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UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-K

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2013

or

For the transition period from                          to                          

Commission File Number 001-09463

RLI CORP.

(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)

Registrant’s telephone number, including area code (309) 692-1000

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: NONE

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Exchange Act. Yes o No x

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. o

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, or a smaller reporting company.  See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes o No x

The aggregate market value of the registrant’s common stock held by non-affiliates of the Registrant as of June 30, 2013, based upon the closing sale price of the Common Stock on June 30, 2013 as reported on the New York Stock Exchange, was $1,437,954,365. Shares of Common Stock held directly or indirectly by each reporting officer and director along with shares held by the Company ESOP have been excluded in that such persons may be deemed to be affiliates. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

The number of shares outstanding of the Registrant’s Common Stock, $1.00 par value, on February 12, 2014 was 42,984,424.

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DOCUMENTS INCORPORATED BY REFERENCE.

Portions of the Registrant’s definitive Proxy Statement for the 2014 annual meeting of shareholders to be held May 1, 2014, are incorporated herein by reference into Part III of this document.

Exhibit index is located on pages 117-118 of this document, which lists documents filed as exhibits or incorporated by reference herein.

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RLI Corp.

Index to Annual Report on Form 10-K

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PART I

Item 1.  Business

RLI Corp. underwrites selected property and casualty insurance through major subsidiaries collectively known as RLI Insurance Group. We conduct operations principally through four insurance companies. These companies are organized in a vertical structure beneath RLI Corp. with RLI Insurance Company (RLI Ins.) as the first-level, or principal, insurance subsidiary. RLI Ins. writes multiple lines of insurance on an admitted basis in all 50 states, the District of Columbia and Puerto Rico. Mt. Hawley Insurance Company (Mt. Hawley), a subsidiary of RLI Ins., writes excess and surplus lines insurance on an admitted basis in all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam. RLI Indemnity Company (RIC), a subsidiary of Mt. Hawley, has authority to write multiple lines of insurance on an admitted basis in 48 states and the District of Columbia. Contractors Bonding and Insurance Company (CBIC), a subsidiary of RLI Ins., has authority to write multiple lines of insurance on an admitted basis in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Each of our insurance companies is domiciled in Illinois, with the exception of CBIC, which is domiciled in Washington. We are an Illinois corporation that was organized in 1965. We have no material foreign operations.

We maintain an Internet website at http://www.rlicorp.com. We make available free of charge on our website our annual report on Form 10-K, our quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K and amendments to those reports filed with or furnished to the Securities and Exchange Commission as soon as reasonably practicable after such materials are filed or furnished. Information contained on our website is not intended to be incorporated by reference in this annual report and you should not consider that information a part of this annual report.

As a niche company with a specialty focus, we offer insurance coverages in both the specialty admitted and excess and surplus markets. Coverages in the specialty admitted market, such as our oil and gas surety bonds, are for risks that are unique or hard-to-place in the standard market, but must remain with an admitted insurance company for regulatory or marketing reasons. In addition, our coverages in the specialty admitted market may be designed to meet specific insurance needs of targeted insured groups, such as our professional liability and package coverages for design professionals and our stand-alone personal umbrella policy. The specialty admitted market is subject to more state regulation than the excess and surplus market, particularly with regard to rate and form filing requirements, restrictions on the ability to exit lines of business, premium tax payments and membership in various state associations, such as state guaranty funds and assigned risk plans. We also underwrite coverages in the excess and surplus market. The excess and surplus market, unlike the standard admitted market, is less regulated and more flexible in terms of policy forms and premium rates. This market provides an alternative for customers with risks or loss exposures that generally cannot be written in the standard admitted market. This typically results in coverages that are more restrictive and more expensive than coverages in the standard admitted market. When we underwrite within the excess and surplus market, we are selective in the lines of business and type of risks we choose to write. Using our non-admitted status in this market allows us to tailor terms and conditions to manage these exposures effectively. Often, the development of these coverages is generated through proposals brought to us by an agent or broker seeking coverage for a specific group of clients or loss exposures. Once a proposal is submitted, our underwriters determine whether it would be a viable product based on our business objectives.

We distribute our property and casualty insurance through our wholly-owned branch offices that market to wholesale producers. We market certain coverages to retail producers from several of our casualty, surety and property operations. On a direct basis, we offer limited coverages to select insureds, as well as various reinsurance coverages, which are distributed through brokers. In addition, from time to time, we produce a limited amount of business under agreements with managing general agents under the direction of our product vice presidents.

For the year ended December 31, 2013, the following table provides the geographic distribution of our risks insured as represented by direct premiums earned for all coverages.

