EDUCATION REALTY TRUST, INC.
Filed
pursuant to Rule 424(b)(3)
SEC File No. 333-131284
Prospectus
6,271,229 Shares
Education Realty Trust, Inc.
Common Stock
This is a public offering by the selling stockholders listed in this prospectus, of up
to 6,271,229 shares of our common stock. The shares of common stock offered by the selling stockholders are comprised of:
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1,376,472 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of Education Realty Operating Partnership, LP, our operating
partnership subsidiary, which units were issued to selling stockholders on January
31, 2005, in connection with our acquisition of properties in our formation
transactions; |
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269,757 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of University Towers Operating Partnership, L.P., our subsidiary
partnership that owns our University Towers properties, which units were issued to
selling stockholders on January 31, 2005, in connection with our acquisition of
the University Towers properties; |
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250,000 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon exercise of a warrant
granted to JPI Investment Company, L.P. on January 31, 2005, in connection with
our acquisition of properties in our formation transactions; and |
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4,375,000 shares of common stock issued to selling stockholders on September
30, 2005, in connection with our private placement of shares of our common stock. |
Additionally, this prospectus relates to our
possible issuance of shares of common stock upon redemption of the limited partnership units in
our operating partnership and our University Towers partnership
referenced above and upon the exercise
of the warrants referenced above. Each limited partnership unit in our
operating partnership and our University Towers partnership
referenced above is subject to redemption at the election of the holder of the unit. In
the event of redemption, we may deliver one share of our common stock in exchange for each unit,
or cash in an amount equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock. We refer
to the delivery of common stock in redemption of limited partnership
units as both the redemption of the units and the conversion of
the units into our common stock.
The
selling stockholders identified in this prospectus, or their pledgees, donees,
transferees or other successors-in-interest, may sell the shares being offered herein from time
to time in public transactions or in privately negotiated transactions, without limitation,
through any means described in the section hereof entitled Plan of Distribution, at market
prices prevailing at the time of sale or at negotiated prices. The timing and amount of any
sale are within the sole discretion of the selling stockholders. The selling stockholders will
receive all of the net proceeds from the sales of the securities and will pay all selling
commissions, if any, applicable to the sale of the securities. We will not receive any proceeds
from the sale of the securities, but we will incur expenses in
connection with the offering. Additionally, the warrant to purchase
our common stock is exercisable at an exercise price of $16.48 per
share. We will receive the exercise price when and if the holder
exercises the warrant but we will not receive any proceeds from the
selling stockholders sale of the shares issued on exercise.
The selling stockholders and any agents or broker-dealers that participate with the selling
stockholders in the distribution of common stock may be deemed to be underwriters under the
Securities Act of 1933. See the section entitled Plan of Distribution beginning on
page 56 of this prospectus.
Our common stock is listed on the New York Stock Exchange under the symbol EDR. On
February 6, 2006, the last reported sales price of our common stock on the New York Stock
Exchange was $13.10 per share.
You should read this prospectus and any supplements carefully before you invest. Investing
in our common stock involves a high degree of risk. See the section entitled Risk Factors,
beginning on page 4 of this prospectus and in the documents we file with the Securities and
Exchange Commission that are incorporated in this prospectus by reference for certain risks and
uncertainties you should consider.
Neither the Securities and Exchange Commission nor any state securities commission has
approved or disapproved of these securities or determined if this prospectus is truthful or
complete. Any representation to the contrary is a criminal offense.
The
date of this prospectus is February 9, 2006
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ABOUT THIS PROSPECTUS
This prospectus is part of a shelf registration statement. You should read both this
prospectus and any prospectus supplement together with additional information described under the
heading Where You Can Find More Information. We have not authorized any person to give any
information or to make any representation in connection with this offering other than those
contained or incorporated by reference in this prospectus, and, if given or made, such information
or representation must not be relied upon as having been so authorized. This prospectus does not
constitute an offer to sell or a solicitation of an offer to buy by anyone in any jurisdiction in
which such offer to sell is not authorized, or in which the person is not qualified to do so or to
any person to whom it is unlawful to make such offer or solicitation. Neither the delivery of this
prospectus nor any sale hereunder shall, under any circumstances, create any implication that there
has been no change in our affairs since the date hereof, that the information contained herein is
correct as of any time subsequent to its date, or that any information incorporated by reference
herein is correct as of any time subsequent to its date.
We further note that the representations, warranties and covenants made by us in any agreement
that is filed as an exhibit to any document that is incorporated by reference in this prospectus
were made solely for the benefit of the parties to such agreement, including, in some cases, for
the purpose of allocating risk among the parties to such agreements, and should not be deemed to be
a representation, warranty or covenant to you.
INFORMATION ABOUT EDUCATION REALTY TRUST, INC.
We are a self-managed and self-advised real estate investment trust, or REIT, organized to
acquire, own, manage and selectively develop high quality student housing communities located near
university campuses. We were formed to continue and expand upon the student housing business of
Allen & OHara, Inc., a company with over 40 years of experience as an owner, manager and developer
of student housing, which we believe is the most experienced student housing company in the United
States.
Our primary business objectives are to maximize cash flow available for distribution to our
stockholders, and to achieve sustainable long-term growth in cash flow per share in order to
maximize long-term stockholder value. We intend to achieve these objectives by (i) acquiring
student housing communities nationwide that meet our focused investment criteria and (ii)
maximizing revenues from operations of our owned and third-party managed properties through
proactive and goal-oriented property management strategies. In addition, we plan to continue to
grow our third-party management services business and our development consulting services business
and to selectively develop properties for our own account.
We conduct substantially all of our operations through our operating partnership, Education
Realty Operating Partnership, LP, a Delaware limited partnership. We, through our ownership and
control of the sole general partner of the operating partnership, have the responsibility and
discretion in the management and control of the operating partnership. The limited partners of the
operating partnership, in such capacity, have no authority to transact business for, or participate
in management activities of, the operating partnership. This structure is commonly referred to as
an umbrella partnership REIT, or UPREIT. University Towers Operating Partnership, LP, a Delaware
limited partnership that we refer to as our University Towers partnership, owns our University
Towers property. Our operating partnership owns and controls the sole general partner of our
University Towers partnership. As a result, we, through our ownership and control of the sole
general partner of the operating partnership, have the responsibility and discretion in the
management and control of the University Towers partnership. The limited partners of the
University Towers partnership, in such capacity, have no authority to transact business for, or
participate in management activities of, our University Towers partnership.
In connection with our formation transactions, on January 31, 2005, we acquired 14 student
housing communities from affiliates of JPI Investment Company, L.P., a Texas limited partnership.
We refer to this transaction as the JPI Acquisition. We acquired these properties for a purchase
price of approximately $401.6 million, including the assumption of approximately $311.5 million in
debt and the issuance of 499,688 limited partnership units in our operating partnership subsidiary.
Each limited partnership unit in our operating partnership is subject to redemption at the
election of the holder of the unit. In the event of redemption, we may deliver either one share of
our common stock, subject to adjustment, in exchange for each unit, or cash in an amount equal to
the fair market value of one share of our common stock. We also issued to JPI Investment Company,
L.P. a warrant for the purchase of up to 250,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price
per share of $16.48 (103% of the offering price of our common stock in our initial public
offering). The warrant became exercisable on February 1, 2006, and will expire on February 28,
2007. We refer to the warrant as the JPI Warrant. The shares of common stock issued or issuable
upon redemption of the limited partnership units in our operating partnership and the shares of
common stock issued or issuable upon exercise of the JPI Warrant are included in this offering.
In our formation transactions, on January 31, 2005, we acquired additional properties that
were owned by certain of our affiliates and unaffiliated third party investors, including the
properties described below, and we acquired from certain of our affiliates our management company
and development company subsidiaries. We refer to these acquisitions as the A&O Acquisition.
Certain of our officers had a direct or indirect interest in certain of the properties and assets
that we acquired in the A&O Acquisition. The officers with an interest in the acquired assets
included Paul O. Bower, our Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer, Randall
H. Brown, our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary, Craig L.
Cardwell, our Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer, William W. Harris, our Senior
Vice President of Development, Thomas J. Hickey, our Senior Vice President of Operations, and
Wallace L. Wilcox, our Senior Vice President of Construction and Engineering. Each of Messrs.
Bower, Brown, Cardwell, Harris, Hickey and Wilcox had a direct or indirect interest in Allen &
OHara Education Services, Inc., which is our management company subsidiary, and in our properties
known as The Reserve at Athens, Players Club, NorthPointe, The Reserve at Clemson, College Station
and The Gables, each of which we acquired in our formation transaction. We paid to these officers
and directors
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and their affiliates aggregate consideration of $16.8 million for their
interests in these entities and properties in the form of $2.8 million in cash, 876,784 limited
partnership units in our operating partnership having a value at that time of approximately
$14.0 million. We also entered into a
registration rights agreement with all of the persons who received operating partnership units in
the transactions, including certain of our officers and directors. The agreement entitles unit
holders to customary registration rights, including demand and piggyback registration rights, with
respect to the shares of common stock that may be received upon a redemption of the operating
partnership units. We filed this registration statement in order to comply with the registration
rights agreement. The shares of common stock issued or issuable upon redemption of the limited
partnership units, including the units issued to our officers, are included in this offering.
In connection with our formation transactions, on January 31, 2005, our University Towers
partnership acquired an additional student housing community in the Allen & OHara portfolio, known
as University Towers, by acquiring the ownership interests in the two entities that own the limited
liability company that owns the property. We refer to this transaction as the University Towers
Acquisition. The contract price for the University Towers property was $37.5 million. Our
University Towers partnership, through its acquisition of the equity interests of the owners of the
limited liability company that owned the property, acquired the property subject to the existing
mortgage debt, the outstanding principal amount of which was
approximately $24.4 million on
January 31, 2005. As part of the purchase price, our University Towers partnership issued an
aggregate of 269,757 of its limited partnership units to the sellers or affiliates of the sellers of
the properties. These included an aggregate of 181,877 limited partnership units issued to Mr.
Bower and a company that he owns and 12,690 limited partnership units issued to Mr. Hickey, each of
whom held an indirect interest in the University Towers property. The units also included 62,500
limited partnership units issued to Melton E. Valentine, Jr. and 12,690 limited partnership units
issued to Robert D. Bird. Messrs. Valentine and Bird are not affiliates of our company. Each limited
partnership unit in our University Towers partnership is subject to redemption at the election of
the holder of the unit. In the event of redemption, we may deliver one share of our common stock,
subject to adjustment, in exchange for each unit, or cash in an amount equal to the fair market
value of one share of our common stock. The shares of common stock issued or issuable upon
redemption of the limited partnership units, including the units issued to our officers, are
included in this offering.
On September 14, 2005, our operating partnership entered into an agreement with Place
Properties, L.P., a Tennessee limited partnership, and its affiliate to acquire 13 student housing
communities located in six states and with a total of 5,894 beds, which we refer to as the Place Properties
portfolio. On January 6, 2006, we completed the acquisition, and our operating partnership
acquired the Place Properties portfolio for a combination of approximately $95.8 million in cash, including
cash used to repay indebtedness, the issuance of 36,954 limited partnership units and the
assumption of debt in the aggregate principal amount of approximately $98.7 million. The
partnership units were valued at $500,000 based on the closing price of our common stock on the day
immediately prior to the closing date. The limited partnership units have the same redemption
rights as described above. The shares issuable upon redemption of these limited partnership units
are not included in this offering.
Also on January 6, 2006, we entered into a lease agreement with an affiliate of Place
Properties that was dated and effective as of January 1, 2006. Pursuant to the lease agreement, an
affiliate of Place Properties will lease and continue to operate each
of the Place Properties portfolio properties that we acquired from Place Properties for an initial term of five years. The lease agreement provides for
three renewal options of five years each, provided that the acquired properties continue to
generate net operating income of at least 105% of the annual base rent payable to the Company.
As of January 25, 2006, we owned and operated 26 off-campus student housing
communities located in 17 states containing 19,501 beds, and we provided third-party management
services for 20 student housing communities located in 11 states containing 11,073 beds.
Additionally, as of January 25, 2006, we owned 13 off-campus housing communities
located in six states containing 5,894 beds, which communities are leased to and operated by
affiliates of Place Properties.
On September 22, 2005, we entered into a definitive agreement to sell 4,375,000 shares of our
common stock to certain new and existing institutional investors pursuant to a private placement at
a price of $16.00 per share for aggregate net proceeds of $67.1 million. The shares were issued in
reliance upon an exemption from registration
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provided
by Section 4(2) of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended (such Act is referred to as the
Securities Act) and Rule 506 of Regulation D thereunder. All of these shares are included in this
offering.
We will elect to be taxed as a REIT for federal income tax purposes commencing with our tax
year that ended December 31, 2005. In order to qualify as a REIT, a specified percentage of our gross
income must be derived from real property sources, which would generally exclude our income from
providing development and management services to third parties as well as our income from certain
services afforded to our student-tenants. In order to avoid realizing such income in a manner that
would adversely affect our ability to qualify as a REIT, we provide some services through our
management company and our development company, with our management company electing, together with
us, to be treated as our taxable REIT subsidiary or TRS. Our development company is disregarded for federal income tax purposes, and therefore, all of its
operations, for federal income tax purposes are deemed to be made through our management company
and, accordingly, treated as being delivered through a TRS.
This is a public offering by the selling stockholders listed in this prospectus, of up to
6,271,229 shares of our common stock. The shares of common stock offered by the selling stockholders are comprised of:
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1,376,472 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of Education Realty Operating Partnership, LP, our operating
partnership subsidiary, which units were issued to selling stockholders on January
31, 2005, in connection with our JPI Acquisition and A&O Acquisition; |
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269,757 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of our University Towers partnership, which units were issued to
selling stockholders on January 31, 2005, in connection with our University Towers
Acquisition; |
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250,000 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon exercise of the JPI Warrant
granted to JPI Investment Company, L.P. on January 31, 2005, in connection with
our JPI Acquisition; and |
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4,375,000 shares of common stock issued to selling stockholders on September
30, 2005, in connection with our private placement of shares of our common stock. |
Additionally, this prospectus relates to our possible issuance of shares of common stock upon redemption of the limited partnership units in our
operating partnership and our University Towers partnership referenced above and upon the exercise of the JPI Warrant. Each limited partnership unit in our operating partnership and our University Towers partnership
referenced above is subject to redemption at the election of the holder of the unit. In the event of redemption, we may deliver one share of our common stock in exchange for each unit, or cash in an amount equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock.
Our
principal executive offices are located at 530 Oak Court Drive,
Suite 300, Memphis, Tennessee 38117.
We also have management offices in each of the student housing communities that we manage. Our
website address is www.educationrealty.com, and our telephone number is 901-259-2500. The
information included in our website is not, and should not be considered to be, part of this
prospectus.
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RISK FACTORS
An investment in our common stock involves various risks and uncertainties. You should
carefully consider the following material risks in conjunction with the other information contained
in this prospectus before purchasing our common stock. Additional risks and uncertainties not
currently known to us or that we currently deem to be immaterial may also materially and adversely
affect our business operations. Any of the following risks could materially and adversely affect
our business, financial condition, results of operations, or ability to make distributions to our
stockholders. In connection with the forward-looking statements that appear in this prospectus,
you should carefully review the factors discussed below and the cautionary statements referred to
in Forward-Looking Statements beginning on page 17 of this prospectus.
Risks Related to Our Properties and Our Business
Our results of operations are subject to the following risks inherent in the student housing
industry: annual leasing cycle; concentrated lease-up period; seasonal cash flows; and increased
risk of student defaults during the summer months of a 12-month lease.
We generally lease our properties under 12-month leases, but we may also lease for terms of
nine months or less. As a result, we may experience significantly reduced cash flows during the
summer months at properties leased for terms shorter than 12 months. In addition, students leasing
rooms under 12-month leases may be more likely to default in their rental payments during the
summer months. Although we typically require a students parents to guarantee the students lease,
we may have to spend considerable effort and expense in pursuing payment upon a defaulted lease,
and our efforts may not be successful. Furthermore, all of our properties must be entirely
re-leased each year, exposing us to increased risk of non-leased property. In addition, we are
subject to increased leasing risk on properties that we acquire that we have not previously managed
due to our lack of experience leasing those properties and unfamiliarity with their leasing cycles.
Student housing communities are typically leased during a limited leasing season that begins in
February and ends in August of each year. We are therefore highly dependent on the effectiveness
of our marketing and leasing efforts and personnel during this season. Additionally, because Place
Properties currently leases and operates 13 of our student housing communities, Place Properties
ability to pay the lease payments may be dependent on the effectiveness of Place Properties
marketing and leasing efforts and personnel with respect to those properties.
Our use of debt financing reduces cash available for distribution and may expose us to the risk of
default under our debt obligations.
Our charter and bylaws impose no limitation on the amount of debt we may incur. As of January
24, 2006, our total indebtedness was approximately $470.0 million. Our debt service obligations
expose us to the risk of default and reduce (or eliminate) cash resources that are available to
operate our business or make distributions necessary to maintain our REIT qualification. We have
entered into a $100 million revolving credit facility to fund future property acquisitions and for
other working capital needs, which may include the payment of distributions to our stockholders.
The amount of debt available to us and our ability to borrow from time to time under this facility
will be subject to certain conditions and the satisfaction of specified financial covenants, which
may include limiting distributions to our stockholders. As of January 24, 2006, we had outstanding
borrowings of $46.0 million and an outstanding letter of credit of $1.5 million under our line of
credit. If the income generated by our properties and other assets fails to cover our debt
service, we would be forced to reduce or eliminate distributions to our stockholders and may
experience losses. Our level of debt and the operating limitations imposed on us by our debt
agreements could have significant adverse consequences, including the following:
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we may be unable to borrow additional funds as needed or on favorable terms; |
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we may be unable to refinance our indebtedness at maturity or the refinancing terms
may be less favorable than the terms of our original indebtedness; |
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we may be forced to dispose of one or more of our properties, possibly on
disadvantageous terms; |
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we may default on our payment or other obligations as a result of insufficient cash
flow or otherwise, and the lenders or mortgagees may foreclose on our properties that
secure their loans and receive an assignment of rents and leases; and |
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foreclosures could create taxable income without accompanying cash proceeds, a
circumstance that could hinder our ability to meet the REIT distribution requirements. |
We face significant competition from university-owned student housing and from other private
student housing communities located within close proximity to universities.
Many students prefer on-campus housing to off-campus housing because of the closer physical
proximity to campus and integration of on-campus facilities into the academic community.
Universities generally can avoid real estate taxes and borrow funds at lower interest rates, while
we, and other private-sector operators, typically pay full real estate tax rates and have higher
borrowing costs than universities. Consequently, universities often can offer more convenient
and/or less expensive student housing than we can, which can adversely affect our occupancy and
rental rates.
We also compete with other national and regional owner-operators of off-campus student housing
in a number of markets, as well as with smaller local owner-operators. There are a number of
purpose-built student housing properties that compete directly with us located near or in the same
general vicinity of many of our student housing communities. These competing student housing
communities may be newer than our student housing communities, located closer to campus, charge
less rent, possess more attractive amenities, or offer more services, shorter lease terms or more
flexible leases. The construction of competing properties or decreases in the general levels of
rents for housing in competing properties could adversely affect our rental income.
We believe that a number of other large national companies may be potential entrants in the
student housing business. In some cases, these potential competitors possess substantially greater
financial and marketing resources than we do. The entry of one or more of these companies could
increase competition for student tenants and for the acquisition, development and management of
other student housing communities.
We may not be able to recover our costs for our development consulting services.
We typically are awarded development consulting services business on the basis of a
competitive award process, however, definitive contracts typically are not executed until the
institutions governing body formally approves the transaction at the completion of the project.
In the intervening period, we may incur significant pre-development and other costs in the
expectation that the development consulting services contract will be executed. These costs
generally range from $300,000 to $500,000 per project and typically include architects fees to
design the property and contractors fees to price the construction. We typically seek to enter
into a reimbursement agreement with the institution that requires the institution to provide a
guarantee of our advances. However, we may not be successful in negotiating such an agreement. In
addition, if an institutions governing body does not ultimately approve our selection and the
underlying terms of a pending development, we may not be able to recover these costs from the
institution. In addition, when we are awarded development consulting business, generally we
receive 50% of our fees at the time the project is financed, and the remainder generally is paid in
monthly installments thereafter. As a result, the recognition and timing of revenues will, among
other things, be contingent upon the project owners successful structuring and closing of the
project financing as well as the timing of construction.
The terms of our acquisition agreements may cause us to incur additional costs and liabilities.
We purchased a portfolio of 14 student housing communities from affiliates of JPI Investment
Company, L.P. in January 2005, a portfolio of 13 student housing communities from affiliates of
Place Properties, L.P. in January 2006, and individual properties serving the University of
Mississippi in February 2005, the University of South Carolina in March 2005, Middle Tennessee
State University in April 2005, the University of Florida in June 2005 and Auburn University in
July 2005. Pursuant to the acquisition agreements for these properties, we effectively have
assumed all liabilities and obligations with respect to the properties, whether known or unknown,
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absolute or contingent, and whether arising before or after the date of acquisition. The sellers
representations and warranties to us in each of the acquisition agreements are limited, and, with
the exception of the specific representations and warranties in the acquisition agreements, the
properties were acquired on an as is/where is basis. In addition, the sellers indemnity to us
for any breach under the acquisition agreements was limited. As a result of these provisions, we
may be responsible for liabilities and obligations with respect to the acquired properties for
which we have no recourse to the respective seller or anyone else.
In addition, pursuant to the acquisition agreements to acquire the JPI properties, we agreed
to provide a revolving loan to JPI Multifamily Investments L.P., an affiliate of JPI, which we
refer to as JPI Multifamily. Pursuant to this loan commitment, JPI Multifamily borrowed $6.0
million from us in January 2005. We are required to extend the loan to JPI Multifamily until the
later of (i) 30 days after our registration of the shares issuable upon conversion of the
operating partnership units issued to JPI in connection with the purchase of the JPI
portfolio, as provided in the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, or (ii)
March 31, 2005. JPI Multifamilys borrowings are secured by a pledge of the operating partnership
units issued to JPI pursuant to our purchase of the portfolio of properties. Other than the
security provided by such pledge, JPI Multifamilys obligations to us will be non-recourse.
Accordingly, in the event that JPI Multifamily fails to repay to us any amounts borrowed under the
loan commitment, and the value of the units pledged to us as collateral is less than the amount of
JPI Multifamilys obligations upon the maturity date of the loan, we would not be able to recover
the amounts advanced to JPI Multifamily, which could negatively affect our operating results and
financial condition.
We may be unable to take advantage of certain disposition opportunities because of additional costs
we have agreed to pay if we sell certain of our properties and because of restrictions on our
ability to sell certain properties.
We issued partnership units in our operating partnership as consideration for our purchase of
two properties in the JPI Acquisition and partnership units in our
University Towers partnership in the University Towers Acquisition. So long as the contributing owners of such
properties hold at least 25% of the partnership units in our operating partnership or University
Towers partnership that they received in the formation transactions, we have agreed to maintain
certain minimum amounts of debt on the properties so as to avoid triggering gain to the
contributing owners. If we fail to do this, we will owe to the contributing owners the amount of
taxes that they incur. In each case, the amount of tax is computed assuming the highest federal
and state rates. As a result, these agreements may preclude us from selling the restricted
properties at the optimal time.
