, Hesse, Brandenburg, Schleswig-Holstein, Rhineland-Palatinate and the City of Berlin. The volumes are distributed at optimal costs between the mills. In addition, over the last three years, the Stendal mill also imported fiber from Poland and the Baltic Sea region.

The availability of fiber for the Celgar mill is in large part influenced by the strength of the lumber market. Lumber markets are primarily driven by U.S. housing starts and, to a lesser degree, demand from China.

In 2018, our Celgar mill’s per unit fiber costs increased compared to 2017, due to strong demand from coastal pulp mills and limited pulp log availability. In 2017, our Celgar mill’s per unit fiber costs were flat compared to 2016, due to a balanced wood market in the Celgar mill’s fiber basket.

In 2018, the Celgar mill consumed approximately 2.4 million cubic meters of fiber. Approximately 69% of such fiber was in the form of sawmill wood chips and the remaining 31% came from pulp logs

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processed through its woodroom or chipped by a third-party. Celgar’s woodroom is able to process about 40% of the mill’s fiber needs. The source of fiber at the mill is characterized by a mixture of species (pine, douglas fir, hemlock, cedar and spruce) and the mill sources fiber from a number of Canadian and U.S. suppliers.

In 2018, the Celgar mill had access to approximately 24 different chip suppliers from Canada and the United States. Chips are purchased in Canada and the United States in accordance with chip purchase agreements. Generally, pricing is reviewed and adjusted periodically to reflect market prices. One of the longer-term contracts is a so-called “evergreen” agreement, where the contract remains in effect until one of the parties elects to terminate after providing the stipulated notice. All other contracts are generally for one year with quarterly adjustments or on three-month terms.

To secure the volume of pulp logs required by its woodroom and field chippers, the Celgar mill has entered into pulp log supply agreements, which can range from three-month to one-year terms, with a number of different suppliers, many of whom are also contract chip suppliers to the mill. All of the pulp log agreements can be terminated by either party for any reason, upon seven days’ written notice. The Celgar mill also bids on British Columbia timber sales from time to time. The Celgar mill has also commenced a pulp pricing and education process with certain licensees and contractors in most locales to increase harvesting of pulp logs that have traditionally been left as waste after harvesting operations.

MPR holds two 20-year renewable governmental forest management agreements and three deciduous timber allocations in Alberta with an aggregate allowable annual cut of approximately 2.4 million cubic meters of hardwood, of which it currently harvests approximately 44%, and 400,000 cubic meters of softwood, which it sells to sawmills surrounding the Peace River mill in exchange for wood chips. The forest management agreements were last renewed for a 20-year term expiring in 2029.

Approximately 85% of the Peace River mill’s hardwood fiber requirements are satisfied through MPR’s forest management agreements and timber allocations with the remainder sourced from trees harvested from third-party owned timberlands. The supply of hardwood fiber at the Peace River mill is characterized by a mix of aspen and balsam poplar. Softwood fiber supply is from residual sawmill chips from local surrounding sawmills.

The Cariboo mill has a secure supply of high-quality residual wood chips primarily supplied by surrounding sawmills located at a short distance. The majority of the mill’s fiber is currently sourced from sawmills owned by MPR’s joint venture partner. The supply of fiber is characterized by a mix of lodgepole pine, white spruce and interior douglas fir.

Our Friesau mill is dependent on the consistent supply of sawlog fiber. Wood fiber is the single largest input cost and accounts for about 80% of its cash costs of producing lumber. Our Friesau mill is located in an area where there is a significant amount of high-quality fiber within economic reach. The wood fiber requirements of the Friesau mill are met primarily through open market purchases and contract purchases from state forestry agencies and private timberland owners.

Labor

Our labor costs are generally steady, with small overall increases due to inflation in wages and health care costs. We have been able to largely offset such increases by increasing our efficiencies and production and streamlining operations; however, such costs increased in 2018 as a result of maintenance work at the mills.

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Energy

Our energy is primarily generated from renewable carbon neutral sources, such as black liquor and wood waste. Our mills produce all of our energy requirements and generate excess energy which we sell to third-party utilities and, in the case of the Peace River mill, into the Alberta market. In 2018, we generated 1,711,568 MWh and sold 701,507 MWh of surplus energy. See also “– Generation and Sales of Green Energy and Chemicals at our Mills”. We utilize fossil fuels, such as natural gas, primarily in our lime kilns and we use a limited amount for start-up and shut-down operations. Additionally, from time to time, mill process disruptions occur and we consume small quantities of purchased electricity and fossil fuels to maintain operations. As a result, all of our mills are subject to fluctuations in the prices for fossil fuels.

Chemicals

Our pulp mills use certain chemicals which are generally available from several suppliers and sourcing is primarily based upon pricing and location. Overall, our chemical costs have remained generally stable over the last three years. However, such costs increased in 2018 as a result of maintenance work and other cost increases.

In connection with our focus on the growing bio-energy market, we sell tall oil, a by-product of our pulp production process which is used as both a chemical additive and as a green energy source. In 2018, we generated $14.9 million from the sale of tall oil and other chemicals.

Sales, Marketing and Distribution

Our pulp revenues by geographic area are set out in the following table for the periods indicated:

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The following charts illustrate the geographic distribution of our pulp revenues as a percentage of our total pulp revenues for the periods indicated:

*Excluding Germany and Italy.

The distribution of our pulp sales by end use are set out in the following table for the periods indicated:

In 2018, our wood products segment revenues were: (i) 32% from Germany; (ii) 22% from other EU countries; (iii) 31% from the United States; and (iv) 15% from other countries.

Our global sales and marketing group is responsible for conducting all sales and marketing of the pulp produced at our mills and currently has approximately 15 employees. This group largely handles all European and North American sales directly. Sales to Asia are made directly or through commission agents overseen by our sales group. The global sales and marketing group handles sales to approximately 180 customers. We coordinate and integrate the sales and marketing activities of our German mills to realize on a number of synergies between them. These include reduced overall administrative and personnel costs and coordinated selling, marketing and transportation activities. We also coordinate pulp sales across our mills on a global basis, thereby providing our larger customers with seamless service across all major geographies. In marketing our pulp, we seek to establish long-term relationships by providing a competitively priced, high-quality, consistent product and excellent service. In accordance with customary practice, we maintain long-standing relationships with our customers, pursuant to which we periodically reach agreements on specific volumes and prices.

Our lumber sales are handled by our sales team in Germany and Vancouver. We also sell lumber through commissioned agents in certain markets.

Our pulp and lumber sales are on customary industry terms. At December 31, 2018, we had no material payment delinquencies. In 2018, one customer of our pulp segment through several of its operations accounted for 13% of our revenues. In 2017, one customer of our pulp segment through several

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of its operations accounted for 13% of our revenues. In 2016, two customers through several of their operations accounted for 19% and 10%, respectively, of our pulp sales. We do not believe our pulp sales are dependent upon the activities of any single customer and the loss of any single customer would not have a material adverse effect on us.

Our sales to tissue and specialty paper product manufacturers were approximately 54% of our pulp sales volume in 2018, 52% in 2017 and 50% in 2016. Generally, tissue producer customers are not as sensitive to cyclical declines in demand caused by downturns in economic activity. The balance of our sales was to other paper product manufacturers.

Transportation

We transport our pulp and lumber generally by truck, rail and ocean carriers through third-party carriers. We have a small fleet of trucks in Germany that deliver some of our German mills’ pulp.

Our German pulp mills are currently the only market kraft pulp producers in Germany, which is the largest import market for kraft pulp in Europe. We therefore have a competitive transportation cost advantage compared to Canadian and Northern European pulp producers when shipping to customers in Europe. Due to the location of our German mills, we are able to deliver pulp to many of our customers primarily by truck and rail. Most trucks that deliver goods into Eastern Germany generally do not have significant backhaul opportunities as the region is primarily an importer of goods. We are therefore frequently able to obtain relatively low backhaul freight rates for the delivery of our products to many of our customers.

Our Canadian mills’ pulp is transported to customers by truck, rail and ocean carrier to ensure timely delivery. The majority of our Canadian mills’ pulp for overseas markets is initially delivered primarily by rail to the Port of Vancouver for shipment overseas by ocean carrier. Based in Western Canada, our Canadian mills are well positioned to service Asian customers. The majority of our Canadian mills’ pulp for domestic markets is shipped by rail directly to the customer or to third-party warehouses in the United States. We also operate a logistics and reload center near Trail, British Columbia to provide us with additional warehouse space and greater transportation flexibility in terms of access to rail and trucking options.

The Friesau mill’s lumber is transported to customers by truck, rail and ocean carriers through third-party carriers.

In each of 2018, 2017 and 2016, outbound transportation costs comprised approximately 9%, 9% and 8%, respectively, of our total consolidated cost of sales. Generally, in recent years, our transportation costs have been stable despite growing overseas shipments due to higher shipping capacity and we have also taken initiatives to target sales to the most “freight logical” customers.

Capital Expenditures

We have continued to make capital investments designed to increase pulp, green energy and chemical production, reduce costs and improve efficiency and environmental performance at our pulp mills. The improvements made over the years have increased the competitive position of our pulp segment. Since its acquisition, we have also made capital investments to optimize sawmill production at the Friesau mill.