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In the ordinary course of business, we rely on other insurance companies to share risks through reinsurance. A large portion of the reinsurance is put into effect under contracts known as treaties and, in some instances, by negotiation on each individual risk (known as facultative reinsurance). We have quota share, excess of loss and catastrophe (CAT) reinsurance contracts that protect against losses over stipulated amounts arising from any one occurrence or event. These arrangements allow us to pursue greater diversification of business and serve to limit the maximum net loss on catastrophes and large risks. Reinsurance is subject to certain risks, specifically market risk, which affects the cost of and the ability to secure these contracts, and credit risk, which is the risk that our reinsurers may not pay on losses in a timely fashion or at all. The following table illustrates the degree to which we have utilized reinsurance during the past three years. For an expanded discussion of the impact of reinsurance on our operations, see note 5 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

SPECIALTY INSURANCE MARKET OVERVIEW

The specialty insurance market differs significantly from the standard admitted market. In the standard admitted market, insurance rates and forms are highly regulated, products and coverage are largely uniform with relatively predictable exposures and companies tend to compete for customers on the basis of price. In contrast, the specialty market provides coverage for risks that do not fit the underwriting criteria of the standard carriers. Competition tends to focus less on price and more on availability, service and other value-based considerations. While specialty market exposures may have higher insurance risks than their standard admitted market counterparts, we manage these risks to achieve higher financial returns. To reach our financial and operational goals, we must have extensive knowledge of and expertise in our markets. Many of our risks are underwritten on an individual basis and restricted limits, deductibles, exclusions and surcharges are employed in order to respond to distinctive risk characteristics. We operate in the specialty admitted insurance market, the excess and surplus insurance market and the specialty property reinsurance market.

SPECIALTY ADMITTED INSURANCE MARKET

We write business in the specialty admitted market. Most of these risks are unique and hard to place in the standard admitted market, but for marketing and regulatory reasons, they must remain with an admitted insurance company. The specialty admitted market is subject to greater state regulation than the excess and surplus market, particularly with regard to rate and form filing requirements, restrictions on the ability to exit lines of business, premium tax payments and membership in various state

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associations, such as state guaranty funds and assigned risk plans. For 2013, our specialty admitted operations produced gross premiums written of $508.7 million, representing approximately 60 percent of our total gross premiums for the year.

EXCESS AND SURPLUS INSURANCE MARKET

The excess and surplus market focuses on hard-to-place risks. Participating in this market allows us to underwrite nonstandard risks with more flexible policy forms and unregulated premium rates. This typically results in coverages that are more restrictive and more expensive than in the standard admitted market. The excess and surplus lines regulatory environment and production model also effectively filters submission flow and matches market opportunities to our expertise and appetite. In 2013, the excess and surplus market represented approximately $25 billion, or 5 percent, of the entire $523 billion domestic property and casualty industry, as measured by direct premiums written. Our excess and surplus operations wrote gross premiums of $265.0 million, or 32 percent, of our total gross premiums written in 2013.

SPECIALTY PROPERTY REINSURANCE MARKET

We write business in the specialty property reinsurance market. This business can be written on an individual risk (facultative) basis or on a portfolio (treaty) basis. We write contracts on an excess of loss and a proportional basis. Contract provisions are written and agreed upon between the company and its clients, other (re)insurance companies. The business is typically more volatile as a result of unique underlying exposures and excess and aggregate attachments. This business requires specialized underwriting and technical modeling. For 2013, our specialty property reinsurance operations wrote gross premiums of $69.5 million, representing approximately 8 percent of our total gross premiums written for the year.

BUSINESS SEGMENT OVERVIEW

Our segment data is derived using the guidance set forth in FASB Accounting Standards Codification (ASC) 280, “Segment Reporting.” As prescribed by the guidance, reporting is based on the internal structure and reporting of information as it is used by management. The segments of our insurance operations are casualty, property and surety. For additional information, see note 11 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

CASUALTY SEGMENT

General Liability

Our general liability business consists primarily of coverage for third party liability of commercial insureds including manufacturers, contractors, apartments, real estate investment trusts (REITs) and mercantile. We also offer coverages in the specialized area of environmental liability for underground storage tanks, contractors and asbestos and environmental remediation specialists. Net premiums earned from our general liability business totaled $81.4 million, $85.0 million and $85.0 million, or 12 percent, 13 percent and 14 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Commercial and Personal Umbrella

Our commercial umbrella coverage is principally written in excess of primary liability insurance provided by other carriers and in excess of primary liability written by us. The personal umbrella coverage is written in excess of the homeowners and automobile liability coverage provided by other carriers, except in Hawaii, where some underlying homeowners’ coverage is written by us. In 2012 and 2013, we experienced significant growth in sales of our commercial product to contractors, particularly in the eastern region of the country. Net premiums earned from this business totaled $85.5 million, $68.3 million and $63.0 million, or 12 percent, 10 percent and 10 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Commercial Transportation

Our transportation insurance provides commercial automobile liability and physical damage insurance to local, intermediate and long haul truckers, public transportation entities and equipment dealers, along with other types of specialty commercial automobile risks. We also offer incidental, related insurance coverages including general liability, excess liability and motor truck cargo. Our highly experienced transportation underwriters produce business through independent agents and brokers nationwide. Due to more favorable market conditions driven by decreased competition from managing general agents and their associated carriers, we experienced significant revenue growth in 2013 while maintaining our risk profile. Net premiums earned from this business totaled $50.3 million, $34.7 million and $34.1 million, or 7 percent, 5 percent and 6 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

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P&C Package Business

In April 2011, we acquired CBIC and affiliated companies. Approximately half of the business written by CBIC is admitted property and casualty packages offered to small contractors (ContracPac) and other small-to-medium sized “Main Street” retail businesses. The coverages included in these packages are predominantly general liability, but also have some inland marine coverages as well as commercial automobile and umbrella coverage. These products are predominantly marketed through retail agents. Net premiums earned from the CBIC package business totaled $30.6 million, $28.5 million and $16.4 million, or 4 percent, 4 percent and 3 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Executive Products