Also, on January 6, 2006, we entered into a lease agreement pursuant to which an affiliate of
Place Properties will lease and continue to operate each of the properties that we acquired from
Place Properties for an initial term of five years. The lease agreement provides that we may not
sell any of the acquired properties for a term of three years and must pay termination fees to
Place Properties of (i) $1.5 million if we sell the properties during the fourth year of the lease,
(ii) $1.0 million if we sell the properties during the fifth year of the lease, and (iii) $500,000
if we sell the properties during the sixth year of the lease, assuming that the lease is renewed
following the expiration of the initial term. If we sell any one or more, but not all, of the
acquired properties during the fourth through sixth years of the lease, the termination fees
described above will be pro rated based on the annual base rent attributable to the property or
properties sold.
We rely on our relationships with universities, and changes in university personnel and/or policies
could adversely affect our operating results.
In some cases, we rely on our relationships with universities for referrals of prospective
student-tenants or for mailing lists of prospective tenants and their parents. Therefore, the
failure to maintain good relationships with personnel at these universities could therefore have a
material adverse effect on us. If universities and their administrators refuse to make their lists
of prospective student-tenants and their parents available to us or increase the costs of these
lists, the increased costs or failure to obtain such lists could also have a material adverse
effect on us.
We may be adversely affected by a change in university admission policies. For example, if a
university reduces the number of student admissions, the demand for our properties may be reduced
and our occupancy rates may decline. In addition, universities may institute a policy that a
certain class of students, such as freshmen, must
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live in a university-owned facility, which would
also reduce the demand for our properties. While we may engage in marketing efforts to compensate
for such policy changes, we may not be able to effect such marketing efforts prior to the
commencement of the annual lease-up period or at all.
Our growth will be dependent upon our ability to acquire and/or develop, lease, integrate and
manage additional student housing communities successfully.
We cannot assure you that we will continue to identify real estate investments that meet our
investment criteria, that we will be successful in completing any acquisition we identify or that
any acquisition we complete will produce a return on our investment. We have not identified these
future investments, and we will have broad authority to invest in real estate investments that we
identify in the future.
Our future growth will be dependent upon our ability to successfully acquire new properties on
favorable terms, which may be adversely affected by the following significant risks:
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we may be unable to acquire a desired property at all or at a desired purchase price
because of competition from other purchasers of student housing; |
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many of our future acquisitions are likely to be dependent on external financing,
and we may be unable to finance an acquisition on favorable terms or at all; |
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we may be required to incur significant capital expenditures to improve or renovate
acquired properties; |
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we may be unable to quickly and efficiently integrate new acquisitions, particularly
acquisitions of portfolios of properties, into our existing operations; |
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market conditions may result in higher than expected vacancy rates and lower than
expected rental rates; and |
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we may acquire properties subject to liabilities but without any recourse, or with
only limited recourse, to the sellers, or with liabilities that are unknown to us, such
as liabilities for undisclosed environmental contamination, claims by tenants, vendors
or other persons dealing with the former owners of the properties and claims for
indemnification by members, directors, officers and others indemnified by the former
owners of the properties. |
As we acquire additional properties, we will be subject to risks associated with managing new
properties, including lease-up and integration risks. Newly acquired properties may not perform as
expected, and newly acquired properties may have characteristics or deficiencies unknown to us at
the time of acquisition.
Risks Related to the Real Estate Industry
Our performance and the value of our real estate assets are subject to risks associated with real
estate assets and with the real estate industry.
Our ability to make distributions to our stockholders depends on our ability to generate cash
revenues in excess of expenses, scheduled debt service obligations and capital expenditure
requirements. Events and conditions generally applicable to owners and operators of real property
that are beyond our control may decrease cash available for distribution and the value of our
properties. These events include:
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local oversupply of student housing units, increased competition or reduction in demand for student housing; |
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inability to collect rent from tenants; |
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vacancies or the inability to lease beds on favorable terms; |
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increased operating costs, including insurance premiums, utilities, and real estate taxes; |
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costs of complying with changes in governmental regulations; |
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the relative illiquidity of real estate investments; |
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changing student demographics; |
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national, regional and local economic conditions; and |
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rising interest rates. |
We have limited time to perform due diligence on many of our acquired properties, which could
subject us to significant unexpected expenses or liabilities and under-performance of the acquired
properties.
When we enter into an agreement to acquire a property, we often have limited time to complete
our due diligence prior to acquiring the property. Because our internal resources are limited, we
may rely on third parties to conduct a portion of our due diligence. To the extent we or these
third parties underestimate or fail to fully identify risks
and liabilities associated with the properties we acquire, we may incur unexpected liabilities
or higher than expected expenses, or the property may fail to perform in accordance with our
projections. If, during the due diligence phase, we do not accurately assess the value of and
liabilities associated with a particular property, we may pay a purchase price that exceeds the
current fair value of the assets. As a result, material goodwill and other intangible assets would
be recorded, which could result in significant charges to earnings in future periods. These
charges, in addition to the financial impact of significant liabilities that we may assume, could
seriously harm our financial and operating results, as well as our ability to pay dividends.
Certain losses may not be covered by insurance.
We carry insurance covering comprehensive liability, fire, earthquake, terrorism, business
interruption, vandalism and malicious mischief, extended coverage perils, physical loss perils,
commercial general liability, personal injury, workers compensation, business, automobile, errors
and omissions, employee dishonesty, employment practices liability and rental loss with respect to
all of the properties in our portfolio and the operation of our management company and development
company. We also carry insurance covering terrorism and flood (when the property is located in
whole or in material part in a designated flood plain area) on some of our properties. There are,
however, certain types of
losses (such as property damage from riots or wars, employment discrimination losses, punitive
damage awards, terrorism or acts of God) that may be either uninsurable or not economically
insurable. Some of our policies are subject to large deductibles or co-payments and policy limits
that may not be sufficient to cover losses. In addition, we may discontinue earthquake, terrorism
or other insurance on some or all of our properties in the future if the cost of premiums for these
policies exceeds, in our judgment, the value of the coverage discounted for the risk of loss. If
we experience a loss that is uninsured or that exceeds policy limits, we could lose the capital
invested in the damaged properties as well as the anticipated future cash flows from those
properties. In addition, if the damaged properties are subject to recourse indebtedness, we would
continue to be liable for the indebtedness, even if these properties were irreparably damaged.
Future terrorist attacks in the United States could harm the demand for and the value of our
student housing communities.
Future terrorist attacks in the United States and other acts of terrorism or war, or threats
of the same, could harm the demand for and the value of our properties. A decrease in demand in
our markets would make it difficult for us to renew or re-lease our properties at rates equal to or
above historical rates.
Terrorist attacks also could directly affect the value of our properties through damage,
destruction, loss or increased security costs, and the availability or cost of insurance for such
acts. If we receive casualty proceeds, we
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may not be able to reinvest such proceeds profitably or
at all, and we may be forced to recognize taxable gain on the affected property.
We could incur significant costs related to government regulation and private litigation over
environmental matters.
Under various environmental laws, including the Comprehensive Environmental Response,
Compensation and Liability Act, or CERCLA, a current or previous owner or operator of real property
may be liable for contamination resulting from the release or threatened release of hazardous or
toxic substances or petroleum at that property, and an entity that arranges for the disposal or
treatment of a hazardous or toxic substance or petroleum at another property may be held jointly
and severally liable for the cost to investigate and clean up such property or other affected
property. Such parties are known as potentially responsible parties, or PRPs. Environmental laws
often impose liability without regard to whether the owner or operator knew of, or was responsible
for, the presence of the contaminants, and the costs of any required investigation or cleanup of
these substances can be substantial. PRPs are liable to the government as well as to other PRPs
who may have claims for contribution. The liability generally is not limited under such laws and
could exceed the propertys value and the aggregate assets of the liable party. The presence of
contamination or the failure to remediate contamination at our properties also may expose us to
third-party liability for personal injury or property damage, or adversely affect our ability to
sell, lease or develop the real property or to borrow using the real property as collateral. We do
not carry environmental insurance on any of the properties in our portfolio.
Environmental laws also impose ongoing compliance requirements on owners and operators of real
property. Environmental laws potentially affecting us address a wide variety of matters,
including, but not limited to, asbestos-containing building materials, storage tanks, storm water
and wastewater discharges, lead-based paint, wetlands and hazardous wastes. Failure to comply with
these laws could result in fines and penalties and/or expose us to third-party
liability. Some of our properties may have conditions that are subject to these requirements,
and we could be liable for such fines or penalties and/or liable to third parties.
We could be exposed to liability and remedial costs related to environmental matters.
Certain properties in our portfolio may contain, or may have contained, asbestos-containing
building materials, or ACBMs. Environmental laws require that ACBMs be properly managed and
maintained, and may impose fines and penalties on building owners and operators for failure to
comply with these requirements. Also, certain properties may contain, or may have contained, or
are adjacent to or near other properties that have contained or currently contain storage tanks for
the storage of petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances. These operations create
a potential for the release of petroleum products or other hazardous or toxic substances. Certain
properties in our portfolio contain, or may have contained, elevated radon levels. Third parties
may be permitted by law to seek recovery from owners or operators for property damage and/or
personal injury associated with exposure to contaminants, including, but not limited to, petroleum
products, hazardous or toxic substances and asbestos fibers. Also, some of the properties may
contain regulated wetlands that can delay or impede development or require costs to be incurred to
mitigate the impact of any disturbance. Absent appropriate permits, we can be held responsible for
restoring wetlands and be required to pay fines and penalties.
Some of the properties in our portfolio may contain microbial matter such as mold and mildew.
The presence of microbial matter could adversely affect our results of operations. In addition, if
any property in our portfolio is not properly connected to a water or sewer system, or if the
integrity of such systems are breached, or if water intrusion into our buildings otherwise occurs,
microbial matter or other contamination can develop. When excessive moisture accumulates in
buildings or on building materials, mold growth may occur, particularly if the moisture problem
remains undiscovered or is not addressed over a period of time. Some molds may produce airborne
toxins or irritants. If this were to occur, we could incur significant remedial costs and we may
also be subject to material private damage claims and awards. Concern about indoor exposure to
mold has been increasing, as exposure to mold may cause a variety of adverse health effects and
symptoms, including allergic or other reactions. If we become subject to claims in this regard, it
could materially and adversely affect us and our future insurability for such matters.
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We cannot assure you that costs of future environmental compliance will not affect our ability
to make distributions or that such costs or other remedial measures will not be material to us.
We may incur significant costs complying with the Americans with Disabilities Act and similar laws.
Under the Americans with Disabilities Act of 1990, or the ADA, all public accommodations must
meet federal requirements related to access and use by disabled persons. Additional federal, state
and local laws also may require modifications to our properties, or restrict our ability to
renovate our properties. For example, the Fair Housing Amendments Act of 1988, or FHAA, requires
apartment properties first occupied after March 13, 1990 to be accessible to the handicapped. We
have not conducted an audit or investigation of all of our properties to determine our compliance
with present ADA requirements. Noncompliance with the ADA or FHAA could result in the imposition
of fines or an award for damages to private litigants and also could result in an order to correct
any non-complying feature. We cannot predict the ultimate amount of the cost of compliance with
the ADA, FHAA or other legislation. If we incur substantial costs to comply with the ADA, FHAA or
any other legislation, we could be materially and adversely affected.
We may incur significant costs complying with other regulations.
The properties in our portfolio are subject to various federal, state and local regulatory
requirements, such as state and local fire and life safety requirements. If we fail to comply with
these various requirements, we might incur governmental fines or be liable for private actions for
money damages. Furthermore, existing requirements could change and require us to make significant
unanticipated expenditures that would materially and adversely affect us. Moreover, as a public
company, we will be subject to increased compliance, legal and auditing costs, including the
substantial cost of devising, maintaining and assessing annually a comprehensive system of internal
controls. These expenses are mostly fixed costs and cannot be reduced substantially during economic
downturns.
Our potential participation in joint ventures or leasing of our properties presents additional
risks.
In
connection with the acquisition of the Place Properties portfolio, we entered into a lease agreement
whereby we leased the 13 acquired properties to Place Properties. Additionally, we may co-invest
with third parties through partnerships, joint ventures or other entities, acquiring
non-controlling interests in or sharing responsibility for managing the affairs of
a property, partnership, joint venture or other entity. Pursuant to these arrangements, we
will not have sole decision-making authority regarding the property, partnership, joint venture or
other entity. Investments in partnerships, joint ventures or other entities may, under certain
circumstances, involve risks not present were a third party not involved, including the possibility
that the lessees, partners or co-venturers may become bankrupt or fail to fund the lease payments
or their share of required capital contributions. Lessees, partners or co-venturers also may have
economic or other business interests or goals that are inconsistent with our business interests or
goals and may be in a position to take actions contrary to our preferences, policies or objectives.
Such investments also will have the potential risk of our reaching impasses with our lessees,
partners or co-venturers on key decisions, such as a sale, because neither we nor the lessee,
partner or co-venturer would have full control over the property, partnership or joint venture.
Disputes between us and lessees, partners or co-venturers may result in litigation or arbitration
that would increase our expenses and prevent our management team from focusing its time and effort
exclusively on our business. In addition, we may in some circumstances be liable for the actions of
our third-party lessees, partners or co-venturers.
Illiquidity of real estate investments could significantly impede our ability to respond to adverse
changes in the performance of our properties.
Because real estate investments are relatively illiquid, our ability to promptly sell one or
more properties in our portfolio in response to changing economic, financial and investment
conditions is limited. The real estate market is affected by many factors, such as general economic
conditions, availability of financing, interest rates and other factors, including supply and
demand, that are beyond our control. We cannot predict whether we will be able to sell any property
for the price or on the terms set by us or whether any price or other terms offered by a
prospective purchaser would be acceptable to us. We also cannot predict the length of time needed
to find a willing purchaser and to close the sale of a property.
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We may be required to expend funds to correct defects or to make improvements before a
property can be sold. We cannot assure you that we will have funds available to correct those
defects or to make those improvements. In acquiring certain properties, we have agreed and may in
the future agree to transfer restrictions that materially restrict us from selling that property
for a period of time or impose other restrictions, such as a limitation on the amount of debt that
can be placed or repaid on that property. These transfer restrictions would impede our ability to
sell a property even if we deem it necessary or appropriate.
Risks Related to Our Organization and Structure
To maintain our REIT status, we may be forced to limit the activities of our management company.
To maintain our status as a REIT, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may
consist of the securities of one or more taxable REIT subsidiaries, such as our management company.
Some of our activities, such as our third-party management, development consulting and food
services, must be conducted through our management company and development company for us to
maintain our REIT qualification. In addition, certain non-customary services such as cleaning,
transportation, security and, in some cases, parking, must be provided by a taxable REIT subsidiary
or an independent contractor. If the revenues from such activities create a risk that the value of
our management company, based on revenues or otherwise, approaches the 20% threshold, we will be
forced to curtail such activities or take other steps to remain under the 20% threshold. Because
the 20% threshold is based on value, it is possible that the Internal Revenue Service, or IRS,
could successfully contend that the value of our management company exceeds the 20% threshold even
if our management company accounts for less than 20% of our consolidated revenues, income or cash
flow, in which case our status as a REIT could be jeopardized.
We will depend heavily on the availability of equity and debt capital to fund our business.
In order to maintain our qualification as a REIT, we are required under the Internal Revenue
Code of 1986, as amended, which we refer to as the Code, to distribute annually at least 90% of our
REIT taxable income, determined without regard to distributions paid and excluding any net capital
gain. In addition, we will be subject to income tax at regular corporate rates to the extent that
we distribute less than 100% of our net taxable income, including any net capital gains. Because of
these distribution requirements, REITs are largely unable to fund capital expenditures, such as
acquisitions, renovations, development and property upgrades from operating cash flow.
Consequently, we will be largely dependent on the public equity and debt capital markets and
private lenders to provide capital to fund our growth and other capital expenditures. We may not be
able to obtain this financing on favorable terms or at all. Our access to equity and debt capital
depends, in part, on:
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general market conditions; |
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our current debt levels and the number of properties subject to encumbrances; |
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our current performance and the markets perception of our growth potential; |
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our cash flow and cash distributions; and |
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the market price per share of our common stock. |
If we cannot obtain capital from third-party sources, we may not be able to acquire properties
when strategic opportunities exist, satisfy our debt service obligations or make the cash
distributions to our stockholders, including those necessary to maintain our qualification as a
REIT.
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our stock.
Our charter provides that, subject to certain exceptions, no person or entity may beneficially
own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the applicable constructive ownership provisions of the Code,
more than 9.8% (by value, by number of shares or by voting power, whichever is more restrictive) of
the outstanding shares of our common stock or more than 9.8% (by value, by number of shares or by
voting power, whichever is more restrictive)
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of all our outstanding shares, including both common
and preferred stock. We refer to this restriction as the ownership limit. Generally, if a
beneficial owner of our shares exceeds the ownership limit, such owner will be effectively divested
of all ownership rights with respect to shares exceeding the limit and may suffer a loss on his or
her investment unless our board of directors waives the ownership limit as to the specific
investor(s).
The constructive ownership rules under the Code are complex and may cause stock owned actually
or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be owned constructively by
one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our stock (or the
acquisition of an interest in an entity that owns, actually or constructively, our stock) by an
individual or entity, could, nevertheless cause that individual or entity, or another individual or
entity, to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of our outstanding stock and thereby subject
certain shares to the ramifications of exceeding the ownership limit. Our charter, however, permits
exceptions to be made to this limitation if our board of directors determines that such exceptions
will not jeopardize our tax status as a REIT. This ownership limit could delay, defer or prevent a
change of control or other transaction that might otherwise result in a premium price for our
common stock or otherwise be in the best interest of our stockholders.
Certain provisions of our charter and bylaws may inhibit a change of our control.
Certain provisions contained in our charter and bylaws and the Maryland General Corporation
Law may discourage a third party from making a tender offer or acquisition proposal to us, or could
delay, defer or prevent a change in control or the removal of existing management. These provisions
also may delay or prevent our stockholders from receiving a premium for their shares of common
stock over then-prevailing market prices. These provisions include:
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the REIT ownership limit described above; |
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the power of our board of directors to authorize the issuance of shares of our
preferred stock with powers, preferences or rights to be determined by our board of
directors; |
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the power of our board of directors, without a stockholder vote, to increase our
authorized shares and classify or reclassify unissued shares; and |
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advance notice requirements for stockholder nomination of directors and for other
proposals to be presented at stockholder meetings. |
The Maryland business combination and control share acquisition statutes also impose potential
restrictions on a change of control of our company.
Various Maryland laws such as the business combination and control share acquisition statutes
may have the effect of discouraging offers to acquire us, even if the acquisition would be
advantageous to our stockholders. Our board of directors has adopted a resolution exempting business combinations between our Company and
our officers and directors from the business combination provisions and our bylaws exempt any and
all acquisitions by any persons of our stock from the control share acquisition provisions, but our
board of directors can change our bylaws at any time to make the control share acquisition
provisions applicable to us.
We have the right to change some of our policies that may be important to our stockholders without
stockholder consent.
Our major policies, including our policies with respect to investments, leverage, financing,
growth, debt and capitalization, are determined by our board of directors or those committees or
officers to whom our board of directors has delegated that authority. Our board of directors also
establishes the amount of any distributions that we make to our stockholders. Our board of
directors may amend or revise the foregoing policies, our distribution payment amounts and other
policies from time to time without a stockholder vote. Accordingly, our stockholders may not have
control over changes in our policies.
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The power of our board of directors to revoke our REIT election without stockholder approval may
cause adverse consequences to our stockholders.
Our charter provides that our board of directors may revoke or otherwise terminate our REIT
election, without the approval of our stockholders, if it determines that it is no longer in our
best interests to continue to qualify as a REIT. If we cease to qualify as a REIT, we would become
subject to federal income tax on our taxable income and would no longer be required to distribute
most of our taxable income to our stockholders, which may have adverse consequences on the total
return to our stockholders.
Our rights and the rights of our stockholders to take action against our directors and officers are
limited.
Maryland law provides that a director or officer has no liability in that capacity if he or
she performs his or her duties in good faith, in a manner he or she reasonably believes to be in
our best interests and with the care that an ordinarily prudent person in a like position would use
under similar circumstances. In addition, our charter eliminates our directors and officers
liability to us and our stockholders for money damages except for liability resulting from actual
receipt of an improper benefit in money, property or services or active and deliberate dishonesty
established by a final judgment and that is material to the cause of action. Our bylaws require us
to indemnify directors and officers for liability resulting from actions taken by them in those
capacitates to the maximum extent permitted by Maryland law. As a result, we and our stockholders
may have more limited rights against our directors and officers than might otherwise exist under
common law. In addition, we may be obligated to fund the defense costs incurred by our directors
and officers.
Our success depends on key personnel whose continued service is not guaranteed.
We depend upon the services of our key personnel, particularly Paul O. Bower, our Chairman,
Chief Executive Officer and President, Randall H. Brown, our Executive Vice President and Chief
Financial Officer, and Craig L. Cardwell, our Executive Vice President and Chief Investment
Officer. Messrs. Bower and Cardwell each have been in the student housing business for over 30
years, and each of them has developed a network of contacts and a reputation that attracts business
and investment opportunities and assists us in negotiations with universities, lenders and industry
personnel. In addition, Mr. Brown possesses detailed knowledge of and experience with our financial
and ancillary support operations that are critical to our operations and financial reporting
obligations as a public company. We will continue to need to attract and retain qualified
additional senior executive officers as we grow our business. The loss of the services of any of
our senior executive officers, or our inability to recruit and retain qualified personnel could
have a material adverse effect on our business and financial results.
Federal Income Tax Risks
Failure to qualify as a REIT would have significant adverse consequences to us and the value of our
stock.
We intend to operate in a manner that will allow us to qualify as a REIT for federal income
tax purposes under the Code. We have not requested and do not plan to request a ruling from the
IRS that we qualify as a REIT. If we lose our REIT status, we will face serious tax consequences
that could substantially reduce the funds available for distribution to our stockholders for each
of the years involved because:
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we would not be allowed a deduction for distributions to stockholders in computing
our taxable income, and such amounts would be subject to federal income tax at regular
corporate rates; |
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we also could be subject to the federal alternative minimum tax and possibly
increased state and local taxes; and |
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unless we are entitled to relief under applicable statutory provisions, we could not
elect to be taxed as a REIT for four taxable years following the year during which we
were disqualified. |
In addition, if we fail to qualify as a REIT, we will not be required to make distributions to
stockholders, and all distributions to stockholders will be subject to tax as ordinary income to
the extent of our current and
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accumulated earnings and profits. As a result of all these factors,
our failure to qualify as a REIT also could impair our ability to expand our business and raise
capital, and would adversely affect the value of our common stock.
