Document
Table of Contents

 
 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549
_______________________________________
Form 10-Q
(Mark One)
x
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018
OR
o
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934
 
 
For the transition period from          to
Commission File Number 1-13232 (Apartment Investment and Management Company)
Commission File Number 0-24497 (AIMCO Properties, L.P.)
 
Apartment Investment and Management Company
AIMCO Properties, L.P.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
 
Maryland (Apartment Investment and Management Company)
 
84-1259577
 
Delaware (AIMCO Properties, L.P.)
 
84-1275621
 
(State or other jurisdiction of
incorporation or organization)
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Identification No.)
 
 
 
 
 
4582 South Ulster Street, Suite 1100
 
 
 
Denver, Colorado
 
80237
 
(Address of principal executive offices)
 
(Zip Code)
 
(303) 757-8101
(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)
 
Not Applicable
(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year, if changed since last report)
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days.
Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes x    No o
AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes x    No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files).
Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes x    No o
AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes x    No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, a smaller reporting company, or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):
Apartment Investment and Management Company:
Large accelerated filer
x
 
Accelerated filer
o
Non-accelerated filer
o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company
o
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
o
 
 
 
 
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the exchange act. o
AIMCO Properties, L.P.:
Large accelerated filer
o
 
Accelerated filer
x
Non-accelerated filer
o
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
Smaller reporting company
o
 
 
 
Emerging growth company
o
 
 
 
 
 
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the exchange act. o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act).
Apartment Investment and Management Company: Yes
o
No
x
AIMCO Properties, L.P.: Yes
o
No
x
 
_______________________________________________________
The number of shares of Apartment Investment and Management Company
Class A Common Stock outstanding as of May 7, 2018: 157,350,160
The number of AIMCO Properties, L.P. Partnership Common Units outstanding as of May 7, 2018: 166,414,325
 

Table of Contents

EXPLANATORY NOTE
This filing combines the reports on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018, of Apartment Investment and Management Company, or Aimco, and AIMCO Properties, L.P., or the Aimco Operating Partnership. Where it is important to distinguish between the two entities, we refer to them specifically. Otherwise, references to “we,” “us” or “our” mean, collectively, Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and their consolidated entities.
Aimco, a Maryland corporation, is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT. Aimco, through wholly-owned subsidiaries, is the general and special limited partner of, and as of March 31, 2018, owned a 95.4% ownership interest in the common partnership units of, the Aimco Operating Partnership. The remaining 4.6% interest is owned by limited partners. As the sole general partner of the Aimco Operating Partnership, Aimco has exclusive control of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s day-to-day management.
The Aimco Operating Partnership holds all of Aimco’s assets and manages the daily operations of Aimco’s business. Pursuant to the Aimco Operating Partnership agreement, Aimco is required to contribute to the Aimco Operating Partnership any assets, which it may acquire including all proceeds from the offerings of its securities. In exchange for the contribution of these assets, Aimco receives additional interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership with similar terms (e.g., if Aimco contributes proceeds of a stock offering, Aimco receives partnership units with terms substantially similar to the stock issued by Aimco).
We believe combining the periodic reports of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership into this single report provides the following benefits:
•
We present our business as a whole, in the same manner our management views and operates the business;
•
We eliminate duplicative disclosure and provide a more streamlined and readable presentation because a substantial portion of the disclosures apply to both Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership; and
•
We save time and cost through the preparation of a single combined report rather than two separate reports.
We operate Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership as one enterprise, the management of Aimco directs the management and operations of the Aimco Operating Partnership, and the members of the Board of Directors of Aimco are identical to those of the Aimco Operating Partnership.
We believe it is important to understand the few differences between Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in the context of how Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership operate as a consolidated company. Aimco has no assets or liabilities other than its investment in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Also, Aimco is a corporation that issues publicly traded equity from time to time, whereas the Aimco Operating Partnership is a partnership that has no publicly traded equity. Except for the net proceeds from stock offerings by Aimco, which are contributed to the Aimco Operating Partnership in exchange for additional limited partnership interests (of a similar type and in an amount equal to the shares of stock sold in the offering), the Aimco Operating Partnership generates all remaining capital required by its business. These sources include the Aimco Operating Partnership’s working capital, net cash provided by operating activities, borrowings under its revolving credit facility, the issuance of debt and equity securities, including additional partnership units, and proceeds received from the sale of apartment communities.
Equity, partners’ capital and noncontrolling interests are the main areas of difference between the condensed consolidated financial statements of Aimco and those of the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership held by entities other than Aimco, which we refer to as OP Units, are classified within partners’ capital in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s financial statements and as noncontrolling interests in Aimco’s financial statements.
To help investors understand the differences between Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership, this report provides: separate condensed consolidated financial statements for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership; a single set of condensed consolidated notes to such financial statements that includes separate discussions of each entity’s stockholders’ equity or partners’ capital, as applicable; and a combined Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations section that includes discrete information related to each entity, where appropriate.
This report also includes separate Part I, Item 4. Controls and Procedures sections and separate Exhibits 31 and 32 certifications for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in order to establish that the requisite certifications have been made and that Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership are both compliant with Rule 13a-15 or Rule 15d-15 of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”), and 18 U.S.C. §1350.

1
Table of Contents

APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY
AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

FORM 10-Q

 
 
Page
 
 
ITEM 1.
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
ITEM 2.
ITEM 3.
ITEM 4.
 
 
ITEM 1A.
ITEM 2.
ITEM 6.
 


2
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PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION

ITEM 1.
Financial Statements
 
APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands, except share data)
(Unaudited)

 
March 31,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
ASSETS
 
 
 
Buildings and improvements
$
6,349,549

 
$
6,174,149

Land
1,761,238

 
1,753,604

Total real estate
8,110,787

 
7,927,753

Accumulated depreciation
(2,596,457
)
 
(2,522,358
)
Net real estate
5,514,330

 
5,405,395

Cash and cash equivalents
51,894

 
60,498

Restricted cash
38,999

 
34,827

Other assets
371,152

 
272,739

Assets held for sale
—

 
17,959

Assets of partnerships served by Asset Management business:
 
 
 
Real estate, net
220,408

 
224,873

Cash and cash equivalents
18,374

 
16,288

Restricted cash
29,764

 
30,928

Other assets
10,369

 
15,533

Total assets
$
6,255,290

 
$
6,079,040

 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
 
 
Non-recourse property debt secured by Real Estate communities, net
$
3,700,979

 
$
3,545,109

Term loan, net
249,729

 
249,501

Revolving credit facility borrowings
78,635

 
67,160

Total indebtedness associated with Real Estate portfolio
4,029,343

 
3,861,770

Accrued liabilities and other
207,202

 
200,540

Liabilities of partnerships served by Asset Management business:
 
 
 
Non-recourse property debt, net
225,502

 
227,141

Accrued liabilities and other
17,404

 
19,812

Deferred income
11,814

 
12,487

Total liabilities
4,491,265

 
4,321,750

Preferred noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership
101,378

 
101,537

Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)

 

Equity:
 
 
 
Perpetual Preferred Stock
125,000

 
125,000

Common Stock, $0.01 par value, 500,787,260 shares authorized, 157,326,117 and 157,189,447 shares issued/outstanding at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively
1,573

 
1,572

Additional paid-in capital
3,885,279

 
3,900,042

Accumulated other comprehensive income
3,544

 
3,603

Distributions in excess of earnings
(2,345,206
)
 
(2,367,073
)
Total Aimco equity
1,670,190

 
1,663,144

Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships
(2,755
)
 
(1,716
)
Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership
(4,788
)
 
(5,675
)
Total equity
1,662,647

 
1,655,753

Total liabilities and equity
$
6,255,290

 
$
6,079,040



See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

3
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APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per share data)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
REVENUES
 
 
 
Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate
$
225,393

 
$
225,228

Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business
18,808

 
18,562

Tax credit and transaction revenues
3,519

 
2,691

Total revenues
247,720

 
246,481

 
 
 
 
OPERATING EXPENSES
 
 
 
Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate
78,287

 
79,626

Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business
9,195

 
9,198

Depreciation and amortization
92,548

 
87,168

General and administrative expenses
11,355

 
10,962

Other expenses, net
2,958

 
1,738

Total operating expenses
194,343

 
188,692

Operating income
53,377

 
57,789

Interest income
2,172

 
2,192

Interest expense
(47,795
)
 
(47,882
)
Other, net
224

 
465

Income before income taxes and gain on dispositions
7,978

 
12,564

Income tax benefit
37,388

 
4,985

Income before gain on dispositions
45,366

 
17,549

Gain (loss) on dispositions of real estate, inclusive of related income tax
50,324

 
(394
)
Net income
95,690

 
17,155

Noncontrolling interests:
 
 
 
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships
(6,206
)
 
(951
)
Net income attributable to preferred noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership
(1,937
)
 
(1,949
)
Net income attributable to common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership
(3,755
)
 
(557
)
Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(11,898
)
 
(3,457
)
Net income attributable to Aimco
83,792

 
13,698

Net income attributable to Aimco preferred stockholders
(2,148
)
 
(2,148
)
Net income attributable to participating securities
(119
)
 
(59
)
Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders
$
81,525

 
$
11,491

 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to Aimco per common share – basic and diluted
$
0.52

 
$
0.07

Dividends declared per common share
$
0.38

 
$
0.36

 
 
 
 
Weighted average common shares outstanding – basic
156,609

 
156,259

Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted
156,740

 
156,754


See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

4
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APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Net income
$
95,690

 
$
17,155

Other comprehensive loss:
 
 
 
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate swaps
419

 
(10
)
Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into interest expense from accumulated other comprehensive loss
119

 
386

Unrealized losses on debt securities classified as available-for-sale
(600
)
 
(1,501
)
Other comprehensive loss
(62
)
 
(1,125
)
Comprehensive income
95,628

 
16,030

Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(11,895
)
 
(3,460
)
Comprehensive income attributable to Aimco
$
83,733

 
$
12,570



See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

5
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APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Net income
$
95,690

 
$
17,155

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
92,548

 
87,168

(Gain) loss on dispositions of real estate, inclusive of related income tax
(50,324
)
 
394

Income tax benefit
(37,388
)
 
(4,985
)
Other adjustments
284

 
1,196

Net changes in operating assets and operating liabilities
(19,487
)
 
(27,324
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
81,323

 
73,604

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Purchases of real estate and deposits related to purchases of real estate
(164,650
)
 
(4,995
)
Capital expenditures
(75,601
)
 
(82,151
)
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate
69,788

 
2,179

Purchases of corporate assets
(947
)
 
(2,810
)
Other investing activities
(218
)
 
94

Net cash used in investing activities
(171,628
)
 
(87,683
)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Proceeds from non-recourse property debt
360,613

 
68,535

Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt
(206,262
)
 
(32,026
)
Net borrowings on revolving credit facility
11,475

 
51,770

Payment of dividends to holders of Preferred Stock
(2,148
)
 
(2,148
)
Payment of dividends to holders of Common Stock
(59,652
)
 
(56,328
)
Payment of distributions to noncontrolling interests
(11,902
)
 
(5,790
)
Purchases and redemptions of noncontrolling interests
(8,341
)
 
(4,628
)
Other financing activities
3,012

 
2,167

Net cash provided by financing activities
86,795

 
21,552

NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH
(3,510
)
 
7,473

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD
142,541

 
131,150

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD
$
139,031

 
$
138,623


See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

6
Table of Contents

 
AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
March 31,
2018
 
December 31,
2017
ASSETS
 
 
 
Buildings and improvements
$
6,349,549

 
$
6,174,149

Land
1,761,238

 
1,753,604

Total real estate
8,110,787

 
7,927,753

Accumulated depreciation
(2,596,457
)
 
(2,522,358
)
Net real estate
5,514,330

 
5,405,395

Cash and cash equivalents
51,894

 
60,498

Restricted cash
38,999

 
34,827

Other assets
371,152

 
272,739

Assets held for sale
—

 
17,959

Assets of partnerships served by Asset Management business:
 
 
 
Real estate, net
220,408

 
224,873

Cash and cash equivalents
18,374

 
16,288

Restricted cash
29,764

 
30,928

Other assets
10,369

 
15,533

Total assets
$
6,255,290

 
$
6,079,040

 
 
 
 
LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 
 
 
Non-recourse property debt secured by Real Estate communities, net
$
3,700,979

 
$
3,545,109

Term loan, net
249,729

 
249,501

Revolving credit facility borrowings
78,635

 
67,160

Total indebtedness associated with Real Estate portfolio
4,029,343

 
3,861,770

Accrued liabilities and other
207,202

 
200,540

Liabilities of partnerships served by Asset Management business:
 
 
 
Non-recourse property debt, net
225,502

 
227,141

Accrued liabilities and other
17,404

 
19,812

Deferred income
11,814

 
12,487

Total liabilities
4,491,265

 
4,321,750

Redeemable preferred units
101,378

 
101,537

Commitments and contingencies (Note 4)

 

Partners’ capital:
 
 
 
Preferred units
125,000

 
125,000

General Partner and Special Limited Partner
1,545,190

 
1,538,144

Limited Partners
(4,788
)
 
(5,675
)
Partners’ capital attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership
1,665,402

 
1,657,469

Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships
(2,755
)
 
(1,716
)
Total partners’ capital
1,662,647

 
1,655,753

Total liabilities and partners’ capital
$
6,255,290

 
$
6,079,040

 

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

7
Table of Contents

AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(In thousands, except per unit data)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
REVENUES
 
 
 
Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate
$
225,393

 
$
225,228

Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business
18,808

 
18,562

Tax credit and transaction revenues
3,519

 
2,691

Total revenues
247,720

 
246,481

 
 
 
 
OPERATING EXPENSES
 
 
 
Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate
78,287

 
79,626

Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business
9,195

 
9,198

Depreciation and amortization
92,548

 
87,168

General and administrative expenses
11,355

 
10,962

Other expenses, net
2,958

 
1,738

Total operating expenses
194,343

 
188,692

Operating income
53,377

 
57,789

Interest income
2,172

 
2,192

Interest expense
(47,795
)
 
(47,882
)
Other, net
224

 
465

Income before income taxes and gain on dispositions
7,978

 
12,564

Income tax benefit
37,388

 
4,985

Income before gain on dispositions
45,366

 
17,549

Gain (loss) on dispositions of real estate, inclusive of related income tax
50,324

 
(394
)
Net income
95,690

 
17,155

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships
(6,206
)
 
