UNITED STATES SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

 

 

 

 

Form 10-K

 

 

Commission File Number 001-34091

 

 

 

 

MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

 

 

(212) 813-6000
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

 

 

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OF THE ACT:

 

 

SECURITIES REGISTERED PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(g) OF THE ACT:
None

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Act.  Yes o     No þ

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.  Yes þ     No o

 

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§ 229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K.  o

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):

(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)

 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).  Yes o     No þ

 

The aggregate market value of the shares of common stock and non-voting common stock held by non-affiliates of the registrant as of June 30, 2008 (the last business day of the registrant’s most recently completed second fiscal quarter) was approximately $239.7 million computed by reference to the last reported sale price on the NASDAQ Global Select Market on that date. For purposes of this calculation, affiliates are considered to be officers, directors and holders of 10% or more of the outstanding common stock of the registrant on that date. The registrant had 30,988,380 shares of common stock, 1,872,115 of which were held by affiliates, and 2,585,654 shares of non-voting common stock outstanding on that date.

 

At February 26, 2009, the aggregate number of shares of the registrant’s common stock and non-voting common stock outstanding was 34,265,652.

 

DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE

 

Portions of the registrant’s definitive proxy statement for the 2009 Annual Meeting of Stockholders are incorporated by reference into Items 10, 11, 12, 13 and 14 of Part III of this Form 10-K.

 

 

MARKETAXESS HOLDINGS INC.

 

2008 FORM 10-K ANNUAL REPORT

 

TABLE OF CONTENTS

 

 

Forward-Looking Statements

 

This report contains certain “forward-looking statements” within the meaning of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. Forward-looking statements may be identified by words such as “expects,” “intends,” “anticipates,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “will,” or words of similar meaning and include, but are not limited to, statements regarding the outlook for our future business and financial performance. Forward-looking statements are based on management’s current expectations and assumptions, which are subject to inherent uncertainties, risks and changes in circumstances that are difficult to predict. It is routine for our internal projections and expectations to change as the year or each quarter in the year progresses, and therefore it should be clearly understood that the internal projections and beliefs upon which we base our expectations may change prior to the end of each quarter or the year. Although these expectations may change, we are under no obligation to revise or update any forward-looking statements contained in this report. Our company policy is generally to provide our expectations only once per quarter, and not to update that information until the next quarter. Actual future events or results may differ, perhaps materially, from those contained in the projections or forward-looking statements. Factors that could cause or contribute to such differences include those discussed below and elsewhere in this report, particularly in Item 1A “Risk Factors.”

 

 

MarketAxess operates one of the leading platforms for the electronic trading of corporate bonds and certain other types of fixed-income securities. Through our platform, 649 active institutional investor client firms (firms that executed at least one trade in U.S. or European fixed-income securities through our electronic trading platform between January 2008 and December 2008) can access the aggregate liquidity provided by the collective interest of our 48 broker-dealer clients in buying or selling bonds through our platform. Our active institutional investor clients include investment advisers, mutual funds, insurance companies, public and private pension funds, bank portfolios and hedge funds. Our DealerAxess^® trading service allows dealers to trade fixed-income securities and credit default swaps with each other on our platform. Through our Corporate BondTicker^TM service, we provide fixed-income market data, analytics and compliance tools that help our clients make trading decisions. We provide FIX (Financial Information eXchange) message management tools, connectivity solutions and ancillary technology services that facilitate the electronic communication of order information between trading counterparties.

 

Our multi-dealer request for quote (“RFQ”) trading platform allows our institutional investor clients to simultaneously request competing, executable bids or offers from our broker-dealer clients and execute trades with the broker-dealer of their choice from among those that choose to respond. We offer our broker-dealer clients a solution that enables them to efficiently reach our institutional investor clients for the distribution and trading of bonds. In addition to U.S. high-grade corporate bonds, European high-grade corporate bonds and emerging markets bonds, including both investment-grade and non-investment grade debt, we also offer our clients the ability to trade crossover and high-yield bonds, agency bonds and credit default swaps (“CDS”).

 

The majority of our revenues are derived from monthly distribution fees and commissions for trades executed on our platform that are billed to our broker-dealer clients on a monthly basis. We also derive revenues from technology products and services, information and user access fees, investment income and other income. Our expenses consist of employee compensation and benefits, depreciation and amortization, technology and communication expenses, professional and consulting fees, occupancy, marketing and advertising and general and administrative expenses.

 

Traditionally, bond trading has been a manual process, with product and price discovery conducted over the telephone between two or more parties. This traditional process has a number of shortcomings resulting primarily from the lack of a central trading facility for these securities, which creates difficulty matching buyers and sellers for particular issues. In recent years, an increasing number of corporate bond trading participants have utilized e-mail and other electronic means of communication for trading corporate bonds. While this has addressed some of the shortcomings associated with traditional corporate bond trading, we believe that the process is still hindered by

limited liquidity, limited price transparency, significant transaction costs, compliance and regulatory challenges, and difficulty in executing numerous trades at one time.

 

Through our disclosed multi-dealer RFQ platform, our institutional investor clients can determine prices available for a security, a process called price discovery, as well as trade securities directly with our broker-dealer clients. The price discovery process includes the ability to view indicative prices from the broker-dealer clients’ inventory available on our platform, access to real-time pricing information and analytical tools (including spread-to-Treasury data, search capabilities and independent third-party credit research) available on our Corporate BondTicker^TM service and the ability to request executable bids and offers simultaneously from up to 36 of our broker-dealer clients during the trade process. On average, institutional investor clients receive several bids or offers from broker-dealer clients in response to trade inquiries. However, some trade inquiries may not receive any bids or offers. Our services relating to trade execution include single and multiple-dealer inquiries; list trading, which is the ability to request bids and offers on multiple bonds at the same time; and swap trading, which is the ability to request an offer to purchase one bond and a bid to sell another bond, in a manner such that the two trades will be executed simultaneously, with payment based on the price differential of the bonds. Once a trade is completed on our platform, the broker-dealer client and institutional investor client may settle the trade with the assistance of our automated post-trade messaging, which facilitates the communication of trade acknowledgment and allocation information between our institutional investor and broker-dealer clients. Typically, we are not a party to the trades that occur on our platform between institutional investor clients and broker-dealer clients; rather, we serve as an intermediary between broker-dealers and institutional investors, enabling them to meet, agree on a price and then transact with each other. However, we do execute certain bond transactions between and among institutional investor and broker-dealer clients on a riskless principal basis by serving as counterparty to both the buyer and the seller in matching back-to-back trades, which are then settled through a third-party clearing organization.

 

Our DealerAxess^® anonymous cross-matching service, which we introduced in June 2006, allows our broker-dealer clients to transact U.S. corporate and emerging markets bond and CDS trades on our platform with other broker-dealer clients. Our broker-dealer clients can execute these trades in a more efficient manner and at lower transaction costs than in the traditional voice-brokered inter-dealer market. Although DealerAxess^® is a completely segregated trading platform, it shares the same core technology as our client-to-dealer platform. MarketAxess Corporation, our U.S. subsidiary, acts as intermediary on a riskless principal basis in bond transactions between broker-dealer clients by serving as counterparty to the two broker-dealer clients involved. CDS transactions are conducted on the DealerAxess^® platform on a name give-up basis and are directly settled between the two trading counterparties.

 

Our client base includes 48 broker-dealers, including the majority of the leading broker dealers in global fixed-income trading, and 649 active institutional investor firms. Our broker-dealer clients accounted for approximately 97% of the underwriting of newly-issued U.S. high-grade corporate bonds and approximately 68% of the underwriting of newly issued European high-grade corporate bonds in 2008. We believe these broker-dealers also represent the principal source of secondary market liquidity in the other markets in which we operate. Secondary market liquidity refers to the ability of market participants to buy or sell a security quickly and in large volume subsequent to the original issuance of the security, without substantially affecting the price of the security. Our broker-dealer clients currently trade fixed-income securities by traditional means including telephone, e-mail and proprietary single-dealer systems in addition to our electronic trading platform and we expect them to continue to do so in the future. We believe that these traditional means of trading remain the manner in which the majority of bonds are traded between institutional investors and broker-dealers. Our volume in U.S. high-grade corporate bonds represented approximately 6.6% of the total U.S. high-grade corporate bond volume, excluding convertible bonds, for 2008 as reported by the Financial Industry Regulatory Authority (“FINRA”) Trade Reporting and Compliance Engine (“TRACE”), which includes inter-dealer and retail trading as well as trading between institutional investors and broker-dealers. We have not identified a reliable source of data relating to the size of the other markets we serve and therefore we are unable to accurately determine the total volume of secondary trading of these bonds or the portion of such trading conducted on our platform.

Industry Background

 

Fixed-income securities are issued by corporations, governments and other entities, and pay a pre-set absolute or relative rate of return. As of September 30, 2008 there were approximately $33.2 trillion of fixed-income securities outstanding in the U.S. market, including $6.1 trillion of U.S. corporate bonds. We are primarily active in six segments of the credit markets within the global fixed-income securities market: U.S. high-grade corporate bonds; European high-grade corporate bonds; emerging markets bonds; crossover and high-yield bonds; agency bonds; and CDS.

 

The past 18 months has been a period of significant turmoil in the U.S. and European credit markets, especially in short-term funding and floating rate note instruments. A widespread retrenchment in the credit markets resulted in increased credit spreads and significantly higher credit spread volatility across a wide range of asset classes. Credit yield spreads in U.S. corporate bonds, as measured by the Credit Suisse Liquid U.S. Corporate Index (“LUCI”), increased from 1.0% over U.S Treasuries in June 2007 to 5.3% in December 2008. Credit spread volatility in U.S. corporate bonds, as measured by the LUCI Index, increased from 0.7% in June 2007 to 11.7% in December 2008. The average daily trading volume of U.S. high-grade corporate bonds for the year ended December 31, 2008, as measured by TRACE, decreased by 9.0% compared to 2007. We believe the resultant lack of liquidity in the credit markets led institutional investors to reduce overall bond trading activity and conduct a higher percentage of their trades directly with their broker-dealer counterparties via the telephone, resulting in lower volumes on our platform. We also believe that a stabilization of credit market conditions, at higher overall levels of credit spreads, is likely to favorably impact the volume of trades conducted over our platform.

 

U.S. High-Grade Corporate Bond Market

 

The total amount of U.S. corporate bonds outstanding has grown from $3.0 trillion as of December 31, 1999 to $6.1 trillion as of September 30, 2008. The average daily trading volume of U.S. corporate bonds (investment grade and high yield), as measured by TRACE, has decreased from approximately $17.9 billion in 2002 (the first calendar year for which such data are available) to $12.1 billion in 2008. We believe that this decline in average daily trading volumes is due to cyclical credit market conditions, including the recent turmoil in the credit markets.

 

The U.S. corporate bond market consists of three broad categories of securities: investment-grade debt (so-called “high-grade”), which typically refers to debt rated BBB- or better by Standard & Poor’s or Baa3 or better by Moody’s Investor Service; debt rated below investment-grade (so-called “high-yield”), which typically refers to debt rated lower than BBB- by Standard & Poor’s or Baa3 by Moody’s Investor Service; and debt convertible into equity (so-called “convertible debt”).

 

The U.S. high-grade corporate bond market, which represents the largest subset of the U.S. corporate bond market, has undergone significant change over the last decade, which has been driven by a number of factors, including:

 

 

 

 

European High-Grade Corporate Bond Market

 

The European high-grade corporate bond market consists of a broad range of products, issuers and currencies. We define the European high-grade corporate bond market generally to consist of bonds intended to be distributed to European investors, primarily bonds issued by European corporations, excluding bonds that are issued by a corporation domiciled in an emerging markets country and excluding most government bonds that trade in Europe. Examples include:

 

 

We believe that the European high-grade corporate bond market is impacted by many of the same factors as the U.S. high-grade corporate bond market. In addition, we believe the following factors are unique to the European high-grade corporate bond market:

 

 

 

Emerging Markets Bond Market

 

We define the emerging markets bond market generally to include U.S. dollar, Euro or local currency denominated bonds issued by sovereign entities or corporations domiciled in a developing country. These issuers are typically located in Latin America, Asia, or Central and Eastern Europe. Examples of countries we classify as emerging markets include: Brazil, Colombia, Mexico, Peru, the Philippines, Russia, Turkey and Venezuela.

 

The institutional investor base for emerging markets bonds includes many crossover investors from the high-yield and high-grade investment areas. Institutional investors have been drawn to emerging markets bonds by their high returns and high growth potential. Demand for emerging markets bonds declined significantly in the fourth quarter of 2008 as the turmoil in the credit markets and the world-wide recession impacted the emerging markets. As a result, emerging markets bond prices fell steeply, with the JPMorgan emerging markets sovereign external debt and corporate bond indices down 10.9% and 16.2%, respectively, during 2008.

 

Crossover and High-Yield Bond Market

 

We define the high-yield bond market generally to include all debt rated lower than BBB- by Standard & Poor’s or Baa3 by Moody’s Investor Service. We define the crossover market to include any debt issue rated below investment grade by one agency but investment grade by the other. The total amount of high-yield corporate bonds yearly issuance has grown from $130.9 billion for the year ended December 31, 2003 to approximately $136.3 billion for the year ended December 31, 2007. During 2008, high-yield corporate bond issuance declined to $52.2 billion primarily due to the risk aversion among corporate bond investors that severely limited the ability of high-yield issuers to raise new debt.

 

FINRA began publicly disseminating real-time price information on approximately 12,000 high-yield corporate bond issues in 2005. Trades in bonds rated BB and lower are subject to immediate dissemination if the trade size is less than $1 million, or greater than $1 million and trades an average of once or more a day. The disseminated set was expanded on February 1, 2005 to include reporting of certain transactions on a delayed basis. The average daily trading volume of high-yield bonds reported by FINRA for the year ended December 31, 2008 was $4.0 billion.

 

Agency Bond Market

 

We define the agency bond market to include debt issued by a U.S. government-sponsored enterprise. Some prominent issuers of agency bonds are the Federal National Mortgage Association (“Fannie Mae”) and Federal Home Loan Mortgage Corporation (“Freddie Mac”). The total amount of U.S. agency bonds outstanding has grown from $1.9 trillion as of December 31, 2000 to $3.2 trillion as of September 30, 2008. The Federal Reserve Bank of New York reported average daily trading volume in federal agency and government sponsored enterprise coupon securities (excluding mortgage-backed securities) for 2008 of $19.9 billion.

 

Credit Default Swap Market

 

Credit default swaps are contracts on an underlying asset that transfer risk and return from one party to another without transferring ownership of the underlying asset, allowing market participants to obtain credit protection or

assume credit exposure associated with a broad range of issuers of fixed-income securities and other debt obligations. They are often designed to hedge other exposures and can be tied to particular events, such as a default, bankruptcy or ratings downgrade. CDS can provide increased flexibility and liquidity for investors and lenders to diversify their credit risk. Approximately half of the volume traded in CDS is index products, which give exposure to a defined basket of underlying CDS. The remainder is traded in single-name CDS. The trading volumes and notional amount outstanding in CDS transactions grew rapidly between 2002 and 2007. However, during 2008 growth in the CDS market stagnated due to concern over the risks associated with these products, in particular the counterparty credit risks. As a result, the notional amount of CDS outstanding decreased in the first half of 2008 from $62.2 trillion as of December 31, 2007 to $54.6 trillion as of June 30, 2008. To address the counterparty credit concerns, structural changes have been proposed for the CDS market that include the creation of CDS clearing houses that will serve as central counterparties for CDS transactions. We believe that the introduction of the clearing houses is likely to result in more standardized contracts and greater price transparency. The total notional amount of outstanding CDS, is detailed in the chart below.