Qualification as a REIT involves the application of highly technical and complex Code
provisions for which there are only limited judicial and administrative interpretations. The
complexity of these provisions and of the applicable Treasury Regulations that have been
promulgated under the Code is greater in the case of a REIT that, like us, holds its assets through
a partnership or a limited liability company. The determination of various factual matters and
circumstances not entirely within our control may affect our ability to qualify as a REIT. In order
to qualify as a REIT, we must satisfy a number of requirements, including requirements regarding
the composition of our assets and two gross income tests: (a) at least 75% of our gross income in
any year must be derived from qualified sources, such as rents from real property, mortgage
interest, distributions from other REITs and gains from sale of such assets, and (b) at least 95%
of our gross income must be derived from sources meeting the 75% income test above, and other
passive investment sources, such as other interest and dividends and gains from sales of
securities. Also, we must make distributions to stockholders aggregating annually at least 90% of
our REIT taxable income, excluding any net capital gains. In addition, new legislation,
regulations, administrative interpretations or court decisions may adversely affect our investors,
our ability to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes or the desirability of an
investment in a REIT relative to other investments.
We may be subject to federal and state income taxes that would harm our financial condition.
Even if we qualify and maintain our status as a REIT, we may become subject to federal income
taxes and related state taxes. For example, if we have net income from a sale of dealer property or
inventory, or, if our management company enters into agreements with us or our tenants on a basis
that is determined to be other than an arms length basis, that income will be subject to a 100%
penalty tax. If we believe that a sale of a property might be treated as a prohibited transaction,
we will attempt to structure a sale through a taxable REIT subsidiary, in which case the gain from
the sale would be subject to corporate income tax but not the 100% prohibited transaction tax. We
cannot assure you, however, that the IRS would not assert successfully that sales of properties
that we make directly, rather than through a taxable REIT subsidiary, were sales of dealer
property or inventory, in which case the 100% penalty tax will apply. In addition, we may not be
able to make sufficient distributions to avoid corporate income tax and the 4% excise tax on
undistributed income. We may also be subject to state and local taxes on our income or property,
either directly or at the level of our operating partnership or our
University Towers partnership
or at a level of the other entities through which we indirectly own our properties that would
aversely affect our operating results.
An investment in our common stock has various tax risks that could affect the value of your
investment, including the treatment of distributions in excess of earnings and the inability to
apply passive losses against distributions.
An investment in our common stock has various tax risks. Distributions in excess of current
and accumulated earnings and profits, to the extent that they exceed the adjusted basis of an
investors common stock, will be treated as long-term capital gain (or short-term capital gain if
the shares have been held for less than one year). Any gain or loss realized upon a taxable
disposition of shares by a stockholder who is not a dealer in securities will be treated as a
long-term capital gain or loss if the shares have been held for more than one year, and otherwise
will be treated as short-term capital gain or loss. Distributions that we properly designate as
capital gain distributions will be treated as taxable to stockholders as gains (to the extent that
they do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year) from the sale or disposition
of a capital asset held for greater than one year. Distributions we make and gain arising from the
sale or exchange by a stockholder of shares of our stock will not be treated as passive income,
meaning stockholders generally will not be able to apply any passive losses against such income
or gain. See Federal Income Tax Considerations.
Future distributions may include a significant portion as a return of capital.
Our
distributions may exceed the amount of our taxable income as a REIT. If so, the excess
distributions will be treated as a return of capital to the extent of the stockholders basis in
our stock, and the stockholders basis in our stock will be reduced by such amount. To the extent
distributions exceed a stockholders basis in our stock, the stockholder will recognize capital
gain, assuming the stock is held as a capital asset. Our distributions in the
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year ended December
31, 2005, exceeded our taxable income as a REIT by 74.05%. The amount of
the reduction in a stockholders basis in our stock will depend upon a number of factors, including
whether or not the stockholder held the shares during the full year.
Risks Related to Our Common Stock
We may not be able to maintain our distribution rate.
Our ability to fund future distributions out of operating cash flow will depend, in part, upon
the receipt of cash flow from our owned and managed properties, including properties we expect to
acquire in the future. If we need to fund future distributions from working capital or borrowings
under our revolving credit facility, or if we reduce our distribution rate, our stock price may be
adversely affected. Any distributions from working capital or borrowings may represent a return of
capital for federal income tax purposes.
Our distributions will not be eligible for the new lower tax rate on dividends except in limited
situations.
Unlike dividends received from a corporation that is not a REIT, our distributions to
individual stockholders generally will not be eligible for the new lower tax rate on dividends
except in limited situations.
Market interest rates may have an effect on the value of our common stock.
One of the factors that will influence the price of our common stock will be the dividend
yield on our common stock (as a percentage of the price of our common stock) relative to market
interest rates. An increase in market interest rates may lead prospective purchasers of our common
stock to expect a higher dividend yield in order to maintain their investment, and higher interest
rates would likely increase our borrowing costs and potentially decrease funds available for
distribution. As a result, higher market interest rates could adversely affect the market price of
our common stock.
The number of shares available for future sale could adversely affect the market price of our
common stock.
We cannot predict whether future issuances of shares of our common stock or the availability
of shares for resale in the open market, including the shares
included in this offering, will decrease the market price per share of our common
stock. Sales of substantial amounts of shares of our common stock in the public market, or
issuances of our common stock upon redemption of limited partnership units in our operating
partnership or University Towers partnership, or the perception that such sales might occur, could
adversely affect the market price of our common stock.
The
sale of shares in this offering, the redemption of limited partnership units in our operating
partnership or University Towers partnership for common stock, the
exercise of the JPI Warrant or any other options or the
vesting of any restricted stock granted to directors, executive officers and other employees under
our 2004 Incentive Plan, the issuance of our common stock, partnership units in our operating
partnership or University Towers partnership units in connection with the acquisitions of our
initial properties and other issuances of our common stock could also have an adverse effect on the
market price of our common stock. In addition, the existence of units, options or other securities
convertible into or exchangeable for shares of our common stock may adversely affect the terms upon
which we may be able to obtain additional capital through the sale of equity securities.
-16-
FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS
We make forward-looking statements in this prospectus and in the documents incorporated herein
by reference that are subject to risks and uncertainties. These forward-looking statements include
information about possible or assumed future results of our business, financial condition,
liquidity, results of operations, plans and objectives. Statements regarding the following
subjects are forward-looking by their nature:
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our business and investment strategy; |
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our projected or anticipated operating results; |
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our ability to obtain future financing arrangements; |
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our understanding of our competition; |
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market trends; and |
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projected capital expenditures. |
The forward-looking statements are based on our beliefs, assumptions and expectations of our
future performance, taking into account all information currently available to us. These beliefs,
assumptions and expectations can change as a result of many possible events or factors, not all of
which are known to us. If a change occurs, our business, financial condition, liquidity and
results of operations may vary materially from those expressed in our forward-looking statements.
You should carefully consider this risk when you make an investment decision concerning our common
stock.
When we use the words will likely result, will, may, anticipate, estimate, would,
could, should, expect, believe, intend, plans, projects, or similar expressions, we
intend to identify forward-looking statements. You should not place undue reliance on these
forward-looking statements. We are not obligated to publicly update or revise any forward-looking
statements, whether as a result of new information, future events or otherwise.
For more information regarding risks that may cause our actual results to differ materially
from any forward-looking statements, see Risk Factors. We do not intend and disclaim any duty or
obligation to update or revise any industry information or forward-looking statements set forth or
incorporated by reference in this prospectus to reflect new information, future events or
otherwise.
USE OF PROCEEDS
We will not receive any of the proceeds from sales of common stock by the selling
stockholders or from our issuance of shares of common stock in
connection with the redemption of limited partnership units of our
operating partnership or of our University Towers partnership. We
will receive the exercise price for the JPI Warrant when and if the
holder exercises the warrant, but we will not receive any proceeds
from the selling stockholders sale of the shares. We will use
the proceeds, if any, from the exercise of the JPI Warrant for
working capital and other purposes, including providing additional
acquisition capital and/or payments of debt or distributions. All costs and expenses incurred in connection with the registration under the
Securities Act of the offering made hereby will be paid by us, other than any brokerage fees and
commissions, fees and disbursements of legal counsel for the selling stockholders and stock
transfer and other taxes attributable to the sale of the shares, which will be paid by the selling
stockholders.
-17-
SELLING STOCKHOLDERS
The shares of common stock offered by the selling stockholders are comprised of:
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1,376,472 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of our operating partnership subsidiary, which units were issued
to selling stockholders on January 31, 2005, in connection with our JPI
Acquisition and A&O Acquisition; |
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269,757 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of our University Towers partnership, which units were issued to
selling stockholders on January 31, 2005, in connection with our University Towers
Acquisition; |
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250,000 shares of common stock issued or issuable upon exercise of the JPI Warrant
granted to JPI Investment Company, L.P. on January 31, 2005, in connection with
our JPI Acquisition; and |
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4,375,000 shares of common stock issued to selling stockholders on September
30, 2005, in connection with our private placement of shares of our common stock. |
Additionally,
this prospectus relates to our possible issuance of shares of our common stock
upon redemption of the limited partnership units in our operating partnership and in our University
Towers partnership referenced above and upon the exercise of the JPI Warrant.
Each limited partnership unit
in our operating partnership and our University Towers partnership
referenced above is subject to redemption at the election of the holder of the unit.
In the event of redemption, we may deliver one share of our common stock, subject to adjustment, in
exchange for each unit or cash in an amount equal to the fair market value of one share of our
common stock. See Partnership Agreement of Education
Realty Operating Partnership, LP Redemption/Exchange
Rights, Partnership Agreement of University Towers
Operating Partnership, LP Redemption/Exchange Rights and
Conversion of Limited Partnership Units.
Set forth below is information with respect to certain of the selling stockholders as of
January 25, 2006. To the extent a selling stockholder is not identified below, we will include the
name of the unidentified selling stockholder and the amount of shares the selling stockholder
intends to sell in either a supplement to this prospectus, a post-effective amendment to the
registration statement or a report filed under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended
(such Act is referred to as the Exchange Act), that is incorporated by reference herein. In each
case, the name and amount of shares to be offered by any unidentified selling stockholder, as well
as any other required information regarding the unidentified selling stockholder, will be provided
prior to such selling stockholders sale of shares hereunder.
The stockholders named below, or their pledgees, donees, transferees or other
successors-in-interest whom we collectively refer to in this prospectus as selling stockholders,
may from time to time offer and sell any and all of the common stock offered under this prospectus.
Except as described above, the following table names each stockholder who may sell shares
pursuant to this prospectus and presents information with respect to each such stockholders
beneficial ownership of our shares. We do not know which (if any) of the stockholders named below
will choose to offer or sell shares pursuant to this prospectus, or the number of shares that each
of them will offer.
Any selling stockholder that is identified as a broker-dealer will be deemed to be an
underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. In addition, any
affiliate of a broker-dealer will be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section
2(11) of the Securities Act, unless such selling stockholder purchased in the ordinary course of
business and, at the time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or
understandings, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. As a result, any
profits on the sale of the common stock by selling stockholders who are deemed to be underwriters
and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by any such broker-dealers who are deemed to
be underwriters will be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities
Act. Selling stockholders who are deemed to be underwriters will be subject to prospectus
delivery requirements of the Securities Act and to certain statutory liabilities, including, but
not limited to, those under Sections 11, 12 and 17 of the Securities Act and Rule 10b-6 under the
Exchange Act of 1934.
-18-
Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with Rule 13d-3 of the Exchange Act. A
person is deemed to be the beneficial owner of any shares of common stock if that person has or
shares voting power or investment power with respect to those shares, or has the right to acquire
beneficial ownership at any time within 60 days of the date of the table. As used herein, voting
power is the power to vote or direct the voting of shares and investment power is the power to
dispose or direct the disposition of shares.
The selling stockholders may offer all, some or none of the shares of common stock shown in
the table pursuant to this prospectus or otherwise. As a result, no estimate can be given as to
the amount or percentage of such securities that will be held by the selling stockholders upon
termination of any such sale. As a result, we have assumed for purposes of completing the last
column in the table that all common shares offered hereby will have been sold by the selling
stockholders upon termination of sales pursuant to this prospectus and that the selling stockholder
does not sell any other shares of our common stock.
Except as described below, none of the selling stockholders has, or within the past three
years has had, any position, office or other material relationship with us or any of our
predecessors or affiliates.
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Shares Beneficially |
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Percentage |
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Owned as of |
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Shares Being |
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Beneficially |
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January 25, 2006 (1) |
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Registered |
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Owned After |
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Number |
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Percent (2) |
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Hereby |
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Offering |
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CREF Stock Account (3) |
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95,000 |
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* |
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95,000 |
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* |
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Delaware VIP REIT Series, a series of
Delaware VIP Trust (4) |
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130,800 |
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* |
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130,800 |
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* |
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Fidelity Advisor Series I: Fidelity
Advisor Balanced Fund (5) |
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18,725 |
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* |
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18,725 |
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* |
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Fidelity Puritan Trust: Fidelity Balanced
Fund (5) |
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369,119 |
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1.4 |
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195,619 |
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* |
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Heimdall
Investments Ltd. (6) |
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937,500 |
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3.5 |
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937,500 |
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* |
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JPI
Investment Company, L.P. (7) |
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250,000 |
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* |
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250,000 |
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* |
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JPI
Multifamily Investments L.P. (8) |
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499,688 |
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1.9 |
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499,688 |
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* |
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Neuberger
Berman Real Estate Income Fund (9) |
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46,000 |
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* |
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46,000 |
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* |
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Neuberger
Berman Realty Income Fund (9) |
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256,000 |
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* |
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256,000 |
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* |
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Neuberger
Berman Income Opportunity Fund (9) |
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71,000 |
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* |
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71,000 |
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* |
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Neuberger Berman Real Estate Securities
Income Fund (9) |
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252,000 |
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* |
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252,000 |
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* |
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Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association of
America, for its Real Estate Account (10) |
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600,000 |
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2.3 |
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517,500 |
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* |
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The Real Estate Investment Trust Portfolio,
a series of Delaware Pooled Trust (4) |
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78,200 |
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* |
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78,200 |
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* |
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The Real Estate Investment
Trust Portfolio II, a series of Delaware Pooled Trust (4) |
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9,750 |
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* |
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9,750 |
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* |
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TIAA-CREF Asset Management Commingled Funds
Trust I, Real Estate Securities Fund (11) |
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12,500 |
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* |
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10,000 |
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* |
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TIAA-CREF Life Real Estate Securities Fund (12) |
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65,000 |
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* |
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65,000 |
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* |
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TIAA-CREF
Institutional Real Estate Securities Fund (12) |
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500,000 |
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1.9 |
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500,000 |
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* |
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UBS AG London (13) |
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1,187,500 |
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4.5 |
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1,187,500 |
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* |
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Variable Insurance Products Fund III: Balanced
Portfolio (6) |
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4,406 |
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* |
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4,406 |
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* |
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Robert D. Bird (14) |
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12,690 |
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* |
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12,690 |
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* |
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Paul O.
Bower (15) |
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884,604 |
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3.2 |
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838,604 |
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* |
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Randall H.
Brown (16) |
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84,232 |
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* |
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43,832 |
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* |
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Craig L.
Cardwell (17) |
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81,729 |
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* |
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44,729 |
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* |
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William W.
Harris (18) |
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53,832 |
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* |
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43,832 |
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* |
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Thomas J.
Hickey (19) |
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66,522 |
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* |
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56,522 |
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* |
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Melton E.
Valentine, Jr. (20) |
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62,500 |
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* |
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62,500 |
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* |
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Wallace L. Wilcox (21) |
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53,832 |
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* |
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43,832 |
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* |
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TOTAL |
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6,683,129 |
(22) |
23.6 |
% |
6,271,229 |
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1.5 |
% |
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-19-
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(1) Beneficial ownership is determined in accordance with the rules of the Securities and Exchange
Commission, and includes voting or investment power with respect to shares. Shares of common stock
issuable upon the conversion of limited partnership units in our operating partnership or under
derivative securities that are exercisable within 60 days after
January 25, 2006, are deemed
outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of the person,
entity or group holding the securities
but are not deemed outstanding for computing the percentage ownership of any other person. Unless
otherwise indicated, to our knowledge, all persons named in the table have sole voting and
investment power with respect to their shares of common stock, except to the extent authority is
shared by spouses under applicable law. The inclusion of any shares in this table does not
constitute an admission of beneficial ownership for the person named below. The selling
stockholders listed in the above table may have sold or transferred, in transactions pursuant to
this prospectus or exempt from the registration requirements of the Securities Act, some or all of
their shares since the date as of which the information is presented in the above table.
Information concerning the selling stockholders may change from time to time and any such changed
information will be set forth in supplements to this prospectus or amendments to the registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part if and when necessary. |
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(2) Except as noted below, the percentage is based on 26,411,000 shares of our common stock
outstanding on January 25, 2006. |
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(3) TIAA-CREF Investment Management, LLC is the investment advisor to the CREF Stock Account. Hans
Erickson and Drew Collins, managing directors of the advisor to the selling stockholder,
may be deemed to be a control person of the selling stockholder. TIAA-CREF Investment
Management, LLC is an investment advisor registered under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940, as
amended, and an affiliate of TIAA-CREF Individual & Institutional Services, LLC and Teachers
Personal Investors Services, Incorporated, each of which is a registered broker-dealer. The
selling stockholder has represented to us that the selling stockholder purchased the shares in the
ordinary course of business and, at the time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not
have any agreements or understandings, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the
stock. Accordingly, the selling stockholder is not deemed to be an underwriter within the
meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. |
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(4) Delaware Management Company, a series of Delaware Management Business Trust, is the investment
advisor of the selling stockholder. The selling stockholder is an investment company registered
under the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. As an investment advisor, Delaware
Management Company may be deemed to be the beneficial owner of the shares. Lincoln National
Corporation is the ultimate parent of Delaware Management Holdings, Inc., which is the parent of
Delaware Management Business Trust. As an investment advisor, Delaware Management Company holds
voting and investment power with respect to shares held by the selling stockholder. Certain entities affiliated with Lincoln National Corporation and,
therefore, Delaware Management Company, are registered broker-dealers. The selling stockholder has
represented to us that the selling stockholder purchased the shares in the ordinary course of
business and, at the time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or
understandings, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. Accordingly, the
selling stockholder is not deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the
Securities Act. |
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(5) Fidelity Management & Research Company (FMR Co.), a wholly-owned subsidiary of FMR Corp., is
the adviser of the selling stockholder. FMR Co., 82 Devonshire Street, Boston, Massachusetts
02109, a wholly-owned subsidiary of FMR Corp. and an investment advisor under Section 203 of the
Investment Advisers Act of 1940, as amended, is the beneficial owner of 1,925,984 shares of our
common stock as a result of acting as investment advisor to various investment companies registered
under Section 8 of the Investment Company Act of 1940, as amended. Edward C. Johnson 3d, the
Chairman of FMR Corp., FMR Corp., through its control of FMR Co., and the selling stockholder each
has sole power to dispose of the shares of common stock owned by the selling stockholder. However,
the sole power to vote or direct the voting of the shares of each of the funds resides with the
selling stockholders Board of Trustees. FMR Corp. and the selling stockholder are affiliated
with a registered broker-dealer. The selling stockholder has represented to us that the selling
stockholder purchased the shares in the ordinary course of business and, at the time of its
purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or understandings, directly or
indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. Accordingly, the selling stockholder is not
deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. |
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(6) HBK Investments L.P. is the investment manager of the selling stockholder. As a result, HBK
Investments L.P. may be deemed to have sole voting power and sole dispositive power over the shares
pursuant to an Investment Management Agreement between HBK Investments L.P. and the selling
stockholder. The managers of HBK Investments L.P. are Jamiel A. Akhtar, David C. Haley, Kenneth M.
Hirsh, Lawrence H. Lebowitz and William E. Rose, and they share voting and investment power with
respect to shares held by Heimdall Investments Ltd. HBK Investments Ltd. is affiliated with HBK
Global Securities, L.P., a registered broker-dealer. The selling stockholder has represented to us
that the selling stockholder purchased the shares in the ordinary course of business and, at the
time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or understandings,
directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. Messrs. Akhtar, Haley, Hirsh,
Lebowitz and Rose |
-20-
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each disclaim beneficial ownership of shares not owned of record by him.
Accordingly, the selling stockholder is not deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of
Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. |
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(7) The shares consist of shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the JPI Warrant that we
granted to the selling stockholder in connection with the JPI Acquisition. The JPI Warrant
represents the right to purchase up to 250,000 shares of our common stock at an exercise price per
share of $16.48 (103% of the offering price of our common stock in our initial public offering).
The JPI Warrant became exercisable on February 1, 2006, and will expire on February 28, 2007. JPI
Investment Company, L.P. represented to us that at the time of the JPI Acquisition it had no plans
or proposals, directly or with any other person, to distribute the JPI Warrant or the shares issuable upon
exercise of the JPI Warrant. JPI Investment Company, L.P. is controlled by J. Frank Miller, III,
Robert D. Page, Frank B. Schubert, Jr. and Ronald D. Ingram, and such persons have the ability to
direct the selling stockholder in the voting and investment decisions with respect to the shares
issuable upon exercise of the JPI Warrant. |
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(8) JPI Multifamily Investments L.P. is an affiliate of JPI Investment Company, L.P. and received
499,688 limited partnership units in our operating partnership as consideration for our acquisition
of a portfolio of properties on January 31, 2005. Each limited partnership unit in our operating
partnership is subject to redemption at the election of the holder of the unit. In the event of
redemption, we may deliver one share of our common stock, subject to adjustment, in exchange for
each unit or cash in an amount equal to the fair market value of one share of our common stock.
As a result, the selling stockholders units currently are convertible upon redemption into 499,688
shares of our common stock. JPI Multifamily Investments L.P. represented to us that at the time of
the acquisition it had no plans or proposals, directly or with any other person, to distribute the
units or the shares upon any conversion of the units. New GP LLC is the general partner of JPI
Multifamily Investments L.P. and exercises sole voting and investment power with respect to the
units of limited partnership interest. J. Frank Miller, III, Robert D. Page, Frank B. Schubert,
Jr. and Ronald D. Ingram have the ability to direct New GP LLC in the voting and investment
decisions with respect to the units. |
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(9) Neuberger Berman Management Inc. is the investment manager of each of Neuberger Berman Real
Estate Income Fund, Neuberger Berman Realty Income Fund, Neuberger Berman Income Opportunity Fund
and Neuberger Berman Real Estate Securities Income Fund. The officers of Neuberger Management Inc.
maintain voting and investment power with respect to shares held by Neuberger Berman Real Estate
Income Fund, Neuberger Berman Realty Income Fund, Neuberger Berman Income Opportunity Fund and
Neuberger Berman Real Estate Securities Income Fund. Neuberger Management Inc. is affiliated with
Neuberger Berman, LLC, a registered broker-dealer. The selling stockholder has represented to us
that the selling stockholder purchased the shares in the ordinary course of business and, at the
time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or understandings,
directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. Accordingly, the selling
stockholder is not deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the
Securities Act. |
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(10) Margaret Brandwein is a managing director of Teachers
Insurance and Annuity Association of America and the portfolio
manager of its Real Estate Account. Philip McAndrews, also a managing
director of the selling stockholder, is Ms. Brandweins manager.