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Total capital expenditures at our mills (excluding any related governmental grants) are set out in the following table for the periods indicated:

Capital investments at the Rosenthal mill in 2018 primarily related to new chip screens to improve the consistency of chips for the mill’s digester, bleach plant improvements and other projects. In 2017, they related to the purchase of additional land for raw material storage and a railcar acceptance system for logs and, in 2016, they related to a railcar acceptance system for logs and a lime kiln retrofit.

Capital investments at the Stendal mill in 2018 primarily related to wastewater improvement projects including the extension of the effluent treatment plant and other projects. In 2017, they included a project to reduce nitrogen in wastewater and smaller projects and in 2016 they related to a wastewater reduction project consisting of an evaporation plant upgrade and a project to reduce chloride levels in the process water.

In June 2018, we commenced a Phase II expansion and optimization project at the Friesau mill, which is designed to, among other things, increase annual lumber production to approximately 750 million board feet and improve production grade capabilities and efficiencies. We currently expect to substantially complete the project in 2020.

Certain of our capital investment programs in Germany were partially financed through government grants made available by German federal and state governments. Under legislation adopted by the federal and certain state governments of Germany, government grants are provided to qualifying businesses operating in Eastern Germany to finance capital investments. The grants are made to encourage investment and job creation.

The following table sets out, as at the dates indicated, the effect of government grants on the recorded value of such assets in our Consolidated Balance Sheets:

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The following table sets forth, as at the dates indicated, the gross amount of all government grants we have received and capitalized in our balance sheet, the associated amortization and the resulting net balance we include in our property, plant and equipment:

Qualifying capital investments at industrial facilities in Germany that reduce effluent discharges offset wastewater fees that would otherwise be required to be paid. For more information about our environmental capital expenditures, see “– Environmental”.

In 2018, capital investments at the Celgar mill primarily related to improvements to its digester and large maintenance projects. In 2017, capital investments at the Celgar mill included a pre-bleach press system upgrade and large maintenance projects. In 2016, they included new wood harvesting equipment, a logistics and reload center and other maintenance projects.

In 2019, excluding amounts being financed through government grants and expected insurance proceeds, we expect our total capital expenditures to be approximately $130 million to $150 million.

In our pulp segment, excluding our Peace River mill, we currently expect our capital expenditures in 2019 to be principally comprised of approximately $90 million for large maintenance projects, improvements to the Celgar mill’s bale line and other capital improvements at our mills. At the Peace River mill we will be undertaking significant maintenance to the boiler that will be funded by insurance proceeds. See “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations – General”.

In our wood products segment, we currently expect capital expenditures in 2019 at our Friesau mill, principally comprised of approximately $50 million for further upgrades to our planer mill and large sawline and other capital improvements.

Innovation

We utilize our expertise with wood, its processing and by-products to expand our product mix. As a result, we seek to develop new products based on derivatives of the kraft pulping process and wood processing. Currently these processes are focused on:

We are working on some of these initiatives on our own and with others in conjunction with industry associations or joint venture partners. One of the better-developed of these projects is a process to unbind the individual filaments that make up a cellulose fiber. The filaments resulting from this patented

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process have unique strength characteristics similar to other chemical derivatives, such as aramids. We are working to create commercial applications therefor, including as strength enhancers, solution stabilizers and specialty solutions for other products and applications.

Through an industry association, we are developing a proven manufacturing process able to supply commercial quantities of cellulose filaments. We, along with other member companies, including certain other pulp producers, have license rights to further develop and market existing intellectual property registered under patent to our industry association. We expect to expend resources to further develop this technology, both individually and in joint development arrangements with third parties. We currently estimate expenditures totaling approximately $1 million in 2019.

Such research and development of various end use applications are at different levels of development and, to date, there has been no commercialization of any products. There can be no assurance that such research and development will ever result in commercialization or the production or sales of any products by us at a profit or at all.

We are also researching potential higher use products that may be derived from processing different species of trees. In particular, we recently acquired the Santanol Group which harvests and processes sandalwood trees in Australia. We will be processing these trees for the production of sandalwood oil. This product is valued by the fragrance and essential oil industries for its scent and health benefits.

Environmental

Our operations are subject to a wide range of environmental laws and regulations, dealing primarily with:

Compliance with these laws and regulations generally involves capital expenditures as well as additional operating costs. We cannot easily quantify the future amounts of capital expenditures we might have to make to comply with these laws and regulations or the effects on our operating costs because in some instances compliance standards have not been developed, have not become final or definitive or may be amended in the future. In addition, it is difficult to isolate the environmental component of most manufacturing capital projects.

We devote significant management and financial resources to comply with all applicable environmental laws and regulations. In particular, the operation of our plants is subject to permits, authorizations and approvals and we have to comply with prescribed emission limits. Compliance with these requirements is monitored by local authorities and non-compliance may result in administrative orders, fines or closures of the non-compliant mill. Our total capital expenditures on environmental projects at our mills were approximately $20.6 million in 2018, approximately $4.6 million in 2017 and approximately $2.9 million in 2016. In 2019, capital expenditures for environmental projects, principally comprised of projects to improve wastewater quality, are expected to be approximately $6.0 million.

Environmental compliance is a priority for our operations. To ensure compliance with environmental laws and regulations, we regularly monitor emissions at our mills and periodically perform

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environmental audits of operational sites and procedures both with our internal personnel and outside consultants. These audits identify opportunities for improvement and allow us to take proactive measures at the mills as considered appropriate.

We believe we have obtained all required environmental permits, authorizations and approvals for our operations. We believe our operations are currently in material compliance with the requirements of all applicable environmental laws and regulations and our respective operating permits.

Under German state environmental rules relating to effluent discharges, industrial users are required to pay wastewater fees based upon the amount of their effluent discharge. These rules also provide that an industrial user which undertakes environmental capital expenditures and lowers certain effluent discharges to prescribed levels may offset the amount of these expenditures against the wastewater fees that they would otherwise be required to pay. We expect capital investment programs and other environmental initiatives at our German mills will continue to offset the wastewater fees that are payable and we believe they will ensure that our operations continue in substantial compliance with prescribed standards.

In Canada, in addition to existing provincial air quality regulations, the federal government has proposed an air quality management system, referred to as “AQMS”, as a comprehensive national approach for improving air quality in Canada. The federal proposed AQMS includes:

In 2016, Environment Canada released the Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change. The framework put in place a national, sector-based greenhouse gas reduction program applicable to a number of industries. In addition, the provincial governments of Alberta and British Columbia:

In addition, British Columbia has adopted a carbon tax and Alberta has a mandatory greenhouse gas emission reduction regulation.

We believe that these air emission measures in Germany and Canada have not had, and in 2019 will not have, a significant effect on our operations. Although these measures could have a material adverse effect on our operations in the future, we expect that we will not be disproportionately affected by these measures as compared with owners of comparable operations. We also expect that these measures will not significantly disrupt our planned operations.

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Future regulations or permits may place lower limits on allowable types of emissions, including air, water, waste and hazardous materials, and may increase the financial consequences of maintaining compliance with environmental laws and regulations or conducting remediation. Our ongoing monitoring and policies have enabled us to develop and implement effective measures to maintain emissions in substantial compliance with environmental laws and regulations to date in a cost-effective manner. However, there can be no assurance that this will be the case in the future.

Climate Change

Over the past several years, changing weather patterns and climatic conditions due to natural and man-made causes have added to the unpredictability and frequency of natural disasters, such as hurricanes, earthquakes, hail storms, wildfires and wind, snow and ice storms. Such changes and resulting conditions can adversely affect our operations, including variations in the cost and availability of raw materials, such as fiber, unplanned downtime, operating rates and transportation and logistics. As there are differing scientific studies relating to the severity, extent and speed at which climate change is occurring, we cannot identify and predict all of the consequences of climate change on our business and operations.

The effects and perceived effects of climate change and social and governmental responses have created both opportunities and negative consequences for our business.

The focus on climate change has generated a substantial increase in demand and in legislative requirements for carbon neutral or green energy. Pulp mills consume wood residuals, being wood chips and pulp logs, as the base raw material for their production process. Wood chips are residuals left over from lumber production and pulp logs are generally lower quality logs left over from logging that are unsuitable for the production of lumber. Sawmills consume sawlogs and residuals like wood chips that are generally sold to other industrial consumers like pulp and pellet producers.

As part of their production process, our pulp mills take wood residuals and process them through a digester where cellulose is separated from the wood to be used in pulp production and the remaining residuals, called black liquor, are used for green energy production. As a result of their use of wood residuals and because our mills generate combined heat and power in a process known as cogeneration, they are efficient producers of energy. Our Friesau mill utilizes residual bark and shavings from consumed logs to produce energy. This energy is carbon neutral and produced from a renewable source. Our relatively modern mills generate a substantial amount of energy that is surplus to their operational requirements.

These factors, along with governmental initiatives in respect of renewable or green energy legislation, have provided business opportunities for us to enhance our generation and sales of green energy to regional utilities.

We are constantly exploring other initiatives to enhance our generation and sales of surplus green energy and chemical by-products. Other potential opportunities that may result from climate change include:

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At this time, we cannot predict which, if any, of these potential opportunities will be realized by us or their economic effect on our business.

While not all of the specific consequences to our business from climate change are predictable, the most visible adverse consequence to date is that the focus on renewable energy has created greater demand and competition for wood residuals or fiber from renewable energy producers like the pellet industry in Germany.