 

 

Our Competitive Strengths

 

Our electronic trading platform provides solutions to some of the shortcomings of traditional bond trading methods. The benefits of our solution are demonstrable throughout the trading cycle:

 

 

We believe that we are well positioned to strengthen our market position in electronic trading in our existing products and to extend our presence into new products and services by capitalizing on our competitive strengths, including:

 

Significant Trading Volumes with Participation by Leading Broker-Dealers and Institutional Investors

 

Our electronic trading platform provides access to the liquidity provided through the participation on our platform of 48, including the majority of the leading broker-dealers in global fixed-income trading, and 649 active institutional investor firms. We believe these broker-dealers represent the principal source of secondary market

liquidity for U.S. high-grade corporate bonds, European high-grade corporate bonds, emerging markets bonds and the other markets in which we operate. Our broker-dealer clients are motivated to continue to utilize our platform due to the presence on the platform of our large network of institutional investor clients. We believe that if we continue to grow the participation of our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients on our electronic trading platform, the benefits in liquidity on the platform to both broker-dealers and institutional investors will be amplified, further motivating them to use our platform. The number of our active institutional investor clients for the past seven years has been as follows:

 

 

Our total trading volume over the past seven years is indicated below:

 

 

Our volume in U.S. high-grade corporate bonds grew from approximately 6.4% of total U.S. high-grade corporate bond volume, excluding convertible bonds, in 2004 as reported by FINRA TRACE, which includes inter-dealer and retail trading as well as trading between institutional investors and broker-dealers, to approximately 9.4% in 2007. However, following the turmoil in the credit markets, our market share in 2008 declined to approximately 6.6%. We believe the resultant lack of liquidity in the credit markets led institutional investors to reduce overall bond trading activity and conduct a higher percentage of their trades directly with their broker-dealer

counterparties via the telephone, resulting in lower volumes on our platform. Our approximate market share from 2004 to 2008 is shown in the chart below:

 

 

We have not identified a reliable source of data relating to the size of the other markets we serve and therefore we are unable to accurately determine the total volume of secondary trading of these bonds or the portion of such trading conducted on our platform.

 

Because FINRA TRACE began identifying inter-dealer as opposed to client-to-dealer trades in November 2008, we will be able to identify the portion of client-to-dealer trading conducted on our platform in future periods.

 

Execution Benefits to Clients

 

Benefits to Institutional Investor Clients

 

We believe we provide numerous benefits to our institutional investor clients over traditional fixed-income trading methods, including:

 

Competitive Prices.  By enabling institutional investors to simultaneously request bids or offers from our broker-dealer clients, we believe our electronic trading platform creates an environment that motivates our broker-dealer clients to provide competitive prices and gives institutional investors confidence that they are obtaining a competitive price. For typical MarketAxess multi-dealer corporate bond inquiries prior to 2008, the range of competitive spread-to-Treasury responses was, on average, approximately 10 basis points (a basis point is 1/100 of 1% in yield), although in 2008 that range widened to 35 basis points. As an example of the potential cost savings to institutional investors, a one basis point savings on a $1 million face amount trade of a bond with 10 years to maturity translates to aggregate savings of approximately $750.00.

 

Transparent Pricing on a Range of Securities.  The commingled multi-dealer inventory of bonds posted by our broker-dealer clients on our platform consists of a daily average of more than $80 billion in indicative bids and offers. Subject to applicable regulatory requirements, institutional investors can search bonds in inventory based on any combination of issuer, issue, rating, maturity, spread-to-Treasury, size and dealer providing the listing, in a fraction of the time it takes to do so manually. Institutional investor clients can also request executable bids and offers on our electronic trading platform on any debt security in a database of U.S. and European corporate bonds, although there can be no assurance as to the number of broker-dealers who will choose to provide an executable price. Our platform transmits bid and offer requests in real-time to broker-dealer clients, who may respond with executable prices within a time period specified by the institutional investor. Institutional investors may also elect to display live requests for bids or offers anonymously to all other users of our electronic trading platform, in order to

create broader visibility of their inquiry among market participants and increase the likelihood that the request results in a trade. We believe that broader participation in client inquiries will result in more trade matches and lower transaction costs.

 

Improved Cost Efficiency.  We believe that we provide improved efficiency by reducing the time and labor required to conduct broad product and price discovery. Single-security and multi-security (bid or offer lists) inquiries can be efficiently conducted with multiple broker-dealers. In addition, our Corporate BondTicker^TM eliminates the need for manually-intensive phone calls or e-mail communication to gather, sort and analyze information concerning historical transaction prices.

 

Benefits to Broker-Dealer Clients

 

We also provide substantial benefits to our broker-dealer clients over traditional fixed-income trading methods, including:

 

Greater Sales Efficiency.  We offer our broker-dealer clients broad connectivity with their institutional investor clients. Through this connectivity, our broker-dealer clients are able to efficiently display their indications of interest to buy and sell various securities. We also enable broker-dealers to broaden their distribution by participating in transactions to which they otherwise may not have had access. In addition, the ability to post prices and electronically execute on straightforward trades enables bond sales professionals at broker-dealer firms to focus their efforts on more profitable activities, such as higher value-added trades and more complex transactions.

 

More Efficient Inventory Management.  The posting of inventory to, and the ability to respond to inquiries from, a broad pool of institutional investors, creates an increased opportunity for broker-dealers to identify demand for their inventory, particularly in less liquid securities. As a result, we believe they can achieve enhanced bond inventory turnover, which may limit credit exposure.

 

Benefits to Both Institutional Investor and Broker-Dealer Clients

 

We offer additional benefits over traditional fixed-income trading methods that are shared by both institutional investor and broker-dealer clients, including:

 

Greater Trading Accuracy.  Our electronic trading platform includes verification mechanisms at various stages of the execution process which result in greater accuracy in the processing, confirming and clearing of trades between institutional investor and broker-dealer clients. These verification mechanisms are designed to ensure that our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients are sending accurate trade messages by providing multiple opportunities to verify they are trading the correct bond, at the agreed-upon price and size. Our platform assists our institutional investor clients in automating the transmittal of order tickets from the portfolio manager to the trader, and from the trader to back-office personnel. This automation provides more timely execution and a reduction in the likelihood of errors that can result from information being manually entered into different systems.

 

Efficient Risk Monitoring and Compliance.  Institutional investors and their regulators are increasingly focused on ensuring that best execution is achieved for fixed-income trades. Our electronic trading platform offers both institutional investors and broker-dealers an automated audit trail for each stage in the trading cycle. This enables compliance personnel to review information relating to trades more easily and with greater reliability. Trade information including time, price and spread-to-Treasury is stored securely and automatically on our electronic trading platform. These data represent a valuable source of information for our clients’ compliance personnel. Importantly, we believe the automated audit trail, together with the competitive pricing that is a feature of our electronic trading platform, gives fiduciaries the ability to demonstrate that they have achieved best execution on behalf of their clients.

Other Service Offerings

 

In addition to services directly related to the execution of trades, we offer our clients several other services, including:

 

Information Services.  The information and analytical tools we provide to our clients help them make investment and trading decisions. Our Corporate BondTicker^TM provides access to real-time and historical price, yield and MarketAxess estimated spread-to-Treasuries for publicly disseminated FINRA TRACE-eligible bonds. Corporate BondTicker^TM combines publicly-available TRACE data with the prices for trades executed on our U.S. high-grade electronic trading platform, integrating the two data sources and providing real-time TRACE data with associated analytical tools that are not otherwise available. Corporate BondTicker^TM provides end-of-day CDS pricing data combined with CDS analytics and screening tools that incorporate cash bond and equity market data. In November 2008, we introduced an alliance with Markit Group Limited (“Markit”) enabling institutional investors to use Markit Quotes within the MarketAxess data and trading system to observe indicative CDS and corporate bond prices. In addition, Corporate BondTicker^TM provides indicative prices for secondary loans, through arrangements with certain of our broker-dealer clients, and independent third-party credit research. Our electronic trading platform allows institutional investors to compile, sort and use information to discover investment opportunities that might have been difficult or impossible to identify using a manual information gathering process or other electronic services.

 

In November 2006, we added a comprehensive set of reports designed to review and monitor credit trading activity for institutional investor clients. It utilizes extensive TRACE information and has a flexible interface to run and save reports in a variety of formats for both compliance and management reporting. For example, the best execution report provides a view of the savings generated by trading on our electronic trading platform and offers a quantitative measure of the value of price discovery from multiple dealers. The report allows clients to monitor performance against their own best execution policy. Our compliance product provides a printed history of each inquiry submitted through the MarketAxess trading platform.

 

Straight-Through Processing.  Straight-through processing (“STP”) refers to the integration of systems and processes to automate the trade process from end-to-end — trade execution, confirmation and settlement — without the need for manual intervention. Our electronic trading platform provides broker-dealers and institutional investors with the ability to automate portions of their transaction processing requirements, improving accuracy and efficiency. Through electronic messaging, institutional investors can submit inquiries to, and receive electronic notices of execution from us, in industry standard protocols, complete with all relevant trade details. Institutional investors can download trade messages, allocate trades to sub-accounts on whose behalf the trades were made and send the allocations to broker-dealers for confirmation.

 

Technology Products and Services.  In addition to our trading platform, we provide a suite of technology products. In November 2007, we formed a new subsidiary, MarketAxess Technologies Inc., which acquired certain assets of Trade West Systems, LLC (“TWS”). TWS is an Utah-based financial software and technology services provider focused on providing gateway adapters for connecting order management systems and trading systems to fixed-income trading venues. In March 2008, we acquired Greenline Financial Technologies, Inc. (“Greenline”), an Illinois-based provider of integration, testing and management solutions for FIX-related products and services designed to optimize the electronic trading of fixed-income, equity and other exchange-based products.

 

Robust, Scalable Technology

 

We have developed proprietary technology that is highly secure, fault-tolerant and provides adequate capacity for our current operations, as well as for substantial growth. Our highly scalable systems are designed to accommodate additional volume, products and clients with relatively little modification and low incremental costs.

 

Proven Innovator with an Experienced Management Team

 

Since our inception, we have been an innovator in the fixed-income securities markets. Our management team is comprised of executives with an average of more than 20 years’ experience in the securities industry. We have consistently sought to benefit participants in the markets we serve by attempting to replicate the essential features of

fixed-income trading, including the existing relationships between broker-dealers and their institutional investor clients, while applying technology to eliminate weaknesses in traditional trading methods. In 2008, Credit magazine recognized MarketAxess as “Best Multi-Dealer Credit Default Swaps Trading Platform” for the second consecutive year, “Best Multi-Dealer Corporate Bond Trading Platform” for the fourth consecutive year and “Best Market Innovation” in the U.S. We were recognized as the “Best Multi-Dealer Credit Default Swaps Trading Platform” in 2008 in Europe.

 

Some of the innovations we have introduced to electronic trading include:

 

 

Our Strategy

 

Our objective is to provide the leading global electronic trading platform for fixed-income securities, connecting broker-dealers and institutional investors more easily and efficiently, while offering a broad array of information, trading and technology services to market participants across the trading cycle. The key elements of our strategy are:

 

Enhance the Liquidity of Securities Traded on Our Platform and Broaden Our Client Base in Our Existing Markets

 

We intend to further enhance the liquidity of securities traded on our leading electronic, multi-dealer to client fixed-income platform. Our ability to innovate and efficiently add new functionality and product offerings to the MarketAxess platform will help us deepen our market share with our existing clients, as well as expand our client base, which we believe will in turn lead to even further increases in the liquidity of the securities provided by our broker-dealer clients and available on our platform. We will seek to increase the number of active European institutional investor clients using our U.S. electronic trading platform, subject to regulatory requirements.

 

Leverage our Existing Technology and Client Relationships to Expand into New Sectors of the Fixed-Income Securities Market

 

We intend to leverage our technology, as well as our strong broker-dealer and institutional investor relationships, to deploy our electronic trading platform into additional product segments within the fixed-income securities markets and deliver fixed-income securities-related technical services and products. As an example, in 2005 and 2006, respectively, we introduced CDS index trading and CDS single-name trading on our platform. Due in part to our highly scalable systems, we believe we will be able to enter new markets efficiently.

 

Leverage our Existing Technology and Client Relationships to Expand into New Client Segments

 

We intend to leverage our technology and client relationships to deploy our electronic trading platform into new client segments. As an example, in June 2006 we introduced our DealerAxess^® service, which allows our broker-dealer clients to transact U.S. corporate bond, emerging markets bond and CDS trades on our platform with

other broker-dealer clients and, in 2008, we expanded the base of broker-dealers on our platform to include both regional and diversity dealers.

 

Continue to Strengthen and Expand our Trade-Related Service Offerings

 

We plan to continue building our existing service offerings so that our electronic trading platform is more fully integrated into the workflow of our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients. We also plan to continue to add functionality to enhance the ability of our clients to achieve a fully automated, end-to-end straight-through processing solution (automation from trade initiation to settlement). We are continually considering the introduction of new trading techniques. As an example, in the fourth quarter of 2008, we introduced public Market Lists for corporate bonds that give institutional investors the ability to display live requests for bids and offers anonymously to the entire MarketAxess trading community.

 

Expand our Data and Information Services Offerings

 

We regularly add new content and analytical capabilities to Corporate BondTicker^TM in order to improve the value of the information we provide to our clients. In November 2006, we introduced compliance reporting tools for our institutional investor clients that assist them in monitoring best execution requirements for fixed-income trades. In November 2008, we introduced an alliance with Markit enabling institutional investors to use Markit Quotes. In December 2008, we announced an agreement with Investment Technology Group (“ITG”) to provide integrated access to our fixed-income compliance suite and to ITG’s equities transaction cost analysis product. We intend to continue to widen the user base of our data products and to continue adding new content and analytical capabilities. As the use of our electronic trading platform continues to grow, we believe that the amount and value of our proprietary trading data will also increase, further enhancing the value of our information services offerings to our clients.

 

Expand our Technology Services Offerings

 

We intend to leverage our technology expertise and our client relationships to provide technology solutions to our clients that enhance their electronic trading capabilities and facilitate the electronic communication of order information with their trading counterparties. In November 2007, we acquired TWS, a financial software and technology services provider focused on providing gateway adapters for connecting order management systems and trading systems to fixed-income trading venues. In March 2008, we acquired Greenline, an Illinois-based provider of integration, testing and management solutions for FIX-related products and services.

 

Pursue Strategic Alliances and Select Acquisitions

 

We plan to continue to increase and supplement our internal growth by entering into strategic alliances, or acquiring businesses or technologies, that will enable us to enter new markets, provide new products or services, or otherwise enhance the value of our platform to our clients. Examples of this are our alliances with Markit and ITG and our acquisitions of TWS and Greenline.

 

MarketAxess Electronic Trading Platform

 

Client-to-Dealer Markets

 

U.S. High-Grade Corporate Bonds

 

Our U.S. high-grade corporate bond business consists of U.S. dollar-denominated investment-grade debt issued by corporations for distribution in the U.S. Both domestic and foreign institutional investors have access to U.S. high-grade corporate bond trading on our electronic trading platform. We use the terms high-grade debt and investment-grade debt interchangeably in this annual report on Form 10-K. Our 2008 trading volume in the U.S. high-grade corporate bond market was $134.6 billion.

 

In the U.S. high-grade corporate bond market, 36 broker-dealers utilize our platform, including 17 of the top 20 broker-dealers as ranked by 2008 investment grade new-issue underwriting volume. We added 19 regional and diversity dealers during 2008 but lost two dealers through bankruptcy and consolidation in the broker-dealer

community. Our broker-dealer clients accounted for approximately 97% of the underwriting of newly-issued U.S. high-grade corporate bonds in 2008. We offer our institutional investor clients access to a broad inventory of U.S. high-grade corporate bonds, which is provided and updated daily by our broker-dealer clients. Our electronic trading platform is a multi-dealer disclosed counterparty model, which allows institutional investors to view bids and offers from one or more of our broker-dealer clients while permitting each party to know the identity of its counter-party throughout the trading process. By disclosing the counterparties, the inquiry system on which our trading platform is based combines the strength of existing offline client/dealer relationships with the efficiency and transparency of an electronic trading platform. This enables institutional investors to instantly direct trade inquiries and negotiations to their traditional broker-dealer or to any of the overwhelming majority of the world’s leading broker-dealers who provide liquidity in these securities. Through our Market List functionality, we also offer institutional investors the ability to display their live requests for bids and offers lists anonymously to the entire MarketAxess trading community as a means of creating broader visibility of their inquiry among market participants and increasing the likelihood that the request results in a trade. Institutional investors have access to the commingled inventory of our broker-dealer clients, representing indicative bids and offers. Each line item of inventory represents an indicative bid and/or offer on a particular bond issue by a particular broker-dealer client. Institutional investor clients are not restricted to trading only the bonds posted as inventory, although many of the trades conducted on our platform are made from the posted inventory. To transact in a specific bond that does not appear in inventory, institutional investors can easily search our database and submit an online inquiry to their chosen broker-dealers, who can respond with live, executable prices. While, on average, institutional investor clients receive several bids or offers from broker-dealers in response to trade inquiries, some inquiries may not receive any bids or offers.