We provide a variety of management professional liability coverages, such as directors and officers (D&O) liability insurance, employment practices liability, fiduciary liability and fidelity coverages for a variety of low to moderate classes of risks. We tend to focus more on smaller accounts, as opposed to the large account sector, which is generally more sensitive to price competition. Our target accounts include publicly traded companies with market capitalization below $5 billion (where we are writing part of the traditional D&O program), “Side A” coverage (where corporations cannot indemnify the individual D&Os), private companies, nonprofit organizations and sole-sponsored and multi-employer fiduciary liability accounts. Our primary focus for publicly traded companies is on providing “Side A” coverage and excess broad form coverage. Additionally, we have had success rounding out our portfolio by writing more fiduciary liability coverage and primary and excess D&O coverage for private companies and non-profit organizations. In 2011, we moved our miscellaneous professional liability business to our professional services group and combined our fidelity operation with our executive products group. Net premiums earned from the executive products business totaled $19.1 million, $17.2 million and $15.5 million, or 3 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Professional Services

We offer professional liability coverages focused on providing errors and omission coverage to small-to-medium sized design professionals. In 2011, we combined our miscellaneous professional liability business into our design professionals group to form the professional services group. This group has focused on small-to-medium sized design, technical, computer and miscellaneous professionals. We have recently expanded our product suite to these same customers by offering a full array of multi-peril package products including general liability, property, automobile, excess liability and worker’s compensation coverages. This business primarily markets its products through specialty retail agents nationwide. Net premiums earned from the professional services group totaled $42.1 million, $28.0 million and $13.2 million, or 6 percent, 4 percent and 2 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Medical Professional Liability

In late 2012, we acquired Rockbridge Underwriting Agency (Rockbridge), a managing general agency that specialized in medical professional liability insurance for hard to place individual and group physicians. The business is marketed through wholesale brokers in the excess and surplus lines space. Net premiums earned from the medical professional liability business totaled $8.6 million, or 1 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013.

Other Casualty

We offer a variety of other smaller products in our casualty segment, including home business insurance, which provides limited liability and property coverage, on and off-site, for a variety of small business owners who work from their own home. In late 2012, we expanded our offerings within the casualty segment with the launch of coverage for security guards. We also have a number of programs that provide multiple, specialized coverages to a segmented customer base. Net premiums earned from these lines totaled $6.4 million, $6.0 million and $9.1 million, or 1 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

PROPERTY SEGMENT

Commercial Property

Our commercial property coverage consists primarily of excess and surplus lines and specialty insurance such as fire, earthquake and difference in conditions (DIC), which can include earthquake, wind, flood and collapse coverages. We provide insurance for a wide range of commercial and industrial risks, such as office buildings, apartments, condominiums and certain industrial and mercantile structures. Net premiums earned from the commercial property business totaled $76.9 million, $74.2

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million and $80.7 million, or 11 percent, 11 percent and 13 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Marine

Our marine coverages include cargo, hull, protection and indemnity (P&I), marine liability, as well as inland marine coverages including builders’ risks, contractors’ equipment and other “floater” type coverages. Although the predominant exposures are located within the United States, there is some incidental international exposure written within these coverages. Net premiums earned from the marine business totaled $57.1 million, $56.4 million and $51.7 million, or 8 percent, 9 percent and 8 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Crop Reinsurance

We offer quota share crop reinsurance for multi-peril crop (MPCI) and crop hail exposures. Crop insurance is purchased by agricultural producers for protection against crop-related losses due to natural disasters and other perils. The MPCI program is a partnership with the U.S. Department of Agriculture (USDA). Crop insurers also issue policies that cover revenue shortfalls or production losses due to natural causes such as drought, excessive moisture, hail, wind, frost, insects and disease. We realized significant growth in this product in 2013 as a direct result of a larger quota share participation in select territories and commodity price increases that result in higher premiums paid for the underlying coverage. Net premiums earned from the crop reinsurance business totaled $31.4 million, $24.5 million and $34.9 million, or 4 percent, 4 percent and 6 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Property Reinsurance

We offer facultative and other treaty property reinsurance. We underwrite property facultative reinsurance for insurance companies utilizing reinsurance intermediaries. The facultative unit specializes in excess and surplus property risks and other technical risks requiring underwriting expertise. Perils covered range from fire and mechanical breakdown to flood and other catastrophic events. Although the predominant exposures are located within the United States, there is some incidental international exposure written by this division. This division also writes select specialty property treaties on a proportional basis. These treaties are portfolio underwritten using specialized actuarial models and cover catastrophic perils of earthquake, windstorm and other weather-related events, as well as some additional losses. In 2011, we expanded our treaty offerings by adding a specialty treaty unit that focuses on writing quota share and excess of loss treaties for small, regional companies. From time-to-time we have participated on a limited basis in capital market vehicles (Industry Loss Warranties/CAT bonds) to add narrowly defined, diversifying CAT risk. Net premiums earned from the property reinsurance business totaled $15.8 million, $27.0 million and $19.9 million, or 2 percent, 4 percent and 3 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Other Property