As a result, Mr. McAndrews and Ms. Brandwein may be
deemed to be a control person of the selling stockholder. The selling stockholder is an affiliate of TIAA-CREF Individual &
Institutional Services, LLC and Teachers Personal Investors Services, Incorporated, each of which
is a registered broker-dealer. The selling stockholder has represented to us that the selling
stockholder purchased the shares in the ordinary course of business and, at the time of its
purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or understandings, directly or
indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. Accordingly, the selling stockholder is not
deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11)
of the Securities Act. |
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(11) Teachers Advisors, Inc. is the investment advisor to TIAA-CREF Asset Management Commingled
Funds Trust I, Real Estate Securities Fund. Teachers Advisors, Inc. is an investment advisor
registered under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940, as amended. Michael Kahn and
Fawn Baird, a director and the operations manager, respectively, of
Teachers Advisors, Inc., may be deemed to be a control person of the selling
stockholder. Teachers Advisors, Inc. is an affiliate of TIAA-CREF Individual & Institutional
Services, LLC and Teachers Personal Investors Services, Incorporated, each of which is a registered
broker-dealer. The selling stockholder has represented to us that the selling stockholder
purchased the shares in the ordinary course of business and, at the time of its purchase of the
stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or understandings, directly or indirectly, with any
person to distribute the stock. Accordingly, the selling stockholder is not deemed to be an
underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. |
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(12) Teachers Advisors, Inc., is the investment advisor to each of TIAA-CREF Life Real Estate
Securities Fund and TIAA-CREF Institutional Real Estate Securities Fund. Teachers Advisors, Inc.
is an investment advisor registered under the Investment Advisors Act of 1940, as amended. Hans
Erickson and Drew Collins, managing directors of the advisor to the
selling stockholder, may be deemed to be a control person of the selling stockholder. Teachers Advisors, Inc.
is an affiliate of TIAA-CREF Individual & Institutional Services, LLC and Teachers Personal
Investors Services, Incorporated, each of which is a |
-21-
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registered broker-dealer. The selling
stockholder has represented to us that the selling stockholder purchased the shares in the ordinary
course of business and, at the time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any
agreements or understandings, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock.
Accordingly, the selling stockholder is not deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of
Section 2(11) of the Securities Act. |
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(13) The selling stockholder purchased the shares in our private placement of common stock on
September 30, 2005. The selling stockholder is a wholly-owned indirect subsidiary of UBS AG. UBS
Securities LLC, a registered broker-dealer, is an indirect subsidiary of UBS AG and, as a result,
is an affiliate of the selling stockholder. The selling stockholder has represented to us that the
selling stockholder purchased the shares in the ordinary course of business and, at the time of its
purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or understandings, directly or
indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. UBS Securities LLC acted as lead placement
agent in connection with the September 30, 2005, private placement of our common stock in which the
selling stockholder purchased the shares. In connection with that transaction, we paid UBS
Securities LLC a fee of $2.1 million for its services as placement agent in the private placement.
UBS Securities LLC also acted as an investment advisor in connection with our acquisition of a
portfolio of 13 student housing properties from Place Properties, L.P. We paid UBS Securities LLC
an investment advisory fee of $1.95 million in connection with the Place Properties acquisition.
Additionally, our operating partnership has a $100.0 million revolving credit facility. UBS Loan
Finance, LLC, an affiliate of UBS Securities LLC and the selling stockholder, is a lender under the
credit facility with a commitment to lend our operating partnership
up to $20.0 million. UBS Securities LLC acted as a co-lead
underwriter in our initial public offering of common stock in January
2005. We paid an aggregate of $7.7 million in underwriting
commission and advisory fees to UBS Securities LLC in our initial public offering. UBS
Securities LLC acted as a book-running manager and co-lead arranger in connection with the
revolving credit facility. We have paid to UBS Securities LLC an
aggregate of $1.3 million in loan
origination and administration fees for its services in connection with the credit facility. |
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(14) The shares shown as beneficially owned by Mr. Bird consist
of shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of limited partnership units of
our University Towers partnership. |
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(15) Mr. Bower is our Chairman of the Board, President and Chief Executive Officer. The shares
shown as beneficially owned by Mr. Bower include (i) 45,000 shares of restricted common stock that
vest ratably over five years, (ii) 656,585 shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of
limited partnership units of our operating partnership held by Allen & OHara, Inc., of which Mr.
Bower is the sole stockholder, (iii) 142 shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of our operating partnership held directly by Mr. Bower, (iv) 118,430 shares of
common stock issuable upon redemption of limited partnership units of our University Towers
partnership held by Allen & OHara, Inc., and (v) 63,447 shares of common stock issuable upon
redemption of limited partnership units of our University Towers partnership held directly by
Mr. Bower. The shares exclude 30,000 profits interest units in Education Realty Limited
Partner, LLC, which holds partnership interests in our operating partnership. Upon the occurrence of certain
capital account equalization events, the profits interest units will become exchangeable for shares
of our common stock. The shares shown as being registered hereby are comprised of the shares of
common stock issuable upon redemption of limited partnership units in our operating partnership and
our University Towers partnership, including the units held directly by Mr. Bower and the units
held by Allen & OHara, Inc.
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(16) Mr. Brown is our Executive Vice President, Chief Financial Officer, Treasurer and Secretary.
The shares shown as beneficially owned by Mr. Brown include (i) 40,000 shares of restricted common
stock that vest ratably over five years and (ii) 43,832 shares of common stock issuable upon
redemption of limited partnership units of our operating partnership. The shares exclude 30,000
profits interest units in Education Realty Limited Partner, LLC, which holds partnership interests
in our operating partnership. Upon the occurrence of certain capital account equalization events,
the profits interest units will become exchangeable for shares of our common stock. The shares
shown as being registered hereby are comprised of the shares of common stock issuable upon
redemption of the limited partnership units. |
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(17) Mr. Cardwell is our Executive Vice President and Chief Investment Officer. The shares as
beneficially owned by Mr. Cardwell include (i) 35,000 shares of restricted common stock that vest
ratably over five years, and (ii) 44,729 shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of our operating partnership. The shares exclude 30,000 profits interest units
in Education Realty Limited Partner, LLC, which holds partnership interests in the Operating
Partnership. Upon the occurrence of certain capital account equalization events, the profits
interest units will become exchangeable for shares of our common stock. The shares shown as being
registered hereby are comprised of the shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of the
limited partnership units. |
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(18) Mr. Harris is our Senior Vice President of Development. The shares as beneficially owned by
Mr. Harris include (i) 10,000 shares of restricted common stock that vest ratably over five years,
and (ii) 43,832 shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of limited partnership units of our
operating partnership. The shares exclude 20,000 profits interest units in Education Realty
Limited Partner, LLC, which holds partnership interests in the Operating Partnership. Upon the
occurrence of certain capital account equalization events, the profits interest units will become
exchangeable for shares of our common stock. |
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The shares shown as being registered hereby are
comprised of the shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of the limited partnership units. |
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(19) Mr. Hickey is our Senior Vice President of Operations. The shares as beneficially owned by
Mr. Hickey include (i) 10,000 shares of restricted common stock that vest ratably over five years,
(ii) 43,832 limited partnership units in our operating partnership, and (iii) 12,690 shares of
common stock issuable upon redemption of limited partnership units of our operating partnership.
The shares exclude 20,000 profits interest units in Education Realty Limited Partner, LLC, which
holds partnership interests in our operating partnership. Upon the occurrence of certain capital
account equalization events, the profits interest units will become exchangeable for shares of our
common stock. The shares shown as being registered hereby are comprised of the shares of common
stock issuable upon redemption of the limited partnership units.
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(20) The shares shown as beneficially owned
by Mr. Valentine consist of shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of limited partnership units
of our University Towers partnership. |
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(21) Mr. Wilcox is our Senior Vice President of Construction and Engineering. The shares shown as
beneficially owned by Mr. Wilcox include (i) 10,000 shares of restricted common stock that vest
ratably over five years, and (ii) 43,832 shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of limited
partnership units of our operating partnership. The shares exclude 20,000 profits interest units
in Education Realty Limited Partner, LLC, which holds partnership interests in our operating
partnership. Upon the occurrence of certain capital account equalization events, the profits
interest units will become exchangeable for shares of our common stock. The shares shown as being
registered hereby are comprised of the shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of the
limited partnership units. |
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(22) The shares include 250,000 shares of common stock issuable upon exercise of the JPI Warrant,
1,376,472 shares of common stock issuable upon redemption of limited partnership units of our
operating partnership subsidiary, which units were issued to selling stockholders on January 31,
2005, in connection with our JPI Acquisition and A&O Acquisition, and 269,757 shares of common
stock issuable upon redemption of limited partnership units of our University Towers partnership,
which units were issued to selling stockholders on January 31, 2005, in connection with our
University Towers Acquisition. |
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DESCRIPTION OF SECURITIES
General
We were formed under the laws of the State of Maryland. Rights of our stockholders are
governed by the Maryland General Corporation Law, or the MGCL, our charter and our bylaws. The
following is a summary of the certain provisions of our stock. Copies of our charter and bylaws
are incorporated by reference into the exhibits to the registration statement of which this
prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More Information.
Authorized Stock
Our charter provides that we may issue up to 200,000,000 shares of common stock, par value
$0.01 per share, and 50,000,000 shares of preferred stock, par value $0.01 per share. In addition,
our charter provides that our board of directors, without any action by our stockholders, may amend
our charter from time to time to increase or decrease the aggregate number of shares of stock or
the number of shares of stock of any class that we have authority to
issue. As of January 25,
2006, there were 26,411,000 shares of our common stock issued and outstanding (including 186,000
shares of restricted stock) and no shares of preferred stock issued and outstanding.
Common Stock
All shares of our common stock offered hereby are or will be duly authorized, fully paid and
nonassessable. Subject to the preferential rights of any other class or series of stock and to the
provisions of our charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock, holders of shares of our
common stock are entitled to receive distributions on such stock when, as and if authorized by our
board of directors out of funds legally available therefor and declared by us and to share ratably
in our assets legally available for distribution to our stockholders in the event of our
liquidation, dissolution or winding up after payment of or adequate provision for all our known
debts and liabilities, including the preferential rights on dissolution of any class or classes of
preferred stock.
Subject to the provisions of our charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of stock and
except as may otherwise be specified in the terms of any class or series of common stock, each
outstanding share of our common stock entitles the holder to one vote on all matters submitted to a
vote of stockholders, including the election of directors and, except as provided with respect to
any other class or series of stock, the holders of such shares will possess the exclusive voting
power. There is no cumulative voting in the election of our board of directors and directors are
elected by a plurality of votes cast in the election of directors. As a result, the holders of a
majority of the outstanding shares of our common stock can elect all of the directors then standing
for election and the holders of the remaining shares will not be able to elect any directors.
Holders of shares of our common stock have no preference, conversion, exchange, sinking fund,
redemption or appraisal rights and have no preemptive rights to subscribe for any of our
securities. Subject to the provisions of the charter regarding the restrictions on transfer of
stock, shares of our common stock will have equal distribution, liquidation and other rights.
Under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation generally cannot dissolve, amend its charter, merge,
consolidate, transfer all or substantially all of its assets, engage in a statutory share exchange
or engage in similar transactions outside the ordinary course of business unless declared advisable
by the board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of stockholders holding at least
two-thirds of the shares entitled to vote on the matter unless a lesser percentage (but not less
than a majority of all of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter) is set forth in the
corporations charter. However, our charter provides for a lesser percentage for these matters.
Therefore, except for amendments to our charter relating to removal of directors and
notwithstanding any provision of law permitting or requiring any action to be taken or approved by
the affirmative vote of the holders of shares entitled to cast a greater number of votes, any
action will be effective and valid if declared advisable by our board of directors and taken or
approved by the affirmative vote of holders of shares entitled to cast a majority of all the votes
entitled to be cast on the matter. In addition, Maryland law permits a corporation to transfer all
or substantially all of its assets without the approval of the stockholders of the corporation to
one or more persons if all of the equity interests of the person or persons are owned, directly or
indirectly, by the corporation. Maryland law also does not require approval of the
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stockholders of
a parent corporation for a subsidiary to merge or sell all or substantially all of its assets.
Because operating assets may be held by a corporations subsidiaries, as in our situation, this may
mean that a subsidiary of a corporation can transfer all of its assets without a vote of the
corporations stockholders.
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to reclassify any unissued shares of our common
stock into other classes or series of classes of stock and to establish the number of shares in
each class or series and to set the preferences, conversion and other rights, voting powers,
restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications or terms or
conditions of redemption for each such class or series.
Preferred Stock
Our charter authorizes our board of directors to classify any unissued shares of preferred
stock and to reclassify any previously classified but unissued shares of any series. Prior to
issuance of shares of each series of preferred stock, our board of directors is required by the
MGCL and our charter to set the terms, preferences, conversion or other rights, voting powers,
restrictions, limitations as to dividends or other distributions, qualifications and terms or
conditions of redemption for each such series. Thus, our board of directors could authorize the
issuance of shares of preferred stock with terms and conditions that could have the effect of
delaying, deferring or preventing a transaction or a change of control of our company that might
involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest. As
of the date hereof, no shares of preferred stock are outstanding and we have no current plans to
issue any preferred stock.
Power to Increase Authorized Stock and Issue Additional Shares of Our Common Stock and Preferred
Stock
We believe that the power of our board of directors, without stockholder approval, to amend
our charter to increase the aggregate number of shares of stock or the number of shares of stock of
any class or series that we have authority to issue, to issue additional authorized but unissued
shares of our common stock or preferred stock and to classify or reclassify unissued shares of our
common stock or preferred stock and thereafter to cause us to issue such classified or reclassified
shares of stock will provide us with flexibility in structuring possible future financings and
acquisitions and in meeting other needs which might arise. The additional classes or series, as
well as the common stock, will be available for issuance without further action by our
stockholders, unless stockholder consent is required by applicable law or the rules of any stock
exchange or automated quotation system on which our securities may be listed or traded. Although
our board of directors does not intend to do so, it could authorize us to issue a class or series
that could, depending upon the terms of the particular class or series, delay, defer or prevent a
transaction or a change of control of our company that might involve a premium price for our
stockholders or otherwise be in their best interest.
Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer
In order for us to qualify as a REIT under the Code, not more than 50% of the value of the
outstanding shares of our stock may be owned, actually or constructively, by five or fewer
individuals (as defined in the Code to include certain entities) during the last half of a taxable
year (other than the first year for which an election to be a REIT has been made by us). In
addition, if we, or one or more owners (actually or constructively) of 10% or more of us, actually
or constructively owns 10% or more of a tenant of ours (or a tenant of any partnership in which we
are a partner), the rent received by us (either directly or through any such partnership) from such
tenant will not be qualifying income for purposes of the REIT gross income tests of the Code. Our
stock must also be beneficially owned by 100 or more persons during at least 335 days of a taxable
year of 12 months or during a proportionate part of a shorter taxable year (other than the first
year for which an election to be a REIT has been made by us).
Our charter contains restrictions on the ownership and transfer of our stock. The relevant
sections of our charter provide that, subject to the exceptions described below, no person or
persons acting as a group may own, or be deemed to own by virtue of the attribution provisions of
the Code, more than (i) 9.8% of the most restrictive of the number, voting power, or value of
shares of our common stock outstanding or (ii) 9.8% of the most restrictive of the number, voting
power or value of our outstanding stock. We refer to this restriction as the ownership limit.
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The ownership attribution rules under the Code are complex and may cause stock owned actually
or constructively by a group of related individuals and/or entities to be owned constructively by
one individual or entity. As a result, the acquisition of less than 9.8% of our common stock (or
the acquisition of an interest in an entity that owns, actually or constructively, our common
stock) by an individual or entity, could, nevertheless cause that individual or entity, or another
individual or entity, to own constructively in excess of 9.8% of our outstanding common stock and
thereby subject the common stock to the ownership limit.
Our board of directors may, in its sole discretion, waive the ownership limit with respect to
one or more stockholders who would not be treated as individuals for purposes of the Code if it
obtains such representations and undertakings as are reasonably necessary to ascertain that no
individuals beneficial or constructive ownership of shares of our stock will violate the ownership
limit and such stockholders do not and represent that they will not own, actually or
constructively, an interest in any tenant of ours (or a tenant of any entity owned or controlled by
us) that would cause us to own, actually or constructively, more than a 9.9% interest in such
tenant. Such stockholders must also agree that any violation or attempted violation of these
restrictions will result in the automatic transfer of the shares of stock causing the violation to
a charitable trust.
As a condition of our waiver, our board of directors may require an opinion of counsel or IRS
ruling satisfactory to our board of directors, and/or representations or undertakings from the
applicant with respect to preserving our REIT status.
In connection with the waiver of the ownership limit or at any other time, our board of
directors may decrease the ownership limit for all other persons and entities. The decreased
ownership limit will not be effective for any person or entity whose percentage ownership in our
stock is in excess of such decreased ownership limit until such time as such person or entitys
percentage of our stock equals or falls below the decreased ownership limit, but any further
acquisition of our stock in excess of such percentage ownership of our stock will be in violation
of the ownership limit. Additionally, the new ownership limit may not allow five or fewer
individuals (as defined for purposes of the REIT ownership restrictions under the Code) to
beneficially own more than 49.9% of the value of our outstanding stock.
Our charter further prohibits:
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any person from actually or constructively owning shares of our stock that would
result in us being closely held under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise cause
us to fail to qualify as a REIT; and |
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any person from transferring shares of our stock if such
transfer would result in shares of our stock being beneficially owned by fewer than 100 persons (determined
without reference to any rules of attribution). |
Any person who acquires or attempts or intends to acquire beneficial or constructive ownership
of shares of our common stock that will or may violate any of the foregoing restrictions on
transferability and ownership will be required to give notice immediately to us and provide us with
such other information as we may request in order to determine the effect of such transfer on our
status as a REIT. The foregoing provisions on transferability and ownership will not apply if our
board of directors determines that it is no longer in our best interests to attempt to qualify, or
to continue to qualify, as a REIT.
Pursuant to our charter, any attempted transfer of our stock which, if effective, would result
in our stock being owned by fewer than 100 persons will be null and void. In addition, if any
purported transfer of our stock or any other event would result in any person violating the
ownership limit or our being closely held under Section 856(h) of the Code or otherwise failing
to qualify as a REIT, then the number of shares in excess of the ownership limit or causing the
violation (rounded to the nearest whole share) will be automatically transferred to, and held by, a
trust for the exclusive benefit of one or more charitable organizations selected by us. However,
in the event that the transfer to the trust would not be effective for any reason to prevent the
violation, then any such purported transfer will be void and of no force or effect with respect to
the purported transferee or owner (collectively referred to hereinafter as the purported owner)
as to the number of shares in excess of the ownership
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limit or causing the violation. The trustee
of the trust will be designated by us and must be unaffiliated with us and with any purported
owner. The automatic transfer will be effective as of the close of business on the business day
prior to the date of the violative transfer or other event that results in a transfer to the trust.
The purported owner will have no rights to the shares held by the trustee. Any dividend or other
distribution paid to the purported owner, prior to our discovery that the shares had been
automatically transferred to a trust as described above, must be repaid to the trustee upon demand
for distribution to the charitable beneficiary of the trust and all dividends and other
distributions paid by us with respect to such excess shares prior to the sale by the trustee of
such shares shall be paid to the trustee for the beneficiary.
Subject to Maryland law, effective as of the date that such excess shares have been
transferred to the trust, the trustee shall have the authority (at the trustees sole discretion
and subject to applicable law) (i) to rescind as void any vote cast by a purported owner prior to
our discovery that such shares have been transferred to the trust and (ii) to recast such vote in
accordance with the desires of the trustee acting for the benefit of the beneficiary of the trust,
provided that if we have already taken irreversible action, then the trustee shall not have the
authority to rescind and recast such vote.
Shares of our stock transferred to the trustee are deemed offered for sale to us, or our
designee, at a price per share equal to the lesser of (i) the price paid by the purported owner for
the shares (or, if the event that resulted in the transfer to the trust did not involve a purchase
of such shares of our stock at market price, the market price on the day of the event that resulted
in the transfer of such shares of our stock to the trust) and (ii) the market price on the date we,
or our designee, accepts such offer. We have the right to accept such offer until the trustee has
sold the shares of our stock held in the trust pursuant to the clauses discussed below. Upon a
sale to us, the interest of the charitable beneficiary in the shares sold terminates and the
trustee must distribute the net proceeds of the sale to the purported owner and any dividends or
other distributions held by the trustee with respect to such stock will be paid to the charitable
beneficiary.
If we do not buy the shares, the trustee must, within 20 days of receiving notice from us of
the transfer of shares to the trust, sell the shares to a person or entity designated by the
trustee who could own the shares without violating the ownership limits or other restrictions.
After that, the trustee must distribute to the purported owner an amount equal to the lesser of (i)
the net price paid by the purported owner for the shares (or, if the event that resulted in the
transfer to the trust did not involve a purchase of such shares at market price, the market price
on the day of the event that resulted in the transfer of such shares of our stock to the trust) and
(ii) the net sales proceeds received by the trust for the shares. Any proceeds in excess of the
amount distributable to the purported owner will be distributed to the charitable beneficiary.
All persons who own, directly or by virtue of the attribution provisions of the Code, more
than 5% (or such other percentage as provided in the regulations promulgated under the Code) of our
outstanding stock must give written notice to us within 30 days after the end of each taxable year.
In addition, each stockholder will, upon demand, be required to disclose to us in writing such
information with respect to the direct, indirect and constructive ownership of shares of our stock
as our board of directors deems reasonably necessary to comply with the provisions of the Code
applicable to a REIT, to comply with the requirements or any taxing authority or governmental
agency or to determine any such compliance.
All certificates representing shares of our stock bear a legend referring to the restrictions
described above.
These ownership limits could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of
our company that might involve a premium price over the then prevailing market price for the
holders of some, or a majority, of our outstanding shares of common stock or which such holders
might believe to be otherwise in their best interest.
Transfer Agent and Registrar
The transfer agent and registrar for our common stock and preferred stock is SunTrust Bank.
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CERTAIN PROVISIONS OF MARYLAND LAW AND OF OUR CHARTER AND BYLAWS
The following is a summary of certain provisions of Maryland law and of our charter and
bylaws. Copies of our charter and bylaws are incorporated by reference into the exhibits to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part. See Where You Can Find More
Information.
The Board of Directors
Our bylaws provide that the number of directors of our company may be established by our board
of directors but may not be fewer than the minimum number permitted under the MGCL (generally, one)
nor more than 15. Any vacancy may be filled, at any regular meeting or at any special meeting
called for that purpose, only by a majority of the remaining directors, even if the remaining
directors do not constitute a quorum, and any director elected to fill a vacancy will serve for the
remainder of the full term of the directorship in which such vacancy occurred.
