Edgar Filing: REALNETWORKS INC

Document

UNITED STATES

SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION

Washington, D.C. 20549



	FORM 10-Q

(Mark One)



ý	QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the Quarterly Period Ended June 30, 2017



¨	TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934

For the transition period from to

Commission file number 0-23137



	RealNetworks, Inc.
	(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Washington		91-1628146
(State of incorporation)		(I.R.S. Employer Identification Number)
1501 First Avenue South, Suite 600 Seattle, Washington		98134
(Address of principal executive offices)		(Zip Code)
	(206) 674-2700
	(Registrant’s telephone number, including area code)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes ý No ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company, or emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company” and "emerging growth company" in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act. (Check one):



Large accelerated filer	¨	Accelerated filer	ý
Non-accelerated filer	¨ (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)	Smaller reporting company	¨
		Emerging growth company	¨
If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. ¨

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes ¨ No ý

The number of shares of the registrant’s Common Stock outstanding as of July 28, 2017 was 37,201,967.

TABLE OF CONTENTS



	Page

Part I. Financial Information	3
Item 1. Financial Statements	3
Item 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations	17
Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk	28
Item 4. Controls and Procedures	29
Part II. Other Information	31
Item 1. Legal Proceedings	31
Item 1A. Risk Factors	31
Item 2. Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds	31
Item 3. Default Upon Senior Securities	31
Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosures	31
Item 5. Other Information	31
Item 6. Exhibits	31
Signature	32
Index to Exhibits	33

PART I. FINANCIAL INFORMATION


Item 1.	Financial Statements

REALNETWORKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED BALANCE SHEETS

(In thousands, except per share data)



	June 30, 2017			December 31, 2016
ASSETS
Current assets:
Cash and cash equivalents	$	37,855		$	33,721
Short-term investments	24,619			43,331
Trade accounts receivable, net of allowances	27,354			22,162
Deferred costs, current portion	525			760
Prepaid expenses and other current assets	4,798			4,910
Total current assets	95,151			104,884
Equipment, software, and leasehold improvements, at cost:
Equipment and software	45,259			46,231
Leasehold improvements	3,405			3,317
Total equipment, software, and leasehold improvements, at cost	48,664			49,548
Less accumulated depreciation and amortization	44,262			44,294
Net equipment, software, and leasehold improvements	4,402			5,254
Restricted cash equivalents and investments	2,700			2,700
Other assets	2,277			1,742
Deferred costs, non-current portion	1,020			1,246
Deferred tax assets, net	857			816
Other intangible assets, net	527			938
Goodwill	12,985			12,857
Total assets	$	119,919		$	130,437

LIABILITIES AND SHAREHOLDERS’ EQUITY
Current liabilities:
Accounts payable	$	18,603		$	18,225
Accrued and other current liabilities	14,133			15,425
Commitment to Rhapsody	—			1,500
Deferred revenue, current portion	3,560			3,430
Total current liabilities	36,296			38,580
Deferred revenue, non-current portion	710			240
Deferred rent	702			748
Deferred tax liabilities, net	87			87
Other long-term liabilities	1,771			2,201
Total liabilities	39,566			41,856
Commitments and contingencies
Shareholders’ equity:
Preferred stock, $0.001 par value, no shares issued and outstanding:
Series A: authorized 200 shares	—			—
Undesignated series: authorized 59,800 shares	—			—
Common stock, $0.001 par value authorized 250,000 shares; issued and outstanding 37,105 shares in 2017 and 37,501 shares in 2016	37			37
Additional paid-in capital	637,260			633,928
Accumulated other comprehensive loss	(60,395		)	(61,645		)
Retained deficit	(496,549		)	(483,739		)
Total shareholders’ equity	80,353			88,581
Total liabilities and shareholders’ equity	$	119,919		$	130,437

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

REALNETWORKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS

AND COMPREHENSIVE INCOME (LOSS)

(In thousands, except per share data)



	Quarter Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Net revenue (A)	$	33,112		$	29,734		$	63,687		$	57,964
Cost of revenue (B)	17,290			15,698			34,583			30,870
Gross profit	15,822			14,036			29,104			27,094
Operating expenses:
Research and development	7,584			7,167			14,933			16,486
Sales and marketing	5,496			7,749			12,651			16,974
General and administrative	5,254			6,217			10,557			14,294
Restructuring and other charges	150			413			1,714			798
Lease exit and related charges	—			127			—			958
Total operating expenses	18,484			21,673			39,855			49,510
Operating income (loss)	(2,662		)	(7,637		)	(10,751		)	(22,416		)
Other income (expenses):
Interest income, net	109			80			237			197
Gain (loss) on investments, net	—			(46		)	—			(43		)
Equity in net loss of Rhapsody investment	(349		)	(396		)	(1,097		)	(396		)
Other income (expense), net	(13		)	15			(238		)	(272		)
Total other income (expenses), net	(253		)	(347		)	(1,098		)	(514		)
Income (loss) before income taxes	(2,915		)	(7,984		)	(11,849		)	(22,930		)
Income tax expense (benefit)	471			363			961			588
Net income (loss)	$	(3,386	)	$	(8,347	)	$	(12,810	)	$	(23,518	)

Basic net income (loss) per share	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.35	)	$	(0.64	)
Diluted net income (loss) per share	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.35	)	$	(0.64	)
Shares used to compute basic net income (loss) per share	37,103			36,755			37,067			36,637
Shares used to compute diluted net income (loss) per share	37,103			36,755			37,067			36,637

Comprehensive income (loss):
Unrealized investment holding gains (losses), net of reclassification adjustments	$	6		$	16		$	10		$	167
Foreign currency translation adjustments, net of reclassification adjustments	646			(645		)	1,240			55
Total other comprehensive income (loss)	652			(629		)	1,250			222
Net income (loss)	(3,386		)	(8,347		)	(12,810		)	(23,518		)
Comprehensive income (loss)	$	(2,734	)	$	(8,976	)	$	(11,560	)	$	(23,296	)

(A) Components of net revenue:
License fees	$	9,084		$	6,678		$	15,677		$	12,455
Service revenue	24,028			23,056			48,010			45,509
	$	33,112		$	29,734		$	63,687		$	57,964
(B) Components of cost of revenue:
License fees	$	2,215		$	1,399		$	3,726		$	2,703
Service revenue	15,075			14,299			30,857			28,167
	$	17,290		$	15,698		$	34,583		$	30,870

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

REALNETWORKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS

(In thousands)



	Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017			2016
Cash flows from operating activities:
Net income (loss)	$	(12,810	)	$	(23,518	)
Adjustments to reconcile net income (loss) to net cash provided by (used in) operating activities:
Depreciation and amortization	1,757			4,224
Stock-based compensation	2,297			3,779
Equity in net loss of Rhapsody	1,097			396
Deferred income taxes, net	(40		)	(148		)
Loss (gain) on investments, net	—			43
Fair value of warrants granted in 2015 and 2017, net of subsequent mark to market adjustments in 2017 and 2016	(417		)	82
Net change in certain operating assets and liabilities:
Trade accounts receivable	(4,346		)	(1,813		)
Prepaid expenses and other assets	667			1,162
Accounts payable	(376		)	(150		)
Accrued and other liabilities	(1,775		)	(2,408		)
Net cash provided by (used in) operating activities	(13,946		)	(18,351		)
Cash flows from investing activities:
Purchases of equipment, software, and leasehold improvements	(417		)	(1,512		)
Purchases of short-term investments	(13,905		)	(33,359		)
Proceeds from sales and maturities of short-term investments	32,617			42,517
Decrease (increase) in restricted cash equivalents and investments, net	—			(110		)
Acquisitions	—			(150		)
Advance to Rhapsody	(1,500		)	—
Net cash provided by (used in) investing activities	16,795			7,386
Cash flows from financing activities:
Proceeds from issuance of common stock (stock options and stock purchase plan)	130			166
Tax payments from shares withheld upon vesting of restricted stock	(192		)	(808		)
Net cash provided by (used in) financing activities	(62		)	(642		)
Effect of exchange rate changes on cash and cash equivalents	1,347			425
Net increase (decrease) in cash and cash equivalents	4,134			(11,182		)
Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of period	33,721			47,315
Cash and cash equivalents, end of period	$	37,855		$	36,133

Supplemental disclosure of cash flow information:
Cash received from income tax refunds	$	323		$	494
Cash paid for income taxes	$	913		$	1,139
Non-cash investing activities:
Increase (decrease) in accrued purchases of equipment, software, and leasehold improvements	$	32		$	290

See accompanying notes to unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements.

REALNETWORKS, INC. AND SUBSIDIARIES

NOTES TO UNAUDITED CONDENSED CONSOLIDATED FINANCIAL STATEMENTS

Quarters and Six Months Ended June 30, 2017 and 2016



Note 1	Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies

Description of Business. RealNetworks, Inc. and subsidiaries is a global provider of network-delivered digital media applications and services that make it easy to manage, play and share digital media. The Company also develops and markets software products and services that enable the creation, distribution and consumption of digital media, including audio and video.

Inherent in our business are various risks and uncertainties, including a limited history of certain of our product and service offerings. RealNetworks' success will depend on the acceptance of our technology, products and services and the ability to generate related revenue.

In this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (10-Q or Report), RealNetworks, Inc. and Subsidiaries is referred to as “RealNetworks”, the “Company”, “we”, “us”, or “our”. "RealPlayer®" and other trademarks of ours appearing in this report are our property.

Basis of Presentation. The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements include the accounts of the Company and its wholly-owned subsidiaries. Intercompany balances and transactions have been eliminated in consolidation.

The unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements reflect all adjustments, consisting only of normal, recurring adjustments that, in the opinion of management, are necessary for a fair presentation of the results of operations for the periods presented. Operating results for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2017 are not necessarily indicative of the results that may be expected for any subsequent period or for the year ending December 31, 2017. Certain information and disclosures normally included in financial statements prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America (GAAP) have been condensed or omitted pursuant to the rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC).

These unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and related notes included in our Annual Report on Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2016 (the 10-K).

Use of Estimates. The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses during the reporting period. Actual results could differ from those estimates.



Note 2	Recent Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the Financial Accounting Standards Board (FASB) issued new revenue recognition guidance, which was subsequently updated and amended in 2015 and 2016. The guidance requires an entity to recognize the amount of revenue to which it expects to be entitled for the transfer of promised goods or services to customers. The new guidance will replace most existing revenue recognition guidance in U.S. GAAP when it becomes effective.

The guidance permits two methods of adoption: the full retrospective method where the standard would be applied to each prior reporting period presented and the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the earliest period shown, or the modified retrospective method, where the cumulative effect of applying the standard would be recognized at the date of initial application. We will adopt the requirements of the new standard effective January 1, 2018, and expect to use the modified retrospective transition method with the cumulative effect to the opening balance of retained earnings recognized as of the date of initial adoption. We believe our evaluations and efforts are following an appropriate timeline for proper recognition, presentation and disclosure upon adoption, including the related impacts to our internal controls.

Our evaluation of the new standard has made significant progress, and we continue to monitor any authoritative and interpretive guidance issued by standard-setting bodies for impacts on our evaluations. Under the new standard, we currently expect the greatest impact in certain areas where we will be required to estimate usage which drives the underlying revenue. Under the current guidance, we do not recognize revenues until we achieve fixed and determinable status, which would typically be at a later date. However, our analysis is not complete and we may identify other areas of additional impact. We expect that the new standard will not have a cash impact and will not affect the economics of the underlying customer contracts. We expect that our disclosures in our notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements related to revenue recognition

will be significantly expanded under the new standard, specifically around the quantitative and qualitative information about our underlying performance obligations.

In February 2016, the FASB issued new guidance related to the accounting for leases by lessees. A major change in the new guidance is that lessees will be required to present right-of-use assets and lease liabilities on the balance sheet. The new guidance will be effective for us on January 1, 2019. We will be evaluating the effect that the guidance will have on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

In November 2016, the FASB issued guidance on the classification and presentation of changes in restricted cash on the statement of cash flows. This guidance is effective for interim and annual reporting for us on January 1, 2018. We do not expect the adoption of this guidance to have a material impact on our statement of cash flows.

In January 2017, the FASB issued new guidance simplifying the test for goodwill impairment. The new guidance eliminates Step 2 from the goodwill impairment test, instead requiring an entity to recognize a goodwill impairment charge for the amount by which the reporting unit's carrying amount exceeds the reporting unit's fair value. This guidance is effective for interim and annual goodwill impairment tests beginning on December 15, 2019, with early adoption permitted. We will be evaluating the impact of the guidance, but do not currently expect the adoption to have a material impact on our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures.

There have been no other recent accounting pronouncements or changes in accounting pronouncements to be implemented that are of significance or potential significance to RealNetworks.



Note 3	Stock-Based Compensation

Total stock-based compensation expense recognized in our unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss) includes amounts related to stock options, restricted stock, and employee stock purchase plans and was as follows (in thousands):



	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Total stock-based compensation expense	$	863	$	608	$	2,297	$	3,779

The fair value of options granted determined using the Black-Scholes model used the following weighted-average assumptions:



	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Expected dividend yield	0	%	0	%	0	%	0	%
Risk-free interest rate	1.62	%	1.05	%	1.76	%	1.38	%
Expected life (years)	3.7		3.8		4.4		4.9
Volatility	34	%	32	%	35	%	36	%

The total stock-based compensation amounts for 2017 and 2016 disclosed above are recorded in their respective line items within operating expenses in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations and comprehensive income (loss). Included in the expense for the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 was stock compensation expense recorded in the first quarter of 2017 and 2016 related to our 2016 and 2015 incentive bonuses paid in fully vested restricted stock units, which were authorized and granted in the first quarter of 2017 and 2016, respectively.