 

Eurobonds

 

MarketAxess Europe Limited, our wholly-owned U.K. subsidiary, commenced trading operations in August 2001. MarketAxess Europe Limited received Financial Services Authority (“FSA”) regulatory approval and began to offer European secondary trading functionality in U.S. dollar- and Euro-denominated European corporate bonds to our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients in September 2001. In 2003, we added trading in other European high-grade corporate bonds, including bonds issued in Pounds Sterling and floating rate notes. In 2008, we introduced trading in European government bonds. As on our U.S. electronic trading platform, all trading on our European platform is done using a multi-dealer disclosed counterparty model. We offered the first platform in Europe with this capability for corporate bonds.

 

In the Eurobond credit market, defined as including European high-grade, high yield and government bonds, 18 broker-dealers utilize our platform, including 17 of the top 20 broker-dealers as ranked by 2008 European investment grade new-issue underwriting volume. On a typical day, institutional investors on our European corporate bond trading platform have access to 10,000 line items of commingled inventory, representing an aggregate of approximately $36 billion of indicative bids and offers. In a single inquiry, institutional investors can request bids or offers from up to six of the broker-dealers who participate on the European platform. While many of the trades conducted on our platform are made from the posted inventory, institutional investor clients are not restricted to trading only the bonds posted as inventory. To transact in a specific bond that does not appear in inventory, institutional investors can easily search our database and submit an online inquiry to their chosen broker-dealers, who can respond with live, executable prices. While, on average, institutional investor clients receive several bids or offers from broker-dealers in response to trade inquiries, some inquiries may not receive any bids or offers. Our 2008 trading volume in the Eurobond market was $35.8 billion and principally related to trading in European high-grade corporate bonds.

 

Emerging Markets Bonds

 

Twenty-three of our U.S. broker-dealer clients use our platform to trade emerging markets bonds. 248 active institutional investor clients (firms that executed at least one trade through our electronic trading platform between January 2008 and December 2008) utilize our electronic trading platform to trade emerging markets bonds. These institutional investor clients are located in both the U.S. and Europe. The emerging markets countries whose bonds were most frequently traded on our platform in 2008 were Brazil, Mexico, Venezuela, Russia and Argentina.

In December 2007, we introduced local markets emerging market debt trading, which allows our institutional investor clients to transact Euroclear-eligible local currency denominated bonds issued by sovereign entities or corporations in countries that include Mexico, Brazil and Argentina.

 

Crossover and High-Yield Bonds

 

Thirty of our U.S. broker-dealer clients use our platform to trade crossover and high-yield bonds. Trading in crossover and high-yield bonds uses many of the same features available in our U.S. high-grade corporate bond offering.

 

Agency Bonds

 

Seventeen of our U.S. broker-dealer clients use our platform to trade agency bonds. Trading in agency bonds uses many of the same features available in our U.S. high-grade corporate bond offering.

 

Credit Default Swaps

 

We launched CDS index trading on our platform in September 2005 and added the capacity to trade lists of single-name CDS in November 2006. In addition to the trading features, the index trading platform also offers STP connectivity for dealers and institutional investor clients. Six of our U.S. broker-dealer clients are live on our platform to trade CDS investment grade indices, nine for emerging market CDS indices and single-name lists and six for European credit CDS indices. In November 2008 we introduced an alliance with Markit enabling institutional investors to use Markit Quotes within the MarketAxess data and trading system to observe indicative CDS and corporate bond prices. Institutional investors can launch MarketAxess trade inquiries directly from Markit Quotes.

 

Dealer-to-Dealer Markets

 

Emerging Markets Bonds

 

Ten of our broker-dealer clients use our DealerAxess^® platform to trade emerging markets bonds with each other. The platform is primarily utilized for transactions in U.S dollar-denominated bonds issued by Latin American governments. DealerAxess^® provides live inter-dealer markets utilizing proprietary cross-matching technology. Although DealerAxess^® is a completely segregated trading platform, it uses the same core technology as our client-to-dealer platform. The platform provides a documented record of orders and executed trades with reporting that enables broker-dealer clients to track, analyze and evaluate their inter-dealer trading. Straight-through processing is available to reduce manual tasks and lower the number of errors. Bond trades on DealerAxess^® are conducted with MarketAxess as riskless principal. Trades are cleared and settled by an independent clearing broker.

 

Credit Default Swaps

 

We launched CDS single-name trading for U.S. high-grade and index and single-name trading for emerging markets on our platform in May 2007. Ten of our U.S. broker-dealer clients are live on our platform to trade U.S. high-grade single-name CDS and 10 of our U.S. broker-dealer clients are live on our platform to trade emerging markets index and single-name CDS. CDS transactions are conducted on the DealerAxess^® platform on a name give-up basis and are directly settled between the two trading counterparties.

 

U.S. High-Grade Corporate Bonds

 

Our DealerAxess^® platform has not been used for U.S. high-grade corporate bond trades since the second quarter of 2008. The majority of inter-dealer trading in U.S. high grade corporate bonds is currently conducted by telephone through voice brokers.

Key Trading Functionalities

 

We currently offer both disclosed inquiry trading on our client-to-dealer platform and an anonymous cross-matching style of trading on our dealer-to-dealer platform. Our DealerAxess^® dealer-to-dealer trading platform provides anonymous live markets with executable bids and offers posted by participating dealers that are matched using proprietary cross-matching technology. The key trading functionalities on our client-to-dealer trading platform are detailed below.

 

Single Inquiry Trading Functionality

 

We currently offer institutional investors the ability to request bids or offers in a single inquiry from up to 36 of our broker-dealer clients for U.S. high-grade corporate bonds, from up to six of our broker-dealer clients for European high-grade corporate bonds and from up to eight of our broker-dealer clients in emerging markets bonds. Institutional investors can obtain bids or offers on any security posted in inventory or included in the database available on our platform.

 

ASAP and Holding Bin Trading Functionalities

 

We provide both ASAP (“as soon as possible”) and Holding Bin trading protocols. In the Holding Bin trading protocol, institutional investor clients set the time when they would like all of the broker-dealers’ prices or spreads returned to them, in order to have the ability to see all executable prices available at the same time. In the ASAP trading protocol, institutional investor clients see each broker-dealer’s price or spread as soon as it is entered by the broker-dealer.

 

List Trading Functionality

 

We currently offer institutional investors the ability to request bids or offers on a list of bonds, with the number of different bonds on each list varying between 8 and 40 items depending on the market. This facilitates efficient trading for institutional investors such as investment advisors, mutual funds and hedge funds. Institutional investors are able to have multiple lists executable throughout the trading day, enabling them to manage their daily cash flows, portfolio duration, and credit and sector exposure.

 

Swap Trading Functionality

 

We currently offer institutional investors the ability to request an offer to purchase one bond and a bid to sell another bond, in a manner such that the two trades will be executed simultaneously, with payment based on the price or yield differential of the securities.

 

Market Lists

 

We offer institutional investors the ability to display live requests for bid and offer anonymously to the entire MarketAxess trading community through our Market List functionality, thereby creating broader visibility of their inquiry among market participants and increasing the likelihood that the request results in a trade.

 

Information and Analytical Tools

 

Corporate BondTicker^TM

 

Corporate BondTicker^TM provides real-time FINRA TRACE data and enhances it with MarketAxess trade data and analytical tools to provide professional market participants with a comprehensive set of corporate bond price information. The data include trade time and sales information, including execution prices, as well as MarketAxess-estimated spread-to-Treasuries, for trades disseminated by the FINRA TRACE system. The data also include actual execution prices and spread-to-Treasury levels for U.S. high-grade corporate bond trades executed on the MarketAxess platform. Corporate BondTicker^TM allows institutional investors to search for and sort bonds based upon specific criteria, such as volume, time/date of transaction, spread change, issuer or security. This search function allows institutional investors to compile information relating to potential securities trades in a fraction of the time that it takes to manually compile this information from disparate sources or other electronic databases,

including direct TRACE feeds. In addition, Corporate BondTicker^TM provides independent third-party credit research as well as indicative prices for secondary markets in loans and CDS.

 

TRACE facilitates the mandatory reporting of over-the-counter secondary market transactions in eligible fixed-income securities. All broker-dealers that are FINRA member firms have an obligation to report transactions in corporate bonds to TRACE under a set of rules approved by the U.S. Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”). FINRA then publicly disseminates a portion of this data, which is available free of charge on a delayed basis through the FINRA website or available immediately for a set fee.

 

Corporate BondTicker^TM is integrated directly into the MarketAxess electronic trading platform and can be seamlessly accessed, either when viewing securities inventory or when launching an inquiry. Corporate BondTicker^TM is also available through the Internet for non-trading professional market participants, including, among others, research analysts and rating agencies, who can log in and access the information via an easy-to-use browser-based interface.

 

We provide Corporate BondTicker^TM as an ancillary service to our trading clients and also to other industry participants. We derive revenues from our Corporate BondTicker^TM service by charging for seat licenses per user at our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients, through distribution agreements with other information service providers and through bulk data sales to third parties. Seat license fees from institutional investor clients are waived for clients that transact a sufficient volume of trades through MarketAxess.

 

Additional analytical capabilities of our information services offerings aim to provide clients with more information regarding bond prices and market activity, including asset swap spreads, turnover percentage and liquidity ratios. These statistics measure a security’s trading activity relative to its amount outstanding and relative to the overall market, respectively, providing an additional perspective on relative liquidity. In addition, we provide pricing measures to help institutional investors better assess the relative value of a corporate bond, providing more consistent relative pricing information for institutional investors, such as offering spread data versus the interest rate swap curve and versus the U.S. Treasury curve. Users are also able to download a variety of MarketAxess-compiled trade reports containing a comprehensive review of trading activity. Corporate BondTicker^TM is currently the source of corporate bond trading information for The Wall Street Journal.

 

In November 2006, we added a comprehensive set of reports designed to review and monitor credit trading activity for institutional investor clients. It utilizes extensive TRACE information and has a flexible interface to run and save reports in a variety of formats for both compliance and management reporting. For example, the best execution report provides a view of the savings generated by trading on our electronic trading platform and offers a quantitative measure of the value of price discovery from multiple dealers. The report allows clients to monitor performance against their own best execution policy. Our compliance product provides a printed history of each inquiry submitted through the MarketAxess trading platform.

 

In November 2007, we added end-of-day CDS pricing data to Corporate BondTicker^TM that is provided by Credit Market Analysis Ltd. End-of-day screening tools combine the CDS data with market data from cash bonds and equities to provide relative value analysis to our clients.

 

In 2008, we launched European BondTicker^TM, which displays market standard pricing data with MarketAxess enrichments. The product covers both European and Sterling denominated debt and provides the user with both price and MarketAxess-calculated spreads to benchmark government bonds. European BondTicker^TM displays intra-day indicative prices for more than 2,300 issues, including government bonds, state-guaranteed bonds and corporate bonds. The market standard pricing data is comprised of high quality price quotes from leading financial institutions. Many of the same features available on Corporate BondTicker^TM are also available on European BondTicker^TM.

 

My Portfolio

 

Institutional investors are able to upload their corporate bond portfolio to our electronic trading platform utilizing the “My Portfolio” trading feature. Institutional investors who utilize “My Portfolio” benefit from the ability to automatically match inventory on our platform to bonds held in their portfolio, allowing them to more

efficiently launch an inquiry and transact in these securities. Users of this feature can also directly access Corporate BondTicker^TM to obtain the trading history of the securities in their portfolio.

 

Straight-Through Processing

 

Straight-through processing refers to the integration of systems and processes to automate the trade process from end-to-end — trade execution, confirmation and settlement — without the need for manual intervention. There are two elements of straight-through processing: internal straight-through processing and external straight-through processing. Internal straight-through processing relates to the trade and settlement processes that are internal to an industry participant. For example, in the case of an institutional investor, this includes authorization of orders, placement of orders with broker-dealers, receipt of execution details and allocation of trades. External straight-through processing refers to connecting seamlessly to all external counterparts in the trading and settlement process.

 

Automation by way of straight-through processing improves efficiency throughout the trade cycle. We provide broker-dealers and institutional investors with a range of tools that facilitate straight-through processing, including order upload, easy-to-use online allocation tools and pre- and post-trade messaging features that enable institutional investors to communicate electronically between front- and back-office systems, thereby integrating the order, portfolio management and accounting systems of our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients in real time. Our straight-through processing tools can be customized to meet specific needs of clients. We continue to build industry partnerships to assist our clients in creating connectivity throughout the trade cycle. Through these partnerships, we are increasingly providing solutions that can quickly be deployed within our clients’ trading operations.

 

Usage of our straight-through processing tools increased significantly during 2008. The number of investor client STP connections increased to 198 as of December 31, 2008 from 134 as of December 31, 2007. In our U.S. high-grade corporate bond business between 2006 and 2008, the number of trades completed through our straight-through processing capabilities increased from 32,056 to 96,957. The number of online allocations increased from 83,501 to 100,495 between 2006 and 2008.

 

Dealer API

 

We offer Application Programming Interface (“API”) services to our broker-dealer clients for pre-trade, trade negotiation and post-trade services. This allows for straight-through processing, which improves efficiency and reduces errors in processing.

 

Technology Services

 

In November 2007, we formed a new subsidiary company, MarketAxess Technologies Inc., which acquired TWS, a financial software and technology services company focused on providing gateway adapters to connect order management and trading systems to fixed-income trading venues.

 

In March 2008, we acquired Greenline, an Illinois-based provider of integration, testing and management solutions for FIX related products and services. The Financial Information eXchange (FIX) protocol is a messaging standard developed specifically for the real-time electronic exchange of securities transaction information. Greenline’s CertiFIX product enables firms to provide a reliable FIX certification environment for their trading counterparties. The VeriFIX product is a testing suite that allows firms to thoroughly test counterparty FIX interfaces, protocol formats and supported messages. Greenline’s MagniFIX product allows firms to monitor their enterprise-wide FIX installations on a real-time basis. In addition, Greenline provides strategic consulting and custom development for their clients.

 

We also provide technology consulting and customized development services to our clients that leverage our trading technology expertise and our existing technology solutions. Fees for such services are charged based upon the complexity and extent of the services provided.

Sales and Marketing

 

We promote our products and services using a variety of direct and indirect sales and marketing strategies. Our sales force is responsible for client acquisition activity and for increasing use of our platform by our existing clients. Their goal is to train and support existing and new clients on how to use the system and to educate them as to the benefits of utilizing an electronic fixed-income trading platform. We employ various strategies, including advertising, direct marketing, promotional mailings and participation in industry conferences, to increase awareness of our brand and our electronic trading platform. For example, we have worked with The Wall Street Journal to establish Corporate BondTicker^tm as the source of information for its daily corporate bond and high-yield tables.

 

Competition

 

The electronic trading industry is highly competitive and we expect competition to intensify in the future. We face five main areas of competition:

 

 

Competitors, including companies in which some of our broker-dealer clients have invested, have developed electronic trading platforms or have announced their intention to explore the development of electronic trading platforms that compete or will compete with us. Furthermore, our broker-dealer clients have made, or may in the future make investments in or enter into agreements with other businesses that directly or indirectly compete with us.