Pursuant to our charter, each member of our board of directors will serve one year terms, with
each current director serving until the 2006 annual meeting of stockholders and until their
respective successors are duly elected and qualify. Holders of shares of our common stock will
have no right to cumulative voting in the election of directors and directors are elected by a
plurality of votes cast in the election of directors. Consequently, at each annual meeting of
stockholders at which our board of directors is elected, the holders of a majority of the shares of
our common stock will be able to elect all of the members of our board of directors. Moreover, our
charter permits our stockholders to remove a director but only for cause and then only upon the
affirmative vote of a majority of the shares of our common stock entitled to vote on any such
proposal.
Business Combinations
Maryland law prohibits business combinations between a corporation and an interested
stockholder or an affiliate of an interested stockholder for five years after the most recent date
on which the interested stockholder becomes an interested stockholder. These business combinations
include a merger, consolidation, statutory share exchange, or, in circumstances specified in the
statute, certain transfers of assets, certain stock issuances and transfers, liquidation plans and
reclassifications involving interested stockholders and their affiliates. Maryland law defines an
interested stockholder as:
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any person who beneficially owns 10% or more of the voting power of our voting
stock; or |
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an affiliate or associate of the corporation who, at any time within the two-year
period prior to the date in question, was the beneficial owner of 10% or more of the
voting power of the then-outstanding voting stock of the corporation. |
A person is not an interested stockholder if the board of directors approves in advance the
transaction by which the person otherwise would have become an interested stockholder. However, in
approving the transaction, the board of directors may provide that its approval is subject to
compliance, at or after the time of approval, with any terms and conditions determined by the board
of directors.
After the five year prohibition, any business combination between a corporation and an
interested stockholder generally must be recommended by the board of directors and approved by the
affirmative vote of at least:
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80% of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the then outstanding shares of
common stock; and |
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two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast by holders of the common stock other
than shares held by the interested stockholder with whom or with whose affiliate the
business combination is to be effected or shares held by an affiliate or associate of
the interested stockholder. |
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These super-majority vote requirements do not apply if the common stockholders receive a
minimum price, as defined under Maryland law, for their shares in the form of cash or other
consideration in the same form as previously paid by the interested stockholder for its shares.
The statute permits various exemptions from its provisions, including business combinations
that are approved by the board of directors before the time that the interested stockholder becomes
an interested stockholder.
Our board of directors has by resolution excluded business combinations between the
corporation and our officers and directors from these provisions of the MGCL and, consequently, the
five-year prohibition and the super-majority vote requirements will not apply to business
combinations between us and any of our officers and directors unless our board later resolves to do
so. We believe that our ownership restrictions will substantially reduce the risk that a
stockholder would become an interested stockholder within the meaning of the Maryland business
combination statute.
Control Share Acquisitions
The MGCL provides that control shares of a Maryland corporation acquired in a control share
acquisition have no voting rights except to the extent approved at a special meeting by the
affirmative vote of two-thirds of the votes entitled to be cast on the matter, excluding shares of
stock in a corporation in respect of which any of the following persons is entitled to exercise or
direct the exercise of the voting power of shares of stock of the corporation in the election of
directors: (i) a person who makes or proposes to make a control share acquisition, (ii) an officer
of the corporation or (iii) an employee of the corporation who is also a director of the
corporation. Control shares are voting shares of stock which, if aggregated with all other such
shares of stock previously acquired by the acquiror or in respect of which the acquiror is able to
exercise or direct the exercise of voting power (except solely by virtue of a revocable proxy),
would entitle the acquiror to exercise voting power in electing directors within one of the
following ranges of voting power: (i) one-tenth or more but less than one-third, (ii) one-third or
more but less than a majority, or (iii) a majority or more of all voting power. Control shares do
not include shares the acquiring person is then entitled to vote as a result of having previously
obtained stockholder approval. A control share acquisition means the acquisition of control
shares, subject to certain exceptions.
A person who has made or proposes to make a control share acquisition, upon satisfaction of
certain conditions (including an undertaking to pay expenses), may compel our board of directors to
call a special meeting of stockholders to be held within 50 days of demand to consider the voting
rights of the shares. If no request for a meeting is made, the corporation may itself present the
question at any stockholders meeting.
If voting rights are not approved at the meeting or if the acquiring person does not deliver
an acquiring person statement as required by the statute, then, subject to certain conditions and
limitations, the corporation may redeem any or all of the control shares (except those for which
voting rights have previously been approved) for fair value determined, without regard to the
absence of voting rights for the control shares, as of the date of the last control share
acquisition by the acquiror or of any meeting of stockholders at which the voting rights of such
shares are considered and not approved. If voting rights for control shares are approved at a
stockholders meeting and the acquiror becomes entitled to vote a majority of the shares entitled to
vote, all other stockholders may exercise appraisal rights. The fair value of the shares as
determined for purposes of such appraisal rights may not be less than the highest price per share
paid by the acquiror in the control share acquisition.
The control share acquisition statute does not apply (a) to shares acquired in a merger,
consolidation or share exchange if the corporation is a party to the transaction or (b) to
acquisitions approved or exempted by the charter or bylaws of the corporation.
Our bylaws contain a provision exempting from the control share acquisition statute any and
all acquisitions by any person of our stock and, consequently, the applicability of the control
share acquisitions unless we later amend our bylaws to modify or eliminate this provision.
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Subtitle 8
Subtitle 8 of Title 3 of the MGCL permits a Maryland corporation with a class of equity
securities registered under the Exchange Act and at least three independent directors to elect to
be subject, by provision in its charter or bylaws or a resolution of its board of directors and
notwithstanding any contrary provision in the charter or bylaws, to any or all of five provisions:
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a classified board; |
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a two-thirds vote requirement for removing a director; |
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a requirement that the number of directors be fixed only by vote of the directors; |
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a requirement that a vacancy on the board be filled only by the remaining directors
and for the remainder of the full term of the class of directors in which the vacancy
occurred; and |
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a majority requirement for the calling by stockholders of a special meeting of
stockholders. |
Through provisions in our charter and bylaws unrelated to Subtitle 8, we already (a) vest in
the board the exclusive power to fix the number of directorships and (b) require, unless called by
our chairman of the board, our president, our chief executive officer or the board, the request of
holders of a majority of outstanding shares to call a special meeting. We have elected to be
subject to the provisions of Subtitle 8 relating to the filling of vacancies on the board.
Amendment to Our Charter
Our charter may be amended only if declared advisable by the board of directors and approved
by the affirmative vote of the holders of at least a majority of all of the votes entitled to be
cast on the matter, other than amendments to provisions relating to the removal of directors, which
must be declared advisable by our board of directors and approved by the affirmative vote of
two-thirds of all the votes entitled to be cast on the matter.
Dissolution of Our Company
The dissolution of our company must be declared advisable by the board of directors and
approved by the affirmative vote of the holders of not less than a majority of all of the votes
entitled to be cast on the matter.
Advance Notice of Director Nominations and New Business
Our bylaws provide that:
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with respect to an annual meeting of stockholders, the only business to be
considered and the only proposals to be acted upon will be those properly brought
before the annual meeting: |
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pursuant to our notice of the meeting; |
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by, or at the direction of, a majority of our board of directors; or |
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by a stockholder who is a stockholder of record both at the time of
giving of notice and at the time of the special meeting and has complied with the
advance notice procedures set forth in our bylaws; |
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with respect to special meetings of stockholders, only the business specified in our
Companys notice of meeting may be brought before the meeting of stockholders, unless
otherwise provided by law; and |
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nominations of individuals for election to our board of directors at any annual or
special meeting of stockholders may be made only: |
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by, or at the direction of, our board of directors; or |
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by a stockholder who is a stockholder of record both at the time of
giving of notice and at the time of the special meeting and has complied with the
advance notice provisions set forth in our bylaws, provided that our board of
directors has determined that directors shall be elected at such meeting. |
Effect of Certain Provisions of Maryland Law and of Our Charter and Bylaws
The business combination provisions of the MGCL, the provisions of our charter regarding the
restrictions on ownership and transfer of our stock and the advance notice provisions of our bylaws
could delay, defer or prevent a transaction or a change of control of our company that might
involve a premium price for holders of our common stock or otherwise be in their best interest.
Likewise, if our board of directors resolves to avail any of the provisions of Subtitle 8 of Title
3 of the MGCL not currently applicable to us or if the provision in the bylaws opting out of the
control share acquisition provisions of the MGCL were rescinded, these provisions of the MGCL could
have similar effects.
Indemnification and Limitation of Directors and Officers Liability
Maryland law permits us to include in our charter a provision limiting the liability of our
directors and officers to us and our stockholders for money damages, except for liability resulting
from (i) actual receipt of an improper benefit or profit in money, property or services or (ii)
active and deliberate dishonesty established by a final judgment and material to the cause of
action. Our charter contains a provision that eliminates directors and officers liability to the
maximum extent permitted by Maryland law.
The MGCL requires a corporation (unless its charter provides otherwise, which our charter does
not) to indemnify a director or officer who has been successful, on the merits or otherwise, in the
defense of any proceeding to which he or she is made, or threatened to be made, a party by reason
of his or her service in that capacity. The MGCL permits a corporation to indemnify its present
and former directors and officers, among others, against judgments, penalties, fines, settlements
and reasonable expenses actually incurred by them in connection with any proceeding to which they
may be made a party by reason of their service in those or other capacities unless it is
established that:
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an act or omission of the director or officer was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding and: |
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was committed in bad faith; or |
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was the result of active and deliberate dishonesty; |
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the director or officer actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the director or officer had reasonable cause
to believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
However, under the MGCL, a Maryland corporation may not, and our company will not, indemnify
for an adverse judgment in a suit by or in the right of the corporation or for a judgment of
liability on the basis that personal benefit was improperly received, unless in either case a court
orders indemnification and then only for expenses.
In addition, the MGCL permits a corporation to, and our company will, advance reasonable
expenses to a director or officer upon the corporations receipt of:
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a written affirmation by the director or officer of his or her good faith belief
that he or she has met the standard of conduct necessary for indemnification by the
corporation; and |
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a written undertaking by the director or officer or on the directors or officers
behalf to repay the amount paid or reimbursed by the corporation if it is ultimately
determined that the director or officer did not meet the standard of conduct. |
Our charter authorizes us to obligate our Company and our bylaws obligate us, to the fullest
extent permitted by Maryland law, to indemnify and, without requiring a preliminary determination
of the ultimate entitlement to indemnification, pay or reimburse reasonable expenses in advance of
final disposition of a proceeding to:
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any present or former director or officer who is made, or threatened to be made, a
party to the proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity; or |
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any individual who, while a director or officer of our Company and at our request,
serves or has served another corporation, real estate investment trust, partnership,
joint venture, trust, employee benefit plan or any other enterprise as a director,
officer, partner or trustee and who is made, or threatened to be made, a party to the
proceeding by reason of his or her service in that capacity. |
Our bylaws also permit us to indemnify and advance expenses to any person who served a
predecessor of ours in any of the capacities described above and to any employee or agent of our
company or a predecessor of our company.
We entered into indemnification agreements with each of our executive officers and directors
whereby we indemnify such executive officers and directors to the fullest extent permitted by
Maryland law against all expenses and liabilities, subject to limited exceptions. These
indemnification agreements also provide that upon an application for indemnity by an executive
officer or director to a court of appropriate jurisdiction, such court may order us to indemnify
such executive officer or director.
Insofar as the foregoing provisions permit indemnification of directors, officers or persons
controlling us for liability arising under the Securities Act, the Securities and Exchange
Commission has indicated that this indemnification is against public policy as expressed in the
Securities Act and is therefore unenforceable.
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PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT OF EDUCATION REALTY OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, LP
We have summarized the material terms and provisions of the Amended and Restated Agreement of
Limited Partnership of Education Realty Operating Partnership, LP, which we refer to as the
operating partnership agreement. For more detail, you should refer to the operating partnership
agreement itself, a copy of which is incorporated by reference into the exhibits to the
registration statement of which this prospectus is a part.
Management of Our Operating Partnership
Our operating partnership, Education Realty Operating Partnership, LP, is a Delaware limited
partnership that was formed on July 12, 2004. A corporation that
is wholly-owned by us is the sole general partner of our operating partnership. We conduct substantially all
of our business in or through our operating partnership. Through our ownership and control of the
sole general partner of our operating partnership, we exercise exclusive and complete
responsibility and discretion in the day-to-day management and control of our operating
partnership. We have the power to cause our operating partnership to enter into certain major
transactions, including acquisitions, dispositions and refinancings, subject to certain limited
exceptions. The limited partners of our operating partnership may not transact business for, or
participate in the management activities or decisions of, our operating partnership, except as
provided in the operating partnership agreement and as required by applicable law. Certain
restrictions under the operating partnership agreement restrict our ability to engage in a business
combination, as more fully described in Termination Transactions below.
Under the terms of the operating partnership agreement, the limited partners of our operating
partnership expressly acknowledge that the general partner of our operating partnership is acting
for the benefit of our operating partnership, the limited partners and our stockholders
collectively. We are under no obligation to give priority to the separate interests of the limited
partners or our stockholders in deciding whether to cause our operating partnership to take or
decline to take any actions. If there is a conflict between the interests of our stockholders on
one hand and the limited partners on the other, we will endeavor in good faith to resolve the
conflict in a manner not adverse to either our stockholders or the limited partners. However, for
so long as we own a controlling interest in our operating partnership, any conflict that cannot be
resolved in a manner not adverse to either our stockholders or the limited partners shall be
resolved in favor of our stockholders. We are not liable under the operating partnership agreement
to our operating partnership or to any partner for monetary damages for losses sustained,
liabilities incurred, or benefits not derived by limited partners in connection with such
decisions, provided that we have acted in good faith.
All of our business activities, including all activities pertaining to the acquisition and
operation of properties, must be conducted through our operating partnership, and our operating
partnership must be operated in a manner that will enable us to satisfy the requirements for being
classified as a REIT.
Transferability of Interests
Except in connection with a transfer to an affiliate of the general partner or a transaction
described in Termination Transactions below, the general partner of the operating partnership
may not voluntarily withdraw from the operating partnership, or transfer or assign all or any
portion of our interest in our operating partnership.
Amendments of the Partnership Agreement
Amendments to the operating partnership agreement may be proposed by us, through the general
partner, or by limited partners owning at least 25% of the units held by limited partners.
Generally, the operating partnership agreement may be amended, modified or terminated with the
approval of partners holding more than 50% of all outstanding units (including the units held by us
as general partner). Through the general partner, we will have the power to unilaterally make
certain amendments to the operating partnership agreement without obtaining the consent of the
limited partners as may be required to:
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reflect the issuance of additional units or the admission, substitution, termination
or withdrawal of partners in accordance with the terms of the operating partnership
agreement; |
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reflect a change of an inconsequential nature that does not change the substance of
the agreement, or cure any ambiguity, correct or supplement any provisions of the
operating partnership agreement not inconsistent with law or with other provisions of the operating partnership agreement, or make other
changes concerning matters under the operating partnership agreement that will not
otherwise be inconsistent with the operating partnership agreement or law; |
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satisfy any requirements, conditions or guidelines of federal or state law; |
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reflect changes that are reasonably necessary for us, as general partner, to maintain our status as a REIT; or |
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modify the manner in which capital accounts are computed. |
Amendments that would, among other things, convert a limited partners interest into a general
partners interest, modify the limited liability of a limited partner, alter a partners right to
receive any distributions or allocations of profits or losses, or materially alter or modify the
redemption rights described below must be approved by more than 50% of all outstanding units.
Distributions to Unitholders
The operating partnership agreement provides that holders of units are entitled to receive
quarterly distributions of available cash as determined by us through the general partner, in our
sole discretion.
Redemption/Exchange Rights
Limited partners of our operating partnership have the right to require our operating
partnership to redeem part or all of their units for cash based upon the fair market value of an
equivalent number of shares of our common stock at the time of the redemption. No limited partner,
however, may require any redemption until such limited partner has held its units for not less than
one year. Alternatively, we may elect to acquire those units in exchange for shares of our common
stock. Our acquisition will generally be on a one-for-one basis, subject to adjustment in the
event of stock splits, stock dividends, issuance of stock rights, specified extraordinary
distributions and similar events. Limited partners who hold units may exercise this redemption
right once per calendar quarter, a minimum of 1,000 units (or all units owned if less than 1,000
units), at any time following the one-year anniversary of such limited partners acquisition of its
units, except when, as a consequence of shares of our common stock being issued, any persons
actual or constructive stock ownership would exceed our ownership limits, or any other limit as
provided in our charter or as otherwise determined by our board of directors as described under the
section entitled Description of Securities Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
Tax Matters
Through our control of the general partner, we have authority to make tax elections under the
Code on behalf of our operating partnership. In addition, the general partner is the tax matters
partner of our operating partnership.
Allocations of Net Income and Net Losses to Partners
The net income or net loss of our operating partnership will generally be allocated to us,
through our ownership of the general partner and any other operating partnership units that we
directly or indirectly hold, and the limited partners in accordance with our respective percentage
interests in our operating partnership. However, in some cases losses may be disproportionately
allocated to partners who have guaranteed debt of our operating partnership. The allocations
described above are subject to special allocations relating to
depreciation deductions
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and to
compliance with the provisions of Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the Code and the associated
Treasury Regulations.
Termination Transactions
The operating partnership agreement provides that neither the general partner, us, nor any of our
subsidiaries may engage in any merger, consolidation or other combination with or into another
person or entity, any sale of all or substantially all of our assets or any reclassification or any
recapitalization or change in outstanding shares of our common stock (a termination transaction),
unless in connection with a termination transaction either:
(i) all limited partners will receive, or have
the right to elect to receive, for each unit an
amount of cash, securities, or other property
equal to the product of:
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the number of shares of our companys common stock into which each unit is then exchangeable; and |
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the greatest amount of cash, securities or other property paid to the holder of one share of our
companys common stock in consideration of one share of our common stock pursuant to the termination
transaction; |
provided that, if, in connection with a termination transaction, a purchase, tender or exchange
offer is made to and accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of our
common stock, each holder of operating partnership units will receive, or will have the right to
elect to receive, the greatest amount of cash, securities, or other property which such holder
would have received had it exercised its redemption right and received shares of our common stock
in exchange for the holders units immediately prior to the expiration of such purchase, tender or
exchange offer and accepted such purchase, tender or exchange offer; or
(ii) the following conditions are met:
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substantially all of the assets of the
successor or surviving entity, which we
refer to as the Surviving Partner,
other than units held by us, are
contributed to our operating partnership
as a capital contribution in exchange for
units with a fair market value equal to
the value of the assets so contributed as
determined by the Surviving Partner in
good faith; and |
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the Surviving Partner or one of its
subsidiaries expressly agrees to assume
all of our obligations under the
operating partnership agreement. |
Operations
The operating partnership agreement provides that we, through our control of the general
partner, will determine and distribute all cash flow, which includes the net operating cash
revenues of our operating partnership, quarterly, pro rata in accordance with the partners
percentage interests and will distribute all disposition proceeds, which consist of net sale and
refinancing proceeds, in accordance with the partners capital account balances. The operating
partnership agreement also provides that our operating partnership will assume and pay when due, or
reimburse us for payment of, all costs and expenses relating to the operations of, or for the
benefit of, our operating partnership.
Term
Our operating partnership will continue in full force and effect until it is dissolved in
accordance with the terms of the operating partnership agreement or as otherwise provided by law.
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Indemnification and Limitation of Liability
To the extent permitted by applicable law, the operating partnership agreement indemnifies us,
the general partner, and the general partners and our officers, directors, employees, agents and
any other persons we may designate from and against any and all claims arising from operations of
our operating partnership in which any indemnitee may be involved, or is threatened to be involved,
as a party or otherwise, unless it is established that:
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the act or omission of the indemnitee was material to the matter giving rise to the
proceeding and either was committed in bad faith or fraud or was the result of active
and deliberate dishonesty; |
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the indemnitee actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or
services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the indemnitee had reasonable cause to
believe that the act or omission was unlawful. |
In any event, we and our officers, directors, agents or employees, are not liable or
accountable to our operating partnership for losses sustained, liabilities incurred or benefits not
derived as a result of errors in judgment or mistakes of fact or law or any act or omission so long
as we acted in good faith.
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PARTNERSHIP AGREEMENT OF UNIVERSITY TOWERS OPERATING PARTNERSHIP, LP
We have summarized the material terms and provisions of the Amended and Restated Agreement of
Limited Partnership of University Towers Operating Partnership, LP, which we refer to as our
University Towers Partnership Agreement. For more detail, you should refer to the University
Towers Partnership Agreement itself, a copy of which is filed as an exhibit to the registration
statement of which this prospectus is a part. For purposes of this section, references to we,
our, us and our Company refer to Education Realty Trust, Inc.
Management of the University Towers Partnership
University Towers Operating Partnership LP is a Delaware limited partnership that was formed
on September 1, 2004. A limited liability company controlled by our operating partnership is the
sole general partner of our University Towers partnership, and we effectively exercise exclusive
and complete responsibility and discretion in the day-to-day management and control of our
University Towers partnership. We have the power to cause our University Towers partnership to
enter into certain major transactions, including acquisitions, dispositions and refinancings,
subject to certain limited exceptions. The limited partners of our University Towers partnership
may not transact business for, or participate in the management activities or decisions of, our
University Towers partnership, except as provided in the University Towers Partnership Agreement
and as required by applicable law. Certain restrictions under the University Towers Partnership
Agreement restrict our ability to engage in a business combination, as more fully described in
Termination transactions below.
Under the terms of the University Towers Partnership Agreement, the limited partners of our
University Towers partnership expressly acknowledge that the general partner of our University
Towers partnership is acting for the benefit of our University Towers partnership, the limited
partners and our stockholders collectively. The general partner is under no obligation to give
priority to the separate interests of the limited partners or our stockholders in deciding whether
to cause our University Towers partnership to take or decline to take any actions. If there is a
conflict between the interests of our stockholders on one hand and the limited partners on the
other, the general partner will endeavor in good faith to resolve the conflict in a manner not
adverse to either our stockholders or the limited partners; provided, however, that any conflict
that cannot be resolved in a manner not adverse to either our stockholders or the limited partners
shall be resolved in favor of our stockholders. Neither us or our operating partnership are
liable under the University Towers Partnership Agreement to our University Towers partnership or to
any partner for monetary damages for losses sustained, liabilities incurred, or benefits not
derived by limited partners in connection with such decisions, provided that the general partner
has acted in good faith.
The University Towers partnership may not conduct any business or activities other than to
own, operate, improve, finance, lease, sell, exchange, dispose of, or otherwise deal with the
University Towers property or any entity that directly or indirectly holds the University Towers
property.
Transferability of Interests
Except in connection with a transfer to an affiliate of the general partner or a transaction
described in Termination transactions below, the general partner may not voluntarily withdraw
from our University Towers partnership, or transfer or assign all or any portion of its interest in
our University Towers partnership.