As of June 30, 2017, $3.8 million of total unrecognized compensation cost, net of estimated forfeitures, related to stock awards. The unrecognized compensation cost is expected to be recognized over a weighted-average period of approximately 2 years.



Note 4	Rhapsody Joint Venture

As of June 30, 2017 we owned approximately 42% of the issued and outstanding stock of Rhapsody and account for our investment using the equity method of accounting.

Rhapsody was initially formed in 2007 as a joint venture between RealNetworks and MTV Networks, a division of Viacom International Inc. (MTVN), to own and operate a business-to-consumer digital audio music service known as Rhapsody.

Following certain restructuring transactions effective March 31, 2010, we began accounting for our investment in Rhapsody using the equity method of accounting. As part of the 2010 restructuring transactions, RealNetworks contributed $18.0 million in cash, the Rhapsody brand and certain other assets, including content licenses, in exchange for shares of convertible preferred stock of Rhapsody, carrying a $10.0 million preference upon certain liquidation events.

We recorded our share of losses of Rhapsody of $0.3 million and $1.1 million for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2017; and $0.4 million for the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2016. Because of the $10.0 million liquidation preference on the preferred stock we hold in Rhapsody, under the equity method of accounting we did not record any share of Rhapsody losses that would reduce our carrying value of Rhapsody, which is impacted by Rhapsody equity transactions, below $10.0 million, until Rhapsody's book value was reduced below $10.0 million. This occurred in the first quarter of 2015. As of June 30, 2017, the carrying value of our Rhapsody equity investment was zero, as we do not have further commitment to provide future support to Rhapsody. Unless we commit to provide future financial support to Rhapsody, we do not record our share of Rhapsody losses that would reduce our carrying value of Rhapsody below zero, and instead we track those suspended losses separately.

In December 2016, RealNetworks entered into an agreement to loan up to $5 million to Rhapsody for general operating purposes, as did the other large owner of Rhapsody, Columbus Nova. In 2016, $3.5 million of the loan was made by each lender. In January 2017, the remaining $1.5 million commitment was funded by each lender. The loan is subordinate to all existing loans, and bears an interest a rate of 10% per annum, which accretes into the outstanding principal balance and will be due at the December 7, 2017 maturity date. Under the terms of the loan agreement between RealNetworks and Rhapsody, a default by Rhapsody under its agreements with other third party lenders that would entitle such parties to accelerate repayments with an aggregate value in excess of $1 million, would constitute a cross default of the RealNetworks and Columbus Nova loans. In that case, RealNetworks and Columbus Nova could elect to declare all outstanding obligations owed to us by Rhapsody to become immediately due and payable.

We recognized previously suspended losses up to the amount of the commitment at the time of signing the agreement in the fourth quarter of 2016, and, consequently, we do not have a receivable recorded related to this loan. As of the date of this report, we have no further commitments for additional fundings to Rhapsody.

In late March 2017, we were notified that Rhapsody would likely be in default of existing agreements with its third party lenders, which was confirmed in April 2017. We believe this default constitutes a cross default under the loan agreements between Rhapsody and RealNetworks and Rhapsody and Columbus Nova. The default with the third party lenders relates to Rhapsody's failure to meet a quarterly revenue target that included assumptions regarding the launch of a new product with a different business model than Rhapsody's subscription service. Rhapsody subsequently determined that it would not be in their best interest to continue the planned launch of the new product due to associated costs of launch and operation, thus contributing to a revenue shortfall. In June 2017, Rhapsody obtained forbearance agreements from the third party lenders, pursuant to which (in general terms) the lenders forbear from exercising any remedies they have against Rhapsody relating to defaults existing at June 30, 2017. This forbearance lasts for two months or until a new default event, whichever may occur first. As of the date of our filing, to our knowledge, Rhapsody has not incurred any such default events; and RealNetworks and Columbus Nova have not elected to declare all amounts outstanding under our loan agreements to be immediately due and payable.

Summarized financial information for Rhapsody, which represents 100% of their financial information, is as follows (in thousands):



	Quarter Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Net revenue	$	44,136		$	53,456		$	91,598		$	105,963
Gross profit	6,099			6,850			12,682			14,093
Net income (loss)	(7,693		)	(7,905		)	(13,333		)	(13,053		)



Note 5	Fair Value Measurements

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis

The following table presents information about our financial assets that have been measured at fair value on a recurring basis as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016, and indicates the fair value hierarchy of the valuation inputs utilized to determine such fair value (in thousands).



	Fair Value Measurements as of								Amortized Cost as of
	June 30, 2017								June 30, 2017
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	28,754	$	—	$	—	$	28,754	$	28,754
Money market funds	8,302		—		—		8,302		8,302
Corporate notes and bonds	—		799		—		799		799
Total cash and cash equivalents	37,056		799		—		37,855		37,855
Short-term investments:
Corporate notes and bonds			24,619		—		24,619		24,616
Total short-term investments	—		24,619		—		24,619		24,616
Restricted cash equivalents and investments	—		2,700		—		2,700		2,700
Warrants issued by Rhapsody (included in Other assets)	—		—		1,190		1,190		—
Total	$	37,056	$	28,118	$	1,190	$	66,364	$	65,171



	Fair Value Measurements as of								Amortized Cost as of
	December 31, 2016								December 31, 2016
	Level 1		Level 2		Level 3		Total
Cash and cash equivalents:
Cash	$	32,585	$	—	$	—	$	32,585	$	32,585
Money market funds	136		—		—		136		136
Corporate notes and bonds	—		1,000		—		1,000		1,000
Total cash and cash equivalents	32,721		1,000		—		33,721		33,721
Short-term investments:
Corporate notes and bonds	—		43,331		—		43,331		43,343
Total short-term investments	—		43,331		—		43,331		43,343
Restricted cash equivalents and investments	—		2,700		—		2,700		2,700
Warrant issued by Rhapsody (included in Other assets)	—		—		773		773		—
Total	$	32,721	$	47,031	$	773	$	80,525	$	79,764

Restricted cash equivalents and investments as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 relate to cash pledged as collateral against letters of credit in connection with lease agreements.

Realized gains or losses on sales of short-term investment securities for the quarters and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 were not significant. Gross unrealized gains and gross unrealized losses on short-term investment securities as of June 30, 2017 and December 31, 2016 were also not significant.