We offer a variety of other smaller programs in our property segment, including two specialized personal lines property products in the admitted marketplace. In Hawaii, we offer a limited amount of homeowners and dwelling fire insurance through retail agents. In late 2012, we also began offering a recreational vehicle product countrywide through a managing general agent. Net premiums earned from other property coverages totaled $18.9 million, $20.3 million and $16.4 million, or 3 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

SURETY SEGMENT

Miscellaneous

Our miscellaneous surety coverage includes small bonds for businesses and individuals written through approximately 10,000 independent insurance agencies throughout the United States. Examples of these types of bonds are license and permit, notary and court bonds. These bonds are usually individually underwritten and utilize extensive automation tools for the underwriting and bond delivery to our agents. Our April 2011 acquisition of CBIC positively impacted net premiums earned for this product, as CBIC specialized in surety bonds, including miscellaneous coverages. Net premiums earned from miscellaneous surety coverages totaled $38.1 million, $39.3 million and $34.8 million, or 5 percent, 6 percent and 6 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Contract

We offer bonds for small-to-medium sized contractors throughout the United States, underwritten on an account basis. Typically, these are Performance and Payment bonds for individual construction contracts. These bonds are marketed through a

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select number of insurance agencies that have surety and construction expertise. We also offer bonds for small and emerging contractors that are reinsured through the federal small business administration. Our April 2011 acquisition of CBIC positively impacted net premiums earned from these coverages, as CBIC is a leading provider of contract bonds in the northwest region of United States. Net premiums earned from contract surety coverages totaled $27.2 million, $26.3 million and $24.4 million, or 4 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Commercial

We offer a large variety of commercial surety bonds for medium-to-large businesses across a broad spectrum of industries. These risks are underwritten on an account basis with the ability to write bonded aggregations up to $75 million. This coverage is marketed through a select number of regional and national brokers with surety expertise. Net premiums earned from commercial surety coverages totaled $23.1 million, $22.1 million and $21.3 million, or 3 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

Oil and Gas

Our oil and gas surety coverages provide commercial surety bonds for the energy, petrochemical and refining industries. These risks are primarily underwritten on an account basis and are primarily marketed through insurance producers with expertise in these industries. Net premiums earned from oil and gas surety coverages totaled $18.2 million, $18.7 million and $18.1 million, or 3 percent of consolidated revenues for 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively.

MARKETING AND DISTRIBUTION

We distribute our coverages primarily through branch offices throughout the country that market to wholesale and retail brokers and through independent agents. We also market through agencies and more recently through e-commerce channels.

BROKERS

The largest volume of broker-generated premium is in our commercial property, general liability, commercial surety, commercial umbrella, commercial automobile and specialty facultative and treaty reinsurance coverages. This business is produced through independent wholesale, retail and reinsurance brokers.

INDEPENDENT AGENTS

Our surety segment offers its business through a variety of independent agents. Additionally, we target classes of insurance, such as home business and personal umbrella, through independent agents. Homeowners and dwelling fire is produced through independent agents in Hawaii. Several of these programs involve detailed eligibility criteria, which are incorporated into strict underwriting guidelines and prequalification of each risk using a system accessible by the independent agent. The independent agent cannot bind the risk unless they receive approval from our underwriters or through our automated system.

UNDERWRITING AGENTS

We contract with certain underwriting agencies, which have limited authority to bind or underwrite business on our behalf. The underwriting agreements involve strict underwriting guidelines and the agents are subject to audits upon request. These agencies may receive some compensation through contingent profit commission.

E-COMMERCE AND/OR DIRECT

We are actively employing e-commerce to produce and efficiently process and service business including home businesses, small commercial and personal umbrella risks and surety bonding. On a direct basis, we also assume premium on our crop reinsurance treaties.

COMPETITION

Our specialty property and casualty insurance subsidiaries are part of an extremely competitive industry that is cyclical and historically characterized by periods of high premium rates and shortages of underwriting capacity followed by periods of severe competition and excess underwriting capacity. Within the United States alone, approximately 2,700 companies actively market property and casualty coverages. Our primary competitors in the casualty segment are, among others, ACE, Arch, Endurance, Navigators, USLI, Great West, Lancer, Baldwin & Lyons, Chubb, Great American, Travelers and CNA. Primary competitors in the property segment are, among others, ACE, Lexington, Arch, Endurance, Aspen, Crum & Forster, Travelers and Markel.

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Primary competitors in the surety segment are, among others, ACE, Arch, HCC, CNA, Safeco, North American Specialty, Travelers and Hartford. The combination of coverages, service, pricing and other methods of competition vary from line to line. Our principal methods of meeting this competition are innovative coverages, marketing structure and quality service to the agents and policyholders at a fair price. We compete favorably, in part, because of our sound financial base and reputation, as well as our broad geographic penetration into all 50 states, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, the Virgin Islands and Guam. In the casualty, property and surety areas, we have experienced underwriting specialists in our branch and home offices. We continue to maintain our underwriting and marketing standards by not seeking market share at the expense of earnings. We have a track record of withdrawing from markets when conditions become overly adverse and we offer new coverages and new programs where the opportunity exists to provide needed insurance coverage with exceptional service on a profitable basis.

