Edgar Filing: Caesarstone Ltd.

UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 20-F

(Mark One)

☐

REGISTRATION STATEMENT PURSUANT TO SECTION 12(b) OR (g) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

☒

ANNUAL REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the fiscal year ended December 31, 2018

☐

TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from ______ to ______

☐

SHELL COMPANY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

Date of event requiring this shell company report………………………………….

Commission File Number 001-35464

CAESARSTONE LTD.
(Exact Name of Registrant as specified in its charter)

ISRAEL
(Jurisdiction of incorporation or organization)

Kibbutz Sdot-Yam
MP Menashe, 3780400
Israel
(Address of principal executive offices)

Yuval Dagim
Chief Executive Officer
Caesarstone Ltd.
MP Menashe, 3780400
Israel
Telephone: +972 (4) 636-4555
Facsimile: +972 (4) 636-4400
(Name, telephone, email and/or facsimile number and address of company contact person)

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Securities Act of 1933:


Title of each class		Name of each exchange on which registered
Ordinary Shares, par value NIS 0.04 per share		The Nasdaq Stock Market LLC

Securities registered or to be registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Securities for which there is a reporting obligation pursuant to Section 15(d) of the Act: None

Indicate the number of outstanding shares of each of the issuer’s classes of capital or common stock as of December 31, 2018: 34,363,211 ordinary shares, NIS 0.04 par value per share

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act:

Yes ☐ No ☒

If this report is an annual or transition report, indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934:

Yes ☐ No ☒

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically every Interactive Data File required to be submitted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (section 229.405 of this chapter), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days:

Yes ☒ No ☐

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or an emerging growth company. See definition of “accelerated filer,” “large accelerated filer” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act (Check one):


Large accelerated filer ☐	Accelerated filer ☒	Non-accelerated filer ☐
		Emerging growth company ☐

If an emerging growth company that prepares its financial statements in accordance with U.S. GAAP, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards† provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ☐

† The term “new or revised financial accounting standard” refers to any update issued by the Financial Accounting Standards Board to its Accounting Standards Codification after April 5, 2012.

Indicate by check mark which basis of accounting the registrant has used to prepare the financial statements included in this filing:


U.S. GAAP ☒	International Financial Reporting Standards as issued	Other ☐
	by the International Accounting Standards Board ☐

If “Other” has been checked in response to the previous question, indicate by check mark which financial statement item the registrant has elected to follow:

Item 17 ☐ Item 18 ☐

If this is an annual report, indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act):

Yes ☐ No ☒

PRELIMINARY NOTES

Introduction

As used herein, and unless the context suggests otherwise, the terms “Caesarstone,” “Company,” “we,” “us” or “ours” refer to Caesarstone Ltd. and its consolidated subsidiaries. In this document, references to “NIS” or “shekels” are to New Israeli Shekels, and references to “dollars,” “USD” or “$” refer to U.S. dollars.

Our reporting currency is the United States (“U.S.”) dollar. The functional currency of each of our non-U.S. subsidiaries is the local currency in which it operates. These subsidiaries’ financial statements are translated into the U.S. dollar, the parent company’s functional currency, using the current rate method.

Other financial data appearing in this annual report that is not included in our consolidated financial statements and that relate to transactions that occurred prior to December 31, 2018 are reflected using the exchange rate on the relevant transaction date. With respect to all future transactions, U.S. dollar translations of NIS amounts presented in this annual report are translated at the rate of $1.00 = NIS 3.748, the representative exchange rate published by the Bank of Israel as of December 31, 2018.

Market and Industry Data and Forecasts

This annual report includes data, forecasts and information obtained from industry publications and surveys and other information available to us. Some data is also based on our good faith estimates, which are derived from management’s knowledge of the industry and independent sources. Forecasts and other metrics included in this annual report to describe the countertop industry are inherently uncertain and speculative in nature and actual results for any period may materially differ. We have not independently verified any of the data from third-party sources, nor have we ascertained the underlying assumptions relied upon therein. While we are not aware of any misstatements regarding the industry data presented herein, estimates and forecasts involve uncertainties and risks and are subject to change based on various factors, including those discussed under the headings “—Forward-Looking Statements” and “ITEM 3: Key Information—Risk Factors” in this annual report.

Unless otherwise noted in this annual report, Freedonia Custom Research, Inc. (“Freedonia”) is the source for third-party industry data and forecasts. The Freedonia report, dated February 20, 2017 (“Freedonia Report”), represents data, research opinion or viewpoints developed independently on our behalf and does not constitute a specific guide to action. The Freedonia Report includes figures related to global countertop demand in total, by region and by material that are different from figures included in the previous custom reports provided to us by Freedonia for the years ended 2010, 2012 and 2014. Specifically, the 2017 Freedonia Report contains higher quartz global penetration and lower laminate share for each of those years. The 2017 Freedonia Report also indicates that Asia demand increased and Europe demand decreased relative to previous custom reports. Quartz penetration in each of our four main markets (and our market share in those markets, accordingly) remained the same as published in previous years. In preparing the report, Freedonia used various sources, including publicly available third-party financial statements; government statistical reports; press releases; industry magazines; and interviews with manufacturers of related products (including us), manufacturers of competitive products, distributors of related products, and government and trade associations. Growth rates in the Freedonia Report are based on many variables, such as currency exchange rates, raw material costs and pricing of competitive products, and such variables are subject to wide fluctuations over time. The Freedonia Report speaks as of its final publication date (and not as of the date of this filing), and the opinions and forecasts expressed in the Freedonia Report are subject to change by Freedonia without notice.

iii

Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This annual report contains forward-looking statements within the meaning of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (“Securities Act”), Section 21E of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (“Exchange Act”), and the safe harbor provisions of the U.S. Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995, that are based on our management’s beliefs and assumptions and on information currently available to our management. Forward-looking statements include information concerning our possible or assumed future results of operations, business strategies, financing plans, competitive position, industry environment, potential growth opportunities, potential market opportunities and the effects of competition. Forward-looking statements include all statements that are not historical facts and can be identified by terms such as “anticipates,” “believes,” “could,” “seeks,” “estimates,” “expects,” “intends,” “may,” “plans,” “potential,” “predicts,” “projects,” “should,” “will,” “would” or similar expressions that convey uncertainty of future events or outcomes and the negatives of those terms. These statements may be found in several sections of this annual report, including, but not limited to “ITEM 3: Key Information—Risk Factors,” “ITEM 4: Information on Caesarstone,” “ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects,” “ITEM 10: Additional Information—Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive foreign investment company considerations.” These statements include, but are not limited to, statements regarding:

•

our ability to respond to new market developments;

•

our intent to penetrate further our existing markets and penetrate new markets;

•

our belief in the sufficiency of our cash flows to meet our needs for the next year;

•

our plans to invest in developing, manufacturing and offering innovative products;

•

our ability to effectively utilize our production lines and to source products from third parties;

•

our plans to promote and strengthen our brand internationally;

•

our plans to invest in research and development for the development of new products;

•

our ability to effectively promote the increase of quartz penetration in our existing markets and new markets to generate growth;

•

our ability to successfully compete with other quartz surfaces manufacturers, suppliers and distributors, and with suppliers and distributors of other materials used in countertops;

•

our ability to acquire third-party distributors, manufacturers of quartz surfaces products or other products and services;

•

our plans to continue to expand our international presence;

•

our expectations regarding future prices of quartz, polyester and pigments;

•

future foreign exchange rates, particularly the NIS, Australian dollar, Canadian dollar and the euro;

•

our expectations regarding our future product mix;

•

our expectations regarding the outcome of litigation or other legal proceedings in which we are involved, and our ability to use our insurance policy to cover damages;

•

our expectations regarding the consequences from the introduction, termination, modification, or renegotiation of international trade agreements or treaties or the imposition of countervailing measures or antidumping duties or similar tariffs;

•

our expectations regarding regulatory matters applicable to us.

The preceding list is not intended to be an exhaustive list of all of our forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements reflect our current views with respect to future events and are based on assumptions and are subject to risks and uncertainties, including those described in “ITEM 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors.”

You should not put undue reliance on any forward-looking statements. Actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements as a result of various factors described in this annual report, including factors beyond our ability to control or predict. Although we believe that the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee that future results, levels of activity, performance and events and circumstances reflected in the forward-looking statements will be achieved or will occur. Any forward-looking statement made in this annual report speaks only as of the date hereof. Except as required by law, we undertake no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements for any reason after the date of this annual report, to conform these statements to actual results or to changes in our expectations.

TABLE OF CONTENTS


PART I			1
ITEM 1: Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers			1
ITEM 2: Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable			1
ITEM 3: Key Information			1
	A.	Selected Financial Data	1
	B.	Capitalization and Indebtedness	5
	C.	Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds	5
	D.	Risk Factors	6
ITEM 4: Information on Caesarstone			31
	A.	History and Development of Caesarstone	31
	B.	Business Overview	32
	C.	Organizational Structure	40
	D.	Property, Plants and Equipment	41
ITEM 4A: Unresolved Staff Comments			42
ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects			42
	A.	Operating Results	42
	B.	Liquidity and Capital Resources	57
	C.	Research and Development, Patents and Licenses	59
	D.	Trend Information	59
	E.	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements	60
	F.	Contractual Obligations	60
ITEM 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees			61
	A.	Directors and Senior Management	61
	B.	Compensation of Officers and Directors	65
	C.	Board Practices	70
	D.	Employees	84
	E.	Share Ownership	85
ITEM 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions			85
	A.	Major Shareholders	88
	B.	Related Party Transactions	94
	C.	Interests of Experts and Counsel	94
ITEM 8: Financial Information			94
	A.	Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information	94
	B.	Significant Changes	98
ITEM 9: The Offer and Listing			98
	A.	Offer and Listing Details	98
	B.	Plan of Distribution	98
	C.	Markets	98
	D.	Selling Shareholders	98
	E.	Dilution	98
	F.	Expenses of the Issue	98
ITEM 10: Additional Information			98
	A.	Share Capital	98
	B.	Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association	98
	C.	Material Contracts	103
	D.	Exchange Controls	103
	E.	Taxation	103
	F.	Dividends and Paying Agents	113
	G.	Statements by Experts	113
	H.	Documents on Display	113
	I.	Subsidiary Information	113
ITEM 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk			113
ITEM 12: Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities			115

PART II		116
ITEM 13: Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies		116
ITEM 14: Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds		116
ITEM 15: Controls and Procedures		116
ITEM 16: Reserved		116
ITEM 16A: Audit Committee Financial Expert		116
ITEM 16B: Code of Ethics		117
ITEM 16C: Principal Accountant Fees and Services		117
ITEM 16D: Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees		118
ITEM 16E: Purchases of Equity Securities by the Company and Affiliated Purchasers		118
ITEM 16F: Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant		118
ITEM 16G: Corporate Governance		118
ITEM 16H: Mine Safety Disclosures		118
PART III		118
ITEM 17: Financial Statements		118
ITEM 18: Financial Statements		118
ITEM 19: Exhibits		119

PART I

ITEM 1: Identity of Directors, Senior Management and Advisers

Not applicable.

ITEM 2: Offer Statistics and Expected Timetable

Not applicable.

ITEM 3: Key Information

A.	Selected Financial Data

You should read the following selected consolidated financial data in conjunction with “ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects” and our consolidated financial statements and the related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. The consolidated income statement data for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2018 and 2017 are derived from our audited consolidated financial statements included in “ITEM 18: Financial Statements,” which have been prepared in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles in the United States (“U.S. GAAP”). The consolidated income statement data for the years ended December 31, 2015 and 2014 and the consolidated balance sheet data as of December 31, 2016, 2015 and 2014 have been derived from our audited consolidated financial statements which are not included in this annual report. The information presented below under the caption “Other Financial Data” and “Dividends declared per share” contains information that is not derived from our financial statements.

	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014

Consolidated Income Statement Data:
Revenues	$	575,871	$	588,147	$	538,543	$	499,515	$	447,402
Cost of revenues		412,457		390,924		326,057		299,290		257,751
Gross profit		163,414		197,223		212,486		200,225		189,651
Operating expenses:
Research and development		3,635		4,164		3,290		3,052		2,628
Marketing and selling		74,786		81,789		70,343		59,521		55,870
General and administrative		43,323		45,930		40,181		36,612		36,111
Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net		8,903		24,797		5,868		4,654		-
Total operating expenses		130,647		156,680		119,682		103,839		94,609
Operating income		32,767		40,543		92,804		96,386		95,042
Finance expenses, net		3,639		5,583		3,318		3,085		1,045
Income before taxes on income		29,128		34,960		89,486		93,301		93,997
Taxes on income		4,560		7,402		13,003		13,843		13,738
Net income	$	24,568	$	27,558	$	76,483	$	79,458	$	80,259
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		163		1,356		1,887		1,692		1,820
Net income attributable to controlling interest		24,405		26,202		74,596		77,766		78,439
Basic net income per ordinary share*		0.72		0.73		2.08		2.21		2.25
Diluted net income per ordinary share*		0.72		0.73		2.08		2.19		2.22
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing basic income per share		34,358		34,334		34,706		35,253		34,932
Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing diluted income per share.		34,409		34,386		34,764		35,464		35,394
Dividends declared per share	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	—	$	0.57

	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014

Consolidated Balance Sheet Data:
Cash, cash equivalents and short term bank deposits	$	93,562	$	138,707	$	106,270	$	62,807	$	54,327
Working capital (1)		238,823		250,510		216,963		168,841		124,306
Total assets		616,922		652,987		584,700		529,742		439,000
Total liabilities		150,421		166,611		134,108		120,680		109,274
Redeemable non-controlling interest		-		16,481		12,939		8,841		8,715
Shareholders’ equity		466,501		469,895		437,653		400,221		321,011

	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014

Other Financial Data:
Adjusted Gross profit (2)	$	165,518	$	197,223	$	212,486	$	200,225	$	189,651
Adjusted EBITDA (2)		75,206		100,429		130,260		125,667		116,553
Adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest (2)		36,085		49,819		81,184		83,682		82,498
Capital expenditures		20,962		22,675		22,943		76,495		86,373
Depreciation and amortization		28,591		29,926		28,254		22,334		17,176

* See also note 15 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

(1)	Working capital is defined as total current assets minus total current liabilities.

(2)	The tables below reconcile gross profit to adjusted gross profit, net income to adjusted EBITDA and net income attributable to controlling interest to adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest for the periods presented and are unaudited.

We use certain non-GAAP financial measures to evaluate our performance in conjunction with other performance metrics. The following are examples of how we use such non-GAAP measures:

Our annual budget is based in part on these non-GAAP measures.

Our management and board of directors use these non-GAAP measures to evaluate our operational performance and to compare it against our work plan and budget.

Our non-GAAP financial measures, adjusted gross profit, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest, have no standardized meaning and accordingly have limitations in their usefulness to investors. We provide such non-GAAP data because management believes that such data provide useful information to investors. However, investors are cautioned that, unlike financial measures prepared in accordance with U.S. GAAP, non-GAAP measures may not be comparable with similar measures used by other companies. These non-GAAP financial measures are presented solely to permit investors to more fully understand how management and our board assesses our performance. The limitations of these non-GAAP financial measures as performance measures are that they provide a view of our results of operations without reflecting all events during a period and may not provide a comparable view of our performance to other companies in our industry.

Investors should consider non-GAAP financial measures in addition to, and not as replacements for, or superior to, measures of financial performance prepared in accordance with GAAP.

In arriving at our presentation of non-GAAP financial measures, we exclude items that either have a non-recurring impact on our income statement or which, in the judgment of our management, are items that, either as a result of their nature or size, could, were they not singled out, potentially cause investors to extrapolate future performance from an improper base. In addition, we also exclude share-based compensation expenses to facilitate a better understanding of our operating performance, since these expenses are non-cash and accordingly we believe do not affect our business operations. While not all inclusive, examples of these items include:

amortization of purchased intangible assets;

legal settlements (both gain or loss) and loss contingencies, due to the difficulty in predicting future events, their timing and size;

material items related to business combination activities important to understanding our ongoing performance;

excess cost of acquired inventory;

expenses related to our share based compensation;

significant one-time offering costs;

significant one-time non-recurring items (both gain or loss)

material tax and other awards or settlements, both amounts paid and received; and

tax effects of the foregoing items.

	2018		2017		2016		2015		2014

Reconciliation of Gross profit to Adjusted Gross profit:
Gross profit	$	163,414	$	197,223		212,486	$	200,225	$	189,651
Non-recurring import related expenses		2,104		-		-		-		-
Adjusted Gross profit	$	165,518	$	197,223		212,486	$	200,225	$	189,651

	2018		2017			2016		2015		2014

Reconciliation of Net Income to Adjusted EBITDA:
Net income	$	24,568	$	27,558		$	76,483	$	79,458	$	80,259
Finance expenses, net		3,639		5,583			3,318		3,085		1,045
Taxes on income		4,560		7,402			13,003		13,843		13,738
Depreciation and amortization		28,591		29,926			28,254		22,334		17,176
Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net (a)		8,903		24,797			5,868		4,654		—
Compensation paid by a shareholder (b)		—		—			266		—		—
Excess cost of acquired inventory(c)		—		—			—				231
Share-based compensation expense(d)		1,684		5,277			3,068		2,293		2,642
Follow–on expenses (e)		—		—			—		—		657
Provision for employee fringe benefits (f)		—		(114	)		—		—		939
Settlement with tax authorities (g)		—		—			—		—		(134	)
Non-recurring items (h)		3,261		—			—		—		—
Adjusted EBITDA	$	75,206	$	100,429		$	130,260	$	125,667	$	116,553

(a)	Consists of legal settlements expenses and loss contingencies, net related to product liability claims and other adjustments to ongoing legal claims. In 2017, this also includes Kfar Giladi arbitration results.

(b)	One-time bonus paid by a shareholder to our employees in Israel other than officers.

(c)

Consists of charges to cost of goods sold for the difference between the higher carrying cost of the inventory of two of our subsidiaries, Caesarstone USA’s inventory at the time of its acquisition and inventory that was purchased from its sub-distributors, and Caesarstone Australia Pty Limited’s inventory that was purchased from its distributor, and the standard cost of our inventory, which adversely impacts our gross margins until such inventory is sold. The majority of the acquired inventory from Caesarstone USA was sold in 2011, and the majority of the inventory purchased from the Australian distributor was sold in 2012.

(d)	Share-based compensation includes expenses related to stock options and restricted stock units granted to our employees and directors, as well as phantom awards and related payroll expenses as a result of exercises.

(e)	In 2014, follow-on expenses consist of direct expenses related to a follow-on offering that closed in June 2014.

(f)	Relates to an adjustment of provision for taxable employee fringe benefits as a result of a settlement with the Israel Tax Authority and with the Israeli National Insurance Institute (“NII”).

(g)	Relates to a refund of Israeli value added tax (“VAT”) associated with a bad debt from 2007.

(h)	Relates mainly to non-recurring import related expenses and relocation expenses of Caesarstone USA headquarters (the Company's subsidiary).

	2018		2017			2016			2015		2014

Reconciliation of Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interest to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interest:
Net income attributable to controlling interest	$	24,405	$	26,202		$	74,596		$	77,766	$	78,439
Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net (a)		8,903		24,797			5,868			4,654		—
Compensation paid by a shareholder (b)		—		—			266			—		—
Excess cost of acquired inventory(c)		—		—			—			—		231
Follow-on expenses(d)		—		—			—			—		657
Share-based compensation expense(e)		1,684		5,277			3,068			2,293		2,642
Provision for employee fringe benefits (f)		—		(114	)		—			—		939
Settlement with tax authorities (g)		—		—			—			—		(134	)
Tax adjustment (h)		—		—			(1,158	)		—		342
Non-recurring items (i)		3,261		—			—			—		—
Total adjustments before tax		13,848		29,960			8,044			6,947		4,677
Less tax on above adjustments		2,168		6,343			1,456			1,031		618
Total adjustments after tax	$	11,680		23,617			6,588			5,916		4,059
Adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest	$	36,085	$	49,819		$	81,184		$	83,682	$	82,498

(a)	Consists of legal settlements expenses and loss contingencies, net related to product liability claims and other adjustments to ongoing legal claims. In 2017, this also includes Kfar Giladi arbitration results.

(b)	One-time bonus paid by a shareholder to our employees in Israel other than officers.

(c)

Consists of charges to cost of goods sold for the difference between the higher carrying cost of the inventory of two of our subsidiaries, Caesarstone USA’s inventory at the time of its acquisition and inventory that was purchased from its distributor, and Caesarstone Australia Pty Limited’s inventory that was purchased from its distributor, and the standard cost of our inventory, which adversely impacts our gross margins until such inventory is sold. The majority of the acquired inventory from Caesarstone USA was sold in 2011, and the majority of the inventory purchased from the Australian distributor was sold in 2012.

(d)	In 2014, follow-on expenses consist of direct expenses related to a follow-on offering that closed in June 2014.

(e)	Share-based compensation includes expenses related to stock options and restricted stock units granted to our employees and directors, as well as phantom awards and related payroll expenses as a result of exercises.

(f)	Relates to an adjustment of provision for taxable employee fringe benefits as a result of a settlement with the Israel Tax Authority and with the NII.

(g)	Relates to a refund of Israeli VAT associated with a bad debt from 2007.

(h)	Relates to an adjustment in taxes as a result of a tax settlement we reached with Israeli tax authorities.

(i)	Relates mainly to non-recurring import related expenses and relocation expenses of Caesarstone USA headquarters (the Company's subsidiary).

B.	Capitalization and Indebtedness

Not applicable.

C.	Reasons for the Offer and Use of Proceeds

Not applicable.

D.	Risk Factors

Our business faces significant risks. You should carefully consider all of the information set forth in this annual report and in our other filings with the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”), including the following risk factors which we face and which are faced by our industry. Our business, financial condition and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected by any of these risks. In that event, the trading price of our ordinary shares would likely decline and you might lose all or part of your investment. This report also contains forward-looking statements that involve risks and uncertainties. Our results could materially differ from those anticipated in these forward-looking statements, as a result of certain factors including the risks described below and elsewhere in this report and our other SEC filings. See also “Special Note Regarding Forward-Looking Statements” on page iv of this annual report.

Risks related to our business and industry

Downturns in the home renovation and remodeling and new residential construction sectors or the economy generally and a lack of availability of consumer credit could materially and adversely impact end-consumers and lower demand for our products, which could cause our revenues and net income to decrease.

Our products are primarily used as countertops in residential kitchens. As a result, our sales depend significantly on home renovation and remodeling spending, as well as new residential construction spending. We believe that in each of our key existing markets, the United States, Australia (unless stated otherwise, reference to Australia in this report includes Australia and New Zealand), Canada and Israel, we estimate that approximately 60% to 70% of our business is generated from home renovation and remodeling and approximately 25% to 35% is driven by new residential construction. Our products are also used in commercial applications. As a result, our business is mainly affected by trends in the home renovation and remodeling and new residential construction sectors. Spending on home renovation and remodeling and new residential construction depends significantly on the availability of consumer credit, as well as other factors such as interest rates, consumer confidence, government programs and unemployment. Such factors also affect spending on commercial projects. Any of these factors could result in a tightening of lending standards by financial institutions and reduce the ability of consumers to finance renovation and remodeling expenditures or home purchases. Consumers’ ability to access financing varies across our operating markets. If the housing market is negatively impacted as a result of an economic downturn or if other significant economic negative trends occur, we may be unable to grow or sustain our business and our revenues and net income may be materially and adversely affected.

We face intense competitive pressures from manufacturers of quartz or other surface materials, which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our quartz surface products compete with a number of surface materials such as granite, laminate, marble, manufactured solid surface, concrete, stainless steel, wood, ceramic and other quartz surfaces. We compete with manufacturers of these surface materials and with manufacturers of quartz surfaces with respect to a range of factors. These factors include, among other things, brand awareness and brand position, product quality, product differentiation, design and breadth of product offerings, slab dimensions, new product development and time to market, technological innovation, popular home interior design trends, pricing, availability of inventory on demand, distribution coverage, customer service and versatility in products portfolio.

Since we seek to position our products as a premium alternative to other surface materials, including other quartz surfaces, the perception among end-consumers and other stakeholders of our products is a key competitive differentiator. If we are unable to anticipate or react quickly to changes in consumer preference in these areas, we may lose market share and our results of operations may suffer. If consumer preference shifts away from quartz to other materials, or away from branded quartz surfaces, our market share may be reduced and our financial results may be materially and adversely impacted.

Competition increases with increased global production capacity by new and existing competitors. Such competitive pressures may be further increased by market consolidation. Should our competitors be able to produce products more efficiently at lower prices, adapt more quickly to changes in consumer preferences and demands, have a diversified product offering (in addition to quartz surfaces), or acquire complementary businesses, we may lose market share and our financial results may suffer.

Silicosis and other bodily injury claims may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition.

Silicosis is a potentially fatal progressive occupational lung disease and is characterized by scarring of the lungs and damage to the breathing function. Inhalation of dust containing fine silica particles, while working in different occupations, including among other things, processing quartz and other materials that contain silica, can cause silicosis and other diseases.

Since 2008, we have been named, either directly or as a third party defendant, in numerous lawsuits alleging damages caused by exposure to silica dust related to our products filed by individuals (including fabricators and their employees, and our former employees), their successors, employers and the State of Israel, and subrogation claims by the National Insurance Institute of Israel (the “NII”), WorkerCover Queensland, Australia, and others. As of December 31, 2018, we were subject to pending lawsuits or had received pre-litigation demand letters related to silicosis claims with respect to 116 injured persons globally, of which 110 were in Israel. One of the injured persons filed against us a lawsuit in the Central District Court in Israel with a motion for its recognition as a class action; we recently reached a settlement agreement with the plaintiff with respect to such claim, which is currently subject to the court’s approval. Most of the claims asserted against us do not specify a total amount of damages sought and the plaintiffs’ future damages, if any, is intended to be determined at trial.

Although we intend to vigorously contest the pending claims, we cannot provide any assurance that we will be successful. As of December 31, 2018, we estimated that our total exposure with respect to all then-pending lawsuits in Israel related to 96 injured persons and the un-asserted NII claims was approximately $33.9 million (which we accrued on our balance sheet), although the actual outcome of such lawsuits may vary significantly from such estimate. The number of injured persons takes into account the claim filed with a motion for its recognition as a class action, and does not include pre-litigation demand letters and settled claims for which the settled amount has not been paid yet. We believe that we have $9.5 million of coverage under our product liability insurance, and accordingly, our net exposure with respect to such pending claims is estimated to be $24.4 million.

Any pending or future litigation is subject to significant uncertainty. Our estimated total net exposure with respect to pending claims is subject to change for a variety of reasons, including an unpredictable adverse development in the pending cases. We cannot estimate the number of potential claimants that may file claims against us, the jurisdictions in which such claims may be filed, who the claimants are or the nature of the claims. Consistent with the experience of other companies involved in silica-related litigation, there may be an increase in the number of asserted claims against us. In addition, punitive damages may be awarded in certain jurisdictions, even though they are rare in Israel. We may be also subject to putative class action lawsuits in the future in Israel and abroad and we cannot be certain whether such claims will succeed in being certified or on their merits. An actual outcome which is higher than our estimate could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and cash flow.

Any uninsured damages to which we are subject in existing or future potential litigation, the cost of defending any uninsured claims, compliance costs, and the loss of business from fabricators who no longer find it practical to fabricate our products, may have a material adverse impact on our revenues and profits. Moreover, even if we are found only partially liable to a plaintiff’s damages, the plaintiff may seek to collect all his damages from us, requiring us to collect separately from our co-defendants their allocated portion of the damages and there can be no assurance that we will succeed in such collection.

As of December 31, 2018, 20 of our employees, out of which 14 are currently employed in our plants in Israel, have been banned by occupational physicians from working in a workplace with dust due to diagnose or suspected diagnose of silicosis or other lung diseases, and any expenses not covered by the National Insurance Institute of Israel which we may incur in this respect are not covered by our employer liability insurance. In addition, two former employees filed lawsuits against us.

We currently have limited product liability insurance policies which apply to us and our subsidiaries and cover claims related to bodily injuries though in most cases these policies exclude damages caused by exposure to hazardous dust. In recent years, we have been able to obtain such insurance only on less favorable terms than previously. If we are unable to renew our product liability insurances at all or in part, if we cannot obtain insurance on as favorable terms as previously, or if our insurance is terminated early, decreased, provides inadequate coverage or if we are subject to silicosis-related claims excluded by our product liability insurance policy or by our employer liability insurance policy, we may incur significant legal expenses and become liable for damages, in each case, that are not covered by insurance. Such events might have a material adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Our product liability insurer notified us that it denied the insurance coverage with respect to some or all of the damages sought in the putative class action lawsuit. We plan to begin a mediation process with our insurer in which we intend to vigorously contest such denial. As of December 31, 2018, our insurance receivables totaled $9.5 million. Although we believe that it is probable that such receivables will be paid to us when such payments are due, if our insurers become insolvent in the future or for other reason do not pay such amounts in full or on a timely basis, such failure could have a material adverse effect on our financial results and cash flow. See also Note 10 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report. For more information, see “ITEM 8.A: Financial Information—Legal Proceedings—Claims related to alleged silicosis injuries.

In addition, growing media coverage regarding the hazards associated with exposure to silica dust in the engineered quartz surfaces may adversely affect consumer preferences toward our products, damage our brand and reputation and lead to loss of sales and a material adverse effect to our revenues and financial results. Increased media focus may also trigger greater regulatory scrutiny and action, which may increase our costs of compliance therewith, and lead to greater propensity for litigation against us.

Any of the risks described above relating to claims regarding silicosis and other bodily injury claims may have a material adverse effect on our business, operating results and financial condition. For more information, see “ITEM 8.A: Financial Information— Legal Proceedings—Claims related to alleged silicosis injuries.” See also Note 10 to the financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Regulatory requirements and any changes thereto relating to hazards associated with exposure to silica dust in stone and engineered quartz surfaces may adversely and materially affect our business.

During recent years, after identifying exposure to silica in the engineered quartz and stone countertop industry as a health hazard to workers involved in manufacturing, cutting, fabricating, finishing and installing quartz and stone countertops, several local regulatory bodies have issued safety alerts and promoted new regulations. For example, in 2015, the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry (“IMEI”) proposed a new law aimed at improving the health, protection and safety of persons engaged in fabrication of engineered quartz surfaces by imposing, among other things, obligations to obtain permits for operating a fabrication business. Contemplated and current initiatives by regulatory authorities in Queensland and New-South Wales in Australia and by the U.S. Occupational Safety and Health Administration pertain mainly to the safety measures to be applied and the permissible level of exposure. These regulatory changes may improve safety, particularly in the stone countertop fabricating industry, however, these changes may also disrupt the market or impose burdens on fabricators and distributors potentially causing them to shift towards using other materials, which could materially and adversely impact our business. Further regulatory changes regarding the ability to use, process or sell stone countertops, particularly engineered quartz, and the safety measures required in such activities may materially adversely affect our business.

We may be required to incur additional expenses associated with exposure to silica dust in the engineered quartz surfaces industry to enhance our compliance with current and future laws, regulations or standards. Failure to comply with existing regulatory requirements or any changes thereto may expose us to regulatory actions (as detailed below in “—The extent of our liability for environmental, health and safety, product liability and other matters may be difficult or impossible to estimate and could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations”) as well as to lawsuits by our employees.

If we are unable to compete with lower-priced products perceived as comparable to ours, our market share may decrease and our financial results may be adversely and materially impacted.

We have invested considerable resources to position our quartz surface products as premium branded products. Due to our products’ high quality and positioning, we generally set our prices—especially for our differentiated products—at a higher level than alternate surfaces and quartz surfaces provided by other manufacturers. Manufacturers located in the Asia-Pacific region (predominantly China) and in Eastern Europe are able to produce quartz surface products at a lower cost, including quartz surface products which imitate our products and designs.

Even if we seek to lower the price of our products we may be unable to do so due to costs entailed with producing at our facilities, such as compliance with environmental health and safety standards, labor, energy and raw material costs.

If the amounts of these low-priced imports increase, our sales could decline. In addition, sales of these low-priced imports may negatively impact our pricing. In April 2018, antidumping and countervailing duty (“AD/CVD”) petitions were filed with the U.S. Department of Commerce (“DOC”) and the International Trade Commission (“ITC”). The petitions, which were filed by a U.S. manufacturer, allege that the increase in Chinese imports has injured the U.S. domestic quartz industry and threatens further damage if duties to offset China’s unfair trade practices are not imposed. In June 2018, the ITC made a preliminary finding that imports from China were causing injury to the U.S. industry. Following antidumping and countervailing duty investigations, the DOC announced preliminary determinations that imports of quartz surface products from China are being dumped into the U.S. and unfairly subsidized. As a result of these preliminary determinations, U.S. Customs and Border Protection is currently collecting antidumping and countervailing duty deposits on imports of quartz surface products from China. Final decisions in the DOC and ITC investigations are expected in the first half of 2019.

If the DOC and the ITC make final affirmative determinations in their investigations, AD/CVD orders will be imposed on Chinese imports into the United States. The imposition of AD/CVD orders may lead Chinese exporters to redirect their products into other markets in which we operate (including markets in which we hold a higher market share than in the U.S.) thereby adversely impacting our operations and financial results. In addition, in preparation for the preliminary determinations of Commerce and the ITC, imports of lower priced Chinese products into the U.S. have increased significantly in the months prior to the announcement of the preliminary determination and the large buildup of inventory will continue to compete with our products in the near future. Finally, any duties and tariffs imposed by the U.S. or other regulators may not succeed in solving the injury caused to the quartz industry by such imports. Chinese exporters may shift their focus to other, competing materials, increasing competitive pressures and lowering demand for our products. In addition, imposition of such duties and tariffs may lead consumers to prefer other low-prices products, impacting demand for our products and our revenues. As a result, our market share may decrease and our financial results may be adversely and materially impacted.

Our revenues are subject to significant geographic concentration and any disruption to sales within one of our key existing markets, or to sales to a major customer therein, could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and prospects.

Our sales are subject to significant geographic concentration, with four largest regions accounting for approximately 90% of revenues. In 2018, sales in the United States, Australia, Canada and Israel accounted for 41.5%, 22.8%, 17.3% and 6.9% of our revenues, respectively. Each country has different characteristics and our results of operations could be materially and adversely impacted by a range of factors, including spending on home renovation and remodeling and new residential construction in the region (as discussed above), local competitive changes, changes in consumers’ quartz surface or countertop preferences and regulatory changes that specifically impact these markets (such as imposition of antidumping and countervailing duties in the U.S. as discussed above), as well as by our performance in each of these markets. Sales in our main markets could be materially and adversely impacted by other general economic conditions, including increases in imports of cheaper quartz surfaces from Asian manufacturers into such markets, especially the United States, Australia and Canada. Stronger local currencies could make lower-priced imported goods more competitive than our products. Although we face different challenges and risks in each of the markets in which we operate, due to the existence of a high level of geographic concentration, should an adverse event occur in any of these jurisdictions, our results of operations and prospects could be impacted disproportionately.

In addition, we derived approximately 9.6% of our total revenues in 2018 from one customer, IKEA. Revenues from this significant customer may fluctuate from time to time based on the timing of its orders. The loss of or a significant decrease in business from such customer could have a material adverse effect on our revenues, results of operations and financial condition.

If we are unable to manufacture our existing products globally as planned, our results of operations and future prospects will suffer.

Difficulties with or interruptions of our manufacturing operations could delay our output of products and harm our relationships with our customers, damage our brand and reputation and have a material adverse effect on our results of operations. We currently manufacture our products at our two facilities in Israel and our facility in the U.S. In addition, we source a portion of our supply chain from original equipment manufacturers (“OEMs”). We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully manage manufacturing facilities in a timely or profitable manner. Moreover, if we are unable to hire, train and retain skilled employees or successfully transfer or continue to transfer our manufacturing processes in a timely and cost-effective manner, or at all, then we may experience operating disruptions and may be unable to meet demand for our products, which could have a negative impact on our business and financial results.

Specifically, since opening our facilities in the U.S. in 2015, we have experienced certain inefficiencies due to challenges related to the ramp up of the plant, such as establishing an experienced workforce, processes implementation, engineering optimization and successful transfer of know-how and other factors. Although we have improved the performance of our U.S plant, such inefficiencies led to lower than expected throughput, yield and, as a result, higher than expected manufacturing cost per square meter produced and therefore our business and financial results may be negatively impacted.

We have purchased the majority of our manufacturing production lines from Breton S.p.A. (“Breton”), a manufacturer of lines for the production of engineered stone slabs. We depend on Breton for certain spare parts for our production line equipment and for their support and know-how required to resolve specific technical problems in their manufacturing equipment, and anticipate we will continue to do so in the future. Inability or delays in obtaining specialty machine components and spare parts from Breton or know-how technical support could prevent or delay our output of products.

Damage to our manufacturing facilities or products caused by human error or negligence, software or hardware failures, physical or electronic security breaches, power loss or other failures or circumstances beyond our control, could interrupt or delay our manufacturing or other operations. We may also encounter difficulties or interruptions as a result of the application of enhanced manufacturing technologies or changes to production lines to improve our throughput or to upgrade or repair our existing manufacturing lines.

In addition, labor disputes or enforcement actions by environmental and health and safety authorities could result in a full or partial work stoppage or strikes by employees, as the case may be, that could delay or interrupt our output of products.

Our insurance policies have limited coverage in case of significant damage to our manufacturing facilities and may not fully compensate us for the cost of replacement and any loss from business interruptions. Any damage to our facilities or interruption in manufacturing, whether due to limitations in manufacturing capacity or arising from factors outside of our control, could result in delays or failure in meeting contractual obligations and could have a materially adverse effect on our relationships with our distributors and customers, and on our financial results.

If we fail to effectively manage required changes in our production we may be unable to serve the market or suffer additional inefficiencies.

Our production and supply chain processes are complex and rely on our estimates and forecasts in terms of volume as well as product mix. If we fail to accurately forecast demand, it may lead to delays in the output of our products and harm our relationships with our customers, damage our brand and reputation and have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations. If we are unsuccessful in adjusting our manufacturing operations to changes in the demand for our products, we may be unable to grow our business and revenue, maintain our competitive position or improve our profitability.

Failure to effectively collaborate with OEM suppliers or problems inherent in the use of OEMs could materially adversely affect our competitive position or profitability.

If we have insufficient capacity to fulfill the demand for our products, or if decreased demand for our products requires optimization of our operations, we may outsource certain parts of our manufacturing. In 2018, we acquired certain slab models, generally basic colors, from third-party engineered stone manufacturers (OEMs), which we may be required to re-qualify in order to meet demand for our products. We expect to increase this activity in 2019. If we are unable to successfully manage the quality of materials from these third-party suppliers or if they delay delivery of our products, our brand and reputation could be impaired and warranty claims from end-customers could increase. Additionally, if we are unable to agree on the commercial terms with such vendors, or effectively enforce the terms of any verbal or written agreements, such manufacturers could cease manufacturing in the amounts required to meet the demand for our products, or at all. In such cases, we may need to locate and qualify alternative manufacturers, which could cause substantial delays in manufacturing, increase our costs, negatively impact the quality of our products and require us to adjust our products and our manufacturing processes. We may be unable to successfully optimize our operations and reduce costs through OEM. All of these factors could materially and adversely impact our reputation, revenues and results of operations. In addition, cooperation with third party manufacturers may require us to expose certain intellectual property relating to our products and designs, the confidentiality of which we may not be able to further control or enforce. If we experience demand for our products that exceeds our manufacturing capacity and we fail to acquire slab models from third parties, we may not have sufficient inventory to meet our customers’ demands, which would negatively impact our revenues and potentially cause us to lose market share.

Our results of operations may be materially and adversely affected by fluctuations in currency exchange rates, and we may not have adequately hedged against them.

We conduct business in multiple countries, which exposes us to risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar (our functional currency) and other currencies in which we conduct business. In 2018, 43.0% of our revenues were denominated in U.S. dollars, 21.7% in Australian dollars, 17.3% in Canadian dollars, 6.9% in NIS, 7.2% in Euros and a smaller portion in other currencies. In 2018, the majority of our expenses were denominated in U.S. dollars, NIS and Euros, and a smaller proportion in Canadian and Australian dollars. As a result, weakening of the Australian and Canadian dollars and strengthening of the NIS and, to a lesser extent, strengthening of the Euro against the U.S. dollar presents a significant risk to us and may impact our business significantly. See Item 11 below for the impact of currencies fluctuation on our operating income. We translate sales and other results denominated in foreign currency into U.S. dollars for our financial statements; therefore, during periods of a strengthening dollar, our reported international sales and earnings could be reduced because foreign currencies may translate into fewer U.S. dollars.

Although we currently engage in derivatives transactions, such as forward and option contracts, to minimize our currency risk, we do not hedge all of the exposure. We have been using a dynamic hedging strategy to hedge our cash flow exposures. This strategy involves consistent hedging of exchange rate risk in variable ratios ranging to up to 100% of the exposure over rolling 12 months. As of December 31, 2018, our average hedging ratio was approximately 39% out of our expected currencies exposure for 2019. Therefore, future currency exchange rate fluctuations against which we have not adequately hedged could materially and adversely affect our profitability. Moreover, our currency derivatives, except for our U.S. dollar/NIS forward contracts, are currently not designated as hedging accounting instruments under Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Hedging results are charged to finance expenses, net, and therefore, do not offset the impact of currency fluctuations on our operating income. Our U.S. dollar/NIS forward contracts are charged to operating expenses as designated hedge instruments, partially offsetting the impact of the U.S. dollar/NIS currency fluctuations on our operating income. See “ITEM 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Changes in the prices of our raw materials have increased our costs and decreased our margins and net income in the past and may increase our costs and decrease our margins in the future.

In 2018, raw materials accounted for approximately 40% of our cost of goods sold (excluding the cost of OEM products sold, which accounted for less than 10% of our cost of goods sold). The cost of raw materials consists of the purchase prices of such materials and costs related to the logistics of delivering the materials to our manufacturing facilities. Our raw materials costs are also impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates, mainly the euro as it relates to polyester and other raw materials purchased from Europe.

Quartz, which includes quartz, quartzite and other dry minerals and engineered materials which include high amounts of silica (together referred to in this annual report as “quartz” unless otherwise specifically stated), is the main raw material component used in our products. Quartz accounted for approximately 32% of our raw materials cost in 2018. Our cost of sales and overall results of operations may be impacted significantly by fluctuations in quartz prices. For example, if our cost of quartz were to rise by 10%, we would experience a decrease of approximately 0.9% in our gross profit margin. In particular, in 2018 average quartz cost increased by approximately 3% compared to 2017. Any future increases in quartz prices could also have a materially adverse impact on our margins and net income.

Polyester, which acts as a binding agent in our products, accounted for approximately 38% of our raw materials costs in 2018. Accordingly, our cost of sales and overall results of operations may be impacted significantly by fluctuations in polyester prices. For example, if the cost of polyester was to rise by 10%, we would experience a decrease of approximately 1.1% in our gross profit margin. The cost of polyester we incur is a function of, among other things, manufacturing capacity, demand and the price of crude oil and more specifically benzene. Our cost of polyester fluctuated significantly over the years. In particular, in 2017 average polyester cost increased by approximately 21% denominated in the purchasing currency. We acquire polyester on a purchase order basis based on our projected needs for the subsequent one to three months. Going forward, we may experience pressure from our polyester suppliers to increase prices even during a period covered by purchase orders.

Pigments are also used to manufacture our products. Although pigments account for a significantly lower percentage of our raw material costs than polyester, we encountered in the past and may experience in the future fluctuations in pigment prices. In 2017, the price of titanium dioxide, our principal white pigmentation agent, increased by approximately 33% compared to 2016, impacting our gross profit margin by approximately 0.4%. Such prices fluctuations may also have a materially adverse impact on our margins and net income.

We have found that increases in prices may be difficult to pass on to our customers. If we are unable to pass on to our customers increases in raw materials prices, specifically in quartz, polyester and pigments, our margins and net income may be materially and adversely impacted. For cost of our raw materials in 2018 and prior years, see “ITEM 5.A: Operating Results and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results— Cost of revenues and gross profit margin.”

The extent of our liability for environmental, health and safety, product liability and other matters may be difficult or impossible to estimate, and could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations.

Our manufacturing facilities and operations in Israel and our manufacturing facility in the United States are subject to numerous Israeli and U.S. laws and regulations, and other industry standards imposed by our customers, particularly IKEA, all relating to environmental, health and safety, and other matters, such as dust, acetone and styrene control, as detailed in “ITEM 4.B: Information on Caesarstone—Business Overview—Environmental and Other Regulatory Matters.” Violations of environmental, health and safety laws and regulations may lead to civil and criminal sanctions against us, our directors, officers or employees. Liability under these laws and regulations involves inherent uncertainties and, among others, in some cases may compel the installation of additional controls and subject us to substantial penalties, injunctive orders and facility shutdowns. If our operations are enjoined because of failure to comply with such regulations, it could materially adversely affect our results of operations. Violations of environmental laws could also result in obligations to investigate, make further investments in environmental protection equipment or remediate potential contamination, third-party property damage or personal injury claims resulting from potential migration of contaminants off-site. Violations of such laws and regulations may also constitute a breach of current or future commercial contracts we have with third parties and impact our cooperation with customers and suppliers. We have identified in the past and may identify in the future compliance risks related to environmental and health and safety regulation standards. Preparation and implementation of mitigation plans for such risks may take time during which we may not be in full compliance with applicable laws and standards.

In addition, the operation of our manufacturing facilities in Israel and in the United States is subject to applicable permits, standards, licenses and approvals, such as business licenses for all our facilities; wastewater discharge permits, poisons permits and fire regulation authorities approvals in Israel; and air quality permits, wastewater discharge permit and storm water pollution prevention permits in Richmond Hill. We are also seeking to obtain building permits with respect to improvements and additions made to our manufacturing facilities in Israel. For detailed information, see “ITEM 4.B: Information on Caesarstone—Business Overview—Environmental and Other Regulatory Matters”. Subject to certain terms, the business license for our Sdot-Yam plant is in effect. Recent regulatory changes require the local municipal authority to determine the license’s term, its renewal process and conditions. The business license for our Bar-Lev plant is in effect until December 31, 2019. The business license for our U.S. facility is in effect until December 31, 2019. We expect our business licenses to be extended by the municipal authorities for a specified term and we intend to seek subsequent extensions on an ongoing basis. If we are unable to obtain, extend or maintain the business license for any of our plants, we would be required to cease operations at such location, which would materially adversely affect our results of operations. Generally, failure to obtain a permit or license required for the operation of our facilities, or failure to comply with the requirements thereunder, may result in civil and criminal penalties, fines, court injunctions, imprisonment, and operations stoppages. Our ability to obtain necessary permits and approvals for our manufacturing facilities may be subject to additional costs and possible delays beyond our initial projections. In addition, to demonstrate compliance with underlying permits licenses or approvals, we are required to perform a considerable amount of monitoring, record-keeping and reporting. We may not have been, or may not be, at all times, in complete compliance with such requirements and we may incur material costs or liabilities in connection with such violations, or in connection with remediation at our sites or certain third-party manufacturing sites if we are found liable in relation thereto.

From time to time, we face compliance issues related to our manufacturing facilities. See “ITEM 4.B: Information on Caesarstone—Business Overview—Environmental and Other Regulatory Matters” for additional information on compliance with environmental, health and safety and other relevant regulations relating to our facilities, including with respect to our compliance with styrene ambient air standards and dust emission occupational health standards.

New environmental laws and regulations, new interpretations of existing laws and regulations, increased governmental enforcement or other developments in Israel and in the United States could require us to make additional unforeseen expenditures. These expenditures and other costs for environmental compliance could have a material adverse effect on our business’s results of operations, financial condition and profitability. The range of reasonably possible losses from our exposure to environmental liabilities in excess of amounts accrued to date cannot be reasonably estimated at this time.

In addition, due to the nature of some of our production facilities and manufacturing processes, we and our officers and directors could be subject to claims, fines, orders and injunctions due to workplace accidents involving our employees. If our employees do not follow and we do not successfully enforce the safety procedures established in our facilities or otherwise do not meet the relevant laws and standards, our employees may be subject to work related injuries. Although we maintain workers’ compensation insurance, it may not provide adequate coverage against potential liabilities.

Other than as described above, we cannot predict whether we may become liable under environmental, product liability and health and safety statutes, rules, regulations and case law of the countries in which we operate. The amount of any such liability in the future or its impact on our business operation otherwise could be significant and may adversely impact our financial condition and results of operations.

A key element of our strategy is to expand our sales in certain markets, such as the United States. Failure to expand such sales would have a materially adverse effect on our future growth and prospects.

A key element of our strategy is to grow our business by expanding sales of our products in certain existing markets that we believe have high growth potential, as well as in selected new markets. In particular, we intend to continue to focus our growth efforts on the United States. We estimate that the penetration of engineered quartz surfaces to the total countertops market in the United States is still relatively low. We face several challenges in generating demand for our products and brand in the United States or other markets, including driving consumers’ desire to use our quartz surfaces for their kitchen countertops and other interior settings. If the market for quartz surfaces in these regions does not develop as we expect or develops more slowly than we expect or develops more at the lower price segment, our future growth, business, prospects, financial condition and operating results will be harmed. In addition, changes in the U.S. trade environment, including imposition of import tariffs or withdrawal from or revisions to international trade policies or agreements, may affect our growth potential globally, and further impact other markets in which we operate. See “—Competition from manufacturers of lower priced products may reduce our market share, alter consumer preferences and materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition”. We may also face certain challenges in supplying materials to large retailers in these regions. For more information, see “—Cooperation with large retailers could introduce uncertainty into our sales volumes, having a materially adverse effect on our financial results. Additionally, our reliance on third-party suppliers to provide installation and fabrication services to large retailers could impair our relationship with our customers, which could also materially harm our business and results of operations.” Our success will depend, in large part, upon consumer acceptance and adoption of our products and brand in these markets, on the level of our execution, our go-to market strategy and its implementation and the timely availability of our products across regions, and if we do not effectively expand into these markets, there could be an adverse impact on our sales and financial condition.

Cooperation with large retailers could introduce volatility into our sales volumes, having a materially adverse effect on our financial results. Additionally, our reliance on third-party suppliers to provide installation and fabrication services to large retailers could impair our relationship with our customers, which could also materially harm our business and results of operations.

Since 2013 and 2014, we supplied our products to IKEA in the U.S. and Canada, respectively, pursuant to exclusive agreements which were in effect until the end of 2017. Our agreement with IKEA in the U.S. has been extended until December 31, 2020. We are currently in the process of formally extending our agreement with IKEA in Canada, while continuing to conduct business based on the terms of the original agreement. Pursuant to such agreements, we supply, fabricate and install countertops, primarily from our quartz surfaces, which are marketed by IKEA without a brand name. We expect that the IKEA agreements will continue to be extended and renewed beyond their current terms; however, there is no assurance that such renewal will be made on similar terms or at all. In case they are not renewed, with the cessation of our sales through IKEA U.S. and IKEA Canada, our revenue in the U.S. and Canada would significantly decrease. For more information on our sales through IKEA, see “ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects.”

Our sales to any retailers, including IKEA, may be affected, among other things, by their sales and promotional events, the timing and scope and terms of which is determined exclusively by the retailers and can impact our sales volume. Accordingly, our sales through IKEA in the U.S. and Canada have been, and may continue to be, volatile, and we may not be able to maintain or increase such sales or to maintain its current profitability level.

We have entered into arrangements with third parties for the supply of fabrication and installation services to IKEA and we may enter into such agreements with other third parties, in addition to or in lieu of the existing ones. The success of these third-party relationships may impact our supply of countertops, inventory levels, quality and service level standards and ability to manage the installation and fabrication of countertops to meet customers’ demands and at reasonable prices. If we are unable to successfully manage the installation and fabrication services performed for us by these third-party fabricators and installers, we may experience relatively high waste of our products used by fabricators for such works, and complaints from end-consumers with respect to supply time, quality and service level of the fabrication and installation, including defects and damages. Such risks could expose us to warranty-related damages, which if not covered back-to-back by the fabricators engaged by us, could have a materially adverse effect on our financial results, reputation and brand position and lead to the termination of our agreements with IKEA.

We may encounter significant delays in manufacturing if we are required to change the suppliers for the raw materials used in the production of our products.

Our principal raw materials are quartz, polyester and pigments. We acquire quartz from quartz manufacturers from Turkey, India, Israel and a number of European countries. We do not have long-term supply contracts with our suppliers of quartz and execute purchase orders from time to time. In 2018, approximately 65% of our quartz was imported from several suppliers in Turkey and we expect a slightly lower level in 2019 as we continue to develop additional quartz sources. We acquire polyester mainly from three suppliers, on a purchase order basis, based on our projected needs for the subsequent one to three months. Such suppliers are unwilling to agree to preset prices for periods longer than a quarter, and their prices may be volatile. We acquire other raw materials used in our products from a limited number of suppliers on a purchase order basis.