Investments with remaining contractual maturities of five years or less are classified as short-term because the investments are marketable and highly liquid, and we have the ability to utilize them for current operations. Contractual maturities of short-term investments as of June 30, 2017 (in thousands):



	Estimated Fair Value
Within one year	$	21,603
Between one year and five years	3,016
Total short-term investments	$	24,619

In February 2015, Rhapsody issued warrants to purchase Rhapsody common shares to each of RealNetworks and Rhapsody's one other large stockholder, Columbus Nova. The warrants were issued as compensation for past services provided by RealNetworks and Columbus Nova, and both warrants covered the same number of underlying shares. The exercise price of the warrants was equal to the fair value of the underlying shares on the issuance date, and we used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of the warrant, using an expected term of 5 years and expected volatility of 55%. On the date of issuance, we recognized and recorded the $1.2 million fair value of the warrant issued to RealNetworks within other assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, and as an expense reduction within General and administrative expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. The warrants are free-standing derivatives and as such their fair value is determined each quarter using updated inputs in the Black-Scholes option-pricing model. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the decrease in the fair value of the warrants was insignificant.

In February 2017, Rhapsody issued additional warrants to purchase Rhapsody common shares to both RealNetworks and Columbus Nova. Consistent with the warrants issued in 2015, the 2017 warrants were issued as compensation for past services provided by RealNetworks and Columbus Nova, and both warrants covered the same number of underlying shares. The exercise price of the warrants exceeded the fair value of the underlying shares on the issuance date, and we used the Black-Scholes option-pricing model to calculate the fair value of the warrant, using an expected term of 5 years and expected volatility of 55%, resulting in a recognized fair value of $0.5 million in Other assets in the unaudited condensed consolidated balance sheets, and as an expense reduction within general and administrative expense in the unaudited condensed consolidated statements of operations. During the six months ended June 30, 2017, the decrease in the fair value of the warrants was insignificant.

Items Measured at Fair Value on a Non-recurring Basis

Certain of our assets and liabilities are measured at estimated fair value on a non-recurring basis, using Level 3 inputs. These instruments are subject to fair value adjustments only in certain circumstances (for example, when there is evidence of impairment). During the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, we did not record any impairments on those assets required to be measured at fair value on a non-recurring basis.

See Note 11, Lease Exit and Related Charges, for a discussion of the losses related to reductions in the use of RealNetworks' office space, which were recorded at the estimated fair value of remaining lease obligations, less expected sub-lease income.



Note 6	Allowance for Doubtful Accounts Receivable and Sales Returns

Activity in the allowance for doubtful accounts receivable and sales returns (in thousands):



	Allowance For
	Doubtful Accounts Receivable			Sales Returns
Balances, December 31, 2016	$	633		$	169
Addition (reduction) to allowance	(17		)	(45		)
Amounts written off	—			(2		)
Foreign currency translation	44			—
Balances, June 30, 2017	$	660		$	122

Our music on demand customer accounted for 60% of trade accounts receivable as of June 30, 2017. At December 31, 2016, the same customer accounted for 64% of trade accounts receivable.

Our music on demand customer accounted for 35% or $11.5 million of consolidated revenue during the quarter ended June 30, 2017, and 35% or $22.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2017, which is reflected in our Mobile Services segment.

Our music on demand customer accounted for 33% of consolidated revenue or $9.7 million during the quarter ended June 30, 2016 and 31% or $18.1 million during the six months ended June 30, 2016, which is reflected in our Mobile Services segment.



Note 7	Other Intangible Assets

Other intangible assets (in thousands):



		June 30, 2017						December 31, 2016
		Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net		Gross Amount		Accumulated Amortization		Net
Amortizing intangible assets:
	Customer relationships	$	30,617	$	30,202	$	415	$	29,308	$	28,781	$	527
	Developed technology	24,314		24,271		43		23,574		23,263		311
	Patents, trademarks and tradenames	3,715		3,646		69		3,530		3,430		100
	Service contracts	5,386		5,386		—		5,205		5,205		—
	Total	$	64,032	$	63,505	$	527	$	61,617	$	60,679	$	938

No impairments of other intangible assets were recognized in either of the six months ended June 30, 2017 or 2016.



Note 8	Goodwill

Changes in goodwill (in thousands):



Balance, December 31, 2016	$	12,857
Effects of foreign currency translation	128
Balance, June 30, 2017	$	12,985

Goodwill by segment (in thousands):



	June 30, 2017
Consumer Media	$	580
Mobile Services	2,107
Games	10,298
Total goodwill	$	12,985

No impairment of goodwill was recognized in either of the six months ended June 30, 2017 or in 2016.



Note 9	Accrued and Other Current Liabilities

Accrued and other current liabilities (in thousands):



	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
Royalties and other fulfillment costs	$	3,553	$	2,629
Employee compensation, commissions and benefits	3,958		5,136
Sales, VAT and other taxes payable	2,971		3,258
Other	3,651		4,402
Total accrued and other current liabilities	$	14,133	$	15,425



Note 10	Restructuring Charges

Restructuring and other charges in 2017 and 2016 consist of costs associated with the ongoing reorganization of our business operations and our ongoing expense re-alignment efforts. The expense amounts in both years relate primarily to severance costs due to workforce reductions.

Restructuring charges are as follows (in thousands):



	Employee Separation Costs
Costs incurred and charged to expense for the six months ended June 30, 2017	$	1,714
Costs incurred and charged to expense for the six months ended June 30, 2016	$	798

Changes to the accrued restructuring liability (which is included in Accrued and other current liabilities) for 2017 (in thousands) are as follows:



	Employee Separation Costs
Accrued liability at December 31, 2016	$	209
Costs incurred and charged to expense for the six months ended June 30, 2017	1,714
Cash payments	(1,744		)
Accrued liability at June 30, 2017	$	179



Note 11	Lease Exit and Related Charges

As a result of the reduction in use of RealNetworks' office space, lease exit and related charges have been recognized representing rent and contractual operating expenses over the remaining life of the leases, including estimates of sublease income expected to be received. We continue to regularly evaluate the market for office space. If the market for such space changes further in future periods, we may have to revise our estimates which may result in future adjustments to expense for excess office facilities.

Changes to accrued lease exit and related charges (which is included in Accrued and other current liabilities) for 2017 (in thousands) are as follows:



Accrued loss at December 31, 2016	$	3,186
Additions and adjustments to the lease loss accrual, including estimated sublease income	—
Less amounts paid, net of sublease amounts	(1,124		)
Accrued loss at June 30, 2017	2,062
Less current portion (included in Accrued and other current liabilities)	(339		)
Accrued loss, non-current portion (included in Other long term liabilities)	$	1,723



Note 12	Shareholders’ Equity

Accumulated Other Comprehensive Income (Loss)

Changes in components of accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) (in thousands):



		Quarter Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
		2017			2016			2017			2016
Investments
	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), beginning of period	$	(2	)	$	1,448		$	(6	)	$	1,297
	Unrealized gains (losses), net of tax effects of $3, $9, $5 and $99	6			16			10			167
	Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	6			16			10			167
	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) balance, end of period	$	4		$	1,464		$	4		$	1,464
Foreign currency translation
	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), beginning of period	$	(61,045	)	$	(60,077	)	$	(61,639	)	$	(60,777	)
	Translation adjustments	646			(645		)	1,240			55
	Net current period other comprehensive income (loss)	646			(645		)	1,240			55
	Accumulated other comprehensive income (loss) balance, end of period	$	(60,399	)	$	(60,722	)	$	(60,399	)	$	(60,722	)
Total accumulated other comprehensive income (loss), end of period		$	(60,395	)	$	(59,258	)	$	(60,395	)	$	(59,258	)



Note 13	Income Taxes

As of June 30, 2017, there have been no material changes to RealNetworks’ uncertain tax positions disclosures as provided in Note 14 of the 2016 10-K. We do not anticipate that the total amount of unrecognized tax benefits will significantly change within the next twelve months.