Amendments of the Partnership Agreement
Generally, the University Towers Partnership Agreement may be amended, modified or terminated
with the approval of partners holding more than 50% of all outstanding units (including the units
held by our operating partnership and the general partner). The general partner will have the power
to unilaterally make certain amendments to the University Towers Partnership Agreement without
obtaining the consent of the limited partners as may be required to:
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reflect the issuance of additional units or the admission, substitution,
termination or withdrawal of partners in accordance with the terms of the
University Towers Partnership Agreement; |
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reflect a change of an inconsequential nature that does not change the
substance of the agreement, or cure any ambiguity, correct or supplement
any provisions of the University Towers Partnership Agreement not
inconsistent with law or with other provisions of the University Towers
Partnership Agreement, or make other changes concerning matters under the
University Towers Partnership Agreement that will not otherwise be
inconsistent with the University Towers Partnership Agreement or law; |
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satisfy any requirements, conditions or guidelines of federal or state law; |
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reflect changes that are reasonably necessary for us, as general partner,
to maintain our status as a REIT; or |
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modify the manner in which capital accounts are computed. |
Amendments that would, among other things, convert a limited partners interest into a general
partners interest, modify the limited liability of a limited partner, alter a partners right to
receive any distributions or allocations of profits or losses, or materially alter or modify the
redemption rights described below must be approved by more than 50% of all outstanding units.
Distributions to Unitholders
The University Towers Partnership Agreement provides that holders of units are entitled to
receive quarterly distributions of available cash as determined by us, the general partner, in our
sole discretion.
Redemption/Exchange Rights
Limited partners who acquire units have the right to require our University Towers partnership
to redeem part or all of their units for cash based upon the fair market value of an equivalent
number of shares of our common stock at the time of the redemption. No limited partner, however,
may require any redemption until such limited partner has held its units for not less than one
year. Alternatively, we may elect to acquire those units in exchange for shares of our common
stock. Our acquisition will be on a one-for-one basis, subject to adjustment in the event of stock
splits, stock dividends, issuance of stock rights, specified extraordinary distributions and
similar events. Limited partners who hold units may exercise this redemption right once per
calendar quarter, for a minimum of 1,000 units (or all units owned if less than 1,000 units), at any
time on or following the one-year anniversary of such limited partners acquisition of such units,
except when, as a consequence of shares of our common stock being issued, any persons actual or
constructive stock ownership would exceed our ownership limits, or any other limit as provided in
our Charter or as otherwise determined by our board of directors as described under the section
entitled Description of SecuritiesRestrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
Melton E. Valentine, Jr., an owner of limited partnership units of our University Towers
partnership and who is not an affiliate of our company, will have the right to demand a special
distribution of a 50% undivided interest in the University Towers land and parking garage from our
University Towers partnership within a specified period of time following the date that the lender
of the current indebtedness on the University Towers property consents to such distribution or at such time that the
current indebtedness on the University Towers property is paid in full. If Mr. Valentine demands
such distribution, then he will have to surrender a specified number of his University Towers
limited partnership units in consideration for such distribution. The number of University Towers
limited partnership units required to be surrendered by Mr. Valentine is based on the appraised
value of the distributed property that was determined prior to the closing of our initial public
offering divided by the trading price of the shares of our common stock as of the date of such
distribution.
Issuance of Additional Units, Common Stock or Convertible Securities
The general partner has the ability, without the consent of the other limited partners, to
cause our University Towers partnership to issue additional units representing general and limited
partnership interests. These additional units may include preferred
limited partnership units of our University Towers partnership.
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Tax Matters
The general partner has authority to make tax elections under the Code on behalf of our
University Towers partnership. In addition, the general partner is the tax matters partner of our
University Towers partnership.
Allocations of Net Income and Net Losses to Partners
The net income or net loss of our University Towers partnership generally will be allocated to
the general partner (any such amounts ultimately being allocated to us) and the limited partners
(including our operating partnership which will result in any such amount allocated to the
operating partnership ultimately being allocated to us) in accordance with our respective
percentage interests in our University Towers partnership. However, in some cases losses may be
disproportionately allocated to partners who have guaranteed debt of our University Towers
partnership. The allocations described above are subject to special allocations relating to
depreciation deductions and to compliance with the provisions of Sections 704(b) and 704(c) of the
Code and the associated Treasury Regulations.
Operations
The University Towers Partnership Agreement provides that the general partner will determine
and distribute all available cash, which includes, without limitation, the net operating cash
revenues of our University Towers partnership, as well as the net sales and refinancing proceeds,
quarterly, pro rata in accordance with the partners percentage interests.
The University Towers Partnership Agreement provides that our University Towers partnership will
assume and pay when due, or reimburse us for payment of, all costs and expenses relating to the
operations of, or for the benefit of, our University Towers partnership.
Termination Transactions
The University Towers Partnership Agreement provides that our Company may not engage in any
merger, consolidation or other combination with or into another person, any sale of all or
substantially all of our assets or any reclassification or any recapitalization or change in
outstanding shares of our common stock (a termination transaction), unless in connection with a
termination transaction either:
(i) all limited partners of University Towers partnership will receive, or have the right to elect to
receive, for each unit an amount of cash, securities, or other property equal to the product of:
(A) the number of shares of our common stock into which each unit is then exchangeable; and
(B) the greatest amount of cash, securities or other property paid to the holder of one
share of our common stock in consideration of one share of our common stock pursuant to
the termination transaction,
provided that, if, in connection with a termination transaction, a purchase, tender or exchange
offer is made to and accepted by the holders of more than 50% of the outstanding shares of our
common stock, each holder of units will receive, or will have the right to elect to receive, the
greatest amount of cash, securities, or other property which such holder would have received had it
exercised its redemption right and received shares of our common stock in exchange for its units
immediately prior to the expiration of such purchase, tender or exchange offer and accepted such
purchase, tender or exchange offer; or
(ii) the following conditions are met:
(A) substantially all of the assets of the successor
or surviving entity, which we refer to as the
Surviving Partner, other than our operating
partnership units held by us, are contributed to the
operating partnership as a capital contribution in
exchange for units with a fair market
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value equal to
the value of the assets so contributed as determined
by the Surviving Partner in good faith; and
(B) the Surviving Partner or one of its subsidiaries
expressly agrees to assume all of our obligations
under the University Towers Partnership Agreement.
Term
The University Towers partnership will continue in full force and effect until it is dissolved
in accordance with the terms of the University Towers Partnership Agreement or as otherwise
provided by law.
Indemnification and Limitation of Liability
To the extent permitted by applicable law, the University Towers Partnership Agreement
indemnifies the general partner and our officers, directors, employees, agents and any other
persons we may designate from and against any and all claims arising from operations of our
University Towers partnership in which any indemnitee may be involved, or is threatened to be
involved, as a party or otherwise, unless it is established that:
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the act or omission of the indemnitee was material to the matter giving rise to the proceeding
and either was committed in bad faith or fraud or was the result of active and deliberate
dishonesty; |
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the indemnitee actually received an improper personal benefit in money, property or services; or |
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in the case of any criminal proceeding, the indemnitee had reasonable cause to believe that the
act or omission was unlawful. |
In any event, the general partner of our University Towers partnership, and our officers,
directors, agents or employees, are not liable or accountable to our University Towers partnership
for losses sustained, liabilities incurred or benefits not derived as a result of errors in
judgment or mistakes of fact or law or any act or omission so long as we acted in good faith.
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FEDERAL INCOME TAX CONSIDERATIONS
General
The following is a summary of material federal income tax considerations associated with an
investment in shares of our common stock. This summary does not address all possible tax
considerations that may be material to an investor and does not constitute tax advice. Moreover,
this summary does not deal with all tax aspects that might be relevant to you, as a prospective
stockholder, in light of your personal circumstances. Nor does it deal with particular types of
stockholders that are subject to special treatment under the Code, such as insurance companies,
tax-exempt organizations, persons liable for the alternative minimum tax, persons that hold common
stock as a hedge against interest rate or currency risks or as part of a straddle or conversion
transaction, non-U.S. individuals and foreign corporations (except to the limited extent discussed
below in Special Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Stockholders) or financial institutions or
broker-dealers.
The Code provisions governing the federal income tax treatment of REITs are highly technical
and complex, and this summary is qualified in its entirety by the language of applicable Code
provisions, Treasury Regulations and administrative and judicial interpretations.
We urge you, as a prospective investor, to consult your own tax advisor regarding the specific
tax consequences to you of a purchase of shares, ownership and sale of the shares and of our
election to be taxed as a REIT. These consequences include the federal, state, local, foreign and
other tax consequences of such purchase, ownership, sale and election.
Opinion of Counsel
Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP has acted as our counsel, has reviewed this summary and is of
the opinion that it fairly summarizes the federal income tax considerations addressed that are
material to our stockholders. We intend to elect to qualify to be taxed as a REIT under the Code
for our taxable year ended December 31, 2005. Morris, Manning & Martin has provided us an opinion
that, commencing with our taxable year ended December 31, 2005, we were organized in conformity
with the requirements for qualification and taxation as a REIT under the Code, and our proposed
method of operation will enable us to continue to meet the requirements for qualification and
taxation as a REIT under the Code. In providing its opinion, Morris, Manning & Martin is relying,
as to certain factual matters, upon the statements and representations contained in certificates
provided by us to Morris, Manning & Martin. Moreover, our qualification for taxation as a REIT
depends on our ability to meet the various qualification tests imposed under the Code discussed
below, the results of which will not be reviewed by Morris, Manning & Martin. Accordingly, we
cannot assure you that the actual results of our operations for any one taxable year will satisfy
these requirements. See Risk FactorsFederal Income Tax Risks.
The statements made in this section of the prospectus and in the opinion of Morris, Manning &
Martin are based upon existing law and Treasury Regulations, as currently applicable, currently
published administrative positions of the Internal Revenue Service and judicial decisions, all of
which are subject to change, either prospectively or retroactively. We cannot assure you that any
changes will not modify the conclusions expressed in counsels opinion. Moreover, an opinion of
counsel is not binding on the Internal Revenue Service or any court, and we cannot assure you that
the Internal Revenue Service will not successfully challenge our status as a REIT.
Taxation of Our Company
We plan to make an election to be taxed as a REIT under Sections 856 through 860 of the Code,
effective for our taxable year ended December 31, 2005. We believe that, commencing with such
taxable year, we will be organized and will operate in such a manner as to qualify for taxation as
a REIT under the Code. We intend to continue to operate in such a manner, but no assurance can be
given that we will operate in a manner so as to qualify or remain qualified as a REIT. Pursuant to
our charter, our board of directors has the authority to make any tax elections on our behalf that,
in its sole judgment, are in our best interest. This authority includes the ability to elect not
to qualify as a REIT for federal income tax purposes or, after qualifying as a REIT to revoke or
otherwise terminate our status as a REIT. Our board of directors has the authority under our
charter to make these elections
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without the necessity of obtaining the approval of our
stockholders. In addition, our board of directors has the authority to waive any restrictions and
limitations contained in our charter that are intended to preserve our status as a REIT during any
period in which our board of directors has determined not to pursue or preserve our status as a
REIT.
In 2003, Congress passed major federal tax legislation. One of the changes reduced the tax
rate to individual recipients of dividends paid by corporations to a maximum of 15.0%. REIT
dividends generally do not qualify for this reduced rate. The tax changes did not, however, reduce
the corporate tax rates. Therefore, the maximum effective corporate tax rate of 35.0% has not been
affected. Even with the reduction of the rate on dividends received by individuals, the combined
maximum effective federal tax rate on applicable corporate earnings is 44.75% and with the effect
of state income taxes can exceed 50%. If we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will not
be subject to federal corporate income taxes on that portion of our ordinary income or capital gain
that we distribute currently to our stockholders. Our stockholders, of course, would remain
subject to federal income tax on distributions as described below. See Taxation of U.S.
Stockholders.
Although REITs continue to receive substantially better tax treatment than entities taxed as
corporations, it is possible that future legislation would cause a REIT to be a less advantageous
tax status for companies that invest in real estate, and it could become more advantageous for such
companies to elect to be taxed for federal income tax purposes as a corporation. As a result, our
charter provides our board of directors with the ability, under certain circumstances, to elect not
to qualify us as a REIT or, after we have qualified as a REIT, to revoke or otherwise terminate our
REIT election and cause us to be taxed as a corporation, without the vote of our stockholders. Our
board of directors has fiduciary duties to us and to all investors and could only cause such
changes in our tax treatment if it determines in good faith that such changes are in the best
interest of our stockholders.
If we qualify for taxation as a REIT, we generally will not be subject to federal corporate
income taxes on that portion of our ordinary income or capital gain that we distribute currently to
our stockholders, because the REIT provisions of the Code generally allow a REIT to deduct
distributions paid to its stockholders. This substantially eliminates the federal double
taxation on earnings (taxation at both the corporate level and stockholder level) that usually
results from an investment in a corporation.
Even if we qualify for taxation as a REIT, however, we will be subject to federal income
taxation as follows:
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we will be taxed at regular corporate rates on our undistributed REIT taxable
income, including undistributed net capital gains; |
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under some circumstances, we will be subject to alternative minimum tax; |
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if we have net income from the sale or other disposition of foreclosure property
that is held primarily for sale to customers in the ordinary course of business or
other non-qualifying income from foreclosure property, we will be subject to tax at the
highest corporate rate on that income; |
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if we have net income from prohibited transactions (which are, in general, sales or
other dispositions of property other than foreclosure property held primarily for sale
to customers in the ordinary course of business), our income will be subject to a 100%
tax; |
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if we fail to satisfy either of the 75% or 95% Income Tests (discussed below) but
have nonetheless maintained our qualification as a REIT because applicable conditions
have been met, we will be subject to a 100% tax on an amount equal to (i) the greater
of the amount by which we fail the 75% or 95% Income Test, multiplied by (ii) a
fraction calculated to reflect our profitability; |
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if we fail to distribute during each year at least the sum of (i) 85% of our REIT
ordinary income for the year, (ii) 95% of our REIT capital gain net income for such
year, and (iii) any undistributed taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject
to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the required distribution over the amounts actually
distributed; |
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if we acquire any asset from a C corporation ( i.e. , a corporation generally
subject to corporate-level tax) in which the basis of the asset in our hands is
determined by reference to the basis in the hands of the C corporation transaction and
we subsequently recognize gain on the disposition of the asset during the ten-year
period beginning on the date on which we acquired the asset, then a portion of the
gains may be subject to tax at the highest regular corporate rate, pursuant to
guidelines issued by the Internal Revenue Service; and |
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if we receive non-arms length income from one of our taxable REIT subsidiaries (as
defined below under Requirements for Qualification as a REITOperational
RequirementsAsset Tests), we will be subject to a 100% tax on the amount of our
non-arms length income. |
Taxable REIT Subsidiaries
A taxable REIT subsidiary, or TRS, is any corporation in which a REIT directly or indirectly
owns stock, provided that the REIT and that corporation make a joint election to treat that
corporation as a TRS. The election can be revoked at any time as long as the REIT and the TRS
revoke such election jointly. In addition, if a TRS holds, directly or indirectly, more than 35%
of the securities of any other corporation (by vote or by value), then that other corporation is
also treated as a TRS. A corporation can be a TRS with respect to more than one REIT.
We have made a TRS election for our management company. A limited liability company that has
one owner is not treated as an entity separate from its owner for federal income tax purposes
absent an affirmative election to be taxed as a corporation. Our management company will be the
sole owner of our development company, which is a limited liability company. Additionally, our
development company does not intend to elect to be taxed as a corporation. Accordingly, all
assets, operations and income of our development company will, for federal income tax purposes be
deemed to be owned, carried on or earned by our management company.
A TRS is subject to federal income tax at regular corporate rates (maximum rate of 35%) and
may also be subject to state and local taxation. Any dividends paid or deemed paid by any one of
our TRSs will also be subject to tax, either (i) to us if we do not pay the dividends received to
our stockholders as dividends, or (ii) to our stockholders if we do pay out the dividends received
to our stockholders. Further, the rules impose a 100% excise tax on transactions between a TRS and
its parent REIT or the REITs tenants that are not conducted on an arms length basis. We may hold
more than 10% of the stock of a TRS without jeopardizing our qualification as a REIT
notwithstanding the rule described below under Requirements for Qualification as a
REITOperational RequirementsAsset Tests that generally precludes ownership of more than 10%
(by vote or value) of any issuers securities. However, as noted below, in order for us to qualify
as a REIT, the securities of all of the TRSs in which we have invested either directly or
indirectly may not represent more than 20% of the total value of our assets. We expect that the
aggregate value of all of our interests in TRSs will represent less than 20% of the total value of
our assets, and we intend, to the extent necessary, to limit the activities of our management
company and development company or take other actions necessary to satisfy the 20% value limit. We
cannot, however, assure that we will always satisfy the 20% value limit or that the Internal
Revenue Service will agree with the value we assign to our management company (including the value
of our development company) and any other TRS we own an interest in.
A TRS is not permitted directly or indirectly to operate or manage a lodging facility. A
lodging facility is defined as a hotel, motel or other establishment more than one-half of the
dwelling units in which are used on a transient basis. We have been advised by counsel that our
management company will not be considered to operate or manage a lodging facility. Although our
management company may lease certain of our student housing communities on a short-term basis
during the summer months and occasionally during other times of the year, we have been advised that
such limited short-term leasing will not cause our management company to be considered to directly
or indirectly operate or manage a lodging facility. Counsels opinion is based in part on Treasury
Regulations interpreting similar language applicable to other provisions of the Code. Treasury
Regulations or other guidance specifically adopted for purposes of the TRS provisions might take a
different approach, and, even absent such guidance, the Internal Revenue Service might take a view
contrary to that of counsel. In such an event, we might be forced to change our method of
operating our management company, which could adversely affect us, or could cause our management
company to fail to qualify as a TRS, in which event we could fail to qualify as a REIT.
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We may engage in activities indirectly though a TRS as necessary or convenient to avoid
receiving the benefit of income or services that would jeopardize our REIT status if we engaged in
the activities directly. In particular, we would likely engage in activities through a TRS for
providing services that are non-customary, such as food services, cleaning, transportation,
security and, in some cases, parking and services to unrelated parties (such as our third-party
development and management services) that might produce income that does not qualify under the
gross income tests described below. We might also hold certain properties in our management
company or development company if we determine that the ownership structure of such properties may
produce income that would not qualify for purposes of the REIT income tests described below. We
may also use TRS subsidiaries to satisfy various lending requirements with respect to special
purpose bankruptcy remote entities.
Requirements for Qualification as a REIT
In order for us to qualify, and continue to qualify, as a REIT, we must meet, and we must
continue to meet, the requirements discussed below relating to our organization, sources of income,
nature of assets, distributions of income to our stockholders and recordkeeping.
Organizational Requirements
In order to qualify for taxation as a REIT under the Code, we must:
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be a domestic corporation; |
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elect to be taxed as a REIT and satisfy relevant filing and other administrative requirements; |
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be managed by one or more trustees or directors; |
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have transferable shares; |
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not be a financial institution or an insurance company; |
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use a calendar year for federal income tax purposes; |
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have at least 100 stockholders for at least 335 days of each taxable year of 12 months; |
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not be closely held; and |
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meet certain other tests, described below, regarding the nature of its income and assets. |
As a Maryland corporation, we satisfy the first requirement, and we intend to file an election
to be taxed as a REIT with the Internal Revenue Service. In addition, we are managed by a board of
directors, we have transferable shares and we do not intend to operate as a financial institution
or insurance company. We utilize the calendar year for federal income tax purposes and we are not
closely held. In addition, our charter provides for restrictions regarding transfer of shares that
are intended to assist us in continuing to satisfy these share ownership requirements. Such
transfer restrictions are described in Description of SecuritiesRestrictions on Ownership and
Transfer. These provisions permit us to refuse to recognize certain transfers of shares that
would tend to violate these REIT provisions. We can offer no assurance that our refusal to
recognize a transfer will be effective. However, based on the foregoing, we should currently
satisfy the organizational requirements, including the share ownership requirements, required for
qualifying as a REIT under the Code. Notwithstanding compliance with the share ownership
requirements outlined above, tax-exempt stockholders may be required to treat all or a portion of
their distributions from us as unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI, if tax-exempt
stockholders, in the aggregate, exceed certain ownership thresholds set forth in the Code. See
Treatment of Tax-Exempt Stockholders below.
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Ownership of Interests in Partnerships and Qualified REIT Subsidiaries
In the case of a REIT that is a partner in a partnership, Treasury Regulations provide that
the REIT is deemed to own its proportionate share, based on its interest in partnership capital, of
the assets of the partnership and is deemed to have earned its allocable share of partnership
income. Also, if a REIT owns a qualified REIT subsidiary, which is defined as a corporation wholly
owned by a REIT which is not a TRS, then the REIT will be deemed to own all of the subsidiarys
assets and liabilities and it will be deemed to be entitled to treat the income of that subsidiary
as its own. In addition, the character of the assets and gross income of the partnership or
qualified REIT subsidiary shall retain the same character in the hands of the REIT for purposes of
Section 856 of the Code, including satisfying the gross income tests and asset tests set forth
therein. If a partnership or limited liability company in which we own an interest takes or
expects to take actions which could jeopardize our status as a REIT, or requires us to pay tax, we
may be forced to dispose of our interest in that entity. In addition, it is possible that a
partnership or limited liability company could take an action which could cause us to fail a REIT
income or asset test, and that we would not become aware of such action within a period of time
which would allow us to dispose of our interest in the respective entity or take other corrective
action on a timely basis. In such a case, we would fail to qualify as a REIT.
Operational RequirementsGross Income Tests
To maintain our qualification as a REIT, we must, on an annual basis, satisfy the following
gross income requirements:
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At least 75% of our gross income, excluding gross income from prohibited
transactions, for each taxable year must be derived directly or indirectly from
investments relating to real property or mortgages on real property. Gross income
includes rents from real property and, in some circumstances, interest, but excludes
gross income from dispositions of property held primarily for sale to customers in the
ordinary course of a trade or business. Such dispositions are referred to as
prohibited transactions. This is known as the 75% Income Test. |
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At least 95% of our gross income, excluding gross income from prohibited
transactions, for each taxable year must be derived from the real property investments
described above and from distributions, dividends, interest, and gains from the sale or
disposition of stock or securities or from any combination of the foregoing. This is
known as the 95% Income Test. |
The rents we receive, or that we are deemed to receive, qualify as rents from real property
for purposes of satisfying the gross income requirements for a REIT only if the following
conditions are met:
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The amount of rent received from a tenant generally must not be based in whole or in
part on the income or profits of any person; however, an amount received or accrued
generally will not be excluded from the term rents from real property solely by
reason of being based on a fixed percentage or percentages of gross receipts or sales. |
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Rents received from a tenant will not qualify as rents from real property if the
REIT, or an owner of 10% or more of the REIT, directly or constructively owns 10% or
more of the tenant or a subtenant of the tenant (in which case only rent attributable
to the subtenant is disqualified), other than a TRS. |
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If rent attributable to personal property leased in connection with a lease of real
property is greater than 15% of the total rent received under the lease, then the
portion of rent attributable to the personal property will not qualify as rents from
real property. |
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The REIT must not operate or manage the property or furnish or render services to
tenants, other than through (a) a TRS or (b) an independent contractor who is
adequately compensated and from whom the REIT does not derive any income. However, a
REIT may provide services with respect to its properties, and the income derived
therefrom will qualify as rents from real |
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property, if the services are usually or
customarily rendered in connection with the rental of space only and are not otherwise
considered rendered to the occupant. Even if the services with respect to a property
are impermissible tenant services, the income derived therefrom will qualify as rents
from real property if such income does not exceed 1% of all amounts received or
accrued with respect to that property. We may own up to 100% of the stock of one or
more TRSs, which may provide noncustomary services to our tenants without tainting our
rents from the related properties. |
All interest generally qualifies under the 95% Income Test. However, interest generally
does not include any amount received or accrued, directly or indirectly, if the determination of
the amount depends in whole or in part on the income or profits of any person. However, an amount
received or accrued generally will not be excluded from the term interest solely because it is
based on a fixed percentage or percentages of receipts or sales. Furthermore, in the case of a
shared appreciation mortgage, any additional interest received on a sale of the secured property
will be treated as gain from the sale of the secured property. If a mortgage loan is secured
exclusively by real property, all of such interest will also qualify for the 75% income test. If
both real property and other property secure the mortgage loan, all of the interest on such
mortgage loan will also qualify for the 75% Income Test if the amount of the loan did not exceed
the fair market value of the real property at the time of the loan commitment.