We cannot be certain that any of our current suppliers will continue to provide us with the quantities of raw materials that we require or satisfy our anticipated specifications and quality requirements. We may also experience a shortage of such materials if, for example, demand for our products increases. For instance, in recent years, there have been significant tensions between Turkey and the State of Israel that have raised questions as to whether commercial arrangements between companies in these countries would be adversely impacted to a material extent. If tensions between Turkey and Israel worsen, our Turkish suppliers may not provide us with quartz shipments. We expect our agreements with Turkish quartz suppliers with respect to prices and quantities to remain unchanged through the end of 2019. However, if they fail to perform in accordance with these arrangements, we may not be successful in enforcing them.

If we are unable to agree upon prices with suppliers of our raw materials, or effectively enforce the terms of any verbal or written agreements or understandings which we may have with any of them, our suppliers could cease supplying us with the raw materials required for our products. If our supply of quartz, polyester and other raw materials is adversely impacted to a material extent or if, for any other reason, any of our suppliers does not perform in accordance with our agreements with them, if any, or ceases supplying us with the relevant material, for any reason, we would need to locate and qualify alternate suppliers. This could result in substantial delays in manufacturing, increase our costs, negatively impact the quality of our products or require us to adjust our products and our manufacturing processes. Any such delays in or disruptions to the manufacturing process could materially and adversely impact our reputation, revenues and results of operations as well as other business aspects, such as our ability to serve our customers and meet their order requests.

For more information with regards to suppliers of raw materials used in our products, see “ITEM 4.B: Information on Caesarstone—Business Overview—Raw materials and Service Provider Relationships.”

If we do not manage our inventory effectively, our results of operations could be materially adversely affected.

We must manage our inventory effectively in order to meet the demand for our products. If our forecasts exceed actual demand, we could experience excess inventory, resulting in increased logistic costs. If we ultimately determine that we have excess inventory, we may have to reduce our prices and write-down inventory which could have an adverse effect on our business, financial condition and results of operations. If we have insufficient inventory levels, we may not be able to respond to the market demand for our products, resulting in reduced sales and market share.

We may pursue a wider product offering, including introducing new products and materials, which may be unsuccessful, and may divert management’s attention and negatively affect our margins and results of operations.

Our competitive advantage is due, in part, to our ability to develop and introduce innovative new and improved products and to strengthen our brand. To maintain such advantage, we may introduce new surface materials, introduce quartz surfaces designated for certain market segments under Caesarstone or another brand, and diversify our existing products offering through complementary products. Introducing new products involves uncertainties, such as predicting changing consumer preferences, developing, manufacturing, marketing and selling new technologies, products and materials, and entering into new market segments. Even if we decide to introduce new products and enter new markets, whether through cooperation with third party manufacturers or manufacturing at our own facilities, we may not be successful in capturing the market share dominated by competitors in this area, offer innovative alternatives ahead of the competition or maintain the strength of our brand. Such new initiatives may require increased time and resources from our management, result in higher than expected expenses and have a material adverse effect on our margins and results of operation.

Our operating results may suffer due to our failure to manage our international operations effectively or due to regulatory changes in international jurisdictions where we operate.

Our products are sold in approximately 45 countries throughout the world, our raw materials, equipment and machinery are acquired in different countries, our products are manufactured in Israel and the United States and our global management operates from Israel. We are therefore subject to risks associated with having international operations and expanding globally. Accordingly, our sales, purchases and operations are subject to risks and uncertainties, including:

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fluctuations in exchange rates;

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fluctuations in land and sea transportation costs, as well as delays in transportation and other time-to-market delays, including as a result of strikes;

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unpredictability of foreign currency exchange controls;

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compliance with unexpected changes in regulatory requirements;

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compliance with a variety of regulations and laws in each relevant jurisdiction;

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difficulties in collecting accounts receivable and longer collection periods;

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changes in tax laws and interpretation of those laws;

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taxes, tariffs, quotas, custom duties, trade barriers and other similar restrictions on our sales, purchases and exports which could be imposed by certain jurisdictions;

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negative or unforeseen consequences resulting from the introduction, termination, modification, or renegotiation of international trade agreements or treaties or the imposition of countervailing measures or antidumping duties or similar tariffs;

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difficulties enforcing intellectual property and contractual rights in certain jurisdictions; and

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economic changes, geopolitical regional conflicts, terrorist activity, political unrest, civil strife, acts of war, strikes and other economic or political uncertainties.

Significant political developments could also have a materially adverse effect on us. In the United States, due to our substantial sales, distribution, import and manufacturing operations, potential or actual changes in fiscal, tax and labor policies could have uncertain and unexpected consequences that materially impact our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Tariffs, taxes or other trade barriers could require us to change manufacturing sources, reduce prices, increase spending on marketing or product development, withdraw from or not enter certain markets or otherwise take actions that could be adverse to us. For example, in the United States, the Trump administration has imposed tariffs on imports from China, Mexico, Canada and other countries, and has expressed support for greater restrictions on free trade and increase tariffs on goods imported into the United States. Changes in U.S. political, regulatory and economic conditions or in its policies governing international trade and foreign manufacturing and investment in the U.S. could adversely affect our sales in the U.S. A prolonged government shutdown in the U.S. may hinder the growth of the U.S. economy, thus negatively affecting our business. For more information, see “—We may have exposure to greater-than-anticipated tax liabilities” and “—Competition from manufacturers of lower priced products may reduce our market share, alter consumer preferences and materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition”. In the U.K., “Brexit,” the referendum in which voters approved an exit from the European Union (“E.U.”), could lead to legal uncertainty and potentially divergent national laws and regulations which could adversely affect our business and financial condition.

The regulatory framework for privacy and data security issues worldwide is currently in flux and is likely to remain so for the foreseeable future. For example, the E.U.’s new General Data Protection Regulation which entered into effect in May 2018 resulted in more stringent requirements for data processors and controllers, including substantially higher penalties for failure to comply. A failure by us or a third-party contractor providing services to us to comply with applicable privacy and data security laws and regulations may result in sanctions, statutory or contractual damages or litigation.

All of these risks could also result in increased costs or decreased revenues, either of which could have a materially adverse effect our profitability. As we continue to expand our business globally, we may have difficulty anticipating and effectively managing these and other risks that our global operations may face, which may materially and adversely affect our business outside of Israel and our financial condition and results of operations.

The steps that we have taken to protect our brand, technology and other intellectual property may not be adequate, and we may not succeed in preventing others from appropriating our intellectual property.

We believe that our trademarks (registered and unregistered) are important to our brand, success and competitive position. We anticipate that, as the quartz surface market becomes increasingly competitive, maintaining and enhancing our brand, proprietary technology and other intellectual property may become more important, difficult and expensive. In the past, some of our trademark applications for certain classes of applications of our products have been rejected or opposed in certain markets and may be rejected for certain application classes in the future, in all or parts of our markets, including without limitation, for flooring and wall cladding. We have in the past, are currently, and may in the future be, subject to opposition proceedings with respect to applications for registration of our intellectual property, such as our trademarks, including Caesarstone®. These barriers to registering our brand names and trademarks in various countries and applications may restrict our ability to promote and maintain a cohesive brand throughout our key markets, which could materially harm our competitive position and materially and adversely impact our results of operations. Additionally, if we are unsuccessful in challenging a third party’s products on the basis of trademark infringement, continued sales of such products could materially and adversely affect our sales and our brand and result in the shift of consumer preference away from our products.

There can be no assurance that new or pending patent applications for our technologies and products will be approved in a timely manner or at all, or that, if granted, such patents will effectively protect our intellectual property. There can be no assurance that we will develop patentable intellectual property in the future, and we have chosen and may further choose not to pursue patents for innovations that are material to our business.

Despite our efforts to execute confidentiality agreements with our consultants, suppliers, customers, employees and managers, our know-how and trade secrets could be disclosed to third parties, which could cause us to lose any competitive advantage resulting from such know-how or trade secrets, as well as related intellectual property protections in certain cases.

The actions we take to establish and protect our intellectual property may not be adequate to prevent unlawful copy and use of our technology by third parties or imitation of our products and the offering of them under our trademarks by others. These actions may also not be adequate to prevent others, including our competitors, from obtaining intellectual property rights overcoming ours, and limiting or blocking the production and sales of our existing or future products and applying certain technologies. Our competitors may seek to limit our marketing and offering of products relying on their alleged intellectual property rights.

We may face significant expenses and liability in connection with the protection of our intellectual property rights in and outside the United States. The laws of certain foreign countries may not protect intellectual property rights to the same extent as the laws of the United States. For example, historically, China has not protected intellectual property rights to the same extent as the United States, and infringement of intellectual property rights continues to pose a serious risk to doing business in China.

Third parties have claimed, and may from time to time claim, that our current or future products infringe their patent or other intellectual property rights. Under such circumstances, we may be required to expend significant resources in order to contest such claims and, in the event that we do not prevail, we may be required to seek a license for certain technologies, develop non-infringing technologies or stop the sale of some of our products. In addition, any future intellectual property litigation, regardless of its outcome, may be expensive, divert the efforts of our personnel and disrupt or damage relationships with our customers.

For more information, see “ITEM 4.B: Information on Caesarstone—Business Overview—Intellectual Property”.

Our directors and executive officers who are members of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and Tene may have conflicts of interest with respect to matters involving the Company.

As of March 5, 2019, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam (the “Kibbutz”), together with Tene Investment in Projects 2016 Limited Partnership (“Tene”), being parties to a voting agreement, beneficially owned 40.4% of our shares. Both the Kibbutz and Tene are deemed our controlling shareholders under the Israeli Companies Law. The Kibbutz and Tene also agreed to use their best efforts to prevent any dilutive transactions that would reduce the Kibbutz’s holdings in us below 26% on a fully diluted basis and to cause that at least four directors on behalf of the parties are elected to our board of directors. For more information, see “ITEM 7.A. Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Major Shareholders.” One member of our board of directors and a number of our key employees are members of the Kibbutz. Certain of these individuals also serve in different positions in the Kibbutz, including business manager of the Kibbutz. Such individuals have fiduciary duties to both us and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. As a result, our directors and executive officers who are members of the Kibbutz may have real or apparent conflicts of interest on matters affecting both us and the Kibbutz and, in some circumstances, such individuals may have interests adverse to us. For example, in the annual general meeting of our shareholders held in December 2015, the Kibbutz opposed the independent nominees our board of directors proposed to nominate to the board and suggested two alternative nominees identified by the Kibbutz as independent. In addition, two members of our board of directors, including the chairman of the board of directors, also serve as partners in Tene. Since these individuals have fiduciary duties to both us and Tene, there may be real or apparent conflicts of interest in this respect as well. See “ITEM 6.A: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Directors and Senior Management.”

We have experienced quarterly fluctuations in revenues and net income as a result of seasonal factors and building construction cycles, which are hard to predict with certainty.

Our results of operations are impacted by seasonal factors, including construction and renovation cycles. In 2018, the second and third quarters of the year exhibit higher sales volumes than first and fourth quarters because demand for quartz surface products is generally higher during the summer months in the northern hemisphere when the weather is more favorable for new construction and renovation projects, as well as due to efforts to complete such projects before the beginning of the new school year. Conversely, the first and fourth quarters are impacted by a slowdown in new construction and renovation projects during the winter months as a result of adverse weather conditions in the northern hemisphere, and, depending on the date of the spring and winter holiday in Israel in a particular year, sales in Israel might be impacted due to such holiday. Similarly, sales during the first quarter in Australia are negatively impacted by fewer construction and renovation projects due to public holidays. In the second and third quarter of 2018, we generated 9.7% and 8.5% more revenue and a 120% and 92% higher adjusted EBITDA than the first quarter of 2018. Adverse weather in a particular quarter or a prolonged winter period can also impact our quarterly results. Our future results of operations may experience substantial fluctuations from period to period as a consequence of such adverse weather. Increased or unexpected quarterly fluctuations in our results of operations may increase the volatility of our share price and cause declines in our share price even if they do not reflect a change in the overall performance of our business.

Our limited resources and significant competition for business combination or acquisition opportunities may make it difficult for us to complete a combination or acquisition, and any combination or acquisition that we complete may disrupt our business and fail to achieve our intended objectives.

While we believe there are a number of target businesses we might consider acquiring, including, in certain instances, our distributors, manufacturers of quartz surfaces and other surfaces like ceramic, we may be unable to persuade those targets of the benefits of a combination or acquisition. Our ability to compete with respect to a combination with or acquisition of certain larger target businesses will be determined by, among other factors, our available financial resources. This inherent competitive limitation may give others an advantage in pursuing such combinations or acquisitions.

Any combination or acquisition that we effect will be accompanied by several risks, including, but not limited to:

the difficulty of integrating the operations and personnel of the acquired business;

the potential disruption of our ongoing business;

the potential distraction of management;

expenses related to the acquisition;

potential unknown liabilities associated with acquired businesses;

challenges integrating completed combinations or acquisitions in an efficient and timely manner; and

failure to realize the expected synergies or benefits in connection with a future combination or acquisition.

If we are not successful in completing combinations or acquisitions that we pursue in the future, we may incur substantial expenses and devote significant management time and resources without a successful result. Acquisitions which may include the expansion of our business into new products, like ceramic, and new applications, could distract the attention of management, impose high expenses and investments and expose our business to additional risks. Such acquisitions carry further risks associated with the entry into new business lines in which we do not have prior experience, and there can be no assurance that any such business expansion would be successful. In addition, future combinations or acquisitions could require the use of substantial portions of our available cash, incur significant debt that could impact the way that we run our business, or result in dilutive issuances of securities. These factors could each adversely impact our share price and, additionally, our share price may be adversely impacted if the market assesses that we overpaid for a particular acquisition.

We are subject to litigation, disputes or other proceedings, which could result in unexpected expenses and time and resources that could have a materially adverse impact on our results of operation, profit margins, financial condition and liquidity.

We are currently involved in several legal disputes, including against our former South African agent, World of Marble and Granite, and certain fabricators and their employees in Israel, Australia and Spain, as further detailed in “ITEM 8.A: Financial Information—Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.” In addition, from time to time, we are involved in other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business related to a range of matters, including contract law, intellectual property rights, employment, product liability and warranty claims, and claims related to modification and adjustment or replacement of product surfaces sold.

The outcome of litigation and other legal matters is always uncertain, and the actual outcome of any such proceedings may materially differ from estimates. An adverse ruling in these proceedings could have a materially adverse effect on us. If we are unsuccessful in defending such claims or elect to settle any of these claims, we could incur material costs and could be required to pay varying amounts of monetary damages, some of which may be significant, and/or incur other penalties or sanctions, some or all of which may not be covered by insurance. Although we maintain product liability insurance, we cannot be certain that our coverage, if applicable, will be adequate for liabilities actually incurred or that insurance will continue to be available to us on economically reasonable terms, or at all. These material costs could have a materially adverse effect on our business, results of operations and financial condition.

Our distributors’ actions may have a materially adverse effect on our business and results of operations. Our results of operations may be further impacted by the actions of our re-sellers in the United States.

Sales to third-party distributors accounted for 9.8% of our revenues in 2018. In our indirect markets, we depend on the success of the selling and marketing efforts of our third-party distributors, and any disruption in our distribution network could materially impair our ability to sell our products or market our brand, which could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. As we have limited control over these distributors, their actions could also materially harm our brand and company reputation in the marketplace.

In the majority of our distribution arrangements, we operate on the basis of an initial agreement or general terms of sale or, in certain cases, without any agreement, in writing or at all. The lack of a written agreement with many of our distributors may lead to ambiguities, costs and challenges in enforcing terms of such arrangements, including where we wish to terminate early due to the distributor’s failure to meet annual sales targets. We have experienced difficulties, including litigation, in connection with the termination of certain of our distributors due to disputes regarding their terms of engagement. See “ITEM 8.A: Financial Information—Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal proceedings.” Additionally, we may be unable to distribute our products through another distributor within the territory during the period in which we must give prior termination notice, or to identify and retain new distributors upon termination, which may materially and adversely impact our market share, results of operations, relationships with our customers and end-consumers and brand reputation. Because some of our distributors operate on nonexclusive terms, distributors may also distribute competitors’ quartz surfaces or other surface materials, which may cause us to lose market share.

In the U.S., we supply our products in part to sellers who in turn re-sell them to fabricators, contractors, developers and builders. Certain actions by such third parties may also materially harm our brand and reputation.

The termination of arrangements with distributors and re-sellers may lead to litigation, resulting in significant legal fees for us and detracting our management’s effort, time and resources. In addition, our distributors worldwide, and our re-sellers in the U.S., generally disclose to us sales volumes and other information on a monthly or quarterly basis. An inaccurate sales report, the revision of a sales report on which we have already relied or our failure to understand correctly the information in a sales report could cause significant, unexpected volatility in our sales to a distributor or a re-seller during a particular period, including due to accumulated excess inventory, and may impact our ability to make plans regarding our supply chain. Any of these events could materially and adversely affect or cause unexpected fluctuations in our results of operations.

Disruptions to our information technology systems due to cyber-attacks or our failure to upgrade and adjust our information technology systems globally, may materially impair our operations, hinder our growth and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

We believe that an appropriate information technology (“IT”) infrastructure is important in order to support our daily operations and the growth of our business. If we experience difficulties in implementing new or upgraded information systems or experience significant system failures, or if we are unable to successfully modify our management information systems or respond to changes in our business needs, we may not be able to effectively manage our business, and we may fail to meet our reporting obligations.

Additionally, if our current back-up storage arrangements and our disaster recovery plan are not operated as planned, we may not be able to effectively recover our information system in the event of a crisis, which may materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.

In the current environment, there are numerous and evolving risks to cybersecurity and privacy, including criminal hackers, hacktivists, state-sponsored intrusions, industrial espionage, employee malfeasance and human or technological error. High-profile security breaches at other companies and in government agencies have increased in recent years, and security industry experts and government officials have warned about the risks of hackers and cyber-attacks targeting businesses such as ours. Computer hackers and others routinely attempt to breach the security of technology products, services and systems, and to fraudulently induce employees, customers, or others to disclose information or unwittingly provide access to systems or data. Although we take steps designed to secure our IT infrastructure and sensitive data, we can provide no assurance that our current IT system or any updates or upgrades thereto, the current or future IT systems of our distributors or re-sellers or the IT systems of online paying agents that we use or may use in the future, are fully protected against third-party intrusions, viruses, hacker attacks, information or data theft or other similar risks. Legislative or regulatory action in these areas is also evolving, and we may be unable to adapt our IT systems or to manage the IT systems of third parties to accommodate these changes. We may be required to invest additional resources in compliance with applicable data protection and privacy regulations in the jurisdictions in which we operate.

We have experienced and expect to continue to experience actual and attempted cyber-attacks of our IT networks, such as through phishing scams and ransomware. Although none of these actual or attempted cyber-attacks has had a material adverse impact on our operations or financial condition, we cannot guarantee that any such incidents will not have such an impact in the future. Furthermore, a cyber-attack that bypasses our IT security systems or those of our distributors, re-sellers or online paying agents, causing an IT security breach, could lead to a material disruption of our information systems, the loss of business information and loss of service to our customers. There is no assurance that we will be insulated from claims relating to cyber-attacks or withstand legal challenges in relation to our agreements with third parties. Additionally, we have access to sensitive information relating to our employees as well as business partners and customers in the ordinary course of business. Any failure or perceived failure by us, or our third-party contractors on our behalf, to comply with local and foreign laws regarding privacy and data security, as well as contractual commitments in this respect, may result in governmental enforcement actions, fines, or litigation, which could have an adverse effect on our reputation and business. If a significant data breach occurred, our reputation could be materially and adversely affected, confidence among our customers may be diminished, or we may be subject to legal claims, any of which may contribute to the loss of customers and have a material adverse effect on us. To the extent that such disruptions or uncertainties result in delays or cancellations of customer orders or the manufacture or shipment of our products, or in theft, destruction, loss, misappropriation or release of our confidential data or our intellectual property, our business and results of operations could be materially and adversely affected.

We may have exposure to greater-than-anticipated tax liabilities.

The determination of our worldwide provision for income taxes and other tax liabilities requires significant judgment, and there are many transactions and calculations where the ultimate tax determination is uncertain. We have applied the guidance in ASC 740, “Income Taxes” in determining our accrued liability for unrecognized tax benefits, which totaled approximately $3.9 million as of December 31, 2018. See also note 11 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report. Although we believe our estimates are reasonable, the ultimate outcome may differ from the amounts recorded in our financial statements and may materially affect our financial results in the period or periods for which such determination is made.

We have entered into transfer pricing arrangements that establish transfer prices for our inter-company operations. However, our transfer pricing procedures are not binding on the applicable taxing authorities. The amount of income tax that we pay could be materially and adversely affected by earnings being lower than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have lower statutory rates and higher than anticipated in jurisdictions where we have higher statutory rates. From 2015 onward, our U.S. manufacturing operations also carry inter-company transactions at transfer prices and arrangements set by us. We cannot be certain that tax authorities will not disfavor our inter-company arrangements and transfer prices in the relevant jurisdictions. Taxing authorities outside of Israel could challenge our allocation of income between us and our subsidiaries and contend that a larger portion of our income is subject to tax in their jurisdictions, which may have higher tax rates than the rates applicable to such income in Israel. Any adjustment in one country while not followed by counter-adjustment in the other country, may lead naturally to double taxation for the group. Any change to the allocation of our income as a result of review by such taxing authorities could have a negative effect on our operating results and financial condition.

Our facilities in Israel receive different tax benefits as “Preferred Enterprises” under the Israeli Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959 (“Investment Law”), with our production lines qualifying to receive different grants and/or reduced company tax rates. Therefore, some of our production lines also receive tax benefits based on our revenues and the allocation of those revenues between the two facilities in Israel. As a result, the Israeli taxing authorities could challenge our allocation of income between these two facilities and contend that a larger portion of our income is subject to higher tax rates. In Israel, there are no tax benefits to production outside of the country. As such, our portion of taxable income in Israel that relates to the U.S. manufacturing facility will have no tax benefits. The ITA could challenge the allocation of income related to production in Israel and income related to production outside of Israel, which may result in significantly higher taxes. There are currently no legal regulations governing this allocation and certain of the ITA’s internal guidelines have ambiguities. Moreover, we may lose all of our tax benefits in Israel in the event that our manufacturing operations outside of Israel exceed certain production levels (currently set at 50% of the overall production and subject to future changes by the ITA).

In the United States, H.R. 1, originally known as the 2017 Tax Cuts and Jobs Act (the “TCJA”) made significant changes to the U.S. Internal Revenue Code, including a reduction in the federal income corporate tax rate from a top marginal rate of 35% to a flat rate of 21% and limitations on certain corporate deductions and credits. In addition, the TCJA requires complex computations to be performed that were not previously required in U.S. tax law, significant judgments to be made in interpretation of the provisions of the TCJA and significant estimates in calculations, and the preparation and analysis of information not previously relevant or regularly produced. The U.S. Treasury Department, the IRS, and other standard-setting bodies could interpret or issue guidance on how provisions of the TCJA will be applied or otherwise administered that is different from our interpretation. Finally, foreign governments may enact tax laws in response to the TCJA that could result in further changes to global taxation and materially affect our financial position and results of operations. While we have provided the effect of the TCJA in our Consolidated Financial Statements as included in Note 11 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report, the application of accounting guidance for various items and the ultimate impact of the TCJA on our business are currently uncertain.

We are entitled to a property tax abatement (starting in the 2014 tax year) with respect to our U.S manufacturing facility and the capital investment made in such facility for ten years at 100% and an additional five years at 50% subject to our satisfaction of certain qualifying terms with respect to headcount, average salaries paid to our employees and total capital investment amount in our U.S manufacturing facility. The tax abatement is granted pursuant to bond purchase loan agreements we entered into with the Development Authority of Bryan County. If we do not meet the qualifying terms of the bond, we will bear the applicable property tax, which will be recognized in our operating costs and which would materially and adversely impact our projected margins and results of operations. See “ITEM 4.D: Information on Caesarstone- Property, Plants and Equipment.”

Certain U.S. holders of our ordinary shares may suffer adverse tax consequences if we or any of our non-U.S. subsidiaries are characterized as a “controlled foreign corporation”, or a CFC, under Section 957(a) of the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”).

A non-U.S. corporation is considered a CFC if (i) more than 50% of (1) the total combined voting power of all classes of stock of such corporation entitled to vote, or (2) the total value of the stock of such corporation, is owned, or is considered as owned by applying certain constructive ownership rules, (ii) by United States shareholders who each own stock representing 10% or more of the vote or, 10% or more of the value on any day during the taxable year of such non-U.S. corporation (“10% U.S. Shareholder”). Generally, 10% U.S. Shareholders of a CFC are required to include currently in gross income such 10% U.S. Shareholder’s share of the CFC’s “Subpart F income”, a portion of the CFC’s earnings to the extent the CFC holds certain U.S. property, and certain other new items under the TCJA. Such 10% U.S. Shareholders are subject to current U.S. federal income tax with respect to such items, even if the CFC has not made an actual distribution to such shareholders. “Subpart F income” includes, among other things, certain passive income (such as income from dividends, interests, royalties, rents and annuities or gain from the sale of property that produces such types of income) and certain sales and services income arising in connection with transactions between the CFC and a person related to the CFC.

Certain changes to the CFC constructive ownership rules introduced by the TCJA may cause one or more of our non-U.S. subsidiaries to be treated as CFCs, thus impacting our CFC status and affecting holders of our ordinary shares that are 10% United States shareholders. For 10% U.S. Shareholders, this may result in negative U.S. federal income tax consequences, such as current U.S. taxation of Subpart F income and of any such shareholder’s share of our accumulated non-U.S. earnings and profits (regardless of whether we make any distributions), taxation of amounts treated as global intangible low-taxed income under Section 951A of the Code with respect to such shareholder, and being subject to certain reporting requirements with the U.S. Internal Revenue Service. Current or prospective 10% U.S. Shareholders should consult their tax advisors regarding the U.S. tax consequences of acquiring, owning, or disposing our ordinary shares and the impact of the TCJA, especially the changes to the rules relating to CFCs.

We depend on our senior management team and other skilled and experienced personnel to operate our business effectively, and the loss of any of these individuals could materially and adversely affect our business and our future financial condition or results of operations.

We are dependent on the skills and experience of our senior management team and other skilled and experienced personnel. These individuals possess strategic, managerial, sales, marketing, operational, manufacturing, logistical, financial and administrative skills that are important to the operation of our business. We have experienced and may continue to experience employee and management turnover. Retention of institutional knowledge and the ability to attract and retain personnel, as well as the inability to successfully build a successful onboarding our new senior management as a team comprised of several new members, are crucial for implementing our business strategy, without which our business and our future financial condition or results of operations would suffer materially and adversely. We do not carry key man insurance with respect to any of our executive officers or other employees. We cannot assure you that we will be able to retain all of our existing senior management personnel and key personnel or to attract additional qualified personnel when needed.

Risks related to our relationship with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam

Our headquarters and one of our two manufacturing facilities in Israel are located on lands leased by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam from the Israel Lands Administration and the Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Caesarea Development Corporation Ltd. If we are unable to continue to lease such lands from Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, our business and future business prospects may suffer.

One of our manufacturing facilities, our headquarters and our research and development facilities are located on lands leased by the Kibbutz pursuant to two lease agreements between the Kibbutz and the Israel Lands Administration (“ILA”), and an additional lease agreement between the Kibbutz and the Edmond Benjamin de Rothschild Caesarea Development Corporation Ltd. (“Caesarea Development Corporation”).

The first lease agreement between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the ILA has been extended through 2060. The second agreement between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the ILA expired in late 2009, and in February 2017, the District Court approved a settlement pursuant to which the Kibbutz and the ILA will enter into a new lease agreement for a period of 49 years, with an option to renew for additional 49 years. Based on information we received from the Kibbutz, the parties are still in the process of finalizing the terms of the lease agreement. Previous agreements between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the ILA with respect to this property contained restrictions with respect to the use of the property by the Kibbutz. We cannot assure you that our current use of the property and the rights granted to us by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam pursuant to the land use agreement will not provide the ILA with the right to terminate the rights of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam to the property.

The lease agreement between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Caesarea Development Corporation permits Kibbutz Sdot-Yam to use the property for the community needs of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and is in effect until year 2037. Caesarea Development Corporation charges Kibbutz Sdot-Yam based on the use of the relevant portion of the property for industrial purposes, and thus, has provided recognition to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam’s use of such portion of the property for industrial purposes.

Each of the ILA and the Caesarea Development Corporation may terminate their respective lease in certain circumstances, including if Kibbutz Sdot-Yam breaches its agreements therewith, commences proceedings to disband or liquidate, or in the event that Kibbutz Sdot-Yam ceases to be organized as a “kibbutz” as defined in the lease (meaning, a registered cooperative society classified as a kibbutz). If any of the leases and the rights of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam to use the properties described above terminate, we may be unable to maintain our operations on these lands, which would have a materially adverse effect on our operations.

For more information on these agreements, see “ITEM 7.B: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions.”

Pursuant to certain agreements between us and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, we depend on Kibbutz Sdot-Yam with respect to leasing the buildings and areas of our manufacturing facilities in Israel, acquiring new land as well as building additional facilities should we need them.

Our Bar-Lev facility is leased from Kibbutz Sdot-Yam pursuant to a land purchase and leaseback agreement effective as of September 1, 2012. The land purchase and leaseback agreement was simultaneously executed with a land use agreement pursuant to which Kibbutz Sdot-Yam permits us to use the site for a period of ten years with an automatic renewal for an additional ten years unless we provide Kibbutz Sdot-Yam two years’ advance notice that we do not wish to renew the lease.

Our Sdot-Yam facility, located in Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, is also leased from the Kibbutz, pursuant to a land use agreement effective as of March 2012 for a period of 20 years. We may not terminate the operation of either of the two production lines at our Sdot-Yam facility as long as we continue to operate production lines elsewhere in Israel. Additionally, our headquarters must remain at Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. As a result of these restrictions, our ability to reorganize our manufacturing operations and headquarters in Israel is limited. In addition, pursuant to the land use agreement we entered into with the Kibbutz with respect to our Sdot-Yam facility, in the event of a material change in the payments made by the Kibbutz to the ILA or the Caesarea Development Corporation, as of January 1, 2018 the Kibbutz may appoint an appraiser to reassess the fees we agreed to in the land use agreements. Recently, the Kibbutz requested to increase the fees related to the land lease agreement based on alleged additional covered areas used by us on the leased land and due to alleged material increase in the Kibbutz payments to the ILA and Caesarea Development Corporation. Following the assessment of an appointed appraiser and negotiations between us and the Kibbutz, it was agreed to increase the fees under such agreement.

Pursuant to the land use agreements between us and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, subject to certain exceptions, if we need additional facilities on the land that we are permitted to use under such land use agreements, then, subject to obtaining the permits required by law, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam will build such facilities for us by using the proceeds of a loan that we will make to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, which loan shall be repaid to us by off-setting the additional monthly payment that we would pay for such new facilities and, if not fully repaid during the lease term, upon termination thereof. As a result, we depend on Kibbutz Sdot-Yam to build such facilities in a timely manner. While Kibbutz Sdot-Yam is responsible under the agreement for obtaining various licenses, permits, approvals and authorizations necessary for our use of the property, with respect to our use of property in Sdot- Yam, we have waived any monetary recourse against the Kibbutz for failure to receive such licenses, permits, approvals and authorizations.

If we are unable to renew our existing lease agreements with the Kibbutz in the future, we may be required to move our Israeli facilities and headquarters to an alternate location. In addition, the Kibbutz may not be able, in a timely manner, to purchase additional land or build additional facilities that we may require due to increased demand for our products, or obtain the necessary licenses or permits for existing or current property. This could result in increased costs, substantial delays and disruptions to the manufacturing process, which could materially and adversely impact our reputation, revenues and results of operations as well as other business aspects, such as our ability to serve our customers and meet the existing or increased demand for our products. We may also suffer losses to the extent we have waived monetary recourse against the Kibbutz for failure to obtain licenses and permits for some of our currently leased property. For more information with respect to our agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, see “ITEM 7.B: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions”.

Regulators and other third parties may question whether our agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam are no less favorable to us than if they had been negotiated with unaffiliated third parties.

Our headquarters, research and development facilities and our two manufacturing facilities in Israel are located on lands leased by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. We have entered into certain agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam pursuant to which Kibbutz Sdot-Yam provides us with, among other things, a portion of our labor force, electricity, maintenance, security and other services. We believe that such services are rendered to us in the normal course of business and they represent terms no less favorable than those that would have been obtained from an unaffiliated third party. Nevertheless, a determination with respect to such matters requires subjective judgments regarding valuations, and regulators and other third parties may question whether our agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam are in the ordinary course of our business and are no less favorable to us than if they had been negotiated with unaffiliated third parties. As a result, the tax treatment for these transactions may also be called into question, which could have a materially adverse impact on our operating results and financial condition. See “ITEM 7.B: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions.”

Under Israeli law, our board, audit committee and shareholders may be required to reapprove certain of our agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam every three years, and their failure to do so may expose us to liability and cause significant disruption to our business.

The Companies Law requires that the authorized corporate organs of a public company approve every three years any extraordinary transaction in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest and that has a term of more than three years, unless a company’s audit committee determines, solely with respect to agreements that do not involve compensation to a controlling shareholder or his or her relatives, in connection with services rendered by any of them to the company or their employment with the company, that a longer term is reasonable under the circumstances. Our implementation of this requirement with respect to the agreements entered into between us and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam may be challenged by regulators and other third parties.

Our audit committee has determined that the terms of all the agreements entered into between us and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam are reasonable under the relevant circumstances, except for the manpower agreement entered into between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and us on January 1, 2011, as it relates to office holders, and the services agreement entered into between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and us on July 20, 2011 (as amended). See “ITEM 7.B: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions.” Our manpower agreement (as it relates to office holders) and our services agreement, each with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, have been reapproved by our shareholders in November 2018 under the Companies Law requirements and are subject to re-approval in 2021.

If our audit committee, board and shareholders do not re-approve the manpower agreement and the services agreement in accordance with the Companies Law, or if it is determined that re-approval of our other agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam is required every three years and the re-approval is not obtained, we will be required to terminate such agreements, which may be considered a breach under the terms of such agreements, and could expose us to damage claims and legal fees, and cause significant disruption to our business. In addition, we would be required to find suitable replacements for the services provided to us by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam under the manpower agreement and the service agreement, which may take time, and we can provide no assurance that we can obtain the same or better terms with a third party than those we have agreed to with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam.

Risks related to our ordinary shares

We cannot provide any assurance regarding the amount or timing of dividend payments.

In February 2018, we declared the distribution of a special cash dividend in the amount of $0.29 per share, paid on March 14, 2018, subject to withholding tax of 20%. We also adopted a dividend policy pursuant to which we pay a quarterly cash dividend in the range of $0.10- $0.15 per share (subject to the applicable tax) up to the lesser of 50% of the reported net income attributable to controlling interest (i) on a quarterly basis or (ii) on a year-to-date basis, subject in each case to the approval of our board of directors. Payments of dividends pursuant to the dividend policy are based on the recommendation of our board of directors, after taking into account applicable legal requirements under Israeli law, the benefit of the Company and its obligations, growth plans and contractual limitations under our credit agreements, and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. For the second and third quarters of 2018 we distributed cash dividends in the total amount of $0.30 per share subject to withholding tax of 20%. We cannot provide assurances regarding the amount or timing of any dividend payments and may decide not to pay dividends in the future.

The price of our ordinary shares may be volatile.

The market price of our ordinary shares could be highly volatile and may fluctuate substantially as a result of many factors, including but not limited to (i) actual or anticipated fluctuations in our results of operations; (ii) variance in our financial performance from the expectations of market analysts; (iii) announcements by us or our competitors of significant business developments, changes in distributor relationships, acquisitions or expansion plans; (iv) changes in the prices of our raw materials or the products we sell; (v) our involvement in litigation; (vi) our sale of ordinary shares or other securities in the future; (vii) market conditions in our industry; (viii) changes in key personnel; (ix) the trading volume of our ordinary shares; (x) changes in the estimation of the future size and growth rate of our markets; (xi)changes in our board of directors, including director resignations; (xii) actions of investors and shareholders, including short seller reports and proxy contests; and (xiii) general economic and market conditions unrelated to our business or performance.

In the past, following periods of volatility in the market price of a company’s securities, securities class action litigation has often been instituted against that company. In 2015, we became subject to a putative securities class action claim in the U.S. District Court for the Southern District of New York related to losses allegedly suffered as a result of the decline in the market price of our ordinary shares. In August 2017, the court approved our settlement agreement with the lead plaintiffs and our insurance carriers covered the settlement amount in full. We cannot assure you that in the future we may not be subject to further litigation or that it will be fully covered by our insurance carriers. See “ITEM 8: Financial Information- Legal Proceedings”.

If equity research analysts do not publish research or reports about our business or if analysts, including short sellers, issue unfavorable commentary or downgrade our ordinary shares, the price of our ordinary shares could decline. Additionally, we may fail to meet publicly announced financial guidance or other expectations about our business, which would cause our ordinary shares to decline in value.

The trading market for our ordinary shares relies in part on the research and reports that equity research analysts publish about us and our business. The price of our ordinary shares could decline if one or more securities analysts downgrade our ordinary shares or if one or more of those analysts issue other unfavorable commentary or cease publishing reports about us or our business. The market price for our ordinary shares has been in the past, and may be in the future, materially and adversely affected by allegations made in reports issued by short sellers regarding our business model, our management and our financial accounting. We have also faced difficulty in the past accurately projecting our earnings and have missed certain of our publicly announced guidance. If our financial results for a particular period do not meet our guidance or if we reduce our guidance for future periods, the market price of our ordinary shares may decline.

The substantial share ownership position of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and Tene will limit your ability to influence corporate matters.

As of March 5, 2019, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and Tene beneficially owned 40.4% of our outstanding ordinary shares. As a result of this concentration of share ownership and their voting agreement described above, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and Tene are considered controlling shareholders under the Israeli Companies Law, and, acting on their own or together, will continue to have significant voting power on all matters submitted to our shareholders for approval. These matters include:

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the composition of our board of directors (other than external directors);

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approving or rejecting a merger, consolidation or other business combination; and

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amending our articles of association, which govern the rights attached to our ordinary shares.

This concentration of ownership of our ordinary shares could delay or prevent proxy contests initiated by other shareholders, mergers, tender offers, open-market purchase programs or other purchases of shares of our ordinary shares that might otherwise give you the opportunity to realize a premium over then-prevailing market price of our ordinary shares. The interests of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam or Tene may not always coincide with the interests of our other shareholders. This concentration of ownership may also lead to proxy contests. For example, prior to the voting arrangement between Tene and the Kibbutz, in connection with our annual general meeting of shareholders held in December 2015, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam issued a proxy to our shareholders, in which it opposed the independent nominees our board of directors proposed to nominate to the board and suggested two alternative nominees. Such initiatives, which may not coincide with the interests of our other shareholders, result in us incurring unexpected costs and could divert our management’s time and attention. This concentration of ownership may also materially and adversely affect our share price.

In recent years, Israeli issuers listed on securities exchanges in the United States have also been faced with governance-related demands from activist shareholders, unsolicited tender offers and proxy contests. Responding to these types of actions by activist shareholders could be costly and time-consuming for management and our employees, and could disrupt our operations or business model in a way that would interfere with our ability to execute our strategic plan.

As a foreign private issuer whose shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we may follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain Nasdaq requirements.

As a foreign private issuer whose shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, we are permitted to follow certain home country corporate governance practices instead of certain requirements of the rules of Nasdaq. As permitted under the Israeli Companies Law, our articles of association provide that the quorum for any ordinary meeting of shareholders shall be the presence of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by a voting instrument, who hold at least 25% of the voting power of our shares instead of 33 1/3% of the issued share capital required under Nasdaq requirements. At an adjourned meeting, any number of shareholders constitutes a quorum.

In the future, we may also choose to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq requirements with regard to, among other things, the composition of our board of directors, compensation of officers and director nomination procedures. In addition, we may choose to follow Israeli corporate governance practice instead of Nasdaq requirements with respect to shareholder approval for certain dilutive events (such as for issuances that will result in a change of control of the company, certain transactions other than a public offering involving issuances of a 20% or more interest in the company and certain acquisitions of the stock or assets of another company) and for the adoption of, and material changes to, equity incentive plans. Accordingly, our shareholders may not be afforded the same protection as provided under Nasdaq corporate governance rules. Following our home country governance practices, as opposed to the requirements that would otherwise apply to a U.S. company listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, may provide less protection than is accorded to investors of domestic issuers. See “ITEM 16G: Corporate Governance.”

As a foreign private issuer, we are not subject to the provisions of Regulation FD or U.S. proxy rules and are exempt from filing certain Exchange Act reports.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules and regulations under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual and current reports and financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. domestic companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act, we are permitted to disclose limited compensation information for our executive officers on an individual basis and we are generally exempt from filing quarterly reports with the SEC under the Exchange Act. Moreover, we are not required to comply with Regulation FD, which restricts the selective disclosure of material nonpublic information to, among others, broker-dealers and holders of a company’s securities under circumstances in which it is reasonably foreseeable that the holder will trade in the company’s securities on the basis of the information. These exemptions and leniencies reduce the frequency and scope of information and protections to which you may otherwise have been eligible in relation to a U.S. domestic issuer.

We would lose our foreign private issuer status if (a) a majority of our outstanding voting securities were either directly or indirectly owned of record by residents of the United States and (b)(i) a majority of our executive officers or directors were United States citizens or residents, (ii) more than 50% of our assets were located in the United States or (iii) our business were administered principally in the United States. Our loss of foreign private issuer status would make U.S. regulatory provisions mandatory. The regulatory and compliance costs to us under U.S. securities laws as a U.S. domestic issuer may be significantly higher. If we are not a foreign private issuer, we will be required to file periodic reports and registration statements on U.S. domestic issuer forms with the SEC, which are more detailed and extensive than the forms available to a foreign private issuer. We would also be required to follow U.S. proxy disclosure requirements, including the requirement to disclose, under U.S. law, more detailed information about the compensation of our senior executive officers on an individual basis. We may also be required to modify certain of our policies to comply with accepted governance practices associated with U.S. domestic issuers. Such conversion and modifications will involve additional costs. In addition, we would lose our ability to rely upon Nasdaq exemptions from certain corporate governance requirements that are available to foreign private issuers.

Our United States shareholders may suffer materially adverse tax consequences if we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company.

Generally, if for any taxable year, 75% or more of our gross income is passive income, or at least 50% of our assets are held for the production of, or produce, passive income, we would be characterized as a passive foreign investment company for United States federal income tax purposes. There can be no assurance that we will not be considered a passive foreign investment company for any taxable year. If we are characterized as a passive foreign investment company, our U.S. shareholders may suffer materially adverse tax consequences, including having gains realized on the sale of our ordinary shares treated as ordinary income, rather than capital gain, the loss of the preferential rate applicable to dividends received on our ordinary shares by individuals who are U.S. holders, and having interest charges apply to distributions by us and the proceeds of share sales. See “ITEM 10.E: Additional Information—Taxation—United States Federal Income Taxation—Passive foreign investment company considerations.”

The market price of our ordinary shares could be negatively affected by future sales of our ordinary shares.

As of March 5, 2019, we had 34,368,511 ordinary shares outstanding. This included approximately 13,892,132 ordinary shares, or 40.4% of our outstanding ordinary shares, beneficially owned by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and Tene, which can be resold into the public markets in accordance with the restrictions of Rule 144, including volume limitations, applicable to resales by affiliates or holders of restricted securities.

Sales by us or by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, Tene or other large shareholders of a substantial number of our ordinary shares in the public market, or the perception that these sales might occur, could cause the market price of our ordinary shares to decline or could materially impair our ability to raise capital through a future sale of, or pay for acquisitions using, our equity securities.

Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and Tene may require us to effect a registered offering of up to an additional 11,440,000 shares under the Securities Act for resale into the public markets. All shares sold pursuant to an offering covered by such registration statement or statements will be freely transferable. See “ITEM 7.B: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Registration rights agreement.”

In addition to these registration rights, as of March 5, 2019, 1,278,104 ordinary shares were reserved for issuance under our 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan (“2011 plan”) of which options to purchase 1,167,704 ordinary shares were outstanding, with a weighted average exercise price of $22.5 per share, and 110,400 restricted stock units (“RSUs”) were outstanding. To the extent they are covered by our registration statements on Form S-8, these shares may be freely sold in the public market upon issuance, except for shares held by affiliates who have certain restrictions on their ability to sell.

Risks relating to our incorporation and location in Israel

If we fail to comply with Israeli law restrictions concerning employment of Jewish employees on Saturdays and Jewish holidays, we and our office holders may be exposed to administrative and criminal liabilities and our operational and financial results may be materially and adversely impacted.

We are subject to the Israeli Hours of Work and Rest Law, 1951 (“Rest Law”), which imposes certain restriction on the employment terms and conditions of our employees. Among others, the Rest Law prohibits the employment of Jewish employees on Saturdays and Jewish holidays, unless a permit is obtained from the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry (the “IMEI”). Employment of Jewish employees on such days without a permit constitutes a violation of the Rest Law. We received a permit from the IMEI to employ Jewish employees on Saturdays and Jewish holidays in connection with most of the production machinery in our Sdot-Yam facility, effective until December 31, 2020. Currently, in our Sdot- Yam and Bar-Lev facilities, our Jewish employees do not work on Saturdays, while our non-Jewish employees are employed on such days. There is no assurance that we will be able to maintain such permit while we do not actually employ Jewish employees on Saturdays, or, if cancelled by the IMEI, that we will be able to obtain such permit in the future.

If we are deemed to be in any violation of the Rest Law, we and our officers may be exposed to administrative and criminal liabilities, including fines, and our operational and financial results could be materially and adversely impacted. If we fail to obtain a permit in the future or if we are unable to employ only non-Jewish employees on Saturdays and Jewish holidays, we may be required to halt operations of our manufacturing facilities in Israel during such days, have less production capacity and as a result experience a materially adverse effect on our revenues and profitability.

Conditions in Israel could materially and adversely affect our business.

We are incorporated under Israeli law and our principal offices and two of our manufacturing facilities (Sdot-Yam and Bar-Lev) are located in Israel. Accordingly, political, economic and military conditions in Israel directly affect our business. Since the establishment of the State of Israel in 1948, a number of armed conflicts have occurred between Israel and its neighboring countries. These conflicts involved missile strikes against civilian targets in various parts of Israel including most recently, central Israel, and negatively affected business conditions in Israel as well as home starts and the building industry in Israel.

Our facilities are in range of rockets that may be fired from Lebanon, Syria or the Gaza Strip into Israel. In the event that our facilities are damaged as a result of hostile action or hostilities otherwise disrupt the ongoing operation of our facilities, our ability to deliver products to customers could be materially and adversely affected. Our commercial insurance in Israel does not cover losses that may occur as a result of acts of war; however, losses as a result of terrorist attacks to our facilities and disruption to the ongoing operations, are covered by our insurance for damages of up to $40 million, if such damages are not covered by the Israeli government. Although the Israeli government currently covers the reinstatement value of direct damages that are caused by terrorist attacks or acts of war, we cannot assure you that this government coverage will be maintained and will be adequate in the event we submit a claim. Even if insurance is maintained and adequate, we cannot assure you that it will reduce or prevent any losses that may occur as a result of such actions or will be exercised in a timely manner to meet our contractual obligations with customers and vendors.

In addition, popular uprisings in various countries in the Middle East and North Africa have affected the political stability of those countries. Such instability may lead to deterioration in the political and trade relationships that exist between the State of Israel and these countries, such as Turkey, from which we import a significant amount of our raw materials. Moreover, some countries around the world restrict doing business with Israel and Israeli companies, and additional countries may impose restrictions on doing business with Israel and Israeli companies if hostilities in Israel or political instability in the region continues or increases. These restrictions may limit materially our ability to obtain raw materials from these countries or sell our products to companies and customers in these countries. In addition, there have been increased efforts by activists to cause companies and consumers to boycott Israeli goods. Such efforts, particularly if they become more widespread, may materially and adversely impact our ability to sell our products out of Israel.

Our employees in Israel, generally males, including executive officers, may be called upon to perform military service on an annual basis until they reach the age of 40 (and in some cases, up to 45 or 49). In emergency circumstances, they could be called to immediate and prolonged active duty. Our operations could be disrupted by the absence of a significant number of our employees related to military service or the absence for extended periods of one or more of our key employees for military service. Such disruption could materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations. Additionally, the absence of a significant number of the employees of our Israeli suppliers and contract manufacturers related to military service may disrupt their operations, in which event our ability to deliver products to customers may be materially and adversely affected.

Any hostilities involving Israel or the interruption or curtailment of trade between Israel and its present trading partners, or a significant downturn in the economic or financial condition of Israel, could materially and adversely affect our operations and product development, cause our revenues to decrease and materially harm the share price of publicly traded companies with operations in Israel, such as us.

Our operations may be affected by negative economic conditions or labor unrest in Israel.

General strikes or work stoppages, including at Israeli sea ports, have occurred periodically or have been threatened in the past by Israeli trade unions due to labor disputes. These general strikes or work stoppages may have a materially adverse effect on the Israeli economy and on our business, including our ability to deliver products to our customers and to receive raw materials from our suppliers in a timely manner. These general strikes or work stoppages, in Israel or in other countries where we, our subsidiaries, suppliers and distributors operate, may prevent us from shipping raw materials and equipment required for our production and shipping our products by sea or otherwise to our customers, which could have a materially adverse effect on our results of operations.

Since none of our employees work under any collective bargaining agreements, extension orders issued by the IMEI apply to us and affect matters such as cost of living adjustments to salaries, length of working hours and work week, recuperation pay, travel expenses, and pension rights. Any labor disputes over such matters could result in a work stoppage or strikes by employees that could delay or interrupt our output of products. Any strike, work stoppages or interruption in manufacturing could result in a failure to meet contractual obligations or in delays, including in our ability to manufacture and deliver products to our customers in a timely manner, and could have a materially adverse effect on our relationships with our distributors and on our financial results.

If a union of our employees is formed in the future, we may enter into a collective bargaining agreement with our employees, which may increase our costs and limit our managerial freedom, and if we are unable to reach a collective bargaining agreement, we may become subject to strikes and work stoppages, all of which may materially and adversely affect our business.

The tax benefits that are available to us require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.

Some of our Israeli facilities have been granted “Approved Enterprise” status by the Israeli Authority for Investment and Development of the Industry and Economy (“Investment Center”) or have the status of a “Beneficiary Enterprise” or “Preferred Enterprise” which provides us with investment grants (in respect of certain Approved Enterprise programs) and makes us eligible for tax benefits under the Investment Law.

In order to remain eligible for the tax benefits of an “Approved Enterprise”, a “Beneficiary Enterprise” and/or a “Preferred Enterprise” we must continue to meet certain conditions stipulated in the Investment Law and its regulations, as amended, and in certificates of approval issued by the Investment Center (in respect of Approved Enterprise programs), which may include, among other things, selling more than 25% of our products to markets of over 14 million residents in 2012 (such export criteria will further be increased in the future by 1.4% per annum) in a specific tax year, making specified investments in fixed assets and equipment, financing a percentage of those investments with our capital contributions, filing certain reports with the Investment Center, complying with provisions regarding intellectual property and the criteria set forth in the specific certificate of approval issued by the Investment Center or the ITA. If we do not meet these requirements, the tax benefits could be canceled and we could be required to refund any tax benefits and investment grants that we received in the past adjusted to the Israeli consumer price index and interest, or other monetary penalties. Further, in the future, these tax benefits may be reduced or discontinued. If these tax benefits are cancelled, our Israeli taxable income would be subject to regular Israeli corporate tax rates. The standard corporate tax rate for Israeli companies was 26.5% in 2015, 25% in 2016 and was decreased to 24% in 2017 and 23% in 2018 and thereafter.

Effective as of January 1, 2011, the Investment Law was amended (“Amendment No. 68” or the “2011 Amendment”). Under Amendment No. 68, the criteria for receiving tax benefits were revised. In the future, we may not be eligible to receive additional tax benefits under this law. The termination or reduction of these tax benefits would increase our tax liability, which would reduce our profits. Additionally, if we increase our activities outside of Israel through acquisitions, for example, our expanded activities might not be eligible to be included in future Israeli tax benefit programs. We may lose all of our tax benefits in Israel in the event that our manufacturing operations outside of Israel exceed certain production levels (currently set at 50% of the overall production and subject to future changes by the ITA). We do not foresee such circumstances as probable in the coming years. Those tax rates between 2014 and 2016 were 16% for the portion of our income related to the Sdot-Yam manufacturing facility and 9% for the portion of our income related to the Bar-Lev manufacturing facility. From 2017 onward, the tax rate for the portion of our income related to the Bar-Lev manufacturing facility was reduced to 7.5% and Sdot-Yam tax rate remains unchanged.