We file numerous consolidated and separate income tax returns in the U.S. including federal, state and local, as well as foreign jurisdictions. With few exceptions, we are no longer subject to U.S. federal income tax examinations for tax years before 2013 or state, local, or foreign income tax examinations for years before 1993. We are currently under audit by various states and foreign jurisdictions for certain tax years subsequent to 1993.



Note 14	Earnings (Loss) Per Share

Basic net income (loss) per share (EPS) is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period. Diluted EPS is computed by dividing net income (loss) by the weighted average number of common and dilutive potential common shares outstanding during the period. Basic and diluted EPS (in thousands, except per share amounts):



	Quarter Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Net income (loss)	$	(3,386	)	$	(8,347	)	$	(12,810	)	$	(23,518	)
Weighted average common shares outstanding used to compute basic EPS	37,103			36,755			37,067			36,637
Dilutive effect of stock based awards	—			—			—			—
Weighted average common shares outstanding used to compute diluted EPS	37,103			36,755			37,067			36,637

Basic EPS	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.35	)	$	(0.64	)
Diluted EPS	$	(0.09	)	$	(0.23	)	$	(0.35	)	$	(0.64	)

During both the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2017, 5.2 million shares of common stock of potentially issuable shares from stock awards were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because of their antidilutive effect.

During the quarter and six months ended June 30, 2016, 4.8 million and 4.9 million shares of common stock, respectively, of potentially issuable shares from stock awards were excluded from the calculation of diluted EPS because of their antidilutive effect.



Note 15	Commitments and Contingencies

From time to time we are and may be subject to legal proceedings, governmental investigations and claims in the ordinary course of business, including employment claims, contract-related claims, and claims of alleged infringement of third-party patents, trademarks and other intellectual property rights. Although we believe that resolving such claims, individually or in aggregate, will not have a material adverse impact on our business or financial condition, these matters are subject to inherent uncertainties. Such claims, even if not meritorious, could force us to expend significant financial and managerial resources. In addition, given the broad distribution of some of our consumer products, any individual claim related to those products could give rise to liabilities that may be material to us. In the event of a determination adverse to us, we may incur substantial monetary liability, and/or be required to change our business practices. Either of these could have a material adverse effect on our consolidated financial statements.



Note 16	Guarantees

In the ordinary course of business, RealNetworks is subject to potential obligations for standard warranty and indemnification provisions that are contained within many of our customer license and service agreements. Our warranty provisions are consistent with those prevalent in our industry, and we do not have a history of incurring losses on warranties; therefore, we do not maintain accruals for warranty-related obligations. With regard to indemnification provisions, nearly all of our carrier contracts obligate us to indemnify our carrier customers for certain liabilities that may be incurred by them. We have received in the past, and may receive in the future, claims for indemnification from some of our carrier customers.

In relation to certain patents and other technology assets we sold to Intel in the second quarter of 2012, we have specific obligations to indemnify Intel for breaches of the representations and warranties that we made and covenants that we agreed to in the asset purchase agreement for certain potential future intellectual property infringement claims brought by third parties against Intel. The amount of any potential liabilities related to our indemnification obligations to Intel will not be determined until a claim has been made, but we are obligated to indemnify Intel up to the amount of the gross purchase price that we received in the sale.



Note 17	Segment Information

We manage our business and report revenue and operating income (loss) in three segments: (1) Consumer Media, which includes our PC-based RealPlayer products, including RealPlayer Plus and related products and intellectual property licensing; (2) Mobile Services, which includes our SaaS services of our low-margin music on demand product, ringback tones, intercarrier messaging services, and our RealTimes® product; and (3) Games, which includes all our games-related businesses, including sales of mobile games, sales of games licenses, online games subscription services, advertising on games sites and social network sites, and microtransactions from online games.

We allocate certain corporate expenses which are directly attributable to supporting our businesses, including but not limited to a portion of finance, legal, human resources and headquarters facilities, to our reportable segments. Remaining expenses, which are not directly attributable to supporting the business, are reported as corporate items. Also reported in our corporate segment are restructuring charges, lease exit and related charges, as well as stock compensation charges.

RealNetworks reports three reportable segments based on factors such as how we manage our operations and how our Chief Operating Decision Maker (CODM) reviews results. The CODM reviews financial information presented on both a consolidated basis and on a business segment basis. The accounting policies used to derive segment results are the same as those described in Note 1, Description of Business and Summary of Significant Accounting Policies, in the 10-K.

Segment results for the quarters and six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016 (in thousands):

Consumer Media



	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
Revenue	$	6,951	$	6,400	$	12,620	$	12,126
Cost of revenue	1,159		1,561		2,564		3,978
Gross profit	5,792		4,839		10,056		8,148
Operating expenses	3,730		4,293		7,740		9,669
Operating income (loss)	$	2,062	$	546	$	2,316	$	(1,521	)

Mobile Services



	Quarter Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Revenue	$	19,227		$	17,297		$	38,311		$	33,762
Cost of revenue	13,429			12,404			27,343			23,321
Gross profit	5,798			4,893			10,968			10,441
Operating expenses	6,705			8,784			14,824			18,578
Operating income (loss)	$	(907	)	$	(3,891	)	$	(3,856	)	$	(8,137	)

Games



	Quarter Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Revenue	$	6,934		$	6,037		$	12,757		$	12,076
Cost of revenue	2,679			1,817			4,616			3,662
Gross profit	4,255			4,220			8,141			8,414
Operating expenses	5,090			4,725			10,037			10,020
Operating income (loss)	$	(835	)	$	(505	)	$	(1,896	)	$	(1,606	)

Corporate



	Quarter Ended June 30,						Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017			2016			2017			2016
Cost of revenue	$	23		$	(84	)	$	60		$	(91	)
Operating expenses	2,959			3,871			7,254			11,243
Operating income (loss)	$	(2,982	)	$	(3,787	)	$	(7,314	)	$	(11,152	)

Our customers consist primarily of consumers and corporations located in the U.S., Europe, Republic of Korea and various foreign countries (Rest of the World). Revenue by geographic region (in thousands):



	Quarter Ended June 30,				Six Months Ended June 30,
	2017		2016		2017		2016
United States	$	10,889	$	10,354	$	20,629	$	20,737
Europe	3,205		3,330		6,399		6,714
Republic of Korea	12,119		10,411		24,972		19,645
Rest of the World	6,899		5,639		11,687		10,868
Total net revenue	$	33,112	$	29,734	$	63,687	$	57,964

Long-lived assets (which consist of equipment, software, leasehold improvements, other intangible assets, and goodwill) by geographic region (in thousands) are as follows:



	June 30, 2017		December 31, 2016
United States	$	12,455	$	13,052
Europe	3,683		3,920
Republic of Korea	128		168
Rest of the World	1,648		1,909
Total long-lived assets	$	17,914	$	19,049



Note 18	Related Party Transactions

See Note 4, Rhapsody Joint Venture, and Note 5, Fair Value Measurements, for details on transactions involving Rhapsody.