If we acquire ownership of property by reason of the default of a borrower on a loan or
possession of property by reason of a tenant default, if the property qualifies and we elect to
treat it as foreclosure property, the income from the property will qualify under the 75% Income
Test and the 95% Income Test notwithstanding its failure to satisfy these requirements for three
years, or if extended for good cause, up to a total of six years. In that event, we must satisfy a
number of complex rules, one of which is a requirement that we operate the property through an
independent contractor. We will be subject to tax on that portion of our net income from foreclosure property that
does not otherwise qualify under the 75% Income Test.
We may enter into hedging transactions with respect to interest rate exposure on one or more
of our assets or liabilities. Any hedging transactions could take a variety of forms, including
the use of derivative instruments such as interest rate swap contracts, interest rate cap or floor
contracts, futures or forward contracts and options. If we or a pass-through subsidiary enter into
such a contract to reduce interest rate risk on indebtedness incurred to acquire or carry real
estate assets and we clearly and timely identify the transaction, including gain from the sale or
disposition of the financial instrument, any periodic income from the instrument, or gain from the
disposition of it, would not constitute gross income for purposes of the 95% gross income test, but
would be treated as non-qualifying income for purposes of the 75% gross income test. We intend to
structure any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our status as a structure
any hedging transactions in a manner that does not jeopardize our status as a REIT. We may conduct
some or all of our hedging activities through a taxable REIT subsidiary or other corporate entity,
the income from which may be subject to federal income tax, rather than participating in the
arrangements directly or through pass-through subsidiaries. No assurance can be given, however,
that our hedging activities will not give rise to income that does not qualify for purposes of
either or both of the gross income tests, and will not adversely affect our ability to satisfy the
REIT qualification requirements.
Except for amounts received with respect to certain investments of cash reserves, we
anticipate that substantially all of our gross income will be derived from sources that will allow
us to satisfy the income tests described above. We can give no assurance in this regard, however.
Notwithstanding our failure to satisfy one or both of the 75% Income and the 95% Income Tests for
any taxable year, we may still qualify as a REIT for that year if we are eligible for relief under
specific provisions of the Code. These relief provisions generally will be available if:
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our failure to meet these tests was due to reasonable cause and not due to willful
neglect; |
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we attach a schedule of our income sources to our federal income tax return
following the discovery of our failure; and |
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any incorrect information on the schedule is not due to fraud with intent to evade
tax. |
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It is not possible, however, to state whether, in all circumstances, we would be entitled to
the benefit of these relief provisions. For example, if we fail to satisfy the gross income tests
because nonqualifying income that we intentionally earn exceeds the limits on this income, the
Internal Revenue Service could conclude that our failure to satisfy the tests was not due to
reasonable cause. As discussed above in Taxation of our Company, even if these relief
provisions apply, a tax would be imposed with respect to the excess net income.
Operational RequirementsAsset Tests
At the close of each quarter of our taxable year, we also must satisfy the following tests
relating to the nature and diversification of our assets:
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First, at least 75% of the value of our total assets must consist of: (a) cash or
cash items, including certain receivables, (b) government securities, (c) interests in
real property, including leaseholds and options to acquire real property and
leaseholds, (d) interests in mortgages on real property, (e) stock in other REITs, and
(f) investments in stock or debt instruments during the one year period following our
receipt of new capital that we raise through equity offerings or offerings of debt with
at least a five year term; |
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Second, of our investments not included in the 75% asset class, the value of our
interest in any one issuers securities may not exceed 5% of the value of our total
assets; |
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Third, we may not own more than 10% of the voting power or value of any one issuers
outstanding securities; |
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Fourth, no more than 20% of the value of our total assets may consist of the
securities of one or more TRSs; and |
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Fifth, no more than 25% of the value of our total assets may consist of securities
(including securities of TRSs) that are not qualifying assets for purposes of the 75%
asset test. |
For purposes of the second and third asset tests, the term securities does not include stock
in another REIT, equity or debt securities of a qualified REIT subsidiary or TRS, mortgage loans
that constitute real estate assets, or equity interests in a partnership. The term securities,
however, generally includes debt securities issued by a partnership or another REIT, except that
certain straight debt securities are not treated as securities for purposes of the 10% value
test (for example, qualifying debt securities of a corporation if such securities are the only
interests we or any TRS of ours owns in that corporation, or qualifying debt securities of a
partnership if we own at least a 20% profits interest in the partnership).
The 5% test must generally be met for any quarter in which we acquire securities. Further, if
we meet the asset tests at the close of any quarter, we will not lose our REIT status for a failure
to satisfy the asset tests at the end of a later quarter if such failure occurs solely because of
changes in asset values. If our failure to satisfy the asset tests results from an acquisition of
securities or other property during a quarter, we can cure the failure by disposing of a sufficient
amount of nonqualifying assets within 30 days after the close of that quarter. Under the Jobs
Creation Act of 2004, after the 30-day cure period, we may dispose of sufficient assets to cure a
violation of the 5% test so long as such disposition does not exceed the lesser of 1% of our assets
at the end of the relevant quarter or $10 million. For violations due to reasonable cause that are
larger than this amount, the Act would permit us to avoid disqualification as a REIT after the
30-day cure period by disposing of an amount of assets sufficient to meet the 5% test and paying a
tax equal to the greater of $50,000 or the highest corporate tax rate times the taxable income
generated by the non-qualifying asset. We maintain, and will continue to maintain, adequate
records of the value of our assets to ensure compliance with the asset tests and will take other
action within 30 days after the close of any quarter as may be required to cure any noncompliance.
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Operational RequirementsAnnual Distribution Requirement
In order to be taxed as a REIT, we are required to make dividend distributions, other than
capital gain distributions, to our stockholders each year in the amount of at least 90% of our REIT
taxable income, which is computed without regard to the dividends paid deduction and our capital
gain and subject to certain other potential adjustments. While we must generally pay distributions
in the taxable year to which they relate, we may also pay distributions in the following taxable
year if (i) they are declared before we timely file our federal income tax return for the taxable
year in question, and if (ii) they are paid on or before the first regular distribution payment
date after the declaration. Even if we satisfy the foregoing distribution requirement and,
accordingly, continue to qualify as a REIT for tax purposes, we will still be subject to tax on the
excess of our net capital gain and our REIT taxable income, as adjusted, over the amount of
dividends distributed to stockholders.
In addition, if we fail to distribute during each calendar year at least the sum of (i) 85% of
our ordinary income for that year; (ii) 95% of our capital gain net income other than the capital
gain net income that we elect to retain and pay tax on for that year; and (iii) any undistributed
taxable income from prior periods, we will be subject to a 4% excise tax on the excess of the
amount of such required distributions over amounts actually distributed during such year.
We intend to make timely distributions sufficient to satisfy this requirement. However, it is
possible that we may experience timing differences between (1) the actual receipt of income and
payment of deductible expenses, and (2) the inclusion of that income. It is also possible that we
may be allocated a share of net capital gain attributable to the sale of depreciated property that
exceeds our allocable share of cash attributable to that sale. In such circumstances, we may have
less cash than is necessary to meet our annual distribution requirement or to avoid income or
excise taxation on certain undistributed income. We may find it necessary in such circumstances to
arrange for financing or raise funds through the issuance of additional shares in order to meet our
distribution requirements, or we may pay taxable stock distributions to meet the distribution
requirement.
If we fail to satisfy the distribution requirement for any taxable year by reason of a later
adjustment to our taxable income made by the Internal Revenue Service, we may be able to pay
deficiency dividends in a later year and include such distributions in our deductions for
dividends paid for the earlier year. In such event, we may be able to avoid being taxed on amounts
distributed as deficiency dividends, but we would be required in such circumstances to pay interest
to the Internal Revenue Service based upon the amount of any deduction taken for deficiency
dividends for the earlier year.
We may also elect to retain, rather than distribute, our net long-term capital gains. The
effect of such an election would be as follows:
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we would be required to pay the tax on these gains;
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our stockholders, while required to include their proportionate share of the
undistributed long-term capital gains in income, would receive a credit or refund for
their share of the tax paid by us; and |
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the basis of a stockholders shares would be increased by the amount of our
undistributed long-term capital gains, minus the amount of capital gains tax we pay,
included in the stockholders long-term capital gains. |
In computing our REIT taxable income, we will use the accrual method of accounting and
depreciate depreciable property under the alternative depreciation system. We are required to file
an annual federal income tax return, which, like other corporate returns, is subject to examination
by the Internal Revenue Service. Because the tax law requires us to make many judgments regarding
the proper treatment of a transaction or an item of income or deduction, it is possible that the
Internal Revenue Service will challenge positions we take in computing our REIT taxable income and
our distributions. Issues could arise, for example, with respect to the allocation of the purchase
price of properties between depreciable or amortizable assets and nondepreciable or non-amortizable
assets such as land. Were the Internal Revenue Service to challenge our characterization of a
transaction or determination of our REIT taxable income successfully, we could be found to have
failed to satisfy a requirement for qualification as a
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REIT. If, as a result of a challenge, we
are determined to have failed to satisfy the distribution requirements for a taxable year, we would
be disqualified as a REIT unless we were permitted to pay a deficiency distribution to our
stockholders and pay interest thereon to the Internal Revenue Service, as provided by the Code. A
deficiency distribution cannot be used to satisfy the distribution requirement, however, if the
failure to meet the requirement is not due to a later adjustment to our income by the Internal
Revenue Service.
Operational RequirementsRecordkeeping
In order to continue to qualify as a REIT, we must maintain records as set forth in applicable
Treasury Regulations. Further, we must request, on an annual basis, information designed to
disclose the ownership of our outstanding shares. We intend to comply with such requirements.
Failure to Qualify as a REIT
If we fail to qualify as a REIT for any reason in a taxable year and applicable relief
provisions do not apply, we will be subject to tax, including any applicable alternative minimum
tax, on our taxable income at regular corporate rates. We will not be able to deduct dividends
paid to our stockholders in any year in which we fail to qualify as a REIT. As a result, we
anticipate that our failure to qualify as a REIT would reduce the cash available for distribution
by us to our stockholders. We also will be disqualified for the four taxable years following the
year during which qualification was lost unless we are entitled to relief under specific statutory
provisions. See Risk FactorsFederal Income Tax Risks.
Taxation of U.S. Stockholders
Definition
In this section, the phrase U.S. stockholder means a holder of shares that for federal income tax purposes:
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is a citizen or resident of the United States; |
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is a corporation, partnership or other entity created or organized in or under the
laws of the United States or of any political subdivision thereof; |
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is an estate or trust, the income of which is subject to U.S. federal income
taxation regardless of its source; or |
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a trust, if a U.S. court is able to exercise primary supervision over the
administration of the trust and one or more U.S. persons have the authority to control
all substantial decisions of the trust. |
For any taxable year for which we qualify for taxation as a REIT, amounts distributed to
taxable U.S. stockholders will be taxed as described below.
Distributions Generally
As long as we qualify as a REIT, dividends made by us out of our current or accumulated
earnings and profits, and not designated as capital gain dividends, will constitute dividends
taxable to our taxable U.S. stockholders as ordinary income. Except as provided below, these
distributions are taxable to our stockholders in the year in which paid. Under current law,
individuals receiving qualified dividends, which are dividends from domestic and certain
qualifying foreign subchapter C corporations, may be entitled to lower rates (at rates applicable
to long-term capital gains, currently at a maximum rate of 15%) provided certain holding period
requirements are met. However, individuals receiving dividend distributions from us, a REIT, will
generally not be eligible for the lower rates on dividends except with respect to the portion of
any distribution which (a) represents dividends being passed through to us from a corporation in
which we own shares (but only if such dividends would be eligible for the new lower rates on
dividends if paid by the corporation to its individual stockholders), including dividends from our
TRS, (b) is equal to our REIT taxable income (taking into account the dividends paid deduction
available to us)
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less any taxes paid by us on these items during our previous taxable year, or (c)
are attributable to built-in gains realized and recognized by us from disposition of properties
acquired by us in non-recognition transaction, less any taxes paid by us on these items during our
previous taxable year. Individual taxable U.S. stockholders should consult their own tax advisors
to determine the impact of this legislation. Dividends of this kind will not be eligible for the
dividends received deduction in the case of taxable U.S. stockholders that are corporations.
Dividends made by us that we properly designate as capital gain dividends will be taxable to
taxable U.S. stockholders as gain from the sale of a capital asset held for more than one year, to
the extent that they do not exceed our actual net capital gain for the taxable year, without regard
to the period for which a taxable U.S. stockholder has held his common stock. Thus, with certain
limitations, capital gain dividends received by an individual taxable U.S. stockholder may be
eligible for preferential rates of taxation. Taxable U.S. stockholders that are corporations may,
however, be required to treat up to 20% of certain capital gain dividends as ordinary income.
To the extent that we pay dividends, not designated as capital gain dividends, in excess of
our current and accumulated earnings and profits, these dividends will be treated first as a
tax-free return of capital to each taxable U.S. stockholder. Thus, these dividends will reduce the
adjusted basis which the taxable U.S. stockholder has in our common stock for tax purposes by the
amount of the dividend, but not below zero. Dividends in excess of a taxable U.S. stockholders
adjusted basis in his common stock will be taxable as capital gains, provided that the common stock
has been held as a capital asset.
Dividends authorized by us in October, November, or December of any year and payable to a
stockholder of record on a specified date in any of these months will be treated as both paid by us
and received by the stockholder on December 31 of that year, provided that we actually pay the
dividend in January of the following calendar year. Stockholders may not include in their own
income tax returns any of our net operating losses or capital losses.
We may elect to retain, rather than distribute, all or a portion of our net long-term capital
gains and pay the tax on such gains. If we make such an election, we will designate amounts as
undistributed capital gains in respect of your shares or beneficial interests by written notice to
you which we will mail out to you with our annual report or at any time within 60 days after
December 31 of any year. When we make such an election, taxable U.S. stockholders holding common
stock at the close of our taxable year will be required to include, in computing their long-term
capital gains for the taxable year in which the last day of our taxable year falls, the amount that
we designate in a written notice mailed to our stockholders. We may not designate amounts in
excess of our undistributed net capital gain for the taxable year. Each taxable U.S. stockholder
required to include the designated amount in determining the stockholders long-term capital gains
will be deemed to have paid, in the taxable year of the inclusion, the tax paid by us in respect of
the undistributed net capital gains. Taxable U.S. stockholders to whom these rules apply will be
allowed a credit or a refund, as the case may be, for the tax they are deemed to have paid.
Taxable U.S. stockholders will increase their basis in their common stock by the difference between
the amount of the includible gains and the tax deemed paid by the stockholder in respect of these
gains.
Dividends made by us and gain arising from a taxable U.S. stockholders sale or exchange of
our common stock will not be treated as passive activity income. As a result, taxable U.S.
stockholders generally will not be able to apply any passive losses against that income or gain.
When a taxable U.S. stockholder sells or otherwise disposes of our common stock, the
stockholder will recognize gain or loss for federal income tax purposes in an amount equal to the
difference between (a) the amount of cash and the fair market value of any property received on the
sale or other disposition, and (b) the holders adjusted basis in the common stock for tax
purposes. This gain or loss will be capital gain or loss if the U.S. stockholder has held the
common stock as a capital asset. The gain or loss will be long-term gain or loss if the U.S.
stockholder has held the common stock for more than one year. Long-term capital gain of an individual taxable U.S.
stockholder is generally taxed at preferential rates. In general, any loss recognized by a taxable
U.S. stockholder when the stockholder sells or otherwise disposes of our common stock that the
stockholder has held for six months or less, after applying certain holding period rules, will be
treated as a long-term capital loss, to the extent of dividends received by the stockholder from us
which were required to be treated as long-term capital gains.
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Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding for U.S. Stockholders
Under some circumstances, U.S. stockholders may be subject to backup withholding at a rate of
28% on payments made with respect to, or cash proceeds of a sale or exchange of, our shares.
Backup withholding will apply only if the stockholder:
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fails to furnish his or her taxpayer identification number, which, for an
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furnishes an incorrect tax identification number; |
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is notified by the Internal Revenue Service that he or she has failed properly to
report payments of interest and distributions or is otherwise subject to backup
withholding; or |
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under some circumstances, fails to certify, under penalties of perjury, that he or
she has furnished a correct tax identification number and that (a) he or she has not
been notified by the Internal Revenue Service that he or she is subject to backup
withholding for failure to report interest and distribution payments or (b) he or she
has been notified by the Internal Revenue Service that he or she is no longer subject
to backup withholding. |
Backup withholding will not apply with respect to payments made to some stockholders, such as
corporations and tax-exempt organizations. Backup withholding is not an additional tax. Rather,
the amount of any backup withholding with respect to a payment to a U.S. stockholder will be
allowed as a credit against the U.S. stockholders U.S. federal income tax liability and may
entitle the U.S. stockholder to a refund, provided that the required information is furnished to
the Internal Revenue Service. U.S. stockholders should consult their own tax advisors regarding
their qualifications for exemption from backup withholding and the procedure for obtaining an
exemption.
Treatment of Tax-Exempt Stockholders
Tax-exempt entities such as employee pension benefit trusts, individual retirement accounts
and charitable remainder trusts generally are exempt from federal income taxation. Such entities
are subject to taxation, however, on any unrelated business taxable income, or UBTI, as defined in
the Code. Our payment of dividends to a tax-exempt employee pension benefit trust or other
domestic tax-exempt stockholder generally will not constitute UBTI to such stockholder unless such
stockholder has borrowed to acquire or carry its shares.
In the event that we were deemed to be predominately held by qualified employee pension
benefit trusts that each hold more than 10% (in value) of our shares, such trusts would be required
to treat a certain percentage of the dividend distributions paid to them as UBTI. We would be
deemed to be predominately held by such trusts if either (i) one employee pension benefit trust
owns more than 25% in value of our shares, or (ii) any group of such trusts, each owning more than
10% in value of our shares, holds in the aggregate more than 50% in value of our shares. If either
of these ownership thresholds were ever exceeded, any qualified employee pension benefit trust
holding more than 10% in value of our shares would be subject to tax on that portion of our
dividend distributions made to it which is equal to the percentage of our income which would be
UBTI if we were a qualified trust, rather than a REIT. We will attempt to monitor the
concentration of ownership of employee pension benefit trusts in our shares, and we do not expect
our shares to be deemed to be predominately held by qualified employee pension benefit trusts, as
defined in the Code, to the extent required to trigger the treatment of our income as to such
trusts.
For social clubs, voluntary employee benefit associations, supplemental unemployment benefit
trusts and qualified group legal services plans exempt from federal income taxation under Sections
501(c)(7), (c)(9), (c)(17) and (c)(20) of the Code, respectively, income from an investment in our
shares will constitute UBTI unless the stockholder in question is able to deduct amounts set
aside or placed in reserve for certain purposes so as to offset the UBTI generated. Any such
organization that is a prospective stockholder should consult its own tax advisor concerning these
set aside and reserve requirements.
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Special Tax Considerations for Non-U.S. Stockholders
The rules governing U.S. federal income taxation of nonresident alien individuals, foreign
corporations, foreign partnerships and other foreign stockholders are complex. This section is
only a summary of such rules. We urge non-U.S. stockholders to consult their own tax advisors to
determine the impact of federal, state, and local income tax laws on ownership of common shares,
including any reporting requirements.
Ordinary Dividends
Dividends, other than dividends that are treated as attributable to gain from sales or
exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests, as discussed below, and other than dividends
designated by us as capital gain dividends, will be treated as ordinary income to the extent that
they are made out of our current or accumulated earnings and profits. A withholding tax equal to
30% of the gross amount of the dividend will ordinarily apply to dividends of this kind to non-U.S.
stockholders, unless an applicable tax treaty reduces that tax. However, if income from the
investment in the common stock is treated as effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders
conduct of a U.S. trade or business or is attributable to a permanent establishment that the
non-U.S. stockholder maintains in the United States if that is required by an applicable income tax
treaty as a condition for subjecting the non-U.S. stockholder to U.S. taxation on a net income
basis, tax at graduated rates will generally apply to the non-U.S. stockholder in the same manner
as U.S. stockholders are taxed with respect to dividends, and the 30% branch profits tax may also
apply if the stockholder is a foreign corporation. We expect to withhold U.S. tax at the rate of
30% on the gross amount of any dividends, other than dividends treated as attributable to gain from
sales or exchanges of U.S. real property interests and capital gain dividends, paid to a non-U.S.
stockholder, unless (a) a lower treaty rate applies and the required form evidencing eligibility
for that reduced rate (ordinarily, Internal Revenue Service Form W-8 BEN) is filed with us or the
appropriate withholding agent or (b) the non-U.S. stockholder files an Internal Revenue Service
Form W-8 ECI or a successor form with us or the appropriate withholding agent claiming that the
dividends are effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders conduct of a U.S. trade or
business.
Dividends to a non-U.S. stockholder that are designated by us at the time of the dividend as
capital gain dividends which are not attributable to or treated as attributable to the disposition
by us of a U.S. real property interest generally will not be subject to U.S. federal income
taxation, except as described below.
Return of Capital
Dividends in excess of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, which are not treated
as attributable to the gain from our disposition of a U.S. real property interest, will not be
taxable to a non-U.S. stockholder to the extent that they do not exceed the adjusted basis of the
non-U.S. stockholders common stock. Dividends of this kind will instead reduce the adjusted basis
of the common stock. To the extent that dividends of this kind exceed the adjusted basis of a
non-U.S. stockholders common stock, they will give rise to tax liability if the non-U.S.
stockholder otherwise would have to pay tax on any gain from the sale or disposition of its common
stock, as described below. If it cannot be determined at the time a dividend is made whether the
dividend will be in excess of current and accumulated earnings and profits, withholding will apply
to the dividend at the rate applicable to dividends. However, the non-U.S. stockholder may seek a
refund of these amounts from the Internal Revenue Service if it is subsequently determined that the
dividend was, in fact, in excess of our current accumulated earnings and profits.