FINANCIAL STRENGTH RATINGS

A.M. Best financial strength ratings for the industry range from ‘‘A++’’ (Superior) to ‘‘F’’ (In liquidation) with some companies not being rated. Standard & Poor’s financial strength ratings for the industry range from ‘‘AAA’’ (Extremely strong) to ‘‘R’’ (Regulatory action). Moody’s financial strength ratings for the industry range from “Aaa” (Exceptional) to “C” (Lowest). The following table illustrates the range of ratings assigned by each of the three major rating companies that has issued a financial strength rating on our insurance companies:

Publications of A.M. Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s indicate that ‘‘A’’ and ‘‘A+’’ ratings are assigned to those companies that, in their opinion, have achieved excellent overall performance when compared to the standards established by these firms and have a strong ability to meet their obligations to policyholders over a long period of time. In evaluating a company’s financial and operating performance, each of the firms review the company’s profitability, leverage and liquidity, as well as the company’s spread of risk, the quality and appropriateness of its reinsurance, the quality and diversification of its assets, the adequacy of its policy and loss reserves, the adequacy of its surplus, its capital structure, its risk management practices and the experience and objectives of its management. These ratings are based on factors relevant to policyholders, agents, insurance brokers and intermediaries and are not specifically related to securities issued by the company.

At December 31, 2013, the following ratings were assigned to our insurance companies:

* Standard & Poor’s does not rate RLI Indemnity

** CBIC is only rated by A.M. Best

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For A.M. Best, Standard & Poor’s and Moody’s, the financial strength ratings represented above are affirmations of previously assigned ratings. A.M. Best, in addition to assigning a financial strength rating, also assigns financial size categories. In July 2013, RLI Ins., Mt. Hawley and RIC, which are collectively rated as a group, were assigned a financial size category of “XI” (adjusted policyholders’ surplus of between $750 million and $1 billion). As of December 31, 2013, the policyholders’ statutory surplus of RLI Insurance Group totaled $859.2 million. This would keep the group in A.M. Best’s financial size category “XI”.

REINSURANCE

We reinsure a portion of our insurance exposure, paying or ceding to the reinsurer a portion of the premiums received on such policies. Earned premiums ceded to non-affiliated reinsurers totaled $189.7 million, $180.2 million and $154.5 million in 2013, 2012 and 2011, respectively. Insurance is ceded principally to reduce net liability on individual risks and to protect against catastrophic losses. We use reinsurance as an alternative to using our own capital to fund losses. Retention levels are adjusted each year to maintain a balance between the growth in surplus and the cost of reinsurance. Although reinsurance does not legally discharge an insurer from its primary liability for the full amount of the policies, it does make the assuming reinsurer liable to the insurer to the extent of the insurance ceded.

Reinsurance is subject to certain risks, specifically market risk (which affects the cost and ability to secure reinsurance contracts) and credit risk (which relates to the ability to collect from the reinsurer on our claims). We purchase reinsurance from a number of financially strong reinsurers. We evaluate reinsurers’ ability to pay based on their financial results, level of surplus, financial strength ratings and other risk characteristics. A reinsurance committee, comprised of senior management, approves our security guidelines and reinsurer usage. Nearly 95 percent of our reinsurance recoverables are due from companies with financial strength ratings of “A” or better by A.M. Best and Standard & Poor’s rating services. For more information regarding our largest reinsurers, see note 5 to the consolidated financial statements within Item 8, Financial Statements and Supplementary Data.

We utilize both treaty and facultative reinsurance coverage for our risks. Treaty coverage refers to a reinsurance contract that is applied to a group or class of business where all the risks written meet the criteria for that class. Facultative coverage is applied to individual risks as opposed to a group or class of business. It is used for a variety of reasons, including supplementing the limits provided by the treaty coverage or covering risks or perils excluded from treaty reinsurance.

Much of our reinsurance is purchased on an excess of loss basis. Under an excess of loss arrangement, we retain losses on a risk up to a specified amount and the reinsurers assume any losses above that amount. We may choose to participate in the reinsurance layers purchased by retaining a percentage of the layer. It is common to find conditions in excess of loss covers such as occurrence limits, aggregate limits and reinstatement premium charges. Occurrence limits cap our recovery for multiple losses caused by the same event. Aggregate limits cap our recovery for all losses ceded during the contract term. We may be required to pay additional premium to reinstate or have access to use the reinsurance limits for potential future recoveries during the same contract year. Our property and surety treaties tend to include reinstatement provisions which require us, in certain circumstances, to pay reinstatement premiums after a loss has occurred in order to preserve coverage.

Excluding CAT reinsurance, the following table summarizes the reinsurance treaty coverage currently in effect:

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*A limited number of commercial and oil & gas surety accounts are permitted to exceed the $50.0 million limit.  These accounts are subject to additional levels of review and are monitored on a monthly basis.

At each renewal, we consider any plans to change the underlying insurance coverage we offer, as well as updated loss activity, the level of RLI Insurance Group’s surplus, changes in our risk appetite and the cost and availability of reinsurance treaties. In the last renewal cycle, we modestly increased retentions on several lines of business including transportation, professional liability for professional services firms, multiline business and CBIC surety. We also increased the retention on marine business for a CAT event from $2.0 million to $5.0 million.