Item 2.	Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q and the documents incorporated herein by reference contain forward-looking statements that have been made pursuant to the provisions of the Private Securities Litigation Reform Act of 1995. These forward-looking statements are based on current expectations, estimates, and projections about RealNetworks’ industry, products, management’s beliefs, and certain assumptions made by management. Words such as “anticipates,” “expects,” “intends,” “plans,” “believes,” “seeks,” “estimates,” and similar expressions are intended to identify forward-looking statements. All statements contained in this report that do not relate to matters of historical fact should be considered forward-looking statements. Forward-looking statements include statements with respect to:


•	the expected benefits and other consequences of our growth plans, strategic initiatives, and restructurings;


•	our expected introduction, distribution and monetization, of new and enhanced products, services and technologies across our businesses;


•	future revenues, gross profits, operating expenses, income and other taxes, tax benefits, net income (loss) per diluted share available to common shareholders, acquisition costs and related amortization, and other measures of results of operations;


•	the effects of our past acquisitions and expectations for future acquisitions and divestitures;


•	plans, strategies and expected opportunities for future growth, increased profitability and innovation;


•	the expected financial position, performance, growth and profitability of, and investment in, our businesses and the availability of resources;


•	the effects of legislation, regulations, administrative proceedings, court rulings, settlement negotiations and other factors that may impact our businesses;


•	the continuation and expected nature of certain customer relationships;


•	impacts of competition and certain customer relationships on the future financial performance and growth of our businesses;


•	our involvement in potential claims, legal proceedings and government investigations, and the potential outcomes and effects of such potential claims, legal proceedings and governmental investigations on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations;


•	the effects of U.S. and foreign income and other taxes on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations; and


•	the effect of economic and market conditions on our business, prospects, financial condition or results of operations.

These statements are not guarantees of future performance and actual actions or results may differ materially. These statements are subject to certain risks, uncertainties and assumptions that are difficult to predict, including those noted in the documents incorporated herein by reference. Particular attention should also be paid to the cautionary language in Item 1A of Part I in our 2016 10-K entitled “Risk Factors.” RealNetworks undertakes no obligation to update publicly any forward-looking statements as a result of new information, future events or otherwise, unless required by law. Readers should, however, carefully review the risk factors included in other reports or documents filed by RealNetworks from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, particularly the Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q and any Current Reports on Form 8-K.

Overview

RealNetworks creates innovative applications and services that make it easy to connect with and enjoy digital media. We manage our business and report revenue and operating income (loss) in three segments: (1) Consumer Media, (2) Mobile Services, and (3) Games. See Note 17 Segment Information, to the unaudited condensed consolidated financial statements included in Item 1 of Part I of this Form 10-Q.

Within our Consumer Media segment, revenue is derived from the sales of our PC-based RealPlayer® products, including RealPlayer Plus and related products, and from the licensing of our intellectual property, primarily our codec technology, including our recently introduced RealMedia High Definition, or RMHD, technology. These products and services are delivered directly to consumers and through partners, such as OEMs and mobile device manufacturers.

Our Mobile Services business generates revenue primarily from the sale of SaaS services, which include ringback tones, RealTimes®, intercarrier messaging, and our low-margin music on demand service. We generate a significant portion of our revenue from sales within our Mobile Services business to a few mobile telecommunications carriers and our low-margin music on demand customer in Korea. In the near term, we expect that we will continue to generate a significant portion of our total revenue in this segment and our consolidated revenue from these customers. The loss of these contracts or the termination or non-renewal or renegotiation of contract terms that are less favorable to us could result in the loss of future revenues and could result in the loss of anticipated profits. Our contract with our music on demand customer in Korea is set to expire at the end of

fiscal year 2017. There is no assurance that the contract will be renewed on terms favorable to us, if at all. The majority of the revenue recorded in Korea is generated from this contract, and non-renewal would result in a material decline in our consolidated revenue in periods after 2017. However, we would not expect the impact to consolidated Gross profit to be significant as the contract generated less than five percent of our consolidated Gross profit during both 2016 and the first six months of 2017.

Our Games business, through the GameHouse and Zylom brands, derives revenue from sales of mobile games, games licenses, online games subscription services, and advertising on games sites.

We allocate certain corporate expenses which are directly attributable to supporting our businesses, including but not limited to a portion of finance, legal, human resources and headquarters facilities, to our reportable segments. Remaining expenses, which are not directly attributable to supporting the business, are reported as corporate items. These corporate items include restructuring charges, lease exit and related charges, as well as stock compensation expense.

As of June 30, 2017, we had $62.5 million in unrestricted cash, cash equivalents and short-term investments, compared to $77.1 million as of December 31, 2016. The 2017 decrease of cash, cash equivalents, and short-term investments was due primarily to cash used in operating activities during the first six months of $13.9 million.

Condensed consolidated results of operations were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Quarters ended June 30,											Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			$ Change			% Change		2017			2016			$ Change			% Change
Total revenue	$	33,112		$	29,734		$	3,378		11	%	$	63,687		$	57,964		$	5,723		10	%
Cost of revenue	17,290			15,698			1,592			10	%	34,583			30,870			3,713			12	%
Gross profit	15,822			14,036			1,786			13	%	29,104			27,094			2,010			7	%
Gross margin	48		%	47		%						46		%	47		%
Operating expenses	18,484			21,673			(3,189		)	(15	)%	39,855			49,510			(9,655		)	(20	)%
Operating income (loss)	$	(2,662	)	$	(7,637	)	$	4,975		65	%	$	(10,751	)	$	(22,416	)	$	11,665		52	%

In the second quarter of 2017, our total consolidated revenue increased $3.4 million as compared with the year-earlier period. Of this increase, $1.9 million is attributed to Mobile Services due primarily to increased low-margin music on demand revenue in Korea. Additionally, our Games segment revenue increased $0.9 million and our Consumer Media segment revenue increased $0.6 million.

Cost of revenues increased by $1.6 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2017, due to higher costs of $1.0 million in our Mobile Services segment, as well as a $0.9 million increase in our Games segment. These increases were offset in part by savings of $0.4 million in our Consumer Media segment.