In Germany, the price and supply of wood residuals have been affected by an increasing demand from alternative or renewable energy producers and governmental initiatives for carbon neutral energy. Declining energy prices, weaker economies or warm winters temper the demand for wood chips resulting from initiatives by European governments to promote the use of wood as a carbon neutral energy. There can be no assurance that such non-traditional demand for fiber will remain strong in the long-term. Additionally, the growing interest and focus in British Columbia for renewable green energy has created additional competition for such fiber. Such additional demand for wood residuals may increase the competition and prices for wood residuals over time.

In response to climate change risks, there have been governmental initiatives and legislation on the international, national, state and local levels. Such governmental action or legislation can have an important effect on the demand and prices for fiber. As governments pursue green energy initiatives, they risk creating incentives and demand for wood residuals from renewable energy producers that “cannibalizes” or adversely affects traditional users, such as lumber and pulp and paper producers. We are continually engaged in dialogue with governments to educate and try to ensure potential initiatives recognize the traditional and continuing role of our mills in the overall usage of forestry resources and the economies of local communities.

Other potential negative consequences from climate change that over time may affect our business include:

Human Resources

We currently employ approximately 2,210 people, of which approximately 1,395 employees work in our German operations and approximately 780 employees work in our Canadian operations.

Our pulp mills employ approximately 1,790 people, the majority of whom are bound by collective agreements. The Friesau mill employs approximately 340 people, the majority of whom are bound by a collective agreement.

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We consider the relationships with our employees to be good. Although no assurance can be provided, we have not had any significant work stoppages at any of our operations and we would therefore expect to enter into new labor agreements with our workers when the current labor agreements expire without any significant work stoppages.

Our senior managers and directors have extensive experience in the pulp, lumber and forestry industries, along with experienced managers at all of our mills. Our management has a proven track record of implementing new initiatives and capital projects in order to reduce costs throughout our operations as well as identifying and harnessing new revenue opportunities.

Wood Products Industry

General

With approximately 3.7 billion cubic meters, Germany has the largest timber reserves in Europe. The principal trees are spruce, pine, beech and oak. Approximately 70 to 80 million cubic meters are harvested annually. Many of the German forest areas have been certified according to PEFC or FSC standards. Modern solid wood products include sawn and planed lumber which are used in different areas.

Demand for softwood lumber is cyclical and influenced by transportation costs, exchange rates, government tariffs and competitiveness of substitute products, as well as factors that affect consumer confidence and drive demand for residential construction, such as interest rates, disposable income, unemployment rates, perceived job security and other indicators of general economic conditions. Demand can vary from region to region within a country and seasonal factors that determine optimal building conditions can also affect demand.

Lumber Products and Markets

Our Friesau mill, which was built in 1992 and has two high-volume Linck sawlines, has the ability to produce both rough and planed products. The sawmill principally manufactures finished sawn lumber milled from spruce and pine, including European metric and specialty lumber, U.S. dimensional lumber and J-grade lumber, in various sizes and grades.

The process for manufacturing lumber results in a significant percentage of each sawlog ending up as by-products or residuals such as wood chips, trim blocks, sawdust shavings and bark. By-products are typically sold to a wide variety of customers. In addition, we utilize a significant portion of the chips from the Friesau mill at our Rosenthal pulp mill.

The main markets for our lumber products are in Europe, the United States and the Far East.

Our Friesau mill fosters a diverse customer base in each of its key markets. Customers include national and regional distributors, large construction firms, secondary manufacturers, retail yards and home centers.

Competition

The markets for our lumber products are highly competitive on a global basis and producers compete generally on price, quality and service. Factors influencing our competitive position include, among others, the availability, quality and cost of raw materials, including fiber, energy and labor and the efficiency and productivity of the Friesau mill in relation to its competitors. The Friesau mill competes in international markets subject to currency fluctuations and global business conditions.

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Our Friesau mill competes against many producers, a number of whom own and operate more mills than we do and numerous competitors have greater financial resources or lower production costs than us.

Description of Certain Indebtedness

The following summarizes certain material provisions of our senior notes and revolving working capital facilities. The summaries are not complete and are qualified by reference to the applicable documents and the applicable amendments to such documents on file with the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission, referred to as the “SEC”, and incorporated by reference herein.

Senior Notes

We currently have outstanding the following issues of senior notes, collectively referred to as the “Senior Notes”:

The 2022 Senior Notes mature on December 1, 2022 and interest on the 2022 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each June 1 and December 1. Interest is payable to holders of record of the 2022 Senior Notes on the immediately preceding May 15 and November 15 and is computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. Commencing December 1, 2017, the 2022 Senior Notes became redeemable at our option at a price equal to 105.813% of the principal amount redeemed and declining ratably on December 1 of each year thereafter to 100.000% on or after December 1, 2020.

The 2024 Senior Notes mature on February 1, 2024 and interest on the 2024 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each February 1 and August 1. Interest is payable to holders of record of the 2024 Senior Notes on the immediately preceding January 15 and July 15 and is computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. Commencing February 1, 2020, the 2024 Senior Notes will become redeemable at our option at a price equal to 103.250% of the principal amount redeemed and declining ratably on February 1 of each year thereafter to 100.000% on or after February 1, 2022.

The 2025 Senior Notes mature on January 15, 2025 and interest on the 2025 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each January 15 and July 15. Commencing July 15, 2019, interest is payable to holders of record of the 2025 Senior Notes on the immediately preceding January 1 and July 1 and is computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. Commencing January 15, 2021, the 2025 Senior Notes will become redeemable at our option at a price equal to 103.688% of the principal amount redeemed and declining ratably on January 15 of each year thereafter to 100.000% on or after January 15, 2023.

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The 2026 Senior Notes mature on January 15, 2026 and interest on the 2026 Senior Notes is payable semi-annually in arrears on each January 15 and July 15. Commencing July 15, 2018, interest is payable to holders of record of the 2026 Senior Notes on the immediately preceding January 1 and July 1 and is computed on the basis of a 360-day year consisting of twelve 30-day months. Commencing January 15, 2021, the 2026 Senior Notes will become redeemable at our option at a price equal to 102.750% of the principal amount redeemed and declining ratably on January 15 of each year thereafter to 100.000% on or after January 15, 2023.

The indentures governing the Senior Notes contain covenants limiting, among other things, our ability and the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to: incur additional indebtedness or issue preferred stock; pay dividends or make other distributions to our shareholders; purchase or redeem capital stock or subordinated indebtedness; make investments; create liens; incur restrictions on the ability of our restricted subsidiaries to pay dividends or make other payments to us; sell assets; consolidate or merge with or into other companies or transfer all or substantially all of our assets; and engage in transactions with affiliates. As of December 31, 2018, all of our subsidiaries were restricted subsidiaries.

The Senior Notes are unsecured and are not guaranteed by any of our operating subsidiaries, all of which are located outside the United States. Our obligations under the Senior Notes rank: effectively junior in right of payment to all of our existing and future secured indebtedness, to the extent of the assets securing such indebtedness, and all indebtedness and liabilities of our subsidiaries; equal in right of payment with all of our existing and future unsecured senior indebtedness; and senior in right of payment to any of our future subordinated indebtedness.

Pan-German Revolving Credit Facility

In December 2018, certain of our German subsidiaries entered into a new €200.0 million joint revolving credit facility, referred to as the “German Facility”, with a group of bank lenders. The German Facility, which will be used for general corporate purposes, replaced three existing revolving credit facilities of certain of our German subsidiaries which aggregated €170.0 million. The principal terms of the German Facility include:

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The German Facility is available to all of the borrowers, subject to maximum borrowing sub-limits for certain of the borrowers.

As at December 31, 2018, approximately €51.5 million ($59.0 million) of the German Facility was drawn and approximately €11.9 million ($13.6 million) of the German Facility was supporting bank guarantees leaving approximately €136.6 million ($156.5 million) available.

Celgar Working Capital Facility

In July 2018, our Celgar mill entered into a C$40.0 million revolving credit facility with a Canadian bank, referred to as the “Celgar Working Capital Facility”. The principal terms of the facility include:

As at December 31, 2018, approximately C$1.7 million ($1.2 million) was supporting letters of credit and approximately C$38.3 million ($28.1 million) was available under the Celgar Working Capital Facility.

MPR Revolving Credit Facility

In February 2019, our Peace River mill entered into a C$60.0 million revolving credit facility with a Canadian bank, referred to as the “MPR Working Capital Facility”. The principal terms of the facility include:

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Internet Availability and Additional Information

We make available free of charge, on or through our website at www.mercerint.com, annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q and current reports on Form 8-K, and all amendments to these reports, as soon as reasonably practicable after we file these materials with, or furnish these materials to, the SEC. The public may read and copy any material we file with the SEC at the SEC’s Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, NE, Washington, D.C. 20549. The public may also obtain information on the operation of the Public Reference Room by calling the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330. The SEC maintains an internet site at www.sec.gov that also contains our current and periodic reports, including our proxy and information statements.

All websites referred to herein are inactive textual references only, meaning that the information contained on such websites is not incorporated by reference herein and you should not consider information contained on such websites as part of this document unless expressly specified.