Finally, in the event of a distribution of a dividend from the tax-exempt income described above, we will be subject to tax at the corporate tax rate applicable to our Approved Enterprise’s and Beneficiary Enterprise’s income on the amount distributed (grossed-up to reflect the pre-tax income that it would have had to earn in order to distribute the dividend) in accordance with the effective corporate tax rate that would have been applied had we not relied on the exemption. In addition to the reduced tax rate, a distribution of income attributed to an “Approved Enterprise” and a “Beneficiary Enterprise” will be subject to 15% withholding tax (or a reduced rate under an applicable double tax treaty, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate). As for a “Preferred Enterprise,” dividends are generally subject to 20% withholding tax from 2014 (or a reduced rate under an applicable double tax treaty, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, because we announced our election to apply the provisions of Amendment No. 68 prior to June 30, 2015, we will be entitled to distribute exempt income generated by any Approved/Beneficiary Enterprise to our Israeli corporate shareholders tax free (See “ITEM 10.E: Additional Information—Taxation—Israeli tax considerations and government programs—Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959”).

The amendment to the Investment Law stipulated that investments in subsidiaries, including in the form of acquisitions of subsidiaries from an unrelated party, may also be considered as a deemed dividend distribution event, increasing the risk of triggering a deemed dividend distribution event and potential tax exposure. The ITA’s interpretation is that this provision applies retroactively to investments and acquisitions made prior to the amendment.

It may be difficult to enforce a U.S. judgment against us, our officers and directors in Israel or the United States, or to assert U.S. securities laws claims in Israel or serve process on our officers and directors.

We are incorporated in Israel. Other than two directors, none of our directors, or our independent registered public accounting firm, is a resident of the United States. None of our executive officers is resident in the United States. The majority of our assets and the assets of these persons are located outside the United States. Therefore, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to enforce a U.S. court judgment based upon the civil liability provisions of the U.S. federal securities laws against us or any of these persons in a U.S. or Israeli court, or to effect service of process upon these persons in the United States. Additionally, it may be difficult for an investor, or any other person or entity, to assert U.S. securities law claims in original actions instituted in Israel. Israeli courts may refuse to hear a claim based on a violation of U.S. securities laws on the grounds that Israel is not the most appropriate forum in which to bring such a claim. Even if an Israeli court agrees to hear a claim, it may determine that Israeli law and not U.S. law is applicable to the claim. If U.S. law is found to be applicable, the content of applicable U.S. law must be proved as a fact, which can be a time-consuming and costly process. Certain matters of procedure will also be governed by Israeli law. There is little binding case law in Israel addressing the matters described above.

Your rights and responsibilities as our shareholder will be governed by Israeli law which may differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders of United States corporations.

Since we are incorporated under Israeli law, the rights and responsibilities of our shareholders are governed by our articles of association and Israeli law. These rights and responsibilities differ in some respects from the rights and responsibilities of shareholders in U.S.-based corporations. In particular, a shareholder of an Israeli company has a duty to act in good faith and in a customary manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations towards the company and other shareholders and to refrain from abusing its power in the company, including, among other things, in voting at the general meeting of shareholders on certain matters, such as an amendment to the company’s articles of association, an increase of the company’s authorized share capital, a merger of the company and approval of related party transactions that require shareholder approval. A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders. In addition, a controlling shareholder or a shareholder who knows that it possesses the power to determine the outcome of a shareholders’ vote or to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder in the company or has another power with respect to the company, has a duty to act in fairness towards the company. However, Israeli law does not define the substance of this duty of fairness. See “ITEM 6.C: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices— Board Practices—Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law—Duties of shareholders.” Additionally, the parameters and implications of the provisions that govern shareholder behavior have not been clearly determined by the Israeli courts. These provisions may be interpreted to impose additional obligations and liabilities on our shareholders that are not typically imposed on shareholders of United States corporations.

Provisions of Israeli law may delay, prevent or make undesirable a merger transaction, or an acquisition of all or a significant portion of our shares.

Israeli corporate law regulates mergers by mandating certain procedures and voting requirements, and requires that a tender offer be effected when more than a specified percentage of shares in a company are purchased. Further, Israeli tax considerations may make potential transactions undesirable to us or to some of our shareholders whose country of residence does not have a tax treaty with Israel granting tax relief to such shareholders from Israeli tax. With respect to mergers, Israeli tax law allows for tax deferral in certain circumstances but makes the deferral contingent on the fulfillment of numerous conditions, including a holding period of two years from the date of the transaction during which certain sales and dispositions of shares of the participating companies are restricted. Moreover, with respect to certain share swap transactions, the tax deferral is limited in time, and when such time expires, the tax becomes payable even if no actual disposition of the shares has occurred. See “ITEM 10.B: Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Acquisitions under Israeli law.”

Under Israeli law, our two external directors have terms of office of three years. These directors have been elected by our shareholders to serve for an additional three-year term commencing March 21, 2018.

These provisions of Israeli law could have the effect of delaying or preventing a change in control and may make it more difficult for a third party to acquire us or our shareholders to elect different individuals to our board of directors, even if doing so would be beneficial to our shareholders, and may limit the price that investors may be willing to pay in the future for our ordinary shares.

If we are considered a “monopoly” under Israeli law, we could be subject to certain restrictions that may limit our ability to freely conduct our business to which our competitors may not be subject.

Under the Israeli Economic Competition law (formerly, the Restrictive Trade Practices Law, 1988) (the “Israeli Antitrust Law”), a company that either supplies more than 50% of any asset or service in Israel or, in some cases, in a specific geographical area in Israel, or holds market power in a relevant market, is deemed to be a monopoly. The determination of monopoly status depends on an analysis of the relevant product or service market but it does not require a positive declaration, and the status is achieved by virtue of such market share threshold being crossed.

Depending on the analysis and the definition of the relevant product market in which we operate, we may be deemed to be a “monopoly” under Israeli law. Under the Israeli Antitrust Law, a monopoly is prohibited from participating in certain business practices, including unreasonably refusing to provide the relevant product or service, or abuse of market power by means of discriminating between similar transactions or charging what are considered to be unfair prices, and from engaging in certain other practices. Such prohibitions are designed to protect the Israeli market against unfair competition. The Israeli Competition Commissioner may determine that a company that is a monopoly has abused its position in the market and may subsequently order such company to change its conduct in matters that may materially and adversely affect the public, including imposing business restrictions on a company determined to be a monopoly and giving instructions with respect to the prices charged by the monopoly. If we are indeed deemed to be a monopoly and the Commissioner finds that we have abused our position in the market by taking anticompetitive actions and using anti-competitive practices, such as those described above, it would serve as prima facie evidence in private actions and class actions against us alleging that we have engaged in anti-competitive behavior. Furthermore, the Commissioner may order us to take or refrain from taking certain actions, which could limit our ability to freely conduct our business. To date, the Commissioner has not made any such determination. Violations of the Israeli Antitrust Law can constitute a criminal offence, may lead to civil sanctions and may expose a company to damages claims and class actions. We do not believe we are a monopoly, or that our operations constitute a violation of the provisions of the Israeli Antitrust Law even if we were found to be a monopoly under the Israeli Antitrust Law, but we cannot guarantee this to be the case.

Recently the Israeli Antitrust Law was amended, including, among other things, extending the definition of monopoly (as described above), increasing the amounts of administrative fines that can be imposed by the Competition Commissioner and exacerbating the liability of officers. Such amendments broaden the scope of the competition regulation in Israel and therefore can have a material adverse effect our business and results of operations.

Sales in Israel accounted for 6.9% of our revenues in 2018. We have a significant market position in certain jurisdictions outside of Israel and cannot assure you that we are not, or will not become, subject to the laws relating to the use of dominant product positions in particular countries, which laws could limit our business practices and our ability to consummate acquisitions.

ITEM 4: Information on Caesarstone

A.	History and Development of Caesarstone

Our History

Caesarstone Ltd. was founded in 1987 and incorporated in 1989 in the State of Israel. We are a leading manufacturer of high quality engineered quartz surfaces sold under our premium Caesarstone brand. Caesarstone is a pioneer in the engineered quartz surfaces industry. Our products consist of engineered quartz slabs that are currently sold in approximately 45 countries through a combination of direct sales in certain markets performed by our subsidiaries and indirectly through a network of independent distributors in other markets. In 2008, 2010 and 2011, we acquired the businesses of our former Australian, Canadian, U.S. and Singaporean distributors, respectively, and established such businesses within our own subsidiaries in such countries. In 2017, we started selling our products in the U.K. directly through our U.K. subsidiary, Caesarstone (UK) Ltd. We now generate a substantial portion of our revenues in the United States, Australia and Canada from direct distribution of our products. Our products are primarily used as kitchen countertops. Other applications include vanity tops, wall panels, back splashes, floor tiles, stairs and other interior surfaces that are used in a variety of residential and non-residential applications. Because of their hardness and non-porous characteristics, our products offer superior levels of scratch, stain and heat resistance, making them extremely durable and ideal for kitchen and other applications relative to competing products such as granite, manufactured solid surfaces and laminate. Through our innovative design and manufacturing processes we are able to offer a wide variety of colors, styles, designs and textures.

In March 2012, we listed our shares on the Nasdaq Global Select Market. We are a company limited by shares organized under the laws of the State of Israel. We are registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies in Jerusalem. Our registration number is 51-143950-7. Our principal executive offices are located at Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, MP Menashe, 3780400, Israel, and our telephone number is +972 (4) 636-4555. We have irrevocably appointed Caesarstone USA as our agent for service of process in any action against us in any United States federal or state court. The address of Caesarstone USA is 1401 W. Morehead Street, Suite 100, Charlotte, NC, 28208. For more information about us, our website is www.caesarstone.com. The information contained therein or connected thereto shall not be deemed to be incorporated by reference in this annual report.

Principal Capital Expenditures

Our capital expenditures for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016 amounted to $21.0 million, $22.7 million and $22.9 million, respectively. The majority of our investment activities have historically been related to the purchase of manufacturing equipment and components for our production lines, and in 2014 and 2015 the construction of a new manufacturing facility with two production lines in the United States. We anticipate that our capital expenditures in 2019 will remain at the same level of the previous years.

B. Business Overview

The global countertop industry generated approximately $95 billion in sales to end consumers in 2016 based on average installed price, which includes fabrication, installation and other related costs. Sales to end-consumers include sales to end-consumers of countertops as opposed to sales at the wholesale level from manufacturers to fabricators and distributors.

We are a leading manufacturer of high-quality engineered quartz surfaces sold under our premium Caesarstone brand. Quartz is a growing category in the countertop market and continues to take market share from other materials, such as granite, manufactured solid surfaces and laminate. Between 1999 and 2016, global engineered quartz sales to end-consumers grew at a compound annual growth rate of 17.9% compared to a 4.9% compound annual growth rate in total global countertop sales to end-consumers during the same period. In recent years, quartz penetration rate, by volume, increased in our key markets.

Our products consist of engineered quartz slabs that are currently sold in approximately 45 countries through a combination of direct sales in certain markets and indirectly through a network of independent distributors in other markets. In 2011, we acquired our former U.S. distributor and now generate the substantial majority of our revenues in the United States from direct distribution of our products. Our products are primarily used as kitchen countertops in the renovation and remodeling and residential construction end markets. Other applications for engineered quartz include vanity tops, wall panels, back splashes, floor tiles, stairs and other interior surfaces that are used in a variety of residential and non-residential applications. High quality engineered quartz offers hardness, non-porous characteristics, superior scratch, stains and heat resistance levels, making it durable and ideal for kitchen and other applications relative to competing products such as granite, manufactured solid surfaces and laminate. Through our design and manufacturing processes we are able to offer a wide variety of colors, styles, designs and textures.

From 2009 to 2018, our revenue grew at a compound annual growth rate of 15.1%. In 2018, we generated revenue of $575.9 million, net income attributable to controlling interest of $24.4 million, adjusted EBITDA of $75.2 million and adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest of $36.1 million. See “ITEM 3.A: Key Information—Selected Financial Data” for a description of how we define adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest and reconciliations of net income to adjusted EBITDA and net income attributable to controlling interest to adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest.

Our Products

Our products are generally marketed under the Caesarstone brand. The substantial majority of our products are installed as countertops in residential kitchens. Other applications of our products include vanity tops, wall panels, back splashes, floor tiles, stairs and other interior surfaces. Our engineered quartz slabs measure 120 inches long by 56 1/2 inches wide and 130 inches long by 65 inches wide with a thickness of 1/2 of an inch, 3/4 of an inch or 1 1/4 inches. Engineered quartz surfaces are typically comprised of approximately 90% quartz and approximately 10% polyester and pigments. Our products’ composition gives them superior strength and resistance levels to heat, scratches, cracks and chips. Polyester, which acts as a binding agent in our products, make our products non-porous and highly resistant to stains. Pigments act as a dyeing agent to vary our products’ colors and patterns.

We engineer our products with a wide range of colors, finishes, textures, thicknesses and physical properties, which help us meet the different functional and aesthetic demands of end-consumers. We offer a wide spectrum of design options in the engineered quartz surface industry with different colors, textures and finishes, designed to appeal to end-consumers’ preferences. Our designs range from fine-grained patterns to coarse-grained color blends with a variegated visual texture. Through offering new designs, we capitalize on Caesarstone’s brand name and foster our position as a leading innovator in the engineered quartz surface industry.

Our product offerings consist of four collections, each of which is designed to have a distinct aesthetic appeal. We use a multi-tiered pricing model across our products and within each product collection ranging from lower price points to higher price points. Each product collection is designed, branded and marketed with the goal of reinforcing our products’ premium quality.

We introduced our original product collection, Classico, in 1987, and today, this collection still generates more revenue than our other collections. Our additional product collections, Concetto and Supernatural, are marketed as specialty high-end product collections. The Concetto product collection, launched in 2003, features engineered quartz surfaces with hand-incorporated semi-precious stones. In 2012, we launched new products under our Supernatural collection, whose design was inspired by natural stone and which are manufactured using proprietary technology. In 2018, we launched our new Metropolitan collection, inspired by the rough and unpolished textures found in industrial architecture.

We regularly introduce new colors and designs to our product collections based on consumer trends. We offer over 80 different colors, with four textures and three thicknesses generally available for each collection. In 2013, we introduced seven new colors under our Classico and Supernatural collections. In 2014, we introduced eight additional new colors under our Classico and Supernatural collections, including our Calacatta Nuvo, which is our interpretation of natural calacatta stone, and other products inspired by natural granite and marble, all of which were the result of new proprietary technologies developed by our research and development department. In 2015, we launched five new products under our Supernatural collection and four new colors under our Classico collection. In 2016, we launched two new products under our Supernatural collection and seven new products under our Classico collection. In 2017, we launched seven additional new products. In 2018, we introduced three new products and textures under our Metropolitan collection and one new product under the Supernatural collection.

In addition, in 2018 we began to offer ceramic slabs, which measure 127 inches long by 64 inches wide, with a thickness of up to 0.47 inch. These surfaces are typically comprised of clay minerals, natural minerals and chemical additives and offer non-porous characteristics as well as scratch and heat resistance. To date, revenues generated from such slabs are immaterial to our business.

A key focus of our product development is a commitment to substantiating our claim of our products’ superior quality, strength and durability. Our products undergo regular tests for durability and strength internally by our laboratory operations group and by external accreditation organizations. We are accredited by organizations overseeing safety and environment performance, such as the NSF International and GREENGUARD Indoor Air Quality. Our products support green building projects and allow contractors to receive Leadership in Energy and Design (LEED) points for projects incorporating our products.

Distribution

Our four largest markets based on sales are currently the United States, Australia (including New Zealand), Canada and Israel. In 2018, sales of our products in these markets accounted for 41.5%, 22.8%, 17.3% and 6.9% of our revenues, respectively. Total sales in these markets accounted for 88.5% of our revenues in 2018. For a breakdown of revenues by geographic market for the last three fiscal years, see “ITEM 5.A: Operating Results and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results.”

Direct Markets

We currently have direct sales channels in the United States, Australia, Canada, Israel, the United Kingdom and Singapore. Our direct sales channels allow us to maintain greater control over our entire sales channel within a market. As a result, we gain greater insight into market trends, receive feedback more readily from end-consumers, architects and designers regarding new developments in tastes and preferences, and have greater control over inventory management. Our subsidiaries’ warehouses in each of these countries maintain inventories of our products and are connected to each subsidiary’s sales department. We supply our products primarily to fabricators, who in turn resell them to contractors, developers, builders and consumers, who are generally advised by architects and designers to use Caesarstone products for a project. In the U.S. and Canada, in certain market channels such as IKEA, we also provide, together with our products, fabrication and installation services, which we source from third party fabricators. We believe that our supply of a fabricated and installed countertop made of Caesarstone is a competitive advantage in such channels, which enables us to better control our products’ prices as well as to promote a full solution to our customers.

In Israel, where our headquarters and global operations are located, we distribute our products directly to several local distributors who in turn sell them to fabricators. This arrangement minimizes our financial exposure to end-consumers and provides us with significant depth of coverage in the Israeli market. Although we sell our products to distributors in this market, we consider this a direct market due to the warranty we provide to end-consumers, as well as our fabricator technical and health and safety instruction programs and our local sales and marketing activities. In the United States, Australia, Canada, U.K. and Singapore we have established direct distribution channels with distribution locations in major urban centers complemented by arrangements with various third parties, sub-distributors or stone suppliers in certain areas of the United States.

Since 2013 and 2014, we have provided quartz countertops to IKEA customers in the United States and Canada, respectively, which we fabricate and install. Such countertops are then marketed by IKEA without a brand name. We have engaged several third-parties fabricators to provide us with the fabrication and installation services designated for IKEA customers.

In 2016, we terminated our engagement with our U.K. distributor, and starting in January 2017 we have been selling and distributing our products in the U.K. directly through our U.K. subsidiary, Caesarstone (UK) Ltd.

Indirect Markets

We distribute our products in other territories in which we do not have a direct sales channel through third-party distributors, who generally distribute our products to fabricators on an exclusive or non-exclusive basis in a specific country or region. Fabricators sell our products to contractors, developers, builders and consumers. In some cases, our distributors operate their own fabrication facilities. Additionally, our distributors may sell to sub-distributors located within the territory who in turn sell to fabricators.

In most cases, we engage one distributor to serve a country or region. Today, we sell our products in over 40 countries through third-party distributors, and approximately 45 countries in total. Sales to third-party distributors accounted for 9.8% of our revenues in 2018. This strategy often allows us to accelerate our penetration into multiple new markets. Our distributors typically have prior stone surface experience and close relationships with fabricators, builders and contractors within their respective territory. Some of our distributors are also fabricators.

We work closely with our distributors to assist them in preparing and executing a marketing strategy and comprehensive business plan. Ultimately, however, our distributors are responsible for the sales and marketing of our products and providing technical support to their customers within their respective territories. To assist our distributors in the promotion of our brand in these markets, we provide our distributors with marketing materials and in certain cases, monetary participation in marketing activities. Our distributors devote significant effort and resources to generating and maintaining demand for our products along all levels of the product supply chain in their territory. To this end, distributors use our marketing products and strategies to develop relationships with local builders, contractors, developers, architects and designers. Certain distributors, as well as sub-distributors, do not engage in brand promotion activities and their activities are limited to sales promotion, warehousing and distributing to fabricators or other customers.

We do not control the pricing terms of our distributors’ or sub-distributors’ sales to fabricators. As a result, prices for our products for fabricators may vary.

Sales and Marketing

Sales

We manufacture or source engineered quartz slabs based upon our rolling projections of the demand for our products.

In recent years, our sales department, responsible for our global sales to third parties, which is based in Israel, has focused on penetrating new markets, as well as further developing our key growth indirect sales markets. We intend to continue to penetrate new markets in collaboration with distributors.

We believe our products still have significant growth opportunities in the United States, Canada and Europe. For information on sales trends for the regions in which we operate, see “ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects – Components of statement of income”. In addition, in 2016 we established a direct sales channel in the United Kingdom and starting in January 2017 we have been selling and distributing our products in the U.K. directly through our U.K. subsidiary. We intend to continue to invest resources to further strengthen and increase our penetration in our existing markets. We are also exploring alternative sales channels and methodologies to further enhance our presence in each market.

Marketing

We position our engineered quartz surfaces as premium branded products in terms of their designs, quality and pricing. Through our marketing, we seek to convey our products’ ability to elevate the overall quality of an entire kitchen or other interior setting. Our marketing strategy is to deliver this message every time our customers (including end-customers), fabricators, architects and designers come in contact with our brand. We also aim to communicate our position as a design-oriented global leader in engineered quartz surface innovation and technology.

The goal of our marketing activities is to drive marketing and sales efforts through our subsidiaries and our distributors, while creating demand for our products from end-consumers, fabricators, contractors, architects and designers, which we refer to as a “push-and-pull demand strategy.” We combine both pushing our products through all levels of the product supply chain while generating demand from end-consumers as a complementary strategy.

We believe that by localizing our marketing activities, we increase the global exposure of our brand while tailoring marketing activities to the individual needs, tastes and preferences of a particular country. As such, marketing activities across our markets differ as we aim to promote sales among those who have the greatest influence on public perception in each market.

We and our distributors implement a multi-channel marketing strategy in each of our territories and market not only to our direct customers, but to the entire product supply chain, including fabricators, developers, contractors, kitchen retailers, builders, architects and designers. We use multiple marketing channels, including advertisements in home interior magazines and websites, the placement of our display stands and sample books in kitchen retails stores and our company website. We educate fabricators about our products and their capabilities, installation methods and safety requirements through manuals and seminars. As a result, our markets benefit from highly trained fabricators with a comprehensive understanding of our products and the ability to install our products in a variety of applications.

Our marketing materials are developed by our global marketing department in Israel and are used by our distributors and subsidiaries globally. These materials may be slightly adjusted in their respective local markets, which helps in combining the special needs of each market and the global consistency of the Caesarstone brand. Occasionally, our local marketing departments in the United States, Australia and Canada develop their own tactical marketing materials in accordance with our global brand guidelines, in addition to using our marketing materials, due to the size and particular characteristics of these territories. In 2018, we spent $20.8 million on direct advertising and promotional activities.

Our websites are a key part of our marketing strategy. We operate a global company website that serves as an international website. Certain of our third-party distributors and our Australian subsidiary maintain their own websites, which are in accordance with our brand guidelines and linked to our website. Our websites enable fabricators and end-consumers to view currently available designs, photo galleries of installations of our products in a wide range of settings, and read product success stories, which feature high profile individuals’ and designers’ use of our products, as well as instructions with respect to the correct usage of our products. We also conduct marketing activity in the social media arena mainly to increase our brand awareness among end-consumers, architects and designers.

We also seek to increase awareness of our brand and products through a range of other methods, such as home design shows, design competitions, media campaigns and through our products’ use in high profile projects and iconic buildings. In recent years, we have collaborated with renowned designers, who created exhibitions and particles from our products. Our design initiatives attracted press coverage around the world.

Research and Development

Our research and development department is located in Israel. The department is comprised of 17 employees and works closely with other departments, all of whom have extensive experience in engineered quartz surface manufacturing, polymer science, engineering, product design and engineered quartz surface applications. In 2018, research and development costs accounted for approximately 0.6% of our revenues.

The strategic mission of our research and development team is to develop and maintain innovative and leading technologies and top- quality designs, develop new and innovative products according to our marketing department’s roadmap, increase the cost-effectiveness of our manufacturing processes and raw materials, and generate and protect company intellectual property in order to enhance our position in the engineered quartz surface industry. We also study and evaluate consumer trends by attending industry exhibitions and hosting international design workshops with market and design specialists from various regions.

Customer Service

We believe that our ability to provide outstanding customer service is a strong competitive differentiator. Our relationships with our customers are established and maintained through the coordinated efforts of our sales, marketing, production and customer service personnel. In our direct markets, the warranty period varies. We provide end-consumers with limited lifetime warranties in the United States, Canada and Israel and a ten-year limited warranty in Australia. For end-consumers, warranty issues on our products are addressed by our local distributor. In our indirect markets, we provide all of our distributors a limited direct manufacturing defect warranty and our distributors are responsible for providing warranty coverage to end-customers. The warranties provided by our distributors vary in term with a three-year warranty provided in Europe and warranties lasting up to 20 years in other regions. In our direct markets, following an end-consumer call, our technicians are sent to the product site within a short time. We train our distributors to handle local warranty issues through our “Caesarstone University” program. We provide readily accessible resources and tools regarding the fabrication, installation, care and maintenance of our products. We believe our comprehensive global customer service capabilities and the sharing of our service related know-how differentiate our company from our competitors.

Raw Materials and Service Provider Relationships

Quartz, polyester and pigment are the primary raw materials used in the production of our products. We acquire our raw materials from third-party suppliers. Suppliers ship our raw materials to our manufacturing facilities in Israel primarily by sea. For our U.S. facility, the supply sources are primarily domestic, except for quartz, which is mostly imported. Our raw materials are generally inspected at the suppliers’ facilities and upon arrival at our manufacturing facilities in Israel and the U.S. We believe our strict raw material quality control procedures differentiate our products from those of our competitors as they enhance the quality and appearance of our products. The cost of our raw materials consists of the purchase prices of such materials and costs related to the logistics of delivering the materials to our manufacturing facilities. Our raw materials costs are also impacted by changes in foreign currency exchange rates.

Quartz is the main raw material component used in our products. Raw quartz must be processed into finer grades of sand and powder before we use it in our manufacturing process. We purchase quartz from our quartz suppliers already processed by them. We acquire quartz from suppliers primarily in Turkey, Belgium, India, Portugal, the U.S. and Israel. In 2018, approximately 65% of our quartz, including mainly quartzite, which is used across all of our products was imported from several suppliers in Turkey, out of which approximately 38% was acquired from Mikroman Madencilik San ve TIC.LTD.STI (“Mikroman”), which constitutes approximately 24% of our total quartz, and approximately 34% was acquired from Polat Maden Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S (“Polat”), which constitutes approximately 22% of our total quartz. Our current supply arrangements with Polat and Mikroman for 2019 are set forth in letter agreements. We expect our arrangements with Mikroman and Polat with respect to prices and quantities to remain unchanged through the end of 2019.

Similar to our arrangements with Mikroman and Polat described above, we typically transact business with our quartz suppliers on an annual framework basis, under which we execute purchase orders from time to time. Quartz imported from Turkey, Europe and Israel for our U.S. manufacturing facility entails higher transportation costs. In 2019, we intend to continue to acquire quartz for our U.S. manufacturing facility mainly from the same sources we use for our Israeli facilities, but expect a slight increase in our domestic supply compared to 2018.

In most cases, we acquire polyester mainly from three suppliers, on a purchase order basis, based on our projected needs for the subsequent one to three months. Currently, suppliers are unwilling to agree to preset prices for periods longer than a quarter and suppliers' prices may vary during a quarter as well.

Pigments for our production in Israel are purchased from Israel and suppliers abroad. Pigments for our U.S. production are primarily purchased from the U.S.

Our strategy is to maintain, whenever practicable, multiple sources for the purchase of our raw materials to achieve competitive pricing, provide flexibility and protect against supply disruption.

See “ITEM 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors— We may encounter significant delays in manufacturing if we are required to change the suppliers for the raw materials used in the production of our products.” For our cost of quartz, polyester and pigments in 2018 and prior years, see “ITEM 5.A: Operating Results and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results— Cost of revenues and gross profit margin.”

Manufacturing and Facilities

Our products are manufactured at our three manufacturing facilities located in Kibbutz Sdot-Yam in central Israel, Bar-Lev Industrial Park in northern Israel and Richmond-Hill, Georgia in the U.S. We completed our Bar-Lev manufacturing facility in 2005, which included our third production line, and we established our fourth production line at this facility in 2007 and our fifth production line at this facility in 2013. We completed our U.S. manufacturing facility in 2015, where we began to operate our sixth production line in the second quarter of 2015 and our seventh line in the fourth quarter of 2015. In addition to a $135 million as an initial investment, we have the option to further invest and expand in Richmond Hill to accommodate additional manufacturing capacity in the future as needed to satisfy potential demand.

Finished slabs are shipped from our facilities in Israel and the U.S. to our distribution centers worldwide, directly to customers and to third party distributors worldwide. For further discussion of our facilities, see “ITEM 4.D: Information on Caesarstone—Property, plants, and equipment.”

The manufacturing process for our products typically involves blending approximately 90% quartz with approximately 10% polyester and pigments. Using machinery acquired primarily from Breton, the leading supplier of engineered stone manufacturing equipment, together with our proprietary manufacturing enhancements, this mixture is compacted into slabs by a vacuum and vibration process. The slabs are then moved to a curing kiln where the cross-linking of the polyester is completed. Lastly, the slabs are gauged, calibrated and polished to enhance shine.

We maintain strict quality control and safety standards for our products and manufacturing process. Our manufacturing facilities have several safety certifications from third-party organizations, including an OHSAS 18001 safety certification from the International Quality Network for superior manufacturing safety operations.

In addition, in 2018 we have increased our outsourcing capabilities and currently purchase a certain portion of our slabs from third-party quartz manufacturers that meet our specifications. We conduct quality control and quality assurance processes with respect to such outsourcing of our products. In 2019, we intend to increase the scope of purchases from OEMs.

Seasonality

For a discussion of seasonality, please refer to “ITEM 5.A: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects—Operating Results—Quarterly results of operations and seasonality.”

Competition

We believe that we compete principally based upon product quality, breadth of product offering and product innovation, brand awareness and position, pricing and customer service. We believe that we differentiate ourselves from competitors on the basis of our premium brand, our signature product designs, our ability to offer our products in major markets globally, our focus on the quality of our product offerings, our customer service-oriented culture, our high involvement in the product supply chain and our leading distribution partners.

The dominant surface materials used by end-consumers in each market vary. Our engineered quartz surface products compete with a number of other surface materials such as granite, laminate, marble, manufactured solid surface, concrete, stainless steel, wood and ceramic large slabs, a new countertop surface material entrant. The manufacturers of these products consist of a number of regional and global competitors. Some of our competitors may have greater resources than we have, and may adapt to changes in consumer preferences and demand more quickly, expand their materials offering, devote greater resources to design innovation and establishing brand recognition, manufacture more versatile slab sizes and implement processes to lower costs.

The engineered quartz surface market is highly fragmented and is also served by a number of regional and global competitors. We also face growing competition from low-cost manufacturers from Asia, especially from China, and from Europe. Large multinational companies have also invested in their engineered quartz surface production capabilities. For more information, see “ITEM 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—We face intense competitive pressures from manufacturers of quartz or other surface materials which could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition” and “ITEM 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors—Competition from manufacturers of lower priced products may reduce our market share, alter consumer preferences and materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition”.

Information Technology Systems

We believe that an appropriate information technology infrastructure is important in order to support our daily operations and the growth of our business.

Our ERP software provides us with accessible quality data and allows us to accurately enter, price and configure valid products in a made-to-order, demand-driven manufacturing environment. Carefully maintained infrastructure is critical, given that our products can be built in a number of combinations of sizes, colors, textures and finishes, and our production control software enables us to carefully monitor the quality of our slabs. Given our global expansion, we implemented a global ERP based on an Oracle platform, in 2013 and 2014.

We have experienced and expect to continue to experience actual or attempted cyber-attacks of our IT networks. Although none of these actual or attempted cyber-attacks has had a material impact on our operations or financial condition, we cannot guarantee that any such incidents will not have a material adverse impact on our operations or financial condition in the future. We seek to update our IT infrastructure to enhance our ability to prevent and respond to cyberthreats and conduct training for our employees in this respect. For further details, see “ITEM 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors— Disruptions to our information technology systems due to cyber-attacks or our failure to upgrade and adjust our information technology systems globally, may materially impair our operations, hinder our growth and materially and adversely affect our business and results of operations.”

Intellectual Property

Our Caesarstone brand is central to our business strategy, and we believe that maintaining and enhancing the Caesarstone brand is critical to expanding our business.

We have obtained trademark registrations in certain jurisdictions that we consider material to the marketing of our products, all of which are used under the trade mark Caesarstone, including CAESARSTONE® and our Caesarstone logo. We have obtained trademark registrations for additional marks that we use to identify certain product collections, as well as other marks used for certain of our products. While we expect our applications to mature into registrations, we cannot be certain that we will obtain such registrations. In many of our markets we also have trademarks, including registered and unregistered marks, on the colors and models of our products. We believe that our trademarks are important to our brand, success and competitive position. In the past, some of our trademark applications for certain classes of our products’ applications have been rejected or opposed in certain markets and may be rejected for certain classes in the future, in all or parts of our markets, including without limitation, for flooring and wall cladding. We are currently subject to opposition proceedings with respect to applications for registration of our trademark Caesarstone™ in certain jurisdictions.

To protect our know-how and trade secrets, we customarily require our employees and managers to execute confidentiality agreements or otherwise agree to keep our proprietary information confidential. Typically, our employment contracts also include clauses requiring these employees to assign to us all inventions and intellectual property rights they develop in the course of their employment and agree not to disclose our confidential information.

In addition to confidentiality agreements, we seek patent protection for some of our latest technologies. We have obtained patents for certain of our technologies and have pending patent applications that were filed in various jurisdictions, including the United States, Europe, Australia, Canada, China and Israel, which relate to our manufacturing technology and certain products. No patent application of ours is material to the overall conduct of our business. There can be no assurance that pending applications will be approved in a timely manner or at all, or that such patents will effectively protect our intellectual property. There can be no assurance that we will develop patentable intellectual property in the future, and we have chosen and may further choose not to pursue patents for innovations that are material to our business.

Environmental and Other Regulatory Matters

Environmental and Health and Safety Regulations

Our manufacturing facilities and operations in Israel and our manufacturing facility in the State of Georgia, United States, whose two production lines became operational in 2015, are subject to numerous Israeli and U.S. environmental and workers' health and safety laws and regulations. Applicable U.S. laws and regulations include federal, state and local laws and regulations, including Georgia state laws. Laws and regulations in both countries address pollution and the protection of the environment, setting standards for emissions, discharges into the environment or to water, soil and water contamination, product specifications, nuisance prevention, generation, the treatment, import, purchase, use, storage and transport of hazardous materials, and the storage, treatment and disposal and remediation of solid and hazardous waste, including sludge, and protection of workers’ health and safety. Violations of environmental, health and safety laws, regulations and permit conditions may lead to, among other things, civil and criminal sanctions, injunctive orders as well as permit revocations and facility shutdowns as further described in “ITEM 3.D: Key Information— Risk Factors— The extent of our liability exposure for environmental, health and safety, product liability and other matters may be difficult or impossible to estimate, and could negatively impact our financial condition and results of operations”.

In addition to being subject to regulatory and legal requirements, our manufacturing facilities in Israel and in the United States operate under applicable permits, licenses and approvals with terms and conditions containing a significant number of prescriptive limits and performance standards. Business licenses for our facilities in Israel contain conditions related to a number of requirements, including with respect to dust emissions, air quality, the disposal of effluents and process sludge, and the handling of waste, chemicals and hazardous materials. We operate in Israel under poison permits that regulate our use of poisons and hazardous materials. Our current poison permits are valid until January 2020 for our Bar-Lev facility and February 2020 for our Sdot -Yam facility. In addition, we dispose of wastewater from our Israeli manufacturing facilities to a treatment plant pursuant to permits obtained from the Israeli Ministry of Environmental Protection (“IMEP”), which are effective until December 31, 2019. Our facility in the United States is required to obtain and follow a General Permit for Storm Water Discharges Associated with Industrial Activity of the Georgia Environmental Protection Division (“GEPD”), an air quality permit from GEDP and other requirements and regulations including among others specific limitations on emission levels of hazardous substances, such as styrene, specific limitations on silica dust levels inside our plant, allowable wastewater discharge limits, oil spill prevention rule, hazardous waste handling requirements and fire protection measures requirements. Each of these permits and licenses require a significant amount of monitoring, record-keeping and reporting in order for us to demonstrate compliance therewith.

We are implementing measures on an ongoing basis in order to achieve and maintain compliance with dust and styrene environmental and occupational emissions standards and to reduce such emissions to a minimum.

From time to time, we face environmental and health and safety compliance issues related to our two manufacturing facilities in Israel and in the U.S. Official representatives of the health and safety and environment authorities in Israel and the State of Georgia visit our facilities from time to time, to inspect issues such as workplace safety, industrial hygiene, monitoring lockout tag out programs, exposure and emissions, water treatment, noise and others. Such inspections may result in citations, penalties, revocation of our business license or limitation or shut down of our facilities’ operations. It may also require us to make further investments in our facilities.

•

Emissions. In July 2018, we were notified that the IMEP added additional terms to our Bar Lev business license, requiring, among other things, that we install continuous monitoring system in our Bar-Lev facility. We intend to implement the said requirements within the required timeline, however, we believe that due to technical constrains the implementations of these requirements may cause operational difficulties and intend to discuss easements in the implementation method with the IMEP.

•

Dust emissions and exposure. On December 25, 2016, the Ministry of Labor, Social Affairs and Social Services (“IMLSS”) issued safety orders instructing us to stop production in certain manufacturing processes of the two production lines at our Sdot-Yam facility. The orders alleged deviations from permitted ambient levels of silica dust, styrene and acetone in the facility. Simultaneously, the IMLSS issued a warning of pending safety orders seeking the suspensions of our Bar-Lev facility. As the orders were based on outdated monitoring results, the IMLSS granted us with additional time to obtain updated monitoring results, and, on January 29, 2017, upon receiving satisfactory results reflecting significant improvement, the IMLSS rescinded the orders. We seek on an ongoing basis to continue reducing the level of exposure of our employees to silica dust, styrene and acetone, while enforcing our employees' use of personal protection equipment.

•

Water and Sewer Use. In 2013, we entered into a 30-year agreement with the City of Richmond Hill, pursuant to which the city is required to accept our facility’s sanitary and industrial wastewater discharge up to a certain quantity and subject to certain terms and conditions, including certain permitted concentration level in the discharged water. If we do not meet the applicable limitation under such agreement, we may be required to build an onsite waste water treatment facility. In the past, our wastewater discharge generally did not meet the concentration levels set in the agreement, and there is no assurance that we will successfully meet such levels in the future. The city has further notified us that it may request a change to the permitted concentration levels for discharged wastewater as currently set in the agreement. Additionally, the city indicated that surcharges may be imposed as a result of the facility exceeding the permitted concentration levels. We are reviewing this matter and exploring available solutions to reduce and minimize the discharge of wastewater to the city’s wastewater treatment system.

Other Regulation

We are subject to the Israeli Rest Law, which, among other things, prohibits the employment of Jewish employees on Saturdays and Jewish holidays, unless a permit is obtained from the IMEI. We received a permit from the IMEI to employ Jewish employees on Saturdays and Jewish holidays in connection with most of the production machinery in our Sdot-Yam facility, effective until December 31, 2020. Currently, in our Bar-Lev and Sdot-Yam facilities, our Jewish employees do not work on Saturdays, while our non-Jewish employees are employed on such days.

If we are deemed to be in violation of the Rest Law, we and our officers may be exposed to administrative and criminal liabilities, including fines, and our operational and financial results could be materially and adversely impacted. For more information, see “Item 3.D. Risk Factors—Risks relating to our incorporation and location in Israel—If we fail to comply with Israeli law restrictions concerning employment of Jewish employees on Saturdays and Jewish holidays, we and our office holders may be exposed to administrative and criminal liabilities and our operational and financial results may be materially and adversely impacted.”

For information on other regulation applicable, or potentially applicable, to us, see the following risks factors in “ITEM 3.D. Key Information—Risk Factors”:

“Risks related to our business and industry—We may have exposure to greater-than-anticipated tax liabilities.”

“Risks related to our incorporation and location in Israel— Conditions in Israel could materially and adversely affect our business.”

“Risks related to our incorporation and location in Israel—The tax benefits that are available to us require us to continue to meet various conditions and may be terminated or reduced in the future, which could increase our costs and taxes.”

“Risks related to our incorporation and location in Israel—If we are considered a ‘monopoly’ under Israeli law, we could be subject to certain restrictions that may limit our ability to freely conduct our business to which our competitors may not be subject.

Legal Proceedings

See “ITEM 8.A: Financial Information—Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings.”

C. Organizational Structure

The legal name of our company is Caesarstone Ltd. On June 9, 2016, the Israeli Register of Companies approved to change our name from Caesarstone Sdot-Yam Ltd. to Caesarstone Ltd.

Caesarstone was organized under the laws of the State of Israel. We have five wholly-owned subsidiaries: Caesarstone Australia PTY Limited, which is incorporated in Australia, Caesarstone South East Asia PTE LTD, which is incorporated in Singapore, Caesarstone (UK) Ltd., which is incorporated in the United Kingdom, Caesarstone USA, Inc. and Caesarstone Technologies USA, Inc. (which is wholly-owned by Caesarstone USA, Inc.), both of which are incorporated in the United States.

In 2010, we established Caesarstone Canada as a joint venture with our former distributor in Eastern Canada, Canadian Quartz Holdings Inc. (“Ciot”), which operates fabrication facilities and is also a significant customer of Caesarstone Canada. We held 55% and Ciot held 45% ownership interest in Caesarstone Canada. The approval of both shareholders was required for certain corporate actions by the joint venture, including reducing the selling price of the joint venture’s products below a certain level. Unless we and Ciot otherwise agreed, at the end of each financial year Caesarstone Canada was obligated to distribute 30% of its distributable profits (net profits, the distribution of which will not cause certain events such as insolvency, breach of bank covenants or missing future cash flows or budget, as determined by the board of directors of Caesarstone Canada). As of the date of this report, a total amount of CAD $3,509 thousand was distributed on the account of Caesarstone Canada's years of operation through the end of 2018.

In connection with the formation of the joint venture, we granted Ciot a put option and Ciot granted us a call option for its interest, each exercisable any time between July 1, 2012 and July 1, 2023. In December 2018, we exercised our call option and purchased Ciot’s 45% ownership interest in Caesarstone Canada for a purchase price of CAD $27.3 million and increased our ownership interest to 100%.

In January 2019, we established a North America region, under one leadership, where Caesarstone U.S. and Caesarstone Canada continue to operate as separate legal entities.

D. Property, Plants and Equipment

Our manufacturing facilities are located on the following properties in Israel and the United States:

Properties	Issuer’s rights	Location	Purpose	Size
Kibbutz Sdot-Yam(1)	Land Use Agreement	Caesarea, Central Israel	Headquarters, manufacturing facility, research and development center	30,744 square meters of facility and 60,870 square meters of un-covered yard *
Bar-Lev Industrial Park manufacturing facility(2)	Land Use Agreement	Carmiel, Northern Israel	Manufacturing facility	22,844 square meters of facility and 53,261 square meters of un-covered yard**
Belfast Industrial Center(3,4)	Ownership	Richmond Hill, Georgia, United States	Manufacturing facility	26,400 square meters of facility and 401,110 square meters of un-covered yard (excluding 56,089 square meters of wetland)

* Square-meter figures with respect to properties in Israel are based on data measured by the relevant municipalities used for local tax purposes.

** Square-meter figures based on data used by Israeli municipalities for local tax purpose is adjusted to reflect the property leased from Kibbutz Sdot-Yam as agreed between us and the Kibbutz during 2014.

(1)

Leased pursuant to a land use agreement with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam entered into in March 2012 with a term of 20 years, which replaced the former land use agreement. Starting from September 2014 we use an additional 9,000 square meters pursuant to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam’s consent under terms materially similar to the land use agreement. However, we have the right to return such additional office space and premises to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam at any time upon 90 days’ prior written notice. In September 2016, we exercised our right to return to the Kibbutz an additional office space of approximately 400 square meters which we used since January 2014 under terms materially similar to the land use agreement. The lands on which these facilities are located are held by the ILA and leased or subleased by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam pursuant to agreements described in “ITEM 7.B: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Relationship and agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam—Land use agreement.”

(2)

Leased pursuant to a land use agreement with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam entered into in March 2011, with a term of 10 years commencing in September 2012, which will be automatically renewed, unless we give two years’ prior notice, for an additional 10-year term. This agreement was executed simultaneously with the land purchase and leaseback agreement we entered into with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, according to which Kibbutz Sdot-Yam acquired from us our rights in the lands and facilities of the Bar-Lev industrial center, under a long term lease agreement we entered into with the ILA on June 6, 2007 to use the premises for an initial period of 49 years as of February 6, 2005, with an option to renew for an additional term of 49 years as of the end of the initial period. For more information, see “ITEM 7.B: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Relationship and agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam—Land purchase agreement and leaseback.”

(3)

On September 17, 2013, we entered into a purchase agreement for the purchase of approximately 45 acres of land in Richmond Hill, the State of Georgia, United States, comprising approximately 36.6 acres of upland and approximately 9 acres of wetland for our new U.S. manufacturing facility, the construction of which was completed in 2015. On June 22, 2015, we exercised a purchase option in the agreement and acquired approximately 19.4 acres of land, comprising approximately 18.0 acres of upland. On November 25, 2015, we entered into a new purchase agreement for the purchase of approximately 54.9 acres of additional land situated adjacent to the previously purchased land, comprising approximately 51.1 acres of upland.

(4)

In December 2014, we entered into a bond purchase loan agreement, were issued a taxable revenue bond on December 1, 2014, and executed a corresponding lease agreement. Pursuant to these agreements, the Development Authority of Bryan County, an instrumentality of the State of Georgia and a public corporation (“DABC”), has acquired legal title of our facility in Richmond Hill, in the State of Georgia, U.S., and in consideration leased such facilities back to us. In addition, the facility was pledged by DABC in favor of us and DABC has committed to re-convey title to the facility to us upon the maturity of the bond or at any time at our request, upon our payment of $100 to DABC. Therefore, we consider such facilities to be owned by us. This arrangement was structured to grant us property tax abatement for ten years at 100% and additional five years at 50%, subject to our satisfying certain qualifying conditions with respect to headcount, average salaries paid to our employees and the total capital investment amount in our U.S. plant. In December 2015, we entered into an additional bond purchase loan agreement with the Development Authority of Bryan County, and were issued a second taxable revenue bond on December 22, 2015, to cover additional funds and assets which were utilized in the framework of constructing, acquiring and equipping our U.S. facility. If we were to expand our current U.S. facility, we would have been entitled to an additional taxable revenue bond and a corresponding property tax abatement. In 2017, we notified DABC that we will not be utilizing such additional bond at this time and, accordingly, it has expired.

Various environmental issues may affect our utilization of the above-mentioned facilities. For a further discussion, see “Item 4.B. Information on the Company—Business Overview—Environmental and Other Regulatory Matters—Environmental and Health and Safety Regulations” above.

ITEM 4A: Unresolved Staff Comments

Not applicable.

ITEM 5: Operating and Financial Review and Prospects

A. Operating Results

The following discussion and analysis of our financial condition and results of operations should be read in conjunction with our financial information presented in “ITEM 3: Key Information,” our audited consolidated balance sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated income statements and cash flow statements for each of the three years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, and related notes and the information contained elsewhere in this annual report. Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles. See “ITEM 3.D: Risk Factors” and “Special Note Regarding Forward Looking Statements.”

Company overview

We are a leading manufacturer of high-quality engineered quartz surfaces sold under our premium Caesarstone brand. We have grown to become the largest provider of quartz surfaces in Australia, Canada, Israel, France and South Africa, and have significant market share in the United States and Singapore. Our products accounted for approximately 8% of global engineered quartz by volume in 2016. Our sales in the United States, Australia, Canada and Israel, our four largest markets, accounted for 41.5%, 22.8%, 17.3% and 6.9% of our revenues in 2018. We believe that our revenues will continue to be highly concentrated among a relatively small number of geographic regions for the foreseeable future. For further information with respect to our geographic concentration, see “ITEM 3.D: Key Information—Risk Factors—Our revenues are subject to significant geographic concentration and any disruption to sales within one of our key existing markets could materially and adversely impact our results of operations and prospects.”

We experienced annual compound revenue growth of 8.5% between 2015 and 2017, driven mainly by the continued quartz penetration, increased remodeling spending in all our top three markets and growth in residential unit completions in the United States, our largest market, and increased portion of innovative designs within our offering. Revenue declined by 2.1% between 2017 and 2018 mainly due to decline in sales in the U.S. market mainly as a result of more intense competition and in Australia, which was mainly affected by the decline in the repair and renovation spending in Australia. From 2017 to 2018 our gross profit margins decreased from 33.5% to 28.4%, adjusted EBITDA margins decreased from 17.1% to 13.1%, and adjusted net income decreased from 8.5% to 6.3% over the same period. We attribute the decrease in margins mainly to the increase in our raw material prices, increased average product manufacturing costs per unit in our Israel facilities related mostly to increased component of differentiated products, negative impact of currencies and inventory and logistics inefficiencies. These factors were partly offset by more favorable geographic and product mix and an improved performance at our U.S. manufacturing facility.

Our strategy is to continue to be a global market leader of surfaces, and quartz surface products in particular. We believe that a significant portion of our future growth will come from continued penetration of our U.S. and Canada markets, particularly in light of recent developments in the U.S. relating to duties and tariffs on imports of quartz countertops from China. We believe that our expansion into new markets that exhibit an existing demand for stone products and stone installation capabilities will contribute to our future growth in the long term. We believe there may be consolidation in the quartz surface industry in the future and to remain competitive in the long term, we will need to grow our business both organically and through the acquisition of third-party distributors, manufacturers, fabricators and/or raw material suppliers and/or the expansion of our product offering.

Factors impacting our results of operations

We consider the following factors to be important in analyzing our results of operations:

•

Our sales are impacted by home renovation and remodeling and new residential construction, and to a lesser extent, commercial construction. We estimate that approximately 65%-75% of our revenue is related to renovation and remodeling activities in the United States, Australia and Canada, while 25% to 35% is related to new residential construction. Renovation and remodeling spending increased by single digits in the United State and Canada in 2016 and 2017. In Australia, renovation and remodeling spending experienced a major decline in growth rate in 2016 compared to 2015 growth, and a slight decline in 2017.

•

In 2017 our revenue increased by 9.2%. On a constant currency basis, revenue grew by 7.4%. The growth was primarily in the United States and Canada, delivering growth of 10.2% and 12.1% on a constant currency basis. In 2018 our revenue decreased by 2.1%. On a constant currency basis, revenue declined by 1.9%. The decline was primarily in the United States and Australia, declining by 2.5% and 1.9% on a constant currency basis, respectively.

•

Our gross profit margins have decreased from a level of 39.5% in 2016 and 33.5% in 2017 to 28.4% in 2018. This margin decrease was driven primarily by higher raw material cost related mainly to polyester prices and operational inefficiencies, increased average product manufacturing costs per unit in our Israel facilities, partly related to our increased portion of differentiated products as well as their complexity level and a negative impact of currencies. These factors were partly offset by more favorable geographic and product mix and improved performance at our U.S. manufacturing facility.

•

Our operating income margins were 5.7% in 2018, 6.9% in 2017 and 17.2% in 2016. The continuing decrease is mainly related to the gross margin erosion mentioned above and was partially offset by cost savings initiatives implemented in 2018.

•

As an increasing portion of our products are sold through direct channels, our revenues and results of operations exhibit some quarterly fluctuations as a result of seasonal influences which impact construction and renovation cycles. Due to the fact that certain of our operating costs are fixed, the impact on our adjusted EBITDA, adjusted net income and net income of a change in revenues is magnified. We believe that the second and third quarters tend to exhibit higher sales volumes than the other quarters because demand for quartz surface products is generally higher during the summer months in the northern hemisphere with the effort to complete new construction and renovation projects before the new school year. Conversely, the first quarter is impacted by the winter slowdown in the northern hemisphere in the construction industry and might reduce sales in Israel based on the date of the spring holiday a particular year. Similarly, sales in Australia during the first quarter are negatively impacted by fewer construction and renovation projects. The fourth quarter is susceptible to being impacted by the onset of winter in the northern hemisphere.

•

We conduct business in multiple countries in North America, South America, Europe, Asia-Pacific, Australia and the Middle East and as a result, we are exposed to risks associated with fluctuations in currency exchange rates between the U.S. dollar and certain other currencies in which we conduct business. A significant portion of our revenues is generated in U.S dollar, and to a lesser extent the Australian dollar, the Canadian dollar, the euro and the new Israeli shekel. In 2018, 43.0% of our revenues were denominated in U.S. dollars, 22.8% in Australian dollars, 17.3% in Canadian dollars, 7.2% in euros and 6.9% in NIS. As a result, devaluations of the Australian dollars, and to a lesser extent, the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar may unfavorably impact our profitability. Our expenses are largely denominated in U.S. dollars, NIS and euro, with a smaller portion in Canadian dollars and Australian dollars. As a result, appreciation of the NIS, and to a lesser extent, the euro relative to the U.S. dollar may unfavorably affect our profitability. We attempt to limit our exposure to foreign currency fluctuations through forward and option contracts, which, except for U.S. dollar/NIS forward contracts, are not designated as hedging accounting instruments under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. As of December 31, 2018, we had outstanding contracts with a notional amount of $88 million. These transactions were for a period of up to 12 months. The fair value of these foreign currency derivative contracts was negative $0.4 million, which is included in current assets and current liabilities, at December 31, 2018. For further discussion of our foreign currency derivative contracts, see “ITEM 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.”