Operating expenses decreased by $3.2 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017 compared with the prior year primarily due to savings realized from reductions in salaries, benefits and professional service fees, marketing expenses and facilities costs totaling $2.8 million, as described more fully below, as well as lower restructuring costs of $0.4 million relating to decreased severance as compared to the prior-year period.

For the six months ended June 30, 2017, our total consolidated revenue increased by $5.7 million, compared with the year-earlier period. Revenues increased in our Mobile Services segment by $4.5 million due primarily to increased low-margin music on demand revenue in Korea. An increase of $0.7 million in our Games segment and an increase of $0.5 million in our Consumer Media segment also contributed to the increase over the prior year.

Cost of revenues increased by $3.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 compared with the prior year period, resulting in a one percentage point decrease in gross margin, due to higher costs of $4.0 million in our Mobile Services segment, as well as a $1.0 million increase in our Games segment. These increases were offset in part by savings of $1.4 million in our Consumer Media segment.

Operating expenses decreased $9.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 as compared with the prior year due to savings realized from reductions in salaries, benefits and professional service fees, marketing expenses and facilities costs totaling $8.2 million, as described more fully below. Further contributing to decreased expense as compared to the prior-year period was the impact of the benefit recorded following the receipt of warrants in the first quarter of 2017 from Rhapsody of $0.5 million and the release of previously accrued taxes of $0.4 million in the first quarter of 2017.

Segment Operating Results

Consumer Media

Consumer Media segment results of operations were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Quarters ended June 30,											Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			$ Change			% Change		2017			2016			$ Change			% Change
Revenue	$	6,951		$	6,400		$	551		9	%	$	12,620		$	12,126		$	494		4	%
Cost of revenue	1,159			1,561			(402		)	(26	)%	2,564			3,978			(1,414		)	(36	)%
Gross profit	5,792			4,839			953			20	%	10,056			8,148			1,908			23	%
Gross margin	83		%	76		%						80		%	67		%
Operating expenses	3,730			4,293			(563		)	(13	)%	7,740			9,669			(1,929		)	(20	)%
Operating income (loss)	$	2,062		$	546		$	1,516		278	%	$	2,316		$	(1,521	)	$	3,837		252	%

Total Consumer Media revenue for the quarter ended June 30, 2017 increased $0.6 million as compared to the same quarter in 2016. Intellectual property licensing revenue increased by $1.1 million for the quarter due primarily to timing of shipment by our customers. Continuing declines in our subscription products of $0.4 million partially offset the increase realized by our intellectual property licensing.

Cost of revenue decreased by $0.4 million during the quarter ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period resulting in an increase in gross margin of 7 percentage points. The decrease in cost of revenue was primarily due to lower bandwidth costs of $0.2 million directly resulting from our ongoing efforts to optimize functionality and increase efficiencies.

Operating expenses decreased by $0.6 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period, primarily due to lower expenses for facilities and support services of $0.5 million as a result of our ongoing cost reduction efforts.

Total Consumer Media revenue for the six months ended June 30, 2017 increased $0.5 million as compared to the same period in 2016. Intellectual property licensing revenue increased by $1.5 million as compared to the prior six months due primarily to the timing of shipment by our customers. Continuing declines in our subscription products of $0.8 million partially offset the increase realized by our intellectual property licensing.

Cost of revenue decreased by $1.4 million during the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period resulting in an increase in gross margin of 13 percentage points. The decrease in cost of revenue was primarily due to lower bandwidth and other support costs of $1.2 million directly resulting from our ongoing efforts to optimize functionality and increase efficiencies.

Operating expenses decreased by $1.9 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period, due to lower expenses for facilities and support services of $1.2 million as a result of our ongoing cost reduction efforts, as well as the acceleration of depreciation expense of $0.7 million taken in the first quarter of 2016 related to the obsolescence of e-commerce assets.

Mobile Services

Mobile Services segment results of operations were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Quarter Ended June 30,												Six months ended June 30,
		2017			2016			$ Change			% Change		2017			2016			$ Change			% Change
Revenue		$	19,227		$	17,297		$	1,930		11	%	$	38,311		$	33,762		$	4,549		13	%
Cost of revenue		13,429			12,404			1,025			8	%	27,343			23,321			4,022			17	%
Gross profit		5,798			4,893			905			18	%	10,968			10,441			527			5	%
Gross margin		30		%	28		%						29		%	31		%
Operating expenses		6,705			8,784			(2,079		)	(24	)%	14,824			18,578			(3,754		)	(20	)%
Operating income (loss)		$	(907	)	$	(3,891	)	$	2,984		77	%	$	(3,856	)	$	(8,137	)	$	4,281		53	%

Total Mobile Services revenue increased by $1.9 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017 compared with the prior-year period which was driven by an increase of $1.8 million in our low-margin music on demand business in Korea.

Cost of revenue increased by $1.0 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017 compared with the prior-year period, due primarily to an increase of $2.0 million in our low-margin music on demand business related to higher sales, offset in part by reductions in facilities and support services costs of $0.4 million, bandwidth costs of $0.4 million, and third-party customer service of $0.4 million.

Operating expenses decreased by $2.1 million for the quarter ended June 30, 2017 compared with the year-earlier period primarily due to reductions in salaries, benefits and professional services fees of $1.2 million and a reduction in our facilities and support services costs of $0.6 million as a result of our ongoing cost reduction efforts.

Total Mobile Services revenue increased by $4.5 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 compared with the prior-year period. This increase was driven by an increase of $4.3 million in our low-margin music on demand business in Korea and an increase of $0.4 million in our ringback tones business. These increases were offset in part by a decrease of $0.3 million in our intercarrier messaging service.

Cost of revenue increased by $4.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 compared with the prior-year period, due to an increase of $4.6 million in our low-margin music on demand business related to higher sales. The increased cost was offset in part by reduced spending on third-party customer service of $0.5 million, reduced facilities spend of $0.4 million and lower bandwidth of $0.4 million.

Operating expenses decreased by $3.8 million for the six months ended June 30, 2017 compared with the year-earlier period primarily due to reductions in salaries, benefits and professional services fees of $2.5 million, as well as reduced facilities and support services costs of $0.8 million as a result of our ongoing cost reduction efforts.

Games

Games segment results of operations were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Quarter Ended June 30,												Six months ended June 30,
		2017			2016			$ Change			% Change		2017			2016			$ Change			% Change
Revenue		$	6,934		$	6,037		$	897		15	%	$	12,757		$	12,076		$	681		6	%
Cost of revenue		2,679			1,817			862			47	%	4,616			3,662			954			26	%
Gross profit		4,255			4,220			35			1	%	8,141			8,414			(273		)	(3	)%
Gross margin		61		%	70		%						64		%	70		%
Operating expenses		5,090			4,725			365			8	%	10,037			10,020			17			NM
Operating income (loss)		$	(835	)	$	(505	)	$	(330	)	(65	)%	$	(1,896	)	$	(1,606	)	$	(290	)	(18	)%

Total Games revenue increased by $0.9 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period due to a $1.3 million increase to our mobile games revenue partially offset by a $0.4 million decrease in our other games revenue.