In general, we compete on the basis of a number of key factors, including:

 

 

We believe that we compete favorably with respect to these factors and continue to proactively build technology solutions that serve the needs of the credit markets.

 

Our competitive position is also enhanced by the familiarity and integration of our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients with our electronic trading platform and other systems. We have focused on the unique aspects of the credit markets we serve in the development of our platform, working closely with our clients to provide a system that is suited to their needs.

 

Our broker-dealer clients have invested in building API’s with us for inventory contributions, electronic trading, government bond benchmark pricing and post-trade messaging. We believe that we have successfully built deep roots with our broker-dealer clients, increasing our level of service to them while at the same time increasing their commitment to our services.

 

Furthermore, 198 of our institutional investor clients have built interfaces to enable them to communicate electronically between our platform and their order, portfolio management and accounting systems. We believe that this increases the reliance of these institutional investor clients on our services and creates significant competitive barriers to entry.

 

Technology

 

The design and quality of our technology are critical to our growth and our ability to execute our business strategy. Our electronic trading platform has been designed with secure, scalable client-server architecture that makes broad use of distributed computing to achieve speed, reliability and fault tolerance. The platform is built on industry-standard technologies and has been designed to handle many multiples of our current trading volume.

 

All critical server-side components, primarily our networks, application servers and databases, have backup equipment running in the event that the main equipment fails. This offers fully redundant system capacity to maximize uptime and minimize the potential for loss of transaction data in the event of an internal failure. We also seek to minimize the impact of external failures by automatically recovering connections in the event of a communications failure. The majority of our broker-dealer clients have dedicated high-speed T-1 communication lines to our network in order to provide fast data transfer. Our security measures include industry-standard communications encryption.

 

We have designed our application with an easy-to-use, Windows-based interface. Through a secure, single sign-on, our clients are able to access our electronic trading platform. Clients are also able to execute transactions over our platform directly from their order management systems. We provide users an automatic software update feature that does not require manual intervention.

 

Intellectual Property

 

We rely upon a combination of copyright, patent, trade secret and trademark laws, written agreements and common law to protect our proprietary technology, processes and other intellectual property. Our software code,

elements of our electronic trading platform, Web site and other proprietary materials are protected by copyright laws. We currently have six patent applications pending, covering certain aspects of our business.

 

The written agreements upon which we rely to protect our proprietary technology, processes and intellectual property include agreements designed to protect our trade secrets. Examples of these written agreements include third party nondisclosure agreements, employee nondisclosure and inventions assignment agreements, and agreements with customers, contractors and strategic partners. Other written agreements upon which we rely to protect our proprietary technology, processes and intellectual property take many forms and contain provisions related to patent, copyright, trademark or trade secret rights.

 

We have obtained U.S. federal registration of the MarketAxess^® name and logo, and the same mark and logo have been registered in several foreign jurisdictions. We have pending registrations for the MarketAxess^® name and logo in several other foreign jurisdictions. In addition, we have obtained U.S. federal registration for the marks AutoSpotting^®, BondLink^®, FrontPage^®, Actives^®, DealerAxess^® and associated designs and have a number of other registered trademarks, service marks and trademark applications. Corporate BondTicker^TM is a trademark we use, but it has not been registered.

 

In addition to our efforts to register our intellectual property, we believe that factors such as the technological and creative skills of our personnel, new product and service developments, frequent enhancements and reliability with respect to our services are essential to establishing and maintaining a technology and market leadership position.

 

Government Regulation

 

The securities industry and financial markets in the U.S. and elsewhere are subject to extensive regulation. As a matter of public policy, regulatory bodies in the U.S. and the rest of the world are charged with safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets and with protecting the interests of investors participating in those markets. Our active broker-dealer subsidiaries fall within the scope of their regulations.

 

Regulation of the U.S. Securities Industry and Broker-Dealers

 

In the U.S., the SEC is the governmental agency responsible for the administration of the federal securities laws. One of our U.S. subsidiaries, MarketAxess Corporation, is registered with the SEC as a broker-dealer. It is also a member of FINRA, a self-regulatory organization to which most broker-dealers belong. In addition, MarketAxess Corporation is a member of the Securities Investor Protection Corporation, which provides certain protection for clients’ accounts in the event of a liquidation of a broker-dealer to the extent any such accounts are held by the broker-dealer.

 

Additionally, MarketAxess Corporation is registered with certain states and the District of Columbia as a broker-dealer. The individual states and the District of Columbia are responsible for the administration of their respective “blue sky” laws, rules and regulations.

 

Regulation of the Non-U.S. Securities Industries and Investment Service Providers

 

The securities industry and financial markets in the U.K., the European Union and elsewhere are subject to extensive regulation. MarketAxess Europe Limited may fall within the scope of those regulations depending upon the extent to which it is characterized as providing a regulated investment service.

 

Our principal regulator in the U.K. is the FSA. Our subsidiary, MarketAxess Europe Limited, is registered as a Multilateral Trading Facility (“MTF”) with the FSA.

 

The securities industry in the member states of the European Union is regulated by agencies in each member state. European Union measures provide for the mutual recognition of regulatory agencies and of prudential supervision making possible the grant of a single authorization for providers of investment services, which, in general, is valid throughout the European Union. As an FSA-approved MTF, MarketAxess Europe Limited receives the benefit of this authorization.

In May 2003, we incorporated a Canadian subsidiary, MarketAxess Canada Limited. It is registered as an Alternative Trading System under the Securities Act of Ontario and is a member of the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada.

 

Employees

 

As of December 31, 2008, we had 185 employees, 158 of whom were based in the U.S. and 27 of whom were based outside of the U.S., principally in the U.K. None of our employees is represented by a labor union. We consider our relationships with our employees to be good and have not experienced any interruptions of operations due to labor disagreements.

 

Company Information

 

Our Internet website address is www.marketaxess.com. Through our Internet website, we will make available, free of charge, the following reports as soon as reasonably practicable after electronically filing them with, or furnishing them to, the SEC: our annual report on Form 10-K; our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q; our current reports on Form 8-K; and amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934. Our Proxy Statements for our Annual Meetings are also available through our Internet website. Our Internet website and the information contained therein or connected thereto are not intended to be incorporated into this Annual Report on Form 10-K. You may also obtain copies of our reports without charge by writing to:

 

MarketAxess Holdings Inc.
140 Broadway
New York, NY 10005
Attn: Investor Relations

 

Our Board of Directors has standing Audit, Compensation and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committees. Each of these committees has a written charter approved by our Board of Directors. Our Board of Directors has also adopted a set of Corporate Governance Guidelines. Copies of each committee charter, along with the Corporate Governance Guidelines, are also posted on our website.

 

You may read and copy any document we file with the SEC at the SEC’s public reference room at 100 F Street, NE, Room 1580, Washington, DC 20549. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for information on the public reference room. The SEC maintains an Internet website that contains annual, quarterly and current reports, proxy and information statements and other information that issuers (including the Company) file electronically with the SEC. The SEC’s internet website is www.sec.gov.

 

We have obtained federal registration of the MarketAxess^® name and logo, as well as for the marks Auto-Spotting^®, BondLink^®, Actives^®, FrontPage^® and DealerAxess^®. We also have a number of other registered trademarks, service mark applications and trademark applications. Other trademarks and service marks appearing in this annual report on Form 10-K are the property of their respective holders.

 

Risks Related to Our Business

 

We face substantial competition that could reduce our market share and harm our financial performance.

 

The fixed-income securities industry generally, and the electronic financial services markets in which we operate in particular, are highly competitive, and we expect competition to intensify in the future. We will continue to compete with bond trading conducted directly between broker-dealers and their institutional investor clients over the telephone or electronically. In addition, our current and prospective competitors are numerous and include:

 

 

Many of our current and potential competitors are more established and substantially larger than we are and have substantially greater market presence, as well as greater financial, technical, marketing and other resources. These competitors may aggressively reduce their pricing to enter into market segments in which we have a leadership position today, potentially subsidizing any losses with profits from trading in other fixed-income or equity securities. In addition, many of our competitors offer a wider range of services, have broader name recognition and have larger customer bases than we do. Some of them may be able to respond more quickly to new or evolving opportunities, technologies and customer requirements than we can and may be able to undertake more extensive promotional activities.

 

Any combination of our competitors may enter into joint ventures or consortia to provide services similar to those provided by us. Current and new competitors can launch new platforms at a relatively low cost. Others may acquire the capabilities necessary to compete with us through acquisitions. We expect that we will potentially compete with a variety of companies with respect to each product or service we offer. If we are not able to compete successfully in the future, our business, financial condition and results of operations would be adversely affected.

 

Neither the sustainability of our current level of business nor any potential growth can be assured. Even if we do experience growth, we cannot assure you that we will grow profitably.

 

The success of our business strategy depends, in part, on our ability to maintain and expand the network of broker-dealer and institutional investor clients that use our electronic trading platform. Our business strategy also depends on increasing the use of our platform by these clients. Individuals at broker-dealers or institutional investors may have conflicting interests, which may discourage their use of our platform.

 

Our growth is also dependent on our ability to diversify our revenue base. We currently derive approximately half of our revenues from secondary trading in U.S. high-grade corporate bonds. The percentage of our commissions from such trading declined from 57.3% in 2006 to 50.0% in 2008. Our long-term business strategy is dependent on expanding our service offerings and increasing our revenues from other fixed-income products and other sources. We cannot assure you that our efforts will be successful or result in increased revenues or continued profitability.

Because we operate in a rapidly evolving industry, it is difficult to evaluate our business and prospects.

 

We expect to encounter risks and difficulties frequently experienced by companies operating in rapidly evolving industries, such as the electronic financial services industry. These risks and difficulties include, but are not limited to, our ability to:

 

 

If we are unsuccessful in addressing these risks or in executing our business strategy, our business, financial condition and results of operations may suffer.

 

Further decreases in trading volumes in the fixed-income markets generally or on our platform would further harm our business and profitability.

 

We have experienced significant decreases in overall trading volume over the past 18 months, and may continue to experience decreases in trading volume in the future. Declines in the overall volume of fixed-income securities trading and in market liquidity generally, as well as declines in interest rate volatility, result in lower revenues from commissions for trades executed on our electronic trading platform and fees generated from related activities.

 

Likewise, decreases in our share of the segments of the fixed-income trading markets in which we operate, or shifts in trading volume to segments of clients which we have not penetrated, could result in lower trading volume on our platform and, consequently, lower commissions and other revenue. During recent periods of increased volatility in credit markets, the use of electronic trading platforms by market participants decreased dramatically as institutional investors sought to obtain additional information during the trade process through conversations with broker-dealers. In addition, during rapidly moving markets, broker-dealers are less likely to post prices electronically.

 

A further decline in trading volumes on our platform for any reason will continue to have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We may enter into new fee plans, the impact of which may be difficult to evaluate.

 

We anticipate that from time to time we will introduce new fee plans for the U.S. high-grade corporate bond, Eurobond and other market segments in which we operate. Any new fee plan may include different fee structures or provide volume incentives.

 

We cannot assure you that any new fee plans will result in an increase in the volume of transactions effected on our platform or that our revenues will increase as a result of the implementation of any such fee plans. Furthermore, resistance to the new fee plans by our broker-dealer or institutional investor clients or a reduction in the number of dealers participating on our platform could have an adverse impact on our distribution fees and otherwise have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

We are exposed to risks resulting from non-performance by counterparties to certain transactions executed between our clients in which we act as an intermediary in matching back-to back bond trades.

 

In June 2006, we began executing riskless principal bond transactions between our broker-dealer clients on the DealerAxess^® platform, and during 2008 we extended our riskless principal role to include the execution of certain bond transactions between institutional investor and broker-dealer clients. We (through our subsidiary, MarketAxess Corporation) act as an intermediary in these transactions by serving as counterparty to both the buyer and the seller in matching back-to-back trades, which are then settled through a third-party clearing organization. Settlement typically occurs within one to three trading days after the trade date. Cash settlement of the transaction occurs upon receipt or delivery of the underlying instrument that was traded.

 

We are exposed to credit risk in our role as trading counterparty to our clients executing bond trades on our platform, whether on the DealerAxess^® platform or otherwise. We are exposed to the risk that third parties that owe us money, securities or other assets will not perform their obligations. These parties may default on their obligations to us due to bankruptcy, lack of liquidity, operational failure or other reasons. Adverse movements in the prices of securities that are the subject of these transactions can increase our risk. Where the unmatched position or failure to deliver is prolonged there may also be regulatory capital charges required to be taken by us. The policies and procedures we use to manage this credit risk are new and untested. There can be no assurance that these policies and procedures will effectively mitigate our exposure to credit risk.

 

We are dependent on our broker-dealer clients, three of which were also our stockholders as of January 1, 2008, who are not restricted from buying and selling fixed-income securities, directly or through their own proprietary or third-party platforms, with institutional investors.

 

We rely on our broker-dealer clients to provide product and liquidity on our electronic trading platform by posting bond prices on our platform for bonds in their inventory and responding to institutional investor client inquiries. The contractual obligations of our broker-dealer clients to us are minimal, non-exclusive and terminable by such clients. Our broker-dealer clients buy and sell fixed-income securities through traditional methods, including by telephone and e-mail messaging, and through other electronic trading platforms. Some of our broker-dealer clients have developed electronic trading networks which compete with us or have announced their intention to explore the development of such electronic trading networks, and most of our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients are involved in other ventures, including other electronic trading platforms or other distribution channels, as trading participants and/or as investors. These competing trading platforms may offer some features that we do not currently offer. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that such broker-dealers’ primary commitments will not be to one of our competitors.

 

Any reduction in the use of our electronic trading platform by our broker-dealer clients would reduce the number of different bond issues and the volume of trading in those bond issues on our platform, which could, in turn, reduce the use of our platform by our institutional investor clients. The occurrence of any of the foregoing may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We derive a significant percentage of our total revenues, and an even greater percentage of our commissions, from broker-dealer clients who are also our stockholders.

 

We have historically earned a substantial portion of our commissions from broker-dealer clients that were our stockholders. For the year ended December 31, 2008, $12.5 million or 17.0% of our commissions, for the year ended December 31, 2007, $31.4 million or 39.2% of our commissions, and for the year ended December 31, 2006, $35.6 million or 49.9% of our commissions, were generated by these stockholder broker-dealer clients. None of our broker-dealer clients is contractually or otherwise obligated to continue to use our electronic trading platform. Reduced involvement of these broker-dealer clients due to the reduction in the level of their equity ownership may cause them to reduce or discontinue their use of our electronic trading platform and other services, which could negatively impact the use of our platform by our institutional investor clients. The loss of, or a significant reduction of, participation on our platform by these broker-dealer clients may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we experience significant fluctuations in our operating results or fail to meet revenues and earnings expectations, our stock price may fall rapidly and without advance notice.

 

Due to the continuing global credit crisis, the unpredictability of our industry and our evolving business model, we have and may continue to experience significant fluctuations in our operating results. We base our current and future expense levels and our investment plans on estimates of future revenues and future rate of growth. Our expenses and investments are, to a large extent, fixed and we expect that these expenses will increase in the future. We may not be able to adjust our spending quickly enough if our revenues fall short of our expectations.

 

Our revenues and operating results may also fluctuate due to other factors, including:

 

 

As a result, our operating results may fluctuate significantly on a quarterly basis, which could result in decreases in our stock price.

 

We may not be able to introduce enhanced versions of our electronic trading platform, new services and/or service enhancements in a timely or acceptable manner, which could harm our competitive position.

 

Our business environment is characterized by rapid technological change, changing and increasingly sophisticated client demands and evolving industry standards. Our future will depend on our ability to develop and introduce new features to, and new versions of, our electronic trading platform. The success of new features and versions depends on several factors, including the timely completion, introduction and market acceptance of the feature or version. In addition, the market for our electronic trading platform may be limited if prospective clients require customized features or functions that we are unable or unwilling to provide. If we are unable to anticipate and respond to the demand for new services, products and technologies and develop new features and enhanced versions of our electronic trading platform that achieve widespread levels of market acceptance on a timely and cost-effective basis, it could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

As we enter new markets, we may not be able to successfully attract clients and adapt our technology and marketing strategy for use in those markets.