PROPERTY REINSURANCE — CATASTROPHE COVERAGE

Our property CAT reinsurance reduces the financial impact of a CAT event involving multiple claims and policyholders. Reinsurance limits purchased fluctuate due to changes in the number of policies we insure, reinsurance costs, insurance company surplus levels and our risk appetite. In addition, we monitor the expected rate of return for each of our CAT lines of business. At high rates of return, we grow the book of business and may purchase additional reinsurance depending on our capital position. As the rate of return decreases, we shrink the book and may purchase less reinsurance to increase our return. In 2011, we purchased additional reinsurance to support growth in our wind book of business, which was generating a profitable rate of return. We also anticipated a change in one of the third-party CAT modeling systems that resulted in an increase in estimated potential losses. Coverage since that time has remained relatively consistent as there have been no material fluctuations in the state of the market or our view of the exposure. Our reinsurance coverage for the last few years follows:

Catastrophe Coverages

(in millions)

These CAT limits are in addition to the per-occurrence coverage provided by facultative and other treaty coverages. We have participated in the CAT layers purchased by retaining a percentage of each layer throughout this period. Our participation has varied based on price and the amount of risk transferred by each layer. In 2014, all layers of the treaty include one prepaid reinstatement.

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In 2013 and prior, our CAT program included one prepaid reinstatement for two layers of coverage, up to $100.0 million, for a CAT event other than a California earthquake. If a loss had occurred above that level, reinstatement would have been purchased for the remaining limits recovered. For a California earthquake, there was a prepaid reinstatement for the $50.0 million excess $50.0 million layer (placed at 75 percent for 2013 and 2012) and a reinstatement would have been purchased subsequent to an event for the remaining reinsurance coverage.

Our property CAT program continues to be on an excess of loss basis. It attaches after all other reinsurance has been considered. Although covered in one program, limits and attachment points differ for California earthquakes and all other perils. The following charts use information from our CAT modeling software to illustrate our pre-tax net retention resulting from particular events that would generate the gross losses shown in the table:

Catastrophe - California Earthquake

(in millions)

Catastrophe - Other (Earthquake outside of California, Wind, Other)

(in millions)

In the above table, projected losses for 2013 were estimated based on our exposure as of December 31, 2013, utilizing the treaty structure in place as of January 1, 2014.  All previous years were estimated similarly by utilizing the exposure at the end of each respective year and the treaty structure in place at the start of the following year.

The previous tables were generated using theoretical probabilities of events occurring in areas where our portfolio of currently in-force policies could generate the level of loss illustrated.  Actual results could vary significantly from these tables as the actual nature or severity of a particular event cannot be predicted with any reasonable degree of accuracy. Reinsurance limits are purchased based on the anticipated losses from large events. The largest losses shown above are possible, but have a low probability of actually occurring. However, there is a remote chance that a larger event could occur. If the actual event losses are larger than anticipated, we could retain additional losses above the limit of our CAT reinsurance.

We continuously monitor and quantify our exposure to catastrophes including earthquakes, hurricanes, floods, convective storms, terrorist acts and other aggregating events. In the normal course of business, we manage our concentrations of exposures to catastrophic events, primarily by limiting concentrations of locations insured to acceptable levels and by purchasing reinsurance. Exposure and coverage detail is recorded for each risk location. We quantify and monitor the total policy limit insured in each geographical region. In addition, we use third-party CAT exposure models and an internally developed analysis to assess each risk to ensure we include an appropriate charge for assumed CAT risks. CAT exposure modeling is inherently uncertain due to the model’s reliance on an infrequent observation of actual events and exposure data, increasing the importance of capturing accurate policy coverage data. The model results are used both in the underwriting analysis of individual risks and at a corporate level for the aggregate book of CAT-exposed business. From both perspectives, we consider the potential loss produced by individual events that represent moderate-to-high loss potential at varying probabilities and magnitudes. In calculating potential losses, we select appropriate assumptions including, but not limited to, loss amplification and loss adjustment expense. We establish risk tolerances at the portfolio level based on market conditions, the level of reinsurance available, changes to the assumptions in the CAT models, rating agency capital constraints, underwriting guidelines and coverages and internal preferences. Our risk tolerances for each type of CAT, and for all perils in aggregate, change over time as these internal and external conditions change. We are required to report to the rating agencies estimated loss to a single event that could include all potential earthquakes and hurricanes contemplated by the CAT modeling software. This reported loss includes the impact of insured losses based on the estimated frequency and severity of potential events, loss adjustment expense, reinstatements paid after the loss, reinsurance

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recoveries and taxes. Based on the CAT reinsurance treaty purchased on January 1, 2014, there is a 99.6 percent likelihood that the loss will be less than 8 percent of policyholders’ surplus as of December 31, 2013. Our exposure to CAT losses has been relatively stable based on multiple views of risk including policy counts, policy limits insured and modeled losses based on multiple CAT models. The exposure levels are still well within our tolerances for this risk.