Components of statements of income

Revenues

We derive our revenues from sales of quartz surfaces, mostly to fabricators in our direct markets and to third-party distributors in our indirect markets. In the United States, Australia, Canada and Singapore the initial purchasers of our products are primarily fabricators. In Israel, the purchasers are local distributors who in turn sell to fabricators. In the United States, we also sell our products to a small number of sub-distributors, stone resellers as well as to IKEA. We consider Israel to be a direct market due to the warranty we provide to end-consumers, our local fabricators’ technical instruction programs and our local sales and marketing activities. The purchasers of our products in our other markets are our third-party distributors who in turn sell to sub-distributors and fabricators. Our direct sales accounted for 90.2%, 90.2% and 89.1%, for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services.

The warranties that we provide vary by market. In our indirect markets, we provide all of our distributors with a limited direct manufacturing defect warranty. In all of our indirect markets, distributors are responsible for providing warranty coverage to end-customers. In Australia, Canada, the United States, the United Kingdom and Singapore we provide end-consumers with a limited warranty on our products for interior countertop applications. In Israel, we typically provide end-consumers with a direct limited manufacturing defect warranty on our products. Based on historical experience, warranty issues are generally identified within one and a half years after the shipment of the product and a significant portion of defects are identified before installation. We record a reserve on account of possible warranty claims, which increases our cost of revenues. Historically, warranty claims expenses have been low, accounting for approximately 0.2% of our total goods sold in 2018.

The following table sets forth the geographic breakdown of our revenues during the periods indicated:

	Year ended December 31,
	2018					2017					2016
Geographical Region	% of total revenues			Revenues in thousands of USD		% of total revenues			Revenues in thousands of USD		% of total revenues			Revenues in thousands of USD
United States		41.5	%	$	239,241		41.7	%	$	245,361		41.3	%	$	222,597
Australia (incl. New Zealand)		22.8			131,086		23.4			137,559		24.3			130,910
Canada		17.3			99,678		16.6			97,838		15.9			85,740
Israel		6.9			39,894		7.6			44,489		7.9			42,545
Europe		6.0			34,457		4.9			28,679		4.8			25,606
Rest of world		5.5			31,515		5.8			34,221		5.8			31,145
Total		100.0	%	$	575,871		100.0	%	$	588,147		100.0	%	$	538,543

In 2018, U.S. revenues decreased by 2.5%, mainly reflecting decrease in sales to IKEA of 12.4% that we believe is mainly due to change in IKEA’s promotional structure.

In 2017, U.S. revenues increased by 10.2%, reflecting a single-digit core growth rate and stronger IKEA sales.

Revenues in Australia decreased by 4.7% in 2018 compared to growth of 5.1% in 2017. On a constant currency basis, revenues in Australia declined by 1.9% in 2018 and grew by 2.1% in 2017. The decrease in 2018 in comparison to 2017 primarily reflects weakness in the Australian housing market relative to 2017.

In Canada, revenues grew by 1.9% in 2018 and 14.1% in 2017, representing a 1.7% and 12.0% increase on a constant-currency basis, respectively. Our growth rate in Canada reflects stronger IKEA sales partially offset by a decrease in core sales.

Revenues in Israel decreased by 10.3% in 2018 compared to an increase of 4.6% in 2017. On a constant currency basis, revenues declined by 10.7% and 2.6% in 2018 and 2017, respectively. The decrease in revenue is mainly due to a softer housing market combined with greater competition.

Revenues in Europe grew by 20.1% in 2018 and 12.0% in 2017. On a constant-currency basis, growth in Europe was 15.7% in 2018 and 11.2% in 2017. The improved growth rate was primarily associated with the commencement of direct distribution operations in the U.K.

Our revenues for the rest of the world declined by 7.9% in 2018 compared to a growth of 9.9% in 2017. On a constant currency basis, revenues declined by 11.7% in 2018 and grew by 7.6% in 2017.

In 2017, we had one customer which accounted for approximately 11% of our revenues (see also note 14 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report). For the year ended December 31, 2018 and 2016, there was no customer that accounted for more than 10%.

Cost of revenues and gross profit margin

Approximately 40% of our cost of revenues is raw material costs (excluding the cost of OEM products sold during the year ended December 31, 2018, which accounted for less than 10% out of our cost of revenues). The cost of our raw materials consists of the purchase prices of such materials and costs related to the logistics of delivering the materials to our manufacturing facilities. Our raw materials costs are also impacted by changes in foreign exchange rates. Our principal raw materials, quartz and polyester, jointly accounted for approximately 70% of our total raw material cost in 2018. The balance of our cost of revenues consists primarily of manufacturing costs and related overhead. Cost of revenues in our direct distribution channels also includes the cost of delivery from our manufacturing facilities to our warehouses, warehouse operational costs, as well as additional delivery costs associated with the shipment of our products to customer sites in certain markets. In the U.S. and Canada, we also incur fabrication and installation costs related mainly to IKEA. In the case of our indirect distribution channels, we bear the cost of delivery to the seaport closest to our production plants and our distributors bear the cost of delivery from the seaport to their warehouses.

Quartz is one of our principal raw materials. In 2018, approximately 65% of our total quartz was from several suppliers in Turkey, with the major part acquired from Mikroman and Polat.

Quartz accounted for approximately 32% of our raw materials cost in 2018. Accordingly, our cost of sales and overall results of operations are impacted significantly by fluctuations in quartz prices. In 2018 and 2017, the average cost of quartz increased by 3.0% and 10.6%, respectively, mainly as a result of higher portion of production in our U.S. manufacturing facility, where import of quartz from non-domestic suppliers involves higher transportation costs, and as a result of increase of transportation due to oil prices. Any future increases in quartz costs may adversely impact our margins and net income.

Given the significance of polyester costs relative to our total raw material expenditures, our cost of sales and overall results of operations are impacted significantly by fluctuations in their prices, which generally correlate with oil prices. In 2017, average polyester costs increased by approximately 21%. In 2018, average polyester costs increased by approximately 6%. Any future increases in polyester costs may adversely impact our margins and net income.

We are exposed to fluctuations in the prices of pigments, although to a lesser extent than with polyester. For example, the cost of titanium dioxide, our principal white pigmentation agent, increased by approximately 16% and 33% in 2018 and 2017, respectively. Any future increases in pigments costs may adversely impact our margins and net income.

The gross profit margins on sales in our direct markets are generally higher than in our indirect markets in which we use third-party distributors, due to the elimination of the third-party distributor’s margin. In many markets, our expansion strategy is to work with third-party distributors who we believe will be able to increase sales more rapidly in their market than if we distributed our products directly. However, in several markets we distribute directly, including the United States, Australia, Canada and in the United Kingdom. In the future, we intend to evaluate other potential markets to distribute directly.

Research and development, net

Our research and development expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs, as well as costs for subcontractor services and costs of materials consumed in connection with the design and development of our products. We expense all of our research and development costs as incurred.

Marketing and selling

Marketing and selling expenses consist primarily of compensation and associated costs for personnel engaged in sales, marketing, distribution and advertising and promotional expenses. Between 2015 and 2017, our expenses increased both in absolute spending and as a percentage of revenues. In 2018 our expenses decreased as part of our cost savings initiatives following an increase in previous years which was mainly attributed to the U.S., aimed to strengthen our U.S. marketing and sales organization as well as to the newly established direct distribution operations in the United Kingdom.

General and administrative

General and administrative expenses consist primarily of compensation and associated costs for personnel engaged in finance, human resources, information technology, legal and other administrative activities, as well as fees for legal and accounting services. See “—Other factors impacting our results of operations—Agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam” and “ITEM 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions.”

Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net

Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net consists of expenses related to settlements expenses and estimated exposure not covered by our insurance applicable to individual silicosis claims and other ongoing claims. In 2018, we recorded $8.9 million of such expenses. In 2017, we recorded $24.8 million related primarily to the outcome of the arbitration with Kfar Giladi.

Finance expenses, net

Finance expenses, net, consist primarily of bank and credit card fees, borrowing costs and exchange rate differences arising from changes in the value of monetary assets and monetary liabilities stated in currencies other than the functional currency of each entity. These expenses are partially offset by interest income on our cash balances and gains on derivative instruments. Our finance expenses, net were $3.3 million in 2016 and $5.6 million in 2017, an increase despite significantly higher income from bank deposits, given $2.5 million losses related to exchange rate fluctuations. In 2018, our finance expenses decreased to $3.6 million despite significantly higher losses related to exchange rate fluctuations, given $2.4 million gains from derivatives.

Corporate taxes

As we operate in a number of countries, our income is subject to taxation in different jurisdictions with a range of tax rates. Our effective tax rate was 15.7% in 2018, 21.2% in 2017 and 14.5% in 2016.

The standard corporate tax rate for Israeli companies was 25% in 2016, 24% in 2017 and 23% in 2018. Our non-Israeli subsidiaries are taxed according to the tax laws in their respective countries of organization.

Effective January 1, 2011, with the enactment of Amendment No. 68 to the Israeli Tax Law, both of our Israeli facilities operate under a consolidated “Preferred Enterprise” status. The “Preferred Enterprise” status provides the portion related to the Bar-Lev manufacturing facility with the potential to be eligible for grants of up to 20% of the investment value in approved assets and a reduced flat corporate tax rate, which applies to the industrial enterprise’s entire preferred income, of 9% in the three years of 2014 through 2016 and 7.5% in 2017 onward. For the portion related to the Sdot-Yam facility, this status provides us with a reduced flat corporate tax rate, which applies to the industrial enterprise’s entire preferred income, which was 16% during the same period.

In December 2017, the U.S. enacted significant tax reform through the TCJA. The TCJA enacted significant changes affecting the year ended December 31, 2017, including, but not limited to (1) reducing the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate to 21% effective 2018; and (2) imposing a one-time transition tax on certain unrepatriated earnings of foreign subsidiaries of U.S. companies that had not been previously taxed in the U.S.

The TCJA also established new tax provisions affecting 2018, including, but not limited to (1) creating a new provision designed to tax global intangible low-tax income; (2) generally eliminating U.S. federal taxes on dividends from foreign subsidiaries; (3) eliminating the corporate alternative minimum tax; (4) creating the base erosion anti-abuse tax; (5) establishing a deduction for foreign derived intangible income; (6) repealing the domestic production activity deduction; and (7) establishing new limitations on deductible interest expense and certain executive compensation.

The reduction of the U.S. federal corporate income tax rate required us to remeasure our deferred tax assets and liabilities as of the date of enactment. For the year ended December 31, 2017, we decreased the net deferred tax liability as a result of such remeasurement, resulting in tax income benefit for the year ended December 31, 2017.

As of December 31, 2018, certain provisions of the TCJA remains subject to Internal Revenue Service as well as state tax authorities’ guidance and interpretation which could have a material adverse effect on our cash tax liabilities, results of operations, and financial condition. In addition, the TCJA could be subject to potential amendments and technical corrections, any of which could materially lessen or increase certain adverse impacts of the legislation on us and our business. We will continue to evaluate the effects of the TCJA on us as federal and state tax authorities issue additional regulations and guidance.

For more information about the tax benefits available to us as an Approved Enterprise or as a Beneficiary Enterprise or as Preferred Enterprise, see “ITEM 10.E: Additional Information—Taxation—Israeli tax considerations and government programs.”

Net income attributable to non-controlling interest

In October 2010, we closed a transaction for the establishment of a joint venture with our former third-party distributor in Eastern Canada, Canadian Quartz Holdings Inc. (“Ciot”). Ciot acquired a 45% ownership interest in the new subsidiary, Caesarstone Canada Inc., and 45% of Caesarstone Canada Inc.’s net income is attributed to Ciot. In December 2018, the Company purchased Ciot’s 45% ownership interest in Caesarstone Canada Inc. and increased its ownership interest to 100%.

Other factors impacting our results of operations

Share based compensation

We recorded share-based compensation expenses related to the above grants of $5.3 million in 2017, $3.5 million in 2016 and $2.6 million in 2015, and expect to record $6.2 million over a weighted average period of 1.1 years from December 31, 2018. For more information, see also Note 12 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

Agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam

We are party to a series of agreements with our largest shareholder, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, which govern different aspects of our relationship. Pursuant to these agreements, in consideration for using facilities leased to us or for services provided by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, we paid to the Kibbutz an aggregate of $9.2 million in 2017, $9.7 million in 2016 and $11.1 million in 2015 (excluding VAT). During 2018 and following the assessment of an appointed appraiser and negotiations between us and the Kibbutz, it was agreed to increase the fees under such agreement, such that for the year ended December 31, 2018 we paid additional amount of NIS 950,000 (approximately $250,000), and starting 2019 and on we will pay an additional annual amount of NIS 1,100,000 (approximately $293,000)

For more information on these agreements, see “ITEM 7.B: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions.”

Comparison of period-to-period results of operations

The following table sets forth our results of operations as a percentage of revenues for the periods indicated:

	Year ended December 31,
	2018					2017					2016
	Amount		% of Revenue			Amount		% of Revenue			Amount		% of Revenue
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
Revenues:	$	575,871		100.0	%	$	588,147		100.0	%	$	538,543		100.0	%
Cost of revenues		412,457		71.6			390,924		66.5			326,057		60.5
Gross profit		163,414		28.4			197,223		33.5			212,486		39.5
Operating expenses:
Research and development, net		3,635		0.6			4,164		0.7			3,290		0.6
Marketing and selling		74,786		13.0			81,789		13.9			70,343		13.1
General and administrative		43,323		7.5			45,930		7.8			40,181		7.5
Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net		8,903		1.6			24,797		4.2			5,868		1.1
Total operating expenses		130,647		22.7			156,680		26.6			119,682		22.2
Operating income		32,767		5.7			40,543		6.9			92,804		17.3
Finance expenses, net		3,639		0.6			5,583		0.9			3,318		0.6
Income before taxes on income		29,128		5.1			34,960		5.9			89,486		16.7
Taxes on income		4,560		0.8			7,402		1.3			13,003		2.4
Net income	$	24,568		4.3	%	$	27,558		4.7	%	$	76,483		14.3	%
Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		163		0.1			1,356		0.2			1,887		0.4
Net income attributable to controlling interest	$	24,405		4.2	%	$	26,202		4.5	%	$	74,596		13.9	%

Year ended December 31, 2018 compared to year ended December 31, 2017

Revenues

Revenues decreased by $12.3 million or 2.1%, to $575.9 million in 2018 from $588.1 million in 2017. The decrease resulted primarily from a 2.0% decrease in the volume of sales resulting in a decrease in revenues of approximately $10.7. In addition, our average selling prices decreased by 0.1% primarily due to competition, most significantly in the United States, which resulted in decrease in revenues of approximately $4.0 million. Negative exchange rates, related to the depreciation of the AUD against the U.S. dollar partly offset with the appreciation of all other currencies against the U.S. dollar, resulted in a revenue decrease of approximately $1.0 million. On a constant currency basis, revenues decreased by $11.1 million in 2018, representing 1.9% decrease compared to 2017. The decrease was mainly related to softer performance in the U.S., Israel, Rest of the World and Australia partly offset by double digit growth in the UK. The soft performance in the U.S. was mainly affected by weaker sales to IKEA.

Cost of revenues and gross profit margins

Cost of revenues increased by $21.5 million, or 5.5%, to $412.5 million in 2018 from $390.9 million in 2017, primarily due to increased average product manufacturing costs per unit in our Israel facilities, unfavorable foreign exchange impact, along with inventory and logistics inefficiencies and higher raw materials costs.

Gross profit decreased from $197.2 million in 2017 to $163.4 million in 2018, with a decrease in gross margin of 520 basis points. The margin decrease was driven primarily by higher raw material cost, related mainly to polyester prices and operational inefficiencies, which reduced gross margin by approximately 300 basis points. Increased average product manufacturing costs per unit in our Israel facilities, partly related to our increased portion of differentiated products as well as their complexity level, negatively impacted gross margin by approximately 220 basis points. Other factors additionally negatively impacted our gross margin by approximately 160 basis points. The above factors were partially offset by improved performance at our U.S. manufacturing facility as a result of throughput and yield improvements during 2018, increased gross margin by approximately 70 basis points and other factors positively impacting our gross margin by approximately additional 90 basis points.

Operating expenses

Research and development. Research and development expenses decreased by $0.5 million, or 12.7%, to $3.6 million in 2018 from $4.2 million in 2017.

Marketing and selling. Marketing and selling expenses decreased by $7.0 million, or 8.6%, to $74.8 million in 2018 from $81.7 million in 2017. Marketing expenses as percent of revenue decreased from 13.9% in 2017 to 13.0% in 2018. This was mainly attributed to certain cost saving initiatives implemented in 2018.

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses decreased by $2.6 million, or 5.7%, to $43.3 million in 2018 from $45.9 million in 2017. This decrease mainly related to a $3.6 million decrease in share-based compensation.

Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net. decreased by $15.9 million to $8.9 million in 2018, This decrease was mainly related to the arbitration decision awarding $13.9 million to Kfar Giladi recorded in 2017 partially offset by provisions recorded for silicosis and other claims.

Finance expenses, net

Finance expenses, net decreased by $1.9 million, or 34.8%, to $3.6 million in 2018 from $5.6 million in 2017. This is mostly related to a decrease in expenses due to exchange rate fluctuations and an increase in income from bank deposits.

Taxes on income

Taxes on income decreased by $2.8 million to $4.6 million in 2018 from $7.4 million in 2017. Our effective tax rate was 15.7% in 2018 compared with 21.2% in 2017. This was mostly due to tax rate decrease in the U.S.

Net income attributable to non-controlling interest

Net income attributable to non-controlling interest decreased by $1.2 million from $1.4 million in 2017 to $0.2 million in 2018. This decrease was due to lower income generated by Caesarstone Canada Inc. in 2018 compared to 2017 despite its revenue growth.

Year ended December 31, 2017 compared to year ended December 31, 2016

Revenues

Revenues increased by $49.6 million or 9.2%, to $588.1 million in 2017 from $538.5 million in 2016. The increase resulted primarily from a 4.0% increase in volume of sales contributing approximately $20 million to revenues. Other notable driver was Fabrication and Installation revenue, which contributed approximately $12 million to revenues. Favorable exchange rates, primarily related to the appreciation of all currencies against the U.S. dollar, contributed approximately $9 million to revenues. Despite some price erosion related to the increased competition, mainly in the United States, our average selling prices increased due to higher portion of differentiated products and increased portion of revenue coming from direct distribution markets, which contributed approximately $8 million to revenues. On a constant currency basis, revenues grew by $40 million in 2017, representing 7.4% growth compared to 2016. The growth was primarily driven by double-digit growth in Canada and the U.S., which grew on a constant currency basis by 12.0% and 10.2%, respectively. The growth rate in both regions benefited from the ramp-up of the IKEA business.

Cost of revenues and gross profit margins

Cost of revenues increased by $64.9 million, or 19.9%, to $390.9 million in 2017 from $326.1 million in 2016, primarily due to increased higher spending in our Richmond-Hill and Israel manufacturing facilities. Other notable drivers were sales volume, increased IKEA fabrication and installation cost related mainly to the increased business with IKEA, higher raw material costs related to polyester prices, the strengthening of all currencies against the U.S. dollar and the newly established direct distribution operations in the U.K.

Gross profit decreased from $212.5 million in 2016 to $197.2 million in 2017, with a decrease in gross margin of 590 basis points. The margin decrease was driven primarily by lower manufacturing throughput in Israel resulting in increased average product manufacturing costs per unit, partly related to our increased portion of differentiated products as well as their complexity level, which impacted gross margin by approximately 210 basis points. Higher material cost, related mainly to polyester prices, reduced gross margin by 160 basis points. Further, our increased portion of production in Richmond Hill plant offset with throughput and yield improvements, reduced gross margin by approximately 110 basis points. Increased component of fabrication and installation revenue, which comes with lower margins, eroded our margin by 70 basis points.

Operating expenses

Research and development. Research and development expenses increased by $0.9 million, or 26.6%, to $4.2 million in 2017 from $3.3 million in 2016. The increase was mainly driven by accelerated development activities.

Marketing and selling. Marketing and selling expenses increased by $11.5 million, or 16.3%, to $81.8 million in 2017 from $70.3 million in 2016. Marketing expenses as percent of revenue increased from 13.1% in 2016 to 13.9% in 2017. This was mainly attributed to continued increasing marketing and sales spending in the U.S. and to the newly established direct distribution operations in the U.K.

General and administrative. General and administrative expenses increased by $5.7 million, or 14.3%, to $45.9 million in 2017 from $40.2 million in 2016. This increase included $1.2 million related to exchange rate fluctuation. Other increases were mainly related to a $1.9 million increase in shared based compensation and a $1.1 million related to the newly established direct distribution operations in the U.K.

Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net. increased by $18.9 million to $24.8 million in 2017, This increase was mainly attributable to the arbitration result of $13.9 million compensation to Kfar Giladi and, to a lesser extent, to silicosis claims.

Finance expenses, net

Finance expenses, net increased by $2.3 million, or 68.3%, to $5.6 million in 2017 from $3.3 million in 2016. This is mostly related to an increase of $2.5 million in expenses related to exchange rate fluctuations, partially offset with increase in income from bank deposits interest.

Taxes on income

Taxes on income decreased by $5.6 million to $7.4 million in 2017 from $13.0 million in 2016. Our effective tax rate was 21.2% in 2017 compared with 14.5% in 2016. This was mostly a result of higher portion of taxable income generated outside of Israel, primarily in the United States, where tax rates are higher. In addition, the proportion of non-deductible expenses out of the taxable income was significantly higher in 2017.

Net income attributable to non-controlling interest

Net income attributable to non-controlling interest decreased by $0.5 million from $1.9 million in 2016 to $1.4 million in 2017. This decrease was due to lower income generated by Caesarstone Canada Inc. in 2017 compared to 2016 despite its revenue growth.

Quarterly results of operations and seasonality

The following table presents our unaudited condensed consolidated quarterly results of operations for the eight quarters in the period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018. We also present reconciliations of gross margins to adjusted gross margins, net income to adjusted EBITDA and net income attributable to controlling interest to adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest for the same periods. This information should be read in conjunction with our consolidated financial statements and related notes included elsewhere in this annual report. For more information on our use of non-GAAP financial measures, see “ITEM 3.A. Key Information—Selected Financial Data.” We have prepared the unaudited condensed consolidated quarterly financial information for the quarters presented below on the same basis as our audited consolidated financial statements. The historical quarterly results presented below are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any future quarters or periods.

	Three months ended
	Dec. 31, 2018			Sept. 30, 2018			June 30, 2018			Mar. 31, 2018			Dec. 31, 2017			Sept. 30, 2017			June 30, 2017			Mar. 31, 2017
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
Revenues:	$	142,881		$	147,689		$	149,243		$	136,058		$	148,140		$	154,682		$	148,914		$	136,411
Revenues as a percentage of annual revenue		24.8	%		25.7	%		25.9	%		23.6	%		25.2	%		26.3	%		25.3	%		23.2	%
Gross profit	$	37,070		$	43,771		$	48,329		$	34,244		$	46,343		$	49,718		$	51,921		$	49,241
Operating income (loss)		4,035			14,030			13,275			1,427			(4,912	)		11,004			19,314			15,137
Net income (loss)		1,484			10,587			11,041			1,456			(6,021	)		7,442			14,872			11,265
Other financial data:
Adjusted Gross profit		39,174			43,771			48,329			34,244			46,343			49,718			51,921			49,241
Adjusted Gross profit as a percentage of annual adjusted Gross profit		23.7	%		26.4	%		29.2	%		20.7	%		23.5	%		25.2	%		26.3	%		25.0	%
Adjusted EBITDA	$	17,844		$	21,555		$	24,602		$	11,204		$	20,964		$	25,575		$	29,613		$	24,277
Adjusted EBITDA as a percentage of annual adjusted EBITDA		23.7	%		28.7	%		32.7	%		14.9	%		20.9	%		25.5	%		29.5	%		24.2	%
Adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest	$	7,026		$	10,846		$	14,850		$	3,364		$	7,724		$	12,722		$	16,860		$	12,512
Adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest as a percentage of annual adjusted net income		19.5	%		30.1	%		41.2	%		9.2	%		15.5	%		25.5	%		33.8	%		25.1	%

	Three months ended
	Dec. 31, 2018		Sept. 30, 2018		June 30, 2018		Mar. 31, 2018		Dec. 31, 2017		Sept. 30, 2017		June 30, 2017		Mar. 31, 2017
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Reconciliation of Gross profit to Adjusted Gross profit:
Gross profit	$	37,070	$	43,771	$	48,329	$	34,244	$	46,343	$	49,718	$	51,921	$	49,241
Non-recurring import related expenses		2,104		-		-		-		-		-		-		-

Adjusted Gross profit	$	39,174	$	43,771	$	48,329	$	34,244	$	46,343	$	49,718	$	51,921	$	49,241

	Three months ended
	Dec. 31, 2018		Sept. 30, 2018			June 30, 2018		Mar. 31, 2018			Dec. 31, 2017			Sept. 30, 2017		June 30, 2017		Mar. 31, 2017
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Reconciliation of Net Income (loss) to Adjusted EBITDA:
Net income (loss)	$	1,484	$	10,587		$	11,041	$	1,456		$	(6,021	)	$	7,442	$	14,872	$	11,265
Finance expenses (income), net		2,097		1,551			531		(540	)		1,074			1,594		1,391		1,524
Taxes on income		454		1,892			1,703		511			35			1,968		3,051		2,348
Depreciation and amortization		7,052		7,156			7,132		7,250			7,509			7,476		7,512		7,429
Legal settlements and loss contingencies (a)		3,902		(172	)		2,676		2,497			16,979			5,727		1,420		671
Share-based compensation expense (b)		751		541			362		30			1,388			1,368		1,367		1,154
Provision for employees fringe benefits (c)		—		—			—		—			—			—		—		(114	)
Non-recurring items (d)		2,104					1,157

Adjusted EBITDA	$	17,844	$	21,555		$	24,602	$	11,204		$	20,964		$	25,575	$	29,613	$	24,277

	Three months ended
	Dec. 31, 2018			Sept. 30, 2018			June 30, 2018			Mar. 31, 2018			Dec. 31, 2017			Sept. 30, 2017			June 30, 2017			Mar. 31, 2017
	(as a % of revenue)
Consolidated Income Statement Data:
Revenues:		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%		100.0	%
Gross profit		25.9			29.6			32.4			25.2			31.3			32.1			34.9			36.1
Operating income (loss)		2.8			9.5			8.9			1.0			(3.3	)		7.1			13.0			11.1
Net income (loss)		1.0			7.2			7.4			1.1			(4.1	)		4.8			10.0			8.3

(a)

Consists of legal settlements expenses and loss contingencies, net, related primarily to product liability claims and other adjustments to ongoing legal claims. In 2017, this also reflects Kfar Giladi arbitration results.

(b)

Share-based compensation includes expenses related to stock options and restricted stock units granted to our employees and directors. In addition, includes expenses for phantom awards granted and the related payroll expenses as a result of exercises.

(c)

Relates to an adjustment of provision for taxable employee fringe benefits as a result of a settlement with the Israeli Tax Authority and with the National Insurance Institute of Israel.

(d)

Relates mainly to non-recurring import related expenses and relocation expenses of Caesarstone USA headquarters (the Company's subsidiary).

	Three months ended
	Dec. 31, 2018		Sept. 30, 2018			June 30, 2018		Mar. 31, 2018		Dec. 31, 2017			Sept. 30, 2017		June 30, 2017		Mar. 31, 2017
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Reconciliation of Net Income (loss) Attributable to Controlling Interest to Adjusted Net Income Attributable to Controlling Interest:
Net income (loss) attributable to controlling interest	$	1,366	$	10,536		$	11,010	$	1,493	$	(6,385	)	$	6,943	$	14,548	$	11,096
Legal settlements and loss contingencies (a)		3,902		(172	)		2,676		2,497		16,979			5,727		1,420		671

Share-based compensation expense (b)		751		541			362		30		1,388			1,386		1,367		1,154
Provision for employees fringe benefits (c)		—		—			—		—		—			—		—		(114	)
Non-recurring items (d)		2,104					1,157
Total adjustments before tax		6,757		369			4,195		2,527		18,367			7,095		2,787		1,711
Less tax on above adjustments		1,097		59			355		656		4,258			1,316		475		295
Total adjustments after tax		5,660		310			3,840		1,871		14,109			5,779		2,312		1,416
Adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest		7,026		10,846			14,850		3,364		7,724			12,722		16,860		12,512
Adjusted diluted EPS	$	0.20	$	0.31		$	0.43	$	0.10	$	0.22		$	0.37	$	0.49	$	0.36

(a)

Consists of legal settlements expenses and loss contingencies, net, related primarily to product liability claims and other adjustments to ongoing legal claims. During the three months period ended December 31, 2017, this also reflects Kfar Giladi arbitration results.

(b)

(c)

Relates to an adjustment of provision for taxable employee fringe benefits as a result of a settlement with the Israeli Tax Authority and with the National Insurance Institute of Israel.

(d)

Relates mainly to non-recurring import related expenses and relocation expenses of Caesarstone USA headquarters (the Company's subsidiary).

Our results of operations are impacted by seasonal factors, including construction and renovation cycles. We believe that the second and third quarters of the year exhibits higher sales volumes than other quarters because demand for quartz surface products is generally higher during the summer months in the northern hemisphere, when the weather is more favorable for new construction and renovation projects, as well as the impact of efforts to complete such projects before the beginning of the new school year. Conversely, the first quarter is impacted by a slowdown in new construction and renovation projects during the winter months as a result of adverse weather conditions in the northern hemisphere and, depending on the date of the spring and winter holiday in Israel in a particular year, sales in Israel might be impacted due to such holiday. Similarly, sales in Australia during the first quarter are negatively impacted due to fewer construction and renovation projects.

We expect that seasonal factors will have a greater impact on our revenue, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income attributable to controlling interest in the future as we continue to increase direct distribution as a percentage of our total revenues in the future. This is because we generate higher average selling prices in the markets in which we have direct distribution channels and, therefore, our revenues are more greatly impacted by changes in demand in these markets. At the same time, our fixed costs have also increased as a result of our larger portion of direct distribution and, therefore, the impact of seasonal fluctuations on our revenues on our profit margins, adjusted EBITDA and adjusted net income will likely be magnified in future periods.

Application of critical accounting policies and estimates

Our accounting policies affecting our financial condition and results of operations are more fully described in our consolidated financial statements for the years ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, included in this annual report. The preparation of our financial statements requires management to make judgments, estimates and assumptions that affect the amounts reflected in the consolidated financial statements and accompanying notes, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities. We base our estimates upon various factors, including past experience, where applicable, external sources and on other assumptions that we believe are reasonable under the circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions, and could have a materially adverse effect on our reported results.

In many cases, the accounting treatment of a particular transaction, event or activity is specifically dictated by accounting principles and does not require management’s judgment in its application, while in other cases, management’s judgment is required in the selection of the most appropriate alternative among the available accounting principles, that allow different accounting treatment for similar transactions.

We believe that the accounting policies discussed below are critical to our financial results and to the understanding of our past and future performance as these policies relate to the more significant areas involving management’s estimates and assumptions. We consider an accounting estimate to be critical if: (1) it requires us to make assumptions because information was not available at the time or it included matters that were highly uncertain at the time we were making our estimate; and (2) changes in the estimate or different estimates that we could have selected may have had a material impact on our financial condition or results of operations.

Revenue recognition

We derive our revenues from sales of quartz surfaces mostly through a combination of direct sales in certain markets and indirectly through a network of distributors in other markets.

Starting January 1, 2018, we adopted Accounting Standards Codification 606, Revenue from Contracts with Customers (ASC 606).

Under ASC 606, revenue is recognized when a customer obtains control of promised goods or services in an amount that reflects the consideration the entity expects to receive in exchange for those goods or services. In addition, ASC 606 requires disclosure of the nature, amount, timing, and uncertainty of revenue and cash flows arising from contracts with customers.

We apply the following five steps in accordance with ASC 606: (1) identify the contract with a customer, (2) identify the performance obligations in the contract, (3) determine the transaction price, (4) allocate the transaction price to the performance obligations in the contract, and (5) recognize revenue when a performance obligation is satisfied.

We adopted ASC 606 in the first quarter of 2018 using the modified retrospective method, no cumulative effect adjustment as of the date of the adoption was required.

We analyzed the impact of the ASC 606 on our transactions and agreements by reviewing our current accounting policies and practices to identify potential differences that would result from applying the requirements of ASC 606 to our revenue contracts. In addition, we identified and implemented appropriate changes to our related policies to support recognition and disclosure under ASC 606.

Prior year information has not been restated and continues to be reported under the old accounting standard 605,
“Revenue Recognition” (ASC 605).

Our products that are sold through agreements with exclusive distributors are non-exchangeable, non-refundable, non-returnable and without any rights of price protection or stock rotation. Accordingly, we consider all the distributors to be end-consumers.

For certain revenue transactions with specific customers, we are responsible also for the fabrication and installation of our products. We recognize such revenues upon receipt of acceptance evidence from the end consumer which occurs upon completion of the installation.

Although, in general, we do not grant rights of return, there are certain instances where such rights are granted. We maintain a provision for returns in accordance with ASC 606, which is estimated, based primarily on historical experience as well as management judgment, and is recorded through a reduction of revenue.

Allowance for doubtful accounts

Our trade receivables are derived from sales to customers located mainly in the United States, Australia, Canada, Israel and Europe. We perform ongoing credit evaluations of our customers and to date have not experienced any material losses. In certain circumstances, we may require letters of credit or prepayments. We maintain an allowance for doubtful accounts for estimated losses from the inability of our customers to make required payments that we have determined to be doubtful of collection. We determine the adequacy of this allowance by regularly reviewing our accounts receivable and evaluating individual customers’ receivables, considering customers’ financial condition, credit history and other current economic conditions. If a customer’s financial condition were to deteriorate which might impact its ability to make payment, then additional allowances may be required. Provisions for doubtful accounts are recorded in general and administrative expenses. Our allowance for doubtful accounts was $1.2 million, $1.2 million and $1.3 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Inventory valuation

The majority of our inventory consists of finished goods and of raw materials. Inventories are valued at the lower of cost or net realizable value, with cost of finished goods determined on the basis of direct manufacturing costs plus allocable indirect costs representing allocable operating overhead expenses and manufacturing costs and cost of raw materials determined using the “standard cost” method which approximates actual cost on a weighted average basis. We assess the valuation of our inventory on a quarterly basis and periodically write down the value for different finished goods and raw material categories based on their quality classes and aging. If we consider specific inventory to be obsolete, we write such inventory down to zero. Inventory provisions are provided to cover risks arising from slow-moving items, discontinued products, excess inventories and net realizable value lower than cost. The process for evaluating these write-offs often requires us to make subjective judgments and estimates concerning prices at which such inventory will be able to be sold in the normal course of business. Accelerating the disposal process or incorrect estimates of future sales potential may cause actual results to differ from the estimates at the time such inventory is disposed of or sold. Inventory provision was $15.6 million, $11.4 million and $10.2 million as of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Goodwill and other long-lived assets

The purchase price of an acquired business is allocated between intangible assets and the net tangible assets of the acquired business with the residual of the purchase price recorded as goodwill. The determination of the value of the intangible assets acquired involves certain judgments and estimates. These judgments can include, but are not limited to, the cash flows that an asset is expected to generate in the future and the appropriate weighted average cost of capital.

At December 31, 2018, our goodwill totaled $35.3 million and our identifiable intangible assets were fully amortized during 2018. We assess the impairment of goodwill of our reporting unit annually during the fourth quarter of each fiscal year, or more often if events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value may not be recoverable. Goodwill is tested for impairment at the reporting unit level by first performing a qualitative assessment to determine whether it is more likely than not that, the fair value of the reporting unit is less than its carrying value. If the reporting unit does not pass the qualitative assessment, then the reporting unit's carrying value is compared to its fair value. We have only one reporting unit because all our components have similar economic characteristic, and we determine its fair value based on our market capitalization.

As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no impairment losses had been identified.

We also evaluate the carrying value of all long-lived assets, such as property and equipment and intangibles, for impairment whenever events or changes in circumstances indicate that the carrying value of an asset may not be recoverable. We will record an impairment loss when the carrying value of the underlying asset group exceeds its estimated fair value. In determining whether long-lived assets are recoverable, our estimate of undiscounted future cash flows over the estimated life of an asset is based upon our experience, historical operations of the asset, an estimate of future asset profitability and economic conditions. The future estimates of asset profitability and economic conditions require estimating such factors as sales growth, inflation and the overall economics of the countertop industry. Our estimates are subject to variability as future results can be difficult to predict. If a long-lived asset is found to be non-recoverable, we record an impairment charge equal to the difference between the asset’s carrying value and fair value. As of December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016, no impairment losses had been identified.

Fair value measurements

The performance of fair value measurements is an integral part of the preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Fair value is defined as the price that would be received to sell the asset or paid to transfer the liability in an orderly transaction between market participants to sell or transfer such an asset or liability. Selection of the appropriate valuation techniques, as well as determination of assumptions, risks and estimates used by market participants in pricing the asset or liability requires significant judgment. Although we believe that the inputs used in our evaluation techniques are reasonable, a change in one or more of the inputs could result in an increase or decrease in the fair value for example, of certain assets and certain liabilities and could have an impact on both our consolidated balance sheets and consolidated statements of income.

Accounting for contingencies

We are involved in various product liability, commercial, environmental claims and other legal proceedings that arise from time to time in the course of business. We record accruals for these types of contingencies to the extent that we conclude their occurrence is probable and that the related liabilities are estimable. When accruing these costs, we will recognize an accrual in the amount within a range of loss that is the best estimate within the range. When no amount within the range is a better estimate than any other amount, we accrue for the minimum amount within the range. We record anticipated recoveries under the applicable insurance policies, in the amounts that are covered and we believe their collectability is probable. Legal costs are expensed as incurred.

For unasserted claims or assessments, we followed the accounting guidance in ASC 450-20-50-6, 450-20-25-2 and 450-20-55-2 in which we must first determine that the probability that an assertion will be made is likely, then, a determination as to the likelihood of an unfavorable outcome and the ability to reasonably estimate the potential loss is made.

We review the adequacy of the accruals on a periodic basis and may determine to alter our reserves at any time in the future if we believe it would be appropriate to do so. As such, accruals are based on management’s judgment as to the probability of losses and, where applicable, accruals may materially differ from settlements or other agreements made with regards to such contingencies.

See Note 10 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report and “ITEM 8.A: Financial Information—Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information—Legal Proceedings” for further information regarding legal matters.

Income taxes

We account for income taxes in accordance with ASC 740, “Income Taxes”, which requires that deferred tax assets and liabilities be recognized using enacted tax rates for the effect of temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax basis of recorded assets and liabilities. ASC 740 also requires that deferred tax assets be reduced by a valuation allowance if it is more likely than not that some portion or all of the deferred tax asset will not be realized. We have recorded a valuation allowance to reduce our subsidiaries’ deferred tax assets to the amount that we believe is more likely than not to be realized. Our assumptions regarding future realization may change due to future operating performance and other factors.

ASC 740 requires that companies recognize in their consolidated financial statements the impact of a tax position if that position is not more likely than not of being sustained on audit based on the technical merits of the position. ASC 740 also provides guidance on de-recognition, classification, interest and penalties, accounting in interim periods and disclosure. We accrue interest and penalties related to unrecognized tax benefits in our tax expenses.

We establish reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves are established when we believe that certain positions might be challenged despite our belief that our tax return positions are in accordance with applicable tax laws. As part of the determination of our tax liability, management exercises considerable judgment in evaluating tax positions taken by us in determining the income tax provision and establishes reserves for tax contingencies in accordance with ASC 740 guidelines. We adjust these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, new tax legislation, or the change of an estimate based on new information. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different from the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the effect of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate, as well as the related net interest and penalties.

We file income tax returns in Australia, Canada, Israel, Singapore, England and the United States. The Israeli tax authorities audited our income tax returns for the fiscal years leading up to and including 2014 and we were examined by the IRS in the United States for our income tax return filed for the fiscal year 2015. We may be further subject to examination in the other countries in which we file tax returns and for any subsequent years. Management’s judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes in each of the jurisdictions in which we operate. The provision for income tax is calculated based on our assumptions as to our entitlement to various benefits under the applicable tax laws in the jurisdictions in which we operate. The entitlement to such benefits depends upon our compliance with the terms and conditions set out in these laws. Although we believe that our estimates are reasonable and that we have considered future taxable income and ongoing prudent and feasible tax strategies in estimating our tax outcome, there is no assurance that the final tax outcome will not be different than those which are reflected in our historical income tax provisions and accruals. Such differences could have a material effect on our income tax provision, net income and cash balances in the period in which such determination is made.

Share-based compensation

We measure and recognize stock-based compensation expense based on the fair value measurement for all share-based payment awards made to our employees, including employee stock options and restricted stock awards (RSUs), over the service period for awards expected to vest. Stock-based compensation expense associated with employee stock options in 2018, 2017 and 2016 was $1.7 million, $5.3 million and$3.5 million, respectively.

Under ASC 718, we estimate the value of employee stock options as of date of grant using a Black & Scholes-based option valuation model. The determination of fair value of stock option awards on the date of grant is affected by several factors including our stock price, our stock price volatility, the risk-free interest rate, expected dividends and employee stock option exercise behaviors. If such factors change and we employ different assumptions for future grants, our compensation expense may differ significantly from the amounts that we have recorded in the past. In addition, our compensation expense is affected by our estimate of the number of awards that will ultimately vest. The RSUs are measured at the grant date based on the market value of our ordinary shares. See Note 2u to the financial statements included elsewhere in this report.

B.	Liquidity and Capital Resources

Our primary capital requirements have been to fund production capacity expansions, as well as investments in and acquisitions of third-party distributors, such as the purchase of the minority interest in Caesarstone Canada Inc. during December 2018, our acquisition of the business of our former Australian distributor, our investment in and acquisition of Caesarstone USA, formerly known as U.S. Quartz Products, Inc. and the construction of our new manufacturing facility in the United States. Our other capital requirements have been to fund our working capital needs, operating costs, meet required debt payments and to pay dividends on our capital stock.

Capital resources have primarily consisted of cash flows from operations, cash generated from the March 2012 initial public offering (the “IPO”)”), proceeds from the land purchase agreement and leaseback in connection with our Bar-Lev facility and borrowings under our credit facilities. Our working capital requirements are affected by several factors, including demand for our products, raw material costs and shipping costs.

Our inventory strategy is to maintain sufficient inventory levels to meet anticipated customer demand for our products. Our inventory is significantly impacted by sales in the United States, Australia and Canada, our largest markets, due to the 40-60 days required to ship our products to these locations from Israel. We continue to focus on meeting market demand for our products while improving our inventory efficiency over the long term by implementing procedures to improve our production planning process.

We minimize working capital requirements through our distribution network that allows sales and marketing activities to be provided by third-party distributors. We believe that, based on our current business plan, our cash, cash equivalents and short-term bank deposits on hand, cash from operations and borrowings available to us under our revolving credit line and short-term facilities, we will be able to meet our capital expenditure and working capital requirements, and liquidity needs for at least the next twelve months. We may require additional capital to meet our longer-term liquidity and future growth requirements. Continued instability in the capital markets could adversely affect our ability to obtain additional capital to grow our business and would affect the cost and terms of such capital.

Cash flows

The following table presents the major components of net cash flows used in and provided by operating, investing and financing activities for the periods presented:

	As of December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Net cash provided by operating activities	$	14,692		$	61,017		$	101,519
Net cash used in investing activities		(21,153	)		(22,766	)		(23,313	)
Net cash used in financing activities		(38,363	)		(6,267	)		(35,616	)

Cash provided by operating activities

Operating activities consist primarily of net income adjusted for certain non-cash items. Adjustments to net income for non-cash items include depreciation and amortization, share-based compensation and deferred taxes. In addition, operating cash flows are impacted by changes in operating assets and liabilities, principally inventories, accounts receivable, prepaid expenses and other assets, accounts payable and accrued expenses.

Cash provided by operating activities decreased by $46.3 million from $61.0 million in 2017 to $14.7 million in 2018, mainly due to a decrease in trade payables by $16.2 million during 2018 compared to an increase by $13.9 million during 2017; decrease in accrued expenses and other liabilities by $4.2 million during 2018 compared to an increase by $5.8 million during 2017; and an increase in non-cash expenses in connection with our provision for settled claims and loss contingencies by $8.9 million during 2018 compared to an increase by $24.8 million during 2017. Cash provided by operating activities decreased by $40.5 million from $101.5 million in 2016 to $61.0 million in 2017, mainly to a decrease in net income by $48.9 million and an increase in inventory by $27.8 million during 2017 compared to $5.4 million during 2016. Contributing to cash flows in 2017 were increased non-cash expenses in connection with our provision for settled claims and loss contingencies by $24.8 million during 2017 compared to $5.9 million during 2016 and an increase in trade payable by $13.9 million during 2017 compared to $1.4 million during 2016.

Cash used in investing activities

In 2018, 2017 and 2016, our capital expenditures in cash totaled $21.0 million, $22.7 million, and $22.9 million, respectively. Net cash used in investing activities for the years ended December 31, 2018 and 2017 were $21.2 million and $22.8 million, respectively, consisting principally of $21.0 million of capital expenditures. During 2017, our cash used in investing activities was $22.8 million, consisting principally of capital expenditures. During 2016, our cash used in investing activities was $23.3 million, consisting principally of $22.9 million of capital expenditures. The majority of our investment activities have historically been related to the purchase of manufacturing equipment and components for our production lines, as well as acquisitions of businesses, including our former Australian distributor and our Caesarstone USA acquisition. In order to support our overall business expansion, we will continue to invest in manufacturing equipment and components for our production lines. Moreover, we may spend additional amounts of cash on acquisitions from time to time, if and when such opportunities arise.

Cash used in financing activities

Net cash used in financing activities for 2018 was $38.4 million, which included a $20.1 million call option exercised related to non-controlling interest, $20.3 million of dividends paid and $1.2 million of repayment of a financial leaseback arrangement related to our Bar-Lev facility, partially offset by $4.2 million of bank credit increase. Net cash used in financing activities for 2017 was $6.3 million, which included $5.1 million of bank credit repayment and $1.2 million of repayment of a financial leaseback arrangement related to our Bar-Lev facility. Net cash used in financing activities for 2016 was $35.6 million, which included a $39.4 million purchase of treasure shares, $1.1 million of repayment of a financial leaseback arrangement related to our Bar-Lev facility and a dividend paid by our subsidiary, Caesarstone Canada Inc., in the amount of $0.2 million to CIOT offset by $5.1 million of bank credit increase.

Credit facilities

As of December 31, 2018, we had debt from commercial banks in the total amount of $7.6 million. Our long-term debt consists only of financing the lease-back related to the Bar-Lev sale and lease-back transaction with the Kibbutz. We also received a loan on January 17, 2011, in the amount of CAD 4.0 million ($4.1 million) to Caesarstone Canada Inc. by its shareholders, Ciot and us, on a pro rata basis. The loan bears an interest rate until repayment at a per annum rate equal to the Bank of Canada’s prime business rate plus 0.25%, with the interest accrued on the loan paid on a quarterly basis. The loan balance as of December 31, 2018 was $1.3 million (reflects the portion of the loan received from Ciot), which was included in related party and other loan line item.

As of December 31, 2018, we had short-term credit lines with total availability of $12.9 million, consisting of $0.3 million from Israeli banks, none of which were utilized (not including bank guarantees issued in the amount of $0.9 million), and $13.2 million from Canadian banks, out of which $7.6 million were utilized. Our revolving credit lines from Israeli banks and Canadian banks are subject to annual renewal.

Our credit facilities and services provided by banks in Israel are secured with a “Negative floating pledge,” whereby we committed not to pledge or charge and not to undertake to pledge or charge our general floating assets.

Capital expenditures

Our capital expenditures have included the expansion of our manufacturing capacity and capabilities, and investment and improvements in our information technology systems. In 2018, 2017, and 2016, our capital expenditures were $21.0 million, $22.7 million, and $22.9 million, respectively. We may continue to invest in capacity expansions in the next few years.

Land purchase agreement and leaseback

Pursuant to a land purchase agreement entered into on March 31, 2011, which became effective upon our IPO, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam acquired from us our rights in the lands and facilities of the Bar-Lev Industrial Park in consideration for NIS 43.7 million (approximately $10.9 million). The carrying value of the Bar-Lev land at the time of closing this transaction was NIS 39.0 million (approximately $10.4 million). The land purchase agreement was executed simultaneously with the execution of a land use agreement.

Pursuant to the land use agreement, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam permits us to use the Bar-Lev land for a period of ten years commencing on September 2012, that will be automatically renewed, unless we give two years’ prior notice, for a ten-year term in consideration for an annual fee of NIS 4.1 million (approximately $1.1 million) to be linked to increases in the Israeli consumer price index. The fee is subject to adjustment following January 1, 2021 and every three years thereafter at the option of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam if Kibbutz Sdot-Yam chooses to obtain an appraisal that supports such an increase. The appraiser would be mutually agreed upon or, in the absence of agreement, will be chosen by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam from a list of assessors recommended at that time by Bank Leumi.

Our equipment that resides within the premises is considered integral equipment (as defined in ASC 360-20-15-4) due to the significant costs involved in relocating such equipment. Since we did not sell this equipment to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam as part of the transaction, the transaction is considered a partial sale and leaseback of real estate. As a result, the transaction does not qualify for “sale lease-back” accounting as defined under the relevant provisions of ASC 360-20, and we recorded the entire amount to be received as consideration as a liability while the land and building remained on our balance sheet until the end of the lease term under the provisions of ASC 840-40. As the amount to be paid under the sale-leaseback agreement accreted using our incremental borrowing rate would not cover the anticipated depreciated cost of the building and land at the end of the lease the entire amount paid will be accreted to the anticipated book value of the land and building at the end of the lease term using the effective interest method.

C.	Research and Development, Patents and Licenses

Our research and development department is located in Israel and is comprised of 17 employees with extensive experience in engineered quartz surface manufacturing, polymer science, engineering, product design and engineered quartz surface applications. In 2018, research and development costs accounted for approximately 0.6% of our revenues.

We pursue a strategy of identifying certain innovative proprietary technologies and seeking patent protection when applicable. We have obtained patents for certain of our technologies and have pending patent applications which relate to our manufacturing technology and certain products. We act to protect other innovative proprietary technologies developed by us by implementing confidentiality protection measures without pursuing patent registration. No patent application is material to the overall conduct of our business.

Research and development expenses, net, were $3.6 million, $4.2 million and $3.3 million in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

For a description of our research and development policies, see “ITEM 4.B: Information on Caesarstone—Business Overview—Research and development.”

D.	Trend Information

Other than as disclosed elsewhere in this annual report, we are not aware of any trends, uncertainties, demands, commitments or events for the period from January 1, 2017 to December 31, 2018 that are reasonably likely to have a materially adverse effect on our net revenues, income, profitability, liquidity or capital resources, or that caused the disclosed financial information to be not necessarily indicative of future operating results or financial condition.

E.	Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements

We do not currently engage in off-balance sheet financing arrangements. In addition, we do not have any interest in entities referred to as variable interest entities, which includes special purpose entities and other structured finance entities.

F. Contractual Obligations

Our significant contractual obligations and commitments as of December 31, 2018 are summarized in the following table:

	2019		2020		2021		2022		2023		2024 and thereafter		Other		Total (unaudited)
			(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Sale-leaseback	$	1,134	$	1,134	$	1,134	$	756		—		—		—	$	4,158
Operating lease obligations	$	15,248	$	12,412	$	10,790	$	9,251	$	7,217	$	41,511		—	$	96,429
Purchase obligations (1)	$	28,829		—		—		—		—		—		—	$	28,829
Accrued severance pay, net (2)		—		—		—		—		—		—	$	1,105	$	1,105
Uncertain tax positions (3)		—		—		—		—		—		—	$	3,876	$	3,876
Total	$	45,211	$	13,546	$	11,924	$	10,007	$	7,217	$	41,511	$	4,981	$	134,397

(1)

Consists of enforceable and legally binding purchase obligations to suppliers.

(2)

Severance pay relates to accrued severance obligations to our Israeli employees as required under Israeli labor law. These obligations are payable only upon termination, retirement or death of the relevant employee and there is no obligation if the employee voluntarily resigns. See also Note 2q to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further information regarding accrued severance pay.

(3)

Uncertain income tax positions under ASC 740 guidelines for accounting for uncertain tax positions are due upon settlement and we are unable to reasonably estimate the ultimate amounts or timing of settlement. See also Note 11 to our consolidated financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report for further information regarding our liability under ASC 740.

ITEM 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees

A.	Directors and Senior Management

Our directors and executive officers, their ages and positions as of March 5, 2019, are as follows:

Name	Age	Position
Officers
Yuval Dagim	56	Chief Executive Officer
Ophir Yakovian	45	Chief Financial Officer
David Cullen	59	Managing Director, Caesarstone Australia
Ken Williams	57	President, North America
Eli Feiglin	51	Vice President, Global Marketing and Business Development
Hezi Eini	60	Vice President, Global Supply Chain
Amihai Seider	51	Vice President, Global Production
Erez Margalit	51	Vice President, Global Research and Development
Giora Wegman	67	Deputy Chief Executive Officer
Ron Mosberg	39	Vice President, General Counsel and Corporate Secretary
Nirit Peled Muntz	48	Vice President, Global Human Resources
Israel Sandler	61	Vice President, Special Projects

Directors
Dr. Ariel Halperin⁽⁴⁾	63	Chairman
Irit Ben-Dov^{(1)(2)(3)(5)(6)}	48	Director
Dr. Ofer Borovsky^{(1)(2)(3)(5)(6)}	64	Director
Roger Abravanel⁽⁴⁾⁽⁵⁾	72	Director
Dori Brown⁽⁴⁾	48	Director
Eric D. Herschmann^{(3) (5)}	55	Director
Ronald Kaplan^{(3) (5)}	67	Director
Ofer Tsimchi^(1)(2)(5)	59	Director
Amit Ben Zvi	67	Director

(1)	Member of our audit committee.