 

Our strategy includes leveraging our electronic trading platform to enter new markets. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully adapt our proprietary software and technology for use in other markets. Even if we do adapt our software and technology, we cannot assure you that we will be able to attract clients and compete successfully in any such new markets. We cannot assure you that our marketing efforts or our pursuit of any of these opportunities will be successful. If these efforts are not successful, we may realize less than expected earnings,

which in turn could result in a decrease in the market value of our common stock. Furthermore, these efforts may divert management attention or inefficiently utilize our resources.

 

Rapid technological changes may render our technology obsolete or decrease the attractiveness of our products and services to our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients.

 

We must continue to enhance and improve our electronic trading platform. The electronic financial services industry is characterized by significant structural changes, increasingly complex systems and infrastructures and new business models. If new industry standards and practices emerge, our existing technology, systems and electronic trading platform may become obsolete or our existing business may be harmed. Our future success will depend on our ability to:

 

 

Developing our electronic trading platform and other technology entails significant technical and business risks. We may use new technologies ineffectively or we may fail to adapt our electronic trading platform, information databases and network infrastructure to broker-dealer or institutional investor client requirements or emerging industry standards. For example, our electronic trading platform functionality that allows searches and inquiries on bond pricing and availability is a critical part of our service, and it may become out-of-date or insufficient from our broker-dealer clients’ or institutional investor clients’ perspective and in relation to the inquiry functionality of our competitors’ systems. If we face material delays in introducing new services, products and enhancements, our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients may forego the use of our products and use those of our competitors.

 

Further, the adoption of new Internet, networking or telecommunications technologies may require us to devote substantial resources to modify and adapt our services. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully implement new technologies or adapt our proprietary technology and transaction-processing systems to client requirements or emerging industry standards. We cannot assure you that we will be able to respond in a timely manner to changing market conditions or client requirements.

 

We depend on third-party suppliers for key products and services.

 

We rely on a number of third parties to supply elements of our trading, information and other systems, as well as computers and other equipment, and related support and maintenance. We cannot assure you that any of these providers will be able to continue to provide these services in an efficient, cost-effective manner, if at all, or that they will be able to adequately expand their services to meet our needs. If we are unable to make alternative arrangements for the supply of critical products or services in the event of a malfunction of a product or an interruption in or the cessation of service by an existing service provider, our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

 

In particular, we depend on a third-party vendor for our corporate bond reference database. Disruptions in the services provided by that third party to us, including as a result of their inability or unwillingness to continue to license products that are critical to the success of our business, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We also rely, and expect in the future to continue to rely, on third parties for various computer and communications systems, such as telephone companies, online service providers, data processors, and software and hardware vendors. Other third parties provide, for instance, our data center, telecommunications access lines and significant computer systems and software licensing, support and maintenance services. Any interruption in these or other third-party services or deterioration in their performance could impair the quality of our service. We cannot be certain of the financial viability of all of the third parties on which we rely.

We license software from third parties, much of which is integral to our electronic trading platform and our business. We also hire contractors to assist in the development, quality assurance testing and maintenance of our electronic trading platform and other systems. Continued access to these licensors and contractors on favorable contract terms or access to alternative software and information technology contractors is important to our operations. Adverse changes in any of these relationships could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We attempt to negotiate favorable pricing, service, confidentiality and intellectual property ownership or licensing and other terms in our contracts with our service providers. These contracts usually have multi-year terms. However, there is no guarantee that these contracts will not terminate and that we will be able to negotiate successor agreements or agreements with alternate service providers on competitive terms. Further, the existing agreements may bind us for a period of time to terms and technology that become obsolete as our industry and our competitors advance their own operations and contracts.

 

Our success depends on maintaining the integrity of our electronic trading platform, systems and infrastructure; our computer systems may suffer failures, capacity constraints and business interruptions that could increase our operating costs and cause us to lose clients.

 

In order to be successful, we must provide reliable, real-time access to our electronic trading platform for our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients. If our electronic trading platform is hampered by slow delivery times, unreliable service or insufficient capacity, our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients may decide to stop using our platform, which would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

As our operations grow in both size and scope, we will need to improve and upgrade our electronic trading platform and infrastructure to accommodate potential increases in order message volume and trading volume, the trading practices of new and existing clients, regulatory changes and the development of new and enhanced trading platform features, functionalities and ancillary products and services. The expansion of our electronic trading platform and infrastructure has required, and will continue to require, substantial financial, operational and technical resources. These resources will typically need to be committed well in advance of any actual increase in trading volumes and order messages. We cannot assure you that our estimates of future trading volumes and order messages will be accurate or that our systems will always be able to accommodate actual trading volumes and order messages without failure or degradation of performance. Furthermore, we use new technologies to upgrade our established systems, and the development of these new technologies also entails technical, financial and business risks. We cannot assure you that we will successfully implement new technologies or adapt our existing electronic trading platform, technology and systems to the requirements of our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients or to emerging industry standards. The inability of our electronic trading platform to accommodate increasing trading volume and order messages would also constrain our ability to expand our business.

 

We cannot assure you that we will not experience systems failures. Our electronic trading platform, computer and communication systems and other operations are vulnerable to damage, interruption or failure as a result of, among other things:

 

 

In the event that any of our systems, or those of our third-party providers, fail or operate slowly, it may cause any one or more of the following to occur:

 

 

Any system failure that causes an interruption in service or decreases the responsiveness of our service, including failures caused by client error or misuse of our systems, could damage our reputation, business and brand name and lead our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients to decrease or cease their use of our electronic trading platform.

 

In these circumstances, our redundant systems or disaster recovery plans may not be adequate. Similarly, although many of our contracts with our service providers require them to have disaster recovery plans, we cannot be certain that these will be adequate or implemented properly. In addition, our business interruption insurance may not adequately compensate us for losses that may occur.

 

We also cannot assure you that we have sufficient personnel to properly respond to system problems. We internally support and maintain many of our computer systems and networks, including those underlying our electronic trading platform. Our failure to monitor or maintain these systems and networks or, if necessary, to find a replacement for this technology in a timely and cost-effective manner would have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

If our security measures are breached and unauthorized access is obtained to our electronic trading platform, broker-dealers and institutional investors may become hesitant to use, or reduce or stop their use of, our trading platform.

 

Our electronic trading platform involves the storage and transmission of our clients’ proprietary information. The secure transmission of confidential information over public networks is a critical element of our operations. Security breaches could expose us to a risk of loss of this information, litigation and possible liability. If our security measures are breached as a result of third-party action, employee error, malfeasance or otherwise, and, as a result, someone obtains unauthorized access to trading or other confidential information, our reputation could be damaged, our business may suffer and we could incur significant liability. Because techniques used to obtain unauthorized access or to sabotage computer systems change frequently and generally are not recognized until launched against a target, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventive measures. If an actual, threatened or perceived breach of our security occurs, the market perception of the effectiveness of our security measures could be harmed and could cause our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients to reduce or stop their use of our electronic trading platform. We may be required to expend significant resources to protect against the threat of security breaches or to alleviate problems, including reputational harm and litigation, caused by any breaches. Although we intend to continue to implement industry-standard security measures, we cannot assure you that those measures will be sufficient.

 

We may not be able to protect our intellectual property rights or technology effectively, which would allow competitors to duplicate or replicate our electronic trading platform. This could adversely affect our ability to compete.

 

Intellectual property is critical to our success and ability to compete, and if we fail to protect our intellectual property rights adequately, our competitors might gain access to our technology. We rely primarily on a combination of patent, copyright, trademark and trade secret laws in the United States and other jurisdictions, as well as license agreements, third-party non-disclosure and other agreements and other contractual provisions and technical

measures to protect our intellectual property rights. We attempt to negotiate beneficial intellectual property ownership provisions in our contracts and also require employees, consultants, advisors and collaborators to enter into confidentiality agreements in order to protect the confidentiality of our proprietary information. We have filed six patent applications covering aspects of our technology and/or business, but can make no assurances that any such patents will be issued or, if issued, will protect our business and processes from competition. Additionally, laws and our contractual terms may not be sufficient to protect our technology from use or theft by third parties. For instance, a third party might reverse engineer or otherwise obtain and use our technology without our permission and without our knowledge, thereby infringing our rights and allowing competitors to duplicate or replicate our products. Furthermore, we cannot assure you that these protections will be adequate to prevent our competitors from independently developing technologies that are substantially equivalent or superior to our technology.

 

We may have legal or contractual rights that we could assert against illegal use of our intellectual property rights, but lawsuits claiming infringement or misappropriation are complex and expensive, and the outcome would not be certain. In addition, the laws of some countries in which we now or in the future provide our services may not protect software and intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States.

 

Defending against intellectual property infringement or other claims could be expensive and disruptive to our business. If we are found to infringe the proprietary rights of others, we could be required to redesign our products, pay royalties or enter into license agreements with third parties.

 

In the technology industry, there is frequent litigation based on allegations of infringement or other violations of intellectual property rights. As the number of participants in our market increases and the number of patents and other intellectual property registrations increases, the possibility of an intellectual property claim against us grows. Although we have never been the subject of a material intellectual property dispute, we cannot assure you that a third party will not assert in the future that our technology or the manner in which we operate our business violates its intellectual property rights. From time to time, in the ordinary course of our business, we may become subject to legal proceedings and claims relating to the intellectual property rights of others, and we expect that third parties may assert intellectual property claims against us, particularly as we expand the complexity and scope of our business, the number of electronic trading platforms increases and the functionality of these platforms further overlaps. Any claims, whether with or without merit, could:

 

 

We cannot assure you that third parties will not assert infringement claims against us in the future with respect to our electronic trading platform or any of our other current or future products or services or that any such assertion will not require us to cease providing such services or products, try to redesign our products or services, enter into royalty arrangements, if available, or engage in litigation that could be costly to us. Any of these events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

If we acquire or invest in other businesses, products or technologies, we may be unable to integrate them with our business, our financial performance may be impaired or we may not realize the anticipated financial and strategic goals for any such transactions.

 

If appropriate opportunities present themselves, we may acquire or make investments in businesses, products or technologies that we believe are strategic. We may not be able to identify, negotiate or finance any future acquisition or investment successfully. Even if we do succeed in acquiring or investing in a business, product or technology, such acquisitions and investments involve a number of risks, including:

 

 

These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition, results of operations and cash flows, particularly in the case of a larger acquisition or multiple acquisitions in a short period of time. From time to time, we may enter into negotiations for acquisitions or investments that are not ultimately consummated. Such negotiations could result in significant diversion of management time, as well as out-of-pocket costs.

 

The consideration paid in connection with an investment or acquisition also affects our financial results. If we were to proceed with one or more significant acquisitions in which the consideration included cash, we could be required to use a substantial portion of our available cash to consummate any acquisition. To the extent we issue shares of capital stock or other rights to purchase capital stock, including options or other rights, existing stockholders may be diluted and earnings per share may decrease. In addition, acquisitions may result in the incurrence of debt, large one-time write-offs, such as of acquired in-process research and development costs, and restructuring charges. They may also result in goodwill and other intangible assets that are subject to impairment tests, which could result in future impairment charges as was the case in 2008 with the write-down of certain TWS-related intangible assets.

 

We may be limited in our use of our U.S. net operating loss carryforwards.

 

As of December 31, 2008, we had U.S. net operating loss carryforwards of approximately $103.3 million that will begin to expire in 2019. A net operating loss carryforward enables a company to apply net operating losses incurred during a current period against future periods’ profits in order to reduce tax liability in those future periods.

 

Section 382 of the Internal Revenue Code provides that when a company undergoes an “ownership change,” that company’s use of its net operating losses is limited annually in each subsequent year. An “ownership change” occurs when, as of any testing date, the sum of the increases in ownership of each shareholder that owns five percent or more of the value of a company’s stock as compared to that shareholder’s lowest percentage ownership during the preceding three-year period exceeds 50 percentage points. For purposes of this rule, certain shareholders who own less than five percent of a company’s stock are aggregated and treated as a single five-percent shareholder.

 

In 2000 and 2001, MarketAxess Holdings Inc. and MarketAxess Corporation had an “ownership change.” Net operating loss carryforwards of $37.6 million existed as of the date of ownership change. However, only $5.2 million

are deemed utilizable and recognized in the net operating loss carryforward figure. MarketAxess Holdings Inc. and Greenline Financial Technologies, Inc. experienced ownership changes in 2007 and 2008, respectively. We do not believe that these ownership changes significantly impact our ability to utilize existing or acquired net operating loss carryforwards.

 

The issuance or repurchase of a significant number of shares of stock or purchases or sales of stock by significant shareholders could result in an additional “ownership change.” For, example, we may issue a substantial number of shares of our stock in connection with offerings, acquisitions and other transactions in the future and we could repurchase a significant number of shares in connection with a stock repurchase program, although no assurance can be given that any such offering, acquisition, other transaction or repurchase program will be undertaken. In addition, the exercise of outstanding options to purchase shares of our common stock may require us to issue additional shares of our common stock. The extent of the actual future use of our U.S. net operating loss carryforwards is subject to inherent uncertainty because it depends on the amount of otherwise taxable income we may earn. We cannot give any assurance that we will have sufficient taxable income in future years to use any of our federal net operating loss carryforwards before they would otherwise expire.

 

We are dependent on our management team, and the loss of any key member of this team may prevent us from implementing our business plan in a timely manner.

 

Our success depends largely upon the continued services of our executive officers and other key personnel, particularly Richard M. McVey, Chief Executive Officer and Chairman of our Board of Directors. The terms of Mr. McVey’s employment agreement with us do not require him to continue to work for us and allow him to terminate his employment at any time, subject to certain notice requirements and forfeiture of non-vested equity options, performance shares and restricted stock. Any loss or interruption of Mr. McVey’s services or that of one or more of our other executive officers or key personnel could result in our inability to manage our operations effectively and/or pursue our business strategy.

 

Because competition for our employees is intense, we may not be able to attract and retain the highly skilled employees we need to support our business.

 

We strive to provide high-quality services that will allow us to establish and maintain long-term relationships with our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients. Our ability to provide these services and maintain these relationships, as well as our ability to execute our business plan generally, depends in large part upon our employees. We must attract and retain highly qualified personnel. Competition for these personnel is intense, especially for software engineers with extensive experience in designing and developing software and Internet-related services, hardware engineers, technicians, product managers and senior sales executives.

 

The market for qualified personnel continues to be competitive despite overall economic conditions, as electronic commerce has experienced growth. Many of the companies with which we compete for experienced personnel have greater resources than we have and are longer established in the marketplace. In addition, in making employment decisions, particularly in the Internet, high-technology and financial services industries, job candidates often consider the total compensation package offered, including the value of the stock- based compensation they are to receive in connection with their employment. Significant volatility in the price of our common stock may adversely affect our ability to attract or retain key employees. The expensing of stock-based compensation may discourage us from granting the size or type of stock-based compensation that job candidates may require to join our company.

 

We cannot assure you that we will be successful in our efforts to recruit and retain the required personnel. The failure to attract new personnel or to retain and motivate our current personnel may have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Termination of employees may result in additional costs

 

We are currently involved in an arbitration case filed by a former employee. We believe that the claims are without merit and we intend to vigorously defend against them. However, an adverse settlement or judgment related to these or similar types of claims may have an adverse effect on our financial condition or results of operations.

Regardless of the outcome of this case, we may incur significant expense and management time dealing with these and other such claims. In addition, we have paid severance amounts in connection with the involuntary termination of employees in the past and may offer severance packages in connection with future reductions in force, if any.

 

Our business is subject to increasingly extensive government and other regulation and our relationships with our broker-dealer clients may subject us to increasing regulatory scrutiny.

 

The financial industry is extensively regulated by many governmental agencies and self-regulatory organizations, including the SEC and FINRA. As a matter of public policy, these regulatory bodies are responsible for safeguarding the integrity of the securities and other financial markets and protecting the interests of investors in those markets. These regulatory bodies have broad powers to promulgate and interpret, investigate and sanction non-compliance with their laws, rules and regulations.