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ITEM 1A. RISK FACTORS

The statements in this “Risk Factors” section describe material risks to our business and should be considered carefully. You should review carefully the risk factors listed below, as well as those factors listed in other documents we file with the SEC. In addition, these statements constitute our cautionary statements under the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Our disclosure and analysis in this annual report on Form 10-K and in our annual report to shareholders contain some forward-looking statements that set forth anticipated results based on management’s current plans and assumptions.

There are a number of important factors, many of which are beyond our control that could cause actual conditions, events or results to differ significantly from those described in the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, the following:

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From time to time, we also provide forward-looking statements in other materials we release as well as oral forward-looking statements. Such statements give our current expectations or forecasts of future events; they do not relate strictly to historical or current facts.

Statements in the future tense, and all statements accompanied by terms such as “may”, “will”, “believe”, “project”, “expect”, “estimate”, “assume”, “intend”, “design”, “anticipate”, “plan”, “should” and variations thereof and similar terms are intended to be forward-looking statements as defined by federal securities law. You can find examples of these statements throughout this annual report on Form 10-K, including in the description of business in Item 1. “Business” and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”. While these forward-looking statements reflect our best estimates when made, the following risk factors could cause actual results to differ materially from estimates or projections.

We intend that all forward-looking statements we make will be subject to safe harbor protection of the federal securities laws pursuant to Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended and Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, referred to as the “Exchange Act”.

You should consider the limitations on, and risks associated with, forward-looking statements and not unduly rely on the accuracy of predictions contained in such forward-looking statements. As noted above, these forward-looking statements speak only as of the date when they are made. We do not undertake any obligation to update forward-looking statements to reflect events, circumstances, changes in expectations, or the occurrence of unanticipated events after the date of those statements. Moreover, in the

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future, we may make forward-looking statements that involve the risk factors and other matters described in this document as well as other risk factors subsequently identified.

Our business is highly cyclical in nature.

The pulp and lumber businesses are highly cyclical in nature and markets are characterized by periods of supply and demand imbalance, which in turn can materially affect prices. Pulp and lumber markets are sensitive to cyclical changes in the global economy, industry capacity and foreign exchange rates, all of which can have a significant influence on selling prices and our operating results. The length and magnitude of industry cycles have varied over time but generally reflect changes in macro-economic conditions and levels of industry capacity. Pulp and lumber are commodities that are generally available from other producers. Because commodity products have few distinguishing qualities from producer to producer, competition is generally based upon price, which is generally determined by supply relative to demand.

Industry capacity can fluctuate as changing industry conditions can influence producers to idle production capacity or permanently close mills. In addition, to avoid substantial cash costs in idling or closing a mill, some producers will choose to operate at a loss, sometimes even a cash loss, which can prolong weak pricing environments due to oversupply. Oversupply of our products can also result from producers introducing new capacity in response to favorable pricing trends. Certain integrated pulp and paper producers have the ability to discontinue paper production by idling their paper machines and selling their NBSK pulp production on the market, if market conditions, prices and trends warrant such actions.

Currently, we are not aware of any material announced capacity increases for NBSK or NBHK pulp in 2019. However, we cannot predict whether new capacity will be announced or will come on line in the future. If any new capacity, particularly for NBSK pulp, is not absorbed in the market or offset by curtailments or closures of older, high-cost pulp mills, the increase could put downward pressure on pulp prices and materially adversely affect our results of operations, margin, and profitability.

Demand for each of pulp and lumber has historically been determined primarily by general global macro-economic conditions and has been closely tied to overall business activity. Pulp prices have been and are likely to continue to be volatile and can fluctuate widely over time. Between 2009 and 2018, European list prices for NBSK pulp have fluctuated between a low of approximately $575 per ADMT in 2009 to a high of $1,230 per ADMT in 2018. In the same period, the average North American NBHK price has fluctuated between a low of $520 per ADMT in 2009 to a high of $1,235 per ADMT in 2018.

Our mills and operations voluntarily subject themselves to third-party certification as to compliance with internationally recognized, sustainable management standards because end use paper and lumber customers have shown an increased interest in understanding the origin of products they purchase. Demand for our products could be adversely affected if we, or our suppliers, are unable to achieve compliance or are perceived by the public as failing to comply with these standards or if our customers require compliance with alternate standards for which our operations are not certified.

A producer’s actual sales price realizations are list prices net of customer discounts, rebates and other selling concessions. Over the last three years, these have increased for pulp sales as pulp producers compete for customers and sales. Our sales price realizations may also be affected by price movements between the order and shipment dates.

Accordingly, prices for pulp and lumber are driven by many factors outside our control, and we have little influence over the timing and extent of price changes, which are often volatile. Because market conditions beyond our control determine the prices for pulp and lumber, prices may fall below our cash production costs, requiring us to either incur short-term losses on product sales or cease production at one or more of our mills. Therefore, our profitability depends on managing our cost structure, particularly raw materials which represent a significant component of our operating costs and can fluctuate based upon

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factors beyond our control. If the prices of our products decline, or if prices for our raw materials increase, or both, our results of operations and cash flows could be materially adversely affected.

A weakening of the global economy, including capital and credit markets, could adversely affect our business and financial results and have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and capital resources.

As demand for our products has principally historically been determined by general global macro-economic activities, demand and prices for our products have historically decreased substantially during economic slowdowns. A significant economic downturn may affect our sales and profitability. Further, our suppliers and customers may also be adversely affected by an economic downturn. Additionally, restricted credit and capital availability restrains our customers’ ability or willingness to purchase our products, resulting in lower revenues. Depending on their severity and duration, the effects and consequences of a global economic downturn could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity and capital resources, including our ability to raise capital, if needed, and otherwise negatively impact our business and financial results.

Our level of indebtedness could negatively impact our financial condition, results of operations and liquidity.

As of December 31, 2018, we have approximately $1,041.4 million of indebtedness outstanding. We may also incur additional indebtedness in the future. Our high debt levels may have important consequences for us, including, but not limited to the following:

The indentures that govern our Senior Notes, and our bank credit facilities contain restrictive covenants which impose operating and other restrictions on us and our subsidiaries. These restrictions will affect, and in many respects will limit or prohibit, our ability to, among other things, incur or guarantee additional indebtedness, pay dividends or make distributions on capital stock or redeem or repurchase capital stock, make investments or acquisitions, create liens and enter into mergers, consolidations or transactions with affiliates. The terms of our indebtedness also restrict our ability to sell certain assets, apply the proceeds of such sales and reinvest in our business.

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Certain of the agreements governing our indebtedness have covenants that require us to maintain prescribed financial ratios and tests. Failure to comply with such covenants could result in events of default and could have a material adverse effect on our liquidity, results of operations and financial condition.

Our ability to repay or refinance our indebtedness will depend on our future financial and operating performance. Our performance, in turn, will be subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions, as well as financial, business, legislative, regulatory, industry and other factors, many of which are beyond our control. Our ability to meet our future debt service and other obligations may depend in significant part on the extent to which we can successfully implement our business strategy. We cannot assure you that we will be able to implement our strategy fully or that the anticipated results of our strategy will be realized. Over the next several years, we will require financing to refinance maturing debt obligations (unless extended), and such refinancing may not be available on favorable terms or at all.

Cyclical fluctuations in the price and supply of our raw materials, particularly fiber, could adversely affect our business.

Our main raw material is fiber in the form of wood chips, pulp logs and sawlogs. Fiber represented approximately 57% of our pulp cash production costs and approximately 80% of our lumber cash production costs in 2018. Fiber is a commodity and both prices and supply are cyclical. Fiber pricing is subject to regional market influences and our costs of fiber may increase in a region as a result of local market shifts. The cost of wood chips, pulp logs and sawlogs is primarily affected by the supply and demand for lumber. Demand for these raw materials is generally determined by the volume of pulp and paper products and wood products produced globally and regionally. Governmental regulations related to the environment, forest stewardship and green or renewable energy can also affect the supply of fiber. In Germany, governmental initiatives to increase the supply of renewable energy have led to more renewable energy projects in Europe, including Germany. Demand for wood residuals from such energy producers, combined with lower harvesting rates, has generally put upward pressure on prices for wood residuals, such as wood chips, in Germany and its neighboring countries. This has resulted in higher fiber costs for our German pulp mills and such trend could continue to put further upward pressure on wood chip prices. Wood chip supply in Germany was generally stable during the last three years due to stable sawmill production and lower demand from pellet producers and board manufacturers; however, there is no assurance that wood chip supply will continue to be stable or that supply will not be reduced or that fiber costs will not increase in the future.

Similarly, North American sawmill activity declined significantly during the recession, reducing the supply of chips and availability of pulp logs to pulp mills, including our Celgar mill. Additionally, North American energy producers are exploring the viability of renewable energy initiatives and governmental initiatives in this field are increasing, all of which could lead to higher demand for sawmill residual fiber, including chips. A recovery in U.S. housing starts, which commenced in the latter part of 2012 and continued through the first half of 2018, resulted in increased sawmill activity. This increased the supply of wood chips for the Celgar mill and reduced its need for pulp logs, which are generally a higher cost for the mill than wood chips. However, a slowdown in sawmilling activities that commenced in the second half of 2018 reduced the availability of both wood chips and pulp logs and put upward pressure on fiber costs. There is no assurance that sawmill activity will improve or become stable or that fiber prices will not increase in the future.