LOSSES AND SETTLEMENT EXPENSES

OVERVIEW

Loss and loss adjustment expense (LAE) reserves represent our best estimate of ultimate payments for losses and related settlement expenses from claims that have been reported but not paid and losses that have been incurred but not yet reported to us (IBNR). Loss reserves do not represent an exact calculation of liability, but instead represent our estimates, generally utilizing individual claim estimates, actuarial expertise and estimation techniques at a given accounting date. The loss reserve estimates are expectations of what ultimate settlement and administration of claims will cost upon final resolution. These estimates are based on facts and circumstances then known to us, review of historical settlement patterns, estimates of trends in claims frequency and severity, projections of loss costs, expected interpretations of legal theories of liability and many other factors. In establishing reserves, we also take into account estimated recoveries from reinsurance, salvage and subrogation. The reserves are reviewed regularly by a team of actuaries we employ.

Net loss and loss adjustment reserves by product line at year-end 2013 and 2012 are illustrated in the following table. LAE is classified in the table as either allocated loss adjustment expense (ALAE) or unallocated loss adjustment expense (ULAE). ALAE refers to estimates of claim settlement expenses that can be identified with a specific claim or case, while ULAE cannot be identified with a specific claim. For a detailed discussion of loss reserves, refer to our critical accounting policy in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations.

Following is a table of significant risk factors involved in estimating losses grouped by major product line. We distinguish between loss ratio risk and reserve estimation risk. Loss ratio risk refers to the possible dispersion of loss ratios from year to year due to inherent volatility in the business such as high severity or aggregating exposures. Reserve estimation risk recognizes the difficulty in estimating a given year’s ultimate loss liability. As an example, our property CAT business (included below in “Other Property”) has significant variance in year-over-year results; however its reserving estimation risk is relatively moderate.

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Significant Risk Factors

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A full analysis of our loss reserves takes place at least semi-annually. The purpose of this analysis is to provide validation of our carried loss reserves. Estimates of the expected value of the unpaid loss and LAE are derived using actuarial methodologies. These estimates are then compared to the carried loss reserves to determine the appropriateness of the current reserve balance.

The methodologies we have chosen to incorporate are a function of data availability and are reflective of our own book of business. From time to time, we evaluate the need to add supplementary methodologies. New methods are incorporated if it is believed that they improve the estimate of our ultimate loss and LAE liability. This occurred in 2011 as we initiated some supplemental calculations for a sub-segment experiencing apparent changes in case reserve practices. All of the actuarial methods tend to converge to the same estimate as an accident year matures. Our core methodologies are listed below with a short description and their relative strengths and weaknesses:

Paid Loss Development — Historical payment patterns for prior claims are used to estimate future payment patterns for current claims. These patterns are applied to current payments by accident year to yield an expected ultimate loss.

Strengths:  The method reflects only the claim dollars that have been paid and is not subject to case-basis reserve changes or changes in case reserve practices.

Weaknesses:  External claims environment changes can impact the rate at which claims are settled and losses paid (e.g. increase in attorney involvement or legal precedent). Adjustments to reflect changes in payment patterns on a prospective basis are difficult to quantify. For losses that have occurred recently, payments can be minimal and thus early estimates are subject to significant instability.

Incurred Loss Development — Historical case-incurred patterns (paid losses plus case reserves) for past claims are used to estimate future case-incurred amounts for current claims. These patterns are applied to current case-incurred losses by accident year to yield an expected ultimate loss.

Strengths:  Losses are reported more quickly than paid, therefore, the estimates stabilize sooner. The method reflects more information in the analysis than the paid loss development method.

Weaknesses:  Method involves additional estimation risk if significant changes to case reserving practices have occurred.

Case Reserve Development — Patterns of historical development in reported losses relative to historical case reserves are determined. These patterns are applied to current case reserves by accident year and the result is combined with paid losses to yield an expected ultimate loss.

Strengths:  Like the incurred development method, this method benefits from using the additional information available in case reserves that is not available from paid losses only. It also can provide a more reasonable estimate than other methods when the proportion of claims still open for an accident year is unusually high or low.

Weaknesses:  It is subject to the risk of changes in case reserving practices or philosophy. It may provide unstable estimates when an accident year is immature and more of the IBNR is expected to come from unreported claims rather than development on reported claims and when accident years are very mature with infrequent case reserves.

Expected Loss Ratio — Historical loss ratios, in combination with projections of frequency and severity trends, as well as estimates of price and exposure changes, are analyzed to produce an estimate of the expected loss ratio for each accident year. The expected loss ratio is then applied to the earned premium for each year to estimate the expected ultimate losses. The current accident year expected loss ratio is also the prospective loss and ALAE ratio used in our initial IBNR generation process.

Strengths:  Reflects an estimate independent of how losses are emerging on either a paid or a case reserve basis. This method is particularly useful in the absence of historical development patterns or where losses take a long time to emerge.

Weaknesses:  Ignores how losses are actually emerging and thus produces the same estimate of ultimate loss regardless of favorable/unfavorable emergence.

Paid and Incurred Bornhuetter/Ferguson (BF) — This approach blends the expected loss ratio method with either the paid or incurred loss development method. In effect, the BF methods produce weighted average indications for each accident year. As an example, if the current accident year for commercial automobile liability is estimated to be 20 percent paid, then the paid loss development method would receive a weight of 20 percent and the expected loss ratio method would receive an 80 percent weight. Over time, this method will converge with the ultimate estimated by the respective loss development method.