Capital Gain Dividend
For any year in which we qualify as a REIT, dividends that are attributable to gain from sales
or exchanges by us of U.S. real property interests will be taxed to a non-U.S. stockholder under
the provisions of the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980, as amended. Under this
statute, these dividends are taxed to a non-U.S. stockholder as if the gain were effectively
connected with a U.S. business. Thus, non-U.S. stockholders will be taxed on the dividends at the
normal capital gain rates applicable to U.S. stockholders, subject to any applicable alternative
minimum tax and special alternative minimum tax in the case of non-U.S. stockholders that are
individuals. We are required by applicable Treasury Regulations under this statute to withhold 35%
of any dividend that we could designate as a capital gain dividend. However, if we designate as a
capital gain dividend a dividend made before the day we actually effect the designation, then
although the dividend may be taxable to a non-U.S.
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stockholder, withholding does not apply to the
dividend under this statute. Rather, we must effect the 35% withholding from dividends made on and
after the date of the designation, until the dividends so withheld equal the amount of the prior
dividend designated as a capital gain dividend. The non-U.S. stockholder may credit the amount
withheld against its U.S. tax liability.
Under the American Jobs Creation Act of 2004, if we qualify as a REIT and our common stock
remains regularly traded on an established U.S. securities market, then any capital gain
distribution made to a non-U.S. stockholder who did not own more than five percent of such common
stock at any time during the taxable year will not be treated as gain effectively connected with a
U.S. business under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act of 1980. Any capital gain
distribution to such a non-U.S. stockholder will, for federal income tax purposes, be treated as an
ordinary dividend to the extent of our current and accumulated earnings and profits, or as a return
of capital or sale of common stock to the extent the distribution exceeds our current and
accumulated earnings and profits (see Federal Income Tax ConsiderationsSpecial Tax
Considerations for Non-U.S. StockholdersReturn of Capital above). We expect our common stock to
continue to be regularly traded on an established U.S. securities market. Accordingly, non-U.S.
stockholders that do not own more than five percent our common stock during the taxable year would
be eligible for ordinary dividend treatment under this legislation.
Sales of Common Stock
Gain recognized by a non-U.S. stockholder upon a sale or exchange of our common stock
generally will not be taxed under the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act if we are a
domestically controlled REIT. A domestically controlled REIT is generally a REIT, less than 50%
in value of whose stock is and was held directly or indirectly by foreign persons at all times
during a specified testing period. We believe that we will be a domestically controlled REIT, and,
therefore, that taxation under this statute generally will not apply to the sale of our common
stock. Because our stock is publicly traded, however, no assurance can be given that we will
qualify as a domestically controlled REIT at any time in the future. Gain to which this statute
does not apply will be taxable to a non-U.S. stockholder if investment in the common stock is
treated as effectively connected with the non-U.S. stockholders U.S. trade or business or is
attributable to a permanent establishment that the non-U.S. stockholder maintains in the United
States if that is required by an applicable income tax treaty as a condition for subjecting the
non-U.S. stockholder to U.S. taxation on a net income basis. In this case, the same treatment will
apply to the non-U.S. stockholder as to U.S. stockholders with respect to the gain. In addition,
gain to which the Foreign Investment in Real Property Tax Act does not apply will be taxable to a
non-U.S. stockholder if the non-U.S. stockholder is an alien individual who is present in the
United States for 183 days or more, or who is otherwise deemed a resident of the U.S., during the
taxable year to which the gain is attributable. In this case, a 30% tax will apply to the alien
individuals capital gains. A similar rule will apply to capital gain dividends to which this
statute does not apply.
If we were not a domestically controlled REIT, tax under the Foreign Investment in Real
Property Tax Act would apply to a non-U.S. stockholders sale of common stock only if the selling
non-U.S. stockholder owned more than 5% of the class of common stock sold at any time during a
specified period. This period is generally the shorter of the period that the non-U.S. stockholder
owned the common stock sold or the five-year period ending on the date when the stockholder
disposed of the common stock. If tax under this statute applies to the gain on the sale of common
stock, the same treatment would apply to the non-U.S. stockholder as to U.S. stockholders with
respect to the gain, subject to any applicable alternative minimum tax and a special alternative
minimum tax in the case of nonresident alien individuals.
Information Reporting Requirements and Backup Withholding for Non-U.S. Stockholders
Additional issues may arise for information reporting and backup withholding for non-U.S.
stockholders. Non-U.S. stockholders should consult their tax advisors with regard to U.S.
information reporting and backup withholding requirements under the Code.
Statement of Stock Ownership
We are required to demand annual written statements from the record holders of designated
percentages of our shares disclosing the actual owners of the shares. Any record stockholder who,
upon our request, does not provide us with required information concerning actual ownership of the
shares is required to include specified
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information relating to his or her shares in his or her
federal income tax return. We also must maintain, within the Internal Revenue District in which we
are required to file our federal income tax return, permanent records showing the information we
have received about the actual ownership of shares and a list of those persons failing or refusing
to comply with our demand.
State and Local Taxation
We and any operating subsidiaries that we may form may be subject to state and local tax in
states and localities in which we or they do business or own property. The tax treatment of us,
our operating partnership, our University
Towers Partnership, any of our TRSs and any operating subsidiaries we may form and the holders
of our shares in local jurisdictions may differ from the federal income tax treatment described
above.
Compliance with Section 409A of the Code
As part of our strategy for compensating employees, directors, officers, executives and other
individuals, we will issue equity-based compensation such as (1) options to purchase our common
stock, (2) restricted common stock subject to vesting, and (3) profits interest units in an entity
that holds interests of our operating partnership. Additionally, while we have no current
intention to do so, we may issue stock appreciation rights or restricted stock units under our 2004
Incentive Plan. Each of these methods for compensating individuals may constitute nonqualified
deferred compensation plans under Section 409A of the Code.
Section 409A of the Code applies to plans, agreements and arrangements that meet the
definition of nonqualified deferred compensation plans as defined in this new provision. Under
Section 409A, to avoid adverse tax consequences, nonqualified deferred compensation plans must
meet certain requirements regarding, among other things, the timing of distributions or payments
and the timing of agreements or elections to defer, and must also prohibit any possibility of
acceleration of distributions or payments.
Based on the statutory language, Congressional committee reports and proposed regulations
issued by the U.S. Treasury Department it appears that stock appreciation rights and restricted
stock units will likely constitute nonqualified deferred compensation plans for purposes of these
provisions. It is also possible that restricted stock and some stock options (those with an
exercise price that is less than the fair market value of the underlying stock as of the date of
grant) could be considered as nonqualified deferred compensation plans for these purposes.
If Section 409A applies to any of the awards issued under our 2004 Incentive Plan, or any
other arrangement or agreement that we may make, and if the award, arrangement or agreement does
not meet the timing and other prohibition requirements of Section 409A, then the following onerous
tax consequences will result. All amounts deferred will be currently taxable to the recipient to
the extent such amounts are not subject to a substantial risk of forfeiture and have not previously
been included in the gross income of the affected individual. Interest on the resulting tax
deficiency at the statutory underpayment rate plus one percentage point will be due on any
resulting tax underpayments, computed as if the compensation had been included in the income of the
recipient and taxed when first deferred (or, if later, when no longer subject to a substantial risk
of forfeiture). Finally, a 20% additional tax would be imposed on the amounts required to be
included in income.
If the affected individual is our employee, we will be required to withhold federal income
taxes on the amounts taxable to the employee even though there is no payment from which to deduct
this amount. If this were to occur, we would be liable for such amounts but might have no source
for reimbursement from the employee. We also will be required to report all amounts that are
deferred on an appropriate form (W-2 or 1099). This is required irrespective of whether such
deferred amounts are subject to the Section 409A rules. If we fail to do so, we could be liable
for various employment tax penalties.
It is our current intention not to issue any award, or enter into any agreement or arrangement
that would be considered nonqualified deferred compensation plan under Section 409A, unless the
award, agreement or arrangement complies with the timing and other requirements of Section 409A.
It is our current belief, based upon the statute and legislative history, that the awards,
agreements and arrangements that we currently intend to implement will not be subject to taxation
under Section 409A.
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Moreover, if we conclude, whether due to guidance contained in regulations finalized or
hereafter issued by the Treasury Department or otherwise, that an award or arrangement we have
previously entered into is subject to these rules, it is our intention either to terminate or
modify such award or arrangement during the statutorily-mandated transitional period so that either
Section 409A would not apply to such award or arrangement, or that such arrangement complies with
Section 409As timing and prohibition requirements. Although we intend to avoid the application of
Section 409A, we can offer no assurance that we will be successful in avoiding the adverse tax
consequences that would result if we are unsuccessful in these efforts.
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CONVERSION OF LIMITED PARTNERSHIP UNITS
On
January 31, 2005, our operating partnership and our University
Towers partnership issued limited partnership units to
certain of the selling stockholders in connection with the JPI
Acquisition, the A&O Acquisition and the University Towers
Acquisition. The rights of the unit holders to
redeem their units, including our rights to effect the redemption
through a conversion of the units into shares of our common stock, are set forth
in the applicable operating partnership agreement of our operating
partnership or University Towers partnership. Holders of limited partnership units have the right to
require our operating partnership or University Towers partnership, as applicable, to redeem part or all of their units for cash based upon the fair
market value of an equivalent number of shares of our common stock at the time of the redemption.
Alternatively, we may elect to acquire those units in exchange
for shares of our common stock. Our acquisition will generally be on a one-for-one basis, subject
to adjustment in the event of stock splits, stock dividends, issuance of stock rights, specified
extraordinary distributions and similar events. Limited partners who hold units may exercise this
redemption right once per calendar quarter, a minimum of 1,000 units (or all units owned if less
than 1,000 units), at any time following the one-year anniversary of such limited partners
acquisition of its units, except when, as a consequence of shares of our common stock being issued,
any persons actual or constructive stock ownership would exceed our ownership limits, or any other
limit as provided in our charter or as otherwise determined by our board of directors as described
under the section entitled Description of Securities Restrictions on Ownership and Transfer.
See Partnership Agreement of Education Realty Operating Partnership, LP Redemption/Exchange
Rights and Partnership Agreement of University Towers
Operating Partnership LP Redemption/Exchange Rights.
PLAN OF DISTRIBUTION
This prospectus relates to the possible offer and sale from time to time of shares of our
common stock by the selling stockholders. We have registered the shares for resale to provide the
selling stockholders with freely tradable securities. However, registration of the shares of
common stock does not necessarily mean that the selling stockholders will offer or sell any of the
shares. Additionally, this prospectus relates to our possible issuance of the shares of common stock upon
redemption of the limited partnership units in our operating partnership and our University Towers
partnership issued to the selling stockholders and to our issuance of
common stock upon exercise of the JPI Warrants. We will not receive any proceeds from the offering
or sale of shares by the selling stockholders or upon the issuance of our common stock in
connection with the redemption of the limited partnership units in our operating partnership or
University Towers partnership. In the event the holder of the JPI Warrant exercises the JPI
Warrant, we will receive the exercise price as provided in the JPI Warrant. However, we will not
receive any proceeds from the holders sale of the shares of common stock issued upon such
exercise.
Any
selling stockholders, including any donees, pledgees, transferees or other
successors-in-interest, may from time to time, in one or more transactions, sell all or a portion
of the shares registered hereby on the New York Stock Exchange, in the over-the-counter market, on
any other national securities exchange on which the common stock is listed or traded, in privately
negotiated transactions, in underwritten transactions or otherwise, at prices then prevailing or
related to the then current market price or at negotiated prices. The offering price of the shares
registered hereby from time to time will be determined by the selling stockholders and, at the time
of determination, may be higher or lower than the market price of the common stock on the New York
Stock Exchange.
In connection with an underwritten offering, underwriters or agents may receive compensation
in the form of discounts, concessions or commissions from a selling stockholder or from purchasers
of shares registered hereby for whom they may act as agents, and underwriters may sell shares
registered hereby to or through dealers, and such dealers may receive compensation in the form of
discounts, concessions or commissions from the underwriters and/or commissions from the purchasers
for whom they may act as agents. Under agreements that may be entered into by us, underwriters,
dealers and agents who participate in the distribution of shares registered hereby may be entitled
to indemnification by us against specific liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities
Act, or to contribution with respect to payments which such underwriters, dealers or agents may be
required to make in respect thereof.
The
shares registered hereby may be sold by the selling stockholders directly or through broker-dealers acting as
principal or agent, or pursuant to a distribution by one or more underwriters on a firm commitment
or best-efforts basis. The methods by which the shares registered
hereby may be sold by the selling stockholders include:
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(1)
block trades in which the broker-dealer so engaged will attempt to sell the shares registered
hereby as agent but may position and resell a portion of the block as principal to facilitate the
transaction; (2) purchases by a broker-dealer as principal and resale by the broker-dealer for its
account pursuant to this prospectus; (3) ordinary brokerage transactions and transactions in which
the broker solicits purchasers; (4) an exchange distribution in accordance with the rules of the
New York Stock Exchange; (5) privately negotiated transactions; (6) underwritten transactions; (7)
short sales; (8) through the writing of options on the securities whether or not the options are
listed on an option exchange; (9) through the distribution of the securities by any selling
stockholder to its partners, members or stockholders; or (10) any combination of any of these
methods of sale.
From
time to time, one or more of the selling stockholders may pledge, hypothecate or grant
a security interest in some or all of the securities owned by them. The pledgees, secured parties
or persons to whom the securities have been hypothecated will, upon foreclosure in the event of
default, be deemed to be selling stockholders. The number of a selling stockholders securities offered under this prospectus will decrease as and when it
takes such actions. The plan of distribution for that selling stockholders securities will
otherwise remain unchanged. In addition, a selling stockholder may, from time to time, sell the
securities short, and, in those instances, this prospectus may be delivered in connection with the
short sales and the securities offered under this prospectus may be used to cover short sales.
Any selling stockholder that is identified as a broker-dealer will be deemed to be an
underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the Securities Act, unless such selling
stockholder obtained the stock as compensation for services. In addition, any affiliate of a
broker-dealer will be deemed to be an underwriter within the meaning of Section 2(11) of the
Securities Act, unless such selling stockholder purchased in the ordinary course of business and,
at the time of its purchase of the stock to be resold, did not have any agreements or
understandings, directly or indirectly, with any person to distribute the stock. As a result, any
profits on the sale of the common stock by selling stockholders who are deemed to be underwriters
and any discounts, commissions or concessions received by any such broker-dealers who are deemed to
be underwriters will be deemed to be underwriting discounts and commissions under the Securities
Act.
The selling stockholders may engage brokers and dealers, and any brokers or dealers may
arrange for other brokers or dealers to participate in effecting sales of the securities. These
brokers, dealers or underwriters may act as principals, or as an agent of a selling stockholder.
Broker-dealers may agree with a selling stockholder to sell a specified number of the
securities at a stipulated price per security. If the broker-dealer is unable to sell securities
acting as agent for a selling stockholder, it may purchase as principals any unsold securities
at the stipulated price. Broker-dealers who acquire securities as principles and may thereafter
resell the securities from time to time in transactions in any stock exchange or automated
interdealer quotation system on which the securities are then listed, at prices and on terms then
prevailing at the time of sale, at prices related to the then-current market price or in negotiated
transactions. Broker-dealers may use block transactions and sales to and through broker-dealers,
including transactions of the nature described above.
A selling stockholder may enter into hedging transactions with broker-dealers and the
broker-dealers may engage in short sales of the securities in the course of hedging the positions
they assume with that selling stockholder, including, without limitation, in connection with
distributions of the securities by those broker-dealers. A selling stockholder may enter into
option or other transactions with broker-dealers that involve the delivery of the securities
offered hereby to the broker-dealers, who may then resell or otherwise transfer those securities.
A selling stockholder may also loan or pledge the securities offered hereby to a broker-dealer
and the broker-dealer may sell the securities offered hereby so loaned or upon a default may sell
or otherwise transfer the pledged securities offered hereby.
To the extent required, upon being notified by a selling stockholder that any arrangement has
been entered into with any agent, underwriter or broker-dealer for the sale of the shares of common
stock through a block trade, special offering, exchange distribution or secondary distribution or a
purchase by any agent, underwriter or broker-dealer(s), the name(s) of the selling stockholder(s)
and of the participating agent, underwriter or broker-dealer(s), specific common stock to be sold,
the respective purchase prices and public offering prices, any applicable commissions or discounts,
and other facts material to the transaction will be set forth in a supplement to this prospectus or
a post-effective amendment to the registration statement of which this prospectus is a part, as
appropriate.
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The selling stockholders and other persons participating in the sale or distribution of the
securities will be subject to applicable provisions of the Exchange Act, and the rules and
regulations thereunder, including Regulation M. This regulation may limit the timing of purchases
and sales of any of the securities by the selling stockholders and any other person. The
anti-manipulation rules under the Exchange Act may apply to sales of securities
in the market and to the activities of the selling stockholders and their affiliates.
Furthermore, Regulation M may restrict the ability of any person engaged in the distribution of the
securities to engage in market-making activities with respect to the particular securities being
distributed for a period of up to five business days before the distribution. These restrictions
may affect the marketability of the securities and the ability of any person or entity to engage in
market-making activities with respect to the securities.
When a selling stockholder elects to make a particular offer of shares registered hereby, a
prospectus supplement, if required, will be distributed which will identify any underwriters,
dealers or agents and any discounts, commissions and other terms constituting compensation from the
selling stockholder and any other required information.
In order to comply with state securities laws, if applicable, the shares registered hereby may
be sold only through registered or licensed brokers or dealers. In addition, in specific states,
the shares registered hereby may not be sold unless they have been registered or qualified for sale
in such state or an exemption from such registration or qualification requirement is available and
is complied with.
The
selling stockholders may transfer the securities by gift. The selling
stockholders
also may sell the securities in accordance with Rule 144 under the Securities Act, rather than
pursuant to this prospectus regardless of whether the securities are covered by the prospectus.
We have agreed to pay all costs and expenses incurred in connection with the registration
under the Securities Act of the shares being registered hereby, including, without limitation, all
registration and filing fees, printing expenses and fees and disbursements of our counsel and our
accountants. The selling stockholders will pay any brokerage fees and commissions, fees and
disbursements of legal counsel for the selling stockholders and stock transfer and other taxes
attributable to the sale of the shares registered hereby.
We
have agreed to indemnify in certain circumstances, the selling stockholders and any
brokers, dealers and agents who may be deemed to be underwriters, if any, of the securities covered
by the registration statement, against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the
Securities Act of 1933. The selling stockholders have agreed to indemnify us in certain
circumstances against certain liabilities, including liabilities under the Securities Act of 1933,
as amended.
LEGAL MATTERS
Certain legal matters will be passed upon for us by Morris, Manning & Martin, LLP, Atlanta,
Georgia. Venable LLP, Baltimore, Maryland, will pass upon the legality of the common stock sold
and certain other matters of Maryland law, including legal matters in connection with our status as
a REIT for federal income tax purposes. If the validity of any securities is also passed upon by
counsel for the underwriters of an offering of those securities, that counsel will be named in the
prospectus supplement relating to that offering.
EXPERTS
The financial statements, incorporated in this prospectus by reference from the Companys
Annual Report on Form 10-K have been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered
public accounting firm, as stated in their reports, which are incorporated herein by reference, and
have been so incorporated in reliance upon the reports of such firm given upon their authority as
experts in accounting and auditing.
The combined statement of certain revenues and certain expenses of the Place Portfolio,
incorporated in this prospectus by reference from the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K/A has
been audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated
in their report, which is incorporated herein
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by reference, and has been so incorporated in
reliance upon the report of such firm given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
The
statement of certain revenues and certain expenses of the Campus Lodge of Gainesville,
incorporated in this prospectus by reference from the Companys Current Report on Form 8-K has been
audited by Deloitte & Touche LLP, an independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in
their report, which is incorporated herein by reference, and has been so incorporated in reliance
upon the report of such firm given their authority as experts in accounting and auditing.
The
combined statements of revenues and certain expenses of the Murfreesboro properties
incorporated by reference in this prospectus from our Current Report on Form 8-K, filed with the
Securities and Exchange Commission on January 25, 2006, has been audited by Reznick Group, P.C., an
independent registered public accounting firm, as stated in their report, which is incorporated
herein by reference, and has been so incorporated in reliance upon the report of such firm given
their authority as experts in accounting and auditing..
WHERE YOU CAN FIND MORE INFORMATION
We have filed a registration statement on Form S-3 with the Securities and Exchange Commission
in connection with this offering. We are required to file annual, quarterly and current reports,
proxy statements and other information with the Securities and Exchange Commission.
This prospectus is part of the registration statement and does not contain all of the
information included in the registration statement and all of its exhibits, certificates and
schedules. Whenever a reference is made in this prospectus to the content of any contract or other
document of ours referred to in the prospectus, the reference may not be complete.
You can read our registration statement and our Securities and Exchange Commission filings
over the Internet at www.sec.gov. You may also read and copy any document we file with the SEC at
its Public Reference Room at 100 F Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549. You may also obtain
copies of the documents at prescribed rates by writing to the Public Reference Section of the
Securities and Exchange Commission at 100 F Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549. Please call the
Securities and Exchange Commission at 1 (800) SEC-0330 or e-mail at publicinfo@sec.gov for further
information on the operation of the public reference facilities.
The
Securities and Exchange Commission allows us to incorporate by reference information into this prospectus, which means
that we can disclose important information to you by referring you to another document filed
separately with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The incorporated by reference herein is
deemed to be part of this prospectus, except for any information superseded by information in this
prospectus. This prospectus incorporates by reference the documents set forth below that we have
previously filed with the SEC. These documents contain important information about us, our
business and our finances.
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Document |
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Period |
Annual Report on Form 10-K (File No. 001-32417)
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Year ended December 31, 2004 |
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32417)
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Quarter ended March 31, 2005 |
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32417)
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Quarter ended June 30, 2005 |
Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q (File No. 001-32417)
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Quarter ended September 30, 2005 |
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Document |
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Dated |
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April 8, 2005 |
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April 12, 2005 |
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May 10, 2005 |
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June 8, 2005 |
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July 11, 2005 |
Current Reports on Form 8-K, including amendments
on Form 8-K/A (File No. 001-32417)
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August 16, 2005 |
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September 14, 2005 |
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September 15, 2005 |
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September 27, 2005 |
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October 5, 2005 |
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October 11, 2005 |
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November 14, 2005 |
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January 3, 2006 |
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January 12, 2006 |
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January 25, 2006 |
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January 25, 2006 |
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February 2, 2006 |
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Document |
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Dated |
Definitive Proxy Statement on Schedule 14A (File
No. 001-32417)
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April 29, 2005 |
All documents that we file pursuant to Sections 13(a), 13(c), 14 or 15(d) of the Exchange Act
after the date of this prospectus but before the end of any offering of securities made under this
prospectus will also be considered to be incorporated by reference.
If you request, either orally or in writing, we will provide you with a copy of any or all
documents that are incorporated by reference. Such documents will be provided to you free of
charge, but will not contain any exhibits, unless those exhibits are incorporated by reference into
the document. Requests should be addressed to Education Realty Trust, Inc., 530 Oak Court Drive,
Suite 300, Memphis, Tennessee 38117, Attn: Investor Relations, (901) 259-2500.
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6,271,229 Shares
Education Realty Trust, Inc.
Common Stock
PROSPECTUS
February 9, 2006