The 2006 Softwood Lumber Agreement, which governed softwood lumber exports from Canada to the United States, expired in 2015, and a one-year post-expiration period during which the United States agreed not to impose trade sanctions expired in October 2016. In November 2016, a petition was filed by a coalition of U.S. lumber producers to the U.S. Department of Commerce and the U.S. International Trade Commission requesting an investigation into alleged subsidies provided to Canadian lumber producers. In December 2017, the U.S. International Trade Commission published its final injury determination. In late

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2017, the U.S. Department of Commerce announced its final countervailing and anti-dumping duty rates, which set out a countervailing duty of 14.19% and an anti-dumping rate of 6.04% for “all other” Canadian lumber producers. The U.S. Department of Commerce also concluded that critical circumstances did not exist for countervailing duties, but did exist for anti-dumping duties. The Canadian forest products industry and Canadian federal and provincial governments have denied the U.S. Department of Commerce’s allegations. Canada has announced an appeal of the duties to the North American Free Trade Agreement appeal panel and the World Trade Organization. It is uncertain when or if the United States and Canada may settle a new agreement and what terms or restrictions it may contain. Any duties or other restrictions imposed on Canadian softwood lumber exports by the United States could negatively impact Canadian sawmill production in our Canadian mills’ supply area and result in reduced availability and increased costs for wood chips for the mill. While we believe this may be partially offset by increased wood chip supply from U.S. sawmills and pulp log availability, we cannot currently predict the overall effect on our Canadian mills’ overall fiber costs.

Availability of fiber may be further limited by adverse responses to and prevention of wildfires, weather, insect infestation, disease, ice storms, wind storms, flooding and other natural causes. In addition, the quantity, quality and price of fiber we receive could be affected by man-made causes such as those resulting from industrial disputes, material curtailments or shut-down of operations by suppliers, government orders and legislation (including new taxes or tariffs). Any or a combination of these can affect fiber prices in a region.

The cyclical nature of pricing for fiber represents a potential risk to our profit margins if pulp and lumber producers are unable to pass along price increases to their customers or we cannot offset such costs through higher prices for our surplus energy.

Other than the renewable forest licenses of MPR, we do not own any timberlands or have any material long-term governmental timber concessions. We also currently have few long-term fiber contracts at our German operations. Fiber is available from a number of suppliers and we have not historically experienced material supply interruptions or substantial sustained price increases. However, our requirements have increased and may continue to do so as we expand capacity through capital projects or other efficiency measures at our mills. As a result, we may not be able to purchase sufficient quantities of these raw materials to meet our production requirements at prices acceptable to us during times of tight supply. An insufficient supply of fiber or reduction in the quality of fiber we receive would materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

In addition to the supply of fiber, we are, to a lesser extent, dependent on the supply of certain chemicals and other inputs used in our production facilities. Any disruption in the supply of these chemicals or other inputs could affect our ability to meet customer demand in a timely manner and could harm our reputation. Any material increase in the cost of these chemicals or other inputs could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations, financial condition and cash flows.

We face intense competition in our markets.

We sell our pulp and lumber globally, with a large percentage sold in Europe, Asia and North America. The markets for pulp and lumber are highly competitive. A number of other global companies compete in each of these markets and no company holds a dominant position. Our pulp and lumber are considered commodities because many companies produce similar and largely standardized products. As a result, the primary basis for competition in our markets has been price. Many of our competitors have greater resources and lower leverage than we do and may be able to adapt more quickly to industry or market changes or devote greater resources to the sale of products than we can. There can be no assurance that we will continue to be competitive in the future. Prices for our products are affected by many factors outside of our control and we have no influence over the timing and extent of price changes, which are often

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volatile. Our ability to maintain satisfactory margins depends, in large part, on managing our costs, particularly raw material and energy costs which represent significant components of our operating costs and can fluctuate based upon factors beyond our control.

Global pulp and lumber markets have historically been characterized by considerable swings in prices which have and will result in variability in our earnings.

We are exposed to currency exchange rate fluctuations.

We have manufacturing operations in Germany and Canada. Most of the operating costs and expenses of our German mills are incurred in euros and those of our Canadian mills in Canadian dollars. However, the majority of our sales are in products quoted in dollars. Our results of operations and financial condition are reported in dollars. As a result, our costs generally benefit from a strengthening dollar but are adversely affected by a decrease in the value of the dollar relative to the euro and to the Canadian dollar. Such declines in the dollar relative to the euro and the Canadian dollar reduce our operating margins and the cash flow available to fund our operations and to service our debt. This could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

Further, while a strengthening dollar generally lowers our costs and expenses, it increases the cost of pulp to our customers and generally puts downward pressure on pulp prices and reduces our European lumber, energy and chemical sales revenues as they are sold in euros and Canadian dollars.

Although we report in dollars, we hold certain assets and liabilities, including our mills, in euros and Canadian dollars. We translate foreign denominated assets and liabilities into dollars at the rate of exchange on the balance sheet date. Equity accounts are translated using historical exchange rates. Unrealized gains or losses from these translations are recorded in other comprehensive income (loss) and do not affect our net earnings, operating income or Operating EBITDA.

Certain intercompany dollar advances between Mercer Inc. and its foreign subsidiaries are held in euros and Canadian dollars and certain foreign subsidiaries hold some cash and other balances in dollars. When such advances and cash and other balances are translated by these subsidiaries into the applicable local currency at the end of each reporting period, the gains or losses thereon are reflected in net earnings.

Political uncertainty, the rise of populist political parties and an increase in trade protectionism could have a material adverse effect on global macro-economic activities and trade and adversely affect our business, results of operations and financial condition.

The current rise of populist political parties, economic nationalist sentiments and trade protectionism has led to increasing political uncertainty and unpredictability throughout the world. In 2016, the United Kingdom held a referendum at which the electorate voted to leave the Council of the European Union and is currently seeking to settle the terms of its departure and future trade relationship with the European Union. Currently there is no certainty as to what terms may be implemented, if at all, and the overall effect on European and world economies. The current U.S. presidential administration has imposed tariffs on various goods from various countries, including China and announced intentions to impose further, more significant tariffs. These potential developments, market perceptions concerning these and related issues and the attendant regulatory uncertainty regarding, for example, the posture of governments with respect to international trade, could have a material adverse effect on global trade and economic growth which, in turn, can adversely affect our business, results of operation and financial condition.

The rise of populist political parties in some countries and the dominance of single-party political power in other countries may also lead to increased trade barriers, trade protectionism and restrictions on trade. Increased trade protectionism could materially adversely affect our business. If the current continuing global recovery is undermined by downside risks and there is a prolonged economic downturn,

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governments, especially populist governments, may turn to trade barriers to protect their domestic industries against imports, thereby depressing demand. Changes in U.S. trade policy, such as the announcement of unilateral tariffs on imported products, have already triggered retaliatory actions from affected countries, resulting in “trade wars” that could have a material adverse effect on global trade and economic growth.

Protectionist developments, or the perception they may occur, may have a material adverse effect on global economic conditions, and may significantly reduce global trade. Increasing trade protectionism in the markets could increase the risks associated with exporting goods to such markets. These developments could have a material adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

We are subject to extensive environmental regulation and we could incur substantial costs as a result of compliance with, violations of or liabilities under applicable environmental laws and regulations.

Our operations are subject to numerous environmental laws and regulations as well as permits, guidelines and policies relating to the protection of the environment. These laws, regulations, permits, guidelines and policies govern, among other things:

In addition, as a result of our operations, we may be subject to remediation, clean-up or other administrative orders or amendments to our operating permits, and we may be involved from time to time in administrative and judicial proceedings or inquiries. Future orders, proceedings or inquiries could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Environmental laws and land use laws and regulations are constantly changing. New regulations or the increased enforcement of existing laws could have a material adverse effect on our business and financial condition. In addition, compliance with regulatory requirements is expensive, at times requiring the replacement, enhancement or modification of equipment, facilities or operations. There can be no assurance that we will be able to maintain our profitability by offsetting any increased costs of complying with future regulatory requirements.

We are subject to liability for environmental damage at the facilities that we own or operate, including damage to neighboring landowners, residents or employees, particularly as a result of the contamination of soil, groundwater or surface water and especially drinking water. The costs of such liabilities can be substantial. Our potential liability may include damages resulting from conditions existing before we purchased or operated these facilities. We may also be subject to liability for any offsite environmental contamination caused by pollutants or hazardous substances that we or our predecessors arranged to transport, treat or dispose of at other locations. In addition, we may be held legally responsible for liabilities as a successor owner of businesses that we acquire or have acquired. Except for Stendal, our facilities have been operating for decades and we have not done invasive testing to determine whether or to what extent any such environmental contamination exists. As a result, these businesses may have liabilities for conditions that we discover or that become apparent, including liabilities arising from non-compliance

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with environmental laws by prior owners. Because of the limited availability of insurance coverage for environmental liability, any substantial liability for environmental damage could materially adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We have incurred, and we expect to continue to incur, significant capital, operating and other expenditures as a result of complying with applicable environmental laws and regulations.

Further, enactment of new environmental laws or regulations, changes in existing laws or regulations or the interpretation of these laws and regulations might require significant capital expenditures. We may be unable to generate sufficient funds or access other sources of capital to fund unforeseen environmental liabilities or expenditures.

Our business is subject to risks associated with climate change and social and government responses thereto.

Our operations and those of our suppliers are subject to climate change variations which can impact the productivity of forests, the abundance of species, harvest levels and lumber. Further, over the last few years, changing weather patterns and climate conditions due to natural and man-made causes have added to the frequency and unpredictability of natural disasters like earthquakes, storms, wildfires and wind, snow and ice storms. One or a combination of these factors could adversely affect our fiber supply which is our largest cash production cost. There are differing scientific studies and opinions relating to the severity, extent and speed at which climate change is or may be occurring around the world. As a result, we are currently unable to identify and predict all of the specific consequences of climate change on our business and operations.

Further, governmental initiatives in response to climate change also have an impact on operations. There continue to be numerous international, country level and regional initiatives to address global and country specific climate issues.

In Germany, government and social focus on and demand for carbon neutral or green energy has created greater demand and competition for the wood residuals or fiber that is consumed by our pulp mills as part of their production processes. This has helped drive up the cost of fiber for German mills. In addition, further or new governmental initiatives or legislation may also increase both the demand and prices for wood residuals. As governments pursue green energy initiatives, they may implement financial, tax, pricing or other legislated incentives for renewable energy producers that “cannibalize” or materially adversely affect fiber supplies for existing traditional users, such as lumber and pulp and paper producers.

Such additional demand for wood residuals and/or governmental initiatives may materially increase the competition and prices for wood residuals over time. This could increase our fiber costs and/or restrict our ability to acquire fiber at competitive prices or at all during times of shortages. If our fiber costs increase and we cannot pass on these costs to our customers or offset them through higher prices for our sales of surplus energy, it will negatively affect our operating margins, results of operations and financial position. If we cannot obtain the fiber required to operate our mills, we may have to curtail and/or shut down production. This could have a material adverse effect on operations, financial results and financial position.

Other potential risks to our business from climate change include:

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The occurrence of any or a combination of these events could have a material adverse effect on our operations and/or financial results.

Our operations require substantial capital and we may be unable to maintain adequate capital resources to provide for such capital requirements.

Our business is capital intensive and requires that we regularly incur capital expenditures to maintain our equipment, improve efficiencies and, as a result of changes to environmental regulations that require capital expenditures, bring our operations into compliance with such regulations. In addition, we may approve projects in the future that will require significant capital expenditures. Increased capital expenditures could have a material adverse effect on our cash flow and our ability to satisfy our debt obligations. If our available cash resources and cash generated from operations are not sufficient to fund our operating needs and capital expenditures, we would have to obtain additional funds from borrowings or other available sources or reduce or delay our capital expenditures. Our indebtedness could adversely affect our financial health, limit our operations or impair our ability to raise additional capital. If this occurs, we may not be able to obtain additional funds on favorable terms or at all. If we cannot maintain or upgrade our equipment as may be required from time to time, we may become unable to manufacture products that compete effectively. An inability to make required capital expenditures in a timely fashion could have a material adverse effect on our growth, business, financial condition or results of operations.

Our acquisition of MPR and other future acquisitions may result in additional risks and uncertainties in our business.

Our future performance will depend in part on whether we can integrate MPR with our operations in an effective and efficient manner. The acquisition of MPR is larger than the other acquisitions we have made. Integrating MPR with our operations will be a complex, time consuming and potentially expensive process.

In order to grow our business, we may seek to acquire additional assets or companies. Our ability to pursue selective and accretive acquisitions will be dependent on management’s ability to identify, acquire and develop suitable acquisition targets in both new and existing markets. In pursuing acquisition and investment opportunities, we face competition from other companies having similar growth strategies, many of which may have substantially greater resources than us. Competition for these acquisitions or investment targets could result in increased acquisition or investment prices, higher risks and a diminished pool of businesses or assets available for acquisition.

Acquisitions also frequently result in recording of goodwill and other intangible assets, which are subject to potential impairments in the future that could have a material adverse effect on our operating results. Furthermore, the costs of integrating acquired businesses (including restructuring charges associated with the acquisitions, as well as other acquisition costs, such as accounting fees, legal fees and investment banking fees) could significantly impact our operating results.

Although we perform diligence on the businesses we purchase, in light of the circumstances of each transaction, an unavoidable level of risk remains regarding the actual condition of these businesses. We may

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not be able to ascertain the value or understand the potential liabilities of the acquired businesses and their operations until we assume operating control of the assets and operations of these businesses.

Furthermore, our acquisition of MPR and other future acquisitions could entail a number of risks, including:

All of the pulp produced by the MPR mills was previously sold by a third-party agent that was a shareholder of MPR. We intend to take over a majority of its sales functions over time. Our internal sales staff and third-party agents may not be able to sell such pulp production on terms as favorable as those achieved by the existing agent.

We cannot guarantee that we will successfully integrate MPR with our operations. If we are unable to address any of these risks, our results of operations and financial condition could be materially adversely affected.

In addition, geographic and other expansions, acquisitions or joint ventures may require significant managerial attention, which may be diverted from our other operations. If we are unsuccessful in overcoming these risks, our business, financial condition or results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

The operations of MPR are subject to their own risks, which we may not be able to manage successfully.

The financial results of MPR are subject to many of the same factors that affect our financial condition and results of operations, including the cyclical nature of the pulp business, exposure to interest rate and currency exchange rate fluctuations, exposure to liability for environmental damage, the competitive nature of our markets and regulatory, legislative and judicial developments. Additionally, the operations of MPR are subject to other factors that are unique to its business, such as obligations to comply with laws and regulations related to forest management and timber practices. The financial results of MPR could be materially adversely affected as a result of any of these or other related factors, which could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations and financial condition on a consolidated basis.

In addition, MPR’s 50% ownership interest in the Cariboo mill is through an unincorporated joint venture. The ownership and operation of the Cariboo mill is subject to the agreement underlying the joint venture and its day-to-day operations are principally conducted by MPR’s joint venture partner. Joint ventures generally involve special risks, including that the business and strategic interests of the joint venture partner and MPR may not coincide or that the joint venture partner may be unable to meet its economic or other obligations thereunder. MPR has limited control over the actions of the joint venture

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partner in respect of the Cariboo mill, including any non-performance, default or bankruptcy of such party. Any non-performance by MPR’s joint venture partner or other actions taken by the joint venture partner in connection with the day-to-day operation of the Cariboo mill may adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may not be able to enhance the operating performance and financial results or lower the costs of MPR’s operations as planned.

While we believe that there are a number of opportunities to reduce operating costs, increase production and improve the financial results of MPR, we may not be able to achieve our planned operating improvements, cost reductions, capacity increases or improved price realizations in our expected time periods, if at all. In addition, some of the improvements that we hope to achieve depend upon capital expenditure projects that we plan to implement at the Peace River mill. Such capital projects may not be completed in our expected time periods, if at all, may not achieve the results that we have estimated or may have a cost substantially in excess of our planned amounts.

Fluctuations in prices and demand for lumber could adversely affect our business.

The financial performance of the Friesau mill depends on the demand for and selling price of lumber, which is subject to significant fluctuations. The markets for lumber are highly volatile and are affected by economic conditions in Europe, Asia and the United States, the strength of housing markets in such regions, the growing importance of the Asian market, changes in industry production capacity, changes in inventory levels and other factors beyond our control. Additionally, interest rates have a significant impact on residential construction and renovation activity, which in turn influence the demand for and price of lumber.

Adverse housing market conditions may increase the credit risk from customers of our wood products segment.

Our wood products segment generally extends credit to customers who are generally susceptible to the same economic business risks that we are. Unfavorable housing market conditions could result in financial failures of one or more of such customers. If such customers’ financial position becomes impaired, our ability to fully collect receivables from such customers could be impaired and negatively affect our operating results, cash flows and liquidity.

Our wood products segment lumber products are vulnerable to declines in demand due to competing technologies or materials.

Our lumber products may compete with alternative products. For example, plastic, wood/plastic or composite materials may be used by builders as alternatives to the lumber products produced by our wood products segment. Changes in the prices for oil, chemicals and other products can change the competitive position of our wood products segment lumber products relative to available alternatives and could increase substitution of those products for our wood products segment products. If use of these alternative products grows, demand for and pricing of our wood products segment products could be adversely affected.

Changes in credit ratings issued by nationally recognized statistical rating organizations could adversely affect our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities.

Credit rating agencies rate our debt securities on factors that include our operating results, actions that we take, their view of the general outlook for our industry and their view of the general outlook for the economy. Actions taken by the rating agencies can include maintaining, upgrading or downgrading the current rating or placing the company on a watch list for possible future downgrading. Downgrading the

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credit rating of our debt securities or placing us on a watch list for possible future downgrading could limit our access to credit markets, increase our cost of financing and have an adverse effect on the market price of our securities, including our Senior Notes.

We participate in German statutory energy programs.

Our German mills sell surplus green energy at fixed prices or “tariffs” pursuant to the Renewable Energy Act.

In 2014, in response to an investigation by the European Commission into whether portions of the Renewable Energy Act constituted unpermitted state aid, the German government amended the same, which amendments permitted our German mills to continue to sell green energy into the market at stipulated prices or “tariffs” and were exempted, as “existing installations”, from certain surcharges on the consumption of energy that they generate, or “auto-generation”.

The German government further amended the Renewable Energy Act effective January 1, 2017, so that funding for renewable energy is to be allocated through an auction system, primarily to create a competitive bidding process for new installations of wind, solar and biomass energy. Our Friesau mill’s tariff expires in 2029. However, the amendments provide that existing pulp mills, including our German pulp mills, are ineligible for such auction process and instead will have their tariffs renewed upon expiry of their initial 20-year terms for a further 10-year period, based upon the price received in the last year prior to renewal, regressing at a rate of 8% per annum. Currently we expect our Rosenthal mill’s initial 20-year tariff to expire on December 31, 2020 and our Stendal mill’s initial 20-year tariff to expire on December 31, 2024. Such 10-year extensions for such pulp mills have been notified by the German government to the European Commission for review for compliance with applicable state aid rules. We have been advised by German governmental authorities that such extensions may not be permitted under EU rules. As a result, we cannot currently predict whether such promulgated amendments to the Renewable Energy Act will become effective. If they do not become effective, we cannot predict what further resulting amendments the German government may put into effect and their effect on our German mills’ sale or consumption of energy after the expiry of their current terms on December 31, 2020 for Rosenthal and December 31, 2024 for Stendal.

Our costs of energy for our pulp operations in Germany could increase in the event that the auto-generation surcharge exemption is removed or reduced in the future. Additionally, if the stipulated tariffs for energy sold by our German mills are reduced in the future or sales are on an auction or market basis, we cannot provide assurances that our energy sales in Germany will be as profitable. Any of the foregoing situations or any combination of them could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We are subject to risks related to our employees.

The majority of our employees are unionized and we have collective agreements in place with our employees at all of our mills, other than the Peace River mill which is non-union. Although we have not experienced any material work stoppages in the past, there can be no assurance that we will be able to negotiate acceptable collective agreements or other satisfactory arrangements with our employees upon the expiration of our collective agreements. This could result in a strike or work stoppage by the affected workers. The registration or renewal of the collective agreements or the outcome of our wage negotiations could result in higher wages or benefits paid to union members. Additionally, changing demographics may make it more difficult for us to recruit skilled employees in the future. Accordingly, we could experience a significant disruption of our operations or higher ongoing labor costs, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. In addition, whenever we seek to reduce workforce at any of our mills, the affected mill’s labor force could seek to hinder or delay such actions, we could incur material severance or other costs and our operations could be disrupted.

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We are dependent on key personnel.

Our future success depends, to a large extent, on the efforts and abilities of our executive and senior mill operating officers. Such officers are industry professionals, many of whom have operated through multiple business cycles.

The loss of one or more of our officers could make us less competitive, which could materially adversely affect our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. We do not maintain any key person life insurance for any of our executive or senior mill operating officers.

We may experience material disruptions to our production.

A material disruption at one of our manufacturing facilities could prevent us from meeting customer demand, reduce our pulp, lumber and energy sales and/or negatively impact our results of operations. Any of our mills could cease operations unexpectedly due to a number of events, including:

Any such downtime or facility damage could prevent us from meeting customer demand for our products and/or require us to make unplanned capital expenditures. If any of our facilities were to incur significant downtime, our ability to meet our production capacity targets and satisfy customer requirements would be impaired and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

If our long-lived assets become impaired, we may be required to record non-cash impairment charges that could have a material impact on our results of operations.

We review the carrying value of long-lived assets for impairment when events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amount of the assets may not be recoverable. Should the markets

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for our products deteriorate or should we decide to invest capital differently or should other cash flow assumptions change, it is possible that we will be required to record non-cash impairment charges in the future that could have a material adverse effect on our results of operations.

We may incur losses as a result of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic, terrorist attacks or natural disasters.

The occurrence of unforeseen or catastrophic events, including the emergence of a pandemic or other widespread health emergency (or concerns over the possibility of such an emergency), terrorist attacks or natural disasters, could create economic and financial disruptions and could lead to operational difficulties (including travel limitations) that could impair our ability to manage or operate our business and adversely affect our results of operations.

Our insurance coverage may not be adequate.

We have obtained insurance coverage that we believe would ordinarily be maintained by an operator of facilities similar to our mills. Our insurance is subject to various limits and exclusions. Damage or destruction to our facilities could result in claims that are excluded by, or exceed the limits of, our insurance coverage. Additionally, the weak global and financial markets have also reduced the availability and extent of credit insurance for our customers. If we cannot obtain adequate credit insurance for our customers, we may be forced to amend or curtail our planned operations which could negatively impact our sales revenues, results of operations and financial position.

We rely on third parties for transportation services.

Our business primarily relies upon third parties for the transportation of pulp and lumber to our customers, as well as for the delivery of our raw materials to our mills. Our pulp, lumber and raw materials are principally transported by truck, barge, rail and sea-going vessels, all of which are highly regulated. Increases in transportation rates can also materially adversely affect our results of operations.

Further, if our transportation providers fail to deliver our pulp or lumber in a timely manner, it could negatively impact our customer relationships and we may be unable to manufacture pulp or lumber in response to customer orders or sell them at full value. Also, if any of our transportation providers were to cease operations, we may be unable to replace them at a reasonable cost. The occurrence of any of the foregoing events could materially adversely affect our results of operations.

We periodically use derivatives to manage certain risks which could cause significant fluctuations in our operating results.

We periodically use derivatives related to currency exchange rates, interest rates, commodity prices and energy prices.

We record unrealized gains or losses on our derivative instruments when they are marked to market at the end of each reporting period and realized gains or losses on them when they are settled. These unrealized and realized gains and losses can materially impact our operating results for any reporting period.

If any of the variety of instruments and strategies we utilize is not effective, we may incur losses which may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows. The purpose of our derivative activity may also be considered speculative in nature; we do not use these instruments with respect to any pre-set percentage of revenues or other formula, but either to

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augment our potential gains or reduce our potential losses depending on our perception of future economic events and developments.

Failures or security breaches of our information technology systems could disrupt our operations and negatively impact our business.

We use information technologies to manage our operations and various business functions. We rely on various technologies to process, store and report on our business and to communicate electronically between our facilities, personnel, customers and suppliers as well as for administrative functions and many of such technology systems are independent on one another for their functionality. We also use information technologies to process financial information and results of operations for internal reporting purposes and to comply with regulatory, legal and tax requirements. We rely on third party providers for some of these information technologies and support. Our ability to effectively manage our business and coordinate the production, distribution and sale of our products is highly dependent on our technology systems. Despite our security design and controls and other operational safeguards, and those of our third party providers, our information technology systems may be vulnerable to a variety of interruptions, including during the process of upgrading or replacing hardware, software, databases or components thereof, natural disasters, terrorist attacks, telecommunications failures, computer viruses, cyber-attacks, hackers, unauthorized access attempts and other security issues or may be breached due to employee error, malfeasance or other disruptions. Any such interruption or breach could result in operational disruptions or the misappropriation of sensitive data that could subject us to civil and criminal penalties, litigation or have a negative impact on our reputation. There can be no assurance that such disruptions or misappropriations and the resulting repercussions will not negatively impact our cash flows and materially affect our results of operations or financial condition.

In addition, many of our information technology systems, such as those we use for administrative functions, including human resources, payroll, accounting and internal and external communications, as well as the information technology systems of our third-party business partners and service providers, whether cloud-based or hosted in proprietary servers, contain personal, financial or other information that is entrusted to us by our customers and personnel. Many of our information technology systems also contain proprietary and other confidential information related to our business, such as business plans and research and development initiatives. To the extent we or a third party were to experience a material breach of our or such third party’s information technology systems that result in the unauthorized access, theft, use, destruction or other compromises of our customers’ or personnel’s data or confidential information stored in such systems, including through cyber-attacks or other external or internal methods could result in a violation of applicable privacy and other laws, and subject us to litigation and governmental investigations and proceedings, any of which could result in our exposure to material liability. For example, the European Union adopted a new regulation that became effective in May 2018, called the General Data Protection Regulation, or “GDPR”, which requires companies to meet new requirements regarding the handling of personal data, including its use, protection and transfer and the ability of persons whose data is stored to correct or delete such data about themselves. Failure to meet the GDPR requirements could result in penalties of up to 4% of annual worldwide revenue. The GDPR also confers a private right of action on certain individuals and associations.

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The price of our common stock may be volatile.

The market price of our common stock may be influenced by many factors, some of which are beyond our control, including those described above and the following:

In addition, there has been significant volatility in the market price and trading volume of securities of companies operating in the forest products industry that often has been unrelated to the operating performance of particular companies. Some companies that have had volatile market prices for their securities have had securities litigation brought against them. If litigation of this type is brought against us, it could result in substantial costs and would divert management’s attention and resources.

A small number of our shareholders could significantly influence our business.

There are a few significant shareholders of our common stock who own a substantial percentage of the outstanding shares of our common stock. These few significant shareholders, either individually or acting together, may be able to exercise significant influence over matters requiring shareholder approval, including the election of directors and approval of significant corporate transactions, such as a merger or other sale of the company or our assets. This concentration of ownership may make it more difficult for other shareholders to effect substantial changes in the company, may have the effect of delaying, preventing or expediting, as the case may be, a change in control of the company and may adversely affect the market price of our common stock. Further, the possibility that one or more of these significant shareholders may sell all or a large portion of their common stock in a short period of time could adversely affect the trading price of our common stock. Also, the interests of these few shareholders may not be in the best interests of all shareholders.