(951
)
Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership
89,484

 
16,204

Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred unitholders
(4,085
)
 
(4,097
)
Net income attributable to participating securities
(125
)
 
(60
)
Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders
$
85,274

 
$
12,047

 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership per common unit – basic and diluted
$
0.52

 
$
0.07

Distributions declared per common unit
$
0.38

 
$
0.36

 
 
 
 
Weighted average common units outstanding – basic
163,825

 
163,814

Weighted average common units outstanding – diluted
163,959

 
164,310

 

See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

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Table of Contents

AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Net income
$
95,690

 
$
17,155

Other comprehensive loss:
 
 
 
Unrealized gains (losses) on interest rate swaps
419

 
(10
)
Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into interest expense from accumulated other comprehensive loss
119

 
386

Unrealized losses on debt securities classified as available-for-sale
(600
)
 
(1,501
)
Other comprehensive loss
(62
)
 
(1,125
)
Comprehensive income
95,628

 
16,030

Comprehensive income attributable to noncontrolling interests
(6,206
)
 
(1,009
)
Comprehensive income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership
$
89,422

 
$
15,021



See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

9
Table of Contents

AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P.
CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(In thousands)
(Unaudited)

 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
CASH FLOWS FROM OPERATING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Net income
$
95,690

 
$
17,155

Adjustments to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:
 
 
 
Depreciation and amortization
92,548

 
87,168

(Gain) loss on dispositions of real estate, inclusive of related income tax
(50,324
)
 
394

Income tax benefit
(37,388
)
 
(4,985
)
Other adjustments
284

 
1,196

Net changes in operating assets and operating liabilities
(19,487
)
 
(27,324
)
Net cash provided by operating activities
81,323

 
73,604

CASH FLOWS FROM INVESTING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Purchases of real estate and deposits related to purchases of real estate
(164,650
)
 
(4,995
)
Capital expenditures
(75,601
)
 
(82,151
)
Proceeds from dispositions of real estate
69,788

 
2,179

Purchases of corporate assets
(947
)
 
(2,810
)
Other investing activities
(218
)
 
94

Net cash used in investing activities
(171,628
)
 
(87,683
)
CASH FLOWS FROM FINANCING ACTIVITIES:
 
 
 
Proceeds from non-recourse property debt
360,613

 
68,535

Principal repayments on non-recourse property debt
(206,262
)
 
(32,026
)
Net borrowings on revolving credit facility
11,475

 
51,770

Payment of distributions to holders of Preferred Units
(4,085
)
 
(4,097
)
Payment of distributions to General Partner and Special Limited Partner
(59,652
)
 
(56,328
)
Payment of distributions to Limited Partners
(2,737
)
 
(2,718
)
Payment of distributions to noncontrolling interests
(7,228
)
 
(1,123
)
Purchases of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships
(1,221
)
 
—

Other financing activities
(4,108
)
 
(2,461
)
Net cash provided by financing activities
86,795

 
21,552

NET (DECREASE) INCREASE IN CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH
(3,510
)
 
7,473

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT BEGINNING OF PERIOD
142,541

 
131,150

CASH, CASH EQUIVALENTS, AND RESTRICTED CASH AT END OF PERIOD
$
139,031

 
$
138,623


See notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.

10
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APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND MANAGEMENT COMPANY
AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P.

NOTES TO CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS
March 31, 2018
(Unaudited)

Note 1 — Organization
Apartment Investment and Management Company, or Aimco, is a Maryland corporation incorporated on January 10, 1994. Aimco is a self-administered and self-managed real estate investment trust, or REIT. AIMCO Properties, L.P., or the Aimco Operating Partnership, is a Delaware limited partnership formed on May 16, 1994, to conduct our business, which is focused on the ownership, management, redevelopment and limited development of quality apartment communities located in some of the largest markets in the United States.
Aimco, through its wholly-owned subsidiaries, AIMCO-GP, Inc. and AIMCO-LP Trust, owns a majority of the ownership interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Aimco conducts all of its business and owns all of its assets through the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are referred to as OP Units. OP Units include common partnership units, which we refer to as common OP Units, as well as partnership preferred units, which we refer to as preferred OP Units. As of March 31, 2018, after eliminations for units held by consolidated subsidiaries, the Aimco Operating Partnership had 164,881,653 common partnership units outstanding. As of March 31, 2018, Aimco owned 157,326,117 of the common partnership units (95.4% of the common partnership units) of the Aimco Operating Partnership and Aimco had outstanding an equal number of shares of its Class A Common Stock, which we refer to as Common Stock.
Except as the context otherwise requires, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership and their consolidated subsidiaries, collectively.
As of March 31, 2018, we owned an equity interest in 134 apartment communities with 37,228 apartment homes in our Real Estate portfolio. Our Real Estate portfolio is diversified by both price point and geography and consists primarily of market rate apartment communities in which we own a substantial interest. We consolidated 130 of these apartment communities with 37,086 apartment homes and these communities comprise our reportable segment.
As of March 31, 2018, we also held nominal ownership positions in partnerships that own 46 low-income housing tax credit apartment communities with 6,898 apartment homes. We provide services to these partnerships and receive fees and other payments in return. Our relationship with these partnerships is different than real estate ownership and is better described as an asset management business, or Asset Management. In accordance with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, or GAAP, we are required to consolidate partnerships owning an aggregate of 39 apartment communities with 6,211 apartment homes.
In April 2018, we announced the planned sale of our Asset Management business, as well as the sale of four affordable communities included in our Real Estate portfolio.
Note 2 — Basis of Presentation and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Presentation
The accompanying unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the instructions to Form 10-Q and Article 10 of Regulation S-X. Certain information and footnote disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in accordance with GAAP have been condensed or omitted in accordance with such rules and regulations, although management believes the disclosures are adequate to prevent the information presented from being misleading. In the opinion of management, all adjustments (consisting of normal recurring items) considered necessary for a fair presentation have been included. Operating results for the three months ended March 31, 2018, are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for the year ending December 31, 2018.
The balance sheets of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership at December 31, 2017, have been derived from their respective audited financial statements at that date, but do not include all of the information and disclosures required by GAAP for complete financial statements. For further information, refer to the financial statements and notes thereto included in Aimco’s and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s combined Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. Except where indicated, the footnotes refer to both Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership.

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Principles of Consolidation
Aimco’s accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership, and their consolidated subsidiaries. The Aimco Operating Partnership’s condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Aimco Operating Partnership and its consolidated subsidiaries, including partnerships served by our Asset Management business (see Note 8). All significant intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.
Interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by limited partners other than Aimco are reflected in Aimco’s accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership. Interests in partnerships consolidated by the Aimco Operating Partnership that are held by third parties are reflected in our accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets as noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships.
Temporary Equity and Partners’ Capital
The following table presents a reconciliation of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units from December 31, 2017 to March 31, 2018. The preferred OP Units may be redeemed at the holders’ option (as further discussed in Note 5), and are therefore presented within temporary equity in Aimco’s condensed consolidated balance sheets and within temporary capital in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s condensed consolidated balance sheets (in thousands).
Balance, December 31, 2017
$
101,537

Distributions to holders of preferred OP Units
(1,937
)
Redemption of preferred OP Units and other
(159
)
Net income attributable to preferred OP Units
1,937

Balance, March 31, 2018
$
101,378

Aimco Equity (including Noncontrolling Interests)
The following table presents a reconciliation of Aimco’s consolidated permanent equity accounts from December 31, 2017 to March 31, 2018 (in thousands):
 
Aimco
Equity
 
Noncontrolling
interests in
consolidated real estate
partnerships
 
Common
noncontrolling
interests in
Aimco Operating
Partnership
 
Total
Equity
Balance, December 31, 2017
$
1,663,144

 
$
(1,716
)
 
$
(5,675
)
 
$
1,655,753

Contributions
—

 
(20
)
 
—

 
(20
)
Dividends on Preferred Stock
(2,148
)
 
—

 
—

 
(2,148
)
Dividends and distributions on Common Stock and common OP Units
(59,777
)
 
(7,225
)
 
(2,838
)
 
(69,840
)
Redemptions of common OP Units
—

 
—

 
(6,963
)
 
(6,963
)
Amortization of stock-based compensation cost
2,631

 
—

 
357

 
2,988

Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities
(17,486
)
 
—

 
6,579

 
(10,907
)
Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss
(59
)
 
—

 
(3
)
 
(62
)
Other
93

 
—

 
—

 
93

Net income
83,792

 
6,206

 
3,755

 
93,753

Balance, March 31, 2018
$
1,670,190

 
$
(2,755
)
 
$
(4,788
)
 
$
1,662,647


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Partners’ Capital attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership
The following table presents a reconciliation of the consolidated partners’ capital balances in permanent capital that are attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership from December 31, 2017 to March 31, 2018 (in thousands):
 
Partners’ capital
 attributable to
the Aimco Operating Partnership
Balance, December 31, 2017
$
1,657,469

Distributions to preferred units held by Aimco
(2,148
)
Distributions to common units held by Aimco
(59,777
)
Distributions to common units held by Limited Partners
(2,838
)
Redemption of common OP Units
(6,963
)
Amortization of Aimco stock-based compensation cost
2,988

Effect of changes in ownership for consolidated entities
(10,907
)
Change in accumulated other comprehensive loss
(62
)
Other
93

Net income
87,547

Balance, March 31, 2018
$
1,665,402

A separate reconciliation of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships and total partners’ capital for the Aimco Operating Partnership is not presented as these amounts are identical to the corresponding noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships and total equity for Aimco, which are presented above.
Use of Estimates
The preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts included in the financial statements and accompanying notes thereto. Actual results could differ from those estimates.
Income Taxes
As discussed in Note 9 to the consolidated financial statements in Item 8 of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, we have not completed our accounting for the tax effects of the enactment of the Tax Cuts and Jobs Act in late December 2017. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we recognized a measurement period adjustment to reduce by $11.3 million an estimated valuation allowance recognized as of December 31, 2017. During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we also recognized an offsetting valuation allowance resulting from an intercompany transfer of assets related to the Asset Management business. These adjustments had no net effect on our results of operations or effective tax rate.
Accounting Pronouncements Adopted in the Current Year
Effective January 1, 2018, we adopted a new standard issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board, or FASB, that affects accounting for revenue. Under this new standard, revenue is generally recognized when an entity has transferred control of goods or services to a customer for an amount reflecting the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled for such exchange. In evaluating the contracts we enter into in the ordinary course of business, substantially all of our revenue is generated by lease agreements, which will continue to be subject to existing GAAP until 2019, when we will adopt the new lease accounting standard.
The new revenue standard also introduced new guidance for accounting for other income, including how we measure gains or losses on the sale of real estate. We adopted the new standard using the modified retrospective transition method effective January 1, 2018, with no effect on our results of operations or financial position.
Effective January 1, 2018, we also adopted new standards issued by the FASB that affect the presentation and disclosure of the statements of cash flows. We are now required to present combined inflows and outflows of cash, cash equivalents, and restricted cash in the consolidated statement of cash flows. Previously our consolidated statements of cash flows presented transfers between restricted and unrestricted cash accounts as operating, financing, and investing cash activities depending upon the required or intended purpose for the restricted funds. The new guidance also requires debt prepayment and other extinguishment related payments to be classified as financing activities. We previously classified such payments as operating activities. We have revised our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2017 to conform to this

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presentation, and the effect of the revisions to net cash flows from operating and investing activities as previously reported for three months ended March 31, 2017 are summarized in the following table (in thousands):
 
As Previously Reported
 
Adjustments
 
As Revised
Net cash flows from operating activities
$
68,516

 
$
5,088

 
$
73,604

Net cash flows from investing activities
(86,238
)
 
(1,445
)
 
(87,683
)
Note 3 — Significant Transactions, Dispositions of Apartment Communities and Assets Held for Sale
Acquisition of Apartment Communities
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we purchased for $160.0 million Bent Tree Apartments, a 748-apartment home community in Fairfax County, Virginia. The purchase price, plus $1.0 million of capitalized transaction costs, was allocated as follows: $47.0 million to land; $113.0 million to buildings and improvements; and $1.0 million to other items.
Subsequent to March 31, 2018, we entered into a transaction to acquire six apartment communities in the Philadelphia area for a stated purchase price of $445.0 million. The portfolio includes 1,006 existing apartment homes, 110 apartment homes under construction, and 185,000 square feet of office and retail space. The acquisition will be funded initially through taking title subject to $290.0 million of non-recourse property debt, issuance of $90.0 million in common OP Units valued in the transaction at their estimated net asset value per unit (approximately 1.7 million common OP Units), and payment of $65.0 million in cash. In accordance with GAAP, the portion of the purchase price attributed to the common OP Units issued will be valued at the closing price of Aimco’s common stock on the dates of issuance.
On May 1, 2018, we completed the acquisition of four of the six apartment communities including 665 apartment homes and 153,000 square feet of office and retail space. We anticipate the acquisition of the fifth apartment community during the summer of 2018 and the acquisition of the final apartment community upon completion of construction, expected in the first half of 2019.
Dispositions of Apartment Communities and Assets Held for Sale
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we sold three apartment communities with 513 apartment homes for a gain on disposition of $50.6 million, net of income tax, and gross proceeds of $71.9 million resulting in $64.6 million in net proceeds to us. Two of these communities are located in southern Virginia and one is located in suburban Maryland.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we sold our interests in the entities owning the La Jolla Cove property in settlement of legal actions filed in 2014 by a group of disappointed buyers who had hoped to acquire the property. We provided seller financing with a stated value of $48.6 million and received net cash proceeds of approximately $5.0 million in the sale.
In addition to the apartment communities we sold during the periods presented, from time to time we may be marketing for sale certain apartment communities that are inconsistent with our long-term investment strategy. At the end of each reporting period, we evaluate whether such communities meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale. As of March 31, 2018, no apartment communities were classified as held for sale.
In April 2018, we entered into a binding agreement to sell for $590.0 million our Asset Management business and four affordable communities included in our Real Estate portfolio. We expect to close this transaction during the third quarter of 2018. After payment of closing costs and repayment of property level debt encumbering the Hunters Point apartment communities, net proceeds are expected to be approximately $512.0 million.
Note 4 — Commitments and Contingencies
Commitments
In connection with our redevelopment, development and capital improvement activities, we have entered into various construction-related contracts and we have made commitments to complete redevelopment of certain apartment communities, pursuant to financing or other arrangements. As of March 31, 2018, our commitments related to these capital activities totaled approximately $160.0 million, most of which we expect to incur during the next 12 months.
We enter into certain commitments for future purchases of goods and services in connection with the operations of our apartment communities. Those commitments generally have terms of one year or less and reflect expenditure levels comparable to our historical expenditures.

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Tax Credit Arrangements
For various consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business, we are required to manage the partnerships and related apartment communities in compliance with various laws, regulations and contractual provisions that apply to historic and low-income housing tax credit syndication arrangements. In some instances, noncompliance with applicable requirements could result in projected tax benefits not being realized by the limited partners in these partnerships and would require a refund or reduction of investor capital contributions, which are reported as deferred income in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, until such time as our obligation to deliver tax benefits is relieved. In connection with the expected third quarter sale of our Asset Management business, this obligation will be assumed by the purchaser.
Income Taxes
In 2014, the Internal Revenue Service initiated an audit of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s 2011 and 2012 tax years. We do not believe the audit will have any material effect on our unrecognized tax benefits, financial condition or results of operations.
Legal Matters
In addition to the matters described below, we are a party to various legal actions and administrative proceedings arising in the ordinary course of business, some of which are covered by our general liability insurance program, and none of which we expect to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
Environmental
Various federal, state and local laws subject apartment community owners or operators to liability for management, and the costs of removal or remediation, of certain potentially hazardous materials that may be present in the land or buildings of an apartment community. Such laws often impose liability without regard to fault or whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible for, the presence of such materials. The presence of, or the failure to manage or remediate properly, these materials may adversely affect occupancy at such apartment communities as well as the ability to sell or finance such apartment communities. In addition, governmental agencies may bring claims for costs associated with investigation and remediation actions. Moreover, private plaintiffs may potentially make claims for investigation and remediation costs they incur or for personal injury, disease, disability or other infirmities related to the alleged presence of hazardous materials. In addition to potential environmental liabilities or costs associated with our current apartment communities, we may also be responsible for such liabilities or costs associated with communities we acquire or manage in the future, or apartment communities we no longer own or operate.
We are engaged in discussions with the Environmental Protection Agency, or EPA, and the Indiana Department of Environmental Management, or IDEM, regarding contaminated groundwater in a residential area in the vicinity of an Indiana apartment community that has not been owned by us since 2008. The contamination allegedly derives from a dry cleaner that operated on our former property, prior to our ownership. We have undertaken a voluntary remediation of the dry cleaner contamination under IDEM’s oversight, and in previous years accrued our share of the then-estimated cleanup and abatement costs. In 2016, EPA listed our former community and a number of residential communities in the vicinity on the National Priorities List, or NPL (i.e. as a Superfund site), and IDEM has formally sought to terminate us from the voluntary remediation program. We continue discussions with both agencies on potential long-term solutions. We have filed a formal appeal of the EPA listing and the IDEM termination of us from the voluntary remediation program. Although the outcome of these processes are uncertain, we do not expect their resolution to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We also have been contacted by regulators and the current owner of a property in Lake Tahoe, California, regarding environmental issues allegedly stemming from the historic operation of a dry cleaner. An entity owned by us was the former general partner of a now-dissolved partnership that previously owned a site that was used for dry cleaning. That entity and the current property owner have been remediating the dry cleaner site since 2009, under the oversight of the Lahontan Regional Water Quality Control Board, or Lahontan. In May 2017, Lahontan issued a final cleanup and abatement order that names four potentially-responsible parties, acknowledges that there may be additional responsible parties, and requires the named parties to perform additional groundwater investigation and corrective actions with respect to onsite and offsite contamination. We are appealing the final order while simultaneously complying with it. Although the outcome of this process is uncertain, we do not expect its resolution to have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial condition, results of operations or cash flows.
We have determined that our legal obligations to remove or remediate certain potentially hazardous materials may be conditional asset retirement obligations, as defined in GAAP. Except in limited circumstances where the asset retirement activities are expected to be performed in connection with a planned construction project or apartment community casualty, we believe that the fair value of our asset retirement obligations cannot be reasonably estimated due to significant uncertainties in the timing and manner of settlement of those obligations. Asset retirement obligations that are reasonably estimable as of March 31, 2018, are immaterial to our consolidated financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.

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Note 5 — Earnings per Share and Unit
Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership calculate basic earnings per common share and basic earnings per common unit based on the weighted average number of shares of Common Stock and common partnership units and participating securities outstanding, and calculate diluted earnings per share and diluted earnings per unit taking into consideration dilutive common stock and common partnership unit equivalents and dilutive convertible securities outstanding during the period.
Our common stock and common partnership unit equivalents include options to purchase shares of Common Stock, which, if exercised, would result in Aimco’s issuance of additional shares and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s issuance to Aimco of additional common partnership units equal to the number of shares purchased under the options. These equivalents also include unvested total stockholder return, or TSR, restricted stock awards that do not meet the definition of participating securities, which would result in an increase in the number of common shares and common partnership units outstanding equal to the number of shares that vest. The effect of 0.1 million and 0.5 million of these securities was dilutive for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and is included in the denominator for calculating diluted earnings per share and unit during these periods. For the three months ended March 31, 2018, 0.2 million potential shares and 0.3 million potential units were not dilutive and have been excluded from the denominator for calculating dilutive earnings per share and per unit, respectively, for the period.
Our time-based restricted stock awards receive dividends similar to shares of Common Stock and common partnership units prior to vesting and our TSR long-term incentive partnership units receive a percentage of the distributions paid to common partnership units prior to vesting. These dividends and distributions are not forfeited if the awards fail to vest. Therefore, the unvested shares and units related to these awards are participating securities. The effect of participating securities is included in basic and diluted earnings per share and unit computations using the two-class method of allocating distributed and undistributed earnings when the two-class method is more dilutive than the treasury method. There were 0.3 million and 0.2 million unvested participating securities at March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively.
The Aimco Operating Partnership has various classes of preferred OP Units, which may be redeemed at the holders’ option. The Aimco Operating Partnership may redeem these units for cash, or at its option, shares of Common Stock. As of March 31, 2018, these preferred OP Units were potentially redeemable for approximately 2.5 million shares of Common Stock (based on the period end market price), or cash. The Aimco Operating Partnership has a redemption policy that requires cash settlement of redemption requests for the preferred OP Units, subject to limited exceptions. Accordingly, we have excluded these securities from earnings per share and unit computations and we expect to exclude them in future periods.
Note 6 — Fair Value Measurements
Recurring Fair Value Measurements
We measure at fair value on a recurring basis our investments in the securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt, which we classify as available for sale (or AFS) debt securities, and our interest rate swaps, both of which are classified within Level 2 of the GAAP fair value hierarchy.
Our investments in debt securities classified as AFS are presented within other assets in the accompanying condensed consolidated balance sheets. We hold several positions in the securitization trust that pay interest currently and we also hold the first loss position in the securitization trust, which accrues interest over the term of the investment. We are accreting the discount to the $100.9 million face value of the investments into interest income using the effective interest method over the remaining term of the investments, which, as of March 31, 2018, was approximately 3.2 years. Our amortized cost basis for these investments, which represents the original cost adjusted for interest accretion less interest payments received, was $79.1 million and $77.7 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively. We estimated the fair value of these investments to be $83.6 million and $82.8 million at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, respectively.
We estimate the fair value of these investments using an income and market approach with primarily observable inputs, including yields and other information regarding similar types of investments, and adjusted for certain unobservable inputs specific to these investments. The fair value of the positions that pay interest currently typically moves in an inverse relationship with movements in interest rates. The fair value of the first loss position is primarily correlated to collateral quality and demand for similar subordinate commercial mortgage-backed securities.
Certain consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business have entered into interest rate swap agreements, which limit exposure to interest rate risk on the partnerships’ debt by effectively converting the interest from a variable rate to a fixed rate. We estimate the fair value of interest rate swaps using an income approach with primarily observable inputs, including information regarding the hedged variable cash flows and forward yield curves relating to the variable interest rates on which the hedged cash flows are based.

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The following table sets forth a summary of the changes in fair value of these interest rate swaps (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Beginning balance
$
(1,795
)
 
$
(3,175
)
Unrealized losses included in interest expense
—

 
(12
)
Losses on interest rate swaps reclassified into interest expense from accumulated other comprehensive loss
119

 
386

Unrealized gains (losses) included in equity and partners’ capital
419

 
(10
)
Ending balance
$
(1,257
)
 
$
(2,811
)
As of March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017, the interest rate swaps had aggregate notional amounts of $21.8 million and $22.0 million, respectively. As of March 31, 2018, these swaps had a weighted average remaining term of 5.7 years. We have designated these interest rate swaps as cash flow hedges. The fair value of these swaps is presented within accrued liabilities and other (Asset Management) in our condensed consolidated balance sheets, and we recognize any changes in the fair value as an adjustment of accumulated other comprehensive loss within equity and partners’ capital to the extent of their effectiveness.
If the forward rates at March 31, 2018, remain constant, we estimate that during the next 12 months, we would reclassify into earnings approximately $0.4 million of the unrealized losses in accumulated other comprehensive loss. If market interest rates increase above the 3.26% weighted average fixed rate under these interest rate swaps, the consolidated partnerships will benefit from net cash payments due from the counterparty to the interest rate swaps.
In connection with the anticipated third quarter sale of the Asset Management business, these obligations will be assumed by the purchaser.
Fair Value Disclosures
We believe that the carrying values of the consolidated amounts of cash and cash equivalents, receivables and payables approximate their fair values at March 31, 2018, and December 31, 2017, due to their relatively short-term nature and high probability of realization. The carrying value of the total indebtedness associated with our Real Estate portfolio approximated its estimated fair value at March 31, 2018 and December 31, 2017. We estimate the fair value of our consolidated debt using an income and market approach, including comparison of the contractual terms to observable and unobservable inputs such as market interest rate risk spreads, contractual interest rates, remaining periods to maturity, collateral quality and loan to value ratios on similarly encumbered apartment communities within our portfolio. We classify the fair value of debt within Level 3 of the GAAP valuation hierarchy based on the significance of certain of the unobservable inputs used to estimate its fair value.
Note 7 — Business Segments
Our chief executive officer, who is our chief operating decision maker, uses proportionate property net operating income to assess the operating performance of our apartment communities. Proportionate property net operating income is defined as our share of rental and other property revenue less our share of property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, for consolidated apartment communities we own and manage. Beginning in 2018, we exclude from rental and other property revenues the amount of utilities cost reimbursed by residents and reflect such amount as a reduction of the related utility expense within property operating expenses in our evaluation of segment results. In our condensed consolidated statements of operations, utility reimbursements are included in rental and other property revenues, in accordance with GAAP. The tables below have been revised to conform to this presentation.
Apartment communities are classified as either part of our Real Estate portfolio or those owned through partnerships served by our Asset Management business. As of March 31, 2018, for segment performance evaluation, our Real Estate segment included 130 consolidated apartment communities with 37,086 apartment homes and excluded four apartment communities with 142 apartment homes that we neither manage nor consolidate.
As of March 31, 2018, through our Asset Management business we also held nominal ownership positions in consolidated partnerships that own 46 low-income housing tax credit apartment communities with 6,898 apartment homes. Neither the results of operations nor the assets of these partnerships and apartment communities are quantitatively material; therefore, we have one reportable segment, Real Estate.

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The following tables present the revenues, net operating income and income before gain on dispositions of our Real Estate segment on a proportionate basis (excluding amounts related to apartment communities sold as of March 31, 2018) for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017 (in thousands):
 
Real Estate
 
Proportionate and Other
Adjustments (1)
 
Corporate and
Amounts Not
Allocated to Reportable
Segment (2)
 
Consolidated
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate
$
214,387

 
$
9,149

 
$
1,857

 
$
225,393

Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business
—

 
—

 
18,808

 
18,808

Tax credit and transaction revenues
—

 
—

 
3,519

 
3,519

Total revenues
214,387

 
9,149

 
24,184

 
247,720

Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate
61,903

 
8,631

 
7,753

 
78,287

Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business
—

 
—

 
9,195

 
9,195

Other operating expenses not allocated to reportable
segment (3)
—

 
—

 
106,861

 
106,861

Total operating expenses
61,903

 
8,631

 
123,809

 
194,343

Operating income
152,484

 
518

 
(99,625
)
 
53,377

Other items included in income before gain on
dispositions (4)
—

 
—

 
(8,011
)
 
(8,011
)
Income before gain on dispositions
$
152,484

 
$
518

 
$
(107,636
)
 
$
45,366

 
Real Estate
 
Proportionate and Other
Adjustments (1)
 
Corporate and
Amounts Not
Allocated to Reportable
Segment (2)
 
Consolidated
Three Months Ended March 31, 2017:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Rental and other property revenues attributable to Real Estate
$
199,400

 
$
14,174

 
$
11,654

 
$
225,228

Rental and other property revenues of partnerships served by Asset Management business
—

 
—

 
18,562

 
18,562

Tax credit and transaction revenues
—

 
—

 
2,691

 
2,691

Total revenues
199,400

 
14,174

 
32,907

 
246,481

Property operating expenses attributable to Real Estate
58,528

 
9,402

 
11,696

 
79,626

Property operating expenses of partnerships served by Asset Management business
—

 
—

 
9,198

 
9,198

Other operating expenses not allocated to reportable
segment (3)
—

 
—

 
99,868

 
99,868

Total operating expenses
58,528

 
9,402

 
120,762

 
188,692

Operating income
140,872

 
4,772

 
(87,855
)
 
57,789

Other items included in income before gain on
dispositions (4)
—

 
—

 
(40,240
)
 
(40,240
)
Income before gain on dispositions
$
140,872

 
$
4,772

 
$
(128,095
)
 
$
17,549

(1)
Represents adjustments for the noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships’ share of the results of consolidated apartment communities in our Real Estate segment, which are included in the related consolidated amounts, but excluded from proportionate property net operating income for our segment evaluation. Also includes the reclassification of utility reimbursements from revenues to property operating expenses for the purpose of evaluating segment results. Utility reimbursements are included in rental and other property revenues in our condensed consolidated statements of operations prepared in accordance with GAAP.
(2)
Includes the operating results of apartment communities sold during the periods shown or held for sale at the end of the period, if any, and the operating results of apartment communities owned by consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business. Corporate and Amounts Not Allocated to Reportable Segment also includes property management expenses and

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casualty gains and losses (which are included in consolidated property operating expenses), which are not part of our segment performance measure.
(3)
Other operating expenses not allocated to reportable segment consists of depreciation and amortization, general and administrative expenses and other operating expenses, which are not included in our measure of segment performance.
(4)
Other items included in income before gain on dispositions primarily consists of interest expense and income tax benefit.
The assets of our reportable segment and the consolidated assets not allocated to our segment are as follows (in thousands):
 
March 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Real Estate
$
5,652,016

 
$
5,495,069

Corporate and other assets (1)
603,274

 
583,971

Total consolidated assets
$
6,255,290

 
$
6,079,040

(1)
Includes the assets of consolidated partnerships served by the Asset Management business and apartment communities sold as of March 31, 2018.
For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, capital additions related to our Real Estate segment totaled $76.7 million and $70.1 million, respectively.
Note 8 — Variable Interest Entities
Generally, a variable interest entity, or VIE, is a legal entity in which the equity investors do not have the characteristics of a controlling financial interest or the equity investors lack sufficient equity at risk for the entity to finance its activities without additional subordinated financial support. A limited partnership is considered a VIE when the majority of the limited partners unrelated to the general partner possess neither the right to remove the general partner without cause, nor certain rights to participate in the decisions that most significantly affect the financial results of the partnership. In determining whether we are the primary beneficiary of a VIE, we consider qualitative and quantitative factors, including, but not limited to: which activities most significantly impact the VIE’s economic performance and which party controls such activities; the amount and characteristics of our investment; the obligation or likelihood for us or other investors to provide financial support; and the similarity with and significance to our business activities and the business activities of the other investors. Significant judgments related to these determinations include estimates about the current and future fair values and performance of real estate held by these VIEs and general market conditions.
Aimco consolidates the Aimco Operating Partnership, which is a VIE for which Aimco is the primary beneficiary. Aimco, through the Aimco Operating Partnership, consolidates all VIEs for which the Aimco Operating Partnership is the primary beneficiary.
All of the VIEs we consolidate own interests in one or more apartment communities. VIEs that own apartment communities we classify as part of our Real Estate segment are typically structured to generate a return for their partners through the operation and ultimate sale of the communities. We are the primary beneficiary in the limited partnerships in which we are the sole decision maker and have a substantial economic interest.
Certain partnerships served by our Asset Management business own interests in low-income housing tax credit apartment communities that are structured to provide for the pass-through of tax credits and tax deductions to their partners and are VIEs. We hold a nominal ownership position in these partnerships, generally one percent or less. As general partner in these partnerships, we are the sole decision maker and we receive fees and other payments in return for the asset management and other services we provide and thus share in the economics of the partnerships, and as such, we are the primary beneficiary of these partnerships. The table below summarizes information regarding VIEs consolidated by the Aimco Operating Partnership:
 
March 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Real Estate portfolio:
 
 
 
VIEs with interests in apartment communities
13

 
14

Apartment communities owned by VIEs
13

 
14

Apartment homes in communities owned by VIEs
4,196

 
4,321

Consolidated partnerships served by the Asset Management business:
 
 
 
VIEs with interests in apartment communities
41

 
49

Apartment communities owned by VIEs
31

 
37

Apartment homes in communities owned by VIEs
4,879

 
5,893


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Assets of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s consolidated VIEs must first be used to settle the liabilities of such consolidated VIEs. These consolidated VIEs’ creditors do not have recourse to the general credit of the Aimco Operating Partnership. Assets and liabilities of consolidated VIEs are summarized in the table below (in thousands):
 
March 31, 2018
 
December 31, 2017
Real Estate portfolio:
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
Net real estate
$
530,382

 
$
529,898

Cash and cash equivalents
17,567

 
16,111

Restricted cash
7,050

 
4,798

Liabilities
 
 
 
Non-recourse property debt secured by Real Estate communities, net
410,600

 
412,205

Accrued liabilities and other
13,427

 
10,623

Consolidated partnerships served by the Asset Management business:
 
 
 
Assets
 
 
 
Real estate, net
173,949

 
215,580

Cash and cash equivalents
15,479

 
15,931

Restricted cash
22,232

 
30,107

Liabilities
 
 
 
Non-recourse property debt
184,316

 
220,356

Accrued liabilities and other
13,586

 
20,241



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ITEM 2.
Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
Forward Looking Statements
The Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995 provides a “safe harbor” for forward-looking statements in certain circumstances. Certain information included in this Quarterly Report contains or may contain information that is forward-looking, within the meaning of the federal securities laws, including, without limitation, statements regarding: our ability to maintain current or meet projected occupancy, rental rate and property operating results; the effect of acquisitions, dispositions, redevelopments and developments; our ability to meet budgeted costs and timelines, and achieve budgeted rental rates related to our redevelopment and development investments; expectations regarding sales of our apartment communities and the use of proceeds thereof; and our ability to comply with debt covenants, including financial coverage ratios.
Actual results may differ materially from those described in these forward-looking statements and, in addition, will be affected by a variety of risks and factors, some of which are beyond our control, including, without limitation:
•
Real estate and operating risks, including fluctuations in real estate values and the general economic climate in the markets in which we operate and competition for residents in such markets; national and local economic conditions, including the pace of job growth and the level of unemployment; the amount, location and quality of competitive new housing supply; the timing of acquisitions, dispositions, redevelopments and developments; and changes in operating costs, including energy costs;
•
Financing risks, including the availability and cost of capital markets’ financing; the risk that our cash flows from operations may be insufficient to meet required payments of principal and interest; and the risk that our earnings may not be sufficient to maintain compliance with debt covenants;
•
Insurance risks, including the cost of insurance, natural disasters and severe weather such as hurricanes; and
•
Legal and regulatory risks, including costs associated with prosecuting or defending claims and any adverse outcomes; the terms of governmental regulations that affect us and interpretations of those regulations; and possible environmental liabilities, including costs, fines or penalties that may be incurred due to necessary remediation of contamination of apartment communities presently or previously owned by us.
In addition, our current and continuing qualification as a real estate investment trust involves the application of highly technical and complex provisions of the Internal Revenue Code and depends on our ability to meet the various requirements imposed by the Internal Revenue Code, through actual operating results, distribution levels and diversity of stock ownership.
Readers should carefully review our financial statements and the notes thereto, as well as the section entitled “Risk Factors” described in Item 1A of Apartment Investment and Management Company’s and AIMCO Properties, L.P.’s combined Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, and the other documents we file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
As used herein and except as the context otherwise requires, “we,” “our” and “us” refer to Apartment Investment and Management Company (which we refer to as Aimco), AIMCO Properties, L.P. (which we refer to as the Aimco Operating Partnership) and their consolidated entities, collectively.
Certain financial and operating measures found herein and used by management are not defined under accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, or GAAP. These measures are defined and reconciled to the most comparable GAAP measures under the Non-GAAP Measures heading and include: Funds From Operations, Pro forma Funds From Operations, Adjusted Funds From Operations, Free Cash Flow, Economic Income, and the measures used to compute our leverage ratios.
Executive Overview
We are focused on the ownership, management, redevelopment and limited development of quality apartment communities located in some of the largest markets in the United States.
Our principal financial objective is to provide predictable and attractive returns to our equity holders. We measure our current return using Adjusted Funds From Operations, or AFFO, and our long-term total return using Economic Income. We also use Pro forma Funds From Operations, or Pro forma FFO, as a measure of operational performance. Our business plan to achieve this principal financial objective is to:
•
operate our portfolio of desirable apartment homes with a high level of focus on customer selection and customer satisfaction and in an efficient manner that produces predictable and growing Free Cash Flow;

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•
improve our portfolio of apartment communities, which is diversified both by geography and price point by selling apartment communities with lower projected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return and investing the proceeds from such sales through capital enhancements, redevelopment, development, and acquisitions with greater land value, higher expected rent growth, and projected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return in excess of those expected from communities sold;
•
use low levels of financial leverage, primarily in the form of non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate property debt and perpetual preferred equity, a combination which reduces our refunding and re-pricing risk and which provides a hedge against increases in interest rates; and
•
focus intentionally on a collaborative and productive culture based on respect for others and personal responsibility.
Our business is organized around five areas of strategic focus: operational excellence; redevelopment; portfolio management; balance sheet; and team and culture.
The results from the execution of our business plan during the three months ended March 31, 2018, are further described below.
Net income attributable to common stockholders per common share increased by $0.45 in the three months ended March 31, 2018, as compared to the same period in 2017, due to higher gains on sale of apartment communities and a higher tax benefit resulting from an intercompany transfer of assets related to the Asset Management business.
Pro forma FFO per share increased $0.02, or 3.4%, for the three months ended March 31, 2018, as compared to the same period in 2017. This increase consisted of:
•
$0.02 from Same Store property net operating income growth of 2.7%, driven by a 2.6% increase in revenue offset by a 2.1% increase in expenses; and
•
$0.01 from leasing activity related to renovated homes at Redevelopment communities, the second quarter 2017 reacquisition of a 47% interest in the Palazzo communities, and the first quarter 2018 acquisition of Bent Tree Apartments (discussed below), offset in part by lower property net operating income from apartment communities sold in 2018 and 2017.
As compared to 2017, higher legal costs and other factors reduced Pro forma FFO by $0.01.
The $0.02 increase year-over-year in Pro forma FFO per share plus $0.01 in lower capital replacement spending due to fewer apartment homes increased AFFO per share by $0.03, or 5.9%.
Operational Excellence
We own and operate a portfolio of market rate apartment communities, diversified by both geography and price point, which we refer to as our Real Estate portfolio. At March 31, 2018, our Real Estate portfolio included 134 apartment communities with 37,228 apartment homes in which we held an average ownership of approximately 99%. This portfolio was divided about two thirds by value to our “Same Store” portfolio of stabilized apartment communities and about one third by value to “Other Real Estate,” which includes recently acquired communities and communities under redevelopment or development whose long-term financial contribution is not yet stabilized.
Our property operations team delivered solid results for our Real Estate portfolio for the three months ended March 31, 2018. Highlights include:
•
Same Store net operating income growth of 2.7% for the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 2017;
•
Same Store rent increases on renewals and new leases averaged 4.9% and 0.4%, respectively, for a weighted average increase of 2.7%; and
•
Average daily occupancy of 96.3%, 30 basis points higher than the same period in 2017.
Redevelopment
Our second line of business is the redevelopment of apartment communities, where we expect to create value equal to 25% to 35% of our incremental investment by repositioning communities within our portfolio. We measure the rate and quality of financial returns by net asset value creation, an important component of Economic Income, our primary measure of long-term financial performance. We also undertake ground-up development when warranted by risk-adjusted investment returns, either directly in connection with the redevelopment of an existing apartment community or, on a more limited basis, at a new location. When

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warranted, we rely on the expertise and credit of a third-party developer familiar with the local market to limit our exposure to construction risk.
We invest to earn risk-adjusted returns in excess of those expected from the apartment communities sold in paired trades to fund the redevelopment or development. Of these two activities, we favor redevelopment because it permits adjustment of the scope and timing of spending to align with changing market conditions and customer preferences.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we invested $46.8 million in redevelopment and development. In Center City, Philadelphia, we continued construction on the fourth and final tower of Park Towne Place. Initial move-ins have occurred and at the end of April, 31% of the tower was pre-leased.
Construction is underway, on plan and on budget at Parc Mosaic, our $117.0 million, 226 apartment home community being developed on the site of our former Eastpointe community in Boulder, Colorado. We expect Parc Mosaic will be available for occupancy in the summer of 2019.
Our total estimated net investment in our current redevelopments and developments is $432.8 million with a projected weighted average net operating income yield on these investments of 6.1%, assuming untrended rents. Of this total, $279.0 million has been funded. 2018 funding needs for our remaining redevelopment and development investment will be satisfied with proceeds from our planned sale of the Asset Management business and Hunters Point communities, discussed below.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we leased 59 apartment homes at our redevelopment communities. As of March 31, 2018, our exposure to lease-up at active redevelopment and development projects was approximately 527 apartment homes, of which 201 were in the fourth tower of Park Towne Place and 215 were being constructed at Parc Mosaic.
Please see below under the Liquidity and Capital Resources – Redevelopment and Development heading for additional information regarding our redevelopment and development investment during the three months ended March 31, 2018
Portfolio Management
Our portfolio of apartment communities is diversified across “A,” “B,” and “C+” price points, averaging “B/B+” in quality, and is diversified across some of the largest markets in the U.S. We measure the quality of apartment communities in our Real Estate portfolio based on average rents of our apartment homes compared to local market average rents as reported by a third-party provider of commercial real estate performance and analysis. Under this rating system, we classify as “A” quality apartment communities those earning rents greater than 125% of the local market average; as “B” quality apartment communities those earning rents between 90% and 125% of the local market average; as “C+” quality apartment communities those earning rents greater than $1,100 per month, but lower than 90% of the local market average; and as “C” quality apartment communities those earning rents less than $1,100 per month and lower than 90% of the local market average. We classify as “B/B+” quality a portfolio that on average earns rents between 100% and 125% of the local market average rents where the portfolio is located. Although some companies and analysts within the multifamily real estate industry use apartment community quality ratings of “A,” “B” and “C,” some of which are tied to the local market rent averages, the metrics used to classify apartment community quality as well as the period for which the local market rents are calculated may vary from company to company. Accordingly, our rating system for measuring apartment community quality is neither broadly nor consistently used in the multifamily real estate industry.
As part of our portfolio strategy, we seek to sell up to 10% of our portfolio annually and to reinvest the proceeds from such sales in accretive uses such as capital enhancements, redevelopments, occasional development, and selective acquisitions with projected Free Cash Flow internal rates of return higher than expected from the communities being sold. Through this disciplined approach to capital recycling, we have significantly increased the quality and expected growth rate of our portfolio.
 
Three Months Ended
 
March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Average revenue per Aimco apartment home (1)
$
2,052

 
$
1,922

Portfolio average rents as a percentage of local market average rents
113
%
 
112
%
Percentage A (1Q 2018 average revenue per Aimco apartment home $2,736)
49
%
 
51
%
Percentage B (1Q 2018 average revenue per Aimco apartment home $1,797)
35
%
 
35
%
Percentage C+ (1Q 2018 average revenue per Aimco apartment home $1,660)
16
%
 
14
%
(1) Represents average monthly rental and other property revenues (excluding resident reimbursement of utility cost) divided by the number of occupied apartment homes multiplied by our ownership interest in the apartment community as of the end of the current period.

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Our average revenue per apartment home was $2,052 for first quarter 2018, a 7% increase compared to first quarter 2017. This increase is due to year-over-year growth in Same Store revenue as well as our second quarter 2017 reacquisition of the 47% interest in the Palazzo communities, lease-up of redevelopment and acquisition properties, and the sale of apartment communities with average monthly revenues per apartment home lower than those of the retained portfolio.
As we execute our portfolio strategy, we expect to increase average revenue per Aimco apartment home at a rate greater than market rent growth; increase Free Cash Flow margins; and maintain sufficient geographic and price point diversification to limit volatility and concentration risk.
Apartment Community Acquisitions
We evaluate potential acquisitions with an eye for unique and opportunistic investments and fund acquisitions pursuant to our strict paired trade discipline.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we purchased for $160.0 million Bent Tree Apartments, a 748-apartment home community in Fairfax County, Virginia. Bent Tree is a “B” quality community located in a market we know well from our ownership of two nearby communities built by the same developer. Further, we believe the same business plan used at these communities will produce greater than market rate net operating income growth for Bent Tree. The community is expected to achieve a 5.6% year one net operating income capitalization rate. Before consideration of capital enhancement opportunities, new lease rents are 4% higher than expiring leases, as compared to new lease rents that have decreased elsewhere in northern Virginia. We funded the acquisition with bank borrowings pending the expected third quarter sale of our Asset Management business, described below.
Subsequent to March 31, 2018, we entered into a transaction to acquire six apartment communities in the Philadelphia area for a stated purchase price of $445.0 million. The portfolio includes 1,006 existing apartment homes, 110 apartment homes under construction, and 185,000 square feet of office and retail space. This “A” quality portfolio is located primarily in the Center City and University City submarkets of Philadelphia. We anticipate that our operation of the five operating communities will generate a year one net operating income yield of 5.3%, and for all six communities, average revenue per apartment home of $2,200 and a ten-year expected free cash flow internal rate of return of about 8%.
The $445.0 million acquisition will be funded initially through taking title subject to $290.0 million of non-recourse property debt, issuance of $90.0 million in common OP Units valued in the transaction at their estimated net asset value per unit (approximately 1.7 million common OP Units), and payment of $65.0 million in cash funded from bank borrowings. The ultimate paired trade funding includes the sale of Chestnut Hill Village, located in north Philadelphia, and the sale of the Asset Management business, described below.
On May 1, 2018, we completed the acquisition of four of the six apartments communities including 665 apartment homes and 153,000 square feet of office and retail space. We anticipate the acquisition of the fifth apartment community during the summer of 2018 and the acquisition of the final apartment community upon completion of construction, expected in the first half of 2019.
Apartment Community Dispositions
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we sold three apartment communities with 513 apartment homes for a gain of $50.6 million, net of income tax, and gross proceeds of $71.9 million resulting in $64.6 million in net proceeds to us. Two of these communities are located in southern Virginia and one is located in suburban Maryland. Proceeds from these sales were used to repay outstanding borrowings on our revolving credit facility, effectively funding the equity portion of the Palazzo reacquisition as well as our 2017 redevelopment and development activities.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we sold our interests in the entities owning the La Jolla Cove property in settlement of legal actions filed in 2014 by a group of disappointed buyers who had hoped to acquire the property. We provided seller financing with a stated value of $48.6 million and received net cash proceeds of approximately $5.0 million in the sale.
In April 2018, we entered into a binding agreement to sell for $590.0 million our Asset Management business and the four Hunters Point affordable communities. We expect to close this transaction during the third quarter of 2018. After payment of closing costs and repayment of property level debt encumbering the Hunters Point apartment communities, net proceeds are expected to be approximately $512.0 million, which we plan to use to: repay the borrowings on our credit facility used to fund our acquisition of Bent Tree Apartments and the acquisition of the apartment communities in the Philadelphia portfolio; reduce our overall leverage; fund 2018 redevelopment; and redeem Aimco’s Class A Cumulative Preferred Stock, which is callable in second quarter 2019. Taken together, these transactions are expected to reduce our AFFO by $0.03 per share and $0.04 per share in 2018 and 2019, respectively, before becoming accretive in 2021.

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Balance Sheet
Our leverage includes our share of long-term, non-recourse property debt encumbering apartment communities in our Real Estate portfolio, our term loan, outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, and outstanding preferred equity. In our calculation of leverage, we exclude non-recourse property debt obligations of consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business, as these are not our obligations and they have limited effect on the amount of fees and other amounts we expect to receive in our role as asset manager for these partnerships.
Our leverage strategy seeks to increase financial returns while using leverage with appropriate caution. We limit risk through balance sheet structure, employing low leverage, primarily non-recourse and long-dated property debt; build financial flexibility by maintaining ample unused and available credit as well as holding properties with substantial value unencumbered by property debt; and use partners’ capital when it enhances financial returns or reduces investment risk.
We target the ratio of Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA to be below 7.0x and we target the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends to be greater than 2.5x. Our leverage ratios for the three months ended March 31, 2018, are presented below:
Proportionate Debt to Adjusted EBITDA
 6.8x
Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA
 7.2x
Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense
 3.6x
Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends
 3.2x
We calculate Adjusted EBITDA and Adjusted Interest Expense used in our leverage ratios based on the most recent three month amounts, annualized. Our leverage ratios have been calculated on a pro forma basis to reflect the acquisition of Bent Tree Apartments and the disposition of three apartment communities during the period as if the transactions had closed on January 1, 2018. As used in the ratios above, Preferred Equity represents Aimco’s preferred stock and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units.
Future improvement in leverage metrics is expected from the repayment of bank borrowings and property level debt with the proceeds from our expected third quarter sale of the Asset Management business and the Hunters Point communities. We also expect to use the proceeds from this sale to redeem Aimco’s Class A Cumulative Preferred Stock, which is callable in second quarter 2019. We expect our Proportionate Debt to Adjusted EBITDA and Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA ratios to decrease by the end of 2018 to 6.3x and 6.7x, respectively.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we closed two non-recourse, fixed-rate property loans totaling $242.0 million. These loans have 10-year terms and a weighted average interest rate of 3.48%, 126 basis points above the corresponding treasury rates at the time of pricing. The net effect of 2018 fixed-rate property debt refinancing activities has been to lower our weighted average fixed interest rate by nearly 10 basis points since December 31, 2017, to 4.55%, reducing prospective interest expense by more than $3.0 million.
We also closed two non-recourse, variable-rate property loans totaling $118.6 million. These loans each have a five-year term and bear interest at 30-day LIBOR plus 1.25%. The five-year terms fill a hole in our laddered maturities and, taken together with the planned repayment of the variable term loan, reduce our exposure to increasing short-term interest rates to less than 7% of our leverage.
Our liquidity consists of cash balances and available capacity on our revolving line of credit. As of March 31, 2018, we had on hand $600.0 million in cash and restricted cash plus available capacity on our revolving line of credit.
We also manage our financial flexibility by maintaining an investment grade rating and holding apartment communities that are unencumbered by property debt. At March 31, 2018, we held unencumbered apartment communities with an estimated fair value of approximately $2.0 billion.
Two credit rating agencies rate our creditworthiness using different methodologies and ratios for assessing our credit, and both have rated our credit and outlook as BBB- (stable), an investment grade rating. Although some of the ratios they use are similar to those we use to measure our leverage, there are differences in our methods of calculation and therefore our leverage ratios disclosed above may not be indicative of the ratios that may be calculated by these agencies.
For additional information regarding our leverage, please see the discussion under the Liquidity and Capital Resources heading.

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Team and Culture
Our team and culture are keys to our success. Our intentional focus on a collaborative and productive culture based on respect for others and personal responsibility is reinforced by a preference for promotion from within. We focus on succession planning and talent development to produce a strong, stable team that is the enduring foundation of our success. In 2018, we were recognized by the Denver Post as a Top Work Place for the sixth consecutive year, an accomplishment shared with only seven other companies in Colorado.
Key Financial Indicators
The key financial indicators we use in managing our business and in evaluating our operating performance are Economic Income, our measure of long-term total return, and Adjusted Funds From Operations, our measure of current return. In addition to these indicators, we evaluate our operating performance and financial condition using: Pro forma FFO; Free Cash Flow, or FCF; same store property net operating income; proportionate property net operating income; average revenue per effective apartment home; leverage ratios; and net leverage.
Results of Operations
Because our operating results depend primarily on income from our apartment communities, the supply of and demand for apartments influences our operating results. Additionally, the level of expenses required to operate and maintain our apartment communities and the pace and price at which we redevelop, acquire and dispose of our apartment communities affect our operating results.
The following discussion and analysis of the results of our operations and financial condition should be read in conjunction with the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1.
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018 compared to March 31, 2017
Net income attributable to Aimco increased by $70.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to 2017. Net income attributable to the Aimco Operating Partnership increased by $73.3 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 as compared to 2017. The increase in income for Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership was due primarily to a $50.3 million gain on the disposition of real estate and a $32.4 million increase in tax benefit resulting from an intercompany transfer of assets related to the Asset Management business.
The following paragraphs discuss these and other items affecting the results of operations of Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership in more detail.
Property Operations
As described under the preceding Executive Overview heading, our Real Estate segment consists primarily of market rate apartment communities in which we hold a substantial equity ownership interest.
We use proportionate property net operating income to assess the operating performance of our Real Estate Portfolio. Proportionate property net operating income reflects our share of rental and other property revenues less direct property operating expenses, including real estate taxes, for consolidated apartment communities we manage. Accordingly, the results of operations of our Real Estate segment discussed below are presented on a proportionate basis and exclude the results of four apartment communities with 142 apartment homes that we neither manage nor consolidate.
Additionally, we evaluate the revenue and expense performance of our segment as adjusted for utility reimbursements. Nearly two-thirds of our utility costs are reimbursed by residents. These reimbursements are included in rental and other property revenues in our condensed consolidated statements of operations prepared in accordance with GAAP, but beginning in 2018, our segment results below reflect utility reimbursements as a reduction of the corresponding expense.
We do not include offsite costs associated with property management or casualty-related amounts in our assessment of segment performance. Accordingly, these items are not allocated to our segment results discussed below.
Refer to Note 7 in the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1 for further discussion regarding our reportable segments, including a reconciliation of these proportionate amounts to the corresponding amounts in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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Real Estate Proportionate Property Net Operating Income
We classify apartment communities within our Real Estate segment as Same Store and Other Real Estate. Same Store communities are those that have reached a stabilized level of operations as of the beginning of a two-year comparable period and maintained it throughout the current and comparable prior periods, and are not expected to be sold within 12 months. Other Real Estate includes apartment communities that do not meet the Same Store definition, including, but not limited to: redevelopment and development apartment communities, which are those currently under construction that have not achieved a stabilized level of operations and those that have been completed in recent years that have not achieved and maintained stabilized operations for both the current and comparable prior year; acquisition apartment communities, which are those we have acquired since the beginning of a two-year comparable period; and communities that we expect to sell within 12 months but do not yet meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale.
As of March 31, 2018, our Real Estate segment consisted of 95 Same Store apartment communities with 26,367 apartment homes and 35 Other Real Estate communities with 10,719 apartment homes.
From December 31, 2017 to March 31, 2018, on a net basis, our Same Store portfolio increased by three apartment communities and decreased by 19 apartment homes. These changes consisted of:
•
the addition of one developed apartment community with 91 apartment homes and one redeveloped apartment community with 104 apartment homes that were classified as Same Store upon maintaining stabilized operations for the entirety of the periods presented;
•
the addition of one acquired apartment community with 115 apartment homes that was classified as Same Store because we have now owned it for the entirety of both periods presented;
•
the addition of one apartment community with 492 apartments homes that we no longer expect to sell within 12 months; and
•
the reduction of one apartment community with 821 apartment homes, which is expected to be sold within 12 months, but does not yet meet the criteria to be classified as held for sale.
As of March 31, 2018, our Other Real Estate communities included:
•
13 apartment communities with 6,280 apartment homes in redevelopment or development;
•
2 apartment communities with 1,211 apartment homes recently acquired; and
•
20 apartment communities 3,228 apartment homes that do not meet the definition of Same Store because they are either subject to agreements that limit the amount by which we may increase rents, receive forms of government rental assistance, or have not reached or maintained a stabilized level of occupancy as of the beginning of a two-year comparable period, often due to a casualty event.
Our Real Estate segment results for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, as presented below, are based on the apartment community populations as of March 31, 2018.
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
(in thousands)
2018
 
2017
 
$ Change
 
% Change
Rental and other property revenues before utility reimbursements:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Same Store communities
$
144,854

 
$
141,220

 
$
3,634

 
2.6
%
Other Real Estate Communities
69,533

 
58,180

 
11,353

 
19.5
%
Total
214,387

 
199,400

 
14,987

 
7.5
%
Property operating expenses, net of utility reimbursements:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Same Store communities
38,923

 
38,110

 
813

 
2.1
%
Other Real Estate Communities
22,980

 
20,418

 
2,562

 
12.5
%
Total
61,903

 
58,528

 
3,375

 
5.8
%
Proportionate property net operating income:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Same Store communities
105,931

 
103,110

 
2,821

 
2.7
%
Other Real Estate Communities
46,553

 
37,762

 
8,791

 
23.3
%
Total
$
152,484

 
$
140,872

 
$
11,612

 
8.2
%

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For the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 2017, our Real Estate segment’s proportionate property net operating income increased $11.6 million, or 8.2%.
Same Store proportionate property net operating income increased by $2.8 million, or 2.7%. This increase was primarily attributable to a $3.6 million, or 2.6%, increase in rental and other property revenues due to higher average revenues ($42 per Aimco apartment home), comprised primarily of increases in rental rates. Renewal rents (the rent paid by an existing resident who renewed her lease compared to the rent she previously paid) were up 4.9% for the three months ended March 31, 2018, and new lease rents (the rent paid by a new resident compared to the rent paid by the previous resident of the same apartment home) were up 0.4%, resulting in a weighted average increase of 2.7%. The increase in Same Store rental and other property revenues was partially offset by a $0.8 million, or 2.1%, increase in property operating expenses primarily due to an increase in real estate taxes. During the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 2017, controllable operating expenses, which exclude utility costs, real estate taxes and insurance, increased by $0.3 million, or 1.4%.
The proportionate property net operating income of Other Real Estate communities increased by $8.8 million, or 23.3%, for the three months ended March 31, 2018, compared to the same period in 2017 due to:
•
a $2.5 million increase in property net operating income due to the lease-up of Indigo and the 2018 acquisition of Bent Tree Apartments;
•
a $1.9 million increase in property net operating income due to leasing activities at redevelopment and development communities, partially offset by decreases due to apartment homes taken out of service for development; and
•
higher property net operating income of $4.4 million from other communities, including the effect of our increased ownership interest in the Palazzo communities from our June 2017 reacquisition of the 47% limited partner interest in the related joint venture.
Non-Segment Real Estate Operations
Operating income amounts not attributed to our Real Estate segment include offsite costs associated with property management, casualty losses, and the results of apartment communities sold, reported in consolidated amounts, which we do not allocate to our Real Estate segment for purposes of evaluating segment performance (see Note 7 to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1).
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, casualty losses totaled $1.1 million and included several large claims primarily related to water and winter storm damage, partially offset by recovery from insurance carriers for insured losses in excess of policy limits. For the three months ended March 31, 2017, casualty losses totaled $1.9 million and included several large claims primarily related to fire damage and water damage resulting from heavy rains in California.
Net operating income decreased for the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 2017, by $6.5 million due to apartment communities previously in our Real Estate portfolio that were sold as of March 31, 2018.
Depreciation and Amortization
For the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 2017, depreciation and amortization increased $5.4 million, or 6.2%, primarily due to renovated apartment homes placed in service after their completion, partially offset by decreases associated with apartment communities sold.
Interest Expense
For the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 2017, interest expense, which includes the amortization of debt issuance costs, decreased by $0.1 million, or 0.2%. The decrease was primarily due to lower average outstanding balances on non-recourse property debt resulting from principal amortization, principal repayments and refinancing property loans at lower rates, largely offset by higher amounts outstanding on corporate borrowings used to fund the 2018 acquisition of Bent Tree Apartments.
Income Tax Benefit
Certain of our operations, including property management and risk management, are conducted through TRS entities. Additionally, some of our apartment communities are owned through TRS entities.
Our income tax benefit calculated in accordance with GAAP includes: (a) income taxes associated with the income or loss of our TRS entities, for which the taxes consequences have been realized or will be realized in future periods; (b) low income housing tax credits that offset REIT taxable income, primarily from retained capital gains; and (c) historic tax credits that offset income tax obligations of our TRS entities. Income taxes related to these items (before gains on dispositions) are included in income tax benefit in our condensed consolidated statements of operations.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2018 compared to 2017, income tax benefit increased by $32.4 million, primarily due to a tax benefit recognized in connection with an intercompany transfer of assets related to the Asset Management business. This tax benefit is offset slightly by lower historic tax credits generated through the redevelopment of certain apartment communities.
Gain on Dispositions of Real Estate, Inclusive of Related Income Tax
Real Estate
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we sold three apartment communities with 513 apartment homes for a gain of $50.6 million, net of income tax, and gross proceeds of $71.9 million, resulting in $64.6 million in net proceeds to us. We did not sell any apartment communities from our Real Estate portfolio during the three months ended March 31, 2017.
Asset Management
Consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business did not sell any apartment communities during the three months ended March 31, 2018. During the three months ended March 31, 2017, a consolidated partnership served by our Asset Management business sold an apartment community with 52 apartment homes for a gain of $0.6 million and gross proceeds of $2.4 million, resulting in $0.4 million in net proceeds.
Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Real Estate Partnerships
Noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships reflects the results of our consolidated real estate partnerships allocated to the owners who are not affiliated with Aimco. The amounts of income or loss of our consolidated real estate partnerships that we allocate to owners not affiliated with Aimco include their share of property management fees, interest on notes and other amounts that we charge to these partnerships.
For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we allocated net income of $6.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, to noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships. The amount of net income allocated to noncontrolling interests was driven by two primary factors: the operations of the consolidated apartment communities and gains on the sale of apartment communities with noncontrolling interest holders, as further discussed below.
•
The amount of net income allocated to noncontrolling interests resulting from operations of the consolidated apartment communities was $0.1 million and $1.0 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. The decrease is primarily due to the 2017 reacquisition of our limited partner’s interests in the Palazzo joint venture.
•
Gains on the sale of apartment communities allocated to noncontrolling interests totaled $6.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2018, and there was no such allocation for the three months ended March 31, 2017.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
We prepare our condensed consolidated financial statements in accordance with GAAP, which requires us to make estimates and assumptions. We believe that the critical accounting policies that involve our more significant judgments and estimates used in the preparation of our condensed consolidated financial statements relate to the impairment of long-lived assets and capitalized costs.
Our critical accounting policies are described in more detail in Item 7, Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, of Aimco’s and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s combined Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017. There have been no significant changes in our critical accounting policies from those reported in our Form 10-K and we believe that the related judgments and assessments have been consistently applied and produce financial information that fairly depicts the results of operations for all periods presented.

Non-GAAP Measures
Various of the key financial indicators we use in managing our business and in evaluating our financial condition and operating performance are non-GAAP measures. Key non-GAAP measures we use are defined and described below, and for those non-GAAP measures used or disclosed within this quarterly report, reconciliations of the non-GAAP measures to the most comparable financial measure computed in accordance with GAAP are provided.
Funds From Operations, or FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO are non-GAAP financial measures, which are defined and further described below under the Funds From Operations, Pro Forma Funds From Operations and Adjusted Funds From Operations heading.

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Free Cash Flow, as calculated for our retained portfolio, represents an apartment community’s property net operating income, or NOI, less spending for capital replacements, which represents our estimation of the capital additions made to replace capital assets consumed during our ownership period (further discussed under the Funds From Operations, Pro Forma Funds From Operations and Adjusted Funds From Operations heading and the Liquidity and Capital Resources heading). Free Cash Flow margin represents an apartment community’s NOI less $1,200 per apartment home of assumed annual capital replacement spending, as a percentage of the apartment community’s rental and other property revenues. Capital replacement spending represents a measure of the cost of capital asset usage during the period; therefore, we believe that Free Cash Flow is useful to investors as a supplemental measure of apartment community performance because it takes into consideration costs incurred during the period to replace capital assets that have been consumed during our ownership.
Economic Income represents stockholder value creation as measured by the change in estimated net asset value per share plus cash dividends per share. We believe Economic Income is important to investors as it represents a measure of the total return we have earned for our stockholders. We report and reconcile Economic Income annually. Readers should refer to the section entitled Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations described in Item 7 of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017, for more information about Economic Income.
Funds From Operations, Pro Forma Funds From Operations and Adjusted Funds From Operations
FFO is a non-GAAP financial measure that we believe, when considered with the financial statements determined in accordance with GAAP, is helpful to investors in understanding our performance because it captures features particular to real estate performance by recognizing that real estate generally appreciates over time or maintains residual value to a much greater extent than do other depreciable assets such as machinery, computers or other personal property. The National Association of Real Estate Investment Trusts, or NAREIT, defines FFO as net income or loss computed in accordance with GAAP, excluding gains from sales of, and impairment losses recognized with respect to, depreciable property, plus depreciation and amortization, and after adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures. Adjustments for unconsolidated partnerships and joint ventures are calculated on the same basis to determine FFO. We calculate FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders (diluted) by subtracting, if dilutive, redemption or repurchase related preferred stock issuance costs and dividends on preferred stock.
In addition to FFO, we compute Pro forma FFO and AFFO, which are also non-GAAP financial measures that we believe are helpful to investors in understanding our performance. Pro forma FFO represents FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders (diluted), excluding preferred equity redemption-related amounts and certain litigation costs. Preferred equity redemption-related amounts (gains or losses) are items that periodically affect our operating results and we exclude these items from our calculation of Pro forma FFO because such amounts are not representative of our operating performance. We are engaged in litigation with Airbnb to protect our property right to select our residents and their neighbors. Due to the unpredictable nature of these cases and associated legal costs, we exclude such costs from Pro forma FFO.
AFFO represents Pro forma FFO reduced by Capital Replacements, which represents our estimation of the capital additions made to replace capital assets consumed during our ownership period. When we make capital additions at an apartment community, we evaluate whether the additions extend the useful life of an asset as compared to its condition at the time we purchased the apartment community. We classify as Capital Improvements those capital additions that meet these criteria and we classify as Capital Replacements those that do not. AFFO is a key financial indicator that we use to evaluate our operational performance and is one of the factors that we use to determine the amounts of our dividend payments.
FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO should not be considered alternatives to net income, as determined in accordance with GAAP, as indications of our performance. Although we use these non-GAAP measures for comparability in assessing our performance compared to other REITs, not all REITs compute these same measures, and those who do may not compute them in the same manner. Additionally, our computation of AFFO is subject to our definition of Capital Replacement spending. Accordingly, there can be no assurance that our basis for computing these non-GAAP measures is comparable with that of other REITs.

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For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, Aimco’s FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO are calculated as follows (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders (1)
$
81,525

 
$
11,491

Adjustments:
 
 
 
Real estate depreciation and amortization, net of noncontrolling partners’ interest
90,394

 
82,881

Gain on dispositions and other, net noncontrolling partners’ interest
(47,023
)
 
(439
)
Income tax adjustments related to gain on dispositions and other items (2)
(30,720
)
 
1,032

Common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership’s share of above adjustments
(557
)
 
(3,850
)
Amounts allocable to participating securities
(15
)
 
(38
)
FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted
$
93,604

 
$
91,077

Litigation costs, net of common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership and participating securities (3)
349

 
—

Pro forma FFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted
$
93,953

 
$
91,077

Capital Replacements, net of common noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership and participating securities
(9,767
)
 
(10,946
)
AFFO attributable to Aimco common stockholders – diluted
$
84,186

 
$
80,131

 
 
 
 
Weighted average common shares outstanding – diluted (FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO) (4)
156,740

 
156,754

 
 
 
 
Net income attributable to Aimco per common share – diluted
$
0.52

 
$
0.07

FFO / Pro forma FFO per share – diluted
$
0.60

 
$
0.58

AFFO per share – diluted
$
0.54

 
$
0.51

(1)
Represents the numerator for calculating Aimco’s earnings per common share in accordance with GAAP.
(2)
Income tax adjustments related to gain on dispositions and other items for the three months ended March 31, 2018 includes a $33.6 million tax benefit related to an intercompany transfer of assets related to the Asset Management business. We announced in April 2018, the planned sale of this business. Upon completion of the anticipated sale, the related taxes will be reflected within our statement of operations within gain on dispositions of real estate, inclusive of related income tax. Accordingly, we have excluded the benefit related to the reorganization from FFO.
(3)
We are engaged in litigation with Airbnb to protect our property right to select our residents and their neighbors. Due to the unpredictable nature of these cases and associated legal costs, we exclude such costs from Pro forma FFO and AFFO.
(4)
Represents the denominator for Aimco’s earnings per common share – diluted, calculated in accordance with GAAP.
Refer to the Executive Overview for discussion of our Pro forma FFO and AFFO results for 2018, as compared to the same period in 2017.
Refer to the Liquidity and Capital Resources section for further information regarding our capital investing activities, including Capital Replacements.
The Aimco Operating Partnership does not separately compute or report FFO, Pro forma FFO or AFFO. However, based on Aimco’s method for allocation of such amounts to noncontrolling interests in the Aimco Operating Partnership, as well as limited differences between the amounts of net income attributable to Aimco’s common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s unit holders during the periods presented, FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO amounts on a per unit basis for the Aimco Operating Partnership would be expected to be substantially the same as the corresponding per share amounts for Aimco.
Leverage Ratios
We target the ratio of Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity to Adjusted EBITDA to be below 7.0x and we target the ratio of Adjusted EBITDA to Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends to be greater than 2.5x. We believe these ratios are important measures as they are commonly used by investors and analysts to assess the relative financial risk associated with balance sheets of companies within the same industry, and they are believed to be similar to measures used by rating agencies to assess entity credit quality.
We calculate our leverage ratios based on the most recent three month amounts, annualized.

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Proportionate Debt, as used in our leverage ratios, is a non-GAAP measure and includes our share of the long-term, non-recourse property debt secured by apartment communities in the Real Estate portfolio, our term loan, and outstanding borrowings under our revolving credit facility, reduced by our share of the cash and restricted cash of our consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships owning communities in our Real Estate portfolio, and also by our investment in the subordinate tranches of a securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt (essentially, an investment in our own non-recourse property loans).
In our Proportionate Debt computation, we increase our recorded debt by unamortized debt issue costs because these amounts represent cash expended in earlier periods and do not reduce our contractual obligations, and we reduce our recorded debt by the amounts of cash and restricted cash on-hand (such restricted cash amounts being primarily restricted under the terms of our property debt agreements) assuming these amounts would be used to reduce our outstanding leverage. We further reduce our recorded debt by the value of our investment in a securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt, as our payments of principal and interest associated with such property debt will ultimately repay our investments in the trust.
We exclude from our leverage the non-recourse property debt obligations of consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business. The non-recourse property debt obligations of these partnerships are not our obligations and have limited effect on the amount of fees and other payments we expect to receive. Additionally, in April 2018, we announced the planned third quarter 2018 sale of the Asset Management business.
We believe Proportionate Debt is useful to investors as it is a measure of our net exposure to debt obligations. Proportionate Debt, as used in our leverage ratios, is calculated as set forth in the table below.
Preferred Equity, as used in our leverage ratios, represents the redemption amounts for Aimco’s preferred stock and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units. Preferred Equity, although perpetual in nature, is another component of our overall leverage.
Adjusted EBITDA is a non-GAAP measure. We believe Adjusted EBITDA provides investors relevant and useful information because it allows investors to view income from our operations on an unleveraged basis, before the effects of taxes, depreciation and amortization, gains or losses on sales of and impairment losses related to real estate, and various other items described below. Adjusted EBITDA represents Aimco’s share of the consolidated amount of our net income, adjusted to exclude the effect of the following items for the reasons set forth below:
•
Adjusted Interest Expense, defined below, to allow investors to compare a measure of our earnings before the effects of our indebtedness with that of other companies in the real estate industry;
•
preferred dividends, to allow investors to compare a measure of our performance before the effects of our capital structure (including indebtedness) with that of other companies in the real estate industry;
•
income taxes, to allow investors to measure our performance independent of income taxes, which may vary significantly from other companies within our industry due to leverage and tax planning strategies, among other factors;
•
depreciation and amortization, gains or losses on dispositions and impairment losses related to real estate, for similar reasons to those set forth in our discussion of FFO, Pro forma FFO and AFFO in the preceding section; and
•
other items, including gains on dispositions of non-depreciable assets, as these are items that periodically affect our operations but that are not necessarily representative of our ability to service our debt obligations.
While Adjusted EBITDA is a relevant measure of performance and is commonly used in leverage ratios, it does not represent net income as defined by GAAP, and should not be considered as an alternative to net income in evaluating our performance.  Further, our definition and computation of Adjusted EBITDA may not be comparable to similar measures reported by other companies.
Adjusted Interest Expense, as calculated in our leverage ratios, is a non-GAAP measure that we believe is meaningful for investors and analysts as it presents our share of current recurring interest requirements associated with leverage. Adjusted Interest Expense represents our proportionate share of interest expense on non-recourse property debt encumbering apartment communities in the Real Estate portfolio and interest expense on our term loan and revolving credit facility borrowings. We exclude from our calculation of Adjusted Interest Expense:
•
debt prepayment penalties, which are items that, from time to time, affect our operating results but are not representative of our scheduled interest obligations;
•
the amortization of debt issue costs, as these amounts have been expended in previous periods and are not representative of our current or prospective debt service requirements; and

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•
the income we receive on our investment in the securitization trust that holds certain of our property debt, as this income is being generated indirectly from interest we pay with respect to property debt held by the trust.
Preferred Dividends represents the preferred dividends paid on Aimco’s preferred stock and the preferred distributions paid on the Aimco Operating Partnership’s preferred OP Units, exclusive of preferred equity redemption related amounts. We add Preferred Dividends to Adjusted Interest Expense for a more complete picture of the interest and dividend requirements of our leverage, inclusive of perpetual preferred equity.
Reconciliations of the most closely related GAAP measures to our calculations of Proportionate Debt, Preferred Equity, Adjusted EBITDA, Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends, as used in our leverage ratios, are as follows (in thousands):
 
March 31, 2018
Total indebtedness associated with Real Estate portfolio
$
4,029,343

Adjustments:
 
Debt issue costs related to non-recourse property debt
18,119

Debt issue costs related to term loan
271

Proportionate share adjustments related to debt obligations of consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships
(9,556
)
Cash and restricted cash
(90,893
)
Proportionate share adjustments related to cash and restricted cash held by consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships
1,182

Securitization trust investment and other
(83,587
)
Proportionate Debt
$
3,864,879

 
 
Preferred stock
$
125,000

Preferred OP Units
101,378

Preferred Equity
226,378

Proportionate Debt and Preferred Equity
$
4,091,257

 
Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
Net income attributable to Aimco Common Stockholders
$
81,525

Adjustments:
 
Adjusted Interest Expense
39,639

Income tax benefit
(37,388
)
Depreciation and amortization, net of noncontrolling interest
92,630

Gain on disposition and other, inclusive of related income taxes and net of noncontrolling partners’ interests
(44,152
)
Preferred stock dividends
2,148

Net income attributable to noncontrolling interests in Aimco Operating Partnership
5,811

Pro forma adjustment (1)
1,231

Adjusted EBITDA
$
141,444

 
 
Annualized Adjusted EBITDA
$
565,776

 
 
(1) Leverage ratios for the three months ended March 31, 2018, have been calculated on a pro forma basis to reflect the acquisition of Bent Tree Apartments and the disposition of three apartment communities during the period as if the transactions had closed on January 1, 2018.

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Three Months Ended March 31, 2018
Interest expense
$
47,795

Interest expense related to non-recourse property debt obligations of consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business
(3,286
)
Interest expense attributable to Real Estate portfolio
44,509

Adjustments:
 
Proportionate share adjustments related to interest of consolidated and unconsolidated partnerships
(94
)
Debt prepayment penalties and other non-interest items
(1,482
)
Amortization of debt issue costs
(1,445
)
Interest income earned on securitization trust investment
(1,849
)
Adjusted Interest Expense
$
39,639

 
 
Preferred stock dividends
2,148

Preferred OP Unit distributions
1,937

Preferred Dividends
4,085

Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends
$
43,724

 
 
Annualized Adjusted Interest Expense
$
158,556

Annualized Adjusted Interest Expense and Preferred Dividends
$
174,896

Liquidity and Capital Resources
Liquidity
Liquidity is the ability to meet present and future financial obligations. Our primary source of liquidity is cash flow from our operations. Additional sources are proceeds from sales of apartment communities, proceeds from refinancings of existing property debt, borrowings under new property debt, borrowings under our Credit Agreement, as defined below, including our revolving credit facility and proceeds from equity offerings.
Our principal uses for liquidity include normal operating activities, payments of principal and interest on outstanding property debt, capital expenditures, dividends paid to stockholders, distributions paid to noncontrolling interest partners and acquisitions of apartment communities. We use our cash and cash equivalents and our cash provided by operating activities to meet short-term liquidity needs. In the event that our cash and cash equivalents and cash provided by operating activities are not sufficient to cover our short-term liquidity needs, we have additional means, such as short-term borrowing availability and proceeds from apartment community sales and refinancings. We may use our revolving credit facility for working capital and other short-term purposes, such as funding investments on an interim basis. We expect to meet our long-term liquidity requirements, such as debt maturities, redevelopment spending and apartment community acquisitions, through long-term borrowings (primarily non-recourse), the issuance of equity securities (including OP Units), the sale of apartment communities and cash generated from operations.
As of March 31, 2018, our primary sources of liquidity were as follows:
•
$51.9 million in cash and cash equivalents;
•
$39.0 million of restricted cash, which consists primarily of escrows related to resident security deposits and reserves and escrows held by lenders for capital additions, property taxes and insurance; and
•
$509.1 million of available capacity to borrow under our revolving credit facility (which is more fully described below), after consideration of outstanding borrowings of $78.6 million and $12.3 million of letters of credit backed by the facility.
At March 31, 2018, we also held unencumbered apartment communities with an estimated fair market value of approximately $2.0 billion. Each of the amounts presented above exclude amounts attributable to partnerships served by our Asset Management business.

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Leverage and Capital Resources
The availability of credit and its related effect on the overall economy may affect our liquidity and future financing activities, both through changes in interest rates and access to financing. Currently, interest rates are low compared to historical levels and many lenders are active in the market. However, any adverse changes in the lending environment could negatively affect our liquidity. We believe we have mitigated much of this exposure by reducing our short and intermediate term maturity risk through refinancing such loans with long-dated, fixed-rate property debt. However, if property financing options become unavailable for our further debt needs, we may consider alternative sources of liquidity, such as reductions in capital spending or proceeds from apartment community dispositions.
Two credit rating agencies rate our creditworthiness and both have rated our credit and outlook as BBB- (stable), an investment grade rating. Our investment grade rating would be useful in accessing capital through the sale of bonds in private or public transactions. However, our intention and historical practice has been to raise debt capital in the form of property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate, amortizing debt, the cost of which is generally less than that of recourse debt and the terms of which also provide for greater balance sheet safety.
As of March 31, 2018, approximately 87.0% of our leverage consisted of property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, amortizing debt. Approximately 94.6% of this property-level debt is fixed-rate, which provides a hedge against increases in interest rates, capitalization rates and inflation. The weighted average maturity of our property-level debt was 7.4 years.
For property-level debt encumbering the communities in our Real Estate portfolio, $35.5 million of our unpaid principal balances mature during the remainder of 2018, and on average, 12.6% of our unpaid principal balance will mature each year from 2019 through 2021.
While our primary source of leverage is property-level, non-recourse, long-dated, fixed-rate, amortizing debt, we have a Senior Secured Credit Agreement with a syndicate of financial institutions, which we refer to as our Credit Agreement. Our Credit Agreement provides for $600.0 million of revolving loan commitments. As of March 31, 2018, we had $78.6 million of outstanding borrowings under our revolving loan commitments, representing 1.8% of our total leverage. The Credit Agreement provides us with an option to expand the aggregate loan commitments, subject to customary conditions, by up to $200.0 million.
The Credit Agreement also provides for a $250.0 million term loan. The term loan represents 5.9% of our total leverage as of March 31, 2018, matures on June 30, 2018, has a one-year extension option and bears interest at 30-day LIBOR plus 135 basis points.
As of March 31, 2018, our outstanding perpetual preferred equity represented approximately 5.3% of our total leverage. Our preferred securities are perpetual in nature; however, for illustrative purposes, we compute the weighted average maturity of our total leverage assuming a 40-year maturity for our preferred securities.
The combination of non-recourse property-level debt, borrowings under our Credit Agreement and perpetual preferred equity that comprises our total leverage, reduces our refunding and re-pricing risk. The weighted average maturity for our total leverage described above was 8.7 years as of March 31, 2018.
Under the Credit Agreement, we have agreed to maintain a Fixed Charge Coverage ratio of 1.40x, as well as comply with other covenants customary for similar revolving credit arrangements. For the trailing twelve month period ended March 31, 2018, our Fixed Charge Coverage ratio was 2.02x, compared to a ratio of 1.96x for the trailing twelve month period ended March 31, 2017. We expect to remain in compliance with this covenant during the next 12 months.
Changes in Cash, Cash Equivalents and Restricted Cash
The following discussion relates to changes in consolidated cash, cash equivalents and restricted cash due to operating, investing and financing activities, which are presented in our condensed consolidated statements of cash flows included in Item 1 of this report.
Operating Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net cash provided by operating activities was $81.3 million. Our operating cash flow is affected primarily by rental rates, occupancy levels and operating expenses related to our portfolio of apartment communities. Cash provided by operating activities for the three months ended March 31, 2018, increased by $7.7 million compared to 2017, due to improved operating results of our Same Store communities and increased contribution from our redevelopment and lease-up communities, partially offset by lower net operating income associated with apartment communities sold in 2017.

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Investing Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net cash used in investing activities of $171.6 million consisted primarily of the Bent Tree Apartments acquisition and capital expenditures, partially offset by proceeds from the disposition of apartment communities. Capital expenditures totaled $75.6 million and $82.2 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We generally fund capital expenditures with cash provided by operating activities and cash proceeds from apartment community sales.
Further information about the Bent Tree Apartments acquisition and three apartment community sales completed during the three months ended March 31, 2018 is included in Note 3 to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1.
Capital additions for our Real Estate segment totaled $76.7 million and $70.1 million during the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively. We generally fund capital additions with cash provided by operating activities and cash proceeds from sales of apartment communities.
We categorize capital spending for communities in our Real Estate portfolio broadly into six primary categories:
•
capital replacements, which represent capital additions made to replace the portion of acquired apartment communities consumed during our period of ownership;
•
capital improvements, which represent capital additions made to replace the portion of acquired apartment communities consumed prior to our period of ownership;
•
capital enhancements, which may include kitchen and bath remodeling, energy conservation projects and investments in longer-lived materials designed to reduce turnover costs and maintenance, all of which are generally lesser in scope than redevelopment additions and do not significantly disrupt property operations;
•
redevelopment additions, which represent capital additions intended to enhance the value of the apartment community through the ability to generate higher average rental rates, and may include costs related to entitlement, which enhance the value of a community through increased density, and costs related to renovation of exteriors, common areas or apartment homes;
•
development additions, which represent construction and related capitalized costs associated with development of apartment communities; and
•
casualty capital additions, which represent construction and related capitalized costs incurred in connection with the restoration of an apartment community after a casualty event such as a severe snow storm, hurricane, tornado, flood or fire.
We exclude from these measures the amounts of capital spending related to apartment communities sold or classified as held for sale at the end of the period, as well as amounts expended by consolidated partnerships served by our Asset Management business as such amounts generally do not affect the amount of cash flow we expect to receive from the operation and ultimate disposition of these communities. We have also excluded from these measures indirect capitalized costs which are allocated later in the year to apartment communities with capital additions, and their related capital spending categories.

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A summary of the capital spending for these categories, along with a reconciliation of the total for these categories to the capital expenditures reported in the accompanying condensed consolidated statements of cash flows for the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, are presented below (in thousands):
 
Three Months Ended March 31,
 
2018
 
2017
Real Estate
 
 
 
Capital replacements
$
6,727

 
$
8,455

Capital improvements
1,824

 
2,918

Capital enhancements
19,146

 
17,068

Redevelopment additions
41,049

 
38,981

Development additions
5,720

 
1,390

Casualty capital additions
2,253

 
1,303

Real Estate capital additions
76,719

 
70,115

Plus: additions related to apartment communities sold or held for sale and unallocated indirect capitalized costs
1,488

 
3,331

Plus: additions related to consolidated asset managed communities
1,693

 
814

Consolidated capital additions
79,900

 
74,260

Plus: net change in accrued capital spending
(4,299
)
 
7,891

Capital expenditures per condensed consolidated statement of cash flows
$
75,601

 
$
82,151

For the three months ended March 31, 2018 and 2017, we capitalized $2.0 million and $1.6 million of interest costs, respectively, and $8.9 million and $8.5 million of other direct and indirect costs, respectively.
We invested $19.1 million in capital enhancements during the three months ended March 31, 2018, and we anticipate a full year investment ranging from $80 million to $100 million.
Redevelopment and Development
We execute redevelopments using a range of approaches. We prefer to limit risk by executing redevelopments using a phased approach, in which we renovate an apartment community in stages. Smaller phases provide us the flexibility to maintain current earnings while aligning the timing of the completed apartment homes with market demand. The following table summarizes value-creating investments related to redevelopments of this nature at March 31, 2018 (dollars in millions):
 
Location
 
Apartment Homes Approved for Redevelopment
 
Estimated/Potential Net Investment
 
Inception-to-Date Net Investment
Bay Parc
Miami, FL
 
15

 
$
20.0

 
$
19.4

Calhoun Beach Club
Minneapolis, MN
 
275

 
28.7

 
10.3

Flamingo South Beach
Miami, FL
 
—

 
9.7

 
8.0

Palazzo West at The Grove
Los Angeles, CA
 
389

 
24.5

 
17.0

Saybrook Pointe
 San Jose, CA
 
324

 
18.3

 
15.6

Yorktown
Lombard, IL
 
292

 
25.7

 
18.8

Other
Various
 
92

 
12.9

 
4.4

Total
 
 
1,387

 
$
139.8

 
$
93.5


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We also undertake ground-up development when warranted by risk-adjusted investment returns, either directly or in connection with the redevelopment of an existing apartment community or, on a more limited basis, at a new location. When smaller redevelopment phases are not possible, we may engage in redevelopment activities where an entire building or community is vacated. The following table summarizes our value-creating investments related to these developments and redevelopments at March 31, 2018 (dollars in millions):
 
Location
 
Apartment Homes Approved for Redevelopment or Development
 
Estimated/Potential Net Investment
 
Inception-to-Date Net Investment
 
Stabilized Occupancy
 
NOI Stabilization
Parc Mosaic
 Boulder, CO
 
226

 
$
117.0

 
$
30.0

 
 4Q 2020
 
 1Q 2022
Park Towne Place
 Philadelphia, PA
 
942

 
176.0

 
155.5

 
 1Q 2019
 
 2Q 2020
Total
 
 
1,168

 
$
293.0

 
$
185.5

 
 
 
 
Net investment represents the total actual or estimated investment, net of tax and other credits earned as a direct result of our redevelopment or development of the community. For phased redevelopments, potential net investment relates to the current phase of the redevelopment.
Stabilized Occupancy represents the period in which we expect to achieve stabilized occupancy generally greater than 90%.
NOI Stabilization represents the period in which we expect the communities to achieve stabilized rents and operating costs, generally five quarters after occupancy stabilization.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we invested $46.8 million in redevelopment and development. In Center City, Philadelphia, we continued construction on the fourth and final tower of Park Towne Place. Initial move-ins have occurred and at the end of April, 31% of the tower was pre-leased.
Construction is underway, on plan and on budget at Parc Mosaic, our $117.0 million, 226 apartment home community being developed on the site of our former Eastpointe community in Boulder, Colorado. We expect Parc Mosaic will be available for occupancy in the summer of 2019.
Our total estimated net investment in redevelopment and development is $432.8 million with a projected weighted average net operating income yield on these investments of 6.1%, assuming untrended rents. Of this total, $279.0 million has been funded. We expect to fund the remaining redevelopment and development investment with proceeds from our planned sale of the Asset Management business and Hunters Point communities.
During the three months ended March 31, 2018, we leased 59 apartment homes at our redevelopment communities. As of March 31, 2018, our exposure to lease-up at active redevelopment and development projects was approximately 527 apartment homes, of which 201 were in the fourth tower of Park Towne Place and 215 were being constructed at Parc Mosaic.
We expect our total development and redevelopment spending to range from $120 million to $200 million for the year ending December 31, 2018.
Financing Activities
For the three months ended March 31, 2018, net cash provided by financing activities of $86.8 million was primarily attributed to proceeds from non-recourse property debt and net borrowings on our revolving credit facility, partially offset by dividends paid to common security holders, distributions paid to noncontrolling interests and principal payments on property loans.
Net borrowings on our revolving credit facility primarily relate to the timing of apartment community acquisitions and dispositions and of property debt financing activities.
Proceeds from non-recourse property debt borrowings during the period consisted of the closing of two fixed-rate, amortizing, non-recourse property loans totaling $242.0 million. These loans have 10-year terms and a weighted average interest rate of 3.48%, 126 basis points more than the corresponding Treasury rate at the time of pricing. The net effect of 2018 fixed-rate property debt refinancing activities has been to lower our weighted average fixed interest rate by nearly 10 basis points since December 31, 2017, to 4.55%, reducing prospective interest expense by more than $3.0 million.
Proceeds from non-recourse property debt borrowing during the period also included the closing of two non-recourse, variable-rate property loans totaling $118.6 million. These loans each have a five-year term and bear interest at 30-day LIBOR plus 1.25%.

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The five-year terms fill a hole in our laddered maturities and, taken together with the planned repayment of the variable term loan, reduce our exposure to increasing short-term interest rates to less than 7% of our leverage.
We like the discipline of financing our investments in real estate through the use of fixed-rate, amortizing, non-recourse property debt, as the amortization gradually reduces our leverage and reduces our refunding risk, and the fixed-rate provides a hedge against increases in interest rates, and the non-recourse feature avoids entity risk.
Principal payments on property loans during the period totaled $206.3 million, consisting of scheduled principal amortization of $20.4 million and repayments of $185.9 million.
Net cash used in financing activities also includes $73.7 million of payments to equity holders, as further detailed in the table below.
Equity and Partners’ Capital Transactions
The following table presents the Aimco Operating Partnership’s distribution activity (including distributions paid to Aimco) during the three months ended March 31, 2018 (in thousands):
Cash distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership to holders of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships
$
7,228

Cash distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership to preferred unitholders (1)
4,085

Cash distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership to common unitholders (2)
62,389

Total cash distributions paid by the Aimco Operating Partnership
$
73,702

(1)
$2.2 million represented distributions to Aimco, and $1.9 million represented distributions paid to holders of OP Units.
(2)
$59.7 million represented distributions to Aimco, and $2.7 million represented distributions paid to holders of OP Units.
The following table presents Aimco’s dividend activity during the three months ended March 31, 2018 (in thousands):
Cash distributions paid by Aimco to holders of noncontrolling interests in consolidated real estate partnerships
$
7,228

Cash distributions paid by Aimco to holders of OP Units
4,674

Cash dividends paid by Aimco to preferred stockholders
2,148

Cash dividends paid by Aimco to common stockholders
59,652

Total cash dividends and distributions paid by Aimco
$
73,702

Future Capital Needs
We expect to fund any future acquisitions, redevelopment, development, and other capital spending principally with proceeds from apartment community sales, short-term borrowings, debt and equity financing and operating cash flows. Our near term business plan does not contemplate the issuance of equity.

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ITEM 3.
Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
As of March 31, 2018, on a consolidated basis, we had approximately $201.3 million of variable-rate property debt outstanding, and $328.6 million of variable-rate borrowings under our Credit Agreement, including a $250.0 million term loan that matures on June 30, 2018 and has a one-year extension option. We estimate that a change in 30-day LIBOR of 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads would reduce or increase net income attributable to Aimco common stockholders and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s common unitholders by approximately $5.1 million on an annual basis.
At March 31, 2018, our Real Estate segment had approximately $90.9 million in cash and cash equivalents and restricted cash, a portion of which bears interest at variable rates, which may offset somewhat a change in rates on our variable-rate debt discussed above.
We estimate the fair value for debt instruments as described in Note 6 to the condensed consolidated financial statements in Item 1. The estimated fair value of total indebtedness associated with the Real Estate portfolio approximated its carrying value at March 31, 2018.
If market rates for consolidated fixed-rate debt in our Real Estate segment were higher by 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads, the estimated fair value of consolidated debt discussed above would decrease from $4.0 billion in the aggregate to $3.9 billion. If market rates for consolidated debt discussed above were lower by 100 basis points with constant credit risk spreads, the estimated fair value of consolidated fixed-rate debt would increase from $4.0 billion in the aggregate to $4.1 billion.
ITEM 4.
Controls and Procedures
Aimco
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
Aimco’s management, with the participation of Aimco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of Aimco’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, Aimco’s chief executive officer and chief financial officer have concluded that, as of the end of such period, Aimco’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the first quarter of 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, Aimco’s internal control over financial reporting.
The Aimco Operating Partnership
Disclosure Controls and Procedures
The Aimco Operating Partnership’s management, with the participation of the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of both Aimco and AIMCO-GP, Inc., the Aimco Operating Partnership’s general partner, has evaluated the effectiveness of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange) as of the end of the period covered by this report. Based on such evaluation, the chief executive officer and chief financial officer of AIMCO-GP, Inc. have concluded that, as of the end of such period, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s disclosure controls and procedures are effective.
Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting
There has been no change in the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) during the first quarter of 2018 that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Aimco Operating Partnership’s internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION
ITEM 1A.
Risk Factors
As of the date of this report, there have been no material changes from the risk factors in Aimco’s and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s combined Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2017.
ITEM 2.
Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Aimco
(a) Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities. Aimco did not issue any unregistered shares of Common Stock during the three months ended March 31, 2018.
(c) Repurchases of Equity Securities. There were no repurchases by Aimco of its common equity securities during the three months ended March 31, 2018. Aimco’s Board of Directors has, from time to time, authorized Aimco to repurchase shares of its outstanding capital stock. As of March 31, 2018, Aimco was authorized to repurchase approximately 19.3 million additional shares. This authorization has no expiration date. These repurchases may be made from time to time in the open market or in privately negotiated transactions.
The Aimco Operating Partnership
(a) Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities. The Aimco Operating Partnership did not issue any unregistered OP Units during the three months ended March 31, 2018. 
(c) Repurchases of Equity Securities. The Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement generally provides that after holding the common OP Units for one year, limited partners have the right to redeem their common OP Units for cash, subject to the Aimco Operating Partnership’s prior right to cause Aimco to acquire some or all of the common OP Units tendered for redemption in exchange for shares of Common Stock. Common OP Units redeemed for Common Stock are exchanged on a one-for-one basis (subject to antidilution adjustments). During the three months ended March 31, 2018, no common OP Units were redeemed in exchange for shares of Common Stock. The following table summarizes repurchases (redemptions in exchange for cash) of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s equity securities for the three months ended March 31, 2018.




Period
Total
Number
of Units
Purchased
 
Average
Price
Paid
per Unit
 
Total Number of
Units Purchased
as Part of
Publicly
Announced
Plans or
Programs (1)
 
Maximum Number
of Units that
May Yet Be
Purchased Under the Plans or Programs (1)
January 1 - January 31, 2018
145,596

 
$
43.38

 
N/A
 
N/A
February 1 - February 28, 2018
378

 
41.26

 
N/A
 
N/A
March 1 - March 31, 2018
16,111

 
39.22

 
N/A
 
N/A
Total
162,085

 
$
42.96

 
 
 
 
(1)
The terms of the Aimco Operating Partnership’s Partnership Agreement do not provide for a maximum number of units that may be repurchased, and other than the express terms of its Partnership Agreement, the Aimco Operating Partnership has no publicly announced plans or programs of repurchase. However, for Aimco to repurchase shares of its Common Stock, the Aimco Operating Partnership must make a concurrent repurchase of its common partnership units held by Aimco at a price per unit that is equal to the price per share Aimco pays for its Common Stock.
Aimco and the Aimco Operating Partnership
Dividend and Distribution Payments. Our Credit Agreement includes customary covenants, including a restriction on dividends and distributions and other restricted payments, but permits dividends and distributions during any 12-month period in an aggregate amount of up to 95% of Aimco’s Funds From Operations, subject to certain non-cash adjustments, for such period or such amount as may be necessary for Aimco to maintain its REIT status.

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ITEM 6.
Exhibits
The following exhibits are filed with this report:
EXHIBIT NO. (1)
DESCRIPTION
 
 
Charter
 
 
Amended and Restated Bylaws (Exhibit 3.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated January 26, 2016, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 29, 1994, as amended and restated as of February 28, 2007 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2006, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
First Amendment to Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of December 31, 2007 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 31, 2007, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Second Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 30, 2009 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended June 30, 2009, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Third Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of September 2, 2010 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated September 3, 2010, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Fourth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of July 26, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated July 26, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Fifth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of August 24, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 24, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Sixth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of December 31, 2011 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated December 31, 2011, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Seventh Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of May 13, 2014 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated May 13, 2014, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Eighth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of October 31, 2014 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated November 4, 2014, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Ninth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of August 16, 2016 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated August 16, 2016, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Tenth Amendment to the Fourth Amended and Restated Agreement of Limited Partnership of the Aimco Operating Partnership, dated as of January 31, 2017 (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated January 31, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Second Amended and Restated Senior Secured Credit Agreement, dated as of June 30, 2017, among Aimco, the Aimco Operating Partnership, AIMCO/Bethesda Holdings, Inc., the lenders party thereto and KeyBank N. A., as administrative agent, swing line lender and letter of credit issuer. (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K, dated June 30, 2017, is incorporated herein by this reference)
 
 
Aimco Executive Severance Policy (Exhibit 10.1 to Aimco’s Current Report on Form 8-K dated February 22, 2018, is incorporated herein by this reference)*
 
 
Aimco Second Amended and Restated 2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan (as amended and restated effective February 22, 2018) (Exhibit A to Aimco’s Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 8, 2018 is incorporated herein by this reference)*
 
 
Form of Performance Vesting LTIP II Unit Agreement (2015 Stock Award and Incentive Plan)*
 
 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Aimco
 
 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Aimco
 
 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – the Aimco Operating Partnership
 
 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Securities Exchange Act Rules 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a), as Adopted Pursuant to Section 302 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – the Aimco Operating Partnership


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EXHIBIT NO. (1)
DESCRIPTION
 
 
Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – Aimco
 
 
Certifications of Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer Pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as Adopted Pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 – the Aimco Operating Partnership
 
 
Agreement Regarding Disclosure of Long-Term Debt Instruments – Aimco
 
 
Agreement Regarding Disclosure of Long-Term Debt Instruments – the Aimco Operating Partnership
101
 
 
XBRL (Extensible Business Reporting Language). The following materials from Aimco’s and the Aimco Operating Partnership’s combined Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarterly period ended March 31, 2018, tagged in XBRL: (i) condensed consolidated balance sheets; (ii) condensed consolidated statements of operations; (iii) condensed consolidated statements of comprehensive income; (iv) condensed consolidated statements of cash flows; and (v) notes to condensed consolidated financial statements.
 
 
 
 
(1)
Schedules and supplemental materials to the exhibits have been omitted but will be provided to the Securities and Exchange Commission upon request.
*
Management contract or compensatory plan or arrangement


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SIGNATURES
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

 
APARTMENT INVESTMENT AND
MANAGEMENT COMPANY
 
By:
/s/ PAUL BELDIN
 
Paul Beldin
 
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial
Officer
 
(duly authorized officer and
 
principal financial officer)
 
By:
/s/ ANDREW HIGDON
 
Andrew Higdon
 
Senior Vice President and
 
Chief Accounting Officer

 
AIMCO PROPERTIES, L.P.
 
By:
AIMCO-GP, Inc., its general partner
 
By:
/s/ PAUL BELDIN
 
Paul Beldin
 
Executive Vice President and Chief Financial
Officer
 
(duly authorized officer and
 
principal financial officer)
 
By:
/s/ ANDREW HIGDON
 
Andrew Higdon
 
Senior Vice President and
 
Chief Accounting Officer

Date: May 8, 2018


44