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Strengths:  Reflects actual emergence that is favorable/unfavorable, but assumes remaining emergence will continue as previously expected. Does not overreact to the early emergence (or lack of emergence) where patterns are most unstable.

Weaknesses:  Could potentially understate favorable or unfavorable development by putting weight on the expected loss ratio.

In most cases, multiple estimation methods will be valid for the particular facts and circumstances of the claim liabilities being evaluated. Each estimation method has its own set of assumption variables and its own advantages and disadvantages, with no single estimation method being better than the others in all situations, and no one set of assumption variables being meaningful for all product line components. The relative strengths and weaknesses of the particular estimation methods, when applied to a particular group of claims, can also change over time. Therefore, the weight given to each estimation method will likely change by accident year and with each evaluation.

The actuarial central estimates typically follow a progression that places significant weight on the BF methods when accident years are younger and claims emergence is immature. As accident years mature and claims emerge over time, increasing weight is placed on the incurred development method, the paid development method and the case reserve development method. For product lines with faster loss emergence, the progression to greater weight on the incurred and paid development methods occurs more quickly.

For our long and medium-tail products, the BF methods are typically given the most weight for the first 36 months of evaluation. These methods are also predominant for the first 12 months of evaluation for short-tail lines. Beyond these time periods, our actuaries apply their professional judgment when weighting the estimates from the various methods deployed but place significant reliance on the expected stage of development in normal circumstances.

Judgment can supersede this natural progression if risk factors and assumptions change, or if a situation occurs that amplifies a particular strength or weakness of a methodology. Extreme projections are critically analyzed and may be adjusted, given less credence or discarded altogether. Internal documentation is maintained that records any substantial changes in methods or assumptions from one loss reserve study to another.

RESERVE SENSITIVITIES

There are three major parameters that have significant influence on our actuarial estimates of ultimate liabilities by product. They are the actual losses that are reported, the expected loss emergence pattern and the expected loss ratios used in the analyses. If the actual losses reported do not emerge as expected, it may cause us to challenge all or some of our previous assumptions. We may change expected loss emergence patterns, the expected loss ratios used in our analysis and/or the weights we place on a given actuarial method. The impact will be much greater and more leveraged for products with longer emergence patterns. Our general liability product is an example of a product with a relatively long emergence pattern. We have constructed a chart below that illustrates the sensitivity of our general liability reserve estimates to these key parameters. We believe the scenarios to be reasonable as similar favorable variations have occurred in recent years. For example, while our general liability emergence has ranged from 4 percent unfavorable to 29 percent favorable over the last three years, our emergence for all products combined, excluding general liability, has ranged from 11 percent to 18 percent favorable. The numbers below are the changes in estimated ultimate loss and ALAE in millions of dollars as of December 31, 2013, resulting from the change in the parameters shown. These parameters were applied to a general liability net reserve balance of $277.3 million at December 31, 2013.

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There are often significant inter-relationships between our reserving assumptions that have offsetting or compounding effects on the reserve estimate. Thus, in almost all cases, it is impossible to discretely measure the effect of a single assumption or construct a meaningful sensitivity expectation that holds true in all cases. The scenario above is representative of general liability, one of our largest and longest-tailed products. It is unlikely that all of our products would have variations as wide as illustrated in the example. It is also unlikely that all of our products would simultaneously experience favorable or unfavorable loss development in the same direction or at their extremes during a calendar year. Because our portfolio is made up of a diversified mix of products, there would ordinarily be some offsetting favorable and unfavorable emergence by product as actual losses start to emerge and our loss estimates become more reliable.

It is difficult for us to predict whether the favorable loss development observed in 2003 through 2013 will continue for any of our products in the future. We have reviewed historical data detailing the development of our total balance sheet reserves and changes in accident year loss ratios relative to original estimates. Based on this analysis and our understanding of loss reserve uncertainty, we believe fluctuations will occur in our estimate of ultimate reserve liabilities over time. Over the next calendar year, given our current exposure level and product mix, it would be reasonably likely for us to observe loss reserve development relating to prior years’ estimates across all of our products ranging from approximately 10 percent ($77 million) favorable to 3 percent ($23 million) unfavorable.

HISTORICAL LOSS AND LAE DEVELOPMENT

The following table presents the development of our balance sheet reserves from 2003 through 2013. The top line of the table shows the net reserves at the balance sheet date for each of the indicated periods. This represents the estimated amount of net losses and settlement expenses arising in all prior years that are unpaid at the balance sheet date, including losses that had been incurred but not yet reported to us. The lower portion of the table shows the re-estimated amount of the previously recorded net reserves based on experience as of the end of each succeeding year, as well as the re-estimated previously recorded gross reserves as of December 31, 2013. The estimate changes as more information becomes known about the frequency and severity of claims for individual periods.

Favorable loss and LAE reserve development can be observed in the table for all years ending on both a net and gross basis. As the table displays, variations exist between our cumulative loss experience on a gross and net basis due to the application of reinsurance. On certain products, our net retention (after applying reinsurance) is significantly less than our gross retention (before applying reinsurance). These differences in retention can cause a significant (leveraged) difference between loss reserve development on a net and gross basis. As the relationship of our gross to net retention changes over time, re-estimation of loss reserves will result in variations between our cumulative loss experience on a gross and net basis.

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