 

Most aspects of our broker-dealer subsidiaries are highly regulated, including:

 

 

We cannot assure you that we and/or our directors, officers and employees will be able to fully comply with these laws, rules and regulations. If we fail to comply with any of these laws, rules or regulations, we may be subject to censure, fines, cease-and-desist orders, suspension of our business, suspensions of personnel or other sanctions, including revocation of our membership in FINRA and registration as a broker-dealer.

 

We have two major operating subsidiaries, MarketAxess Corporation and MarketAxess Europe Limited. MarketAxess Corporation and MarketAxess Europe Limited are subject to U.S. and U.K. regulations as a registered broker-dealer and as a multilateral trading facility, respectively, which prohibit repayment of borrowings from the Company or affiliates, paying cash dividends, making loans to the Company or affiliates or otherwise entering into transactions that result in a significant reduction in regulatory net capital or financial resources, without prior notification to or approval from such subsidiary’s principal regulator.

 

In addition, as a result of the global financial crisis and other events in the financial industry over the past 18 months, there is a greater likelihood of legislative and regulatory action to increase government oversight of the financial services industry. Changes in laws or regulations or in governmental policies, including the rules relating to the maintenance of specific levels of net capital applicable to our broker-dealer subsidiaries, could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. Our industry has been and is subject to continuous regulatory changes and may become subject to new regulations or changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing regulations, which could require us to incur significant compliance costs or cause the development of affected markets to become impractical. In addition, as we expand our business into new markets, it is likely that we will be subject to additional laws, rules and regulations. We cannot predict the extent to which any future regulatory changes may adversely affect our business and operations.

 

Our disclosed trading system has not been subjected to regulation as an alternative trading system under Regulation ATS. A determination by the SEC to treat our trading platform as an alternative trading system subject to Regulation ATS would subject us to additional reporting obligations and other limitations on the conduct of our business, many of which could be material. Our anonymous dealer-to-dealer trading service, DealerAxess^®, is regulated as an alternative trading system subject to Regulation ATS.

 

As an enterprise founded and historically controlled by broker-dealer competitors, we may be subject to ongoing regulatory scrutiny of our business to a degree that is not likely to be experienced by some of our competitors. In November 2000, we received a Civil Investigative Demand from the U.S. Department of Justice in

connection with the Antitrust Division’s investigation of electronic bond and other consortia trading systems. After compliance with all information requests, we received notice from the U.S. Department of Justice in 2004 that the investigation had been officially closed. As the use of our electronic trading platform grows and represents a greater share of the trading volume of fixed-income securities, the risk that other regulatory investigations could commence in the future increases. Additionally, the involvement of individuals affiliated with certain of our broker-dealer clients on our Board of Directors and as stockholders may subject us to increased regulatory scrutiny of our business. At any time, the outcome of investigations and other regulatory scrutiny could lead to compulsory changes to our business model, conduct or practices, or our relationships with our broker-dealer clients, or additional governmental scrutiny or private lawsuits against us, any of which could materially harm our revenues, impair our ability to provide access to the broadest range of fixed-income securities and impact our ability to grow and compete effectively, particularly as we implement new initiatives designed to enhance our competitive position.

 

The activities and consequences described above may result in significant distractions to our management and could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We expect to continue to expand our operations outside of the United States; however, we may face special economic and regulatory challenges that we may not be able to meet.

 

We operate an electronic trading platform in Europe and we plan to further expand our operations throughout Europe and other regions. There are certain risks inherent in doing business in international markets, particularly in the financial services industry, which is heavily regulated in many jurisdictions outside the United States. These risks include:

 

 

Our inability to manage these risks effectively could adversely affect our business and limit our ability to expand our international operations, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

We cannot predict our future capital needs or our ability to obtain additional financing if we need it.

 

Our business is dependent upon the availability of adequate funding and regulatory capital under applicable regulatory requirements. Although we believe that our available cash resources are sufficient to meet our presently anticipated liquidity needs and capital expenditure requirements for at least the next 12 months, we may in the future need to raise additional funds to, among other things:

 

 

 

We may not be able to obtain additional financing, if needed, in amounts or on terms acceptable to us, if at all, particularly in light of the recent economic turmoil which has, among other consequences, led to a depression in stock prices and the tightening of available credit. Our existing investors, including our broker-dealer clients and their affiliates, have no obligation to make further investments in us, and we do not anticipate that they will do so. If sufficient funds are not available or are not available on terms acceptable to us, our ability to fund our expansion, take advantage of acquisition opportunities, develop or enhance our services or products, or otherwise respond to competitive pressures would be significantly limited. These limitations could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

The requirements of being a public company may strain our resources, divert management’s attention and affect our ability to attract and retain qualified board members.

 

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and NASDAQ rules promulgated in response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The requirements of these rules and regulations have imposed legal and financial compliance costs, made some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and may in the future place undue strain on our systems and resources. The Securities Exchange Act of 1934 requires, among other things, that we file annual, quarterly and current reports with respect to our business and financial condition. The Sarbanes-Oxley Act requires, among other things, that we maintain effective disclosure controls and procedures and internal controls for financial reporting. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, significant resources and management oversight are required. As a result, management’s attention may be diverted from other business concerns, which could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

These rules and regulations could also make it more difficult for us to attract and retain qualified independent members of our Board of Directors. Additionally, we expect these rules and regulations to make it more difficult and more expensive for us to obtain director and officer liability insurance. We may be required to accept reduced coverage or incur substantially higher costs to obtain coverage. NASDAQ rules also require that a majority of our Board of Directors and all of the members of certain sub-committees of the Board of Directors consist of independent directors. We cannot assure you that our Board of Directors will continue to include a majority of independent directors to comply with the requirements of these rules.

 

We are subject to the risks of litigation and securities laws liability.

 

Many aspects of our business, and the businesses of our clients, involve substantial risks of liability. Dissatisfied clients may make claims regarding quality of trade execution, improperly settled trades, mismanagement or even fraud against their service providers. We and our clients may become subject to these claims as the result of failures or malfunctions of our electronic trading platform and services provided by us. We could incur significant legal expenses defending claims, even those without merit. An adverse resolution of any lawsuits or claims against us could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations.

 

Risks Related to Our Industry

 

If the use of electronic trading platforms does not continue to increase, we will not be able to achieve our business objectives.

 

The success of our business plan depends in part on our ability to create an electronic trading platform for a wide range of fixed-income products. Historically, fixed-income securities markets operated through telephone

communications between institutional investors and broker-dealers. The utilization of our products and services depends on the acceptance, adoption and growth of electronic means of trading securities. We cannot assure you that the growth and acceptance of electronic means of trading securities will continue.

 

Economic, political and market factors beyond our control could reduce demand for our services and harm our business, and our profitability could suffer.

 

The global financial services business is, by its nature, risky and volatile and is directly affected by many national and international factors that are beyond our control. Any one of these factors may cause a substantial decline in the U.S. and global financial services markets, resulting in reduced trading volume. These events could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These factors include:

 

 

Any one or more of these factors may contribute to reduced activity and prices in the securities markets generally. Our revenues and profitability are likely to decline significantly during periods of stagnant economic conditions or low trading volume in the U.S. and global financial markets.

 

Risks Related to Our Common Stock

 

Market volatility may cause our stock price and the value of your investment to decline.

 

The market price of our common stock may be significantly affected by volatility in the markets in general. The market price of our common stock likely will continue to fluctuate in response to factors including the following:

 

 

Most of these factors are beyond our control. In addition, the stock markets in general, including the NASDAQ Global Select Market, have experienced and continue to experience significant price and volume fluctuations. These fluctuations have resulted in volatility in the market prices of securities for companies such as ours that often has been unrelated or disproportionate to changes in the operating performance of the affected companies. These broad market and industry fluctuations may affect adversely the market price of our common stock regardless of our operating performance.

We do not expect to pay any dividends on our common stock for the foreseeable future.

 

We do not anticipate that we will pay any dividends to holders of our common stock in the foreseeable future. Accordingly, investors must rely on the sale of their common stock after price appreciation, which may never occur, as the only way to realize any future gains on their investment.

 

If securities analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if they downgrade our common stock, the price of our common stock could decline.

 

The trading market for our common stock relies in part on the research and reports that industry or financial analysts publish about us or our business. These analysts work independently of us. If one or more analysts who cover us downgrade our stock, our stock price could decline rapidly. If one or more of these analysts cease coverage of our company, we could lose visibility in the market, which in turn could cause our stock price to decline.

 

Provisions in our stockholders rights plan, amended and restated certificate of incorporation, amended and restated bylaws or Delaware law might discourage, delay or prevent a change of control of our company or changes in our management, and therefore, depress the trading price of our common stock.

 

Our Board of Directors has adopted a stockholders rights plan, commonly referred to as a “poison pill.” This plan entitles existing stockholders to rights, including the right to purchase shares of common stock, in the event of an acquisition of 20% or more of our outstanding common stock. Our stockholders rights plan could prevent stockholders from profiting from an increase in the market value of their shares as a result of a change of control of us by delaying or preventing a change of control.

 

In addition, provisions of our charter documents and bylaws may make it substantially more difficult for a third party to acquire control of us and may prevent changes in our management, including provisions that:

 

 

Provisions of Delaware law may also inhibit potential acquisition bids for us or prevent us from engaging in business combinations. In addition, we have severance agreements with several employees and a change of control severance plan that could require an acquiror to pay a higher price. Either collectively or individually, these provisions may prevent holders of our common stock from benefiting from what they may believe are the positive aspects of acquisitions and takeovers, including the potential realization of a higher rate of return on their investment from these types of transactions.

 

 

None.

 

 

Our corporate headquarters and principal U.S. offices are located at 140 Broadway, New York, New York, where we lease 29,300 square feet under a lease expiring in February 2010. We also collectively lease approximately 22,900 square feet for our other office locations in the U.S. and the United Kingdom under various leases expiring between May 2010 and March 2019. In addition, we lease another 17,000 square feet at 350 Madison Avenue, New York, New York, which we currently sublet; the lease and sublease expire in April 2011.

 

 

In January 2007, a former employee of MarketAxess Corporation commenced an arbitration proceeding before FINRA arising out of the May 2006 termination of such individual’s employment with MarketAxess Corporation. This individual subsequently amended his statement of claim to add MarketAxess Holdings Inc. as a

party to the arbitration proceeding. FINRA consolidated all of the former employee’s claims into a single proceeding.

 

The former employee alleges that we acted wrongfully as a result of, and in connection with, the decision by the Compensation Committee of our Board of Directors not to accede to the employee’s demand for alteration of the terms of certain stock option and restricted stock agreements in order to award the employee additional rights and benefits upon the termination of his employment, i.e., accelerated vesting of all of his then unvested options and shares of restricted stock and waiver of the 90-day time period within which he was contractually required to exercise his vested options. This former employee further alleges that he is entitled to a bonus for the approximately five months that he worked for MarketAxess Corporation during 2006. The alleged damages sought by the claimant total approximately $0.9 million, plus statutory interest, and an unstated amount of punitive damages, costs and expenses.

 

The FINRA hearing, which had been scheduled for early February 2009, has been postponed until a new hearing date can be rescheduled. We believe that these claims are wholly without merit and have vigorously defended against them. Based on currently available information, we believe that the likelihood of a material loss is not probable. Accordingly, no amount has been provided in the financial statements. However, arbitration is subject to inherent uncertainties and unfavorable rulings could occur.

 

 

None.

 

 

Price Range

 

Our common stock trades on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the symbol “MKTX”. The range of closing price information for our common stock, as reported by NASDAQ, was as follows:

 

 

 

On February 26, 2009, the last reported closing price of our common stock on the NASDAQ Global Select Market was $7.93.

 

Holders

 

There were 96 holders of record of our common stock as of February 26, 2009.

 

Dividend Policy

 

We have not declared or paid any cash dividends on our capital stock since our inception and do not anticipate paying any cash dividends in the foreseeable future.

 

In the event we decide to declare dividends on our common stock in the future, such declaration will be subject to the discretion of our Board of Directors. Our Board may take into account such matters as general business conditions, our financial results, capital requirements, contractual, legal, and regulatory restrictions on the payment of dividends by us to our stockholders or by our subsidiaries to us and any such other factors as our Board may deem relevant.

 

Recent Sales of Unregistered Securities

 

None.

 

Securities Authorized for Issuance Under Equity Compensation Plans

 

Please see the section entitled “Equity Compensation Plan Information” in Item 12.

Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

 

During the quarter ended December 31, 2008, we repurchased the following shares of common stock:

 

 

During the three months ended December 31, 2008, a total of 11,369 shares were forfeited by employees to us to satisfy employee withholding tax obligations upon the vesting of restricted shares.

STOCK PERFORMANCE GRAPH

 

The following graph shows a comparison from November 5, 2004 (the date our common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQ Global Select Market) through December 31, 2008 of (i) the cumulative total return for our common stock, (ii) the NASDAQ Composite Index, (iii) the NASDAQ Global Select Market Composite Index and (iv) the Dow Jones US Financial Services Index.

 

The NASDAQ Global Select Market Composite Index, introduced in July 2006, is a market capitalization weighted index that measures all NASDAQ domestic and international based common type stocks listed in the Global Select tier of the NASDAQ Stock Market. The index carries the index history of the NASDAQ National Market Composite Index.

 

The figures in this graph assume an initial investment of $100 in our common stock at the closing price of $17.49 on November 5, 2004, the date our common stock commenced trading on the NASDAQ National Market (now the NASDAQ Global Select Market), and an initial investment of $100 on October 31, 2004 in each of the three indexes.

 

The returns illustrated below are based on historical results during the period indicated and should not be considered indicative of future stockholder returns. Data for the NASDAQ Composite Index, the NASDAQ Global Select Market Composite Index and the Dow Jones US Financial Services Index assume reinvestment of dividends. We have never paid dividends on our common stock and have no present plans to do so. All performance data have been provided by Research Data Group, Inc.

 

COMPARISON OF 50 MONTH CUMULATIVE TOTAL RETURN

 

 

 

 

The selected statement of operations data for each of the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 and the selected balance sheet data as of December 31, 2008 and 2007 have been derived from our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. The selected statement of operations data for the years ended December 31, 2005 and 2004, and the balance sheet data as of December 31, 2006, 2005 and 2004 have been derived from our audited financial statements not included in this Form 10-K.

 

 

 

 

 

You should read the following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations in conjunction with “Selected Financial Data” and our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this Form 10-K. In addition to historical information, this discussion and analysis contains forward-looking statements relating to future events and the future performance of MarketAxess that are based on our current expectations, assumptions, estimates and projections about us and our industry. These forward-looking statements involve risks and uncertainties. Our actual results and timing of various events could differ materially from those anticipated in such forward-looking statements as a result of a variety of factors, as more fully described in this section, in “Item 1A. — Risk Factors” and elsewhere in this Form 10-K. We undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason, even if new information becomes available or other events occur in the future.

 

Executive Summary

 

MarketAxess operates one of the leading platforms for the electronic trading of corporate bonds and certain other types of fixed-income securities. Through our platform, 649 active institutional investor client firms (firms that executed at least one trade in U.S. or European fixed-income securities through our electronic trading platform between January 2008 and December 2008) can access the aggregate liquidity provided by the collective interest of our 48 broker-dealer clients in buying or selling bonds through our platform. Our active institutional investor clients include investment advisers, mutual funds, insurance companies, public and private pension funds, bank portfolios and hedge funds. Our DealerAxess^® trading service allows dealers to trade fixed-income securities and credit default swaps with each other on our platform. Through our Corporate BondTicker^TM service, we provide fixed-income market data, analytics and compliance tools that help our clients make trading decisions. In addition, we provide FIX (Financial Information eXchange) message management tools, connectivity solutions and ancillary technology services that facilitate the electronic communication of order information between trading counterparties. Our revenues are primarily generated from the trading of U.S. and European high-grade corporate bonds.