Cost of revenue increased by $0.9 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017 compared with the prior-year period due to increases in app store fees related to our mobile revenue growth, as well as increased royalty fees paid to developers.

Operating expenses increased by $0.4 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017, compared with the prior-year period primarily as a result of increased salaries and benefits costs due to our continued investment in growing our mobile games offerings.

Total Games revenue increased by $0.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period as a $1.7 million increase to our mobile games revenue was offset in part by a decrease of $0.8 million in our other games revenue.

Cost of revenue increased by $1.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 compared with the prior-year period due to increases in app store fees related to our mobile revenue growth, as well as increased royalty fees paid to developers.

Operating expenses were flat in the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared with the prior-year period, as reduced marketing costs were offset by increased salaries and benefit costs due to our continued investment in growing our mobile games offerings.

Corporate

Corporate segment results of operations were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Quarter Ended June 30,											Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			$ Change			% Change		2017			2016			$ Change			% Change
Cost of revenue	23			$	(84	)	$	107		127	%	$	60		$	(91	)	$	151		166	%
Operating expenses	2,959			3,871			(912		)	(24	)%	7,254			11,243			(3,989		)	(35	)%
Operating income (loss)	$	(2,982	)	$	(3,787	)	$	805		21	%	$	(7,314	)	$	(11,152	)	$	3,838		34	%

Operating expenses decreased by $0.9 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017 compared with the year-earlier period. The decrease was primarily due to a $0.8 million reduction in salary, benefit and professional service expenses, and a reduction of $0.4 million in our restructuring costs due to lesser severance paid as compared to the prior-year period.

Operating expenses decreased by $4.0 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 compared with the year-earlier period. The decrease was primarily due to a $3.6 million reduction in salary, benefit and professional service expenses, and a benefit of $0.5 million relating to the warrant received from Rhapsody in the first quarter of 2017, which is discussed further in Note 5 Fair Value Measurements.

Consolidated Operating Expenses

Our operating expenses consist primarily of salaries and related personnel costs including stock based compensation, consulting fees associated with product development, sales commissions, amortization of certain intangible assets capitalized in our acquisitions, professional service fees, advertising costs, restructuring charges and lease exit costs. Operating expenses were as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Quarter Ended June 30,									Six months ended June 30,
	2017		2016		$ Change			% Change		2017		2016		$ Change			% Change
Research and development	$	7,584	$	7,167	$	417		6	%	$	14,933	$	16,486	$	(1,553	)	(9	)%
Sales and marketing	5,496		7,749		(2,253		)	(29	)%	12,651		16,974		(4,323		)	(25	)%
General and administrative	5,254		6,217		(963		)	(15	)%	10,557		14,294		(3,737		)	(26	)%
Restructuring and other charges	150		413		(263		)	(64	)%	1,714		798		916			115	%
Lease exit and related charges	—		127		(127		)	(100	)%	—		958		(958		)	(100	)%
Total consolidated operating expenses	$	18,484	$	21,673	$	(3,189	)	(15	)%	$	39,855	$	49,510	$	(9,655	)	(20	)%

Research and development expenses increased by $0.4 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period, primarily due to an increase of $0.6 million in salaries, benefits and professional services expense, reflecting our increased efforts towards our growth initiatives.

Research and development expenses decreased by $1.6 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period. The decrease was due to the acceleration of depreciation expense of $0.7 million taken in the first quarter of 2016, lower expenses for facilities and support services of $0.6 million as a result of our ongoing cost reduction efforts and a reduction of $0.4 million in salaries, benefits and professional services expense.

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $2.3 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017 compared with the year-earlier period. The decrease was due to a $1.5 million reduction in salaries, benefits and professional service fees, as well as a decrease of $0.4 million in direct marketing expense.

Sales and marketing expenses decreased by $4.3 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017 compared with the year-earlier period. The decrease was due to a $2.6 million reduction in salaries, benefits and professional service fees, as well as a decrease of $1.2 million in direct marketing expense and reduction of $0.5 million from lower facilities and support services.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $1.0 million in the quarter ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period, primarily due to an overall decrease in salaries, benefits and professional fees of $0.6 million, as well as a decrease of $0.3 million related to reduced facilities and support services costs.

General and administrative expenses decreased by $3.7 million in the six months ended June 30, 2017, compared with the year-earlier period, primarily due to an overall decrease in salaries, benefits and professional fees of $2.4 million, as well as a first quarter of 2017 benefit of $0.5 million relating to warrants we received from Rhapsody, which are discussed further in Note 5 Fair Value Measurements. Also contributing to the decrease was a benefit of $0.4 million in the first quarter of 2017 related to the release of previously accrued taxes.

Restructuring and other charges and Lease exit and related charges consist of costs associated with the ongoing reorganization of our business operations and expense re-alignment efforts. Restructuring expense primarily relates to severance costs due to workforce reductions. For additional details on these charges see Note 10, Restructuring Charges and Note 11, Lease Exit and Related Charges.

Other Income (Expenses)

Other income (expenses), net was as follows (dollars in thousands):



	Quarters ended June 30,											Six months ended June 30,
	2017			2016			$ Change			% Change		2017			2016			$ Change			% Change
Interest income, net	$	109		$	80		$	29		36	%	$	237		$	197		$	40		20	%
Gain (loss) on investments, net	—			(46		)	46			NM		—			(43		)	43			NM
Equity in net loss of Rhapsody	(349		)	(396		)	47			12	%	(1,097		)	(396		)	(701		)	(177	)%
Other income (expense), net	(13		)	15			(28		)	(187	)%	(238		)	(272		)	34			(13	)%
Total other income (expense), net	$	(253	)	$	(347	)	$	94		27	%	$	(1,098	)	$	(514	)	$	(584	)	(114	)%

We account for our investment in Rhapsody under the equity method of accounting, as described in Note 4, Rhapsody Joint Venture. The net carrying value of our investment in Rhapsody is not necessarily indicative of the underlying fair value of our investment.

Income Taxes

During the quarters ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized income tax expense of $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively, related to U.S. and foreign income taxes. During the six months ended June 30, 2017 and 2016, we recognized income tax expense of $1.0 million and $0.6 million respectively, related to U.S. and foreign income taxes. The change in income tax expense during the quarter ended June 30, 2017 was largely the result of changes in our jurisdictional income.

The majority of our tax expense is due to income in our foreign jurisdictions and we have not benefitted from losses in the U.S. and certain foreign jurisdictions in the second quarter of 2017. We generate income in a number of foreign jurisdictions, some of w