Our international sales and operations are subject to applicable laws relating to trade, export controls and foreign corrupt practices, the violation of which could adversely affect our operations.

As a result of our international sales and operations, we are subject to trade and economic sanctions and other restrictions imposed by the United States, Canada and other governments or organizations, including prohibitions in the United States against foreign competitors’ (including our operating subsidiaries) receipt of certain unlawful foreign governmental benefits. We are also subject to the U.S. Foreign Corrupt Practices Act of 1977, the Canadian Corruption of Foreign Public Officials Act and other anti-bribery laws that generally bar bribes or unreasonable gifts to foreign governments or officials. Changes in trade sanctions laws could restrict our business practices, including cessation of business activities in sanctioned countries or with sanctioned entities, and may result in modifications to compliance

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programs. Violations of these laws or regulations could result in sanctions including fines, loss of authorizations needed to conduct our international business, the imposition of tariffs or duties and other penalties, which could adversely impact our business, operating results and financial condition.

We are exposed to interest rate fluctuations.

Interest on borrowings under our revolving credit facilities are at “floating” rates. As a result, increases in interest rates will increase our costs of borrowing and reduce our operating margins.

None.

We own the Rosenthal, Stendal, Celgar, Peace River pulp mills, the Friesau mill and their underlying properties and have a 50% joint venture interest in the Cariboo pulp mill. We also own sandalwood plantations in Western Australia.

Rosenthal Mill. The Rosenthal mill is situated on a 230 acre site in the town of Rosenthal am Rennsteig in the state of Thüringia, approximately 300 kilometers south of Berlin. The Saale River flows through the site of the mill. In late 1999, we completed a major capital project which converted the Rosenthal mill to the production of kraft pulp. It is a single line mill with a current annual production capacity of approximately 360,000 ADMTs of kraft pulp. The mill is self-sufficient in steam and electrical power. Some excess electrical power which is constantly generated is sold to the regional power grid. The facilities at the mill include:

Stendal Mill. The Stendal mill is situated on a 200 acre site owned by Stendal that is part of a larger 1,250 acre industrial park near the town of Stendal in the state of Saxony-Anhalt, approximately 300 kilometers north of the Rosenthal mill and 130 kilometers west of Berlin. The mill is adjacent to the Elbe River and has access to harbor facilities for water transportation. The mill is a single line mill with a current annual design production capacity of approximately 660,000 ADMTs of kraft pulp. The Stendal mill

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is self-sufficient in steam and electrical power. Some excess electrical power which is constantly being generated is sold to the regional power grid. The facilities at the mill include:

Celgar Mill. The Celgar mill is situated on a 400 acre site near the city of Castlegar, British Columbia. The mill is located on the south bank of the Columbia River, approximately 600 kilometers east of the port city of Vancouver, British Columbia, and approximately 32 kilometers north of the Canada-U.S. border. The city of Seattle, Washington is approximately 650 kilometers southwest of Castlegar. The Celgar mill is a single line mill with a current annual production capacity of approximately 520,000 ADMTs of kraft pulp. Internal power generating capacity resulting from the completion of the Celgar Energy Project in 2010 enables the Celgar mill to be self-sufficient in electrical power and to sell surplus electricity. The facilities at the Celgar mill include:

Peace River Mill. The Peace River mill is situated on a 791 acre site near the town of Peace River, Alberta, approximately 490 kilometers north of Edmonton. The mill has an annual production capacity of approximately 475,000 ADMTs of kraft pulp and 65 MW of electrical generation. The facilities at the Peace River mill include:

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Friesau Mill. The Friesau mill is situated on a 62 acre site in the town of Saalburg-Ebersdorf, Germany, approximately 300 kilometers south of Berlin and only 16 kilometers from the Rosenthal mill. It is a two line sawmill with an annual production capacity of approximately 550 MMfbm of lumber on a continuously operating basis. The mill also sells electrical power generation to the regional power grid at fixed green power tariffs. The mill is self-sufficient in thermal power. The facilities at the Friesau mill include:

Santanol. Santanol owns and leases approximately 2,500 hectares of existing Indian sandalwood plantations and a processing and extraction plant in Western Australia.

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The Manufacturing Process

The following diagram provides a simplified description of the kraft pulp manufacturing process at our pulp mills:

In order to transform wood chips into kraft pulp, wood chips undergo a multi-step process involving the following principal stages: chip screening, digesting, pulp washing, screening, bleaching and drying.

In the initial processing stage, wood chips are screened to remove oversized chips and sawdust and are conveyed to a pressurized digester where they are heated and cooked with chemicals. This occurs in a continuous process at the Celgar, Peace River, Cariboo and Rosenthal mills and in a batch process at the Stendal mill. This process softens and eventually dissolves the phenolic material called lignin that binds the fibers to each other in the wood.

Cooked pulp flows out of the digester and is washed and screened to remove most of the residual spent chemicals and partially cooked wood chips. The pulp then undergoes a series of bleaching stages where the brightness of the pulp is gradually increased. Finally, the bleached pulp is sent to the pulp machine where it is dried to achieve a dryness level of approximately 90%. The pulp is then ready to be baled for shipment to customers.

A significant feature of kraft pulping technology is the recovery system, whereby chemicals used in the cooking process are captured and extracted for re-use, which reduces chemical costs and improves

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environmental performance. During the cooking stage, dissolved organic wood materials and used chemicals, collectively known as black liquor, are extracted from the digester. After undergoing an evaporation process, black liquor is burned in a recovery boiler. The chemical compounds of the black liquor are collected from the recovery boiler and are reconstituted into cooking chemicals used in the digesting stage through additional processing in the recausticizing plant.

The heat produced by the recovery boiler is used to generate high-pressure steam. Additional steam is generated by a power boiler through the combustion of biomass consisting of bark and other wood residuals from sawmills and our woodrooms and residue generated by the effluent treatment system. Additionally, during times of upset, we may use natural gas to generate steam. The high pressure steam produced by the recovery and power boilers is used to power a turbine generator to generate electricity, low pressure steam coming off the turbine is then used to provide heat for the digesting and pulp drying processes.

Our Friesau mill principally manufactures finished sawn lumber milled from spruce and pine, including European metric and specialty lumber, U.S. dimensional lumber and J-grade lumber, in various sizes and grades. The process for manufacturing lumber results in a significant percentage of each sawlog ending up as by-products or residuals such as wood chips, trim blocks, sawdust shavings and bark, which are typically sold to a wide variety of customers. In addition, we utilize a significant portion of the chips from the Friesau mill at our Rosenthal pulp mill.

Other Properties. In addition, we own a logistics and reload center near Trail, British Columbia and lease offices in Vancouver, British Columbia, Berlin, Arneburg and Hamburg, Germany, Perth, Australia and Seattle, Washington.

We are subject to routine litigation incidental to our business. We do not believe that the outcome of such litigation will have a material adverse effect on our business or financial condition.

Not applicable.

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PART II

(a)        Market Information. Our shares are quoted for trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “MERC”. The following table sets forth the high and low sale prices of our shares on the NASDAQ Global Select Market for each quarter in the two-year period ended December 31, 2018:

(b)        Shareholder Information. As at February 13, 2019, there were approximately 200 holders of record of our shares and a total of 65,201,661 shares were outstanding.

(c)        Dividend Information. On February 14, 2019, our board of directors approved a quarterly dividend of $0.125 per share to be paid to holders of our common stock on April 3, 2019 to shareholders of record on March 27, 2019.

In 2018, our board of directors approved four quarterly dividend payments of $0.125 per share each, the first being paid on April 4, 2018, the second being paid on July 6, 2018, the third being paid on October 3, 2018 and the fourth being paid on December 20, 2018.

The further declaration and payment of dividends is at the discretion of our board of directors and will depend upon various factors, including our earnings, financial condition, restrictions imposed by our credit facilities and the terms of any other indebtedness that may be outstanding, cash requirements, future prospects and other factors deemed relevant by our board of directors. The indentures governing our Senior Notes and our credit facilities limit our ability to pay dividends or make other distributions on capital stock. See Item 1. “Business – Description of Certain Indebtedness”.

(d)        Equity Compensation Plans. The following table sets forth information as at December 31, 2018 with respect to the shares of our common stock that may be issued under our existing equity compensation plans.

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(e)        Performance Graph. The following graph shows a five-year comparison of cumulative total shareholder return, calculated on an assumed dividend reinvested basis, for our common stock, the NASDAQ Stock Market Index, referred to as the “NASDAQ Index”, and Standard Industrial Classification, or “SIC”, Code Index (SIC Code 2611 - pulp mills), referred to as the “Industry Index”. The graph assumes $100 was invested in each of our common stock, the NASDAQ Index and the Industry Index on December 31, 2013. Data points on the graph are annual.

COMPARISON OF CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

ASSUMES $100 INVESTED DEC. 31, 2013

ASSUMES DIVIDENDS REINVESTED

FISCAL YEAR ENDING DEC. 31, 2018

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The following table sets forth selected historical financial and operating data as at and for the years indicated. The following selected financial data are qualified in their entirety by, and should be read in conjunction with, our consolidated financial statements and related notes contained in this annual report and Item 7. “Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations”.