 

Our multi-dealer trading platform allows our institutional investor clients to simultaneously request competing, executable bids or offers from our broker-dealer clients and execute trades with the broker-dealer of their choice from among those that choose to respond. We offer our broker-dealer clients a solution that enables them to efficiently reach our institutional investor clients for the distribution and trading of bonds. In addition to U.S. high-grade corporate bonds, European high-grade corporate bonds and emerging markets bonds, including both investment-grade and non-investment grade debt, we also offer our clients the ability to trade crossover and high-yield bonds, agency bonds, new issues and credit default swap indices.

 

The majority of our revenues are derived from monthly distribution fees and commissions for trades executed on our platform that are billed to our broker-dealer clients on a monthly basis. We also derive revenues from technology products and services, information and user access fees, investment income and other income. Our expenses consist of employee compensation and benefits, depreciation and amortization, technology and communication expenses, professional and consulting fees, occupancy, marketing and advertising and other general and administrative expenses.

 

We seek to grow and diversify our revenues by capitalizing on our status as the operator of a leading platform for the electronic trading of corporate bonds and certain other types of fixed-income securities. The key elements of our strategy are:

 

 

 

Critical Factors Affecting Our Industry and Our Company

 

Economic, Political and Market Factors

 

The global fixed-income securities industry is risky and volatile and is directly affected by a number of economic, political and market factors that may result in declining trading volume. These factors could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. These factors include, among others, credit market conditions, the current interest rate environment, including the volatility of interest rates and investors’ forecasts of future interest rates, economic and political conditions in the United States, Europe and elsewhere, and consolidation or contraction in the number of broker-dealers.

 

Competitive Landscape

 

The global fixed-income securities industry generally, and the electronic financial services markets in which we engage in particular, are highly competitive, and we expect competition to intensify in the future. Sources of competition for us will continue to include, among others, bond trading conducted directly between broker-dealers and their institutional investor clients over the telephone or electronically and other multi-dealer trading companies. Competitors, including companies in which some of our broker-dealer clients have invested, have developed electronic trading platforms or have announced their intention to explore the development of electronic platforms that may compete with us.

 

In general, we compete on the basis of a number of key factors, including, among others, the liquidity provided on our platform, the magnitude and frequency of price improvement enabled by our platform and the quality and speed of execution. We believe that we compete favorably with respect to these factors. We continue to proactively build technology solutions that serve the needs of the credit markets.

 

Our competitive position is also enhanced by the familiarity and integration of our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients with our electronic trading platform and other systems. We have focused on the unique aspects of the credit markets we serve in the development of our platform, working closely with our clients to provide a system that is suited to their needs.

 

Regulatory Environment

 

Our industry has been and is subject to continuous regulatory changes and may become subject to new regulations or changes in the interpretation or enforcement of existing regulations, which could require us to incur significant costs.

 

Our U.S. subsidiary, MarketAxess Corporation, is a registered broker-dealer with the SEC and is a member of FINRA. Our U.K. subsidiary, MarketAxess Europe Limited, is registered as a multilateral trading facility dealer with the FSA in the U.K. MarketAxess Canada Limited, a Canadian subsidiary that we incorporated in May 2003, is registered as an Alternative Trading System dealer under the Securities Act of Ontario and is a member of the Investment Industry Regulatory Organization of Canada. Relevant regulations prohibit repayment of borrowings from these subsidiaries or their affiliates, paying cash dividends, making loans to us or our affiliates or otherwise entering into transactions that result in a significant reduction in regulatory net capital or financial resources, without prior notification to or approval from such regulated entity’s principal regulator.

 

As a public company, we are subject to the reporting requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 and NASDAQ rules promulgated in response to the Sarbanes-Oxley Act. The

requirements of these rules and regulations impose legal and financial compliance costs, made some activities more difficult, time-consuming or costly and may also place a strain on our systems and resources. In order to maintain and improve the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures and internal control over financial reporting, significant resources and management oversight are required.

 

Rapid Technological Changes

 

We must continue to enhance and improve our electronic trading platform. The electronic financial services industry is characterized by increasingly complex systems and infrastructures and new business models. Our future success will depend on our ability to enhance our existing products and services, develop and/or license new products and technologies that address the increasingly sophisticated and varied needs of our broker-dealer and institutional investor clients and prospective clients and respond to technological advances and emerging industry standards and practices on a cost-effective and timely basis.

 

Trends in Our Business

 

The majority of our revenues are derived from monthly distribution fees and commissions for transactions executed on our platform between our institutional investor and broker-dealer clients. We believe that there are five key variables that impact the notional value of such transactions on our platform and the amount of commissions and distribution fees earned by us:

 

 

We believe that overall corporate bond market trading volume is affected by various factors including the absolute levels of interest rates, the direction of interest rate movements, the level of new issues of corporate bonds and the volatility of corporate bond spreads versus U.S. Treasury securities. Because a significant percentage of our revenue is tied directly to the volume of securities traded on our platform, it is likely that a general decline in trading volumes, regardless of the cause of such decline, would reduce our revenues and have a significant negative impact on profitability.

 

The past 18 months has been a period of significant turmoil in the U.S. and European credit markets, especially in short-term funding and floating rate note instruments. A widespread retrenchment in the credit markets resulted in increased credit spreads and significantly higher credit spread volatility across a wide range of asset classes. Credit yield spreads in U.S. corporate bonds, as measured by the Credit Suisse Liquid U.S. Corporate Index (“LUCI”), increased from 1.0% over U.S Treasuries in June 2007 to 5.31% in December 2008. Credit spread volatility in U.S. corporate bonds, as measured by the LUCI Index, increased from 0.7% in June 2007 to 11.7% in December 2008. The average daily trading volume of U.S. high-grade corporate bonds for the year ended December 31, 2008, as measured by TRACE, decreased by 9.0% compared to 2007. We believe the resultant lack of liquidity in the credit markets led institutional investors to reduce overall bond trading activity and conduct a higher percentage of their trades directly with their broker-dealer counterparties via the telephone, resulting in lower volumes on our platform. We also believe that a stabilization of credit market conditions, at higher overall levels of credit spreads, is likely to favorably impact the volume of trades conducted over our platform. The lower volumes on our platform were partially offset by higher average variable transactions fees per million that were $129 in 2008 compared to $103 in 2007 and $114 in 2006. The increase in average variable transaction fees per million in 2008 was principally the result of the longer maturity of U.S. high-grade corporate bond trades executed on our platform, for which we charge higher commissions, and a larger percentage of Other volume in products that carry higher fees per million, principally high yield.

Commission Revenue

 

Commissions are generally calculated as a percentage of the notional dollar volume of bonds traded on our platform and vary based on the type, size, yield and maturity of the bond traded. The commission rates are based on a number of factors, including fees charged by inter-dealer brokers in the respective markets, average bid-offer spreads in the products we offer and transaction costs through alternative channels including the telephone. Under our transaction fee plans, bonds that are more actively traded or that have shorter maturities are generally charged lower commissions, while bonds that are less actively traded or that have longer maturities generally command higher commissions.

 

U.S. High-Grade Corporate Bond Commissions.  Our U.S. high-grade corporate bond fee plans generally incorporate various monthly distribution fees and variable transaction fees billed to our broker-dealer clients on a monthly basis. We expect the U.S. high-grade distribution fees to decrease as a result of the recent merger and bankruptcy activity involving several of our broker-dealer clients. The fee plan incorporates volume incentives to our broker-dealer clients that are designed to increase the volume of transactions effected on our platform. Under the fee plan, we electronically add the transaction fee to the spread quoted by the broker-dealer client. For trades on our DealerAxess^® dealer-to-dealer electronic trading platform, we typically charge a fee to the broker-dealer client involved in the transaction that is based on the size of the transaction and the maturity of the bond traded.

 

Eurobond Commissions.  On June 1, 2007, we introduced a new fee plan for Eurobond trades for the majority of our European dealers. Similar to the U.S. high-grade plan, our European fee plan incorporates monthly distribution fees and a transaction fee that is lower than the transaction fee under the previous European high-grade plan and incorporates incentives to our broker-dealer clients that are designed to increase the volume of transactions effected on our platform. The transaction fee under the new plan is dependent on the type of bond traded and the maturity of the issue. The combination of the distribution fees and transaction fees in the new plan results in higher total revenue to us at current or lower volume levels. If volume grows, total revenues could be less under the new plan than the previous plan due to the lower transaction fees. Under the fee plan in effect prior to June 1, 2007, broker-dealer transaction fees varied based on the type of bond traded and the maturity of the issue. This fee schedule applied a tiered fee structure, which reduced the fee per trade upon the attainment of certain specified amounts of monthly commissions generated by a particular broker-dealer and did not carry a monthly distribution fee.

 

Other Commissions.  Commissions for other bond and credit default swap trades generally vary based on the type and the maturity of the instrument traded. We generally operate using standard fee schedules that may include both transaction fees and monthly distribution fees that are charged to the participating dealers.

 

We anticipate that average fees per million may change in the future. Consequently, past trends in commissions are not necessarily indicative of future commissions.

 

Other Revenue

 

In addition to the commissions discussed above, we earn revenue from technology products and services, information services fees paid by institutional investor and broker-dealer clients, income on investments and other income.

 

Technology Products and Services.  Technology products and services includes software licenses, maintenance and support services and professional consulting services, In March 2008, we acquired Greenline Financial Technologies, Inc. (“Greenline”), an Illinois-based provider of integration, testing and management solutions for FIX-related products and services. In November 2007, we acquired certain assets of Trade West Systems, LLC (“TWS”), a Utah-based financial software and technology services provider focused on providing gateway adapters for connecting order management systems and trading systems to fixed-income trading venues.

 

Information and User Access Fees.  We charge information services fees for Corporate BondTickerTM to our broker-dealer clients, institutional investor clients and data-only subscribers. The information services fee is a flat monthly fee, based on the level of service. We also generate information services fees from the sale of bulk data to certain institutional investor clients and data-only subscribers. Institutional investor clients trading U.S. high-grade corporate bonds are charged a monthly user access fee for the use of our platform. The fee, billed quarterly, is charged to the client based on the number of the client’s users. To encourage institutional investor clients to execute

trades on our U.S. high-grade corporate bond platform, we reduce these information and user access fees for such clients once minimum quarterly trading volumes are attained.

 

Investment Income.  Investment income consists of income earned on our investments.

 

Other.  Other revenues include fees from telecommunications line charges to broker-dealer clients and other miscellaneous revenues.

 

Expenses

 

In the normal course of business, we incur the following expenses:

 

Employee Compensation and Benefits.  Employee compensation and benefits is our most significant expense and includes employee salaries, stock compensation costs, other incentive compensation, employee benefits and payroll taxes.

 

Depreciation and Amortization.  We depreciate our computer hardware and related software, office hardware and furniture and fixtures and amortize our capitalized software development costs on a straight-line basis over a three-year or five-year period. We amortize leasehold improvements on a straight-line basis over the lesser of the life of the improvement or the remaining term of the lease. Intangible assets with definite lives, including purchased technologies, customer relationships and other intangible assets, are amortized over their estimated useful lives, ranging from five to ten years. Intangible assets are assessed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate a possible impairment pursuant to the provisions of SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for Long Lived Assets and for Long Lived Assets to be Disposed Of.”

 

Technology and Communications.  Technology and communications expense consists primarily of costs relating to maintenance on software and hardware, our internal network connections, data center hosting costs and data feeds provided by outside vendors or service providers. The majority of our broker-dealer clients have dedicated high-speed communication lines to our network in order to provide fast data transfer. We charge our broker-dealer clients a monthly fee for these connections, which is recovered against the relevant expenses we incur.

 

Professional and Consulting Fees.  Professional and consulting fees consist primarily of accounting fees, legal fees and fees paid to information technology and non-information technology consultants for services provided for the maintenance of our trading platform and information services products.

 

Occupancy.  Occupancy costs consist primarily of office and equipment rent, utilities and commercial rent tax.

 

Marketing and Advertising.  Marketing and advertising expense consists primarily of print and other advertising expenses we incur to promote our products and services. This expense also includes costs associated with attending or exhibiting at industry-sponsored seminars, conferences and conventions, and travel and entertainment expenses incurred by our sales force to promote our trading platform and information services.

 

General and Administrative.  General and administrative expense consists primarily of general travel and entertainment, board of directors expenses, charitable contributions, provision for doubtful accounts, and various state franchise and U.K. value-added taxes.

 

Expenses may grow in the future, primarily due to investment in new products, notably in employee compensation and benefits, professional and consulting fees, and general and administrative expense, but we believe that operating leverage can be achieved by increasing volumes in existing products and adding new products without substantial additions to our infrastructure.

 

Critical Accounting Estimates

 

This Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations discusses our Consolidated Financial Statements, which have been prepared in accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, also referred to as U.S. GAAP. The preparation of these financial statements requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities and the reported amounts of income and expenses during the reporting periods. We base our estimates and judgments on historical experience and on various other factors that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances. Actual

results may differ from these estimates under varying assumptions or conditions. Note 2 of the Notes to our Consolidated Financial Statements includes a summary of the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our Consolidated Financial Statements.

 

Use of Estimates

 

On an ongoing basis, management evaluates its estimates and judgments, particularly as they relate to accounting policies that management believes are critical. That is, these accounting policies are most important to the portrayal of our financial condition and results of operations and they require management’s most difficult, subjective or complex judgments, often as a result of the need to make estimates about the effect of matters that are inherently uncertain.

 

Allowance for Doubtful Accounts

 

We continually monitor collections and payments from our customers and maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts. The allowance for doubtful accounts is based upon the historical collection experience and specific collection issues that have been identified.

 

Software Development Costs

 

We capitalize certain costs associated with the development of internal use software at the point at which the conceptual formulation, design and testing of possible software project alternatives have been completed. We capitalize employee compensation and related benefits and third party consulting costs incurred during the preliminary software project stage. Once the product is ready for its intended use, such costs are amortized on a straight-line basis over three years. We review the amounts capitalized for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying amounts of the assets may not be recoverable.

 

Revenue Recognition

 

The majority of our revenues are derived from monthly distribution fees and commissions for trades executed on its platform that are billed to its broker-dealer clients on a monthly basis. We also derive revenues from technology products and services, information and user access fees, investment income and other income.

 

Commission revenue.  Commissions are generally calculated as a percentage of the notional dollar volume of bonds traded on the platform and vary based on the type and maturity of the bond traded. Under our transaction fee plans, bonds that are more actively traded or that have shorter maturities are generally charged lower commissions, while bonds that are less actively traded or that have longer maturities generally command higher commissions.

 

Technology products and services.  We recognize revenues from technology software licenses, maintenance and support services (referred to as post-contract technical support or “PCS”) and professional consulting services in accordance with the provisions of the American Institute of Certified Public Accountants’ Statement of Position (“SOP”) 97-2, “Software Revenue Recognition” (“SOP 97-2”) as amended by SOP 98-4 and SOP 98-9 and clarified by Staff Accounting Bulletin (“SAB”) 101, SAB No. 104 and Emerging Issues Task Force (“EITF”) 00-21 and SOP 81-1, “Accounting for Performance of Construction-Type and Certain Production-Type Contracts” (“SOP 81-1”). Revenue is generally recognized when persuasive evidence of an arrangement exists, delivery has occurred, the fee is fixed or determinable, and collection is considered probable. We generally sell software licenses and services together as part of multiple-element arrangements. We also enter into contracts for technology integration consulting services unrelated to any software product. When we enter into a multiple-element arrangement, we use the residual method to allocate the total fee among the elements of the arrangement. Under the residual method, license revenue is recognized upon delivery when vendor-specific objective evidence of fair value exists for all of the undelivered elements in the arrangement, but does not exist for one or more of the delivered elements in the arrangement. Each license arrangement requires that we analyze the individual elements in the transaction and estimate the fair value of each undelivered element, which typically includes PCS and professional services. License revenue consists of license fees charged for the use of our products under perpetual and, to a lesser extent, term license arrangements. License revenue from a perpetual arrangement is generally recognized upon delivery while license revenue from a term arrangement is recognized ratably over the duration of the arrangement

on a straight-line basis. If the professional services are essential to the functionality of the software product, the license revenue is recognized upon customer acceptance or satisfaction of the service obligation.