(2)	Member of our compensation committee.

(3)	Member of our nominating committee.

(4)	Member of our strategy committee.

(5)	Independent under the Nasdaq rules.

(6)	External director under the Israeli Companies Law.

Executive Officers

Yuval Dagim has served as our Chief Executive Officer since August 2018. Prior to joining us, from 2016 to 2017, Mr. Dagim served as the CEO of Shikun & Binui Ltd. (TASE: SKBN.TA), a global construction and infrastructure company. Prior to that, from 2011 to 2016, Mr. Dagim held several managerial positions at Kimberly Clark, including as VP and Managing Director at Kimberly Clark Australia & New Zealand, and as Managing Director and Chief Executive Officer at Kimberly Clark Israel (Hogla Kimberly). From 2008 to 2011, he served as Managing Director of Quarry Products at Hanson UK, and from 2002 to 2008 as Regional Director & Deputy Managing Director at Hanson Israel. Mr. Dagim holds a B.Sc. degree in Mechanical Engineering from the Israeli Technological Institute, the Technion, and an executive M.B.A. from Bar Ilan University, Israel.

Ophir Yakovian has served as our Chief Financial Officer since April 2018. Prior to joining us, from 2017 to 2018, Mr. Yakovian served as the Chief Financial Officer of Perion Network Ltd. and prior to that, from 2015 to 2017, as the Chief Financial Officer of Tnuva Group, Israel’s largest food manufacturer. From 2012 to 2015, Mr. Yakovian served as the Chief Financial Officer of Lumenis Ltd., a global leader in the field of minimally-invasive clinical solutions. Prior to that, from 2006 to 2012, he served as VP Finance of Verint Systems. Mr. Yakovian holds a Bachelor’s degree in economics and accounting and a Master’s degree in business economics from Bar Ilan University, Israel. He is a Certified Public Accountant.

David Cullen has served as our Chief Executive Officer for Caesarstone Australia since April 2010. Prior to joining us, from January 2009 to March 2010, Mr. Cullen served as General Manager in Australia of Komatsu Ltd., a Japanese manufacturer of industrial and mining equipment. From January 2006 to November 2008, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Global Food Equipment Pty Ltd., an Australian importer and distributor of commercial food equipment. From 2004 to 2006, he served as Chief Executive Officer of White International Pty Ltd., an Australian supplier of industrial and residential pump products. From 2003 to 2004, Mr. Cullen served as Chief Executive Officer of Daisytek Australia Pty Ltd, a subsidiary of Daisytek International Corporation. From 1996 to 2002, he served as Chief Executive Officer of Tech Pacific Australia Pty Ltd., the largest distributor of IT equipment in the Asia-Pacific region. Mr. Cullen has held various other management positions in other companies since 1985. Mr. Cullen holds a Bachelor of Commerce degree from the University of New South Wales.

Ken Williams has served as our President of North America since January 2019. Previously, from March 2016 to January 2019, he has served as our President of Caesarstone Canada. Prior to joining us, from February 1999 to March 2016, Mr. Williams held various senior executive level leadership positions, including Executive Vice President of Sales and Marketing, in a number of Masco Corporation divisions, a global company involved in the design, manufacture and distribution of branded home improvement and building products. Previously, Mr. Williams held general management positions and leadership roles at Fortune Brands, the Redhill Company Ltd. and Thorn Stevenson Kellogg Management Consultants. Mr. Williams holds a Bachelor of Business Administration Degree from Trent University in Ontario, Canada.

Eli Feiglin has served as our Vice President Marketing since December 2009 and Vice President Global Marketing and Business Development since August 2018. Prior to joining us, Mr. Feiglin served as Vice President Marketing of Jafora-Tabori Ltd., a manufacturer and marketer of soft drinks, from 2005 to December 2009. From 2004 to 2005, Mr. Feiglin served as Chief Executive Officer of Comutech Ltd., a distributor of Siemens AG mobile handsets in Israel. From 1999 to 2004, Mr. Feiglin served as Marketing Manager of Pelephone Ltd., a cellular communications provider in Israel, and from 1996 to 1999, Mr. Feiglin served as Category Manager of Osem (Nestle Israel), a food manufacturer and distributor. From 1992 to 1996, Mr. Feiglin served as Project Manager of POC Strategic Consulting Ltd., a strategy and marketing consulting company. Mr. Feiglin holds a B.A. in management and economics and an M.B.A., each from Tel-Aviv University, Israel.

Hezi Eini has served as our Vice President, Supply Chain, since January 2019. Prior to joining us, from January 2009 to January 2019, Mr. Eini served in various managerial positions at Flex Ltd., including as VP Business Operations, India Mobile and VP Industrial Engineering & Lean at the global headquarters from 2016 to 2019; VP Materials & SC for WW Manufacturing operations from 2013 to 2016; and as EMEA Sir Dir Supply Chain from 2009 to 2013. Previously, from 2006 to 2008, Mr. Eini served as General Manager at Gpro Ltd. Prior to that, from 2000 to 2006, Mr. Eini served in several Sir Dir positions in operations and supply at Flex Ltd. From 1997 to 2000, Mr. Eini served as Plant Manager at Tambour. Mr. Eini holds a B.Sc. in Industrial Engineering form the Technion, the Israeli Institute of Technology.

Amihai Seider has served as our Vice President, Global Production, since March 2019. Prior to joining us, from August 2003, Mr. Seider held various managerial positions at Haifa Chemicals, including VP Operations from May 2012 and Plant Manager from September 2006 to May 2012. Previously, from 1994 to 2003, Mr. Seider held managerial roles at Electrochemical Industries (1952) Ltd., including as Plant Manager from 2000 to 2003. Mr. Seider holds a B.Sc. in Chemical Engineering from Technion University, and an M.B.A. from Haifa University, Israel.

Erez Margalit has served as our Vice President Research and Development since August 2013 and joined us in December 2010 as our R&D Engineering Manager. Prior to joining us, from 2008 to October 2010, Mr. Margalit served as Director of Equipment, Reliability and Services of Fab1 and Fab2 of Tower Semiconductor Ltd., a manufacturer of microelectronic devices. From 2001 to 2008, Mr. Margalit served as Technical Manager for several departments in Tower Semiconductor Ltd. Mr. Margalit has specialized in designing, developing and implementing unique industry machinery for unique applications. Mr. Margalit holds a degree in Electronics (Practical Engineer) from Emek Izrael College.

Giora Wegman has served as our Deputy Chief Executive Officer since August 2010 and since October 2014 has served as a member of the Kibbutz Sdot-Yam economic council. From June 2008 to July 2010, Mr. Wegman served as a member of our board of directors, and from June 2008 he has served as the Manager of Business of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. From 1988 to July 2008, Mr. Wegman held various management positions in our Company. From 2000 to February 2006, he served as Co-CEO, and from February 2006 to July 2008, he served as our Deputy CEO. Mr. Wegman holds a B.A. in Mechanical Engineering from Rupin College, Israel.

Ron Mosberg has served as our General Counsel & Corporate Secretary since September 2018. Prior to joining us, from 2015, Mr. Mosberg served as the General Counsel and Corporate Secretary at Enzymotec Ltd. Previously, from 2011 to 2015, Mr. Mosberg served as an associate at the law firm of Pearl Cohen Zedek Latzer Baratz; from 2010 to 2011, as an associate at the law firm of Golfarb Seligman; and from 2007 to 2010 an associate at the law firm of Yossi Avraham. Mr. Mosberg holds an LL.B in Law and Psychology from Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Nirit Peled Muntz has served as our Vice President, Human Resources since November 2018. Prior to joining us, from April 2018, Ms. Peled Muntz served as the Chief Human Resources Officer at Lumos Global. Previously, she held various managerial positions at IQVIA, including as Regional Senior Director HR, CEE and North Europe, from 2014 to 2018; as HR Director Eastern Europe & Middle East, from 2011 to 2014; and as HR Manager, from 2006 to 2010. Prior to that, from 2003 to 2005, Ms. Peled Muntz served as the head of HR at Arcaffe, and from 2000 to 2002 as OD& Training Manager at Deal Time (eBay). Ms. Peled Muntz holds a B.A. in Sociology and Anthropology and M.A. in Labor Studies, each from Tel Aviv University, Israel.

Israel Sandler has served as our Vice President, Special Projects and, prior to that, as Chief Commercial Officer since September 2017. Most recently, since May 2018, Mr. Sandler served as interim President of Caesarstone U.S. Prior to joining us, from 2015 through April 2017, Mr. Sandler served as a Corporate Director Home Category of Keter Plastic LTD and from 2008 to 2014, Mr. Sandler served as CEO of European Plastic Group, Keter's European holding entity. From 2005 to 2007, Mr. Sandler served as Managing Director of Kodak GCG Europe, and from 2001 to 2004 held several managerial positions at Creo EMEA. Prior to that, from 1990 to 2000, Mr. Sandler served in several managerial positions at Orbotech Ltd., including as Corporate Vice President from 1997 to 2000. Mr. Sandler has a Bachelor of Science Degree in Accounting and completed an Advanced Management Program (AMP) from INSEAD, Fontainebleau, France.

Directors

Dr. Ariel Halperin has served as our Chairman of the board of directors since December 2016. Dr. Halperin previously served as our director from December 2006 to May 2013. He has served as the senior managing partner of Tene Investment Funds since 2004 and as a founding partner in Tenram Investments Ltd. since 2000. From 1992 to 2000, Dr. Halperin led negotiations related to the Kibbutzim Creditors Agreement serving as trustee for the Israeli government, Israeli banks and the Kibbutzim. Dr. Halperin currently serves as a director of several Tene Investment Funds' portfolio companies, including Hanita Coatings Ltd., Ricor Cryogenic & Vacuum Systems L.P., Qnergy Ltd., Gadot Chemical Terminals (1985) Ltd. and Merhav Agro Ltd. Dr. Halperin holds a B.A. in Mathematics and Economics and Ph.D. in Economics from The Hebrew University of Jerusalem in Israel and a Post-Doctorate in Economics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in Cambridge, Massachusetts.

Irit Ben-Dov has served as our external director under the Companies Law since March 2012. Since January 2019, Ms. Ben-Dov has served as the VP Head of EMEA of Amiad Water Systems Ltd. (traded on the Alternative Investment Market of the London Stock Exchange), an Israeli manufacturer which specializes in developing and marketing environmentally-friendly filtration solutions for industrial, municipal, and agricultural use. Previously, from February 2015 to January 2019, Ms. Ben-Dov has served as the VP Finance and CFO of Amiad. Since November 2013 to February 2015 Ms. Ben-Dov has served as the VP of Business and Finance of Baccara-Geva, an Israeli manufacturer of pneumatics, automation and control solutions. From January 2012 to October 2013, Ms. Ben-Dov has served as the Chief Financial Officer of Plassim Group, an Israeli manufacturer of plastic pipes and fittings. From January 2011 to December 2011, Ms. Ben-Dov served as the Chief Financial Officer of Dynasec Ltd., a risk management and regulatory compliance software start-up company. From November 2003 to June 2010, Ms. Ben-Dov served as Chief Financial Officer of Maytronics Ltd., an Israeli public company. From 2001 to 2003, Ms. Ben-Dov served as an accountant at Ernst & Young, Israel. Ms. Ben-Dov currently serves as an external director and chairperson of the audit committee of Palram Industries Ltd., an Israeli public company. Ms. Ben-Dov holds a B.A. in Statistics from Haifa University, Israel and an M.B.A. from Derbi University, Israel. Ms. Ben-Dov is an Israeli Certified Public Accountant.

Dr. Ofer Borovsky has served as our external director under the Companies Law since March 2012. Since May 2005, Dr. Borovsky has served as the Joint Chief Financial Officer of Plasson Industries Ltd., an Israeli public company traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and Plasson Ltd., a private Israeli company. From 2004 to 2007, Dr. Borovsky served as a marketing consultant to R.M.C. Ltd., a fish food producer and marketing company. From 2004 to 2009, Dr. Borovsky served as a member of the Financial Committee of Granot Ltd., an Israeli cooperative association. From 2005 to 2008, he served as the chairman of the Investment Committee at Yaniv Pension Fund. From 2000 to 2004, Dr. Borovsky served as treasurer of Plasson Industries Ltd., Plasson Ltd. and Kibbutz Maagan Michael and its corporations. From 1990 to 2000, Dr. Borovsky served as marketing manager for the Kibbutz Maagan Michael fish industry and Mag Noy Ltd., an ornamental fish export company, and from 1985 to 1990, he served as treasurer of Plasson Industries Ltd. and Kibbutz Maagan Michael and its corporations. Mr. Borovsky currently serves as an external director of Gan Shmuel Foods Ltd., an Israeli public company traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange and as a director of Plasson Industries Ltd. and Plasson Ltd. Dr. Borovsky holds a B.A. in Business Administration and Economics from Rupin College, Israel, an M.B.A. from Manchester University, United Kingdom and D.B.A. from the Business School Lausanne in Lausanne, Switzerland.

Roger Abravanel has served as our director since December 2016. Mr. Abravanel retired from McKinsey & Company, which he joined in 1972 and where he had become a principal in 1979 and a director in 1984. Mr. Abravanel has provided consulting services to Israeli and Italian private and venture capital funds throughout his career. Mr. Abravanel served as a director of Teva Pharmaceutical Industries Ltd., from 2007 to 2017, as a director of COFIDE—Gruppo De Benedetti SpA. from 2008 until 2013, as a director of Luxottica Group SpA. from 2006 to 2014, and as a director of Admiral Group plc from 2012 until 2015. Mr. Abravanel currently serves as a director of Banca Nazionale del Lavoro (a subsidiary of BNP Paribas), and as Chairman of INSEAD’s Advisory Group in Italy. Mr. Abravanel received a B.Sc. degree in chemical engineering from the Polytechnic University in Milan in 1968 and an M.B.A. from INSEAD (with distinction) in 1972.

Dori Brown has served as our director since December 2016. Mr. Brown previously served as our director from December 2006 to March 2012. Mr. Brown joined Tenram Investment Ltd. as an associate in 2001 and became a partner in 2003. Mr. Brown is one of the founding partners of Tene Investment Funds and has acted as managing partner since 2004. Mr. Brown currently serves as a director of several Tene Investment Funds' portfolio companies, including Hanita Coatings Ltd, Chromagen Agricultural Cooperative Ltd. and Field Produce Ltd. Mr. Brown holds an LL.B. degree from Bar Ilan University, Israel.

Eric D. Herschmann has served as our director since December 2016. Mr. Herschmann served as the Vice Chairman, President and Chief Operating Officer of Southern Union Co., from May 2008 until its sale in March 2012. Mr. Herschmann served as an Interim General Counsel of Southern Union Co., from January 2005 to October 2007 and its Senior Executive Vice President from 2005 to 2008 and had been its national lead litigation counsel since 1999. Mr. Herschmann has been a Partner in the law firm of Kasowitz, Benson, Torres LLP since joining it in 1996. Prior to that time, he served as senior legal counsel for Citibank’s Investigations Division, Audit, where he managed a team of investigators supporting CitiCorp. on a global basis. From 1987 to 1993, Mr. Herschmann was an Assistant District Attorney and Senior Litigation Counsel for the New York County District Attorney's Office. He earned a B.A. degree from Yeshiva University in 1984 and a Law Degree in 1987 from Benjamin N. Cardozo School of Law, where he served as editor of the International Law Journal and member of the Moot Court Board.

Ronald Kaplan has served as our director since December 2015. Mr. Kaplan has served as chairman of the board of directors of Trex Company, Inc. (NYSE: TREX) since August 2015. From May 2010 to August 2015, Mr. Kaplan served as Chairman, President and Chief Executive Officer of Trex Company, Inc. From January 2008 to May 2010, Mr. Kaplan served as a director and President and Chief Executive Officer of Trex Company, Inc. From February 2006 through December 2007, Mr. Kaplan served as Chief Executive Officer of Continental Global Group, Inc. For 26 years prior to this, Mr. Kaplan was employed by Harsco Corporation (NYSE: HSC), an international industrial services and products company, at which he served in a number of capacities, including as senior vice president, operations, and, from 1994 through 2005, as President of Harsco Corporation’s Gas Technologies Group, which manufactures containment and control equipment for the global gas industry. Mr. Kaplan received a B.A. in economics from Alfred University and a M.B.A. from the Wharton School of Business, University of Pennsylvania.

Ofer Tsimchi has served as our director since December 2014. He is a managing partner of Danbar Group Ltd., which he co-founded in 2006. Mr. Tsimchi served as the Executive Chairman of the Board of Polysack Plastic Industries Ltd. from 2008 to 2011. Mr. Tismchi has been a director of Redhill Biopharma since 2011, Maabarot Products Ltd. since 2014, and Kidron Industrial Materials ltd since 2003. From 2003 until 2005, he served as director and Chief Executive Officer of Kidron Industrial Holdings Ltd. Group. From 2002 until 2003, Mr. Tismchi was a Business Development Manager of ProSeed Capital Fund. From 2000 until 2001, Mr. Tismchi acted as the Chief Executive Officer of Insider Financial Services Ltd. From 1997 until 2000, Mr. Tsimchi served as the Chief Executive Officer of Inbar Moulded Fiberglass and from 1993 until 1997 as its Vice President of Marketing and Sales. He was the Community Director and Secretary of Kibbutz Hamadia from 1990 until 1993. Mr. Tsimchi holds a B.Sc. in Economics and Agriculture from the Hebrew University, Israel.

Amit Ben Zvi has served as our director since December 2015. Mr. Ben Zvi served as the business manager of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam since May 2015. From 2010 to 2014, Mr. Ben Zvi served as our safety health environment and quality manager. From 2004 to 2010, Mr. Ben Zvi served as the Chief Executive Officer of the Sdot-Yam Business, Maintenance and Management Cooperative Agricultural Society Ltd. From 1999 to 2004, Mr. Ben Zvi served as our vice president, operations. From 1995 to 1998, Mr. Ben Zvi served as vice president, operations of Ram-On Investments and Holdings (1999) Ltd. (formerly Polyram). From 1991 to 1995, Mr. Ben Zvi served as a regional service manager at Amnir Recycling Ltd. Mr. Ben Zvi holds a B.Sc. in Industrial Management from Tel Aviv University and an M.B.A. with a concentration in finance from the Ruppin Academic Center, Israel.

B. Compensation of Officers and Directors

The aggregate compensation paid by us and our subsidiaries to our current executive officers, including stock-based compensation, for the year ended December 31, 2018, was $5.9 million. This amount includes $1.2 million set aside or accrued to provide pension, severance, retirement or similar benefits or expenses.

CEO Compensation

Pursuant to a services agreement we entered into with our Chief Executive Officer, Yuval Dagim, in consideration for services provided by Mr. Dagim, starting from August 10, 2018, the date he joined Caesarstone, we pay Mr. Dagim monthly compensation of $55,000, as well as provide benefits that are customary for senior executives in Israel, such as reimbursement for the costs of a cellular phone and car fuel used in the course of performing his obligations.

Mr. Dagim is also entitled to an annual cash bonus based on achievement of qualitative and quantitative performance goals and objectives, as follows:

For the year 2019 and onwards, Mr. Dagim will be entitled to an annual bonus amount not to exceed $840,000, which will be calculated as follows:

(i)

0.75%* [R+E+N], whereas:

R = year over year revenue growth (in dollar terms);

E = year over year adjusted EBITDA growth (in dollar terms);

N= year over year adjusted net profit growth (in dollar terms).

Adjusted EBITDA will be such figure as the Company will publish upon releasing its financial statements.

In case of an inorganic growth through a completion by the Company of acquisition or a merger, R, E and N will be adjusted to exclude the impact of such merger or acquisition in the first twelve months following the closing of such merger of acquisition.

(ii)

In any event, the maximum annual bonus amount will not exceed $840,000, and each of the components R, E and N multiplied by 0.75% can contribute to the annual bonus up to $420,000.

For example, (a) if the R component grows by $100 million but the other two components did not grow, the annual cash bonus will be $420,000; and (b) if 0.75%*[R+E+N] is greater than $840,000, the annual bonus will be $840,000.

(iii)

The R component will always be adjusted in accordance with the E component, such that:

· In the event that in a particular year the E component equals zero or below, the annual bonus calculated based on the R component will be reduced to 50%, and in any event will not exceed $210,000;

· In the event that in a particular year the E component represents 10% or more of a decrease in Adjusted EBITDA year over year, no bonus will be payable in relation to the R component.

In the event of termination of engagement during a calendar year, other than for cause, Mr. Dagim will be entitled to an annual cash bonus for such year pro-rated relative to the actual engagement period during the same year.

Pursuant to the Company’s compensation policy, the annual cash bonus will, in no event, exceed 2.5% of the net profit of the Company for the same fiscal year.

In addition, Mr. Dagim will be entitled to receive a signing bonus in the amount of NIS 400,000 upon the completion of his first year with us (12 months). In the event of termination by us during the first year, for any reason, except for cause, Mr. Dagim will be entitled to a prorated amount of such signing bonus.

In November 2018, Mr. Dagim received 300,000 options to purchase ordinary shares of the Company (the “Options”) and 40,000 restricted share units each representing a right to receive one ordinary share of the Company (the “RSUs”). The exercise price of the Options is $15.65, which is the closing price of our ordinary shares as traded on Nasdaq at the date of approval of the grant by our board of directors. The Options and RSU’s were granted in accordance with, and subject to, all terms and conditions of the Company’s 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan and our customary option agreement, including, among other things, provisions for the adjustment of the exercise price of the options in case of distribution of dividends. The Options and RSUs are subject to a vesting schedule over a period of four years, as follows: 25% of the Options and RSUs will vest upon the lapse of each 12 months following the date Mr. Dagim joined Caesarstone, provided, however, that upon the lapse of the notice period, the amount of Options and RSUs which is equal to 75,000 and 10,000, respectively, multiplied by a fraction, the numerator of which will be the period elapsed as of the last date a portion of the Options and RSUs has vested and the denominator of which will be a 12 months period, will be accelerated and automatically be vested. The Options and RSUs will fully accelerate and vest in the event of a Change of Control (as such term is defined in the Company’s 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan). Mr. Dagim may be entitled to exercise the vested Options and RSUs, subject to his option agreement and applicable law, until the earlier of (i) 120 days following his adjustment period, or (ii) the expiration of the Options.

In addition, in the event that within 12 months following the date on which through an event or a transaction or a series of events or transactions, a person, other than the Kibbutz, beneficially owns more ordinary shares of the Company than the ordinary shares then beneficially owned by Tene, but in no event not less than 25% of our outstanding ordinary shares, we terminate Mr. Dagim’s engagement with us other than for cause or material non-performance, all outstanding options and other equity awards then held by Mr. Dagim shall become fully vested and exercisable.

We and Mr. Dagim may each terminate the agreement (other than for cause) with three (3) months prior written notice. Upon termination by us (not for cause), he shall be entitled, in addition to the prior notice period, to an adjustment period of six (6) months. Upon termination by Mr. Dagim, subject to him completing a twelve (12) month engagement period with us, he shall be entitled in addition to the prior notice period, to an adjustment period of three (3) months.

Director Compensation

Each of our directors (not including the Chairman of the board of directors, Mr. Roger Abravanel, Mr. Ronald Kaplan and Mr. Eric D. Herschmann) is entitled to the payment of annual fee of NIS 120,000 (approximately $32,000) and payment of NIS 3,350 (approximately $900) per meeting for participating in meetings of the board and committees of the board. The annual fee shall not exceed the maximum annual fee of an expert external director set forth in the Companies Regulations (Rules regarding Compensation and Expenses of External Directors) 5760-2000 as adjusted by the Companies Regulations (Relief for Public Companies with Shares Listed for Trading on a Stock Market Outside of Israel), 5760-2000. The compensation awarded for participating in resolutions adopted without an actual convening (meaning, unanimous written resolutions) and for participating through media communication will be reduced as follows: (1) for resolutions that will be adopted without an actual convening, the participation compensation will be reduced to 50%; and (2) for participation through media communication, the participation compensation will be reduced to 60%.

Mr. Roger Abravanel is entitled to an annual fee of $ 100,000 and a per-meeting fee $ 2,500 for participation in meetings of the board and committees of the board. Our shareholders further approved that Mr. Ronald Kaplan and Mr. Eric D. Herschmann are entitled to an annual fee of $ 75,000 and a per-meeting fee of $ 2,500 for participation in meetings of the board and committees of the board. The participating fees of Mr. Abravanel, Kaplan and Herschmann for meetings held through media communication shall be reduced by 50% and for meetings by written consent shall be reduced by 75%.

Dr. Ariel Halperin, our chairman of the board of directors, is entitled to an annual fee in the amount of NIS 750,000 (approximately $200,000), payable in equal quarterly installments.

The participation compensation and the annual fee is inclusive of all expenses incurred by our directors in connection with their participation in a meeting held at our offices or at the director’s residence area, or with regard to resolutions resolved by written consent or teleconference, provided that with respect to independent directors residing outside of Israel (other than chairman of the board and external directors), their travel and lodging expenses related to their participation and physical attendance at any board or board committee meeting will be borne by us. In addition, our directors are entitled to reimbursement for travelling expenses when traveling abroad on our behalf and other expenses incurred in the performance of their duties and services to us.

Further, in September 2017, we granted 3,750 options to purchase our ordinary shares to each of our directors (other than Chairman of our board of directors), and granted 33,000 options to purchase our ordinary shares to Dr. Halperin, our chairman of the board of directors, each with an exercise price of $28.65, the closing price of our ordinary shares on Nasdaq as of shareholders’ approval date. The options have been granted in accordance with, and subject to, all terms and conditions of the applicable Company’s incentive plan and the Company's customary option agreement, including, among other things, provisions for adjustment of the exercise price due to dividend distribution, and provisions for the acceleration of the vesting of the options the event we undergo a change of control. The options vest in three (3) equal annual installments, with the first installment vesting on August 1, 2018, subject to the continuous service on the board of directors on the relevant vesting date. For a discussion of the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated office holders during or with respect to 2018, see “Individual Covered Executive Compensation” below.

Individual Covered Executive Compensation

The table below reflects the compensation granted to our five most highly compensated office holders (as defined in the Companies Law) during or with respect to the year ended December 31, 2018. We refer to the five individuals for whom disclosure is provided herein as our “Covered Executives.” For purposes of the table below, “compensation” includes amounts accrued or paid in connection with salary cost, consultancy fees, bonuses, equity-based compensation, retirement or termination payments, benefits and perquisites such as car, phone and social benefits and any undertaking to provide such compensation. All amounts reported in the table are in terms of cost to the Company, as recognized in our financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, plus compensation paid to such Covered Executives following the end of the year in respect of services provided during the year. Each of the Covered Executives was covered by our D&O liability insurance policy and was entitled to indemnification and exculpation in accordance with applicable law and our articles of association.

Name and Principal Position ⁽¹⁾	Salary ⁽²⁾		Bonus ⁽³⁾		Equity-Based Compensation ⁽⁴⁾		All other compensation ⁽⁵⁾		Total
					(in U.S. dollars)
Yuval Dagim		658,300		70,000		191,428		735		920,463
Israel Sandler		366,493		79,426		175,135		15,777		636,831
Yaron Mund ⁽⁶⁾		493,072		20,138		37,809		12,511		563,530
David Cullen		339,659		48,916		89,086		8,316		485,978
Erez Margalit		329,897		24,328		93,296		13,679		461,199

(1)

All Covered Executives are employed by us on a full time (100%) basis.

(2)

Salary includes the Covered Executive’s gross salary plus payment of social benefits made by us on behalf of such Covered Executive. Such benefits may include, to the extent applicable to the Covered Executive, payments, contributions and/or allocations for savings funds (such as managers’ life insurance policy), education funds (referred to in Hebrew as “keren hishtalmut”), pension, severance, risk insurances (such as life, or work disability insurance), payments for social security and tax gross-up payments, vacation, medical insurance and benefits, convalescence or recreation pay and other benefits and perquisites consistent with our policies.

(3)

Represents annual bonuses granted to the Covered Executive based on formulas set forth in the bonus plans and approvals set forth in the respective resolutions of our compensation committee and the board of directors.

(4)

Represents the equity-based compensation expenses recorded in our consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, based on the option's and RSU’s award’s fair value, calculated in accordance with accounting guidance for equity-based compensation. For a discussion of the assumptions used in reaching this valuation, see Note 2u to our consolidated financial statements.

(5)

Includes mainly leased car and mobile phone expenses.

(6)

As of March 1, 2019, Mr. Mund no longer serves as our VP Operations.

Employment and consulting agreements with executive officers

We have entered into written employment or service agreements with each of our executive officers.

Employment agreements

We have entered into written employment or services agreements with each of our office holders who is not a director. These agreements each contain customary provisions regarding non-competition, confidentiality of information and assignment of inventions. The non-competition provision generally applies for a period of six months following termination of employment. The enforceability of covenants not to compete in Israel and the United States is subject to limitations. In addition, we are required to provide notice of between two and six months prior to terminating the employment of certain of our senior executive officers other than in the case of a termination for cause. The terms of engagement of our chief executive officer are described above.

Indemnification agreements

Our articles of association permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our directors and office holders to the fullest extent permitted by law, subject to limited exceptions. We have entered into agreements with each of our current directors and office holders exculpating them from a breach of their duty of care to us to the fullest extent permitted by law, subject to limited exceptions, and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law, including with respect to liabilities resulting from our IPO to the extent that these liabilities are not covered by insurance. See “ITEM 6.C: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Exculpation, insurance and indemnification of office holders.”

Directors’ service contracts

There are no arrangements or understandings between us and any of our subsidiaries, on the one hand, and any of our directors, on the other hand, providing for benefits upon termination of their employment or service as directors of our Company or any of our subsidiaries.

Equity incentive plan

We adopted the 2011 Incentive Compensation Plan (the “2011 plan”) in July 2011. We provide stock-based compensation under the 2011 plan to our directors, executive officers, employees and consultants, and those of our affiliates. The 2011 plan is intended to further our success by increasing the ownership interest of certain of our and our subsidiaries employees, directors and consultants and to enhance our and our subsidiaries ability to attract and retain employees, directors and consultants. See also Note 12 to our financial statements included elsewhere in this report for additional information about grants of options and RSUs in recent years.

As of March 5, 2019, the number of ordinary shares allocated under the 2011 plan was 2,384,461 ordinary shares. Considering the number of options and RSUs already granted, as of March 5, 2019, 890,539 ordinary shares remained available for future option or RSU grants under the 2011 plan.

The number of shares subject to the 2011 plan is also subject to adjustment if particular capital changes affect our share capital. Ordinary shares subject to outstanding awards under the 2011 plan that are subsequently forfeited or terminated for any other reason before being exercised will again be available for grant under the 2011 plan. A share option is the right to purchase a specified number of ordinary shares in the future at a specified exercise price and subject to the other terms and conditions specified in the option award agreement and the 2011 plan. The exercise price of each option granted under the 2011 plan will be determined by our compensation committee. The exercise price of any share options granted under the 2011 plan may be paid in cash, ordinary shares already owned by the option holder or any other method that may be approved by our compensation committee, such as a cashless broker-assisted exercise that complies with applicable laws. A restricted stock unit is the right to receive a specified number of ordinary shares in the future subject to the terms and conditions specified in the award agreement and the 2011 plan.

Our compensation committee may also grant, or recommend that our board of directors grant, other forms of equity incentive awards under the 2011 plan, such as stock appreciation rights, dividend equivalents and other forms of equity-based compensation.

Israeli participants in the 2011 plan may be granted stock options and restricted stock units subject to Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance. Section 102 of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance, allows employees, directors and officers, who are not controlling shareholders and are considered Israeli residents to receive favorable tax treatment for compensation in the form of shares or options. Our non-employees service providers and controlling shareholders may only be granted options under another section of the Tax Ordinance, which does not provide for similar tax benefits. Section 102 includes two alternatives for tax treatment involving the issuance of options or shares to a trustee for the benefit of the grantees and also includes an additional alternative for the issuance of options or shares directly to the grantee. The most favorable tax treatment for the grantees is under Section 102(b)(2) of the Tax Ordinance, the issuance to a trustee under the “capital gain track.” However, under this track we are not allowed to deduct an expense with respect to the issuance of the options or shares. Any stock options granted under the 2011 plan to participants in the United States will be either “incentive stock options,” which may be eligible for special tax treatment under the Internal Revenue Code of 1986, or options other than incentive stock options (referred to as “nonqualified stock options”), as determined by our compensation committee and stated in the option agreement.

Our compensation committee administers the 2011 plan. Our board of directors may, subject to any legal limitations, exercise any powers or duties of the compensation committee concerning the 2011 plan. The compensation committee selects which of our and our subsidiaries’ and affiliates’ eligible employees, directors and/or consultants shall receive options, restricted stock units or other awards under the 2011 plan and determines, or recommends to our board of directors, the number of ordinary shares covered by those awards, the terms under which such awards may be exercised (however, options generally may not be exercised later than 10 years from the grant date of an option) or may be settled or paid, and the other terms and conditions of such awards under the 2011 plan. Holders of equity incentive awards may not transfer those awards, unless they die or the compensation committee determines otherwise.

If we undergo a change of control, as defined in the 2011 plan, subject to any contrary law or rule, or the terms of any award agreement in effect before the change of control, (a) the compensation committee may, in its discretion, accelerate the vesting, exercisability and payment, as applicable, of outstanding options and other awards; and (b) the compensation committee, in its discretion, may adjust outstanding awards by substituting ordinary shares or other securities of any successor or another party to the change of control transaction, or cash out outstanding options and other awards, in any such case, generally based on the consideration received by our shareholders in the transaction. Our customary award agreements contain provisions for adjustment of the exercise price due to cash dividend distributions.

Subject to particular limitations specified in the 2011 plan and under applicable law, our board of directors may amend or terminate the 2011 plan, and the compensation committee may amend awards outstanding under the 2011 plan. The 2011 plan will continue in effect until all ordinary shares available under the 2011 plan are delivered and all restrictions on those shares have lapsed, unless the 2011 plan is terminated earlier by our board of directors. No awards may be granted under the 2011 plan on or after the tenth anniversary of the date of adoption of the plan.

Grant of stock options to Chief Executive Officer

See “ITEM 6.B: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation of Officers and Directors—CEO Compensation.”

C. Board Practices

Corporate governance practices

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of Nasdaq corporate governance rules, provided that we disclose which requirements we are not following and the equivalent Israeli requirement. We rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” as follows: As permitted under the Companies Law, pursuant to our articles of association, the quorum required for any meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by other voting instrument in accordance with the Companies Law, who hold at least 25% of the voting power of our shares, instead of 33.33% of the issued share capital required under the Nasdaq requirements. At an adjourned meeting, any number of shareholders constitutes a quorum for the business for which the original meeting was called.

Otherwise, we comply with Nasdaq corporate governance rules generally applicable to U.S. domestic companies listed on Nasdaq. We may in the future decide to use the foreign private issuer exemption with respect to some or all of the other Nasdaq Global Select Market corporate governance rules. We also comply with Israeli corporate governance requirements under the Companies Law applicable to public companies.

Board of directors and officers

As of the date of this report, our board of directors consists of nine directors, six of whom are independent under the Nasdaq rules, including Ms. Ben-Dov and Dr. Borovsky, who serve as our external directors and whose appointment fulfills the requirements of the Companies Law for the company to have two external directors (see “—External directors”). Specifically, our board of directors has determined that Ofer Tsimchi, Ofer Borovsky, Irit Ben-Dov, Ronald Kaplan, Roger Abravanel and Eric D. Herschmann, meet the independence standards under the rules of Nasdaq. In reaching this conclusion, the board of directors determined, following the recommendation of our nomination committee, that none of these directors has a relationship that would preclude a finding of independence and any relationships that these directors have with us do not impair their independence.

Under our articles of association, the number of directors on our board of directors must be no less than seven and no more than 11 and must include at least two external directors. The minimum and maximum number of directors may be changed, at any time and from time to time, by a simple majority vote of our shareholders at a shareholders’ meeting.

Each director holds office until the annual general meeting of our shareholders in the subsequent year unless the tenure of such director expires earlier pursuant to the Companies Law or unless he or she is removed from office as described below, except our external directors, who have a term of office of three years under Israeli law (see “—External directors—Election and dismissal of external directors”).

The directors who are serving in office shall be entitled to act even if a vacancy occurs on the board of directors. However, should the number of directors, at the time in question, become less than the minimum set forth in our articles of association, the remaining director(s) would be entitled to act for the purpose of filling the vacancies or to convene a general meeting, but not for any other purpose.

Any director who retires from his or her office would be qualified to be re-elected subject to any limitation affecting such director’s appointment as a director under the Companies Law. See “—External directors” for a description of the provisions relating to the reelection of external directors.

A general meeting of our shareholders may remove a director from office prior to the expiry of his or her term in office (“Removed Director”) by a simple majority vote (except for External Directors, who may be dismissed only as set forth under the Companies Law), provided that the Removed Director is given a reasonable opportunity to state his or her case before the general meeting. If a director is removed from office as set forth above, the general meeting shall be entitled, in the same session, to elect another director in his or her stead in accordance with the maximum number of directors permitted by our articles of association as stated above. Should it fail to do so, the board of directors shall be entitled to do so. Any director who is appointed in this manner shall serve in office for the period remaining of the term in office of the director who was removed and shall be qualified to be re-elected.

Any amendment of our articles of association regarding the election of directors, as described above, require a simple majority vote. See “—External directors” for a description of the procedure for the election of external directors.

In addition, under the Companies Law, our board of directors must determine the minimum number of directors who are required to have financial and accounting expertise. Under applicable regulations, a “director with financial and accounting expertise” is a director who, by reason of his or her education, professional experience and skill, has a high level of proficiency in and understanding of business accounting matters and financial statements so that he or she is able to fully understand our financial statements and initiate debate regarding the manner in which the financial information is presented. The determination of whether a director possesses financial and accounting expertise is made by the board of directors. In determining the number of directors required to have such expertise, the board of directors must consider, among other things, the type and size of the company and the scope and complexity of its operations. Our board of directors has determined that we require at least one director with the requisite financial and accounting expertise and that each of Dr. Ofer Borovsky and Ms. Irit Ben-Dov has such expertise.

There are no family relationships among any of our office holders (including directors).

Alternate directors

Our articles of association provide, subject to the limitations under the Companies Law, that any director may, by written notice to us, appoint another person who is qualified to serve as a director to serve as an alternate director. The appointment of an alternate director shall be subject to the consent of the board of directors. The alternate director will be regarded as a director. Under the Companies Law, a person who is not qualified to be appointed as a director, a person who is already serving as a director or a person who is already serving as an alternate director for another director, may not be appointed as an alternate director. Nevertheless, a director who is already serving as a director may be appointed as an alternate director for a member of a committee of the board of directors so long as he or she is not already serving as a member of such committee, and if the alternate director is to replace an external director, he or she is required to be an external director and to have either “financial and accounting expertise” or “professional expertise,” depending on the qualifications of the external director he or she is replacing. A person who does not have the requisite “financial and accounting experience” or the “professional expertise,” depending on the qualifications of the external director he or she is replacing, may not be appointed as an alternate director for an external director. A person who is not qualified to be appointed as an independent director, pursuant to the Companies Law, may not be appointed as an alternate director of an independent director.

External directors

Qualifications of external directors

Under the Companies Law, companies incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel that are “public companies,” including companies with shares listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market, are required to appoint at least two external directors who meet the qualification requirements under the Companies Law. Such external directors are not required to be Israeli residents in case the company is listed on a foreign stock exchange (such as us). Appointment of external directors is made by a special majority resolution of the general meeting of our shareholders. At a shareholders’ meeting held on September 19, 2017, each of Dr. Ofer Borovsky and Ms. Irit Ben-Dov were re-elected to serve as external directors of the Company for an additional three-year term commencing on March 21, 2018.

A person may not be appointed as an external director if the person is a relative of a controlling shareholder or if on the date of the person’s appointment or within the preceding two years the person or his or her relatives, partners, employers or anyone to whom that person is subordinate, whether directly or indirectly, or entities under the person’s control have or had any affiliation with any of (each an “Affiliated Party”): (1) us; (2) any person or entity controlling us on the date of such appointment; (3) any relative of a controlling shareholder; or (4) any entity controlled, on the date of such appointment or within the preceding two years, by us or by our controlling shareholder. If there is no controlling shareholder or any shareholder holding 25% or more of voting rights in the company, a person may not serve as an external director if the person has any affiliation to the chairman of the board of directors, the general manager (chief executive officer), any shareholder holding 5% or more of the company’s shares or voting rights or the senior financial officer as of the date of the person’s appointment.

The term “controlling shareholder” means a shareholder with the ability to direct the activities of the company, other than by virtue of being an office holder. A shareholder is presumed to have “control” of the company and thus to be a controlling shareholder of the company if the shareholder holds 50% or more of the “means of control” of the company. “Means of control” is defined as (1) the right to vote at a general meeting of a company or a corresponding body of another corporation; or (2) the right to appoint directors of the corporation or its general manager.

The term “affiliation” includes:

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an employment relationship;

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a business or professional relationship maintained on a regular basis;

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control; and

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service as an office holder, excluding service as a director in a private company prior to the first offering of its shares to the public if such director was appointed as a director of the private company in order to serve as an external director following the initial public offering.

The term “relative” is defined as a spouse, sibling, parent, grandparent, descendant, spouse’s descendant, sibling and parent and the spouse of each of the foregoing.

The term “office holder” is defined as a general manager, chief business manager, deputy general manager, vice general manager, or any other person assuming the responsibilities of any of the foregoing positions, without regard to such person’s title, and a director or manager directly subordinate to the general manager.

A person may not serve as an external director if that person or that person’s relative, partner, employer, a person to whom such person is subordinate (directly or indirectly) or any entity under such person’s control has a business or professional relationship with any entity that has an affiliation with any Affiliated Party, even if such relationship is intermittent (excluding insignificant relationships). Additionally, any person who has received compensation intermittently (excluding insignificant relationships) other than compensation permitted under the Companies Law may not continue to serve as an external director.

No person can serve as an external director if the person’s position or other affairs create, or may create, a conflict of interest with the person’s responsibilities as a director or may otherwise interfere with the person’s ability to serve as a director or if such a person is an employee of the Israel Securities Authority or of an Israeli stock exchange. If at the time an external director is appointed all current members of the board of directors, who are not controlling shareholders or relatives of controlling shareholders, are of the same gender, then the external director to be appointed must be of the other gender. In addition, a person who is a director of a company may not be elected as an external director of another company if, at that time, a director of the other company is acting as an external director of the first company.

The Companies Law provides that an external director must either meet certain professional qualifications or have financial and accounting expertise, and that at least one external director must have financial and accounting expertise. However, if at least one of our other directors (1) meets the independence requirements of the Exchange Act, (2) meets the Nasdaq requirements for membership on the audit committee and (3) has financial and accounting expertise as defined in the Companies Law and applicable regulations, then neither of our external directors is required to possess financial and accounting expertise as long as both possess other requisite professional qualifications as required under the Companies Law and regulations promulgated thereunder.

The regulations promulgated under the Companies Law define an external director with requisite professional qualifications as a director who satisfies one of the following requirements: (1) the director holds an academic degree in either economics, business administration, accounting, law or public administration, (2) the director either holds an academic degree in any other field or has completed another form of higher education in the company’s primary field of business or in an area which is relevant to his or her office as an external director in the company, or (3) the director has at least five years of experience serving in any one of the following, or at least five years of cumulative experience serving in two or more of the following capacities: (a) a senior business management position in a company with a substantial scope of business, (b) a senior position in the company’s primary field of business or (c) a senior position in public administration.

Under the Companies Law, until the lapse of a two-year period from the date that an external director has ceased to act as an external director (and until the lapse of a one-year period, with respect to such external director spouse or children) certain prohibitions apply to the ability of the company and its controlling shareholders, including any corporations controlled by a controlling shareholder to grant such former external director or his or her spouse or children any benefits (directly or indirectly).

Election and dismissal of external directors

Under Israeli law, external directors are elected by a majority vote at a shareholders’ meeting, provided that either:

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the majority of the shares that are voted at the meeting in favor of the election of the external director, excluding abstentions, include at least a majority of the votes of shareholders who are not controlling shareholders or have a personal interest in the appointment (excluding a personal interest that did not result from the shareholder’s relationship with the controlling shareholder); or

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the total number of shares held by the shareholders mentioned in the paragraph above that are voted against the election of the external director does not exceed two percent of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

Under Israeli law, the initial term of an external director of an Israeli public company is three years. The external director may be reelected, subject to certain circumstances and conditions, to two additional terms of three years, each if:

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his/her service for each such additional term is recommended by one or more shareholders holding at least 1% of the company’s voting rights and is approved at a shareholders’ meeting by a disinterested majority, where the total number of shares held by non-controlling, disinterested shareholders voting for such reelection exceeds 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the company, subject to additional restrictions set forth in the Companies Law with respect to the affiliation of the external director nominee, as described above;

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the external director proposed his or her own nomination, and such nomination was approved in accordance with the requirements described in the paragraph above; or

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his/her service for each such additional term is recommended by the board of directors and is approved at a meeting of shareholders by the same majority required for the initial election of an external director (as described above).

The term of office for external directors for Israeli companies traded on certain foreign stock exchanges, including the Nasdaq Global Select Market, may be further extended, indefinitely, in increments of additional three-year terms, in each case provided that: (i) both the audit committee and the board of directors confirm that, in light of the expertise and contribution of the external director, the extension of such external director’s term would be in the interest of the company; (ii) the appointment to the additional term is subject to the reelection provision described above; and (iii) the term during which the nominee served as an external director and the board of directors’ and audit committee’s reasoning for the extension of such term were presented before the general meeting of shareholders prior to the approval of the extension.

An external director may be removed by the same special majority of the shareholders required for his or her election, if he or she ceases to meet the statutory qualifications for appointment or if he or she violates his or her fiduciary duty to the company. An external director may also be removed by order of an Israeli court if the court finds that the external director is permanently unable to exercise his or her office, has ceased to meet the statutory qualifications for his or her appointment, has violated his or her fiduciary duty to the company, or has been convicted by a court outside Israel of certain offenses detailed in the Companies Law.

If the vacancy of an external directorship causes a company to have fewer than two external directors, the company’s board of directors is required under the Companies Law to call a special general meeting of the company’s shareholders as soon as possible to appoint such number of new external directors so that the company thereafter has two external directors.

Under the regulations pursuant to the Companies Law, a public company with securities listed on certain foreign exchanges, including the Nasdaq Global Select Market, that satisfies the applicable domestic country laws and regulations that apply to companies organized in that country relating to the appointment of independent directors and composition of audit and compensation committees and have no controlling shareholder may adopt an exemption from the requirement to appoint external directors or comply with the audit committee and compensation committee composition requirements under the Companies Law. We may adopt this exemption in the future if we will no longer have a controlling shareholder.

Additional provisions

Under the Companies Law, each committee authorized to exercise any of the powers of the board of directors must include only directors and is required to include at least one external director and each of the audit and compensation committees are required to include all of the external directors.

An external director is entitled to compensation and reimbursement of expenses in accordance with regulations promulgated under the Companies Law and is prohibited from receiving any other compensation, directly or indirectly, in connection with serving as an external director except for certain exculpation, indemnification and insurance provided by the company, as specifically allowed by the Companies Law.

Audit committee

Our audit committee consists of Ms. Irit Ben-Dov, Dr. Ofer Borovsky and Mr. Ofer Tsimchi. Ms. Ben-Dov serves as the chairperson of the audit committee.

Companies Law requirements

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of any public company must appoint an audit committee comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors. The audit committee may not include:

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the chairman of the board of directors;

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a controlling shareholder or a relative of a controlling shareholder; and

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any director employed by, or providing services on an ongoing basis to, the company, a controlling shareholder of the company or an entity controlled by a controlling shareholder of the company or any director who derives most of his or her income from the controlling shareholder.

According to the Companies Law, the majority of the members of the audit committee, as well as the majority of members present at audit committee meetings, are required to be “independent” (as defined below) and the chairman of the audit committee is required to be an external director. Any persons disqualified from serving as a member of the audit committee may not be present at the audit committee meetings, unless the chairman of the audit committee has determined that such person is required to be present at the meeting or if such person qualifies under one of the exemptions of the Companies Law. Without derogating from the aforementioned, under the Companies Law, a company’s general counsel and a company’s secretary, which are not a controlling shareholder or relative thereof, may be present at an audit committee meeting if the committee has requested their presence.

The term “independent director” is defined under the Companies Law as an external director or a director who meets the following conditions and who is appointed or classified as such according to the Companies Law: (1) the conditions for his or her appointment as an external director (as described above) are satisfied and the audit committee approves the director having met such conditions and (2) he or she has not served as a director of the company for over nine consecutive years with any interruption of up to two years of his or her service not being deemed a disruption to the continuity of his or her service.

Under the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, an audit committee of companies such as ours may deem a director which qualifies as an independent director, among others, under the Nasdaq listing rules, to be an independent director within the meaning of the Companies Law, provided that such director complies with the Companies Law requirements for external directors with respect to a lack of affiliation with a controlling shareholder, its relatives and entities under its control or his or her relative’s control, excluding the company itself or any of its subsidiaries. In addition, companies such as ours may extend the term of office of an independent director who has served for more than nine years for additional periods of three years each if such director continues to comply with the Companies Law requirements for external director’s lack of affiliation as described above.

Nasdaq requirements

Under the Nasdaq rules, we are required to maintain an audit committee consisting of at least three independent directors, all of whom are financially literate and one of whom has accounting or related financial management expertise.

All members of our audit committee meet the requirements for financial literacy under the applicable rules of the SEC and the Nasdaq rules. Our board of directors has determined that each of Dr. Borovsky and Ms. Irit Ben-Dov qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by applicable rules of the SEC and has the requisite financial experience as defined by Nasdaq rules.

Each of the members of the audit committee is “independent” under the relevant Nasdaq rules and as defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act, which is different from the general test for independence of members of the board.

Approval of transactions with related parties

The approval of the audit committee is required to effect specified actions and transactions with office holders and controlling shareholders and their relatives, or in which they have a personal interest. See “—Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law.” For the purpose of approving transactions with controlling shareholders, the term “controlling shareholder” also includes any shareholder that holds 25% or more of the voting rights of the company if the company has no shareholder that owns more than 50% of its voting rights. For purposes of determining the holding percentage stated above, two or more shareholders who have a personal interest in a transaction that is brought for the company’s approval are deemed as joint holders. The audit committee may not approve an action or a transaction with a controlling shareholder or with an office holder unless at the time of approval the audit committee meets the composition requirements under the Companies Law and provided such transaction is in the interest of the Company.

Audit committee role

Our board of directors has adopted an audit committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the audit committee consistent with the rules of the SEC and Nasdaq rules, which include, among other responsibilities:

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retaining and terminating our independent auditors, subject to board of directors and shareholder ratification;

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pre-approval of audit and non-audit services to be provided by the independent auditors;

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reviewing with management and our independent directors our quarterly and annual financial reports prior to their submission to the SEC; and

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approval of certain transactions with office holders and controlling shareholders and other related-party transactions.

Additionally, under the Companies Law, the role of the audit committee includes the identification of irregularities in our business management, among other things, by consulting with the internal auditor or our independent auditors and suggesting an appropriate course of action to the board of directors. In addition, the audit committee or the board of directors, as set forth in the articles of association of the company, is required to approve the yearly or periodic work plan proposed by the internal auditor. The audit committee is required to assess the company’s internal audit system and the performance of its internal auditor. The Companies Law also requires that the audit committee assess the scope of the work and compensation of the company’s external auditor. In addition, the audit committee is required to determine whether certain related party actions and transactions are “material” or “extraordinary” for the purpose of the requisite approval procedures under the Companies Law, whether certain transactions with a controlling shareholder will be subject to a competitive procedure (regardless of whether or not such transactions are deemed extraordinary transactions) and to set forth the approval process for transactions that are “non-negligible” (meaning, transactions with a controlling shareholder that are classified by the audit committee as non-negligible, even though they are not deemed extraordinary transactions), as well as determining which types of transactions would require the approval of the audit committee, optionally based on criteria which may be determined annually in advance by the audit committee. The audit committee charter states that in fulfilling its role the committee is entitled to demand from us any document, file, report or any other information that is required for the fulfillment of its roles and duties and to interview any of our employees or any employees of our subsidiaries in order to receive more details about his or her line of work or other issues that are connected to the roles and duties of the audit committee. In 2018, as part of maintaining an appropriate IT infrastructure to support our daily operations, our IT team presented an overview of cyber risk in the Company to our audit committee.

A company whose audit committee’s composition meets the requirements set for the composition of a compensation committee (as further detailed below) may have one committee acting as both audit and compensation committee.

Nominating Committee

We have a nominating committee comprised of four of our directors, Ms. Irit Ben-Dov, Dr. Ofer Borovsky, Mr. Ronald Kaplan and Mr. Eric D. Herschmann, each of whom has been determined by our board of directors to be independent under the applicable Nasdaq rules. Our board of directors has adopted a nominating committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the committee which include, among other responsibilities:

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conduct of the appropriate and necessary inquiries into the backgrounds and qualifications of possible candidates to serve as directors;

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review and recommend to the board any nominees for election as directors, including nominees recommended by shareholders, and consideration of the performance of incumbent directors whose terms are expiring in determining whether to nominate them to stand for re-election;

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review and recommend to the board regarding board member qualifications, board composition and structure, and recommend if necessary, measures to be taken so that the board reflects the appropriate balance of knowledge, experience, skills, expertise and diversity required for the board; and

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perform such other activities and functions as are required by applicable law, stock exchange rules or provisions in our articles of association, or as are otherwise necessary and advisable, in its or the board’s discretion, for the efficient discharge of its duties.

Compensation Committee

We have a compensation committee consisting of three of our directors, Dr. Ofer Borovsky, Ms. Irit Ben-Dov and Mr. Ofer Tsimchi, each of whom has been determined by our board of directors to be independent under the applicable Nasdaq rules. Dr. Ofer Borovsky serves as the Chairman of the compensation committee. Our board has adopted a compensation committee charter setting forth the responsibilities of the committee which include, among other responsibilities:

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reviewing and recommending overall compensation policies with respect to our Chief Executive Officer and other office holders;

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reviewing and approving corporate goals and objectives relevant to the compensation of our Chief Executive Officer and other office holders including evaluating their performance in light of such goals and objectives and determining their compensation based on such evaluation;

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reviewing and approving the granting of options and other incentive awards; and

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reviewing, evaluating and making recommendations regarding the compensation and benefits for our non-employee directors.

The compensation committee is also authorized to retain and terminate compensation consultants, legal counsel or other advisors to the committee and to approve the engagement of any such consultant, counsel or advisor, to the extent it deems necessary or appropriate.

Pursuant to the Companies Law, Israeli public companies are required to appoint a compensation committee comprised of at least three directors, including all of the external directors, who must also constitute a majority of its members. All other members of the compensation committee, who are not external directors, must be directors who receive compensation that is in compliance with regulations promulgated under the Companies Law. In addition, the chairperson of the compensation committee must be an external director. The Companies Law further stipulates that directors who are not qualified to serve on the audit committee, as described above, may not serve on the compensation committee either and that, similar to the audit committee, generally, any person who is not entitled to be a member of the compensation committee may not attend the compensation committee’s meetings.

The responsibilities of the compensation committee under the Companies Law include: (i) making recommendations to the board of directors with respect to the approval of the compensation policy and any extensions thereto; (ii) periodically reviewing the implementation of the compensation policy and providing the board of directors with recommendations with respect to any amendments or updates thereto; (iii) reviewing and resolving whether or not to approve arrangements with respect to the terms of office and employment of office holders; and (iv) resolving whether or not to exempt a transaction with a candidate for chief executive officer from shareholder approval.

Pursuant to the Companies Law, the compensation policy recommended by the compensation committee needs to be approved by the board of directors and the company’s shareholders by a simple majority, provided that (i) such majority includes at least a majority of the shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and who do not have a personal interest in the matter, present and voting (abstentions are disregarded), or (ii) the non-controlling shareholders or shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the matter who were present and voted against the policy, holds two percent or less of the voting power of the company. However, under the Companies Law, if shareholders of the company do not approve the compensation policy, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and board of directors provide detailed reasons for their decision. In addition, pursuant the Companies Law, the compensation policy must be approved, at least once every three years, by the shareholders of the company and the company’s board of directors, after considering the recommendations of the compensation committee.

On December 6, 2016, our shareholders have adopted a new compensation policy (“Compensation Policy”), following its approval by our board of directors (per the recommendation of our compensation committee).

Our Compensation Policy includes, among other things, provisions relating to the grant of a base salary, benefits and perquisites, cash bonuses, equity-based compensation and retirement and termination of service arrangements for our executive officers. The Compensation Policy provides, among other things, that: (i) such equity-based compensation is intended to be in a form of share options and/or other equity based awards, such as RSUs and share-based compensation, in accordance with the Company’s equity incentive plan in place as may be updated from time to time; (ii) all equity-based incentives granted to executive officers shall be subject to vesting periods in order to promote long-term retention of the awarded executive officers. Unless determined otherwise in a specific award agreement approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors, grants to executive officers will vest gradually over a period of between three to four years; and (iii) all other terms of the equity awards shall be in accordance with our incentive plans and other related practices and policies. The board of directors may, following approval by the compensation committee, extend the period of time for which an award is to remain exercisable and make provisions with respect to the acceleration of the vesting period of any executive officer’s awards, including, without limitation, in connection with a corporate transaction involving a change of control, subject to any additional approval as may be required by the Companies Law. The Compensation Policy also provides that the equity-based compensation shall be granted from time to time and be individually determined and awarded according to the performance, educational background, prior business experience, qualifications, role and the personal responsibilities of the executive officer. The fair market value of the equity-based compensation for the executive officers will be determined according to acceptable valuation practices at the time of grant.

In addition, pursuant to our articles of association, resolutions of the board of directors will be passed by a special majority of the directors if specifically required so by the Compensation Policy. Our Compensation Policy currently does not contain such a requirement.

Strategy Committee

In February 2017, we have established a strategy committee comprised of three of our directors, Mr. Roger Abravanel, Dr. Ariel Halperin and Mr. Dori Brown. Mr. Roger Abravanel serves as the chairman of the strategy committee. The strategy committee will maintain an ongoing, cooperative, interactive strategic planning process with our management, including the identification, setting and maintenance of strategic goals and expectations as well as the review of potential acquisitions, joint ventures, and strategic alliances. References to our strategy and strategic planning are intended to focus on our medium and long term initiatives versus day to day operations.

Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers

Directors. Under the Companies Law, the compensation of our directors requires the approval of our compensation committee, the subsequent approval of the board of directors and, unless exempted under the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law, the approval of the shareholders at a general meeting. If the compensation of our directors is inconsistent with our compensation policy, then, provided that those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law have been considered by the compensation committee and board of directors, shareholder approval will also be required, as follows:

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at least a majority of the shares held by all shareholders who are not controlling shareholders and do not have a personal interest in such matter, present and voting at such meeting, are voted in favor of the compensation package, excluding abstentions; or

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the total number of shares of non-controlling shareholders and shareholders who do not have a personal interest in such matter voting against the compensation package does not exceed 2% of the aggregate voting rights in the company.

Executive Officers other than the Chief Executive Officer. The Companies Law requires the compensation of a public company’s executive officers (other than the chief executive officer) to be approved by, first, the compensation committee; second by the company’s board of directors and third, if such compensation arrangement is inconsistent with the company’s stated compensation policy, the company’s shareholders (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). However, if the shareholders of the company do not approve a compensation arrangement with an executive officer (other than the chief executive officer) that is inconsistent with the company’s stated compensation policy, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide detailed reasons for their decision after reconsidering the compensation arrangement, while taking into consideration that the shareholders of the company did not approve the compensation arrangement.

Chief Executive Officer. The compensation of a public company’s chief executive officer requires the approval of first, the company’s compensation committee; second, the company’s board of directors; and third, the company’s shareholders (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). However, if the shareholders of the company do not approve the compensation arrangement with the chief executive officer, the compensation committee and board of directors may override the shareholders’ decision if each of the compensation committee and the board of directors provide a detailed report for their decision after reconsidering the compensation arrangement, while taking into consideration that the shareholders of the company did not approve the compensation arrangement.

The compensation committee and board of directors approval should be in accordance with the company’s stated compensation policy; however, in special circumstances, they may approve compensation terms of a chief executive officer that are inconsistent with such policy provided that they have considered those provisions that must be included in the compensation policy according to the Companies Law and that shareholder approval was obtained (by a special majority vote as discussed above with respect to the approval of director compensation). The compensation committee may waive the shareholder approval requirement with regards to the approval of the engagement terms of a candidate for the chief executive officer position, if they determine that the compensation arrangement is consistent with the company’s stated compensation policy, the chief executive officer did not have a business relationship with the company or a controlling shareholder of the company and that having the engagement transaction subject to a shareholder vote would impede the company’s ability to employ the chief executive officer candidate.

Notwithstanding the above, the amendment of existing compensation terms of executive officers (including the chief executive officer and excluding officers who are also directors), requires only the approval of the compensation committee, provided that the committee determines that the amendment is not material in relation to the existing terms.

Internal auditor

Under the Companies Law, the board of directors of a public company must appoint an internal auditor based on the recommendation of the audit committee. The role of the internal auditor is, among other things, to examine whether a company’s actions comply with applicable law and orderly business procedure. Under the Companies Law, the internal auditor may not be an interested party or an office holder or a relative of an interested party or of an office holder, nor may the internal auditor be the company’s independent auditor or the representative of the same.

An “interested party” is defined in the Companies Law as (i) a holder of 5% or more of the issued share capital or voting power in a company, (ii) any person or entity who has the right to designate one or more directors or to designate the chief executive officer of the company, or (iii) any person who serves as a director or as a chief executive officer of the company. Our internal auditor is Mr. Ofer Orlitzky of Leon, Orlitzky and Co.

Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law

Fiduciary duties of office holders

The Companies Law imposes a duty of care and a duty of loyalty on all office holders of a company.

The duty of care of an office holder is based on the duty of care set forth in connection with the tort of negligence under the Israeli Torts Ordinance (New Version) 5728-1968. The duty of care requires an office holder to act with the degree of proficiency with which a reasonable office holder in the same position would have acted under the same circumstances. The duty of care includes, among other things, a duty to use reasonable means, in light of the circumstances, to obtain:

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information on the business advisability of a given action brought for his or her approval or performed by virtue of his or her position; and

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all other important information pertaining to such action.

The duty of loyalty incumbent on an office holder requires him or her to act in good faith and for the benefit of the company, and includes, among other things, the duty to:

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refrain from any act involving a conflict of interest between the performance of his or her duties in the company and his or her other duties or personal affairs;

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refrain from any activity that is competitive with the business of the company;

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refrain from exploiting any business opportunity of the company for the purpose of gaining a personal advantage for himself or herself or others; and

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disclose to the company any information or documents relating to the company’s affairs which the office holder received as a result of his or her position as an office holder.

We may approve an act specified above which would otherwise constitute a breach of the office holder’s duty of loyalty, provided that the office holder acted in good faith, the act or its approval does not harm the company, and the office holder discloses his or her personal interest, including any related material information or document, a sufficient time before the approval of such act. Any such approval is subject to the terms of the Companies Law, setting forth, among other things, the organs of the company entitled to provide such approval, and the methods of obtaining such approval.

Disclosure of personal interest of an office holder and approval of related party transactions

The Companies Law requires that an office holder promptly disclose to the company any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information or documents relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company. An interested office holder’s disclosure must be made promptly and in any event no later than the first meeting of the board of directors at which the transaction is considered. An office holder is not obliged to disclose such information if the personal interest of the office holder derives solely from the personal interest of his or her relative in a transaction that is not considered as an extraordinary transaction.

Under the Companies Law, once an office holder has complied with the above disclosure requirement, a company may approve a transaction between the company and the office holder or a third party in which the office holder has a personal interest, pursuant to the certain procedures as set forth in the Companies Law. However, a company may not approve a transaction or action that is not to the company’s benefit.

Under the Companies Law, unless the articles of association of a company provide otherwise, a transaction with an office holder or with a third party in which the office holder has a personal interest, which is not an extraordinary transaction, requires the approval by the board of directors. Our articles of association provide that such a transaction, which is not an extraordinary transaction, shall be approved by the board of directors or a committee of the board of directors or any other entity (which has no personal interest in the transaction) authorized by the board of directors. If the transaction considered is an extraordinary transaction with an office holder or a third party in which the office holder has a personal interest, then audit committee approval is required prior to approval by the board of directors. For the approval of compensation arrangements with directors and executive officers, see “— Compensation of Directors and Executive Officers.”

Any person who has a personal interest in the approval of a transaction that is brought before a meeting of the board of directors or the audit committee may not be present at the meeting or vote on the matter. However, if the chairman of the board of directors or the chairman of the audit committee, as applicable, has determined that the presence of an office holder with a personal interest is required, such office holder may be present at the meeting for the purpose of presenting the matter. Notwithstanding the foregoing, a director who has a personal interest may be present at the meeting of the audit committee or the board of directors and vote on the matter if a majority of the directors or members of the audit committee, as applicable, have a personal interest in the approval of such transaction. If a majority of the directors at a board of directors meeting have a personal interest in the transaction, such transaction also requires approval of the shareholders of the company.

A “personal interest” is defined under the Companies Law as the personal interest of a person in an action or in a transaction of the company, including the personal interest of such person’s relative or the interest of any other corporate body in which the person and/or such person’s relative is a director or general manager, a holder of 5% or more of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or its voting rights, or has the right to appoint at least one director or the general manager, but excluding a personal interest stemming solely from the fact of holding shares in the company. A personal interest also includes (1) a personal interest of a person who votes according to a proxy of another person, including in the event that the other person has no personal interest, and (2) a personal interest of a person who gave a proxy to another person to vote on his or her behalf regardless of whether the discretion of how to vote lies with the person voting or not.

An “extraordinary transaction” is defined under the Companies Law as any of the following:

•

a transaction other than in the ordinary course of business;

•

a transaction that is not on market terms; or

•

a transaction that may have a material impact on the company’s profitability, assets or liabilities.

Disclosure of personal interests of a controlling shareholder and approval of transactions

The Companies Law also requires that a controlling shareholder promptly disclose to the company any personal interest that he or she may have and all related material information or documents relating to any existing or proposed transaction by the company. A controlling shareholder’s disclosure must be made promptly and in any event no later than the first meeting of the board of directors at which the transaction is considered. See “—Audit committee—Approval of transactions with related parties” for the definition of a controlling shareholder. Extraordinary transactions with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, including a private placement in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest, and the terms of engagement of the company, directly or indirectly, with a controlling shareholder or a controlling shareholder’s relative (including through a corporation controlled by a controlling shareholder), regarding the company’s receipt of services from the controlling shareholder, and if such controlling shareholder is also an office holder or an employee of the company, regarding his or her terms of service or employment, require the approval of each of (i) the audit committee or the compensation committee with respect to the terms of the engagement of the company, (ii) the board of directors and (iii) the shareholders, in that order. In addition, the shareholder approval must fulfill one of the following requirements:

•

a majority of the shares held by shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction and are voting at the meeting must be voted in favor of approving the transaction, excluding abstentions; or

•

the shares voted by shareholders who have no personal interest in the transaction who vote against the transaction represent no more than 2% of the voting rights in the company.

In addition, any extraordinary transaction with a controlling shareholder or in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest with a term of more than three years requires the approval described above, every three years; however, transactions not involving the receipt of services or compensation can be approved for a longer term, provided that the audit committee determines that such longer term is reasonable under the circumstances.

The Companies Law requires that every shareholder that participates, in person, by proxy or by voting instrument in a vote regarding a transaction with a controlling shareholder, must indicate in advance or in the ballot whether or not that shareholder has a personal interest in the vote in question. Failure to so indicate will result in the invalidation of that shareholder’s vote.

Duties of shareholders

Under the Companies Law, a shareholder has a duty to refrain from abusing its power in the company and to act in good faith and in an acceptable manner in exercising its rights and performing its obligations to the company and to other shareholders, including, among other things, when voting at meetings of shareholders on the following matters:

•

an amendment to the articles of association;

•

an increase in the company’s authorized share capital;

•

a merger; and

•

the approval of related party transactions and acts of office holders that require shareholder approval.

A shareholder also has a general duty to refrain from discriminating against other shareholders.

The remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply to a breach of the shareholder duties mentioned above, and in the event of discrimination against other shareholders, additional remedies are available to the injured shareholder.

In addition, any controlling shareholder, any shareholder that knows that its vote can determine the outcome of a shareholder vote and any shareholder that, under a company’s articles of association, has the power to appoint or prevent the appointment of an office holder, or any other power with respect to a company, is under a duty to act with fairness towards the company. The Companies Law does not describe the substance of this duty except to state that the remedies generally available upon a breach of contract will also apply in the event of a breach of the duty to act with fairness, taking the shareholder’s position in the company into account.

Approval of private placements

Under the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, a private placement of securities does not require approval at a general meeting of the shareholders of a company; provided however, that in special circumstances, such as a private placement completed in lieu of a special tender offer (see “ITEM 10.B: Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association—Acquisitions under Israeli law”) or a private placement which qualifies as a related party transaction (see “—Fiduciary duties and approval of specified related party transactions under Israeli law”), approval at a general meeting of the shareholders of a company is required.

Exculpation, insurance and indemnification of office holders

Under the Companies Law, a company may not exculpate an office holder from liability for a breach of the duty of loyalty. An Israeli company may exculpate an office holder in advance from liability to the company, in whole or in part, for damages caused to the company as a result of a breach of duty of care but only if a provision authorizing such exculpation is included in its articles of association. Our articles of association include such a provision. The company may not exculpate in advance a director from liability arising out of a prohibited dividend or distribution to shareholders.

Under the Companies Law and the Securities Law, 5738—1968 (“Securities Law”) a company may indemnify an office holder in respect of the following liabilities, payments and expenses incurred for acts performed by him as an office holder, either in advance of an event or following an event, provided its articles of association include a provision authorizing such indemnification:

•

a monetary liability incurred by or imposed on him or her in favor of another person pursuant to a judgment, including a settlement or arbitrator’s award approved by a court. However, if an undertaking to indemnify an office holder with respect to such liability is provided in advance, then such undertaking must be limited to certain events, which, in the opinion of the board of directors, can be foreseen based on the company’s activities when the undertaking to indemnify is given, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances, and such undertaking shall detail the foreseen events described above and amount or criteria;

•

reasonable litigation expenses, including reasonable attorneys’ fees, incurred by the office holder as a result of an investigation or proceeding instituted against him or her by an authority authorized to conduct such investigation or proceeding, provided that (i) no indictment was filed against such office holder as a result of such investigation or proceeding; and (ii) no financial liability, was imposed upon him or her as a substitute for the criminal proceeding as a result of such investigation or proceeding or, if such financial liability was imposed, it was imposed with respect to an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent or in connection with a monetary sanction;

•

a monetary liability imposed on him or her in favor of an injured party at an Administrative Procedure (as defined below) pursuant to Section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Securities Law;

•

expenses incurred by an office holder or certain compensation payments made to an injured party that were instituted against an office holder in connection with an Administrative Procedure under the Securities Law, including reasonable litigation expenses and reasonable attorneys’ fees; and

•

reasonable litigation expenses, including attorneys’ fees, incurred by the office holder or imposed by a court in proceedings instituted against him or her by the company, on its behalf, or by a third party, or in connection with criminal proceedings in which the office holder was acquitted, or as a result of a conviction for an offense that does not require proof of criminal intent.

An “Administrative Procedure” is defined as a procedure pursuant to chapters H3 (Monetary Sanction by the Israeli Securities Authority), H4 (Administrative Enforcement Procedures of the Administrative Enforcement Committee) or I1 (Arrangement to prevent Procedures or Interruption of procedures subject to conditions) to the Securities Law.

Under the Companies Law and the Securities Law, a company may insure an office holder against the following liabilities incurred for acts performed by him or her as an office holder if and to the extent provided in the company’s articles of association:

•

a breach of duty of loyalty to the company, provided that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not harm the company;

•

a breach of duty of care to the company or to a third party, to the extent such a breach arises out of the negligent conduct of the office holder;

•

a monetary liability imposed on the office holder in favor of a third party;

•

a monetary liability imposed on the office holder in favor of an injured party at an Administrative Procedure pursuant to Section 52(54)(a)(1)(a) of the Securities Law; and

•

expenses incurred by an office holder in connection with an Administrative Procedure instituted against him or her, including reasonable litigation expenses and reasonable attorneys’ fees.

Under the Companies Law, a company may not indemnify, exculpate or insure an office holder against any of the following:

•

a breach of a duty of loyalty, except for indemnification and insurance for a breach of the duty of loyalty to the company to the extent that the office holder acted in good faith and had a reasonable basis to believe that the act would not prejudice the company;

•

a breach of duty of care committed intentionally or recklessly, excluding a breach arising out of the negligent conduct of the office holder;

•

an act or omission committed with intent to derive illegal personal benefit; or

•

a fine, monetary sanction or forfeit levied against the office holder.

Under the Companies Law, exculpation, indemnification and insurance of office holders must be approved by the compensation committee and the board of directors and, with respect to directors or controlling shareholders, their relatives and third parties in which such controlling shareholders have a personal interest, also by the shareholders.

Our articles of association permit us to exculpate, indemnify and insure our office holders to the fullest extent permitted or to be permitted by law. Our office holders are currently covered by a directors and officers’ liability insurance policy. We have agreements with each of our current office holders exculpating them from a breach of their duty of care to us to the fullest extent permitted by law, subject to limited exceptions, and undertaking to indemnify them to the fullest extent permitted by law, subject to limited exceptions. This indemnification is limited to events determined as foreseeable by the board of directors based on our activities, and to an amount or according to criteria determined by the board of directors as reasonable under the circumstances. The maximum aggregate amount of indemnification that we may pay to our office holders based on such indemnification agreement is the greater of (1) with respect to indemnification in connection with a public offering of our securities, the gross proceeds raised by us and any selling shareholder in such public offering, and (2) with respect to all permitted indemnification, including in connection with a public offering of our securities, an amount equal to the greater of 50% of our shareholders’ equity on a consolidated basis, based on our most recent financial statements made publicly available before the date on which the indemnification payment was made, and $30 million. Such indemnification amounts are in addition to any insurance amounts. Each office holder who previously received an indemnification letter from us and agreed to receive this new letter of indemnification, gave his approval to the termination of all previous letters of indemnification that we have provided to him or her in the past, if any; however, in the opinion of the SEC, indemnification of office holders for liabilities arising under the Securities Act is against public policy and therefore unenforceable.

We previously entered into letters of indemnification with some former office holders that currently remain in effect, and pursuant to which we undertook to indemnify them with respect to certain liabilities and expenses then permitted under the Companies Law, which are similar to those described above. These letters of indemnification are limited to foreseeable events that were determined by the board of directors and indemnity payments are limited to a maximum amount of $2.0 million for one series of related events for each office holder.

Employees

As of December 31, 2018, we had 1,534 employees, of whom 714 were based in Israel, including 50 individuals who provide services to us through our manpower agreement with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and with whom we do not have employment relationships, 510 employees in the United States, including 214 employees in our Richmond Hill facility, 115 employees in Australia, 134 in Canada, 36 in the United Kingdom and 25 in Asia. The following table shows the breakdown of our global workforce by category of activity as of December 31 for the past three fiscal years:

	As of December 31,
Department	2018		2017		2016
Manufacturing and operations		950		962		905
Research and development		17		16		15
Sales, marketing, service and support		410		407		375
Management and administration		157		160		139
Total		1,534		1,545		1,434

In 2018, the size of our global workforce slightly declined by 11 employees. The growth in the size of our global workforce by 111 employees in 2017 is related primarily to commencement of direct distribution operations in the United Kingdom and the expansion of labor force to enable increased manufacturing capacity, mainly in our U.S. facility.

Israeli labor laws (applicable to our Israeli employees) govern the length of the workday, minimum wages for employees, procedures for hiring and dismissing employees, determination of severance pay, annual leave, sick days, advance notice of termination of employment, equal opportunity and anti-discrimination laws and other conditions of employment. Subject to certain exceptions, Israeli law generally requires severance pay upon the retirement, death or dismissal of an employee, and requires us and our employees to make payments to the NII, which is similar to the U.S. Social Security Administration. Our employees have pension plans in accordance with the applicable Israeli legal requirements.

None of our employees work under any collective bargaining agreements. Extension orders issued by the Israeli Ministry of Economy and Industry apply to us and affect matters such as cost of living adjustments to salaries, length of working hours and week, recuperation pay, travel expenses, and pension rights. We have never experienced labor-related work stoppages or strikes and, while there can be no assurance that we will not experience any, we believe that our relations with our employees are satisfactory.

E.	Share Ownership

Beneficial Ownership of Executive Officers and Directors

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our ordinary shares as of March 5, 2019, of each of our directors and executive officers.

Name of Beneficial Owner	Number of Shares Beneficially Held⁽¹⁾		Percent of Class
Executive Officers
Yuval Dagim		*		*
Ophir Yakovian		*		*
David Cullen		*		*
Ken Williams		*		*
Eli Feiglin		*		*
Hezi Eini		*		*
Amihai Seider		*		*
Erez Margalit		*		*
Giora Wegman		*		*
Ron Mosberg		*		*
Nirit Peled Muntz		*		*
Israel Sandler		*		*

Directors
Dr. Ariel Halperin		*		*
Irit Ben- Dov		*		*
Dr. Ofer Borovsky		*		*
Roger Abravanel		*		*
Dori Brown		*		*
Eric D. Herschmann		*		*
Ronald Kaplan		*		*
Ofer Tsimchi		*		*
Amit Ben Zvi		*		*

All current directors and executive officers as a group (21 persons)		120,203		*

*	Less than one percent of the outstanding ordinary shares.

(1) As used in this table, “beneficial ownership” means the sole or shared power to vote or direct the voting or to dispose or direct the disposition of any security. For purposes of this table, a person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of securities that can be acquired within 60 days from March 5, 2019, through the exercise of any option or warrant. Ordinary shares subject to options that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days, or other awards that are convertible into our ordinary shares within 60 days, are deemed outstanding for computing the ownership percentage of the person holding such options or other agreements, but are not deemed outstanding for computing the ownership percentage of any other person. The amounts and percentages are based upon 34,368,511 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 5, 2019.

All of our shareholders, including the shareholders listed above, have the same voting rights attached to their ordinary shares. See “ITEM 10.B: Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association —Voting.”

Our directors and executive officers hold, in the aggregate, options and RSUs exercisable for 680,703 ordinary shares (including 65,750 RSUs), as of March 5, 2019. The options have a weighted average exercise price of $20.41 per share and the RSUs have a weighted average fair value of $18.22 and have expiration dates generally seven years after the grant date of the option.

ITEM 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions

a. Major Shareholders

The following table sets forth certain information regarding the beneficial ownership of our outstanding ordinary shares as of the date indicated below, by each person who we know beneficially owns 5.0% or more of the outstanding ordinary shares. For information on the beneficial ownership of each of our directors and executive officers individually and as a group, see “ITEM 6.E: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Share Ownership.”

Beneficial ownership of ordinary shares is determined in accordance with the rules of the SEC and generally includes any ordinary shares over which a person exercises sole or shared voting or investment power, or the right to receive the economic benefit of ownership. For purposes of the table below, we deem shares subject to options or other agreements that are currently exercisable or exercisable within 60 days of March 5, 2019, to be outstanding and to be beneficially owned by the person holding the options for the purposes of computing the percentage ownership of that person but we do not treat them as outstanding for the purpose of computing the percentage ownership of any other person. The amounts and percentages are based upon 638,511 ordinary shares outstanding as of March 5, 2019.

All of our shareholders, including the shareholders listed below, have the same voting rights attached to their ordinary shares. See “ITEM 10.B: Additional Information—Memorandum and Articles of Association —Voting.”

A description of any material relationship that our principal shareholders have had with us or any of our predecessors or affiliates within the past three years is included below under “—Related Party Transactions.”

Name of Beneficial Owner	Number of Shares Beneficially Owned		Percentage of Shares Beneficially Held
Mifalei Sdot-Yam Agricultural Cooperative Society Ltd. ⁽¹⁾⁽³⁾		13,892,132		40.4	%
Tene Investment in Projects 2016, L.P.⁽²⁾⁽³⁾		13,892,132		40.4	%
Invesco Ltd ⁽⁴⁾		2,415,189		7.0	%
Itshak Sharon (Tshuva)⁽⁵⁾		2,085,567		6.1	%

(1) Based on information received from Mifalei Sdot-Yam Agricultural Cooperative Society Ltd. ("Mifalei Sdot-Yam"), Mifalei Sdot-Yam is controlled by Sdot- Yam Business, Holding and Management – agricultural cooperative society Ltd., which is in turn controlled by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. Mifalei Sdot-Yam holds shared voting power, over 13,892,132 ordinary shares and sole dispositive power over 10,440,000 ordinary shares. No individual member of Mifalei Sdot-Yam has dispositive power or casting vote over the ordinary shares. The Economic Council elected by the members of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam manages the economic activities and strategy of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. The Economic Council takes its decisions by majority vote and currently has eleven members, including Amit Ben-Zvi (substitute Chairman), who is a director on our board. The address of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam is MP Menashe 3780400, Israel. Our board of directors operates independently from the Economic Council.

Kibbutz Sdot-Yam is a communal society, referred to in Hebrew as a “kibbutz” (plural “kibbutzim”) with approximately 460 members and an additional 350 residents located in Israel on the Mediterranean coast between Tel Aviv and Haifa. Established in 1940, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam is a largely self-governed community of members who share certain social ideals and professional interests on a communal basis. Initially, the social idea behind the formation of the kibbutzim in Israel was to create a communal society in which all members share equally in all of the society’s resources and which provides for the needs of the community. Over the years, the structure of the kibbutzim has evolved, and today there are a number of different economic and social arrangements adopted by various kibbutzim.

Today, each member of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam continues to own an equal part of the assets of the Kibbutz. The members of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam are engaged in a number of economic activities, including agriculture, industrial operations and outdoor venue operations. A number of Kibbutz members are engaged in professions outside the Kibbutz. The Kibbutz is the owner and operator of several private companies. The Kibbutz community holds in common all land, buildings and production assets of these companies.

Some of the members of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam work in one of the production activities of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, according to the requirements of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the career objectives of the individual concerned. Other members work outside of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam in businesses owned by other entities. Each member receives income based on the position the member holds and his or her economic contribution to the community, as well as on the size and composition of his or her family. Each member’s income depends on the income of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam from its economic activities. Each member has a personal pension fund that is funded by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, and all accommodation, educational, health and old age care services, as well as social and municipal services, are provided either by or through Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and are subsidized by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam.

The elected Economic Council is the key economic decision-making body of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. Kibbutz Sdot-Yam also has a General Secretary (chairman) and other senior officers, all of whom are elected by the members of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam at its General Meeting for terms of seven years. A meeting of the members of the Kibbutz may remove a member of the Economic Council by simple majority vote.

As of December 31, 2018, 50 of our employees, or 3.3% of our total workforce, are also members of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam.

(2) Based on a Schedule 13D/A filed on November 21, 2018, Tene Investment in Projects 2016, L.P. (“Tene”) has shared voting power over 13,892,132 ordinary shares and shared dispositive power over 5,452,132, consisting of (i) 3,452,132 ordinary shares, which it directly owns, and (ii) 2,000,000 ordinary shares underlying an immediately exercisable call option (“Call Option”) from Mifalei Sdot-Yam, which it directly owns pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement (as defined below) with Mifalei Sdot-Yam. Pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement, Tene also shares voting power over 10,440,000 Ordinary Shares beneficially owned by Mifalei Sdot- Yam. Dr. Ariel Halperin is the sole director of Tene Growth Capital III (G.P.) Company Ltd. (“Tene III”), which is the general partner of Tene Growth Capital 3 (Fund 3 G.P.) Projects, L.P (“Tene III Projects”), which is the general partner of Tene. Dr. Halperin is also a member of our board of directors. Each of Dr. Halperin, Tene III and Tene III Projects may thus be deemed to share voting power over the 13,892,132 ordinary shares and dispositive power over the 5,452,132 ordinary shares, in each case, beneficially owned by Tene.

(3) On October 13, 2016, based on approval from the Israeli Antitrust Commission, Mifalei Sdot-Yam and Tene entered into the shareholders’ agreement (“Shareholders’ Agreement”), memorialized in a term sheet signed by Mifalei Sdot-Yam and Tene on September 5, 2016 and further amended on February 20, 2018. Pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement:

The parties agreed to vote at general meetings of our shareholders in the same manner, following discussions intended to reach an agreement on any matters proposed to be voted upon, with Tene determining the manner in which both parties will vote if no agreement is reached, except with respect to certain carved-out matters, with respect to which Mifalei Sdot-Yam will determine the manner in which both parties will vote if no agreement is reached.

The parties agreed to use their best efforts to prevent any dilutive transactions that would reduce Mifalei Sdot-Yam’s holdings in us below 26% on a fully diluted basis, provided that such agreement will not apply as of the date on which the percentage of Mifalei Sdot-Yam’s holdings decreases below 26% of our outstanding shares on a fully diluted basis, for any reason whatsoever, or if Mifalei Sdot-Yam receives a satisfactory written certification from the Israel Land Authority permitting Mifalei Sdot-Yam’s holdings in us to decrease below 26%. Subject to certain exceptions, Mifalei Sdot-Yam will also continue to hold at least 6,850,000 of our ordinary shares for the seven-year term of the Shareholders’ Agreement, and in no case fewer than the number of ordinary shares that would permit Tene to exercise the Call Option in full.

The parties agreed to use their best efforts to cause that at least four directors be elected to our board (one identified by Mifalei Sdot-Yam, two identified by Tene and another identified by Mifalei Sdot-Yam with Tene’s consent), provided that the parties will not propose a resolution at a general meeting of our shareholders that will contradict a recommendation of our board on elections.

The parties granted each other certain tag-along rights with respect to their dispositions of ordinary shares.

(4) Based on a Schedule 13G/A filed with the SEC on February 4, 2019 by Invesco Ltd, as of December 31, 2018, Invesco Ltd. holds sole voting power over 2,415,189 shares and sole dispositive power over 2,415,189 shares. The address of Invesco Ltd. is 1555 Peachtree Street NE, Suite 1800, Atlanta GA 30309.

(5) Based on Schedule 13G filed with the SEC on February 14, 2019 by Itshak Sharon (Tshuva), as of December 31, 2018, Itshak Sharon (Tshuva) held shared voting and dispositive power over 2,085,867 ordinary shares. These ordinary shares are beneficially owned by various direct or indirect, majority or wholly-owned subsidiaries of the Phoenix Holding Ltd. (the “Subsidiaries”). The Subsidiaries manage their own funds and/or the funds of others, including for holders of exchange-traded notes or various insurance policies, members of pension or provident funds, unit holders of mutual funds, and portfolio management clients. Each of the Subsidiaries operates under independent management and makes its own independent voting and investment decisions. The Phoenix Holding Ltd. is a majority-owned subsidiary of Delek Group Ltd. The majority of Delek Group Ltd.’s outstanding share capital and voting rights are owned, directly and indirectly, by Itshak Sharon (Tshuva) through private companies wholly-owned by him, and the remainder is held by the public. The address of Itshak Sharon (Tshuva) and Delek Group Ltd. is 19 Abba Eban ,Blvd., P.O.B. 2054, Herzliya, 4612001, Israel. The address of the Phoenix Holding Ltd. is Derech Hashalom 53, Givataim, 53454, Israel.

Changes in Ownership

Prior to our IPO in March 2012, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam owned 18,715,000, or 70.1% of our ordinary shares. After the IPO, due to our issuance of ordinary shares, the Kibbutz’s ownership in our ordinary shares decreased to 56.1%. As a result of two subsequent public offerings of ordinary shares completed in 2013 and 2014, the Kibbutz sold 6,325,000 of the 17,765,000 ordinary shares it owned, decreasing its ownership percentage to 32.8% after those offerings. Pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement, effective October 13, 2016, the Kibbutz sold to Tene 1,000,000 of its 11,440,000 ordinary shares and granted to Tene the Call Option to purchase 2,000,000 ordinary shares. During 2018, Tene purchased additional 2,452,132 ordinary shares in the open market. The parties also agreed to vote at general meetings of our shareholders together, such that they share voting power over 13,892,132 ordinary shares. As a result, as of March 5, 2019, the Kibbutz and Tene each beneficially owned 40.4% of our ordinary shares.

As of December 31, 2018, Joho Capital, L.L.C. ceased to beneficially own our ordinary shares. As of December 31, 2017, Vaughan Nelson Investment Management and Baron Capital Group, Inc. ceased to beneficially own more than 5% of our ordinary shares. As of December 31, 2016, FMR LLC ceased to beneficially own more than 5% of our ordinary shares.

Registered Holders

Based on a review of the information provided to us by our transfer agent, as of March 5, 2019, there were three registered holders of our ordinary shares, one of which (Cede & Co., the nominee of the Depositary Trust Company) is a United States registered holder, holding approximately 59.6% of our outstanding ordinary shares.

b. Related Party Transactions

Related Party Transactions Policy

Our audit committee adopted and annually reapproves a policy, which lays out the procedures for approving transactions with our controlling shareholders, currently Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and Tene, and certain of our office holders and other related persons. Pursuant to this policy, as required by the Companies Law, for each transaction with our controlling shareholder or transactions in which our controlling shareholder has a personal interest as well as transactions with our office holders or transactions in which our office holders have a personal interest, our audit committee is required to determine whether such transaction is an extraordinary transaction and, with respect to controlling shareholder transactions only, whether it is a negligible transaction. Subject to our audit committee’s determination, negligible transactions and non-extraordinary transactions are subject to a competitive procedure comprised of obtaining two third-party quotes for such transaction and additional requirements as required by the Companies Law. An extraordinary transaction, which is not negligible, is subject, generally, to a tender in addition to the approvals required by the Companies Law. In addition, this policy determines certain transactions with our controlling shareholder as negligible and non-extraordinary transactions which are ongoing transactions but are required to be approved on an annual basis. Pursuant to this policy, we have, and may in the future, engage in transactions with our controlling shareholder and officeholders including with respect to services consumed by us for our operational needs as well as contribute donations to associations in which our controlling shareholder or shareholders has or have a personal interest.

Relationship and agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam

We have entered into certain agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam pursuant to which Kibbutz Sdot-Yam provides us with, among other things, a portion of our labor force, electricity, maintenance, and other services.

Pursuant to certain of these agreements, in consideration for using facilities licensed to us or for services provided by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, we paid the Kibbutz an aggregate of $9.3 million in 2018, $9.5 million in 2017 and $9.7 million in 2016 (excluding VAT), as set forth in more detail below. We believe that these services are rendered to us in the ordinary course of our business and that they represent terms no less favorable than those that would have been obtained from an unaffiliated third party. Nevertheless, a determination with respect to such matters requires subjective judgments regarding valuations, and regulators and other third parties may question whether our agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam are no less favorable to us than if they had been negotiated with unaffiliated third parties.

Under the Companies Law, our audit committee, board of directors and shareholders are required to approve every three years any extraordinary transaction in which a controlling shareholder has a personal interest and that has a term of more than three years, unless the company’s audit committee, constituted in accordance with the Companies Law, determines, solely with respect to agreements that do not involve compensation to a controlling shareholder or his or her relatives, in connection with services rendered by any of them to the company or their employment with the company, that a longer term is reasonable under the circumstances. Our audit committee has determined that the term of all the agreements entered into between us and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam are reasonable under the relevant circumstances, except for part of our manpower agreement entered into between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and us on January 1, 2011, as amended on July 30, 2015 and November 27, 2018, as it relates to office holders, and the services agreement entered into between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and us on July 20, 2011, as amended on February 13, 2012, July 30, 2015 and November 27, 2018.

VAT references above and below are to the Israeli value added tax, the rate for which as of the date of this filing is 17%.

Land use agreement

Land leased to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam by the ILA and the Caesarea Development Corporation

Our headquarters and research and development facilities, as well as one of our two manufacturing facilities, are located on the grounds at Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and include 30,744 square meter of facility and 60,870 square meter of un-covered yard. The headquarters and facilities are located on lands title to which is held by the ILA, and which are leased or subleased to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam pursuant to the following agreements: (i) a 49-year lease from the ILA signed in July 1978 that commenced in 1962 and expired in 2011 and has been extended pursuant to an option in the agreement for an additional 49 years, and (ii) a new agreement entered into in April 2014 between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Caesarea Development Corporation pursuant to which Kibbutz Sdot-Yam leases the relevant premises (including such premises which are leased by the Kibbutz to us) from the Caesarea Development Corporation until year 2037. Additionally, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam has been negotiating the renewal of a long-term lease agreement with the ILA which expired in 2009. After a series of discussions with the ILA to renew this expired agreement, on February 21, 2017, the District Court approved a settlement between the parties, pursuant to which the Kibbutz is entitled to a new lease agreement for a period of 49 years, with an option to renew for additional 49 years. As of the date of this report, a definitive lease agreement between the parties has not been signed yet. To date, the expiration of this lease agreement has not had any impact on our ability to use the facilities located on the property subject to the leases. The ILA may terminate its leases with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam in certain circumstances, including if Kibbutz Sdot-Yam breaches its agreements therewith, commences proceedings to disband or liquidate or in the event that Kibbutz Sdot-Yam ceases to be a “kibbutz” as defined in the lease (meaning, a registered cooperative society classified as a kibbutz). The ILA may, from time to time, change its regulations governing the lease agreements, and these changes could affect the terms of the land use agreement, as amended, including the provisions governing its termination.

Kibbutz Sdot-Yam currently permits us to use the land and facilities pursuant to a land use agreement which became effective in March 2012 and expires 20 years thereafter. Under the land use agreement, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam agreed to permit us to use approximately 100,000 square meters of land leased to the Kibbutz, consisting both of facilities and unbuilt areas, in consideration for an annual fee of NIS12.9 million ($3.5 million) in 2013 and thereafter, plus VAT, and beginning in 2013, adjusted every six months based on any increase of the Israeli consumer price index compared to the index as of January 2011. The annual fee may be adjusted after January 1, 2021 or after January 1, 2018 if the Kibbutz is required to pay significantly higher lease fees to the ILA or Caesarea Development Corporation, and every three years thereafter if Kibbutz Sdot-Yam chooses to obtain an appraisal. The appraiser will be mutually agreed upon or, in the absence of agreement, will be chosen by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam out of the list of appraisers recommended at that time by Bank Leumi Le-Israel B.M. (“Bank Leumi”). Every addition or deletion of space is accounted for based on the original rates mentioned above.

In addition, in the land use agreement, we have waived any claims for payment of NIS 18.0 million ($4.6 million) from Kibbutz Sdot-Yam with respect to prior investments in infrastructure on Kibbutz Sdot-Yam’s lands used by us under the prior land use agreement.

Following a request by the Kibbutz to increase the fees due to it pursuant to the land lease agreement, the assessment of an appointed appraiser and negotiations between us and the Kibbutz, it was agreed to increase the fees under such agreement, such that for the year ended December 31, 2018 we paid additional amount of NIS 950,000 (approximately $250,000) and starting 2019 and on we will pay an additional annual amount of NIS 1,100,000 (approximately $293,000). Starting from January 1, 2014 and through September 2016, we made use as needed of additional office space in Kibbutz Sdot-Yam of approximately 400 square meters, for an annual payment of NIS 77,956 (approximately $20,000) in 2014, NIS 116,643 (approximately $30,000) in 2015 and 2016. Such additional area was used by us as long as we needed it under terms materially similar to the land use agreement. In September 2016, we returned such premises to the Kibbutz. Starting from September 2014, we use an additional approximately 9,000 square meters based on our needs and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam’s consent under terms materially similar to the land use agreement, for an additional monthly fee of NIS 10,000 (approximately $3,000) which is not based on the original rates. However, we have the right to return these premises to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam earlier, following a 90-day prior written notice.

Under the land use agreement, we may not terminate the operation of either of our two production lines at our plant in Kibbutz Sdot-Yam as long as we continue to operate production lines elsewhere in Israel, and our headquarters must remain at Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. Furthermore, we may not decrease or return to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam any part of the land underlying the land use agreement, except upon one year’s advance written notice with regards to a certain unbuilt area, subject to certain conditions. In addition, subject to limitations, we may be able to sublease lands. Kibbutz Sdot-Yam will have three months to accept or reject a request for sublease, in its sole discretion, provided that if it does not respond within such three-month period, then we will be entitled to sublease such lands to a person approved in advance by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. In such event, we will continue to be liable to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam with respect to such lands. Pursuant to the land use agreement, subject to certain exceptions, if we need additional facilities on the land that we are permitted to use in Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, subject to obtaining the permits required by law, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam may build such facilities for us by using the proceeds of a loan that we will make to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, which loan shall be repaid to us by off-setting the monthly additional payment that we would pay for such new facilities and, if not fully repaid during the lease term, upon termination thereof.

We have committed to fund the cost of the construction, up to a maximum of NIS 3.3 million ($0.9 million) plus VAT, required to change the access road leading to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and our facilities, such that the entrance to our facilities will be separated from the entrance into Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. In addition, we committed to pay NIS 200,000 (approximately $53,000) plus VAT to cover the cost of paving an area of land leased from Kibbutz Sdot-Yam with such payment deducted in monthly installments over a four-year period beginning the year the construction completed from the lease payments to be made to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam under the land use agreement related to our Sdot-Yam facility.

While Kibbutz Sdot-Yam is responsible under the agreement for obtaining various licenses, permits, approvals and authorizations necessary for use of the property, we have waived any monetary recourse against Kibbutz Sdot-Yam for failure to receive such licenses, permits, approvals and authorizations.

Pursuant to an agreement dated January 4, 2012, for the settlement of reimbursement for building expenses incurred by us from January 2012, an annual amount of NIS 82,900 (approximately $22 thousands) will be deducted from the land use fees until year 2020.

Pursuant to these land use agreements, we paid to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam an aggregate of $4.3 million in 2018, $4.0 million in 2017 and $3.3 million in 2016.

Land purchase and leaseback agreement

On June 6, 2007, we entered into a long-term lease agreement with the ILA in the lands and facilities of the Bar-Lev Industrial Center for an initial period of 49 years as of February 6, 2005, with an option to renew for an additional term of 49 years as of the end of the initial period. On March 31, 2011, we entered into a land purchase and leaseback agreement with Kibbutz Sdot- Yam, pursuant to which, effective as of September 1, 2012, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam acquired from us our rights in the lands and facilities of the Bar-Lev Industrial Park in consideration for NIS 43.7 million ($10.9 million). Pursuant to the land purchase and leaseback agreement, we were required to obtain certain third-party consents from, among others, the Israeli Tax Authorities and from the Israeli Investment Center. All such consents have been obtained. The land purchase and leaseback agreement was executed simultaneously with the execution of a land use agreement. Pursuant to the land use agreement, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam permits us to use the Bar-Lev land for a period of 10 years commencing in September 2012 that will be automatically renewed unless we give two years prior notice, for an additional 10-year term in consideration for an annual fee of NIS 4.1 million ($1.1 million) to be linked to the increase of the Israeli consumer price index. The fee is subject to adjustment following January 1, 2021 and every three years thereafter at the option of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam if the Kibbutz obtains an appraisal that supports such an increase. The appraiser will be mutually agreed upon or, in the absence of agreement, will be chosen by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam from a list of assessors recommended at that time by Bank Leumi.

Under the land use agreement, we may not decrease or return to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam any part of the land underlying the land use agreement; however, subject to several limitations, we may be able to sublease such lands to a person approved in advance by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. We may assign our right under the land use agreement pursuant to a merger with a third party and to any corporation under our control. In such event, we will continue to be liable to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam with respect to such lands. In addition, subject to certain exceptions, if we need additional facilities on the land that we are permitted to use by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, subject to obtaining the permits required by law, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam may build such facilities for us by using the proceeds of a loan that we will make to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, which loan shall be repaid to us by off-setting the monthly additional payment that we would pay for such new facilities and, if not fully repaid during the lease term, upon termination thereof.

Agreement for Arranging for Additional Accord

Pursuant to the Agreement For Arranging For Additional Accord, dated as of July 20, 2011, prior to its termination, if we wished to acquire or lease any additional lands, whether on the grounds of our Bar-Lev manufacturing facility, or elsewhere in Israel, for the purpose of establishing new manufacturing facilities or production lines: (i) Kibbutz Sdot-Yam would need to purchase the land and build the required facilities’ structure on such land at its own expense in accordance with our needs; (ii) we would need to perform any necessary building adjustments at our expense; and (iii) Kibbutz Sdot-Yam would lease the land and the facility to us under a long-term lease agreement with terms to be negotiated in accordance with the then prevailing market price. In addition, under this agreement, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam has agreed not to compete with us as long as it holds more than 10% of our shares. The agreement terminated on October 20, 2017.

Agreement for Additional Land on the Grounds Near Our Bar-Lev Manufacturing Facility

Pursuant to the Agreement For Arranging For Additional Accord, we entered into the Agreement For Additional Land, in August 2013, pursuant to which Kibbutz Sdot-Yam acquired additional land of approximately 12,800 square meters on the grounds near our Bar-Lev manufacturing facility, which we required in connection with the construction of the fifth production line at our Bar-Lev manufacturing facility and leased it to us for a monthly fee of approximately NIS 70,000 (approximately $20,000), in accordance with the terms of the Agreement For Arranging For Additional Accord. Under the agreement, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam committed to (i) acquire the long-term leasing rights of the Additional Bar-Lev Land from the ILA, (ii) perform preparation work and construction, in conjunction with the administrative body of Bar-Lev industrial park and other contractors according to our plans, (iii) build a warehouse according to our plans, and (iv) obtain all permits and approvals required for performing the preparation work of the Additional Bar-Lev Land and for the building of the warehouse. The warehouse in Bar-Lev will be situated both on the current and new land. The financing of the building of the warehouse is to be made through a loan that will be granted by us to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, in the amount of the total cost related to the building of the warehouse, and such loan, including principle and interest, shall be repaid by setoff of the lease due to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam by us for our use of the warehouse. The principal amount of the loan will bear interest at a rate of 5.3% a year. On November 30, 2015, the land preparation work had been completed and the holding of the Additional Bar-Lev Land was delivered to us. To date, the warehouse has not been constructed.

Pursuant to the land purchase and leaseback agreement and agreement for additional land in connection with our Bar-Lev facility, we paid to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam an aggregate of $1.2 million in 2018 and 2017 and $1.3 million in 2016.

Manpower agreement

In March 2001, we entered into a manpower agreement with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, which was amended in December 2006. Pursuant to the agreement, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam agreed to provide us with labor services staffed by Kibbutz members, candidates for Kibbutz membership and Kibbutz residents (each a “Kibbutz Appointee”). This agreement was replaced by a new manpower agreement, signed on July 20, 2011, with a term of 10 years from January 1, 2011 that will be automatically renewed, unless one of the parties gives six months’ prior notice, for additional one-year periods. Our audit committee has determined that the term of the manpower agreement with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam is reasonable under the relevant circumstances except as it relates to office holders. Accordingly, under the Companies Law, the manpower agreement, with respect to office holders, is subject to re-approval by our audit committee, board of directors and general meeting every three years. On July 30, 2015, following the approval of our audit committee, compensation committee and board of directors, our shareholders approved an addendum to the Manpower Agreement between us and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, with respect to the engagement of office holders affiliated with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, for an additional three-year term as of the date of approval by the shareholders. On November 27, 2018, following the approval of our audit committee, compensation committee and board of directors, our shareholders approved a second addendum to such agreement for an additional three-year term as of the date of approval by the shareholders.

Under the manpower agreement and addendums thereto (“manpower agreement”), Kibbutz Sdot-Yam provides us with labor services staffed by Kibbutz Appointees. The consideration to be paid for each Kibbutz Appointee is based on our total cost of employment for a non-Kibbutz Appointee employee performing a similar role. The number of Kibbutz Appointees may change in accordance with our needs. Under the manpower agreement, we will notify Kibbutz Sdot-Yam of any roles that require staffing, and if the Kibbutz offers candidates with skills similar to other candidates, we will give preference to the hiring of the relevant Kibbutz members. Kibbutz Sdot-Yam is entitled under the manpower agreement, at its sole discretion, to discontinue the engagement of any Kibbutz Appointee of manpower services through his or her employment by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and require such appointee to become employed directly by us.

Under the manpower agreement, we will contribute monetarily to assist with the implementation of a professional reserve plan to encourage young Kibbutz members to obtain the necessary education for future employment with us. We will provide up to NIS 250,000 (approximately $67 thousands) per annum for this plan linked to changes in the Israeli consumer price index plus VAT. We will also implement a policy that prioritizes the hiring of such young Kibbutz members as our employees upon their graduation. Office holders who are Kibbutz Appointees have all benefits then provided to our other office holders, including without limitation, directors’ and officers’ liability insurance, and Company's indemnification and exemption undertaking. Pursuant to the manpower agreement, we paid to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam an aggregate of $2.5 million in 2018, $2.9 million in 2017 and $3.1 million in 2016. As of December 31, 2018, we engaged 50 Kibbutz Appointees on a permanent basis.

Services agreement

On July 20, 2011, we entered into a services agreement with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, as amended on February 13, 2012 (“Original Services Agreement”). Pursuant to the Original Services Agreement, the Kibbutz provided us with various services related to our operational needs. The Original Services Agreement also outlined the distribution mechanism between us and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, for certain expenses and payments due to local authorities, such as taxes and fees in connection with our business facilities. The agreement expired on March 21, 2015.

On July 30, 2015, following the approval of our audit committee and the board, our shareholders approved an amended services agreement for a period of three years. On November 27, 2015, following the approval of our audit committee and the board, our shareholders approved a further amended services agreement (“Amended Services Agreement”) for an additional period of three years. Under the Amended Services Agreement, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam will continue to provide us with various services it provides in the ordinary course of our business, for a period of three years commencing as of the date of approval by the shareholders. The amount that we pay Kibbutz Sdot-Yam under the Amended Services Agreement depends on the scope of services we will receive and is based on rates specified in such agreement which were determined based on market terms, taking into account the added value of consuming services from Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, considering its physical proximity to our manufacturing plant in Sdot-Yam and its expertise. The amounts we pay for the services are subject to certain adjustments for increases in the Israeli consumer price index. In addition, the Amended Services Agreement grants Kibbutz Sdot-Yam a right of first proposal in special projects with respect to the metal workshop services. The Amended Services Agreement also outlines the distribution mechanism between us and the Kibbutz for certain expenses and payments due to local authorities, such as certain taxes and fees in connection with our business facilities. Each party may terminate such agreement upon a material breach, following a 30-day prior notice, or upon liquidation of the other party, following a 45-days’ prior notice. In connection with such agreements, we paid to Kibbutz Sdot-Yam an aggregate of $1.3 million in 2018, $1.4 million in 2017 and $1.4 million in 2016.

From time to time, we enter into additional arrangements in the ordinary course of business, at market prices and on market terms, with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, which are not material in accordance with related party transaction procedures adopted by our audit committee and our board of directors.

Special grant from Kibbutz Sdot-Yam

On February 9, 2016, our board of directors approved, following the approval of our audit committee in accordance with the Israeli Companies Regulations (Relieves for Transactions with Interested Parties) of 2000 (“Regulations”), the acceptance of a special grant from Kibbutz Sdot- Yam by a waiver of lease payments due to the Kibbutz in the amount of NIS 1 million (approximately $266,000) (“Grant”). The Grant was made in favor of our employees (other than employees who are members of the Kibbutz, executive officers and directors), based on principles set by the Kibbutz for its distribution. Our audit committee and the board of directors determined that the Grant complies with the terms of Section 1(2) of the Regulations as an extraordinary transaction solely for our benefit.

Registration Rights Agreement

Pursuant to a registration rights agreement (“Registration Rights Agreement”), entered into on July 21, 2011, as amended on February 13, 2012 and September 19, 2017, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam has the right to request that we file a registration statement registering its shares, provided that the value of the shares to be registered is not less than $5.0 million, net of any underwriting discount or commission and provided further that we are not required to file more than two registration statements in any 12-month period. Kibbutz Sdot-Yam may also request that we file a registration statement on a Form F-3, if we are eligible to use such form, provided that the net value of the shares to be registered is not less than $1.0 million and provided further that we are not required to file more than two registration statements on a Form F-3 in any 12-month period. Kibbutz Sdot-Yam also has piggyback registration rights, which provide it with the right to register its shares in the event of an offering of securities by us. To the extent that the underwriters limit the number of shares that can be included in a registration statement, we have discretion to register those shares we choose first, followed by the shares of Kibbutz Sdot-Yam.

Pursuant to the Shareholders’ Agreement between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and Tene effective October 13, 2016, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam agreed to assign Tene its rights under the Registration Rights Agreement to demand that we file a registration statement on a Form F-3, per the terms detailed above, and its piggyback registration rights. Such assignment is subject to the terms of the registration rights agreement. Under the terms of the Shareholders’ Agreement, Kibbutz Sdot- Yam did not agree to assign to Tene its right to demand registration of shares on Form F-1 or Form S-1 under the Registration Rights Agreement.

On September 19, 2017, our shareholders approved an amendment to the Registration Rights Agreement, such that the registration rights transferred to Tene by the Kibbutz shall inure to Tene’s benefit in the event that the Kibbutz chooses to exercise its registration rights under the Registration Rights Agreement.

Pursuant to the Registration Rights Agreement, we registered 2,300,000 of our ordinary shares held by Kibbutz Sdot-Yam. These registration rights terminate upon the earlier of seven years following the date of our IPO or the date that a holder of registration rights can sell its shares freely under Rule 144 without restrictions on volume. In April 2013, Tene and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam sold 8,422,859 of our ordinary shares. In June 2014, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam sold 6,325,000 of the then-17,765,000 ordinary Company shares it owned.

Agreements with directors and officers

Employment agreements

See “ITEM 6.B: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Compensation of Officers and Directors—Employment and consulting agreements with executive officers”.

Indemnification agreements

See “ITEM 6.C: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Exculpation, insurance and indemnification of office holders.”

c. Interests of Experts and Counsel

Not applicable.

ITEM 8: Financial Information

a. Consolidated Financial Statements and Other Financial Information

Consolidated Financial Statements

For our audited consolidated financial statements for the year ended December 31, 2018, please see pages F-4 to F-67 of this report.

Legal Proceedings

Arbitration proceeding with Microgil Agricultural Cooperative Society Ltd.

In November 2011, Kfar Giladi and Microgil, an entity we believe is controlled by Kfar Giladi, initiated arbitration proceedings against us that commenced in April 2012. We refer to Kfar Giladi and Microgil as the “claimants.” In April 2012, the claimants filed a claim against us in arbitration for NIS 232.8 million ($60.5 million) for alleged damages incurred by them in connection with a breach of the Processing Agreement by us. In August 2012, we filed a counter claim against the claimants in the arbitration for NIS 76.6 million ($19.9 million) for damages incurred by us in connection with Microgil’s malfunctioning operations, Microgil’s breach of the Processing Agreement and the understanding between the parties regarding the Processing Agreement after it was terminated, inventory which was not returned to us and was unaccounted for, excess payments which were paid to the claimants, an unpaid loan that was granted by us to the claimants, and the adverse impact on the valuation in our IPO caused by their actions.

The arbitration arose out of a dispute related to the Processing Agreement that we entered into with Kfar Giladi (which subsequently assigned it to Microgil) in June 2006 pursuant to which Kfar Giladi committed to establish a production facility at its own expense within 21 months of the date of the Processing Agreement to process quartz for us and for other potential customers. Pursuant to the Processing Agreement, we committed to pay fixed prices for quartz processing services related to agreed-upon quantities of quartz over a period of ten years from the date set for the claimants to commence operating the production facility.

On January 17, 2018, the arbitrator provided its judgment, pursuant to which we are required to pay the claimants a total amount of approximately NIS 48.2 million ($13.9 million), including damages, interest and linkage to the Israeli Consumer Price index and legal fees. We recorded the above amount in 2017 as part of legal settlements and loss contingencies, net, line item in our consolidated statements of income and paid such amount in March 2018.

Claim by former South African distributor

In December 2007, we terminated our agency agreement with our former South African agent, WOMAG, on the basis that it had breached the agreement. In the same month, we filed a claim for NIS 1.0 million ($0.3 million) in the Israeli District Court in Haifa based on such breach. WOMAG contested jurisdiction of the Israeli District Court, but subsequent appellate courts have dismissed WOMAG’s contest. In January 2008, WOMAG filed suit in South Africa seeking €15.7 million ($17.1 million). In September 2013, the South African court determined that since a proceeding on the same facts was pending before another court (lis alibis pendens), the South African court would stay the matter until the conclusion of the Israeli action.

In December 2013, the magistrate’s court in Israel held that we were not entitled to terminate the agreement with WOMAG as it was not breached by WOMAG. The Israeli District Court subsequently dismissed our appeal of the decision of the magistrate’s court. As a result, the decision of the Israeli magistrate’s court stands and the finding that the agreement was terminated unlawfully is binding in the South African proceedings. Following the Israeli District Court’s decision, we have agreed with WOMAG to submit the South African matter to arbitration, for which hearings commenced in South Africa in September 2016. The arbitration is divided into two stages. Both stages relate to the quantum of damages payable by us; the first stage in respect of the merits and the second in respect of the quantum of claim if WOMAG succeeds with its disputed claim on the merits. At the conclusion of each stage, if any of the parties is not satisfied with the arbitrator’s decision, that party may lodge an appeal to a panel of three arbitrators to be appointed by the parties.

In October 2015, WOMAG amended its claim, seeking a reduced amount of €7.1 million ($7.7 million) and ZAR 43.7 million (South Africa RAND) ($2.8 million). In June 2016, WOMAG further amended its claim, seeking a reduced amount of €6.2 million ($6.5 million) and ZAR 51.2 million (South Africa RAND) ($3.7 million) plus interest on any capital sum awarded. During 2018, WOMAG once again amended its claim, seeking a reduced amount of Euro 5.8 million (approximately $6,640) plus interest on any capital sum awarded.

In February 2019 the arbitrator delivered his award on the merits (the quantum is still to be decided). The arbitrator award was in WOMAG’s favor as it relates to the claim that remained outstanding (WOMAG has conceded, abandoned and seemingly withdrawn all their claims save for the one mentioned above) and imposed the costs relating to the arbitration on us. We are appealing the award and expect that the appeal process will be concluded by the end of 2019. Should it remain necessary to run the second phase of the arbitration on quantum, it is anticipated that this phase may only be finalized in 2020, with the possibility of an appeal in 2021. We believe that we submitted credible defenses to all the claims raised by WOMAG. We continue to believe that our defenses to this claim enjoy a reasonable prospect of success and intend to continue to defend it in the appeal process. We continue to monitor and estimate the possible loss deriving from this claim based on new information available and believe that we have recorded an adequate reserve for this claim.

Claims related to alleged silicosis and other injuries

Overview

We are subject to numerous claims by former employees, fabricators, their employees or the National Insurance Institute (NII) in Israel, alleging that workers contracted illnesses, including silicosis, through exposure to silica particles during cutting, polishing, sawing, grinding, breaking, crushing, drilling, sanding or sculpting our products. Engineered stones, including our products, are typically comprised of approximately 90% silica, and smaller concentrations of silica are present in natural stones. Therefore, in some of the lawsuits it is claimed that fabrication of engineered stones creates higher exposure to silica dust, and, accordingly, creates a higher risk of silicosis.

Since 2008 through December 31, 2018, we have received lawsuits and demand letters alleging our liability for bodily injuries caused to 181 injured persons as a result of their exposure to silica dust relating to our products, of which 116 were still pending as of December 31, 2018, mainly in Israel, but also in Spain and Australia. These claims were filed by individuals (including fabricators and their employees, and our former employees), their successors, employers as well as by the state of Israel, and subrogation claims by the NII in Israel, WorkerCover Queensland in Australia and others.

Since 2008 and through December 31, 2018, lawsuits with respect to five injured persons that were filed against us were dismissed and lawsuits with respect to 63 injured persons have been settled between us, the claimants, their employer, if any, and the State of Israel (out of these settled lawsuits, 25 were settled also with respect to the related NII subrogation claims).

Most of the claims in Israel do not specify a total amount of damages sought, as the plaintiff’s future damages are intended to be determined at trial.

In December 2013, a judgment was entered by the Central District Court of Israel in one of the lawsuits, pursuant to which we were found to be comparatively liable for 33% of the plaintiff’s total damages. The remaining liability was imposed on the plaintiff at 40%, as contributory negligence, and on the State of Israel at 27%. Following an appeal to the Israeli Supreme Court, the parties entered into a settlement agreement. The District Court’s ruling was cancelled except for his decision not to impose liability on the Distributer.

In November 2015 and in May 2017, we entered into agreements with the State of Israel and with our main distributors in Israel, respectively, with the consent of our insurance carriers, under which we agreed with the State and each of our main distributors to cooperate, subject to certain terms, with respect to the management of the individual claims that have been filed and claims that may be submitted during a certain time period (NII claims are excluded from our agreement with the State) and on the apportionments between us of the total liability of us, the State, and the distributors, if found, in such claims. On March 5, 2018, we signed an extension to the previous agreement entered into with the State in November 2015.

Class Action Claim in Israel

A lawsuit by a single plaintiff and a motion for its class certification were filed against us in April 2014 in the Central District Court in Israel mainly claiming we did not provide adequate warnings with respect to our products and that by our wrongful conduct we violated the plaintiff’s autonomy.

The plaintiff alleged that, if the lawsuit is recognized as a class action, the claim against us is estimated to be NIS 216 million (approximately $56 million), calculated by claiming damages of NIS 18,000 ($4,668) for each individual who worked in fabrication workshops in Israel in fabrication or administrative roles and who have been exposed to dust generated by the fabrication of our products. The plaintiff claimed that there are 12,000 such individuals who worked at 400 fabrication workshops in Israel, each of which employed 10 fabricators and five administrative persons, with one rotation during the relevant period. In addition, such claim includes an unstated sum in compensation for special and general damages, such as medical disability, functional disability, pain and suffering, medical expenses, medical and nursing assistance, which will require proof and quantification for each injured person in the purported class action. The plaintiff was seeking, among other things, to compel us to notify the alleged group (and potential members of the group) and each individual about the risks, recommending that they undertake a medical examination and assert their rights.

On January 4, 2018, we and the plaintiff submitted to the Israeli District Court a settlement agreement. If the settlement agreement is approved by the Court, the claim will be dismissed and we will make payments on a one-time basis, without any admission of liability, in an aggregate amount of approximately NIS 9.0 million (approximately $2.4 million) to fund certain safety related expenses at fabrication facilities in Israel, as well as plaintiff’s compensation and legal expenses. As of the date of this report, the settlement agreement remains subject to the approval of the Court. The Israeli State Attorney General and other interested parties may notify the Court if they have any objection to the proposed settlement. While the Court extended the period in which the Attorney General can submit its position, as of the date of this report the position has not been submitted yet. A Court hearing is scheduled in May 2019 and we expect to receive a ruling from the Court regarding the settlement agreement by the end of 2019.

Our Probable Risks Related to Outstanding Claims

We intend to contest the pending claims against us, although there can be no assurance that we will succeed in these claims and it is probable that we will be liable for damages in connection with such lawsuits. As of December 31, 2018, we estimated that our total exposure with respect to all then-pending lawsuits in Israel related to 96 injured persons and the un-asserted NII claims was approximately $33.9 million, although the actual outcome of such lawsuits may vary significantly from such estimate. The number of injured persons takes into account the claim filed with a motion for its recognition as a class action, and does not include pre-litigation demand letters and settled claims for which the settled amount has not been paid yet.

Insurance

We currently have global product liability insurance, which applies, subject to certain terms and limitations, to claims that may be submitted against us worldwide during the insurance policy term. This policy covers claims that are beyond $6 million per claim and per year in Israel, up to an amount of $35 million per claim and per year. Our global product liability insurance policy is effective until March 31, 2019. This insurance policy includes a deductible of $125,000 per claim. The policy covers only illnesses diagnosed after February 2010. Although we will seek to renew our product liability insurance to cover silicosis related claims, there is no assurance that we will be successful in its renewal. In addition to the global product liability policy, we have regional product liability insurance policies in Australia with a coverage of up to $50 million and in U.S. and Canada each with a coverage of up to $20 million per claim or per year, each in its relevant local currency, subject to certain terms and limitations, with relatively low deductibles.

We believe that our current insurance covers the pending individual product liability claims however, our insurer at the time the class action claim was filed notified us that it denied the insurance coverage with respect to some or all of the damages sought with respect to the putative class action claim. Although, it is our position that such class action is covered by our product liability insurance, but subject to the coverage amount limit, there is no certainty whether our insurance would also cover the class action. In addition, the amount claimed in the class action exceeds our insurance coverage by a material amount. Our employer liability insurance excludes silicosis damages and, therefore, in case that we are found liable for any of our employees’ illness with silicosis, we will have to bear compensation for such damages, after the deduction of payments made by the NII to an employee of ours, which might have an adverse effect on our business and results of operations. We are not subject to subrogation claims by the NII with regard to our employees.

Securities Class Action Claim

On August 25, 2015, a purported purchaser of our ordinary shares filed a proposed class action in the United States District Court for the Southern District of New York asserting, among other things, that we and two of our officers violated Sections 10(b) and 20(a) of the Exchange Act, and Rule 10b–5 promulgated under the Exchange Act, by allegedly making false and misleading statements about our business. The complaint seeks an unspecified amount of damages on behalf of purchasers of our securities between March 25, 2013 and August 18, 2015. On January 15, 2016, the court-appointed lead plaintiffs filed an amended complaint that asserted similar claims, but that seeks damages on behalf of purchasers of our securities between February 12, 2014 and August 18, 2015. On February 26, 2016, we filed a motion to dismiss the amended complaint. On July 20, 2016, the court issued an opinion granting in part our motion to dismiss.

In January 2017, we entered into an agreement in principle with the lead plaintiffs to settle the case. In August 2017, the Court approved the settlement agreement and our insurance carriers covered the settlement amount in full.

General

From time to time, we are involved in other legal proceedings and claims in the ordinary course of business related to a range of matters, including environmental, contract, employment claims, product liability and warranty claims, and claims related to modification and adjustment or replacement of product surfaces sold. While the outcome of these other claims cannot be predicted with certainty, we do not believe that any such claims will have a materially adverse effect on us, either individually or in the aggregate. See Note 10 of the notes to the financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report.

Dividends

In February 2018, we declared the distribution of special cash dividend in the amount of $0.29 per share, paid on March 14, 2018, subject to withholding tax of 20%. We also adopted a dividend policy pursuant to which we intend to pay a quarterly cash dividend in the range of $0.10-$0.15 per share up to the lesser of 50% of the reported net income attributable to controlling interest (i) on a quarterly basis or (ii) on a year-to-date basis, subject in each case to the approval of our board of directors. We currently expect that payments of dividends pursuant to the dividend policy will be paid subject to our board of directors’ approval, after taking into account legal limitations, the benefit of the Company and its obligations, growth plans and other factors that our board of directors may deem relevant. Since January 1, 2018 and until March 5, 2019, we distributed dividends in the total amount of $0.59 per share (subject to 20% withholding tax).

Under Israeli law, we may declare and pay dividends only if, upon the determination of our board of directors, there is no reasonable concern that the distribution will prevent us from meeting the terms of our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due. The distribution of dividends is further limited by Israeli law to the greater of retained earnings and earnings generated over the two most recent years. In the event that we do not have retained earnings or earnings generated over the two most recent years legally available for distribution, we may seek the approval of the court to distribute a dividend. The court may approve our request if it is convinced that there is no reasonable concern that a payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.

To the extent we declare a dividend, we do not intend to distribute dividends from earnings related to our Approved/Beneficiary Enterprise programs. The taxable income exemption provided under the Approved/Beneficiary Enterprise program is valid exclusively for undistributed earnings, and as a result, a distribution of earnings related to our Approved/Beneficiary Enterprise programs would subject us to additional tax payments upon a distribution of these earnings as dividends.

The payment of dividends may be subject to Israeli withholding taxes. See “ITEM 10.E: Additional Information—Taxation—Israeli tax considerations and government programs—Taxation of our shareholders—Dividends”.

b. Significant Changes

Since the date of our audited financial statements included elsewhere in this annual report, there have not been any significant changes in our financial position.

ITEM 9: The Offer and Listing

Not applicable, except for Items 9.A.4 and 9.C, which are detailed below.

a. Offer and Listing Details

Our ordinary shares have been trading on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “CSTE” since March 2012.

b. Plan of Distribution

Not applicable.

c. Markets

See “—Offer and Listing Details” above.

d. Selling Shareholders

Not applicable.

e. Dilution

Not applicable.

f. Expenses of the Issue

Not applicable.

ITEM 10: Additional Information

a. Share Capital

Not applicable.

b. Memorandum of Association and Articles of Association

Our authorized share capital consists of 200,000,000 ordinary shares, par value NIS 0.04 per share, of which 34,368,511 are issued and 35,471,607are outstanding as of March 5, 2019.

Our ordinary shares are not redeemable and do not have preemptive rights. The ownership or voting of ordinary shares by non-residents of Israel is not restricted in any way by our articles of association or the laws of the State of Israel, except for anti-terror legislation and except that citizens of countries which are in a state of war with Israel may not be recognized as owners of ordinary shares.

Voting

Holders of our ordinary shares have one vote for each ordinary share held on all matters submitted to a vote of shareholders at a shareholder meeting. Shareholders may vote at shareholder meetings either in person, by proxy or, with respect to certain resolutions, by a voting instrument.

Israeli law does not allow public companies to adopt shareholder resolutions by means of written consent in lieu of a shareholder meeting. Shareholder voting rights may be affected by the grant of any special voting rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.

Transfer of shares

Fully paid ordinary shares are issued in registered form and may be freely transferred under our articles of association unless the transfer is restricted or prohibited by another instrument, Israeli law or the rules of a stock exchange on which the shares are traded.

Election of directors

Our ordinary shares do not have cumulative voting rights for the election of directors. Rather, under our articles of association our directors are elected by the holders of a simple majority of our ordinary shares at a general shareholder meeting (excluding abstentions). See “ITEM 6.C: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Board of directors and officers.” As a result, the holders of our ordinary shares that represent more than 50% of the voting power represented at a shareholder meeting and voting thereon (excluding abstentions) have the power to elect any or all of our directors whose positions are being filled at that meeting, subject to the special approval requirements for external directors described under “ITEM 6.C: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—External Directors.”

Dividend and liquidation rights

Under Israeli law, we may declare and pay dividends only if, upon the determination of our board of directors, there is no reasonable concern that the distribution will not prevent us from being able to meet the terms of our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due. Under the Companies Law, the distribution amount is further limited to the greater of retained earnings or earnings generated over the two most recent years legally available for distribution. In the event that we do not have retained earnings or earnings generated over the two most recent years legally available for distribution, we may seek the approval of the court in order to distribute a dividend. The court may approve our request if it is convinced that there is no reasonable concern that the payment of a dividend will prevent us from satisfying our existing and foreseeable obligations as they become due.

In the event of our liquidation, after satisfaction of liabilities to creditors, our assets will be distributed to the holders of ordinary shares on a pro-rata basis. Dividend and liquidation rights may be affected by the grant of preferential dividend or distribution rights to the holders of a class of shares with preferential rights that may be authorized in the future.

Shareholder meetings

We are required to convene an annual general meeting of our shareholders once every calendar year within a period of not more than 15 months following the preceding annual general meeting. Our board of directors may convene a special general meeting of our shareholders and is required to do so at the request of two directors or one quarter of the members of our board of directors, or at the request of one or more holders of 5% or more of our share capital and 1% of our voting power, or the holder or holders of 5% or more of our voting power. All shareholder meetings require prior notice of at least 14 days and, in certain cases, 35 days. The chairman of our board of directors presides over our general meetings. However, if there is no such chairman or if at any meeting the chairman is not present within 15 minutes after the appointed time, or is unwilling to act as chairman, then the board members present at the meeting shall choose one of the board members as chairman of the meeting and if they shall not do so then the shareholders present shall choose a board member, or if no board member is present or if all the board members present decline to take the chair, they shall choose any other person present to be chairman of the meeting. Subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and the regulations promulgated thereunder, shareholders entitled to participate and vote at general meetings are the shareholders of record on a date to be decided by the board of directors, which may be between four and 40 days prior to the date of the meeting, depending on the type of meeting and whether written proxies are being used.

Quorum

Pursuant to our articles of association, the quorum required for a meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by a voting instrument, who hold at least 25% of our voting power. A meeting adjourned for lack of a quorum generally is adjourned one week thereafter at the same time and place, or to such other day, time and place, as our board of directors may indicate in the invitation to the meeting or in the notice of the meeting to the shareholders. Pursuant to the Companies Law, at the reconvened meeting, the meeting will take place with whatever number of participants are present, unless the meeting was called pursuant to a request by our shareholders, in which case the quorum required is the number of shareholders required to call the meeting as described under “—Shareholder meetings.”

Resolutions

Under the Companies Law, unless otherwise provided in the articles of association or applicable law, all resolutions of the shareholders require a simple majority of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy or, with respect to certain resolutions, by a voting instrument, and voting on the resolution (excluding abstentions). A resolution for the voluntary winding up of the company requires the approval by the holders of 75% of the voting rights represented at the meeting, in person, by proxy and voting on the resolution (excluding abstentions).

Access to corporate records

Under the Companies Law, all shareholders generally have the right to review minutes of our general meetings, our shareholder register and register of significant shareholders (as defined in the Companies Law), our articles of association, our financial statements, other documents as provided in the Companies Law, and any document we are required by law to file publicly with the Israeli Companies Registrar or with the Israel Securities Authority. Any shareholder who specifies the purpose of its request may request to review any document in our possession that relates to: (i) any action or transaction with a related party which requires shareholder approval under the Companies Law; or (ii) the approval, by the board of directors, of an action in which an office holder has a personal interest. We may deny a request to review a document if we determine that the request was not made in good faith, that the document contains a commercial secret or a patent or that the document’s disclosure may otherwise impair our interests.

Acquisitions under Israeli law

Full tender offer

A person wishing to acquire shares of an Israeli public company and who would as a result hold over 90% of the target company’s issued and outstanding share capital or that of a certain class of shares is required by the Companies Law to make a tender offer to all of the company’s shareholders or the shareholders who holds shares of the same class for the purchase of all of the issued and outstanding shares of the company or of the same class, as applicable.

If the shareholders who do not respond to or accept the offer hold less than 5% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class of the shares, and more than half of the shareholders who do not have a personal interest in the offer accept the offer, all of the shares that the acquirer offered to purchase will be transferred to the acquirer by operation of law. However, a tender offer will be accepted if the shareholders who do not accept it hold less than 2% of the issued and outstanding share capital of the company or of the applicable class of the shares.

Upon a successful completion of such a full tender offer, any shareholder that was an offeree in such tender offer, whether such shareholder accepted the tender offer or not, may, within six months from the date of acceptance of the tender offer, petition the Israeli court to determine whether the tender offer was for less than fair value and that the fair value should be paid as determined by the court. However, under certain conditions, the offeror may determine in the terms of the tender offer that an offeree who accepted the offer will not be entitled to petition the Israeli court as described above.

If a tender offer is not accepted in accordance with the requirements set forth above, the acquirer may not acquire shares from shareholders who accepted the tender offer that will increase its holdings to more than 90% of the company’s issued and outstanding share capital or of the applicable class.

Special tender offer

The Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares of an Israeli public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company. This rule does not apply if there is already another holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company. Similarly, the Companies Law provides that an acquisition of shares in a public company must be made by means of a special tender offer if as a result of the acquisition the purchaser would become a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no other shareholder of the company who holds more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.

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These requirements do not apply if the acquisition (i) occurs in the context of a private offering, on the condition that the shareholders’ meeting approved the acquisition as a private offering whose purpose is to give the acquirer at least 25% of the voting rights in the company if there is no person who holds at least 25% of the voting rights in the company, or as a private offering whose purpose is to give the acquirer 45% of the voting rights in the company, if there is no person who holds 45% of the voting rights in the company; (ii) was from a shareholder holding at least 25% of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company; or (iii) was from a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company and resulted in the acquirer becoming a holder of more than 45% of the voting rights in the company.

The special tender offer may be consummated only if (i) at least 5% of the voting power attached to the company’s outstanding shares will be acquired by the offeror and (ii) the special tender offer is accepted by a majority of the votes of those offerees who gave notice of their position in respect of the offer; in counting the votes of offerees, the votes of a holder of control in the offeror, a person who has personal interest in acceptance of the special tender offer, a holder of at least 25% of the voting rights in the company, or any person acting on their or on the offeror’s behalf, including their relatives or companies under their control, are not taken into account.

In the event that a special tender offer is made, a company’s board of directors is required to express its opinion on the advisability of the offer or shall abstain from expressing any opinion if it is unable to do so, provided that it gives the reasons for its abstention. In addition, the board of directors must disclose any personal interest each of member of the board of directors have in the offer or stems therefrom.

An office holder in a target company who, in his or her capacity as an office holder, performs an action the purpose of which is to cause the failure of an existing or foreseeable special tender offer or is to impair the chances of its acceptance, is liable to the potential purchaser and shareholders for damages resulting from his acts, unless such office holder acted in good faith and had reasonable grounds to believe he or she was acting for the benefit of the company. However, office holders of the target company may negotiate with the potential purchaser in order to improve the terms of the special tender offer, and may further negotiate with third parties in order to obtain a competing offer.

If a special tender offer was accepted by a majority of the shareholders who announced their stand on such offer, then shareholders who did not respond to the special offer or had objected to the special tender offer may accept the offer within four days of the last day set for the acceptance of the offer.

In the event that a special tender offer is accepted, then the purchaser or any person or entity controlling it and any corporation controlled by them shall refrain from making a subsequent tender offer for the purchase of shares of the target company and may not execute a merger with the target company for a period of one year from the date of the offer, unless the purchaser or such person or entity undertook to effect such an offer or merger in the initial special tender offer.

Merger

The Companies Law permits merger transactions if approved by each party’s board of directors and, unless certain requirements described under the Companies Law are met, a majority of each party’s shareholders, by a majority of each party’s shares that are voted on the proposed merger at a shareholders’ meeting.

The board of directors of a merging company is required pursuant to the Companies Law to discuss and determine whether in its opinion there exists a reasonable concern that as a result of a proposed merger, the surviving company will not be able to satisfy its obligations towards its creditors, taking into account the financial condition of the merging companies. If the board of directors has determined that such a concern exists, it may not approve a proposed merger. Following the approval of the board of directors of each of the merging companies, the boards of directors must jointly prepare a merger proposal for submission to the Israeli Registrar of Companies.

For purposes of the shareholder vote, unless a court rules otherwise, the merger will not be deemed approved if a majority of the shares voting at the shareholders meeting (excluding abstentions) that are held by parties other than the other party to the merger, any person who holds 25% or more of the means of control (See “ITEM 6.C: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Audit committee—Approval of transactions with related parties” for a definition of means of control) of the other party to the merger or any one on their behalf including their relatives (See “ITEM 6.C: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—External directors—Qualifications of external directors” for a definition of relatives) or corporations controlled by any of them, vote against the merger.

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In addition, if the non-surviving entity of the merger has more than one class of shares, the merger must be approved by each class of shareholders.

If the transaction would have been approved but for the separate approval of each class of shares or the exclusion of the votes of certain shareholders as provided above, a court may still rule that the company has approved the merger upon the request of holders of at least 25% of the voting rights of a company, if the court holds that the merger is fair and reasonable, taking into account the appraisal of the merging companies’ value and the consideration offered to the shareholders.

Under the Companies Law, each merging company must send a copy of the proposed merger plan to its secured creditors. Unsecured creditors are entitled to receive notice of the merger, as provided by the regulations promulgated under the Companies Law. Upon the request of a creditor of either party to the proposed merger, the court may delay or prevent the merger if it concludes that there exists a reasonable concern that, as a result of the merger, the surviving company will be unable to satisfy the obligations of the target company. The court may also give instructions in order to secure the rights of creditors.

In addition, a merger may not be completed unless at least 50 days have passed from the date that a proposal for approval of the merger was filed with the Israeli Registrar of Companies and 30 days from the date that shareholder approval of both merging companies was obtained.

Anti-takeover measures

The Companies Law allows us to create and issue shares having rights different from those attached to our ordinary shares, including shares providing certain preferred or additional rights to voting, distributions or other matters and shares having preemptive rights. We do not have any authorized or issued shares other than ordinary shares. In the future, if we do create and issue a class of shares other than ordinary shares, such class of shares, depending on the specific rights that may be attached to them, may delay or prevent a takeover or otherwise prevent our shareholders from realizing a potential premium over the market value of their ordinary shares. The authorization of a new class of shares will require an amendment to our articles of association which requires the prior approval of a majority of our shares represented and voting at a general meeting. Shareholders voting at such a meeting will be subject to the restrictions under the Companies Law described in “—Voting.”

Tax law

Israeli tax law treats some acquisitions, such as stock-for-stock swaps between an Israeli company and a foreign company, less favorably than U.S. tax law. For example, Israeli tax law may subject a shareholder who exchanges ordinary shares in an Israeli company for shares in a non-Israeli corporation to immediate taxation unless such shareholder receives an advanced ruling from the Israeli Tax Authority for different tax treatment. See “ITEM 10.E: Additional Information—Taxation—Israeli tax considerations and government programs—Taxation of our shareholders—Capital gains”.

Changes in capital

Our articles of association enable us to increase or reduce our share capital. Any such changes are subject to the provisions of the Companies Law and must be approved by a resolution duly passed by our shareholders at a general or special meeting by voting on such change.

Establishment

We were incorporated under the laws of the State of Israel on December 31, 1989. Our predecessor commenced operations in 1987. We are registered with the Israeli Registrar of Companies in Jerusalem. Our registration number is 51-143950-7. Our purpose as set forth in Article 5 of our articles of association is to engage in any lawful business.

Transfer agent and registrar

The transfer agent and registrar for our ordinary shares is American Stock Transfer & Trust Company. Its address is 6201 15th Avenue, Brooklyn, New York 11219, and its telephone number is (800) 937-5449.

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Listing

Our ordinary shares are listed on the Nasdaq Global Select Market under the symbol “CSTE.”

c. Material Contracts

Summaries of the following material contracts and amendments to these contracts are included in this annual report in the places indicated:

Material Contract	Location in This Annual Report
Agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam	“ITEM 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Relationship and agreements with Kibbutz Sdot-Yam.”
Agreements with Breton S.p.A. (Italy)	“ITEM 3: Key Information—Risk Factors— If we are unable to manufacture our existing products globally as planned, our results of operations and future prospects will suffer.”
Form of Indemnification Agreement	“ITEM 6: Directors, Senior Management and Employees—Board Practices—Exculpation, insurance and indemnification of officer holders.”
Registration Rights Agreement, as extended by the Extension of Registration Rights Agreement and as amended	“ITEM 7: Major Shareholders and Related Party Transactions—Related Party Transactions—Registration Rights Agreement.”

d. Exchange Controls

In 1998, Israeli currency control regulations were liberalized significantly, so that Israeli residents generally may freely deal in foreign currency and foreign assets, and non-residents may freely deal in Israeli currency and Israeli assets. There are currently no Israeli currency control restrictions on remittances of dividends on the ordinary shares or the proceeds from the sale of the shares provided that all taxes were paid or withheld; however, legislation remains in effect pursuant to which currency controls can be imposed by administrative action at any time.

Non-residents of Israel may freely hold and trade our securities. Neither our memorandum of association nor our articles of association nor the laws of the State of Israel restrict in any way the ownership or voting of ordinary shares by non-residents, except that such restrictions may exist with respect to citizens of countries which are in a state of war with Israel. Israeli residents are allowed to purchase our ordinary shares.

e. Taxation

The following description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. You should consult your own tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation, as well as any tax consequences that may arise under the laws of any state, local, foreign or other taxing jurisdiction.

Israeli tax considerations and government programs

The following is a brief summary of the material Israeli tax laws applicable to us, and certain Israeli Government programs benefiting us. This section also contains a discussion of material Israeli tax consequences concerning the ownership of and disposition of our ordinary shares. This summary does not discuss all aspects of Israeli tax law that may be relevant to a particular investor in light of his or her personal investment circumstances or to some types of investors, such as traders in securities, who are subject to special treatment under Israeli law. Because some parts of this discussion are based on new tax legislation that has not yet been subject to judicial or administrative interpretation, we cannot assure you that the Israeli governmental and tax authorities or the Israeli courts will accept the views expressed below. The discussion below is subject to amendment under Israeli law or changes to the applicable judicial or administrative interpretations of Israeli law, which could affect the tax consequences described below.

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The discussion below does not cover all possible tax considerations. Potential investors are urged to consult their own tax advisors as to the Israeli or other tax consequences of the purchase, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares, including in particular, the effect of any foreign, state or local taxes.

General corporate tax structure in Israel

Israeli companies are generally subject to corporate tax, which rate has been fluctuating during the last few years. Corporate tax rate was 26.5% in 2014 and 2015, 25% in 2016, and 24% in 2017. The corporate tax rate was further reduced to 23% in 2018 and thereafter. However, the effective corporate tax rate payable by a company that derives income from an Approved Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or a Preferred Enterprise (as discussed below) may be considerably less. Capital gains generated by an Israeli company are subject to tax at the prevailing corporate tax rate.

Foreign Exchange Regulations:

Commencing in taxable year 2014, we had elected and were permitted by the ITA to measure our taxable income and file our tax return under the Israeli Income Foreign Exchange Regulations. Under the Foreign Exchange Regulations, an Israeli company may calculate its tax liability in U.S. dollars according to certain orders. The tax liability, as calculated in U.S. dollars, is translated into NIS based on the exchange rate as of December 31 of each year.

Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729- 1969

The Law for the Encouragement of Industry (Taxes), 5729-1969, generally referred to as the “Encouragement of Industry Law”, provides several tax benefits for “Industrial Companies”. Pursuant to the Encouragement of Industry Law, a company qualifies as an Industrial Company if it is a resident of Israel which was incorporated in Israel and at least 90% of its gross income in any tax year (exclusive of income from certain government loans) is generated from an “Industrial Enterprise” that it owns and located in Israel. An Industrial Enterprise is defined as an enterprise whose principal activity, in a given tax year, is industrial manufacturing.

An Industrial Company is entitled to certain tax benefits, including: (i) a deduction of the cost of purchases of patents, know-how and certain other intangible property rights (other than goodwill) that were purchased in good faith and are used for the development or promotion of the Industrial Enterprise over a period of eight years, beginning from the year in which such rights were first used, (ii) the right to elect to file consolidated tax returns, under certain conditions, with additional Israeli Industrial Companies controlled by it, and (iii) the right to deduct expenses related to public offerings in equal amounts over a period of three years beginning from the year of the offering.

Eligibility for benefits under the Encouragement of Industry Law is not contingent upon the approval of any governmental authority.

There is no assurance that we qualify or will continue to qualify as an Industrial Company or that the benefits described above will be available in the future.

Law for the Encouragement of Capital Investments, 1959

The Israeli Investment Law provides different benefits to “Approved Enterprise”, “Beneficiary Enterprise” and “Preferred Enterprise” (as such terms are defined in the Investment Law).

The Investment Law provides certain incentives for capital investment in a production facility (or other eligible assets). Generally, an investment program that is implemented in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law, is entitled to benefits. These benefits may include cash grants from the Israeli government and tax benefits, based upon, among other things, the geographic location in Israel of the facility in which the investment is made. In order to qualify for these incentives, an Approved Enterprise, a Beneficiary Enterprise or a Preferred Enterprise is required to comply with the requirements of the Investment Law.

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The Investment Law has been amended several times over the recent years, with the three most significant changes effective as of April 1, 2005 (the “2005 Amendment”), as of January 1, 2011 (the “2011 Amendment”) and as of January 1, 2017 (the “2017 Amendment”). Pursuant to the 2005 Amendment, tax benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to its revision by the 2005 Amendment remain in force but any benefits granted subsequently are subject to the provisions of the amended Investment Law. Similarly, the 2011 Amendment introduced new benefits instead of the benefits granted in accordance with the provisions of the Investment Law prior to the 2011 Amendment. However, companies entitled to benefits under the Investment Law as in effect up to January 1, 2011 were entitled to choose to continue to enjoy such benefits, provided that certain conditions are met, or elect instead, irrevocably, to forego such benefits and elect the benefits of the 2011 Amendment. The 2017 Amendment introduces new benefits for Technological Enterprises, alongside the existing tax benefits.

The following discussion is a summary of the Investment Law following its most recent amendments:

The Preferred Enterprise Regime—the 2011 Amendment

In December 2010, the Israeli parliament, or the Knesset, approved the Economic Policy Law for the years 2011 and 2012, which among other things, amended the Investment Law. The 2011 Amendment1, effective as of January 1, 2011, changes the benefit alternatives under the Investment Law.

Eligible companies under the 2011 Amendment can receive benefits as a “Preferred Enterprise.” In order to receive benefits as a Preferred Enterprise, the 2011 Amendment states, among other requirements, that a company must meet certain conditions including owning an industrial enterprise that meets the “Competitive Enterprise” conditions as described by the Investment Law. The benefits granted to a Preferred Enterprise are determined depending on the location of the Preferred Enterprise within Israel.

Qualified enterprises located in specific locations within Israel are eligible for grants and/or loans simultaneously with tax benefits. Grants and/or loans are approved by the Investment Center.

The 2011 Amendment imposes a reduced flat corporate tax rate which is not program-dependent and applies to the industrial enterprise’s entire preferred income. Pursuant to the 2011 Amendment, a Preferred Company is entitled to a reduced corporate tax rate of 15% with respect to its income derived by its Preferred Enterprise in 2011 and 2012, unless the Preferred Enterprise is located in a specified development zone, in which case the rate will be 10%. Under the 2011 Amendment, such corporate tax rate was reduced to 12.5% and 7%, respectively, in 2013, 16% and 9%, respectively, in 2014, 2015 and 2016. Pursuant to the 2017 Amendment, in 2017 and thereafter, the corporate tax rate for Preferred Enterprise which is located in a specified development zone was decreased to 7.5%, while the reduced corporate tax rate for other development zones remains 16%. Income derived by a Preferred Company from a ‘Special Preferred Enterprise’ (as such term is defined in the Investment Law) would be entitled, during a benefits period of 10 years, to further reduced tax rates of 8%, or to 5% if the Special Preferred Enterprise is located in a certain development zone. As of January 1, 2017, the definition for ‘Special Preferred Enterprise’ includes less stringent conditions.

The tax benefits under the 2011 Amendment also include accelerated depreciation and amortization for tax purposes.

A company that pays a dividend out of income generated from the Preferred Enterprise is required to withhold tax on such distribution at a rate of 20% (or a reduced rate under an applicable double tax treaty, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty, will apply). In 2018 dividends paid out of preferred income and were subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20%.

Under the 2011 Amendment and from January 1, 2011, our facilities have “Preferred Enterprise” status, which entitles us to tax benefits at a flat reduced corporate tax rate that will apply to the industrial enterprise’s entire preferred income. Those tax rates between 2014 and 2016 were 16% for the income portion related to the Kibbutz Sdot-Yam facility and 9% for the income portion related to the Bar-Lev manufacturing facility. From 2017 onwards, tax rate for the income portion related to Bar-Lev is reduced to 7.5% and Sdot-Yam tax rate remains unchanged.

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There can be no assurance that we will comply with the conditions required to remain eligible for benefits under the Investment Law in the future or that we will be entitled to any additional benefits thereunder. The benefits available to Beneficiary, Approved and Preferred Enterprises are conditioned upon terms stipulated in the Investment Law and regulations, in the case of the “Grants Track” (under the Investment Law before and after the 2011 Amendment), also to the criteria set forth in the applicable certificate of approval. If we do not fulfill these conditions in whole or in part, the benefits can be reduced or canceled and we may be required to refund the amount of the benefits, linked to the Israeli consumer price index, with interest or other monetary penalties.

The New Technological Enterprise Incentives Regime—the 2017 Amendment

The 2017 Amendment was enacted as part of the Economic Efficiency Law that was published on December 29, 2016 and became effective on January 1, 2017. The 2017 Amendment provides new tax benefits for two types of “Technology Enterprises”, as described below, and is in addition to the other existing tax beneficial programs under the Investment Law.

The new incentives regime will apply to “Preferred Technological Enterprises” that meet certain conditions, including: (1) the R&D expenses in the three years preceding the tax year were at least 7% of the company's turnover or exceeded NIS 75 million (approximately $20 million); and (2) one of the following: (a) at least 20% of the workforce (or at least 200 employees) are employed in R&D; (b) a venture capital investment approximately equivalent to at least NIS 8 million (approximately $2.1 million) was previously made in the company and the company did not change its line of business; (c) growth in sales by an average of 25% over the three years preceding the tax year, provided that the turnover was at least NIS 10 million (approximately $2.7 million), in the tax year and in the preceding three years; or (d) growth in workforce by an average of 25% over the three years preceding the tax year, provided that the company employed at least 50 employees, in the tax year and in the preceding three years.

A “Special Preferred Technological Enterprise” is an enterprise that meets conditions 1 and 2 above, and in addition has total annual consolidated revenues above NIS 10 billion (approximately $2.7 billion).

Preferred Technological Enterprises will be subject to a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on their income that qualifies as “Preferred Technology Income”, as defined in the Investment Law. The tax rate is further reduced to 7.5% for a Preferred Technology Enterprise located in development zone A. These corporate tax rates shall apply only with respect to the portion of intellectual property developed in Israel. In addition, a Preferred Technology Company will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 12% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefitted Intangible Assets” (as defined in the Investment Law) to a related foreign company if the Benefitted Intangible Assets were acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017 for at least NIS 200 million (approximately $53 million), and the sale receives prior approval from the Israel Innovation Authority (previously known as the Israeli Office of the Chief Scientist) (“IIA”). Special Preferred Technological Enterprises will be subject to 6% on “Preferred Technology Income” regardless of the company’s geographic location within Israel. In addition, a Special Preferred Technology Enterprise will enjoy a reduced corporate tax rate of 6% on capital gain derived from the sale of certain “Benefitted Intangible Assets” to a related foreign company if the Benefitted Intangible Assets were either developed by an Israeli company or acquired from a foreign company on or after January 1, 2017, and the sale received prior approval from IIA. A Special Preferred Technology Enterprise that acquires Benefitted Intangible Assets from a foreign company for more than NIS 500 million (approximately $133 million), will be eligible for these benefits for at least ten years, subject to certain approvals as specified in the Investment Law.

Dividends distributed by a Preferred Technology Enterprise or a Special Preferred Technology Enterprise, paid out of Preferred Technology Income, are generally subject to withholding tax at source at the rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for a reduced tax rate). However, if such dividends are paid to an Israeli company, no tax is required to be withheld. If such dividends are distributed to a parent foreign company holding at least 90% of the shares of the distributing company and other conditions are met, the withholding tax rate will be 4% (or a lower rate under a tax treaty, if applicable, subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate). Currently, we do not meet the above conditions to be eligible for the tax benefits pursuant to the New Technological Enterprise Incentives Regime—the 2017 Amendment.

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The Encouragement of Industrial Research and Development Law, 5744-1984

IIA’s grants may limit our ability to manufacture products, or transfer technologies developed using these grants outside of Israel. If we were to seek approval to manufacture products, to consummate a merger or acquisition transaction with a non-Israeli party or to transfer technologies developed using these grants outside of Israel, we could be subject to additional royalty requirements or be required to pay certain redemption fees. If we were to violate these restrictions, we could be required to refund any grants previously received, together with interest and penalties, and may be subject to criminal charges.

Taxation of our shareholders

Capital gains

Capital gains tax is imposed on the disposal of capital assets by an Israeli resident and on the disposal of such assets by a non-Israeli resident if those assets are either (i) located in Israel; (ii) shares or rights to shares in an Israeli resident company, or (iii) represent, directly or indirectly, rights to assets located in Israel unless a tax treaty between Israel and the seller’s country of residence provides otherwise. The Israeli Income Tax Ordinance distinguishes between “Real Capital Gain” and “Inflationary Surplus.” The Real Capital Gain on the disposition of a capital asset is the amount of total capital gain in excess of Inflationary Surplus. Inflationary Surplus is computed, generally, on the basis of the increase in the Israeli Consumer Price Index or, in certain circumstances, according to the change in the foreign currency exchange rate, between the date of purchase and the date of disposal of the capital asset.

Real Capital Gain generated by a company is generally subject to tax at the corporate tax rate (23% in 2018 and thereafter). As of January 1, 2012, the Real Capital Gain accrued by individuals on the sale of our securities is taxed at the rate of 25%. However, if the individual shareholder is a “Controlling Shareholder” (meaning, a person who holds, directly or indirectly, alone or together with another person who collaborates with such person on a permanent basis, 10% or more of one of the Israeli resident company’s “means of control” (including, among other rights, the right to company profits, voting rights, the right to the company’s liquidation proceeds and the right to appoint a company director) at the time of sale or at any time during the preceding 12 month period, such gain will be taxed at the rate of 30%.

Individual and corporate shareholders dealing in securities in Israel are taxed at the tax rates applicable to business income (up to 47% for an individual in 2018) unless the benefiting provisions of an applicable treaty applies.

Notwithstanding the foregoing, capital gains generated from the sale of securities publicly traded on the Tel Aviv Stock Exchange or on a recognized stock exchange outside of Israel, by a non-Israeli shareholder (individual and corporation) may be exempt under the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance from Israeli taxes provided that all the following conditions are met: (i) the securities were purchased upon or after the registration of the securities on a recognized stock exchange (this requirement generally does not apply to shares purchased on or after January 1, 2009), (ii) the seller of the securities does not have a permanent establishment in Israel to which the generated capital gain is attributed and (iii) with respect to securities listed on a recognized stock exchange outside of Israel, such shareholders are not subject to the Israeli Income Tax Law (Inflationary Adjustments) 5745‑1985. However, non-Israeli corporation will not be entitled to the foregoing exemptions if Israeli residents (a) have a controlling interest of more than 25% in such non-Israeli corporation, or (b) are the beneficiaries of or are entitled to 25% or more of the revenues or profits of such non-Israeli corporation, whether directly or indirectly. Such exemption is not applicable to a person whose gains from selling or otherwise disposing of the shares are deemed to be business income.

In addition, the sale of the securities may be exempt from Israeli capital gain tax under the provisions of an applicable tax treaty. For example, the Convention between the Government of the United States of America and the Government of Israel with respect to Taxes on Income ( “Israel-U.S.A. Double Tax Treaty”) exempts U.S. residents (for purposes of the Israel-U.S.A. Double Tax Treaty) from Israeli capital gains tax in connection with such sale, exchange or disposition provided, among others, that (i) the U.S. resident owned, directly or indirectly, less than 10% of the Israeli resident company’s voting power at any time within the 12-month period preceding such sale; (ii) the seller, if an individual, has been present in Israel for less than 183 days (in the aggregate) during the taxable year; (iii) the capital gain from the sale was not generated through a permanent establishment of the U.S. resident which is maintained in Israel; the capital gain arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is not attributed to real estate located in Israel; (v) the capital gains arising from such sale, exchange or disposition is not attributed to royalties; and (vi) the shareholder is a U.S. resident (for purposes of the Israel-U.S.A. Double Tax Treaty) is holding the shares as a capital asset.

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The purchaser of the securities, the stockbrokers who effected the transaction or the financial institution holding the traded securities through which payment to the seller is made are obligated to withhold Israeli tax at source from such payment. Shareholders may be required to demonstrate that they are exempt from tax on their capital gains in order to avoid withholding at source at the time of sale. Specifically, in transactions involving a sale of all of the shares of an Israeli resident company, in the form of a merger or otherwise, the ITA may require from shareholders who are not liable for Israeli tax to sign declarations in forms specified by this authority or obtain a specific exemption from the ITA to confirm their status as non-Israeli resident.

A detailed return, including a computation of the tax due, must be filed and an advance payment must be paid on January 31 and July 30 of each tax year for sales of securities traded on a stock exchange made within the previous six months. However, if all tax due was withheld at the source according to applicable provisions of the Israeli Income Tax Ordinance and the regulations promulgated thereunder, the return does not need to be filed provided that (i) such income was not generated from business conducted in Israel by the taxpayer, and (ii) the taxpayer has no other taxable sources of income in Israel with respect to which a tax return is required to be filed and an advance payment does not need to be made. Capital gains are also reportable on an annual income tax return.

Dividends

Israeli residents who are individuals are generally subject to Israeli income tax for dividends paid on shares (other than bonus shares or share dividends) at 25%, or 30% if the recipient of such dividend is a Controlling Shareholder at the time of distribution or at any time during the preceding 12-month period. However, dividends distributed from taxable income accrued from Preferred Enterprise to Israeli individuals are subject to withholding tax at the rate of 20%. However, if such dividends are distributed to an Israeli company, no tax is imposed (although, if such dividends are subsequently distributed to individuals or a non-Israeli company, withholding tax at a rate of 20% or such lower rate as may be provided in an applicable tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the Israel Tax Authority allowing for an exemption) will apply). An average rate will be set in case the dividend is distributed from mixed types of income (regular and preferred income).

Israeli resident corporations are generally exempt from Israeli corporate tax for dividends paid on shares of Israeli resident corporations.

Non-Israeli resident (either an individual or a corporation) is generally subject to an Israeli income tax on the receipt of dividends at the rate of 25% or 30% (if the dividend recipient is a Controlling Shareholder at the time of distribution or at any time during the preceding 12-month period) or 20% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to Preferred Enterprise. Such dividends are generally subject to Israeli withholding tax at a rate of 25% so long as the shares are registered with a Nominee Company (whether the recipient is a Controlling Shareholder or not), and 20% if the dividend is distributed from income attributed to a Preferred Enterprise. Such rates may be reduced by the application of the provisions of applicable double tax treaties (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate). For example, under the Israel-U.S.A. Double Tax Treaty the following rate will apply to dividends distributed by an Israeli resident company to a U.S. resident (for purposes of the Israel-U.S.A. Double Tax Treaty): if (A) the U.S. resident is a corporation which held during the portion of the taxable year preceding the date of payment of the dividend and during the whole of its prior taxable year (if any), at least 10% of the outstanding shares of the voting stock of the Israeli resident paying company and (B) not more than 25% of the gross income of the Israeli resident paying company for such prior taxable year (if any) consists of certain type of interest or dividends then the maximum tax rate is 12.5% on dividends, not generated by an Approved Enterprise or Beneficiary Enterprise. The aforementioned rates will not apply if the dividend income was generated through a permanent establishment of the U.S. resident which is maintained in Israel. If the dividend is attributable partly to income derived from a Preferred Enterprise, and partly to other sources of income, the withholding rate will be a blended rate reflecting the relative portions of the two types of income.

Our company is obligated to withhold tax, upon the distribution of a dividend attributed to a Preferred Enterprise’s income from the amount distributed at the following rates: (i) Israeli resident corporations – 0%, (ii) Israeli resident individuals –20% and (iii) non-Israeli residents – 20%, unless a reduced tax rate is provided under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate). If the dividend is distributed from income not attributed to the Preferred Enterprise, the following withholding tax rates will apply: (a) for securities registered and held by a Nominee Company: (i) Israeli resident corporations – 0%, (ii) Israeli resident individuals – 25% and (iii) non-Israeli residents – 25%, unless a reduced tax rate is provided under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate); (b) in all other cases: (i) Israeli resident corporations – 0%, (ii) Israeli resident individuals – 25% or 30% (if the dividend recipient is a Controlling Shareholder at the time of the distribution or at any time during the preceding 12 month period), and (iii) non-Israeli residents – 25% or 30% as referred to above with respect to Israeli resident individuals, unless a reduced tax rate is provided under the provisions of an applicable double tax treaty (subject to the receipt in advance of a valid certificate from the ITA allowing for a reduced tax rate).

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Estate and gift tax

Israeli law presently does not impose estate or gift taxes.

Excess Tax

Individual holders who are subject to tax in Israel (whether any such individual is an Israeli resident or non-Israeli resident) and who have taxable income that exceeds a certain threshold in a tax year (NIS 640,000 for 2017 and thereafter, linked to the Israeli Consumer Price Index), will be subject to an additional tax at the rate of 3% in 2017 and thereafter, on his or her taxable income for such tax year that is in excess of such amount. For this purpose, taxable income includes taxable capital gains from the sale of securities and taxable income from interest and dividends.

United States federal income taxation

The following is a description of the material United States federal income tax consequences to a U.S. Holder (as defined below) of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. This description addresses only the United States federal income tax consequences to holders that hold such ordinary shares as capital assets for United States federal income tax purposes. This description does not address tax considerations applicable to holders that may be subject to special tax rules, including, without limitation:

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banks, financial institutions or insurance companies;

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real estate investment trusts, regulated investment companies or grantor trusts;

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dealers or traders in securities, commodities or currencies;

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tax-exempt entities;

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certain former citizens or long-term residents of the United States;

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persons that received our shares as compensation for the performance of services;

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persons that will hold our shares as part of a “hedging,” “integrated” or “conversion” transaction or as a position in a “straddle” for United States federal income tax purposes;

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partnerships (including entities classified as partnerships for United States federal income tax purposes) or other pass-through entities, or holders that will hold our shares through such an entity;

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S-corporations;

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holders that acquire ordinary shares as a result of holding or owning our preferred shares;

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U.S. Holders (as defined below) whose “functional currency” is not the U.S. Dollar; or

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holders that own directly, indirectly or through attribution 10.0% or more of the voting power or value of our shares.

Moreover, this description does not address the United States federal estate, gift or alternative minimum tax consequences, or any state, local or foreign tax consequences, of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.

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This description is based on the United States Internal Revenue Code of 1986, as amended (the “Code”), existing, proposed and temporary United States Treasury Regulations and judicial and administrative interpretations thereof, in each case as in effect and available on the date hereof. All of the foregoing are subject to change, which change could apply retroactively and could affect the tax consequences described below. There can be no assurances that the U.S. Internal Revenue Service will not take a different position concerning the tax consequences of the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares or that such a position could not be sustained.

For purposes of this description, a “U.S. Holder” is a beneficial owner of our ordinary shares that, for United States federal income tax purposes, is:

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an individual holder that is a citizen or resident of the United States;

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a corporation (or other entity treated as a corporation for United States federal income tax purposes) created or organized in or under the laws of the United States or any state thereof, including the District of Columbia;

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an estate the income of which is subject to United States federal income taxation regardless of its source; or

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a trust if such trust has validly elected to be treated as a United States person for United States federal income tax purposes or if (1) a court within the United States is able to exercise primary supervision over its administration and (2) one or more United States persons have the authority to control all of the substantial decisions of such trust.

If a partnership (or any other entity treated as a partnership for United States federal income tax purposes) holds our ordinary shares, the tax treatment of a partner in such partnership will generally depend on the status of the partner and the activities of the partnership. Such a partner or partnership should consult its tax advisor as to its tax consequences.

You should consult your tax advisor with respect to the United States federal, state, local and foreign tax consequences of acquiring, owning and disposing of our ordinary shares.

Distributions

Subject to the discussion below under “Passive foreign investment company considerations,” if you are a U.S. Holder, the gross amount of any distribution made to you with respect to our ordinary shares before reduction for any Israeli taxes withheld therefrom, other than pro rata distributions of our ordinary shares to all our shareholders, generally will be includible in your income as dividend income to the extent such distribution is paid out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits as determined under United States federal income tax principles. Subject to the discussion below under “Passive foreign investment company considerations,” non-corporate U.S. Holders may qualify for the lower rates of taxation with respect to dividends on ordinary shares applicable to long-term capital gains (meaning, gains from the sale of capital assets held for more than one year) provided that certain conditions are met, including certain holding period requirements and the absence of certain risk reduction transactions. However, such dividends will not be eligible for the dividends received deduction generally allowed to corporate U.S. Holders. Subject to the discussion below under “Passive foreign investment company considerations,” to the extent that the amount of any distribution by us exceeds our current and accumulated earnings and profits as determined under United States federal income tax principles, it will be treated first as a tax-free return of your adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares and thereafter as capital gain. We do not expect to maintain calculations of our earnings and profits under United States federal income tax principles and, therefore, U.S. Holders should expect that the entire amount of any distribution generally will be reported as dividend income.

Dividends paid to U.S. Holders with respect to our ordinary shares will be treated as foreign source income, which may be relevant in calculating your foreign tax credit limitation. Subject to certain conditions and limitations, Israeli tax withheld on dividends may be deducted from your taxable income or credited against your United States federal income tax liability. The limitation on foreign taxes eligible for credit is calculated separately with respect to specific classes of income. For this purpose, dividends that we distribute generally should constitute “passive category income,” or, in the case of certain U.S. Holders, “general category income.” A foreign tax credit for foreign taxes imposed on distributions may be denied if you do not satisfy certain minimum holding period requirements. In addition, for periods in which we are a “United Stated-owned foreign corporation”, a portion of dividends paid by us may be treated as U.S. source solely for purposes of the foreign tax credit. We would be treated as a United States-owned foreign corporation if 50% or more of the total value or total voting power of our stock is owned, directly, indirectly or by attribution, by United States persons. To the extent any portion of our dividends is treated as U.S. source income pursuant to this rule, the ability of a U.S. Holder to claim a foreign tax credit for any Israeli withholding taxes payable in respect of our dividends may be limited. A U.S. Holder entitled to benefits under the United States-Israel Tax Treaty may, however, elect to treat any dividends as foreign source income for foreign tax credit purposes if the dividend income is separated from other income items for purposes of calculating the U.S. Holder’s foreign tax credit. The rules relating to the determination of the foreign tax credit are complex, and you should consult your tax advisor to determine whether and to what extent you will be entitled to this credit.

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Future distributions with respect to our ordinary shares may be paid in U.S. dollars or NIS. If a distribution is denominated in NIS, the amount of such distribution will equal the U.S. dollar value of the NIS received, calculated by reference to the exchange rate in effect on the date that distribution is received, whether or not the U.S. Holder in fact converts any NIS received into U.S. dollars at that time. If the distribution is converted into U.S. dollars on the date of receipt, a U.S. Holder generally will not be required to recognize foreign currency gain or loss in respect of the distribution. A U.S. Holder may have foreign currency gain or loss if the distribution is converted into U.S. dollars after the date of receipt. Any gains or losses resulting from the conversion of NIS into U.S. dollars will be treated as ordinary income or loss, as the case may be, of the U.S. Holder and will be U.S.-source.

Sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares

Subject to the discussion below under “Passive foreign investment company considerations,” U.S. Holders generally will recognize gain or loss on the sale, exchange or other disposition of our ordinary shares equal to the difference between the amount realized on such sale, exchange or other disposition and such holder’s adjusted tax basis in our ordinary shares, and such gain or loss will be capital gain or loss. The adjusted tax basis in an ordinary share generally will be equal to the cost of such ordinary share. If you are a non-corporate U.S. Holder, capital gain from the sale, exchange or other disposition of ordinary shares is generally eligible for a preferential rate of taxation applicable to capital gains, if your holding period for such ordinary shares exceeds one year (meaning, such gain is long-term capital gain). The deductibility of capital losses for United States federal income tax purposes is subject to limitations under the Code. Any such gain or loss that a U.S. Holder recognizes generally will be treated as U.S. source income or loss for foreign tax credit limitation purposes.

Passive foreign investment company considerations

If we were to be classified as a “passive foreign investment company,” or PFIC, in any taxable year, a U.S. Holder would be subject to special rules generally intended to reduce or eliminate any benefits from the deferral of United States federal income tax that a U.S. Holder could derive from investing in a non-U.S. company that does not distribute all of its earnings on a current basis.

A non-U.S. corporation will be classified as a PFIC for United States federal income tax purposes in any taxable year in which, after applying certain look-through rules, either:

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at least 75% of its gross income is “passive income”; or

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at least 50% of the average value of its gross assets is attributable to assets that produce “passive income” or are held for the production of passive income.

Passive income for this purpose generally includes dividends, interest, royalties, rents, gains from commodities and securities transactions, the excess of gains over losses from the disposition of assets which produce passive income, and includes amounts derived by reason of the temporary investment of funds raised in offerings of our ordinary shares. If a non-U.S. corporation owns at least 25% by value of the stock of another corporation, the non-U.S. corporation is treated for purposes of the PFIC tests as owning its proportionate share of the assets of the other corporation and as receiving directly its proportionate share of the other corporation’s income. If we are classified as a PFIC in any year with respect to which a U.S. Holder owns our ordinary shares, we will continue to be treated as a PFIC with respect to such U.S. Holder in all succeeding years during which the U.S. Holder owns our ordinary shares, regardless of whether we continue to meet the tests described above.

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Based on the composition of our income, the composition and estimated fair market value of our assets and the nature of our business, we do not believe we were a PFIC for the taxable year ended December 31, 2018 and do not expect that we will be classified as a PFIC for the taxable year ending December 31, 2019. However, because PFIC status is based on our income, assets and activities for the entire taxable year, it is not possible to determine whether we will be characterized as a PFIC for the 2018 taxable year until after the close of the taxable year. Moreover, we must determine our PFIC status annually based on tests which are factual in nature, and our status in future years will depend on our income, assets and activities in those years. Furthermore, because the value of our gross assets is likely to be determined in large part by reference to our market capitalization, a decline in the value of our ordinary shares may result in our becoming a PFIC. There can be no assurance that we will not be considered a PFIC for any taxable year. If we were a PFIC then unless you make one of the elections described below, a special tax regime will apply to both (a) any “excess distribution” by us to you (generally, your ratable portion of distributions in any year which are greater than 125% of the average annual distribution received by you in the shorter of the three preceding years or your holding period for our ordinary shares) and (b) any gain realized on the sale or other disposition of the ordinary shares.

Under this regime, any excess distribution and realized gain will be treated as ordinary income and will be subject to tax as if (a) the excess distribution or gain had been realized ratably over your holding period, (b) the amount deemed realized in each year had been subject to tax in each year of that holding period at the highest marginal rate for such year (other than income allocated to the current period or any taxable period before we became a PFIC, which will be subject to tax at the U.S. Holder’s regular ordinary income rate for the current year and will not be subject to the interest charge discussed below), and (c) the interest charge generally applicable to underpayments of tax had been imposed on the taxes deemed to have been payable in those years. In addition, dividend distributions made to you will not qualify for the lower rates of taxation applicable to long-term capital gains discussed above under “Distributions.” Certain elections may be available that would result in an alternative treatment (such as mark-to-market treatment) of our ordinary shares. We do not intend to provide the information necessary for U.S. Holders to make qualified electing fund elections if we are classified as a PFIC. U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors to determine whether any of these elections would be available and if so, what the consequences of the alternative treatments would be in their particular circumstances.

If we are determined to be a PFIC, the general tax treatment for U.S. Holders described in this paragraph would apply to indirect distributions and gains deemed to be realized by U.S. Holders in respect of any of our subsidiaries that also may be determined to be PFICs.

If a U.S. Holder owns ordinary shares during any year in which we are classified as a PFIC and the U.S. Holder recognizes gain on a disposition of our ordinary shares or receives distributions with respect to our ordinary shares, the U.S. Holder generally will be required to file an IRS Form 8621 with respect to the company, generally with the U.S. Holder’s federal income tax return for that year. If our company were a PFIC for a given taxable year, then you should consult your tax advisor concerning your annual filing requirements.

U.S. Holders should consult their tax advisors regarding whether we are a PFIC and the potential application of the PFIC rules.

Backup withholding tax and information reporting requirements

United States backup withholding tax and information reporting requirements may apply to certain payments to certain holders of stock. Information reporting generally will apply to payments of dividends on, and to proceeds from the sale or redemption of, our ordinary shares made within the United States, or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, to a holder of our ordinary shares, other than an exempt recipient (including a payee that is not a United States person that provides an appropriate certification and certain other persons). A payor will be required to withhold backup withholding tax from any payments of dividends on, or the proceeds from the sale or redemption of, ordinary shares within the United States, or by a U.S. payor or U.S. middleman, to a holder, other than an exempt recipient, if such holder fails to furnish its correct taxpayer identification number or otherwise fails to comply with, or establish an exemption from, such backup withholding tax requirements. Any amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules will be allowed as a credit against the beneficial owner’s United States federal income tax liability, if any, and any excess amounts withheld under the backup withholding rules may be refunded, provided that the required information is timely furnished to the U.S. Internal Revenue Service.

3.8% Medicare Tax on “Net Investment Income”

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals, estates or trusts are required to pay an additional 3.8% tax on, among other things, dividends and capital gains from the sale or other disposition of ordinary shares.

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Foreign asset reporting

Certain U.S. Holders who are individuals are required to report information relating to an interest in our ordinary shares, subject to certain exceptions (including an exception for shares held in accounts maintained by U.S. financial institutions). U.S. Holders are urged to consult their tax advisors regarding their information reporting obligations, if any, with respect to their ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares.

The above description is not intended to constitute a complete analysis of all tax consequences relating to the acquisition, ownership and disposition of our ordinary shares. You should consult your tax advisor concerning the tax consequences of your particular situation.

f. Dividends and Paying Agents

Not applicable.

g. Statements by Experts

Not applicable.

h. Documents on Display

You may read and copy this annual report on Form 20-F, including the related exhibits and schedules, and any document we file with the SEC through the SEC’s website at http://www.sec.gov.

As a foreign private issuer, we are exempt from the rules under the Exchange Act related to the furnishing and content of proxy statements, and our officers, directors and principal shareholders are exempt from the reporting and short-swing profit recovery provisions contained in Section 16 of the Exchange Act. Furthermore, as a foreign private issuer, we are also not subject to the requirements of Regulation FD (Fair Disclosure) promulgated under the Exchange Act. In addition, we are not required under the Exchange Act to file annual or other reports and consolidated financial statements with the SEC as frequently or as promptly as U.S. companies whose securities are registered under the Exchange Act. Instead, we must file with the SEC, within 120 days after the end of each fiscal year, or such other applicable time as required by the SEC, an annual report on Form 20-F containing consolidated financial statements audited by an independent registered public accounting firm. We also intend to furnish certain other material information to the SEC under cover of Form 6-K.

We maintain a corporate website at http://www.caesarstone.com. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report on Form 20-F. We have included our website address in this annual report on Form 20-F solely as an inactive textual reference.

i. Subsidiary Information

Not applicable.

ITEM 11: Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

Since July 1, 2012, our functional currency has been the U.S. dollar. We conduct business in a large number of countries and, as a result, we are exposed to foreign currency fluctuations. The majority of our revenues are denominated in U.S. dollars, Australian dollars and Canadian dollars. Sales in Australian dollars accounted for 22.8%, 23.4%, and 24.3%, of our revenues in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Sales in Canadian dollars accounted for 17.3%, 16.6% and 15.9% of our revenues in 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. As a result, devaluation of the Australian dollar, and to a lesser extent, the Canadian dollar, relative to the U.S. dollar could reduce our profitability significantly. Our expenses are largely denominated in U.S. dollars, NIS and euros, and a smaller proportion in Canadian, dollars, Australian dollars and the British pound. As a result, a revaluation of the NIS, or to a lesser extent, the euro, relative to the U.S. dollar could reduce our profitability significantly.

113

The following table presents information about the year over year percentage changes in the average exchange rates of the principal currencies that impact our results of operations:

	Australian dollar against U.S. dollar			Canadian dollar against U.S. dollar			NIS against U.S. dollar			Euro against U.S. dollar
2016		(1.3	)%		(3.7	)%		(1.1	)%		(0.3	)%
2017		3.1	%		2.1	%		6.7	%		2.0	%
2018		(6.3	)%		(3.4	)%		(4.1	)%		0.9	%

Assuming a 10% decrease in the Australian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar and assuming no other changes, our operating income would have decreased by $10.6 million in 2018.

Assuming a 10% decrease in the Canadian dollar relative to the U.S. dollar and assuming no other changes, our operating income would have decreased by $6.8 million in 2018.

Devaluation of NIS relative to the U.S. dollar would decrease our revenues generated in Israel. However, our NIS operating costs when reported in U.S. dollars would decrease to a greater extent, resulting in higher operating income. As a result, assuming a 10% decrease in NIS relative to the U.S. dollar and assuming no other changes, our operating income, as reported in U.S. dollars, would increase by $8.1 million in 2018.

An appreciation of the euro relative to the U.S. dollar would increase our revenues generated in Europe and certain other countries. However, our Euro operating costs when reported in U.S. dollars would increase to a greater extent, resulting in lower operating income. Assuming a 10% increase in the euro relative to the U.S. dollar and assuming no other changes, our operating income would have decreased by $3.3 in 2018.

Our exposure related to exchange rate changes on our net asset position denominated in currencies other than the U.S. dollar varies with changes in our net asset position. Net asset position refers to financial assets, such as trade receivables and cash, less financial liabilities, such as loans and accounts payable. The impact of any such transaction gains or losses is reflected in finance expenses, net. Our most significant exposure as of December 31, 2018, relates to a potential change in the exchange rate of the Australian dollar and NIS and to a lesser extent to the euro, the Canadian dollar and the British pound relative to the U.S. dollar. Assuming a 10% decrease in the Australian dollar and Euro relative to the U.S. dollar, and assuming no other changes, finance expenses. net would have increased by $2.5 million and $0.7 million. Assuming a 10% decrease in the NIS, GBP, Canadian dollar and Singaporean dollar relative to the U.S. dollar, and assuming no other changes, finance expenses, net would have decreased by $1.3 million, $1.1 million, $1.0 million and $0.2 million, respectively.

We use forward contracts to manage currency risk with respect to those currencies in which we generate revenues or incur expenses. Our functional currency is the U.S. dollar, and we use Australian/U.S. dollar, Euro/U.S. dollar and U.S. dollar/Canadian dollar and GBP/ U.S. dollar forward contracts. The derivatives instruments partially offset the impact of foreign currency fluctuations. We may in the future use derivative instruments to a greater extent or engage in other transactions or invest in market risk sensitive instruments if we determine that it is necessary to offset these risks. Currency instruments other than our U.S. dollar/NIS forward contracts are not designated as hedging accounting instruments under ASC 815, Derivatives and Hedging. Therefore, we have been incurring financial loss or income as a result of these derivatives.

As of December 31, 2018, we had the following foreign currency hedge portfolio (U.S. dollar in thousands):

		USD/NIS			EUR/USD		GBP/USD		USD/CAD		AUD/USD		TOTAL

Buy forward contracts	Notional		—			—		—		—		—		—
	Fair value		—			—		—		—		—		—
	Average rate		—			—		—		—		—		—
Sell forward contracts	Notional		79,544			8,267		—		—		—		87,811
	Fair value		(460	)		63		—		—		—		(397	)
	Average rate		3.69			1.14		—		—		—
Buy put options	Notional		—			—		—		—		—		—
	Fair value		—			—		—		—		—		—
	Average rate		—			—		—		—		—		—
Sell call options	Notional		—			—		—		—		—		—
	Fair value		—			—		—		—		—		—
	Average rate		—			—		—		—		—		—
Total notional value			79,544			8,267		—		—		—		87,811
Total fair value		$	(460	)	$	63		—		—		—	$	(397	)

114

For the year ended December 31, 2018, net embedded losses on our foreign currency open derivatives transactions were $0.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, net embedded losses on our foreign currency open derivative transactions were $0.2 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016, net embedded gains on our foreign currency open derivative transactions were $2.0 million.

For the year ended December 31, 2018, our finance income generated from derivatives including the impact of the foreign exchange rate derivatives fair value measurement were $2.4 million. For the year ended December 31, 2017, our finance expenses generated from derivatives including the impact of the foreign exchange rate revaluation were $1.8 million. For the year ended December 31, 2016, our finance income generated from derivatives including the impact of the foreign exchange rate revaluation were $1.3 million.

Interest rates

We had cash and short-term bank deposits totaling $93.6 million at December 31, 2018. Our cash, cash equivalents and short-term bank deposits are held for working capital and other purposes. We do not enter into investments for trading or speculative purposes. Due to the short-term nature of the investments in cash equivalents and our relatively low debt balances, we do not believe that changes in interest rates will have a material impact on our financial position and results of operations and, therefore, we believe that a sensitivity analysis would not be material to investors. However, declines in interest rates will reduce future investment income.

Inflation

Inflationary factors such as increases in the cost of our labor may adversely affect our operating results. Although we do not believe that inflation has had a material impact on our financial position or results of operations to date, a high rate of inflation in the future may have an adverse effect on our ability to maintain current levels of gross profit margins and operating expenses as a percentage of revenues if the selling prices of our products do not increase in line with increases in costs.

ITEM 12: Description of Securities Other Than Equity Securities

Not applicable.

115

PART II

ITEM 13: Defaults, Dividend Arrearages and Delinquencies

None.

ITEM 14: Material Modifications to the Rights of Security Holders and Use of Proceeds

None.

ITEM 15: Controls and Procedures

(a) Disclosure Controls and Procedures. Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, has evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e) under the Exchange Act) as of December 31, 2018. Based on such evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of December 31, 2018, our disclosure controls and procedures were effective such that the information required to be disclosed by us in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.

(b) Management’s Annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our management, under the supervision of our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting as defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act. Our internal control over financial reporting is a process to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. Our internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that:

•	pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of our assets;

•

provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that our receipts and expenditures are being made only in accordance with authorizations of our management and directors; and

•	provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of our assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, assessed the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018. In making this assessment, our management used the criteria established in Internal Control—Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Our management has concluded, based on its assessment, that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of December 31, 2018 to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of consolidated financial statements for external reporting purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles.

(c) Attestation report of the registered public accounting firm. Our independent registered public accounting firm has audited the consolidated financial statements included in this annual report on Form 20-F, and as part of its audit, has issued its audit report on the effectiveness of our internal control over financial reporting. This report is included in pages F-2 and F-3 of this annual report on Form 20-F and is incorporated herein by reference.

(d) Changes in Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. During the period covered by this report, no changes in our internal control over financial reporting (as such term is defined in Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) under the Exchange Act) have occurred that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

ITEM 16: Reserved

ITEM 16A: Audit Committee Financial Expert

Our board of directors has determined that each of Ofer Borovsky and Irit Ben-Dov qualifies as an “audit committee financial expert,” as defined by the rules of the SEC, and has the requisite financial experience required by the Nasdaq rules. In addition, Dr. Borovsky and Ms. Ben-Dov are independent as such term is defined in Rule 10A-3(b)(1) under the Exchange Act and under Nasdaq rules.

116

ITEM 16B: Code of Ethics

The Company has adopted a code of ethics (“Code of Ethics”) that applies to the Company’s chief executive officer, and all senior financial officers, including the Company’s chief financial officer, the controller and persons performing similar functions. The Company has also adopted a separate code of conduct that applies to the Company’s directors, officers and employees, which was most recently amended in October 2017. We have posted these codes on our corporate website at http://ir.caesarstone.com/corporate-governance/governance-overview. Information contained on, or that can be accessed through, our website does not constitute a part of this annual report and is not incorporated by reference herein.

Waivers of our Code of Ethics may only be granted by the board of directors. Any amendments to this Code of Ethics or any waiver that is granted, and the basis for granting the waiver, will be publicly communicated as appropriate. Under Item 16B of Form 20-F, if a waiver or amendment of the Code of Ethics applies to our principal executive officer, principal financial officer, principal accounting officer, controller and other persons performing similar functions and relates to standards promoting any of the values described in Item 16B(b) of Form 20-F, we will disclose such waiver or amendment (i) on our website within five business days following the date of amendment or waiver in accordance with the requirements of Instruction 4 to Item 16B or (ii) through the filing of a Form 6-K. We granted no waivers under our Code of Ethics in 2018.

ITEM 16C: Principal Accountant Fees and Services

Fees Paid to the Auditors

The following table sets forth, for each of the years indicated, the fees billed by our independent registered public accounting firm.

	Year ended December 31,
	2018		2017
	(in thousands of U.S. dollars)
Audit fees(1)	$	657	$	591
Audit-related fees(2)		27		26
Tax fees(3)		25		99
All other fees(4)		60		63
Total	$	769	$	779

(1)

“Audit fees” include fees for services performed by our independent public accounting firm in connection with the integrated audit of our annual audit consolidated financial statements for 2018 and 2017, and its internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, certain procedures regarding our quarterly financial results submitted on Form 6-K, and consultation concerning financial accounting and reporting standards.

(2)

“Audit-related fees relate to assurance and associated services that are traditionally performed by the independent auditor.

(3)

“Tax fees” include fees for professional services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm for tax compliance and tax advice and tax planning services on actual or contemplated transactions.

(4)

“Other fees” include fees for services rendered by our independent registered public accounting firm with respect to government incentives, due diligence investigations and other matters.

Audit Committee’s Pre-Approval Policies and Procedures

Our audit committee has adopted a pre-approval policy for the engagement of our independent accountant to perform certain audit and non-audit services. Pursuant to this policy, which is designed to assure that such engagements do not impair the independence of our auditors, the audit committee pre-approves annually a catalog of specific audit and non-audit services in the categories of audit service, audit-related service and tax services that may be performed by our independent accountants.

117

ITEM 16D: Exemptions from the Listing Standards for Audit Committees

Not applicable.

ITEM 16E: Purchases of Equity Securities by the Company and Affiliated Purchasers

None.

ITEM 16F: Change in Registrant’s Certifying Accountant

None.

ITEM 16G: Corporate Governance

As a foreign private issuer, we are permitted under Nasdaq Rule 5615(a)(3) to follow Israeli corporate governance practices instead of the Nasdaq corporate governance rules, provided we disclose which requirements we are not following and the equivalent Israeli requirement. We must also provide the Nasdaq Global Select Market with a letter from outside counsel in our home country, Israel, certifying that our corporate governance practices are not prohibited by Israeli law.

We rely on this “foreign private issuer exemption” and follow the requirements of Israeli law with respect to the quorum requirement for meetings of our shareholders, which are different from the requirements of Rule 5620(c). Under our articles of association, the quorum required for an ordinary meeting of shareholders consists of at least two shareholders present in person, by proxy or by written ballot, who hold or represent between them at least 25% of the voting power of our shares, instead of 33 1/3% of the issued share capital provided by under the Nasdaq rules. At an adjourned meeting, any number of shareholders constitutes a quorum. This quorum requirement is based on the default requirement set forth in the Companies Law. We submitted a letter to the Nasdaq Global Select Market from our outside counsel in connection with this item prior to our IPO in March 2012.

Otherwise, we comply with the Nasdaq corporate governance rules requiring that listed companies have a majority of independent directors and maintain a compensation and nominating committee composed entirely of independent directors. We are also subject to Israeli corporate governance requirements applicable to companies incorporated in Israel whose securities are listed for trading on a stock exchange outside of Israel.

We may in the future provide the Nasdaq Global Select Market with an additional letter or letters notifying the organization that we are following our home country practices, consistent with the Companies Law and practices, in lieu of other requirements of Nasdaq Rule 5600.

ITEM 16H: Mine Safety Disclosures

Not applicable.

PART III

ITEM 17: Financial Statements

Not applicable.

ITEM 18: Financial Statements

See Financial Statements included at the end of this report.

118

ITEM 19: Exhibits

INDEX OF EXHIBITS

Number	Description
1.1	Articles of Association of the Registrant, as amended on February 21, 2014 (4)
1.2	Memorandum of Association of the Registrant (2) ∞
4.1	Land Purchase Agreement and Leaseback, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated March 31, 2011 (3) ∞
4.2	Addendum, dated February 13, 2012 to the Land Purchase Agreement and Leaseback, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated March 31, 2011 (3) ∞
4.3	Letter Agreement between the Registrant and Mikroman Madencilik San ve TIC.LTD.STI for 2019 **
4.4	2011 Incentive Compensation Plan, as amended (6)
4.5	Form of Indemnification Agreement (3)
4.6	Land Use Agreement, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated July 20, 2011 (3) ∞
4.7	Addendum, dated February 13, 2012, to the Land Use Agreement, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated July 20, 2011 (3) ∞
4.8	Manpower Agreement, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated July 20, 2011 (3) ∞
4.9	Addendum, dated July 2015, to the Manpower Agreement, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated July 20, 2011 (6) ∞
4.10	Addendum No. 2, dated November 2018, to the Manpower Agreement, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated July 20, 2011(9)
4.11	Services Agreement, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated July 2015 (6)∞
4.12	Services Agreement, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated November 2018 (9)
4.13	Agreement for Arranging Additional Accord, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated July 20, 2011 (3) ∞
4.14	Addendum, dated February 13, 2012 to the Agreement for Arranging Additional Accord, by and between Kibbutz Sdot-Yam and the Registrant, dated July 20, 2011 (3) ∞
4.15	Form of Registration Rights Agreement, by and among the Registrant, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, Tene Quartz Surfaces Investments Limited Partnership and Tene Quartz Surfaces Investments (Parallel) Limited Partnership, dated July 21, 2011, as amended on September 19, 2017(8)
4.16	Extension of Registration Rights Agreement, by and among the Registrant, Kibbutz Sdot-Yam, Tene Quartz Surfaces Investments Limited Partnership and Tene Quartz Surfaces Investments (Parallel) Limited Partnership, dated February 13, 2012 (3)
4.17	Reimbursement Agreement, dated January 4, 2012, by and between the Registrant and Kibbutz Sdot-Yam (3) ∞
4.18	Compensation Policy of Caesarstone Ltd.(7)
4.19	Agreement for the Supply of Bretonstone Slab Plants, dated October 18, 2012 (5)*
4.20	USA Plant Exercise Notice, dated November 6, 2013, pursuant to the Agreement for the Supply of Bretonstone Slab Plants, dated October 18, 2012 (5) *
4.21	Addendum, dated February 12, 2014, to the Agreement for the Supply of Bretonstone Slab Plants, dated October 18, 2012 and to the USA Plant Exercise Notice, dated November 6, 2013 (5) *
4.22	Agreement for the Supply of Bretonstone Slab Plants, dated June 5, 2014 (5) *
4.23	Letter Agreement between the Registrant and Polat Maden Sanayi ve Ticaret A.S. for 2019**

8.1	List of Subsidiaries of the Registrant (7)
12.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) (Section 302 Certifications)
12.2	Certification of Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(a) and Rule 15d-14(a) (Section 302 Certifications)
13.1	Certification of Principal Executive Officer and Principal Financial Officer required by Rule 13a-14(b) and Rule 15d-14(b) (Section 906 Certifications), furnished herewith

119

15.1	Consent of Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer (a member of Ernst & Young Global)
15.2	Consent of Grant Thornton Audit Pty Ltd.
15.3	Consent of Freedonia Custom Research, Inc.
101.INS	XBRL Instance Document
101.SCH	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Schema Document
101.PRE	XBRL Taxonomy Presentation Linkbase Document
101.CAL	XBRL Taxonomy Calculation Linkbase Document
101.LAB	XBRL Taxonomy Label Linkbase Document
101.DEF	XBRL Taxonomy Extension Definition Linkbase Document

(1)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 19, 2012 pursuant to a registration statement on Form F-1/A (File No. 333-179556) and incorporated by reference herein.

(2)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 6, 2012 pursuant to a registration statement on Form F-1/A (File No. 333-179556) and incorporated by reference herein.

(3)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on February 16, 2012 pursuant to a registration statement on Form F-1 (File No. 333-179556) and incorporated by reference herein.

(4)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on May 13, 2014 pursuant to an annual report on Form 20-F and incorporated by reference herein.

(5)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2015 pursuant to an annual report on Form 20-F and incorporated by reference herein.

(6)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 7, 2016 pursuant to an annual report on Form 20-F and incorporated by reference herein.

(7)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 13, 2017 pursuant to an annual report on Form 20-F and incorporated by reference herein.

(8)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on March 12, 2018 pursuant to an annual report on Form 20-F and incorporated by reference herein.

(9)	Previously filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission on October 25, 2018, pursuant to Exhibit 99.1 to an immediate report on Form 6-K and incorporated by reference herein.

*	Portions of this exhibit were omitted and a complete copy of each agreement was provided separately to the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Company’s application requesting confidential treatment under Rule 24b-2 under the Exchange Act, which was subsequently approved by the SEC.

**	Portions of this exhibit were omitted and a complete copy of each agreement was provided separately to the Securities and Exchange Commission pursuant to the Company’s application requesting confidential treatment under Rule 24b-2 under the Exchange Act.

∞	English translation of original Hebrew document

120

SIGNATURES

The registrant certifies that it meets all of the requirements for filing on Form 20-F and has duly caused and authorized the undersigned to sign this annual report on its behalf.

	Caesarstone Ltd.

	By:	/s/ Yuval Dagim
		Yuval Dagim
		Chief Executive Officer

Date: March 14, 2019

121

CAESARSTONE LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

AS OF DECEMBER 31, 2018

INDEX

	Page

Reports of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm	F-2 - F-3

Consolidated Balance Sheets as of December 31, 2018 and 2017	F-4 - F-5

Consolidated Statements of Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	F-6

Consolidated Statements of Comprehensive Income for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	F-7

Consolidated Statements of Changes in Equity for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	F-8

Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows for the Years Ended December 31, 2018, 2017 and 2016	F-9 - F-10

Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements	F-11 - F-67

Reports of Grant Thornton Audit Pty Ltd.	F-68 - F-70

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

CAESARSTONE LTD.

Opinion on the Financial Statements

We have audited the accompanying consolidated balance sheets of Caesarstone Ltd. and subsidiaries (the "Company") as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, and the related notes (collectively referred to as the “financial statements”). In our opinion, based on our audits and the report of other auditor, the consolidated financial statements present fairly, in all material respects, the financial position of the Company at December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the results of its operations and its cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018, in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles.

We did not audit the financial statements of Caesarstone Australia Pty Ltd., a wholly-owned subsidiary, which reflect total assets constituting 12% and 11% at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively, and total revenues constituting 23% in 2018 and 2017 and 24% in 2016 of the related consolidated totals. Those statements were audited by other auditors whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the amounts included for Caesarstone Australia Pty Limited, is based solely on the report of the other auditors.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the Company's internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) and our report dated March 14, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

These financial statements are the responsibility of the Company's management. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s financial statements based on our audits. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB. We conducted our audits in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether the financial statements are free of material misstatement, whether due to error or fraud. Our audits included performing procedures to assess the risks of material misstatement of the financial statements, whether due to error or fraud, and performing procedures that respond to those risks. Such procedures included examining, on a test basis, evidence regarding the amounts and disclosures in the financial statements. Our audits also included evaluating the accounting principles used and significant estimates made by management, as well as evaluating the overall presentation of the financial statements. We believe that our audits provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Tel-Aviv, Israel		/s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer
March 14, 2019		KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER
We have served as the Company's auditor since 2004		A Member of Ernst & Young Global

F - 2

REPORT OF INDEPENDENT REGISTERED PUBLIC ACCOUNTING FIRM

To the Board of Directors and Shareholders of

CAESARSTONE LTD.

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited Caesarstone Ltd. and subsidiaries (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control - Integrated Framework issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (2013 framework) (the COSO criteria). In our opinion, the Company, based on our audit and the report of the other auditor, maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of December 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We did not examine the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting of Caesarstone Australia Pty Ltd. a wholly owned subsidiary, whose financial statements reflect total assets and revenues constituting 12% and 23%, respectively, of the related consolidated financial statement amounts as of and for the year ended December 31, 2018. The effectiveness of Caesarstone Australia Pty Ltd.’s internal control over financial reporting was audited by other auditors whose report has been furnished to us, and our opinion, insofar as it relates to the effectiveness of Caesarstone Australia Pty Ltd.’s internal control over financial reporting, is based solely on the report of the other auditors.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (PCAOB), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of December 31, 2018 and 2017, and the related consolidated statements of income, comprehensive income, changes in stockholders' equity and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended December 31, 2018 and the related notes, and our report dated March 14, 2019 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company's management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting included in the accompanying Management’s annual Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with the U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk, and performing such other procedures, as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit and the report of other auditors provide a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

Tel-Aviv, Israel		/s/ Kost Forer Gabbay & Kasierer
March 14, 2019		KOST FORER GABBAY & KASIERER A Member of Ernst & Young Global

F - 3

CAESARSTONE LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

U.S. dollars in thousands

			December 31,
	Note		2018		2017

ASSETS

Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents			$	93,562	$	138,707
Trade receivables (net of allowance for doubtful accounts of $1,247 and $1,179 at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively)				72,555		73,267
Other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses		3		25,495		33,053
Inventories		4		158,492		132,940

Total current assets				350,104		377,967

Long-term assets:
Severance pay fund				3,591		3,887
Other long-term receivables		10		5,435		8,502
Deferred tax assets, net		11		6,372		3,965
Long-term deposits and prepaid expenses				2,799		2,743
Property, plant and equipment, net		5		213,338		216,653
Other intangibles assets		6		-		2,241
Goodwill		7		35,283		37,029

Total long-term assets				266,818		275,020

Total assets			$	616,922	$	652,987

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F - 4

CAESARSTONE LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

U.S. dollars in thousands (except share data)

			December 31,
	Note		2018			2017

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY

Current liabilities:
Short-term bank credit		8	$	7,567		$	4,191
Trade payables				55,787			64,021
Related party and other loan		13		2,908			3,463
Short term legal settlements and loss contingencies		10		13,146			25,782
Accrued expenses and other liabilities		9		31,873			30,000

Total current liabilities				111,281			127,457

Long-term liabilities:
Long-term loan and financing leaseback from a related party		13		7,089			8,336
Accrued severance pay				4,695			5,556
Long-term warranty provision				1,267			1,151
Long term legal settlements and loss contingencies		10		26,089			23,454
Deferred tax liabilities, net		11		-			657

Total long-term liabilities				39,140			39,154

Redeemable non-controlling interest		2(v)		-			16,481

Commitments and contingent liabilities		10

Equity:		12
Share capital-
Ordinary shares of NIS 0.04 par value - 200,000,000 shares authorized at December 31, 2018 and 2017; 35,466,307 and 35,442,056 issued at December 31, 2018 and 2017; 34,363,211 and 34,338,960 shares outstanding at December 31, 2018 and 2017, respectively				371			371
Additional paid-in capital				153,593			151,880
Capital fund related to non-controlling interest		1(c)		(5,587	)		-
Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net				(3,177	)		683
Retained earnings				360,731			356,391
Treasury shares at cost – 1,103,096 ordinary shares at December 31, 2018 and 2017				(39,430	)		(39,430	)

Total equity				466,501			469,895

Total liabilities and equity			$	616,922		$	652,987

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F - 5

CAESARSTONE LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF INCOME

U.S. dollars in thousands (except per share data)

	Year ended December 31,
	2018		2017		2016

Revenues	$	575,871	$	588,147	$	538,543
Cost of revenues		412,457		390,924		326,057

Gross profit		163,414		197,223		212,486
Operating expenses:
Research and development		3,635		4,164		3,290
Marketing and selling		74,786		81,789		70,343
General and administrative		43,323		45,930		40,181
Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net		8,903		24,797		5,868

Total operating expenses		130,647		156,680		119,682

Operating income		32,767		40,543		92,804
Finance expenses, net		3,639		5,583		3,318

Income before taxes on income		29,128		34,960		89,486
Taxes on income		4,560		7,402		13,003

Net income	$	24,568	$	27,558	$	76,483

Net income attributable to non-controlling interest		163		1,356		1,887

Net income attributable to controlling interest	$	24,405	$	26,202	$	74,596

Basic and Diluted net income per share of ordinary shares		0.72		0.73		2.08

Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing basic income per share (in thousands)		34,358		34,334		34,706

Weighted average number of ordinary shares used in computing diluted income per share (in thousands)		34,409		34,386		34,764

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements.

F - 6

CAESARSTONE LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF COMPREHENSIVE INCOME

U.S. dollars in thousands

	Year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016

Net income	$	24,568		$	27,558		$	76,483

Other comprehensive income (loss) before tax:
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(4,294	)		2,910			1,100
Unrealized income (loss) on foreign currency cash flow hedge		(589	)		(36	)		9
Income tax benefit (expense) related to components of other comprehensive income (loss)		92			8			(161	)

Total other comprehensive income (loss), net of tax		(4,791	)		2,882			948

Comprehensive income		19,777			30,440			77,431
Less: comprehensive income (loss) attributable to non-controlling interest		768			(2,405	)		(2,093	)

Comprehensive income attributable to controlling interest	$	20,545		$	28,035		$	75,338

The accompanying notes are an integral part of the consolidated financial statements

F - 7

CAESARSTONE LTD. AND ITS SUBSIDIARIES

CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CHANGES IN EQUITY

U.S. dollars in thousands (except share data)

							Additional paid-in capital			Retained earnings			Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net(1)			Capital fund related to non-controlling interest			Treasury shares			Total equity
	Common Stock
	Shares			Amount

Balance as of January 1, 2016		35,294,755			370			142,765			258,978			(1,892	)		-			-			400,221
																	-
Other comprehensive income		-			-			-			-			742			-			-			742
Net income		-			-			-			74,596			-			-			-			74,596
Equity-based compensation expense related to employees (2)		-			-			3,506			-			-			-			-			3,506
Compensation paid by a shareholder (3)		-			-			266			-			-			-			-			266
Purchase of treasury shares		(1,103,096	)		-			-			-			-			-			(39,430	)		(39,430	)
Adjustment to redemption value of the non-controlling interest		-			-			-			(2,248	)		-			-			-			(2,248	)
Cashless exercise of options		129,914			1			(1	)		-			-			-			-			-
Balance as of December 31, 2016		34,321,573			371			146,536			331,326			(1,150	)					(39,430	)		437,653
																	-
Other comprehensive income		-			-			-			-			1,833			-			-			1,833
Net income		-			-			-			26,202			-			-			-			26,202
Equity-based compensation expense related to employees (2)		-			-			5,344			-			-			-			-			5,344
Adjustment to redemption value of the non-controlling interest		-			-			-			(1,137	)		-			-			-			(1,137	)
Cashless exercise of options and RSUs		17,387			(*	)		(*	)		-			-			-			-			-
Balance as of December 31, 2017		34,338,960			371			151,880			356,391			683						(39,430	)		469,895
																	-
Other comprehensive loss		-			-			-			-			(3,860	)		-			-			(3,860	)
Net income		-			-			-			24,405			-			-			-			24,405
Equity-based compensation expense related to employees (2)		-			-			1,713			-			-			-			-			1,713
Adjustment to redemption value of the non-controlling interest		-			-			-			203			-			-			-			203
Capital fund related to non-controlling interest		-			-			-			-			-			(5,587	)		-			(5,587	)
Dividend paid		-			-			-			(20,268	)		-			-			-			(20,268	)
Cashless exercise of options and RSUs		24,251			(*	)		(*	)		-			-			-			-			-

Balance as of December 31, 2018		34,363,211		$	371		$	153,593		$	360,731		$	(3,177	)	$	(5,587	)	$	(39,430	)	$	466,501

(1)

Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), net, comprised of foreign currency translation and hedging transactions.

(2)

	Year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities:

Net income	$	24,568		$	27,558		$	76,483

Adjustments required to reconcile net income to net cash provided by operating activities:

Depreciation and amortization		28,591			29,926			28,254
Share-based compensation expense		1,684			5,277			3,068
Accrued severance pay, net		(543	)		788			(150	)
Changes in deferred tax, net		(3,064	)		(6,376	)		(963	)
Capital loss (gain) from sale of property, plant and equipment		225			(7	)		32
Compensation paid by a shareholder		-			-			266
Increase in trade receivables		(2,637	)		(7,573	)		(4,184	)
Decrease (increase) in other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses		7,673			(5,436	)		(5,617	)
Increase in inventories		(30,607	)		(27,833	)		(5,376	)
Increase (decrease) in trade payables		(16,223	)		13,853			1,424
Increase in warranty provision		367			234			100
Legal settlements and loss contingencies, net		8,903			24,797			5,868
Increase (decrease) in accrued expenses and other liabilities including related party		(4,245	)		5,809			2,314

Net cash provided by operating activities		14,692			61,017			101,519

Cash flows from investing activities:

Redemption of short-term deposits		-			-			60
Purchase of property, plant and equipment		(20,962	)		(22,675	)		(22,943	)
Proceeds from sale of property, plant and equipment		28			11			22
Increase in long-term deposits		(219	)		(102	)		(452	)

Net cash used in investing activities		(21,153	)		(22,766	)		(23,313	)

	Year ended December 31,
	2018			2017			2016
Cash flows from financing activities:

Dividend paid		(20,268	)		-			-
Dividend paid by subsidiary to non-controlling interest (*)		(978	)		-			(243	)
Short-term bank credit and loans, net		4,171			(5,095	)		5,157
Call option exercised related to non-controlling interest		(20,119	)		-			-
Purchase of treasury shares		-			-			(39,430	)
Repayment of a financing leaseback		(1,169	)		(1,172	)		(1,100	)

Net cash used in financing activities		(38,363	)		(6,267	)		(35,616	)

Effect of exchange rate differences on cash and cash equivalents		(321	)		453			933

Increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents		(45,145	)		32,437			43,523
Cash and cash equivalents at beginning of year		138,707			106,270			62,747

Cash and cash equivalents at end of year	$	93,562		$	138,707		$	106,270

Cash received (paid) during the year for:

Interest paid	$	(361	)	$	(259	)	$	(210	)

Interest received	$	1,455		$	1,006		$	153

Tax paid	$	(13,906	)	$	(23,448	)	$	(17,684	)

Non cash activity during the year for:

Changes in trade payables balances related to purchase of property, plant and equipment	$	2,688		$	(1,552	)	$	(403	)

	Balance Sheet	Fair Value of Derivative Instruments
		Year ended December 31,
		2018			2017

Derivative Assets:

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange option and forward contracts	Other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses	$	154		$	717

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Other accounts receivable and prepaid expenses	$	123		$	-

Total		$	277		$	717

Derivative Liabilities

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange option and forward contracts	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	(54	)	$	(921	)

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange forward contracts	Accrued expenses and other liabilities	$	(620	)	$	-

Total		$	(674	)	$	(921	)

	Loss Recognized in Other Comprehensive Income (loss), net					Gain (loss) Recognized in Statements of Income
	Year ended December 31,					Statements of Income Item	Year ended December 31,
	2018			2017		Statements of Income Item	2018		2017

Derivatives designated as hedging instruments :
Foreign exchange forward contract	$	(497	)	$	-	Cost of revenues and Operating expenses	$	1,592	$	1,142

Derivatives not designated as hedging instruments:
Foreign exchange forward and options contracts		-			-	Financial expenses, net		2,353		(1,756	)

Total	$	(497	)	$	-		$	3,945	$	(614	)

	December 31,
	2018			2017

Inventory provision, beginning of year	$	11,363		$	10,183
Increase in inventory provision		14,968			8,859
Write off		(10,780	)		(7,679	)

Inventory provision, end of year	$	15,551		$	11,363

	%

Machinery and manufacturing equipment	4-33 (mainly 10)
Office equipment and furniture	7-33 (mainly 7)
Motor vehicles	10-30 (mainly 20)
Buildings		4-5
Prepaid expenses related to operating lease		1
Leasehold improvements	Over the shorter of the term of the lease or the life of the asset

	2018			2017

January 1,	$	2,594		$	2,275
Charged to costs and expenses relating to new sales		1,963			1,816
Costs of product warranty claims		(1,642	)		(1,446	)
Foreign currency translation adjustments		(95	)		(51	)

December 31,	$	2,820		$	2,594

	December 31, 2018
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
Derivatives:

Foreign currencies derivative assets	$	-	$	277		$	-	$	277
Foreign currencies derivative liabilities	$	-	$	(674	)	$	-	$	(674	)

Total	$	-	$	(397	)	$	-	$	(397	)

	December 31, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2			Level 3		Total
Derivatives:

Foreign currencies derivative assets	$	-	$	717		$	-	$	717
Foreign currencies derivative liabilities	$	-	$	(921	)	$	-	$	(921	)

Total	$	-	$	(204	)	$	-	$	(204	)

	Unrealized gains (losses) on derivative instruments			Accumulated foreign currency translation differences			Total

Balance at December 31, 2016	$	28		$	(1,178	)	$	(1,150	)
Other comprehensive income before reclassifications		1,114			1,861			2,975
Amounts reclassified from AOCI		(1,142	)		-			(1,142	)

Net current period OCI		(28	)		1,861			1,833

Balance at December 31, 2017	$	-		$	683		$	683

Other comprehensive loss before reclassifications		(2,089	)		(3,363	)		(5,452	)
Amounts reclassified from AOCI		1,592			-			1,592

Net current period OCI		(497	)		(3,363	)		(3,860	)

Balance at December 31, 2018	$	(497	)	$	(2,680	)	$	(3,177	)

Balance as of December 31, 2016	$	35,656

Foreign currency translation adjustments		1,373

Balance as of December 31, 2017	$	37,029

Foreign currency translation adjustments		(1,746	)

Balance as of December 31, 2018	$	35,283

		Weighted average interest
	Currency	December 31,				December 31,
		2018		2017		2018		2017
		%

Short-term bank credit	CAD		4.20		3.20	$	7,567	$	4,191

Gross tax liabilities at January 1, 2016	$	1,442

Increase in tax positions for current year		594
Increase of tax position of prior years		270
Decrease related to settlement with the tax authorities		(1,022	)

Gross tax liabilities at December 31, 2016		1,284

Increase in tax positions for current year		1,201
Increase in tax position of prior years		252

Gross tax liabilities at December 31, 2017		2,737

Increase in tax positions for current year		482
Increase of tax position of prior years		657

Gross tax liabilities at December 31, 2018	$	3,876

	Authorized				Outstanding
	December 31,				December 31,
	2018		2017		2018		2017

Shares of NIS 0.04 par value:

Ordinary shares		200,000,000		200,000,000		34,363,211		34,338,960

	Number of options			Weighted average exercise price		Aggregate intrinsic value

Outstanding - beginning of the year		1,128,704		$	33.48
Granted		668,500			15.49
Exercised		--			--
Forfeited		(295,869	)		30.91
Outstanding - end of the year		1,501,335		$	25.53	$	168
Options exercisable at the end of the year		520,335			34.35	$	12
Vested and expected to vest		520,335			34.35	$	12

	Number of RSUs			Weighted average fair value		Aggregate intrinsic value

Outstanding - beginning of the year		81,275		$	33.50
Granted		85,150			15.33
Exercised		(24,251	)		30.22
Forfeited		(21,974	)		26.76
Outstanding - end of the year		120,200		$	20.24	$	1,632
RSUs exercisable at the end of the year		-		$	-	$	-
Vested and expected to vest		120,200		$	20.24	$	1,632

		Awards outstanding						Awards exercisable
Exercise price		Number of options		Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)		Weighted average exercise price per share		Number of options		Weighted average remaining contractual life (years)		Weighted average exercise price
$	0.01 (RSUs)		120,200		6.03	$	0.01		-		-		-
$	9.85		2,704		0.22	$	9.26		2,704		0.22		9.26
$	14.69		613,500		6.49	$	14.83		20,000		0.85		14.10
$	28.65-29.00		158,500		5.97	$	24.97		28,000		5.71		28.15
$	30.65-36.71		530,631		4.42	$	32.47		281,631		4.47		32.30
$	41.37-42.96		196,000		0.98	$	40.91		188,000		0.85		39.50
			1,621,535						520,335



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