 

Professional services are generally separately priced, are available from a number of suppliers and are typically not essential to the functionality of our software products. Revenues from these services are recognized separately from the license fee if the arrangements qualify as “service transactions” as defined by SOP 97-2. Generally, revenue from time-and-materials consulting contracts is recognized as services are performed.

 

PCS includes telephone support, bug fixes and unspecified rights to product upgrades and enhancements, and is recognized ratably over the term of the service period, which is generally 12 months. We estimate the fair value of the PCS portion of an arrangement based on the price charged for PCS when sold separately. We sell PCS on a separate, standalone basis when customers renew PCS.

 

Revenues from contracts for technology integration consulting services are recognized on the percentage-of-completion method in accordance with SOP 81-1. Percentage-of-completion accounting involves calculating the percentage of services provided during the reporting period compared to the total estimated services to be provided over the duration of the contract. If estimates indicate that a contract loss will occur, a loss provision is recorded in the period in which the loss first becomes probable and reasonably estimable. Contract losses are determined to be the amount by which the estimated direct and indirect costs of the contract exceed the estimated total revenues that will be generated by the contract. There were no contract loss provisions recorded as of December 31, 2008 and 2007. Revenues recognized in excess of billings are recorded as unbilled services. Billings in excess of revenues recognized are recorded as deferred revenues until revenue recognition criteria are met.

 

Stock-Based Compensation

 

We measure and recognize compensation expense for all share-based payment awards in accordance with SFAS No. 123 (revised 2004), “Share-Based Payment” (“SFAS 123R”). This statement requires that compensation expense for all share-based awards be recognized based on their estimated fair values measured as of the grant date. These costs are recognized as an expense in the Consolidated Statements of Operations over the requisite service period, which is typically the vesting period, with an offsetting increase to additional paid-in capital. We adopted SFAS 123R using the modified prospective transition method effective January 1, 2006.

 

Income Taxes

 

Income taxes are accounted for using the asset and liability method in accordance with SFAS No. 109, “Accounting for Income Taxes” (“SFAS 109”). Deferred income taxes reflect the net tax effects of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of assets and liabilities and are measured using the enacted tax rates and laws that will be in effect when such differences are expected to reverse. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in income in the period that includes the enactment date. A valuation allowance is recognized against deferred tax assets if it is more likely than not that such assets will not be realized in future years.

 

In June 2006, the FASB issued FASB Interpretation No. 48, “Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes — an Interpretation of FASB Statement No. 109” (“FIN 48”), which applies to all tax positions accounted for under SFAS 109. A “tax position” includes current or future reductions in taxable income reported or expected to be reported on a tax return. FIN 48 supplements SFAS 109 by defining the confidence level that a tax position must meet in order to be recognized in the financial statements. The interpretation requires that the tax effects of a position be recognized only if it is “more-likely-than-not” (i.e., greater than 50% likelihood) to be sustained based solely on its technical merits as of the reporting date. In making this assessment, a company must assume that the taxing authorities will examine the position. As a result of the implementation of FIN 48 effective January 1, 2007, we recognized an increase in deferred tax assets of $3.0 million related to previously unrecognized tax benefits, which was accounted for as an increase to additional paid-in capital of $0.3 million and an increase in accrued expenses of $2.7 million. Unrecognized tax benefits as of December 31, 2008 were $2.7 million. If recognized, this entire amount would impact the effective tax rate.

Business Combinations, Goodwill and Intangibles Assets

 

We account for business acquisitions under the purchase method of accounting in accordance with SFAS No. 141, “Business Combinations.” The total cost of an acquisition is allocated to the underlying net assets based on their respective estimated fair values. The excess of the purchase price over the estimated fair values of the net assets acquired is recorded as goodwill. Determining the fair value of certain assets acquired and liabilities assumed is judgmental in nature and often involves the use of significant estimates and assumptions, including assumptions with respect to future cash flows, discount rates, growth rates and asset lives.

 

In accordance with SFAS No. 142, “Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,” we no longer amortize goodwill and other intangibles with indefinite lives. We perform an impairment review of goodwill on an annual basis and more frequently if circumstances change. Intangible assets with definite lives, including purchased technologies, customer relationships and other intangible assets, are amortized on a straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives, ranging from five to ten years. Intangible assets are assessed for impairment when events or circumstances indicate a possible impairment pursuant to the provisions of SFAS No. 144, “Accounting for Long Lived Assets and for Long Lived Assets to be Disposed Of.”

 

Segment Results

 

As an electronic, multi-dealer platform for trading fixed-income securities, our operations constitute a single business segment pursuant to SFAS No. 131, “Disclosures about Segments of an Enterprise and Related Information.” Because of the highly integrated nature of the financial markets in which we compete and the integration of our worldwide business activities, we believe that results by geographic region, products or types of clients are not necessarily meaningful in understanding our business.

Results of Operations

 

Financial Results

 

The following table presents our consolidated operating results expressed in U.S. dollars and as a percentage of total revenues for each of the years presented:

 

Statistical Information

 

Our trading volume for each of the years presented was as follows:

 

 

For volume reporting purposes, transactions in foreign currencies are converted to U.S. dollars at average monthly rates. Prior to September 1, 2008, no fees were charged on U.S. high-grade single-dealer inquiries. Such single-dealer inquiry trading volume amounted to $6.3 billion, $15.1 billion and $19.0 billion for the years ended December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006, respectively. Effective September 1, 2008, single-dealer inquiry trades are charged commissions in accordance with the U.S. high-grade corporate bond fee plan. Credit default swap trading volume data are included in Other. Trading volume data related to DealerAxess^® bond trading between broker-dealer clients are included in either U.S. high-grade or Other trading volumes, as appropriate.

 

Our active institutional investor clients (firms that executed at least one trade in U.S. or European fixed-income securities through our electronic platform during the applicable year) and our broker-dealer clients as of December 31, 2008, 2007 and 2006 were as follows:

 

 

Year Ended December 31, 2008 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2007

 

Overview

 

Total revenues decreased by 0.6% to $93.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $93.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This decrease in total revenues was primarily due to a decline in U.S. high-grade revenues of $6.0 million, European high-grade revenues of $0.7 million and investment income of $1.8 million, offset by an increase in technology products and services revenues of $7.8 million. Technology products and services revenues reflect the impact of the Greenline and TWS acquisitions.

 

Total expenses increased by $3.9 million or 5.1% to $80.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $76.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The Greenline acquisition increased expenses by $7.2 million, including $3.5 million of employee compensation and benefits. The $3.9 million increase in total expenses was primarily due to higher employee compensation and benefits of $0.8 million, depreciation and amortization of $0.7 million, technology and communications of $0.8 million and marketing and advertising of $0.9 million.

 

Income before taxes decreased by $4.4 million or 25.6% to $12.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2008, from $17.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. Net income decreased by $2.4 million or 23.5% to $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2008, from $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007.

Recent Developments

 

On February 4, 2009, we issued a press release announcing our results of operations for the three months and year ended December 31, 2008. The press release included consolidated condensed balance sheet data as of December 31, 2008 and 2007. Subsequent to the issuance of the press release, we concluded that it was appropriate to adjust the deferred tax balance and goodwill associated resulting from the Greenline acquisition, which affected certain December 31, 2008 balance sheet accounts. As a result, the deferred tax asset balance decreased by $0.7 million and the goodwill balance increased by $0.7 million from the amounts reported in the press release. The adjustment had no effect on the Consolidated Statements of Operations or earnings per share reported in the press release, nor did it affect our cash position.

 

Revenues

 

Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the resulting dollar and percentage changes, were as follows:

 

 

Commissions.  Total commissions decreased by $6.7 million or 8.3% to $73.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $80.2 million for 2007. The following table shows the extent to which the decrease in commissions for the year ended December 31, 2008 was attributable to changes in transaction volumes, transaction fees per million, monthly distribution fees and DealerAxess^® minimum fees:

 

Our average fee per million for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007 was as follows:

 

 

U.S. high-grade volume decreased by 35.6% for the year ended December 31, 2008, compared to the year ended December 31, 2007. The decrease in U.S. high-grade volume was due primarily to a decline in the Company’s estimated market share of total U.S. high-grade corporate bond volume as reported by FINRA TRACE from 9.4% for the year ended December 31, 2007 to 6.6% for the year ended December 31, 2008, coupled with a decline in overall market volume as measured by FINRA TRACE. Estimated FINRA TRACE U.S. high-grade volume decreased by 9.0% from $2,227 billion for the year ended December 31, 2007 to $2,028 billion for the year ended December 31, 2008. We believe the resultant lack of liquidity in the credit markets led institutional investors to reduce overall bond trading activity and conduct a higher percentage of their trades directly with their broker-dealer counterparties via the telephone, resulting in lower volumes on our platform. The U.S. high-grade distribution fees were $30.3 million for the year ended December, 2008, compared to $31.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The U.S. high-grade distribution fees may decrease as a result of recent merger and bankruptcy activity involving several of our broker-dealer clients. The DealerAxess^® monthly minimum fees were zero and $3.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The majority of the DealerAxess^® minimum fee commitments expired as of June 30, 2007. The total U.S. high-grade average fee per million is calculated for each period presented using both the transaction fees and the monthly distribution fees, including the DealerAxess^® monthly minimum fees, paid by our broker-dealer clients. The variable U.S. high-grade average transaction fee per million increased from $84 per million for the year ended December 31, 2007 to $121 per million for the year ended December 31, 2008 due to the longer maturity of trades executed on the platform, for which we charge higher commissions.

 

Eurobond volume decreased by 53.8%, net of the unfavorable effect of foreign currency changes, for the year ended December 31, 2008, compared to the year ended December 31, 2007. During 2008, we believe that the European credit markets experienced market conditions similar to the U.S. On June 1, 2007, we introduced a new fee plan for European corporate bond trades. Similar to the U.S. high-grade plan, the new European high-grade corporate bond fee plan incorporates a monthly distribution fee and a transaction fee that is dependent on the type of bond traded and the maturity of the issue. The European high-grade distribution fee was $14.2 million for year ended December 31, 2008, compared to $8.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The total Eurobond average fee per million is calculated for each period presented using both the transaction fees and the monthly distribution fees paid by our broker-dealer clients. The European high-grade average transaction fee per million decreased from $138 per million for the year ended December 31, 2007 to $112 per million for the year ended December 31, 2008, principally from the introduction of the new European high-grade fee plan.

 

Other volume decreased by 23.5% for the year ended December 31, 2008, compared to the year ended December 31, 2007. The decrease was primarily due to lower emerging market, agencies and credit default swap volume offset partially by increased high yield volume. Other average fee per million increased from $121 per million for the year ended December 31, 2007 to $158 per million for the year ended December 31, 2008 primarily due to a higher percentage of volume in products that carry higher fees per million, principally high yield.

Technology Products and Services.  Technology products and services revenues increased by $7.8 million to $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $0.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The increase was primarily a result of the Greenline acquisition.

 

Information and User Access Fees.  Information and user access fees increased by $0.1 million or 2.5% to $6.0 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Investment Income.  Investment income decreased by $1.8 million or 33.7% to $3.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $5.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This decrease was primarily due to lower interest rates.

 

Other.  Other revenues decreased by $0.1 million or 4.4% to $1.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $1.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Expenses

 

Our expenses and expenses as a percentage of revenues for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, and the resulting dollar and percentage changes, were as follows:

 

 

Employee Compensation and Benefits.  Employee compensation and benefits increased by $0.8 million or 1.8% to $43.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $43.1 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This increase was primarily attributable to higher wages of $2.4 million, severance costs of $1.0 million and stock-based compensation expense of $1.4 million, offset by reduced incentive compensation of $3.6 million. The higher wages were primarily a result of the Greenline acquisition. The total number of employees increased to 185 as of December 31, 2008 from 182 as of December 31, 2007. As a percentage of total revenues, employee compensation and benefits expense increased to 47.1% for the year ended December 31, 2008 from 46.0% for the year ended December 31, 2007.

 

Depreciation and Amortization.  Depreciation and amortization expense increased by $0.7 million or 9.9% to $7.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $7.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. An increase in amortization of intangible assets of $1.3 million and TWS impairment charge of $0.7 million were offset by a decline in depreciation and amortization of hardware and software development costs of $1.3 million. The intangible asset amortization increase was due to the $8.3 million of definite-life intangibles created in 2008 in connection with the Greenline acquisition. The TWS impairment charge was recorded to reflect negative current period operating results and reduced revenue expectations for connectivity solutions principally delivered to broker-dealers. For the year ended December 31, 2008, we capitalized $2.4 million of software development costs and $1.7 million of computer and related equipment purchases.

 

Technology and Communications.  Technology and communications expense increased by $0.8 million or 11.4% to $8.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $7.5 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. This increase was attributable to higher expenses associated with the purchase of production and market data.

Professional and Consulting Fees.  Professional and consulting fees increased by $0.5 million or 7.0% to $8.2 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $7.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The increase was principally due to higher information technology consultant costs of $0.7 million and audit and tax fees of $0.2 million, offset by lower recruiting fees of $0.5 million.

 

Occupancy.  Occupancy costs decreased by $0.4 million or 11.7% to $2.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $3.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007. The decline was principally due to exiting certain leased office space in 2008.

 

Marketing and Advertising.  Marketing and advertising expense increased by $0.9 million or 46.0% to $2.8 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $1.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily due to higher travel and entertainment expenses.

 

General and Administrative.  General and administrative expense increased by $0.5 million or 8.8% to $6.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2008 from $5.9 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, primarily due to increased charges for doubtful accounts of $0.8 million.

 

Provision for Income Tax

 

We recorded an income tax provision of $4.9 million and $6.9 million for the years ended December 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively. The decrease in the tax provision was primarily attributable to the $4.4 million decrease in pre-tax income. With the exception of the payment of certain foreign and state and local taxes, the provision for income taxes was a non-cash expense since we had available net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits to offset the cash payment of taxes.

 

Our consolidated effective tax rate for the year ended December 31, 2008 was 38.5% compared to 40.2% for the year ended December 31, 2007. The 2008 effective tax rate reflects a higher portion of earnings generated in lower tax rate jurisdictions. The 2007 provision includes an adjustment to the deferred tax asset balance of $0.5 million to reflect the tax rate anticipated to be in effect when the temporary differences are expected to reverse, as well as changes in enacted state and foreign tax rates. Our consolidated effective tax rate can vary from period to period depending on, among other factors, the geographic and business mix of our earnings and changes in tax legislation and tax rates. Due to our net deferred tax asset balance, a decrease in tax rates results in a reduction in our deferred tax balance and an increase in tax expense.

 

As of December 31, 2008, we had net operating loss carryforwards of $105.1 million and tax credit carryforwards of $3.3 million for income tax purposes. The deferred tax asset of $35.7 million at December 31, 2008, includes a valuation allowance of $0.6 million arising from certain tax credit and foreign tax loss carryforwards. This valuation allowance was deemed appropriate due to available evidence indicating that some of the deferred tax assets might not be realized in future years.

 

Year Ended December 31, 2007 Compared to Year Ended December 31, 2006

 

Overview

 

Total revenues increased by $10.3 million or 12.4% to $93.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $83.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase in total revenues was primarily due to increases in total commissions of $8.8 million, technology products and services of $0.7 million and investment income of $0.6 million.

 

Total expenses increased by $1.7 million or 2.2% to $76.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2007 from $74.7 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. This increase was primarily due to higher employee compensation and benefits of $1.0 million.

 

Income before taxes increased by $8.6 million or 100.5% to $17.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, from $8.6 million for the year ended December 31, 2006. Net income increased by $4.9 million or 90.4% to $10.3 million for the year ended December 31, 2007, from $5.4 million for the year ended December 31, 2006.

Revenues

 

Our revenues for the years ended December 31, 2007 and 2006, and the resulting dollar and percentage changes, were as follows: