PZN-2014.09.30-10Q
Table of Contents

 
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSION
WASHINGTON, D.C. 20549

FORM 10-Q
x
Quarterly report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
For the Quarterly Period Ended September 30, 2014
Or
o
Transition report pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934
 
For the transition period from ______to______
 
Commission file number 001-33761
PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
(Exact Name of Registrant as Specified in its Charter)
Delaware
 
20-8999751
(State or Other Jurisdiction of
 
(I.R.S. Employer
Incorporation or Organization)
 
Identification No.)
120 West 45th Street
New York, New York 10036
(Address of Principal Executive Offices) (Zip Code)
Registrant’s telephone number, including area code: (212) 355-1600

Not Applicable
 
(Former name, former address, and former fiscal year if changed since last report)

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant: (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate web site, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes x No o
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer or a smaller reporting company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer” and “smaller reporting company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.
Large accelerated filer o
 
Accelerated filer o
 
 
 
Non-accelerated filer o
 
Smaller reporting company x
(Do not check if a smaller reporting company)
 
 

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act) Yes o No x
As of November 3, 2014, there were 13,204,334 outstanding shares of the registrant’s Class A common stock, par value $0.01 per share.
As of November 3, 2014, there were 51,878,097 outstanding shares of the registrant’s Class B common stock, par value $0.000001 per share.
 

Table of Contents

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
FORM 10-Q
TABLE OF CONTENTS

 
 
 
Page
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 

i
Table of Contents

CAUTIONARY STATEMENT REGARDING FORWARD-LOOKING STATEMENTS

This Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q contains forward-looking statements.  Forward-looking statements provide our current expectations, or forecasts, of future events.  Forward-looking statements include statements about our expectations, beliefs, plans, objectives, intentions, assumptions and other statements that are not historical facts.  Words or phrases such as “anticipate,” “believe,” “continue,” “ongoing,” “estimate,” “expect,” “intend,” “may,” “plan,” “potential,” “predict,” “project” or similar words or phrases, or the negatives of those words or phrases, may identify forward-looking statements, but the absence of these words does not necessarily mean that a statement is not forward-looking.

Forward-looking statements are subject to known and unknown risks and uncertainties and are based on potentially inaccurate assumptions that could cause actual results to differ materially from those expected or implied by the forward-looking statements.  Our actual results could differ materially from those anticipated in forward-looking statements for many reasons, including the factors described in Item 1A, “Risk Factors” in Part I of our Annual Report on Form 10-K for our fiscal year ended December 31, 2013.  Accordingly, you should not unduly rely on these forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date of this Quarterly Report.  We undertake no obligation to publicly revise any forward-looking statements to reflect circumstances or events after the date of this Quarterly Report, or to reflect the occurrence of unanticipated events.  You should, however, review the factors and risks we describe in the reports we will file from time to time with the Securities and Exchange Commission, or SEC, after the date of this Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q.

Forward-looking statements include, but are not limited to, statements about:

•
our anticipated future results of operations and operating cash flows;
•
our business strategies and investment policies;
•
our financing plans and the availability of short- or long-term borrowing, or equity financing;
•
our competitive position and the effects of competition on our business;
•
potential growth opportunities available to us;
•
the recruitment and retention of our employees;
•
our expected levels of compensation for our employees;
•
our potential operating performance, achievements, efficiency, and cost reduction efforts;
•
our expected tax rate;
•
changes in interest rates;
•
our expectation with respect to the economy, capital markets, the market for asset management services, and other industry trends; and
•
the impact of future legislation and regulation, and changes in existing legislation and regulation, on our business.
The reports that we file with the SEC, accessible on the SEC’s website at www.sec.gov, identify additional factors that can affect forward-looking statements.

 

ii
Table of Contents

PART I.  FINANCIAL INFORMATION
Item 1.  Financial Statements
PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL CONDITION
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)
 
As of
 
September 30, 2014
 
December 31, 2013
 
(unaudited)
 
 
ASSETS
 
 
 
Cash and Cash Equivalents
$
37,233

 
$
33,878

Restricted Cash
2,715

 
316

Due from Broker
374

 
58

Advisory Fees Receivable
24,588

 
23,947

Investments
14,989

 
7,621

Receivable from Related Parties
129

 
119

Other Receivables
483

 
550

Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets
621

 
577

Deferred Tax Asset, Net of Valuation Allowance of $44,808 and $53,973 in 2014 and 2013, respectively
14,694

 
12,312

Property and Equipment, Net of Accumulated Depreciation of $3,015 and $2,850 in 2014 and 2013, respectively
1,027

 
835

TOTAL ASSETS
$
96,853

 
$
80,213

LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
 

 
 

Liabilities:
 

 
 

Accounts Payable and Accrued Expenses
$
16,688

 
$
5,570

Due to Broker
259

 
5

Securities Sold Short, at Fair Value
1,462

 
—

Deferred Compensation Liability
1,637

 
2,339

Lease Liability
460

 
778

Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
15,860

 
12,777

Other Liabilities
274

 
195

TOTAL LIABILITIES
36,640

 
21,664

Equity:
 

 
 

Preferred Stock (Par Value $0.01; 200,000,000 Shares Authorized; None Outstanding)
—

 
—

Class A Common Stock (Par Value $0.01; 750,000,000 Shares Authorized; 13,298,779 and 12,158,057 Shares Issued and Outstanding in 2014 and 2013, respectively)
132

 
121

Class B Common Stock (Par Value $0.000001; 750,000,000 Shares Authorized; 51,732,405 and 52,820,720 Shares Issued and Outstanding in 2014 and 2013, respectively)
—

 
—

Additional Paid-In Capital
10,081

 
9,750

Retained Earnings
8,190

 
6,491

Total Pzena Investment Management, Inc.'s Equity
18,403

 
16,362

Non-Controlling Interests
41,810

 
42,187

TOTAL EQUITY
60,213

 
58,549

TOTAL LIABILITIES AND EQUITY
$
96,853

 
$
80,213

 
See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

1
Table of Contents

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF OPERATIONS
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)

 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
REVENUE
$
29,605

 
$
24,046

 
$
83,951

 
$
67,020

EXPENSES


 


 


 


Compensation and Benefits Expense
10,622

 
9,100

 
30,571

 
27,622

General and Administrative Expense
2,351

 
1,995

 
7,176

 
5,747

Total Operating Expenses
12,973

 
11,095

 
37,747

 
33,369

Operating Income
16,632

 
12,951

 
46,204

 
33,651

OTHER (EXPENSE)/ INCOME


 
 

 
 

 
 

Interest Income
20

 
30

 
45

 
84

Dividend Income
74

 
52

 
236

 
168

(Losses)/ Gains and Other Investment Income
(434
)
 
498

 
80

 
1,763

Change in Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
(1,824
)
 
(3,257
)
 
(3,947
)
 
(4,525
)
Other Expense
(185
)
 
(71
)
 
(218
)
 
(159
)
Total Other (Expense)/ Income
(2,349
)
 
(2,748
)
 
(3,804
)
 
(2,669
)
Income Before Income Taxes
14,283

 
10,203

 
42,400

 
30,982

Income Tax (Benefit)/ Expense
(220
)
 
(2,084
)
 
1,189

 
(1,288
)
Net Income
14,503

 
12,287

 
41,211

 
32,270

Less: Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
12,444

 
10,331

 
35,580

 
27,879

Net Income Attributable to Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
$
2,059

 
$
1,956

 
$
5,631

 
$
4,391

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income for Basic Earnings per Share
$
2,059

 
$
1,956

 
$
5,631

 
$
4,391

Basic Earnings per Share
$
0.16

 
$
0.16

 
$
0.45

 
$
0.37

Basic Weighted Average Shares Outstanding
12,965,606

 
12,209,978

 
12,443,687

 
11,934,142

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income for Diluted Earnings per Share
$
9,503

 
$
7,866

 
$
26,193

 
$
20,129

Diluted Earnings per Share
$
0.14

 
$
0.12

 
$
0.39

 
$
0.30

Diluted Weighted Average Shares Outstanding1
67,632,072

 
66,714,033

 
67,879,923

 
66,610,381

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Cash Dividends per Share of Class A Common Stock
$
0.03

 
$
0.03

 
$
0.32

 
$
0.22

1 Under the "two-class method," restricted Class B units that are considered participating securities are required to be included in the computation of diluted earnings per share. 

See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.


2
Table of Contents

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENT OF CHANGES IN EQUITY
(in thousands, except share and per-share amounts)
  
 
Shares of
Class A
Common Stock
 
Shares of
Class B
Common Stock
 
Class A
Common Stock
 
Additional
Paid-In Capital
 
Retained
Earnings
 
   Non-Controlling
Interests
 
Total
Balance at December 31, 2013
12,158,057

 
52,820,720

 
$
121

 
$
9,750

 
$
6,491

 
$
42,187

 
$
58,549

Unit Conversion
1,150,060

 
(1,150,060
)
 
11

 
1,038

 
—

 
(858
)
 
191

Amortization of Non-Cash Compensation
18,535

 
17,685

 
—

 
442

 
—

 
1,876

 
2,318

Directors' Shares
—

 
—

 
—

 
53

 
—

 
225

 
278

Net Income
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,631

 
35,580

 
41,211

Options Exercised
68,346

 
95,199

 
1

 
37

 
—

 
(38
)
 
—

Repurchase and Retirement of Class A Common Stock
(96,219
)
 
—

 
(1
)
 
(978
)
 
—

 
—

 
(979
)
Repurchase and Retirement of Class B Units
—

 
(51,139
)
 
—

 
(101
)
 
—

 
(440
)
 
(541
)
Class A Cash Dividends Declared and Paid ($0.32 per share)
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(3,932
)
 
—

 
(3,932
)
Contributions from Non-Controlling Interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,360

 
4,360

Distributions to Non-Controlling Interests
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(41,205
)
 
(41,205
)
Effect of Deconsolidation
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
(37
)
 
(37
)
Other
—

 
—

 
—

 
(160
)
 
—

 
160

 
—

Balance at September 30, 2014
13,298,779

 
51,732,405

 
$
132

 
$
10,081

 
$
8,190

 
$
41,810

 
$
60,213

  
See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

3
Table of Contents

PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
UNAUDITED CONSOLIDATED STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS
(in thousands)
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
OPERATING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Net Income
$
14,503

 
$
12,287

 
$
41,211

 
$
32,270

Adjustments to Reconcile Net Income to Cash
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Provided by Operating Activities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Depreciation
57

 
47

 
167

 
124

Non-Cash Compensation
1,299

 
1,313

 
3,955

 
3,832

Director Share Grant
80

 
104

 
278

 
254

Losses/ (Gains) and Other Investment Income
434

 
(498
)
 
(80
)
 
(1,763
)
Change in Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
1,824

 
3,257

 
3,947

 
4,525

Deferred Income Taxes
(926
)
 
(2,881
)
 
(1,126
)
 
(2,788
)
Changes in Operating Assets and Liabilities:


 


 


 


Advisory Fees Receivable
(684
)
 
(1,526
)
 
(641
)
 
(5,274
)
Due from Broker
815

 
(147
)
 
(316
)
 
(210
)
Restricted Cash
(25
)
 
—

 
(2,399
)
 
(1
)
Prepaid Expenses and Other Assets
65

 
(121
)
 
(15
)
 
(687
)
Due to Broker
(860
)
 
(4
)
 
254

 
41

Accounts Payable, Accrued Expenses, and Other Liabilities
5,666

 
4,506

 
9,323

 
8,898

Tax Receivable Agreement Payments
—

 
—

 
(1,945
)
 
(2,000
)
Change in Lease Liability
(105
)
 
(107
)
 
(318
)
 
(319
)
Purchases of Equity Securities and Securities Sold Short
(13,039
)
 
(10,235
)
 
(44,305
)
 
(63,441
)
Proceeds from Equity Securities and Securities Sold Short
12,995

 
11,843

 
37,968

 
64,545

Net Cash Provided by Operating Activities
22,099

 
17,838

 
45,958

 
38,006

INVESTING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Purchases of Investments in Deferred Compensation Plan
(26
)
 
(24
)
 
(584
)
 
(1,483
)
Proceeds from Investments in Deferred Compensation Plan
—

 
—

 
541

 
78

Payments (to)/ from Related Parties
(5
)
 
5

 
(10
)
 
(43
)
Purchase of Property and Equipment
(214
)
 
(169
)
 
(358
)
 
(174
)
Net Cash Used in Investing Activities
(245
)
 
(188
)
 
(411
)
 
(1,622
)
FINANCING ACTIVITIES
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Repurchase and Retirement of Class A Common Stock
(606
)
 
(529
)
 
(979
)
 
(2,213
)
Repurchase and Retirement of Class B Units
—

 
—

 
(541
)
 
—

Repurchase and Retirement of Class B Unit Options
—

 
—

 
—

 
(71
)
Loan Proceeds
—

 
—

 
205

 
—

Distributions to Non-Controlling Interests
(12,351
)
 
(7,596
)
 
(41,205
)
 
(29,405
)
Contributions from Non-Controlling Interests
2,782

 
128

 
4,360

 
128

Dividends
(401
)
 
(366
)
 
(3,932
)
 
(2,506
)
Net Cash Used in Financing Activities
(10,576
)
 
(8,363
)
 
(42,092
)
 
(34,067
)
NET CHANGE IN CASH
$
11,278

 
$
9,287

 
$
3,455

 
$
2,317

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - Beginning of Period
$
26,055

 
$
25,675

 
$
33,878

 
$
32,645

Effect of Deconsolidation
(100
)
 
—

 
(100
)
 
—

Net Change in Cash
11,278

 
9,287

 
3,455

 
2,317

CASH AND CASH EQUIVALENTS - End of Period
$
37,233

 
$
34,962

 
$
37,233

 
$
34,962

Supplementary Cash Flow Information:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Income Taxes Paid
$
623

 
$
668

 
$
2,728

 
$
2,501


See accompanying notes to unaudited consolidated financial statements.

4
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements


Note 1—Organization
 
Pzena Investment Management, Inc. (the “Company”) functions as the sole managing member of its operating company, Pzena Investment Management, LLC (the “operating company”).   As a result, the Company: (i) consolidates the financial results of the operating company and reflects the membership interests that it does not own as a non-controlling interest in its consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognizes income generated from its economic interest in the operating company’s net income.
 
The operating company is an investment adviser which is registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 and is headquartered in New York, New York.  As of September 30, 2014, the operating company managed assets in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies across a wide range of market capitalizations in both U.S. and non-U.S. capital markets.
 
The Company has consolidated the results of operations and financial condition of the following entities as of September 30, 2014: 
 
 
 
 Ownership at
Legal Entity
Type of Entity (Date of Formation)
 
September 30, 2014
Pzena Investment Management, Pty
Australian Proprietary Limited Company (12/16/2009)
 
100.0
%
Pzena Financial Service, LLC (Member FINRA/SIPC)
Delaware Limited Liability Company (10/15/2013)
 
100.0
%
Pzena Investment Management Special Situations, LLC
Delaware Limited Liability Company (12/01/2010)
 
99.9
%
Pzena Mid Cap Focused Value Fund, a series of Advisors Series Trust
Open-end Management Investment Company, series of Delaware Statutory Trust (3/31/2014)
 
94.0
%
Pzena Long/Short Value Fund, a series of Advisors Series Trust
Open-end Management Investment Company, series of Delaware Statutory Trust (3/31/2014)
 
77.7
%
Pzena Investment Funds Trust, Pzena Large Cap Value Fund
Massachusetts Trust (11/01/2002)
 
0.0
%
Pzena International Value Service, a series of Pzena Investment Management International, LLC
Delaware Limited Liability Company (12/22/2003)
 
0.0
%
 
Note 2—Significant Accounting Policies
 
Basis of Presentation:
 
The consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) and related Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”) rules and regulations.  Certain investment vehicles the operating company sponsors for which it is the investment advisor, are considered to be variable-interest entities (“VIEs”), while others are considered to be voting interest entities ("VOEs") subject to traditional consolidation concepts based on ownership rights. The Company consolidates VIEs where the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary. The Company’s policy is to consolidate all majority-owned subsidiaries in which it has a controlling financial interest.  The majority-owned subsidiaries in which the Company has a controlling financial interest and the VIEs for which the Company is deemed to be the primary beneficiary are collectively referred to as “consolidated subsidiaries.”  Non-controlling interests recorded on the consolidated financial statements of the Company include the non-controlling interests of the outside investors in each of these entities, as well as those of the operating company.  All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated.
 
On March 31, 2014, the operating company launched the Pzena Emerging Markets Focused Value Fund, Pzena Mid Cap Focused Value Fund, and Pzena Long/Short Value Fund, for each of which it acts as the investment advisor. Since the equity investment at risk is sufficient to support the operations of these entities and the ownership interests have substantive voting rights, these entities are deemed to be VOEs. On March 31, 2014, the Company provided the initial cash investment for each fund in an effort to generate an investment performance track record to attract third-party investors and had an initial investment representing 100% of the ownership in each entity. As a result, the entities were consolidated with the Company as of March 31, 2014. On August 5, 2014, due to additional subscriptions into the Pzena Emerging Markets Focused Value Fund, the Company's ownership decreased to 42.9%. As the entity was no longer deemed to control the fund, the Company deconsolidated the entity, removed

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


the related assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest from its balance sheet and classified the Company's remaining investment as an equity method investment. The Pzena Mid Cap Focused Value Fund and Pzena Long/Short Value Fund will continue to be consolidated to the extent the Company has a majority ownership interest in them. At September 30, 2014, the aggregate of these funds' $4.7 million in net assets were included in the Company's consolidated statements of financial condition.

Pzena Large Cap Value Fund is a Massachusetts Trust in which a majority of the trustees are members of the executive committee of the operating company.  A majority of the trustees do not hold equity investments in this trust.  Since the holders of the equity investments in this partnership lack a controlling financial interest in it, this entity is deemed to be a VIE.  The Company is considered the primary beneficiary of this VIE.  At September 30, 2014, the Pzena Large Cap Value Fund’s $1.1 million in net assets were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.

The operating company is the managing member of Pzena International Value Service, a series of Pzena Investment Management International, LLC.  The operating company is considered the primary beneficiary of this entity. As a result, the entity was consolidated as of February 1, 2011.  At September 30, 2014, Pzena International Value Fund’s $2.2 million in net assets were included in the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition.
 
VIEs that are not consolidated continue to receive investment management services from the Company, and are vehicles through which the Company offers its Global Value and/or Non-U.S. Value Strategies.  The total net assets of these VIEs was approximately $440.8 million and $244.2 million at September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively.  Neither the Company nor the operating company were exposed to losses as a result of its involvement with these entities because they had no direct investment in them.

The Company records in its own equity its pro-rata share of transactions that impact the operating company’s net equity, including unit and option issuances, repurchases, and retirements.  The operating company’s pro-rata share of such transactions are recorded as adjustments to additional paid-in capital or non-controlling interests, as applicable, on the consolidated statements of financial position.
 
Management’s Use of Estimates:
 
The preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP requires management to make estimates and assumptions that affect the reported amounts of assets and liabilities, disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities at the date of the financial statements and the reported amounts of revenues and expenses for the period.  Actual results could differ from those estimates.
 
Fair Values of Financial Instruments:
 
The carrying amounts of all financial instruments in the consolidated statements of financial condition are presented at their fair value.
 
Revenue Recognition:
 
Revenue, comprised of advisory fee income, is recognized over the period in which advisory services are provided.  Advisory fee income includes management fees that are calculated based on percentages of assets under management (“AUM”), generally billed quarterly, either in arrears or advance, depending on the applicable contractual terms.  Advisory fee income also includes performance fees that may be earned by the Company depending on the investment return of the AUM.  Performance fee arrangements generally entitle the Company to participate, on a fixed-percentage basis, in any returns generated in excess of an agreed-upon benchmark.  The Company’s participation percentage in such return differentials is then multiplied by AUM to determine the performance fees earned.   In general, returns are calculated on an annualized basis over the contract’s measurement period, which usually extends to three years.  Performance fees are generally payable annually.  Following the preferred method identified in the Revenue Recognition Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”), such performance fee income is recorded at the conclusion of the contractual performance period, when all contingencies are resolved.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, the Company recognized approximately $2.1 million and $2.6 million in performance fee income, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, the Company recognized approximately $0.7 million and $0.8 million in performance fee income, respectively.  
 

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Cash and Cash Equivalents:
 
At September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, Cash and Cash Equivalents was $37.2 million and $33.9 million, respectively.  The Company considers all money market funds and highly-liquid debt instruments with an original maturity of three months or less at the time of purchase to be cash equivalents.  The Company maintains its cash in bank deposits and other accounts whose balances often exceed federally insured limits.
 
Interest on cash and cash equivalents is recorded as interest income on an accrual basis in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Restricted Cash:
 
The Company maintained compensating balances of Restricted Cash of $2.7 million and $0.3 million at September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, respectively. The Company holds letters of credit issued by a third party in lieu of cash security deposits, as required by the Company’s leases for its current office space and its future New York corporate headquarters.  

The Pzena Long/Short Value Fund is required to maintain cash collateral for margin accounts established to support securities sold short, not yet purchased. To satisfy this requirement, as of September 30, 2014, $1.4 million was set aside and recorded in Restricted Cash in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Due to/from Broker:
 
Due to/from Broker consists primarily of amounts payable/receivable for unsettled securities transactions held/initiated at the clearing brokers of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries.
 
Investments:
 
Investment Securities, trading
Marketable securities classified as trading securities consist of investments held by the Company and its consolidated subsidiaries, as well as investments in third-party mutual funds.  The Company’s investments in third-party mutual funds are held to satisfy the Company’s obligations under its deferred compensation program.  Dividends associated with the investments of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries are recorded as dividend income on an ex-dividend basis in the consolidated statement of operations.

Securities Sold Short represents securities sold short, not yet purchased by the Pzena Long/Short Value Fund, which is consolidated with the Company's financial statements. Dividend expense associated with these investment is reflected in Other Expense on an ex-dividend basis in the consolidated statement of operations.
 
All such investments are recorded at fair value, with net realized and unrealized gains and losses reported in earnings. Net realized and unrealized gains and losses are a component of (Losses)/ Gains and Other Investment Income in the consolidated statements of operations.

Investments in equity method investees
Investments in non-controlled affiliates in which the Company's ownership ranges from 20 to 50 percent, are accounted for under the equity method of accounting. Under the equity method of accounting, the Company's share of the investee's underlying net income or loss is recorded as equity in the earnings of affiliates and reflected as a component of (Losses)/ Gains and Other Investment Income in the consolidated statements of operations. The carrying value of equity method investments is measured based on the funds' net asset values.

Fair Value Measurements:
 
The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC defines fair value as the price that would be received to sell an asset, or paid to transfer a liability, in an orderly transaction between market participants at the measurement date.  The Fair Value Measurements and Disclosures Topic of the FASB ASC also establishes a framework for measuring fair value and a valuation hierarchy based upon the transparency of inputs used in the valuation of an asset or liability.  Classification within the hierarchy is based upon the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement. The valuation hierarchy contains three levels: (i) valuation inputs are unadjusted quoted market prices for identical assets or liabilities in active markets (Level 1); (ii) valuation inputs are quoted prices for identical assets or liabilities

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


in markets that are not active, quoted market prices for similar assets and liabilities in active markets, and other observable inputs directly or indirectly related to the asset or liability being measured (Level 2); and (iii) valuation inputs are unobservable and significant to the fair value measurement (Level 3).
 
The Company’s investments relate to its consolidated investments in equity securities and securities sold short, both of which are exchange-traded securities with quoted prices in active markets, its investments in third-party mutual funds, which have a readily available net asset value per share, and its investments in equity method investees.  The fair value measurements of the equity securities, securities sold short, and investments in mutual funds have been classified as Level 1. The investments in equity method investees are held at their carrying value.
 
The following table presents these instruments’ fair value at September 30, 2014:
 
 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Other Assets Not Held at Fair Value
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Securities
$
8,093

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
8,093

Investments in Mutual Funds
4,853

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
4,853

Investments in equity method investees
—

 
—

 
—

 
2,043

 
2,043

Total Investments
$
12,946

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2,043

 
$
14,989


 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Other Liabilities Not Held at Fair Value
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Liabilities:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Securities Sold Short
$
1,462

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
1,462


The following table presents these instruments’ fair value at December 31, 2013:

 
Level 1
 
Level 2
 
Level 3
 
Other Assets Not Held at Fair Value
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Assets:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Equity Securities
$
2,364

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
2,364

Investments in Mutual Funds
5,257

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
5,257

Investments in equity method investees
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total Investments
$
7,621

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
—

 
$
7,621


For the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, there were no transfers between levels. In addition, the Company did not hold any Level 2 or 3 securities during these periods.

Securities Valuation:
 
Investments in equity securities and securities sold short for which market quotations are available are valued at the last reported price or closing price on the primary market or exchange on which they trade.  If no reported equity sales occurred on the valuation date, equity investments are valued at the bid price.  Investments in third-party mutual funds are valued at the closing net asset value per share of the fund on the day of valuation.  Transactions are recorded on a trade date basis.

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)



The net realized gain or loss on sales of securities, securities sold short, and investments in third-party mutual funds is determined on a specific identification basis and is included in (Losses)/ Gains and Other Investment Income in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Concentrations of Credit Risk:
 
Financial instruments that potentially subject the Company to concentrations of credit risk consist principally of cash and cash equivalents, amounts due from brokers, and advisory fees receivable.  The Company maintains its cash and cash equivalents in bank deposits and other accounts whose balances often exceed federally insured limits.

The concentration of credit risk with respect to advisory fees receivable is generally limited due to the short payment terms extended to clients by the Company.  On a periodic basis, the Company evaluates its advisory fees receivable and establishes an allowance for doubtful accounts, if necessary, based on a history of past write-offs and collections and current credit conditions.  At September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, no allowance for doubtful accounts was deemed necessary.
 
Property and Equipment:
 
Property and equipment is carried at cost, less accumulated depreciation and amortization.  Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over the estimated useful lives of the respective assets, which range from three to seven years.  Leasehold improvements are amortized on a straight-line basis over the shorter of the useful life of the improvements or the remaining lease term.
 
Business Segments:
 
The Company views its operations as comprising one operating segment.
 
Income Taxes:
 
The Company is a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, and thus liable for federal, state, and local taxes on the income derived from its economic interest in its operating company.  The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes.  It has not made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the individual responsibility of each of the operating company’s members (including the Company) to separately report their proportionate share of the operating company’s taxable income or loss.  Similarly, the income of the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries is not subject to income taxes, since it is allocated to each partnership’s individual partners.  The operating company has made a provision for New York City Unincorporated Business Tax (“UBT”).

Judgment is required in evaluating the Company's uncertain tax positions and determining its provision for income taxes. The Company establishes reserves for tax-related uncertainties based on estimates of whether, and the extent to which, additional taxes will be due. These reserves are established when the Company believes that certain positions might be challenged despite its belief that its tax return positions are in accordance with applicable tax laws. The Company adjusts these reserves in light of changing facts and circumstances, such as the closing of a tax audit, new tax legislation or the change of an estimate. To the extent that the final tax outcome of these matters is different than the amounts recorded, such differences will affect the provision for income taxes in the period in which such determination is made. The provision for income taxes includes the effect of reserve provisions and changes to reserves that are considered appropriate. It is also the Company’s policy to recognize accrued interest, and penalties associated with uncertain tax positions in Income Tax Expense/(Benefit) on the consolidated statement of operations. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, no such expenses were recognized. As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, no such accruals were recorded. 
The Company and its consolidated subsidiaries account for all federal, state, and local taxation pursuant to the asset and liability method, which requires deferred income tax assets and liabilities to be recorded for temporary differences between the carrying amount and tax bases of assets and liabilities that will result in taxable or deductible amounts in the future, based on enacted tax laws and rates applicable to the periods in which the temporary differences are expected to affect taxable income.  Valuation allowances are established, when necessary, to reduce deferred tax assets to the amount more likely than not to be realized.  At September 30, 2014, the Company had a $44.8 million valuation allowance against deferred tax assets recorded as part of the Company’s initial public offering and the subsequent exchanges of Class B units for shares of its Class A common stock.  At December 31, 2013, the Company had a $54.0 million valuation allowance against these deferred tax assets.  The income tax expense, or benefit, is the tax payable or refundable for the period, plus or minus the change during the

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


period in deferred tax assets and liabilities. The Company records its deferred tax liabilities as a component of other liabilities in the consolidated statements of financial condition.

Excess tax benefits related to stock- and unit-transactions are not recognized until they result in a reduction of cash taxes payable. The benefit of these excess tax benefits will be recorded in equity when they reduce cash taxes payable. The Company will only recognize a tax benefit from stock- and unit-based awards in Additional Paid-In Capital if an incremental tax benefit is realized after all other tax benefits currently available have been utilized. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, the Company had less than $0.1 million in tax benefits associated with stock- and unit-based awards that it was not able to recognize. There were no unrecognized tax benefits for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013.
 
Foreign Currency:
 
Investment securities and other assets and liabilities denominated in foreign currencies are remeasured into U.S. dollar amounts at the date of valuation.  Purchases and sales of investment securities, and income and expense items denominated in foreign currencies, are remeasured into U.S. dollar amounts on the respective dates of such transactions.
 
The Company does not isolate the portion of the results of its operations resulting from the impact of fluctuations in foreign exchange rates on its non-U.S. investments.  Such fluctuations are included in Net Realized and Unrealized Gain from Investments in the consolidated statements of operations.
 
Reported net realized foreign exchange gains or losses arise from sales of foreign currencies, currency gains or losses realized between the trade and settlement dates on securities transactions, and the difference between the amounts of dividends, interest, and foreign withholding taxes recorded on the Company’s books and the U.S. dollar equivalent of the amounts actually received or paid.  Net unrealized foreign exchange gains and losses arise from changes in the fair values of assets and liabilities resulting from changes in exchange rates.
 
The functional currency of the Company is the United States Dollar.  The functional currency of the Company’s representative office in Australia is the Australian Dollar.  Assets and liabilities of this office are translated at the spot rate in effect at the applicable reporting date, and the consolidated statements of operations are translated at the average exchange rates in effect during the applicable period.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, the Company did not record any accumulated other comprehensive income.
 
Note 3—Compensation and Benefits
 
Compensation and benefits expense to employees and members is comprised of the following:
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands)
Cash Compensation and Other Benefits
$
9,323

 
$
7,787

 
$
26,616

 
$
23,864

Non-Cash Compensation
1,299

 
1,313

 
3,955

 
3,758

Total Compensation and Benefits Expense
$
10,622

 
$
9,100

 
$
30,571

 
$
27,622

   

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Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


All non-cash compensation awards granted have varying vesting schedules and are issued at prices equal to the assessed fair market value at the time of issuance, as discussed below.  No awards were granted during the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013. Details of Class B units, phantom Class B units and restricted shares of Class A common stock awarded during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 are as follows:

 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
Amount
 
Fair Value1
 
Amount
 
Fair Value1
Class B Units
32,479

 
$
11.76

 
18,517

 
$
5.40

Deferred Compensation Phantom Class B Units
22,959

 
$
11.76

 
68,518

 
$
5.40

Restricted Shares of Class A Common Stock
—

 
$
—

 
100,000

 
$
4.41

1 Represents the grant date estimated fair value per share or unit.

Pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, LLC Amended and Restated 2006 Equity Incentive Plan (“the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan”), the operating company issues Class B units, phantom Class B units and options to purchase Class B units.  Under the Pzena Investment Management, Inc. 2007 Equity Incentive Plan (“the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan”), the Company issues shares of restricted Class A common stock and options to acquire shares of Class A common stock. During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, 270,000 options to purchase Class B units were forfeited in connection with employee departures. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, 701,299 phantom Class B units were also forfeited in connection with employee departures.

Under the Pzena Investment Management, LLC Amended and Restated Bonus Plan (the “Bonus Plan”), eligible employees whose cash compensation is in excess of certain thresholds have a portion of that excess mandatorily deferred.  These deferred amounts may be invested, at the employee’s discretion, in certain third-party mutual funds, phantom Class B units, or money market funds.  Amounts deferred in any calendar year reduce that year’s cash compensation expense and are amortized and vest ratably over a four-year period commencing the following year.  As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the liability associated with deferred compensation investment accounts was $1.6 million and $2.3 million, respectively. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, 5,953 phantom Class B units issued under the plan and approximately $1.0 million in deferred compensation investments were forfeited in connection with employee departures.
 
Pursuant to the Pzena Investment Management, Inc. Non-Employee Director Deferred Compensation Plan (the “Director Plan”), non-employee directors may elect to have all or part of the compensation otherwise payable to the director in cash, deferred in the form of phantom shares of Class A common stock of the Company.  Elections to defer compensation under the Director Plan are made on a year-to-year basis.  Distributions under the Director Plan are made in a single distribution of shares of Class A common stock at such time as elected by the participant when the deferral was made.  Since inception of the Director Plan in 2009, the Company’s directors have elected to defer 100% of their compensation in the form of phantom shares of Class A common stock.  Amounts deferred in any calendar year are amortized over the calendar year and reflected as General and Administrative Expense.  As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, there were 189,753 and 158,882 phantom shares of Class A common stock outstanding, respectively. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 no distributions were made under the Director Plan. For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, in association with the resignation of a director, 6,944 phantom shares of Class A common stock were forfeited and the Company distributed 45,818 phantom shares of Class A common stock in the form of shares of Class A common stock.

The Company issues to certain of its employees delayed-vesting cash awards.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 no such awards were granted.  Previously awarded delayed-vesting cash awards have varying vesting schedules with $1.1 million to be paid at the end of 2014 and the remaining $0.4 million to be paid at the end of 2015.

As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the Company had approximately $22.7 million and $29.7 million, respectively, in unrecorded compensation expense related to unvested awards issued pursuant to its Bonus Plan, Class B units, option grants, and phantom Class B units issued under the 2006 Equity Incentive Plan, and restricted Class A common stock issued under the 2007 Equity Incentive Plan. The Company anticipates that this unrecorded cost will amortize over the respective vesting periods of the awards.


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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Note 4 – Employee Benefit Plans
 
The operating company has a Profit Sharing and Savings Plan for the benefit of substantially all employees.  The Profit Sharing and Savings Plan is a defined contribution profit sharing plan with a 401(k) deferral component.  All full-time employees and certain part-time employees who have met the age and length of service requirements are eligible to participate in the plan.  The plan allows participating employees to make elective deferrals of compensation up to the annual limits which are set by law.  The plan provides for a discretionary annual contribution by the operating company which is determined by a formula based on the salaries of eligible employees as defined by the plan.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, the expense recognized in connection with this plan was $0.1 million and $0.6 million, respectively.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, the expense recognized in connection with this plan was $0.1 million and $0.5 million, respectively.

Note 5—Earnings per Share
 
Basic earnings per share is computed by dividing the Company’s net income attributable to its common stockholders by the weighted average number of shares outstanding during the reporting period.  For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013,  the Company’s basic earnings per share was determined as follows:
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands, except share and per share amounts)
Net Income for Basic Earnings per Share
$
2,059

 
$
1,956

 
$
5,631

 
$
4,391

Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
12,965,606

 
12,209,978

 
12,443,687

 
11,934,142

Basic Earnings per Share
$
0.16

 
$
0.16

 
$
0.45

 
$
0.37


Diluted earnings per share adjusts this calculation to reflect the impact of all outstanding operating company membership units, phantom Class B units, phantom Class A common stock, outstanding Class B unit options, options to purchase Class A common stock, and restricted Class A common stock, to the extent they would have a dilutive effect on net income per share for the reporting period.  Net income for diluted earnings per share generally assumes that all outstanding operating company membership units are converted into Company stock at the beginning of the reporting period and the resulting change to Company net income associated with its increased interest in the operating company is taxed at the Company’s effective tax rate, exclusive of adjustments associated with both the valuation allowance and the liability to selling and converting shareholders and other one-time charges.
 
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, the Company’s diluted net income was determined as follows: 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands)
Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
$
12,593

 
$
10,120

 
$
35,599

 
$
26,949

Less: Assumed Corporate Income Taxes
5,149

 
4,210

 
15,037

 
11,211

Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
7,444

 
5,910

 
20,562

 
15,738

Net Income of Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
2,059

 
1,956

 
5,631

 
4,391

Diluted Net Income
$
9,503

 
$
7,866

 
$
26,193

 
$
20,129

 
Under the two-class method of computing diluted earnings per share, diluted earnings per share is calculated by dividing net income for diluted earnings per share by the weighted average number of common shares outstanding during the period, plus the dilutive effect of any potential common shares outstanding during the period using the more dilutive of the treasury method or two-class method.  The two-class method includes an earnings allocation formula that determines earnings per share for each participating security according to dividends declared and undistributed earnings for the period.  The Company’s net

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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


income for diluted earnings per share is reduced by the amount allocated to participating restricted Class B units for purposes of calculating earnings per share.  Dividend equivalent distributions paid per share on the operating company’s unvested restricted Class B units are equal to the dividends paid per Company Class A common stock.
For the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, the Company’s diluted earnings per share were determined as follows:
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands, except share and
per share amounts)
Diluted Net Income Allocated to:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Class A Common Stock
$
9,482

 
$
7,847

 
$
26,135

 
$
20,081

Participating Class B Units
21

 
19

 
58

 
48

Total Diluted Net Income Attributable to Shareholders
$
9,503

 
$
7,866

 
$
26,193

 
$
20,129

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Basic Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
12,965,606

 
12,209,978

 
12,443,687

 
11,934,142

Dilutive Effect of B Units
52,119,925

 
52,190,656

 
52,601,877

 
52,575,046

Dilutive Effect of Options 1
854,899

 
703,313

 
955,260

 
654,788

Dilutive Effect of Phantom Class B Units & Phantom Shares of Class A Common Stock
1,501,722

 
1,413,976

 
1,691,457

 
1,260,163

Dilutive Effect of Restricted Shares of Class A Common Stock 2
44,228

 
39,034

 
41,800

 
29,000

Dilutive Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
67,486,380

 
66,556,957

 
67,734,081

 
66,453,139

Add: Participating Class B Units3
145,692

 
157,076

 
145,842

 
157,242

Total Dilutive Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding
67,632,072

 
66,714,033

 
67,879,923

 
66,610,381

Diluted Earnings per Share
$
0.14

 
$
0.12

 
$
0.39

 
$
0.30


1 Represents the dilutive effect of options to purchase operating company Class B units and Company Class A common stock.
2 Certain restricted shares of Class A common stock granted to employees are not entitled to dividend or dividend equivalent payments until they are vested and are therefore non-participating securities and are not included in the computation of basic earnings per share. They are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share when the effect is dilutive using the treasury stock method.
3 Unvested Class B Units granted to employees have nonforfeitable rights to dividend equivalent distributions and therefore participate fully in the results of the operating company's operations from the date they are granted. They are included in the computation of diluted earnings per share using the two-class method for participating securities.

Approximately 0.6 million and 0.7 million options to purchase Class B units were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income per share for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, respectively, as their inclusion would have had an antidilutive effect based on current market prices. Approximately 1.2 million options to purchase Class B units and 1.0 million options to purchase Company Class A common stock were excluded from the calculation of diluted net income for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, as their inclusion would have had an antidilutive effect for the respective periods based on market prices.

Note 6—Shareholders’ Equity
 
The Company functions as the sole managing member of the operating company.  As a result, the Company: (i) consolidates the financial results of the operating company and reflects the membership interest in it that it does not own as a non-controlling interest in its consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognizes income generated from its economic interest in the operating company’s net income.  Class A and Class B units of the operating company have the same economic rights per unit.  As of September 30, 2014, the holders of Class A common stock (through the Company) and the holders of Class B units of the operating company held approximately 20.4% and 79.6%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of the business. As of December 31, 2013, the holders of Class A common stock (through the Company) and the holders of Class B units of the operating company held approximately 18.7% and 81.3%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of the business.


13
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Each Class B unit of the operating company has a corresponding share of the Company’s Class B common stock, par value $0.000001 per share.  Each share of the Company’s Class B common stock entitles its holder to five votes, until the first time that the number of shares of Class B common stock outstanding constitutes less than 20% of the number of all shares of the Company’s common stock outstanding.  From this time and thereafter, each share of the Company’s Class B common stock entitles its holder to one vote.  When a Class B unit is exchanged for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock or forfeited, a corresponding share of the Company’s Class B common stock will automatically be redeemed and cancelled.  Conversely, to the extent that the Company causes the operating company to issue additional Class B units to employees pursuant to its equity incentive plan, these additional holders of Class B units would be entitled to receive a corresponding number of shares of the Company’s Class B common stock (including if the Class B units awarded are subject to vesting).
 
All holders of the Company’s Class B common stock have entered into a stockholders’ agreement, pursuant to which they agreed to vote all shares of Class B common stock then held by them, and acquired in the future, together on all matters submitted to a vote of the common stockholders.
 
The outstanding shares of the Company’s Class A common stock represent 100% of the rights of the holders of all classes of the Company’s capital stock to receive distributions, except that holders of Class B common stock will have the right to receive the class’s par value upon the Company’s liquidation, dissolution or winding up.
 
Pursuant to the operating agreement of the operating company, each vested Class B unit is exchangeable for a share of the Company’s Class A common stock, subject to certain exchange timing and volume limitations.
 
On July 31, 2014, certain of the operating company's members exchanged an aggregate of 1,150,060 of their Class B units for an equivalent number of shares of Company Class A common stock. On March 20, 2013, certain of the operating company’s members exchanged an aggregate of 1,328,334 of their Class B units for an equivalent number of shares of Company Class A common stock.  No Class B units were exchanged during the three months ended September 30, 2013. These acquisitions of additional operating company membership interests were treated as reorganizations of entities under common control as required by the Business Combinations Topic of the FASB ASC.
 
The Company’s share repurchase program was announced on April 24, 2012.  The Board of Directors authorized the Company to repurchase an aggregate of $10 million of the Company’s outstanding Class A common stock and the operating company’s Class B units on the open market and in private transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws.  On February 11, 2014, the Company announced that its Board of Directors approved an increase of $20 million in the aggregate amount authorized under the program. The timing, number and value of common shares and units repurchased are subject to the Company’s discretion.  The Company’s share repurchase program is not subject to an expiration date and may be suspended, discontinued, or modified at any time, for any reason.

During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, 159,602 Class B unit options and 250,000 Class A common stock options were exercised. These exercises resulted in the issuance of 95,199 Class B units and 68,346 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, as a result of the redemption of 64,403 Class B units and 181,654 shares of Class A common stock for the cashless exercise of the options.
 
During the three months ended September 30, 2014, the Company purchased and retired 61,647 shares of Class A common stock under the current repurchase authorization at a weighted average price per share of $9.81. During the nine months ended September 30, 2014, the Company purchased and retired 51,139 Class B units and 96,219 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, under the repurchase authorization at a weighted average price per share of $10.58 and $10.16, respectively.   During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, the Company purchased and retired 79,208 and 354,305 shares of Class A common stock, respectively, under the current repurchase authorization at a weighted average price per unit of $6.68 and $6.24, respectively. The Company records the repurchase of shares and units at cost based on the trade date of the transaction.


14
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Note 7—Non-Controlling Interests
 
Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests in the operations of the Company’s operating company and consolidated subsidiaries is comprised of the following:
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands)
Non-Controlling Interests of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
$
12,593

 
$
10,120

 
$
35,599

 
$
26,949

Non-Controlling Interests of Consolidated Subsidiaries
(149
)
 
211

 
(19
)
 
930

Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
$
12,444

 
$
10,331

 
$
35,580

 
$
27,879

 
Distributions to non-controlling interests represent tax allocations and dividend equivalents paid to the members of the operating company, as well as withdrawals from the Company’s consolidated subsidiaries. Contributions from non-controlling interests represent contributions to the Company's consolidated subsidiaries.

Note 8—Investments

The following is a summary of Investments:

 
As of
 
September 30, 2014
 
December 31, 2013
 
(in thousands)
Investment securities, trading
 

 
 

Equity Securities
$
8,093

 
$
2,364

Investments in Mutual Funds
4,853

 
5,257

Total investment securities, trading
12,946

 
7,621

Investments in equity method investees
2,043

 
—

Total
$
14,989

 
$
7,621

 
 
 
 

Investment securities, trading
 
Investments, at Fair Value consisted of the following at September 30, 2014:
 
 
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain/(Loss)
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Equity Securities
$
7,752

 
$
341

 
$
8,093

Investments in Mutual Funds
3,787

 
1,066

 
4,853

Total
$
11,539

 
$
1,407

 
$
12,946



15
Table of Contents
Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


Investments, at Fair Value consisted of the following at December 31, 2013:
 
 
Cost
 
Unrealized
Gain/(Loss)
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Equity Securities
$
1,732

 
$
632

 
$
2,364

Investments in Mutual Funds
4,043

 
1,214

 
5,257

Total
$
5,775

 
$
1,846

 
$
7,621


Securities Sold Short, at Fair Value consisted of the following at September 30, 2014:

 
Proceeds
 
Unrealized
(Gain)/ Loss
 
Fair Value
 
(in thousands)
Securities Sold Short
1,495

 
(33
)
 
1,462

Total
$
1,495

 
$
(33
)
 
$
1,462


The Company held no Securities Sold Short, at Fair Value at December 31, 2013.

Investments in equity method investees

On March 31, 2014, the operating company launched the Pzena Emerging Markets Focused Value Fund, for which it acts as the investment advisor. On March 31, 2014, the Company provided the initial cash investment in an effort to generate an investment performance track record to attract third-party investors. As of March 31, 2014, the Company had an initial investment representing 100% of the ownership in each entity. As a result, the entities were consolidated with the Company as of March 31, 2014. On August 5, 2014, due to additional subscriptions into the Pzena Emerging Markets Focused Value Fund, the Company's ownership decreased to 42.9%. As the entity was no longer deemed to control the fund, the Company deconsolidated the entity, removed the related assets, liabilities and non-controlling interest from its balance sheet and classified the Company's remaining investment as an equity method investment. At September 30, 2014, the Company had a 27.2% equity ownership interest in this entity with a carrying value of $2.0 million.

    


16
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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)



Note 9—Property and Equipment
 
Property and Equipment, Net of Accumulated Depreciation is comprised of the following:
 
 
As of
 
September 30,
2014
 
December 31,
2013
 
(in thousands)
Leasehold Improvements
$
1,434

 
$
1,219

Computer Hardware
1,220

 
1,141

Furniture and Fixtures
786

 
786

Computer Software
346

 
256

Office Equipment
256

 
283

Total
4,042

 
3,685

Less: Accumulated Depreciation and Amortization
(3,015
)
 
(2,850
)
Total
$
1,027

 
$
835


During the three months ended September 30, 2014, the Company capitalized approximately $0.2 million for leasehold improvements related to its new office space that it intends to depreciate when completed and ready for use.

Depreciation is included in general and administrative expense and totaled approximately $0.1 million and $0.2 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.

Note 10—Related Party Transactions
 
For the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, the Company earned $0.8 million and $0.4 million, respectively, in investment advisory fees from unconsolidated VIEs that receive investment management services from the Company.  For the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, the Company earned $1.9 million and $1.0 million, respectively, in such fees.
 
At both September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the Company had approximately $0.1 million remaining of advances to an international investment company for organization and start-up costs, which are included in Receivable from Related Parties on the consolidated statements of financial condition.  The operating company is the sponsor and investment manager of this entity.
 
At December 31, 2013, Receivable from Related Parties included approximately $0.1 million of loans to employees. No loans to employees were recorded at September 30, 2014.

The operating company, as investment manager of the three mutual funds, Pzena Emerging Markets Focused Value Fund, Pzena Long/Short Value Fund, and Pzena Mid Cap Focused Value Fund, has contractually agreed to waive a portion or all of its management fees and pay fund expenses to ensure that the annual operating expenses of the funds stay below certain established total expense ratio thresholds. For each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, the Company recognized $0.2 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of such expenses. No such expenses were recognized during 2013 as the funds did not exist during these periods.

The operating company manages the personal funds of certain of the Company’s employees, including the CEO, its two Presidents, and its Executive Vice President.  The operating company also manages accounts beneficially owned by a private fund in which certain of the Company’s executive officers invest.  Investments by employees in individual accounts are permitted only at the discretion of the executive committee of the operating company, but are generally not subject to the same minimum investment levels that are required of outside investors.  The operating company also manages the personal funds of some of its employees’ family members.  Pursuant to the respective investment management agreements, the operating company waives or reduces its regular advisory fees for these accounts and personal funds.   In addition, the operating

17
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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


company pays custody and administrative fees for certain of these accounts and personal funds in order to incubate products or preserve performance history.  The aggregate value of the fees that the Company waived related to the Company’s executive officers, other employees, and family members, was approximately $0.2 million and $0.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively. For the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, the Company waived $0.5 million and $0.4 million, respectively, of such fees. The aggregate value of the custody and administrative fees paid related to the Company’s executive offers, other employees, and family members was approximately $0.1 million for each of the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013.
 
Note 11—Commitments and Contingencies
 
In the normal course of business, the Company enters into agreements that include indemnities in favor of third parties, such as engagement letters with advisors and consultants. In certain cases, the Company may have recourse against third parties with respect to these indemnities. The Company maintains insurance policies that may provide coverage against certain claims under these indemnities. The Company has had no claims or payments pursuant to these agreements, and it believes the likelihood of a claim being made is remote. Utilizing the methodology in the Guarantees Topic of the FASB ASC, the Company’s estimate of the value of such guarantees is de minimis, therefore, no accrual has been made in the consolidated financial statements.
 
The Company leases office space under a non-cancelable operating lease agreement that expires on October 31, 2015.  The Company reflects minimum lease expense for its headquarters on a straight-line basis over the lease term.  During the year ended December 31, 2011, the Company entered into a non-cancelable sublease agreement for certain excess office space associated with its operating lease agreement.  The sublease agreement also expires on October 31, 2015.

During June 2014, the Company entered into an operating lease agreement for its new corporate headquarters. The term of the lease commenced in October 2014. The Company plans to move to its new corporate offices during the first half of 2015.
 
Lease expenses were $0.3 million for each of the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively, and are included in general and administrative expense. Such expenses totaled $1.1 million for each of the the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.
 
Note 12—Income Taxes
 
The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes.  Neither it nor the Company’s other consolidated subsidiaries have made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the individual responsibility of each of these entities’ members (including the Company) to separately report their proportionate share of the respective entity’s taxable income or loss.  The operating company has made a provision for New York City UBT.  The Company, as a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, is liable for federal, state and local taxes on the income derived from its economic interest in its operating company, which is net of UBT.  Correspondingly, in its consolidated financial statements, the Company reports both the operating company’s provision for UBT, as well as its provision for federal, state and local corporate taxes.


18
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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


The components of the income tax expense are as follows:
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands)
Current Provision:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unincorporated Business Taxes 1
$
703

 
$
798

 
$
2,312

 
$
1,500

Local Corporate Tax
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

State Corporate Tax
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Federal Corporate Tax
—

 
—

 
—

 
—

Total Current Provision
$
703

 
$
798

 
$
2,312

 
$
1,500

Deferred Provision:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Unincorporated Business Taxes 1
$
(2
)
 
$
(35
)
 
$
6

 
$
(13
)
Local Corporate Tax
100

 
98

 
348

 
255

State Corporate Tax
213

 
176

 
713

 
452

Federal Corporate Tax
912

 
711

 
2,520

 
1,845

Total Deferred Provision
$
1,223

 
$
950

 
$
3,587

 
$
2,539

Change in Valuation Allowance
(2,439
)
 
(3,832
)
 
(5,605
)
 
(5,613
)
Net Adjustment Related to Change in Effective Tax Rate
293

 
—

 
895

 
286

Total Income Tax Expense
$
(220
)
 
$
(2,084
)
 
$
1,189

 
$
(1,288
)

1 During the three months ended March 31, 2013, the operating company recognized a $0.6 million tax benefit associated with the amendment of prior year tax returns to change the methodology for state and local receipts.

The Income Taxes Topic of the FASB ASC establishes the minimum threshold for recognizing, and a system for measuring, the benefits of tax return positions in financial statements.  

As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the Company had available for U.S. federal income tax reporting purposes, a net operating loss carryforward of $8.5 million and $10.4 million, respectively, which expires in varying amounts during the tax years 2027 through 2033.
As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, included in net operating losses were approximately $1.2 million and $1.0 million, respectively, of deductions for excess stock- and unit- based transactions. The $0.5 million, respectively, of tax benefit associated with these deductions will be credited to Additional Paid In Capital when such deductions reduce taxes payable. Although these net operating losses are included in the total carryforward amount, they are not reflected in the table of deferred tax assets as the excess tax benefits are not yet realized.
The Company and the operating company are generally no longer subject to U.S. Federal or state and local income tax examinations by tax authorities for any year prior to 2010.  All tax years subsequent to, and including, 2010 are considered open and subject to examination by tax authorities. During 2013, the Company extended the statue of limitations in New York City for its 2009 tax year in association with the amendment of prior year tax returns to change the methodology for state and local receipts.
 
The acquisition of the operating company Class B units, noted below, has allowed the Company to make an election under Section 754 of the Internal Revenue Code (“Section 754”) to step up its tax basis in the net assets acquired.  This step up is deductible for tax purposes over a 15-year period.  Based on the net proceeds of the initial public offering and tax basis of the operating company, this election gave rise to an initial deferred tax asset of approximately $68.7 million.

Pursuant to a tax receivable agreement signed between the members of the operating company and the Company, 85% of the cash savings generated by this election will be distributed to the selling and converting shareholders upon the realization of this benefit.
 

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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


If the Company exercises its right to terminate the tax receivable agreement early, the Company will be obligated to make an early termination payment to the selling and converting shareholders, based upon the net present value (based upon certain assumptions and deemed events set forth in the tax receivable agreement) of all payments that would be required to be paid by the Company under the tax receivable agreement.  If certain change of control events were to occur, the Company would be obligated to make an early termination payment.
 
As discussed in Note 6, Shareholders’ Equity, no Class B units were exchanged during the three months ended September 30, 2013. On July 31, 2014 and March 20, 2013 certain of the operating company’s members exchanged an aggregate of 1,150,060 and 1,328,334, respectively, of their Class B units for an equivalent number of shares of Company Class A common stock.  The Company elected to step up its tax basis in the incremental assets acquired in accordance with Section 754.  Based on the exchange-date fair values of the Company’s common stock and the tax basis of the operating company, these elections gave rise to $6.0 million and $5.9 million deferred tax assets and corresponding $5.1 million and $5.0 million liabilities to selling and converting shareholders on July 31, 2014 and March 20, 2013, respectively.   The Company assessed the realizability of these deferred tax asset associated with the exchanges and determined that a portion of the benefits would go unutilized.  Consequently, the Company established $4.7 million and $5.1 million valuation allowance, respectively, to reduce the deferred tax assets to amounts more likely than not to be realized.  These deferred tax assets remain available to the Company and can be used to reduce taxable income in future years.  The Company similarly reduced the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders by $4.0 million and $4.4 million, respectively, to reflect the changes in the estimated realization of these assets.  As required by the Income Taxes Topic of the FASB ASC, the Company recorded the effects of these transactions in equity.   

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, after giving effect to the exchange discussed earlier, the Company’s valuation allowance was reduced by approximately $2.4 million and $5.6 million, respectively, due to revised estimates of future taxable income.   Results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 also reflects changes in the Company's expected future tax benefits due to a decreases in its effective tax rate. These change are reflected as a net adjustment to the Company's Section 754 deferred tax asset, valuation allowance, and other deferred tax assets. To reflect these changes in the estimated realization of the asset and its liability for future payments, the Company increased its liability to selling and converting shareholders by $1.8 million and $3.9 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, respectively. The effects of these changes to the deferred tax asset and liability to selling and converting shareholders were recorded as a component of the income tax expense and other expense, respectively, on the consolidated statements of operations.  

During the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, the Company’s valuation allowance was reduced by approximately $3.8 million and $5.6 million, respectively, due to revised estimates of future taxable income. Results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013 also reflects a decrease in the Company's effective tax rate due to a decrease in state and local rates associated with a change in methodology for state and local receipts during 2013. This decrease is reflected as an adjustment to the Company's Section 754 deferred tax asset, valuation allowance, and other deferred tax assets. To reflect these changes in the estimated realization of the asset and its liability for future payments, the Company increased its liability to selling and converting shareholders by $3.3 million and $4.5 million for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013, respectively. The effects of these changes to the deferred tax asset and liability to selling and converting shareholders were recorded as a component of the income tax expense and other expense, respectively, on the consolidated statements of operations.

As of September 30, 2014 and December 31, 2013, the net values of all deferred tax assets were approximately $14.7 million and $12.3 million, respectively.
 

20
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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


The change in the Company’s deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, for each of the three month periods ended September 30, 2014 is summarized as follows:
 
 
Section 754
 
Other
 
Valuation
Allowance
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2013
$
61,628

 
$
4,657

 
$
(53,973
)
 
$
12,312

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(1,104
)
 
(36
)
 
—

 
(1,140
)
Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
767

 
767

   Net Adjustment to Deferred Tax Asset
(6,608
)
 
(351
)
 
6,357

 
(602
)
Balance at March 31, 2014
$
53,916

 
$
4,270

 
$
(46,849
)
 
$
11,337

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(965
)
 
(266
)
 
—

 
(1,231
)
Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
2,399

 
2,399

Balance at June 30, 2014
$
52,951

 
$
4,004

 
$
(44,450
)
 
$
12,505

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(961
)
 
(268
)
 
—

 
(1,229
)
Unit Exchange
6,013

 
—

 
(4,741
)
 
1,272

Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
2,439

 
2,439

   Net Adjustment to Deferred Tax Asset
(2,183
)
 
(54
)
 
1,944

 
(293
)
Balance at September 30, 2014
$
55,820

 
$
3,682

 
$
(44,808
)
 
$
14,694


The change in the Company’s deferred tax liabilities, which is included in other liabilities on the Company’s consolidated statements of financial condition, for each of the three month periods ended September 30, 2014, is summarized as follows:

 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2013
$
(39
)
Deferred Tax Expense
5

Balance at March 31, 2014
$
(34
)
Deferred Tax Expense
2

Balance at June 30, 2014
$
(32
)
Deferred Tax Expense
6

Balance at September 30, 2014
$
(26
)
 

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Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
Notes to Unaudited Consolidated Financial Statements (Continued)


The change in the Company’s deferred tax assets, net of valuation allowance, for each of the three month periods ended September 30, 2013 is summarized as follows:

 
Section 754
 
Other
 
Valuation
Allowance
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
Balance at December 31, 2012
$
65,069

 
$
4,536

 
$
(59,917
)
 
$
9,688

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(907
)
 
103

 
—

 
(804
)
Unit Exchange
5,935

 
—

 
(5,140
)
 
795

Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
1,225

 
1,225

Balance at March 31, 2013
$
70,097

 
$
4,639

 
$
(63,832
)
 
$
10,904

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(905
)
 
103

 
—

 
(802
)
Change in Effective Rate
(5,272
)
 
(105
)
 
5,091

 
(286
)
Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
556

 
556

Balance at June 30, 2013
$
63,920

 
$
4,637

 
$
(58,185
)
 
$
10,372

Deferred Tax (Expense)/Benefit
(1,072
)
 
122

 
—

 
(950
)
Change in Valuation Allowance
—

 
—

 
3,832

 
3,832

Balance at September 30, 2013
$
62,848

 
$
4,759

 
$
(54,353
)
 
$
13,254


The change in the Company’s deferred tax liabilities for each of the three month periods ended September 30, 2013 is summarized as follows:
 
 
Total
 
(in thousands)
 
 
Balance at December 31, 2012
$
(59
)
Deferred Tax Expense
14

Balance at March 31, 2013
$
(45
)
Deferred Tax Expense
5

Balance at June 30, 2013
$
(40
)
Deferred Tax Expense
1

Balance at September 30, 2013
$
(39
)

Note 13—Subsequent Events

On October 21, 2014, the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $0.03 per share of its Class A common stock that will be paid on November 27, 2014 to holders of record on November 13, 2014.




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Table of Contents

Item 2.  Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

Overview
 
We are a public-equity investment management firm that utilizes a classic value investment approach across all of our investment strategies.  We currently manage assets in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies across a wide range of market capitalizations in both U.S. and non-U.S. capital markets.  At September 30, 2014, our assets under management, or AUM, was $26.4 billion.  We manage separate accounts on behalf of institutions and high net worth individuals, and act as sub-investment adviser for a variety of SEC-registered mutual funds and non-U.S. funds and advisor for three Pzena SEC-registered mutual funds.
 
We function as the sole managing member of our operating company, Pzena Investment Management, LLC (the “operating company”).  As a result, we: (i) consolidate the financial results of our operating company with our own, and reflect the membership interest in it that we do not own as a non-controlling interest in our consolidated financial statements; and (ii) recognize income generated from our economic interest in our operating company’s net income.  As of September 30, 2014, the holders of Class A common stock (through the Company) and the holders of Class B units of our operating company held approximately 20.4% and 79.6%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of our business.

As of September 30, 2014, holders of Class B units of our operating company included four of our named executive officers and their estate planning vehicles, who collectively held approximately 56.5% of the economic interest in our operating company. As of September 30, 2014, 32 other employee members held approximately 2.9%, and certain other members of our operating company, including one of our directors and his related entities, and ten former employees, collectively held 20.2% of the economic interests in our operating company through ownership of Class B units.
 
Non-GAAP Net Income
 
Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 included recurring adjustments related to our deferred tax asset generated by the Company's initial public offering and subsequent unit conversions as well as our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to our selling and converting shareholders.  We believe that these accounting adjustments add a measure of non-operational complexity, which partially obscures the underlying performance of our business.  In evaluating our financial condition and results of operations, we also review certain non-GAAP measures of earnings, which exclude these items.  Excluding these adjustments, non-GAAP diluted net income and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share were $1.7 million and $0.13, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2014. During the three months ended September 30, 2014, the calculation of non-GAAP diluted earnings per share resulted in an increase in earnings per share. Therefore, diluted net income and diluted earnings per share are assumed to be equal to basic net income and basic earnings per shares. Excluding these adjustments, non-GAAP diluted net income and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share were $7.3 million and $0.11, respectively, for the three months ended September 30, 2013.  Excluding these adjustments, non-GAAP diluted net income and non-GAAP diluted earnings per share were $25.5 million and $0.37, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and $19.3 million and $0.29, respectively, for the nine months ended September 30, 2013.  GAAP and non-GAAP net income for diluted earnings per share generally assumes all operating company membership units are converted into Company stock at the beginning of the reporting period, and the resulting change to our net income associated with our increased interest in the operating company is taxed at our effective tax rate, exclusive of the adjustments related to our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders and other adjustments.  Our effective tax rate, exclusive of these adjustments, was 40.9% and 42.2% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, respectively, and 41.6% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013.  See “Operating Results - Income Tax Expense” below.
 
We use these non-GAAP measures to assess the strength of the underlying operations of the business. We believe that these adjustments, and the non-GAAP measures derived from them, provide information to better analyze our operations between periods, and over time. We also use non-GAAP net income as one factor in determining the amount of dividends we pay.  See “Dividend Policy” below.  Investors should consider these non-GAAP measures in addition to, and not as a substitute for, financial measures prepared in accordance with GAAP.





23
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A reconciliation of the non-GAAP measures to the most comparable GAAP measures is included below:
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands, except share and per share data)
GAAP Net Income
$
2,059

 
$
1,956

 
$
5,631

 
$
4,391

Net Effect of Tax Receivable Agreement
(322
)
 
(575
)
 
(741
)
 
(802
)
Non-GAAP Net Income
$
1,737

 
$
1,381

 
$
4,890

 
$
3,589

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
GAAP Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interest of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
$
12,593

 
$
10,120

 
$
35,599

 
$
26,949

Less: Assumed Corporate Income Taxes
5,149

 
4,210

 
15,037

 
11,211

Assumed After-Tax Income of Pzena Investment Management, LLC
7,444

 
5,910

 
20,562

 
15,738

Non-GAAP Net Income of Pzena Investment Management, Inc.
1,737

 
1,381

 
4,890

 
3,589

Non-GAAP Diluted Net Income
$
9,181

 
$
7,291

 
$
25,452

 
$
19,327

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share Attributable to
Pzena Investment Management, Inc. Common Stockholders:
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Non-GAAP Net Income for Diluted Earnings per Share1
$
1,737

 
$
7,291

 
$
25,452

 
$
19,327

Non-GAAP Diluted Earnings Per Share1
$
0.13

 
$
0.11

 
$
0.37

 
$
0.29

Non-GAAP Diluted Weighted-Average Shares Outstanding1
12,965,606

 
66,714,033

 
67,879,923

 
66,610,381


1 During the three months ended September 30, 2014, the calculation of non-GAAP diluted earnings per share resulted in an increase in earnings per share. Therefore, diluted net income and diluted earnings per share are assumed to be equal to basic earnings per share.

Revenue
 
We generate revenue primarily from management fees and performance fees, which we collectively refer to as our advisory fees, by managing assets on behalf of institutional accounts and for retail clients, which are generally open-end mutual funds catering primarily to retail investors.  Our advisory fee income is recognized over the period in which investment management services are provided.  Following the preferred method identified in the Revenue Recognition Topic of the Financial Accounting Standards Board Accounting Standards Codification (“FASB ASC”), income from performance fees is recorded at the conclusion of the contractual performance period, when all contingencies are resolved.
 
Our advisory fees are primarily driven by the level of our AUM.  Our AUM increases or decreases with the net inflows or outflows of funds into our various investment strategies and with the investment performance thereof.  In order to increase our AUM and expand our business, we must develop and market investment strategies that suit the investment needs of our target clients, and provide attractive returns over the long term.  The value and composition of our AUM, and our ability to continue to attract clients, will depend on a variety of factors including, among other things:
 
•
our ability to educate our target clients about our classic value investment strategies and provide them with exceptional client service;

24
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•
the relative investment performance of our investment strategies, as compared to competing products and market indices;
•
competitive conditions in the investment management and broader financial services sectors;
•
general economic conditions;
•
investor sentiment and confidence; and
•
our decision to close strategies when we deem it to be in the best interests of our clients.

For our institutional accounts, we are paid fees according to a schedule, which varies by investment strategy.  The substantial majority of these accounts pay us management fees pursuant to a schedule in which the rate we earn on the AUM declines as the amount of AUM increases.
 
Pursuant to our sub-investment advisory agreements with our retail clients, we are generally paid a management fee according to a schedule in which the rate we earn on the AUM declines as the amount of AUM increases.  Certain of these funds pay us fixed-rate management fees.  Due to the substantially larger account size of certain of these accounts, the average advisory fees we earn on them, as a percentage of AUM, are lower than the advisory fees we earn on our institutional accounts.
 
Certain of our clients pay us fees according to the performance of their accounts relative to certain agreed-upon benchmarks, which results in a lower base fee, but allows us to earn higher fees if the relevant investment strategy outperforms the agreed-upon benchmark.
 
The majority of advisory fees we earn on institutional accounts is based on the value of our AUM at a specific date on a quarterly basis, either in arrears or advance.  Advisory fees on certain of our institutional accounts, and with respect to all of our retail accounts, are calculated based on the average of the monthly or daily market value.  Advisory fees are also generally adjusted for any cash flows into or out of a portfolio, where the cash flow represents greater than 10% of the value of the portfolio.  While a specific group of accounts may use the same fee rate, the method used to calculate the fee according to the fee rate schedule may differ as described above.
 
Our advisory fees may fluctuate based on a number of factors, including the following:
 
•
changes in AUM due to appreciation or depreciation of our investment portfolios, and the levels of the contribution and withdrawal of assets by new and existing clients;
•
distribution of AUM among our investment strategies, which have differing fee schedules;
•
distribution of AUM between institutional accounts and retail accounts, for which we generally earn lower overall advisory fees; and
•
the level of our performance with respect to accounts on which we are paid performance fees.

Expenses
 
Our expenses consist primarily of Compensation and Benefits Expense, as well as General and Administrative Expense.  Our largest expense is Compensation and Benefits, which includes the salaries, bonuses, equity-based compensation, and related benefits and payroll costs attributable to our employee members and employees.  Compensation and benefits packages are benchmarked against relevant industry and geographic peer groups in order to attract and retain qualified personnel.  General and Administrative Expense includes office rent and other expenses, professional and outside services fees, depreciation, and the costs associated with operating and maintaining our research, trading, and portfolio accounting systems.  Our occupancy-related costs and professional services expenses, in particular, generally increase or decrease in relative proportion to the overall size and scale of our business operations.

We incur additional expenses associated with being a public company for, among other things, director and officer insurance, director fees, SEC reporting and compliance (including Sarbanes-Oxley and Dodd-Frank compliance), professional fees, transfer agent fees, and other similar expenses.  These additional expenses have and will continue to reduce our net income.
 

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Our expenses may fluctuate due to a number of factors, including the following:
 
•
variations in the level of total compensation expense due to, among other things, bonuses, awards of equity to our employees and employee members of our operating company, changes in our employee count and mix, and competitive factors; and
•
general and administrative expenses, such as rent, professional service fees and data-related costs, incurred, as necessary, to run our business.

In June 2014, we entered into an 11 year lease agreement for our new corporate headquarters in New York City. We plan to occupy the new space during the second quarter of 2015 and expect to incur additional rent expense of approximately $0.2 million on a quarterly basis. We also expect to have higher depreciation expense associated with furniture and leasehold improvements. We expect approximately $0.2 million in additional quarterly depreciation expense when we occupy the new space.

Other (Expense)/ Income
 
Other (Expense)/ Income is derived primarily from investment income or loss arising from our consolidated entities, income or loss generated by our investments in third-party mutual funds or other investments, and interest income generated on our cash balances.  Other (Expense)/ Income is also affected by changes in our estimates of the liability due to our selling and converting shareholders associated with payments owed to them under the tax receivable agreement, which was executed in connection with our reorganization and initial public offering on October 30, 2007.  As discussed further below under “Tax Receivable Agreement,” this liability represents 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state, and local income tax that we realize as a result of the amortization of the increases in tax basis generated from our acquisitions of our operating company’s units from our selling and converting shareholders.  We expect the interest and investment components of (Expense)/ Income, in the aggregate, to fluctuate based on market conditions and the performance of our consolidated entities and other investments.

 Non-Controlling Interests

Our operating company consolidates the results of operations of the private investment partnerships over which we exercise a controlling influence.  We are the sole managing member of our operating company and control its business and affairs and, therefore, consolidate its financial results with ours.  In light of our employees’ and outside investors’ interest in our operating company, we have reflected their membership interests as non-controlling interests in our consolidated financial statements.  As a result, our income is primarily generated by our economic interest in our operating company’s net income.  As of September 30, 2014, the holders of Class A common stock (through the Company) and the holders of Class B units of the operating company held approximately 20.4% and 79.6%, respectively, of the economic interests in the operations of the business.

Operating Results
 
Assets Under Management and Flows
 
As of September 30, 2014, our approximately $26.4 billion of AUM was invested in a variety of value-oriented investment strategies, representing distinct capitalization segments of U.S. and non-U.S. equity markets.  The assets under management and performance of our largest investment strategies as of September 30, 2014 are further described below.  We follow the same investment process for each of these strategies.  Our investment strategies are distinguished by the market capitalization ranges from which we select securities for their portfolios, which we refer to as each strategy’s investment universe, as well as the regions in which we invest and the degree to which we concentrate on a limited number of holdings.  While our investment process includes ongoing review of companies in the investment universes described below, our actual investments may include companies outside of the relevant market capitalization range at the time of our investment.  In addition, the number of holdings typically found in the portfolios of each of our investment strategies may vary, as described below.


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The following tables describe the allocation of our AUM among our investment strategies, as of September 30, 2014 and 2013:

 
 
AUM at September 30,
Investment Strategy
 
2014
 
2013
 
 
(in billions)
Large Cap Focused Value
 
$
5.9

 
$
5.4

Large Cap Expanded Value
 
5.4

 
4.6

Focused Value
 
1.8

 
1.8

Small Cap Focused Value
 
1.2

 
1.2

Mid Cap Expanded Value
 
1.1

 
—

Mid Cap Focused Value
 
0.5

 
0.4

Other U.S. Strategies
 
0.5

 
0.4

Total U.S. Strategies
 
16.4

 
13.8

 
 
 
 
 
Global Focused Value
 
4.2

 
4.7

International (ex-US) Expanded Value
 
2.3

 
1.7

Global Expanded Value
 
1.2

 
0.8

Emerging Markets Focused Value
 
1.1

 
0.6

European Focused Value
 
0.8

 
0.6

Other Non-U.S. Strategies
 
0.4

 
0.1

Total Global & Non-U.S. Strategies
 
10.0

 
8.5

Total
 
$
26.4

 
$
22.3


 
 
AUM at September 30,
Investment Strategy Category
 
2014
 
2013
 
 
(in billions)
U.S. Value Strategies
 
$
16.4

 
$
13.8

Global Value Strategies
 
5.4

 
5.6

Non-U.S. Value Strategies
 
4.6

 
2.9

Total
 
$
26.4

 
$
22.3



The following table indicates the annualized returns, gross and net (which represents annualized returns prior to, and after, payment of advisory fees, respectively), of our largest investment strategies from their inception to September 30, 2014, and in the five-year, three-year, and one-year periods ended September 30, 2014, as well as the performance of the market index which is most commonly used by our clients to compare the performance of the relevant investment strategy:

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Period Ended September 30, 20141
Investment Strategy (Inception Date)
 
Since Inception
 
5 Years
 
3 Years
 
1 Year
Large Cap Focused Value (October 2000)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Annualized Gross Returns
 
7.1
 %
 
14.3
%
 
25.1
%
 
18.7
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
6.7
 %
 
13.8
%
 
24.6
%
 
18.3
%
Russell 1000® Value Index
 
6.5
 %
 
15.3
%
 
23.9
%
 
18.9
%
Large Cap Expanded Value (July 2012)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
24.6
 %
 
N/A

 
N/A

 
19.7
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
24.4
 %
 
N/A

 
N/A

 
19.5
%
Russell 1000® Value Index
 
21.5
 %
 
N/A

 
N/A

 
18.9
%
Global Focused Value (January 2004)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
5.9
 %
 
10.8
%
 
23.1
%
 
13.6
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
5.2
 %
 
10.1
%
 
22.4
%
 
12.9
%
MSCI® World Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
6.9
 %
 
10.9
%
 
17.9
%
 
12.2
%
International (ex-U.S) Expanded Value (November 2008)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
15.1
 %
 
8.9
%
 
19.1
%
 
8.0
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
14.8
 %
 
8.6
%
 
18.7
%
 
7.6
%
MSCI® EAFE Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
10.2
 %
 
6.6
%
 
13.6
%
 
4.3
%
Focused Value (January 1996)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
11.3
 %
 
15.6
%
 
26.6
%
 
18.9
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
10.5
 %
 
14.9
%
 
25.8
%
 
18.3
%
Russell 1000® Value Index
 
9.1
 %
 
15.3
%
 
23.9
%
 
18.9
%
Small Cap Focused Value (January 1996)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
14.2
 %
 
16.4
%
 
26.4
%
 
9.7
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
12.9
 %
 
15.2
%
 
25.2
%
 
8.5
%
Russell 2000® Value Index
 
9.8
 %
 
13.0
%
 
20.6
%
 
4.1
%
Global Expanded Value (January 2010)
 


 


 


 


Annualized Gross Returns
 
11.3
 %
 
N/A

 
21.6
%
 
13.8
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
11.0
 %
 
N/A

 
21.2
%
 
13.5
%
MSCI® World Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
10.5
 %
 
N/A

 
17.9
%
 
12.2
%
Emerging Markets Focused Value (January 2008)
 

 

 

 

Annualized Gross Returns
 
3.1
 %
 
6.1
%
 
12.8
%
 
5.5
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
2.2
 %
 
5.4
%
 
12.1
%
 
4.7
%
MSCI® Emerging Markets Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
(0.7
)%
 
4.4
%
 
7.2
%
 
4.3
%
European Focused Value (August 2008)
 

 

 

 

Annualized Gross Returns
 
6.8
 %
 
9.2
%
 
21.2
%
 
4.1
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
6.4
 %
 
8.9
%
 
20.7
%
 
3.8
%
MSCI® Europe Index—Net/U.S.$2
 
2.4
 %
 
6.9
%
 
15.5
%
 
5.8
%
Mid Cap Focused Value (September 1998)
 

 

 

 

Annualized Gross Returns
 
13.4
 %
 
18.5
%
 
28.7
%
 
12.4
%
Annualized Net Returns
 
12.7
 %
 
17.6
%
 
27.8
%
 
11.7
%
Russell Mid Cap® Value Index
 
10.9
 %
 
17.2
%
 
24.7
%
 
17.5
%
1 The historical returns of these investment strategies are not necessarily indicative of their future performance, or the future performance of any of our other current or future investment strategies.
2 Net of applicable withholding taxes and presented in U.S. $.


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Large Cap Focused Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 30 to 40 stocks drawn from a universe of 500 of the largest U.S. listed companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in October 2000. At September 30, 2014, the Large Cap Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 18.7%, relatively in line with its benchmark. Outperformance driven by stock selection and exposure in the technology and energy sectors was offset by underperformance driven by stock selection and exposure in the consumer discretionary, financial services and health care sectors.
Large Cap Expanded Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 50 to 80 stocks drawn from a universe of 500 of the largest U.S. listed companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in July 2012. At September 30, 2014, the Large Cap Expanded Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 19.7%, outperforming its benchmark. The outperformance was driven by stock selection and exposure in the technology and energy sectors, partially offset by exposure to the consumer discretionary sector.
Global Focused Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 40-60 stocks drawn from a universe of 2,000 of the largest companies across the world, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 2004. At September 30, 2014, the Global Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 13.6%, outperforming its benchmark. This outperformance was primarily driven by our stock selection and overweight position in the technology sector.
International (ex-U.S.) Expanded Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 60-80 stocks drawn from a universe of 1,500 of the largest companies across the world excluding the United States, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in November 2008. At September 30, 2014, the International (ex-U.S.) Expanded Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 8.0%, outperforming its benchmark. The top contributors to relative performance included a broad number of holdings across a diverse range of industries, specifically certain stocks in the financial services, consumer staples, telecommunications, and technology sectors.
Focused Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of a portfolio of approximately 30 to 40 stocks drawn from a universe of 1,000 of the largest U.S. listed companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 1996. At September 30, 2014, the Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 18.9%, even with its benchmark. The performance reflects stock selection in the energy sector and the overweight position in the technology sector, offset by exposure to the consumer discretionary and producer durables sectors.
Small Cap Focused Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 40 to 50 stocks drawn from a universe of U.S. listed companies ranked from the 1,001st to 3,000th largest, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 1996. At September 30, 2014, the Small Cap Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 9.7%, outperforming its benchmark. A broad number of holdings across a diverse range of industries contributed to this outperformance, specifically certain stocks in the financial services, technology, and producer durables sectors, partially offset by certain stocks in the consumer discretionary sector.
Global Expanded Value.  This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 60-95 stocks drawn from a universe of 2,000 of the largest companies across the world, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 2010. At September 30, 2014, the Global Expanded Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 13.8%, outperforming its benchmark. This outperformance was primarily driven by our stock selection and overweight position in the financial services sector, partially offset by our stock selection and underweight position in the health care sector.
Emerging Markets Focused Value. This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 40 to 80 stocks drawn from a universe of 1,500 of the largest emerging market companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in January 2008. At September 30, 2014, the Emerging Markets Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 5.5%, outperforming its benchmark. The main contributors to this outperformance include holdings across a diverse range of industries, specifically certain positions in the financial services sector and our stock selection and overweight positions in the technology sector, partially offset by certain stocks and our overweight positions in the industrials sector.
European Focused Value. This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 40-60 stocks drawn from a universe of 750 of the largest European companies, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in August 2008. At September 30, 2014, the European Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 4.1%, underperforming its benchmark. This underperformance was driven primarily by lack of exposure to the health care sector.
Mid Cap Focused Value. This strategy reflects a portfolio composed of approximately 30 to 40 stocks drawn from a universe of U.S. listed companies ranked from the 201th to 1,200th largest, based on market capitalization. This strategy was launched in September 1998. At September 30, 2014, the Mid Cap Focused Value strategy generated a one-year annualized gross return of 12.4%, underperforming its benchmark. Producer durables holdings were the largest contributors to this

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Table of Contents

underperformance. The underperformance was also driven by positioning in the health care and consumer discretionary sectors, partially offset by our stock selection in the financial services and energy sectors.
Our earnings and cash flows are heavily dependent upon prevailing financial market conditions.  Significant increases or decreases in the various securities markets, particularly the equities markets, can have a material impact on our results of operations, financial condition, and cash flows.
 
The change in AUM in our institutional and retail accounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 is described below.  Inflows are composed solely of the investment of new or additional assets by new or existing clients.  Outflows consist solely of redemptions of assets by existing clients. For the periods ended September 30, 2013, approximately $0.5 billion of assets under management that we had previously reported in institutional accounts was reclassified to retail accounts. Historical information has been reclassified for all periods effected.

Assets Under Management
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
($ billions)
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Institutional Accounts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Beginning of Period
 
$
15.1

 
$
12.5

 
$
15.4

 
$
11.2

     Inflows
 
0.4

 
0.8

 
1.3

 
1.2

     Outflows
 
(0.8
)
 
(0.5
)
 
(2.7
)
 
(1.4
)
     Net Flows
 
(0.4
)
 
0.3

 
(1.4
)
 
(0.2
)
     Market Appreciation/(Depreciation)
 
(0.4
)
 
1.0

 
0.3

 
2.8

  End of Period
 
$
14.3

 
$
13.8

 
$
14.3

 
$
13.8

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Retail Accounts
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Beginning of Period
 
$
11.9

 
$
7.8

 
$
9.6

 
$
5.9

     Inflows
 
0.8

 
0.7

 
3.0

 
1.9

     Outflows
 
(0.5
)
 
(0.3
)
 
(1.0
)
 
(0.9
)
     Net Flows
 
0.3

 
0.4

 
2.0

 
1.0

     Market Appreciation/(Depreciation)
 
(0.1
)
 
0.3

 
0.5

 
1.6

  End of Period
 
$
12.1

 
$
8.5

 
$
12.1

 
$
8.5

 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
Total
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Assets
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
  Beginning of Period
 
$
27.0

 
$
20.3

 
$
25.0

 
$
17.1

     Inflows
 
1.2

 
1.5

 
4.3

 
3.1

     Outflows
 
(1.3
)
 
(0.8
)
 
(3.7
)
 
(2.3
)
     Net Flows
 
(0.1
)
 
0.7

 
0.6

 
0.8

     Market Appreciation/(Depreciation)
 
(0.5
)
 
1.3

 
0.8

 
4.4

  End of Period
 
$
26.4

 
$
22.3

 
$
26.4

 
$
22.3

 

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Table of Contents

Three Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

At September 30, 2014, we managed $14.3 billion in institutional accounts and $12.1 billion in retail accounts, for a total of $26.4 billion in assets.  For the three months ended September 30, 2014, we experienced market depreciation of $0.5 billion and total gross outflows of $1.3 billion, partially offset by total gross inflows of $1.2 billion.  Assets in institutional accounts decreased by $0.8 billion, or 5.3%, from $15.1 billion at June 30, 2014 due to $0.8 billion in gross outflows and $0.4 billion in market depreciation, partially offset by $0.4 billion in gross inflows. Assets in retail accounts increased by $0.2 billion, or 1.7%, from $11.9 billion at June 30, 2014, 2014 due to $0.8 billion in gross inflows, partially offset by $0.5 billion in gross outflows and $0.1 billion in market depreciation.
 
At September 30, 2013, we managed $13.8 billion in institutional accounts and $8.5 billion in retail accounts, for a total of $22.3 billion in assets. For the three months ended September 30, 2013, we experienced market appreciation of $1.3 billion and total gross inflows of $1.5 billion, partially offset by gross outflows of $0.8 billion. For the three months ended September 30, 2013, assets in institutional accounts increased by $1.3 billion, or 10.4%, due to $1.0 billion in market appreciation and $0.8 billion in gross inflows, partially offset by $0.5 billion in gross outflows. For the three months ended September 30, 2013, assets in retail accounts increased by $0.7 billion, or 9.0%, as a result of and $0.7 billion in gross inflows and $0.3 billion in market appreciation, partially offset by $0.3 billion in gross outflows.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

For the nine months ended September 30, 2014, we experienced total gross inflows of $4.3 billion and market appreciation of $0.8 billion, which were partially offset by total gross outflows of $3.7 billion.  Assets in institutional accounts decreased by $1.1 billion, or 7.1%, from $15.4 billion at December 31, 2013 due to $2.7 billion in gross outflows, partially offset by $1.3 billion in gross inflows and $0.3 billion in market appreciation. Assets in retail accounts increased by $2.5 billion, or 26.0%, from $9.6 billion at December 31, 2013 due to $3.0 billion in gross inflows and $0.5 billion in market appreciation, partially offset by $1.0 billion in gross outflows.

For the nine months ended September 30, 2013, we experienced market appreciation of $4.4 billion and $3.1 billion in gross inflows, which were partially offset by $2.3 billion in gross outflows. For the nine months ended September 30, 2013, assets in institutional accounts increased by $2.6 billion, or 23.2%, from $11.2 billion at December 31, 2012 due to $2.8 billion in market appreciation and $1.2 billion in gross inflows, partially offset by $1.4 billion in gross outflows. For the nine months ended September 30, 2013, assets in retail accounts increased $2.6 billion, or 44.1%, from $5.9 billion at December 31, 2012 due to $1.9 billion in gross inflows and $1.6 billion in market appreciation, partially offset by $0.9 billion in gross outflows.

Our revenues are generally correlated with the levels of our average AUM.  Our average AUM fluctuates based on changes in the market value of accounts advised and managed by us, and on our fund flows.  Since we are long-term fundamental investors, we believe that our investment strategies yield the most benefits, and are best evaluated, over a long-term timeframe.  We believe that our investment strategies are generally evaluated by our clients and our potential future clients based on their relative performance since inception, and the previous one-year, three-year, and five-year periods.  There has typically been a correlation between the investment performance of our strategies and the size and direction of asset flows over the long-term.  To the extent that our returns for these periods outperform client benchmarks, we would generally anticipate increased asset flows over the long-term.  Correspondingly, negative returns relative to client benchmarks could cause existing clients to reduce their exposure to our products, or hinder new client acquisition.
 
In addition, an increase in average AUM and in revenues typically results in higher operating income and net income, while a decrease in average AUM and in revenues typically results in lower operating income and net income.  We would expect pressure on our operating income, net income and operating margins in the future if average AUM and revenues were to decline.


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Revenues

Our revenue from advisory fees earned on our institutional accounts and our retail accounts for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 is described below:
 
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
Revenue
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014

2013
 
 
(in thousands)
Institutional Accounts
 
$
21,431

 
$
19,006

 
$
62,233

 
$
52,831

Retail Accounts
 
8,174

 
5,040

 
21,718

 
14,189

Total
 
$
29,605

 
$
24,046

 
$
83,951

 
$
67,020


Three Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Our total revenue increased by $5.6 million, or 23.1%, to $29.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014, from $24.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013.  This change was driven primarily by an increase in our average AUM and an increase in performance fees recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2014.  Average AUM increased 25.2% to $26.8 billion from $21.4 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.  We recognized $2.1 million in performance fees during the three months ended September 30, 2014, compared to $0.7 million in performance fees recognized for the three months ended September 30, 2013.

Our weighted average fees were 0.442% and 0.450% for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively. This decrease was driven by an increase in our retail assets, which generally carry lower fee rates, as a portion of total assets. At September 30, 2014 and 2013, retail assets were 45.8% and 38.1% of total assets, respectively. This decrease was partially offset by the impact of performance fees recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2014.

Average assets in institutional accounts increased $1.5 billion to $14.7 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2014, from $13.2 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2013, and had weighted average fees of 0.582% and 0.577% for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.  This increase in weighted average fee rates primarily reflects performance fees recognized during the three months ended September 30, 2014, partially offset by a shift in mix towards larger relationships and our expanded value strategies that generally carry lower fee rates.

Average assets in retail accounts increased $3.9 billion to $12.1 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2014, from $8.2 billion for the three months ended September 30, 2013, and had weighted average fees of 0.271% and 0.245% for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.  The increase in retail weighted average fee rates primarily reflects the addition of assets in our non-U.S. Value strategies that generally carry higher fee rates.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Our total revenue increased by $16.9 million, or 25.3%, to $84.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014, from $67.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013.  This change was driven primarily by an increase in our average AUM and an increase in performance fees recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2014.  Total average AUM increased 29.5% to $25.9 billion from $20.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.  We recognized $2.6 million in performance fees during the nine months ended September 30, 2014, compared to $0.8 million in performance fees recognized for the nine months ended September 30, 2013.

Our weighted average fees were 0.433% and 0.446% for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively. This decrease was primarily due to an increase in our retail assets, which generally carry lower fee rates, as a portion of total assets. At September 30, 2014 and 2013, retail assets were 45.8% and 38.1% of total assets, respectively. This decrease was partially offset by the impact of performance fees recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2014.

Average assets in institutional accounts increased $2.4 billion to $14.9 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2014, from $12.5 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2013, and had weighted average fees of 0.557% and 0.563% for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.  Weighted average fee rates increased primarily due to the increased performance fees recognized, partially offset by the shift toward larger relationships and our expanded value strategies.

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Average assets in retail accounts increased $3.5 billion to $11.0 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2014, from $7.5 billion for the nine months ended September 30, 2013, and had weighted average fees of 0.264% and 0.252% for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.  Retail weighted average fee rates increased primarily as a result of the additional assets in our non-U.S. value strategies.

Expenses
 
Our operating expense is driven primarily by our compensation costs.  The table below describes the components of our operating expense for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013.
 
 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands)
Cash Compensation and Other Benefits
$
9,323

 
$
7,787

 
$
26,616

 
$
23,864

Other Non-Cash Compensation
1,299

 
1,313

 
3,955

 
3,758

Total Compensation and Benefits Expense
10,622

 
9,100

 
30,571

 
27,622

General and Administrative Expense
2,351

 
1,995

 
7,176

 
5,747

Total Operating Expenses
$
12,973

 
$
11,095

 
$
37,747

 
$
33,369


Three Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Total operating expense increased by $1.9 million, or 16.9%, to $13.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014, from $11.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013.  This increase was attributable to increases in both our compensation and general and administrative expenses.
 
Compensation and benefits expense increased by approximately $1.5 million, or 16.7%, to $10.6 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014, from $9.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013.  This increase was primarily attributable to a $1.5 million increase in cash compensation primarily due to an increase in salary, headcount, and discretionary bonus amounts during 2014.  
 
General and administrative expenses increased by $0.4 million, or 17.8%, to $2.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014 from $2.0 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013. This increase primarily reflects an increase in professional fees incurred in connection with new business initiatives.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Total operating expense increased by $4.4 million, or 13.1%, to $37.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014, from $33.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013.  This increase was attributable to increases in both our compensation and general and administrative expenses.
 
Compensation and benefits expense increased by approximately $2.9 million, or 10.7%, to $30.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014, from $27.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013.  This increase was attributable to a $2.8 million increase in cash compensation primarily due to an increase in salary, headcount, and discretionary bonus amounts during 2014.  The increase also reflects a $0.2 million increase in other non-cash compensation due to amortization associated with previously issued awards.  We would expect non-cash compensation expense in subsequent periods to depend on the size and composition of awards granted under our equity incentive plans.
 
General and administrative expenses increased by $1.4 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 from the nine months ended September 30, 2013. This increase primarily reflects an increase in professional fees incurred in connection with new business initiatives and increased business activities.


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Other Expense

Three Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013
 
Other Expense was $2.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014, and consisted primarily of $1.8 million in expense related to adjustments to our liability to our selling and converting shareholders, $0.4 million of net realized and unrealized losses from investments, partially offset by $0.1 million in interest and dividend income. Other Expense was $2.7 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013, and consisted primarily of $3.3 million of expense related to adjustments to our liability to our selling and converting shareholders, partially offset by $0.5 million in net realized and unrealized gains from investments and $0.1 million in interest and dividend income.  As discussed further below, the liability to our selling and converting shareholders represents 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we realize as a result of the amortization of the increases in tax basis generated from our purchase of operating company units from our selling shareholders.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Other Expense was $3.8 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014, and consisted primarily of $3.9 million in expense related to adjustments to our liability to our selling and converting shareholders, partially offset by $0.3 million in interest and dividend income and $0.1 million net realized and unrealized gains from investments. Other Expense was $2.7 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013, and consisted primarily of $4.5 million of expense related to adjustments to our liability to our selling and converting shareholders, partially offset by $1.8 million in net realized and unrealized gains from investments and $0.3 million in interest and dividend income.  

Income Tax (Benefit)/ Expense
 
Our results for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 included the effects of adjustments related to our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders.  Our effective corporate tax rate, exclusive of adjustments related to our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders, was 41.4% and 42.1%, respectively, for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014, and 41.6% for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2013. Results for the nine months ended September 30, 2013 also reflect a $0.6 million unincorporated business tax benefit recognized by our operating company associated with the amendment of prior year tax returns to change the methodology for state and local receipts.

Non-GAAP income before corporate income taxes used to calculate our income before income taxes for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 is calculated as follows:

 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
2014
 
2013
 
(in thousands)
Income Before Income Taxes
$
14,283

 
$
10,203

 
$
42,400

 
$
30,982

Change in Liability to Selling and Converting Shareholders
1,824

 
3,257

 
3,947

 
4,525

Unincorporated Business Taxes
(701
)
 
(763
)
 
(2,318
)
 
(1,487
)
Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
(12,444
)
 
(10,331
)
 
(35,580
)
 
(27,879
)
Non-GAAP Income Before Corporate Taxes
$
2,962

 
$
2,366

 
$
8,449

 
$
6,141




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Our non-GAAP effective corporate tax rate, which is exclusive of adjustments related to our tax receivable agreement and the associated liability to selling and converting shareholders, was determined as follows:

 
For the Three Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
Tax
 
% of Non-
GAAP Pre-tax Income
 
Tax
 
% of Non-
GAAP Pre-tax Income
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
(in thousands)
 
 
Federal Corporate Tax
$
1,007

 
34.0
%
 
$
804

 
34.0
%
State and Local Taxes, Net of Federal Benefit
204

 
6.9
%
 
181

 
7.6
%
Other Adjustments
14

 
0.5
%
 
—

 
—
%
Non-GAAP Effective Taxes
$
1,225

 
41.4
%
 
$
985

 
41.6
%
 
 
For the Nine Months Ended September 30,
 
2014
 
2013
 
Tax
 
% of Non-
GAAP Pre-tax Income
 
Tax
 
% of Non-
GAAP Pre-tax Income
 
(in thousands)
 
 
 
(in thousands)
 
 
Federal Corporate Tax
$
2,872

 
34.0
 %
 
$
2,088

 
34.0
%
State and Local Taxes, Net of Federal Benefit
693

 
8.2
 %
 
467

 
7.6
%
Other Adjustments
(6
)
 
(0.1
)%
 
(3
)
 
—
%
Non-GAAP Effective Taxes
$
3,559

 
42.1
 %
 
$
2,552

 
41.6
%

Three Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Income Tax (Benefit)/ Expense was a benefit of $0.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and $2.1 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013.  The three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 Income Tax (Benefit)/ Expense included $2.4 million and $3.8 million of benefit, respectively, associated with decreases to the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax asset.  The three months ended September 30, 2014 also included a $0.3 million expense reflecting a net adjustment to the deferred tax asset and valuation allowance associated with the decrease in our effective tax rate during 2014. The remaining income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2014 consisted of $0.7 million in operating company unincorporated business taxes and $1.2 million of corporate income taxes.   The remaining income tax expense for the three months ended September 30, 2013, consisted of $0.8 million of operating company unincorporated business taxes and $1.0 million of corporate income taxes.  The $0.2 million increase in corporate income taxes is attributable primarily to increases in taxable income.  A comparison of the GAAP effective tax rates for the three months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 is not meaningful due to the valuation allowance adjustments.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Income Tax (Benefit)/ Expense was an expense of $1.2 million and and a benefit of $1.3 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013, respectively.  Each of the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 Income Tax (Benefit)/ Expense included $5.6 million of benefit associated with decreases to the valuation allowance recorded against our deferred tax asset.  The nine months ended September 30, 2014 also included a $0.9 million expense driven by a reduction in expected future tax benefits associated with a reductions in our expected future effective tax rate. Exclusive of these adjustments, the remaining income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 consisted of $2.3 million in operating company unincorporated business taxes and $3.6 million of corporate income taxes.  On a similar basis, the nine months ended September 30, 2013 included a $0.3 million expense associated with the prior year's final tax return. The remaining income tax expense for the nine months ended September 30, 2013, consisted of $1.5 million of operating company unincorporated business taxes and $2.6 million of corporate income taxes.  The $1.0 million increase in corporate income taxes is attributable primarily to increases in taxable income.  The $0.8 million increase in operating company unincorporated business taxes reflects the $0.6 million tax benefit recognized during the nine months ended September 30, 2013 associated

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with the amendment of prior year tax returns to change the methodology for calculating local receipts. A comparison of the GAAP effective tax rates for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 is not meaningful due to the valuation allowance adjustments.

Net Income Attributable to Non-Controlling Interests
 
Three Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $12.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014, and consisted of $12.6 million associated with our employees’ and outside investors’ approximately 80.1% weighted average interest in the income of the operating company, partially offset by $0.1 million in losses associated with the non-controlling interest in the losses of our consolidated entities.  Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $10.3 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013, and consisted of $10.1 million associated with our employees’ and outside investors’ approximately 81.0% weighted average interest in the income of the operating company, and $0.2 million associated with the non-controlling interest in the income of our consolidated entities.  The change in net income attributable to non-controlling interests primarily reflects the increase in operating company net income associated with the increase in our average AUM which had a corresponding positive impact on operating company revenues and income. The change in net income attributable to non-controlling interests also reflects the decrease in our employees’ and outside investors’ weighted average interest in the income of the operating company.  We expect the interests in our operating company in subsequent periods to depend on changes in our shareholder’s equity and the size and composition of Class B units awarded by our operating company’s compensation plans.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $35.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014, and consisted primarily of $35.6 million associated with our employees’ and outside investors’ approximately 80.9% weighted average interest in the income of the operating company.  Net income attributable to non-controlling interests was $27.9 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013, and consisted of $26.9 million associated with our employees’ and outside investors’ approximately 81.5% weighted average interest in the income of the operating company, and $0.9 million associated with the non-controlling interest in the income of our consolidated entities.  The change in net income attributable to non-controlling interests primarily reflects the increase in operating company net income associated with the increase in our average AUM which had a corresponding positive impact on operating company revenues and income. The change in net income attributable to non-controlling interests also reflects the decrease in our employees’ and outside investors’ weighted average interest in the income of the operating company.  We expect the interests in our operating company in subsequent periods to depend on changes in our shareholder’s equity and the size and composition of Class B units awarded by our operating company’s compensation plans.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

Historically, the working capital needs of our business have primarily been met through the cash generated by our operations.  Distributions to members of our operating company are our largest use of cash from financing activities.  Other activities include purchases and sales of investments to fund our deferred compensation program, capital expenditures, and strategic growth initiatives such as providing the initial cash investment in our mutual funds. In March 2014, in an effort to expand distribution channels and offer certain products in a mutual fund format, our operating company launched three new mutual funds formed as series of the Advisor Series Trust. In order to support these new mutual funds and establish investment records that can be used to market the funds to third party investors, we seeded the mutual funds with $6.0 million.

At September 30, 2014, cash and cash equivalents were $37.2 million, inclusive of $3.3 million in cash held by our consolidated subsidiaries.  Advisory fees receivable was $24.6 million. To satisfy our obligations under our deferred compensation program, we had approximately $4.9 million in third-party mutual fund investments and $0.9 million in cash and cash equivalents.
 
We expect to fund the liquidity needs of our business in the next twelve months, and over the long-term, primarily through cash generated from operations.  As an investment management company, our business is materially affected by conditions in the global financial markets and economic conditions throughout the world.  Our liquidity is highly dependent on the revenue and income from our operations, which is directly related to our levels of AUM.  For the three months ended September 30, 2014, our average AUM and revenues increased by 25.2% and 23.1%, respectively, compared to our average AUM and revenues for the three months ended September 30, 2013.
 
In determining the sufficiency of liquidity and capital resources to fund our business, we regularly monitor our liquidity position, including, among other things, cash, working capital, investments, long-term liabilities, lease commitments, debt

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obligations, and operating company distributions.  Compensation is our largest expense.  To the extent we deem necessary and appropriate to run our business, recognizing the need to retain our key personnel, we have the ability to change the absolute levels of our compensation packages, as well as change the mix of their cash and non-cash components.  Historically, we have not tied our level of compensation directly to revenue, as many Wall Street firms do.  Correspondingly, there is not a linear relationship between our compensation and the revenues we generate.  This generally has the effect of increasing operating margins in periods of increased revenues, but can reduce operating margins when revenue declines.
 
We continuously evaluate our staffing requirements and compensation levels with reference to our own liquidity position and external peer benchmarking data.  The result of this review directly influences management’s recommendations to our Board of Directors with respect to such staffing and compensation levels.
 
We anticipate that tax allocations and dividend equivalent payments to the members of our operating company, which consisted of 36 of our employees, certain unaffiliated persons, former employees, and us, will continue to be a material financing activity.  Cash distributions to operating company members for partnership tax allocations would increase should the taxable income of the operating company increase.  Dividend equivalent payments will depend on our dividend policy and the discretion of our Board of Directors, as discussed below.
      
We believe that our lack of long-term debt, and ability to vary cash compensation levels, have provided us with an appropriate degree of flexibility in providing for our liquidity needs.
 
Dividend Policy
 
We are a holding company and our primary investment is our ownership of membership interests in our operating company. As a result, we depend upon distributions from our operating company to pay any dividends that our Board of Directors may declare to be paid to our Class A common stockholders. When, and if, our Board of Directors declares any such dividends, we then cause our operating company to make distributions to us in an amount sufficient to cover the dividends declared. Our dividend policy has certain risks and limitations, particularly with respect to liquidity. We may not pay dividends to our Class A common shareholders in amounts that have been paid to them in the past, or at all, if, among other things, we do not have the cash necessary to pay our intended dividends. To the extent we do not have cash on hand sufficient to pay dividends in the future, we may decide not to pay dividends. By paying cash dividends rather than investing that cash in our future growth, we risk slowing the pace of our growth, or not having a sufficient amount of cash to fund our operations or unanticipated capital expenditures, should the need arise.
 
On an annual basis, our Board of Directors has targeted a cash dividend payout ratio of approximately 70% to 80% of our non-GAAP net income, subject to growth initiatives and other funding needs.  Our ability to pay dividends is subject to the Board of Directors’ discretion and may be limited by our holding company structure and applicable provisions of Delaware law.
 
Tax Receivable Agreement

Our purchase of membership units of our operating company concurrent with our initial public offering, and the subsequent and future exchanges by holders of Class B units of our operating company for shares of our Class A common stock (pursuant to the exchange rights provided for in the operating company’s operating agreement), has resulted in, and is expected to continue to result in, increases in our share of the tax basis of the tangible and intangible assets of our operating company, which will increase the tax depreciation and amortization deductions that otherwise would not have been available to us. These increases in tax basis and tax depreciation and amortization deductions have reduced, and are expected to continue to reduce, the amount of cash taxes that we would otherwise be required to pay in the future. We entered into a tax receivable agreement with the current members of our operating company, the one member of our operating company immediately prior to our initial public offering who sold all membership units to us in connection with our initial public offering and any future holders of Class B units that requires us to pay them 85% of the amount of cash savings, if any, in U.S. federal, state and local income tax that we actually realize (or are deemed to realize in the case of an early termination payment by us, or a change in control, as described in the tax receivable agreement) as a result of the increases in tax basis described above and certain other tax benefits related to entering into the tax receivable agreement, including tax benefits attributable to payments under the tax receivable agreement.


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Cash Flows

 Three Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Cash and Cash Equivalents increased $11.2 million to $37.2 million during the three months ended September 30, 2014 compared to a $9.3 million increase in cash to $35.0 million during the three months ended September 30, 2013.  Net cash provided by operating activities increased $4.3 million in the three months ended September 30, 2014 to $22.1 million from $17.8 million in the three months ended September 30, 2013.  The increase was primarily due to an increase in net income and changes in operating assets and liabilities, and working capital.
 
Net cash used in investing activities was relatively flat for the three months ended September 30, 2014 compared to the three months ended September 30, 2013.  
   
Net cash used in financing activities increased $2.2 million for the three months ended September 30, 2014 to $10.6 million from $8.4 million for the three months ended September 30, 2013.  This increase is primarily due to a $4.8 million increase in distributions to non-controlling interests. This increase was partially offset by $2.7 million in contributions from non-controlling interests and a $0.1 million decrease in the repurchase and retirement of Class A common stock and Class B units, recorded during the three months ended September 30, 2014.

Nine Months Ended September 30, 2014 versus September 30, 2013

Cash and Cash Equivalents increased $3.4 million to $37.2 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 compared to a $2.3 million increase in cash to $35.0 million during the nine months ended September 30, 2013.  Net cash provided by operating activities increased $8.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2014 to $46.0 million from $38.0 million in the nine months ended September 30, 2013.  The increase was primarily due to an increase in net income partially offset by changes in operating assets and liabilities, and working capital.

Net cash used in investing activities was $0.4 million for nine months ended September 30, 2014, compared to $1.6 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013.  The $1.2 million decrease in cash used was primarily attributable to a $0.8 million decrease in purchases from investments in our deferred compensation program and a $0.5 million increase in proceeds from sales of investments in our deferred compensation program during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2013.
   
Net cash used in financing activities increased $8.0 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2014 to $42.1 million from $34.1 million for the nine months ended September 30, 2013.  This increase is primarily due to a $11.8 million increase in distributions to non-controlling interests and a $1.4 million increase in dividends paid, partially offset by $4.2 million increase in contributions from non-controlling interests and a $1.2 million decrease in the repurchase and retirement of Class A common stock and Class B units during the nine months ended September 30, 2014 compared to the nine months ended September 30, 2013.

Contractual Obligations

Our current office lease expires in October 2015 and we entered into a new 11 year lease agreement in June 2014. The term of the lease commenced in October 2014. Annual minimum rent during the term will be approximately $2.0 million.

Off-Balance Sheet Arrangements
 
We did not have any off-balance sheet arrangements as of September 30, 2014.
 
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
   
The preparation of our consolidated financial statements, in accordance with U.S. generally accepted accounting principles ("GAAP"), requires management to make estimates and judgments that affect our reported amounts of assets, liabilities, revenues and expenses, and related disclosure of contingent assets and liabilities.  We base our estimates on historical experience and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under current circumstances, the results of which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying value of assets and liabilities that are not readily available from other sources.  We evaluate our estimates on an ongoing basis. Actual results may differ from these estimates under different assumptions or conditions.

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Accounting policies are an integral part of our financial statements.  A thorough understanding of these accounting policies is essential when reviewing our reported results of operations and our financial condition.  Management believes that the critical accounting policies discussed below involve additional management judgment due to the sensitivity of the methods and assumptions used.
 
Consolidation
 
Our policy is to consolidate all majority-owned subsidiaries in which we have a controlling financial interest and variable-interest entities of which we are deemed to be the primary beneficiary.  We assess our consolidation practices regularly, as circumstances dictate.  All significant inter-company transactions and balances have been eliminated.

Income Taxes
 
We are a “C” corporation under the Internal Revenue Code, and thus liable for federal, state and local taxes on the income derived from our economic interest in our operating company.  The operating company is a limited liability company that has elected to be treated as a partnership for tax purposes.  Our operating company has not made a provision for federal or state income taxes because it is the responsibility of each of the operating company’s members (including us) to separately report their proportionate share of the operating company’s taxable income or loss.  Similarly, the income of our consolidated subsidiaries is not subject to income taxes, as such income is allocated to each partnership’s individual partners.  The operating company has made a provision for New York City Unincorporated Business Tax ("UBT").
 
We recognize deferred tax assets and liabilities for the future tax consequences attributable to differences between the carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases, net operating loss carryforwards and tax credits.  A valuation allowance is maintained for deferred tax assets that we estimate are more likely than not to go unrealizable based on available evidence at the time the estimate is made.  Determining the valuation allowance requires management to make significant judgments and assumptions.  In determining the valuation allowance, we use historical and forecasted future operating results, based upon approved business plans, including a review of the eligible carryforward periods, tax planning opportunities and other relevant considerations.  Each quarter, we re-evaluate our estimate related to the valuation allowance, including our assumptions about future taxable income.
 
We believe that the accounting estimate related to the $44.8 million valuation allowance, recorded against the deferred tax asset associated with our acquisition of operating company membership units, is a critical accounting estimate because the underlying assumptions can change from period to period.  For example, tax law changes, or variances in future projected operating performance, could result in a change in the valuation allowance.  If we are not able to realize all or part of our net deferred tax assets in the future, an adjustment to our deferred tax asset valuation allowance would be charged to income tax expense in the period such determination was made.

Management judgment is required in determining our provision for income taxes, evaluating our tax positions and establishing deferred tax assets and liabilities.  The calculation of our tax liabilities involves dealing with uncertainties in the application of complex tax regulations.  If the ultimate resolution of uncertainties is different from currently estimated, it could affect income tax expense and the effective tax rate.
 
Recently Issued Accounting Pronouncements

In May 2014, the FASB issued ASU No. 2014-09, "Revenue from Contracts with Customers." The core principle of the revenue model is that an entity recognizes revenue to depict the transfer of promised goods or services to customers in an amount that reflects the consideration to which the entity expects to be entitled in exchange for the goods or services. This new guidance will be effective on January 1, 2017. Early application is not permitted. The standard permits the use of either the retrospective or cumulative effect transition method. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact on the consolidated statements and related disclosures, as well as the available transition methods.



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Item 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk.
 
Market Risk
 
Our exposure to market risk is directly related to our role as investment adviser for the institutional separate accounts we manage and the retail clients for which we act as sub-investment adviser.  As noted in Item 1A, “Risk Factors,” of our Form 10-K for the year ended December 31, 2013, filed with the SEC on March 12, 2014, we could experience declines in AUM due to, among other factors, poor performance of our investment strategies or a general economic downturn. These conditions could lead to declines in revenue and profitability, and there can be no assurance that there will not be declines in our AUM, revenue and profitability in the future. An economic downturn, and volatility in the global financial markets, could also significantly affect the estimates, judgments, and assumptions used in the valuation of our financial instruments.
 
Our revenue for the three and nine months ended September 30, 2014 and 2013 was generally derived from advisory fees, which are typically based on the market value of our AUM, which can be affected by adverse changes in interest rates, foreign currency exchange and equity prices.  Accordingly, a decline in the prices of securities would cause our revenue and income to decline, due to a decrease in the value of the assets we manage.  In addition, such a decline could cause our clients to withdraw their funds in favor of investments offering higher returns or lower risk, which would cause our revenue and income to decline further.
 
We are also subject to market risk due to a decline in the value of the our holdings and the holdings of our consolidated subsidiaries, which consist primarily of marketable securities, investments in mutual funds, investments in equity method investees, and securities sold short.  At September 30, 2014, the value of our assets subject to market risk was $15.0 million.  At September 30, 2014, the value of our liabilities subject to market risk was $1.5 million. Assuming a 10% increase or decrease, the fair value would have increased or decreased by $1.5 million and $0.2 million, respectively, at September 30, 2014.

Interest Rate Risk
   
Since the Company does not have any debt that bears interest at a variable rate, it did not have any direct exposure to interest rate risk at September 30, 2014.


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Item 4.   Controls and Procedures.
 
During the course of their review of our consolidated financial statements as of September 30, 2014, our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, evaluated the effectiveness of our disclosure controls and procedures pursuant to Rule 13a-15 under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”).  Based on that evaluation, our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer have concluded that, as of September 30, 2014, our disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) under the Exchange Act) were effective to ensure that information we are required to disclose in reports that we file or submit under the Exchange Act is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in SEC rules and forms, and that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our Chief Executive Officer and Chief Financial Officer, as appropriate, to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure.
 
There have not been any changes in our internal control over financial reporting during the three months ended September 30, 2014 that have materially affected, or are reasonably likely to materially affect, our internal control over financial reporting.

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PART II. OTHER INFORMATION

Item 2.  Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds.
 
The table below sets forth information regarding purchases of our Class A Common Stock on a monthly basis during the three months ended September 30, 2014.

Purchases of Equity Securities by the Issuer and Affiliated Purchasers
 
 
 
 
 
 
Period
 
(a) Total Number of Shares of Class A Common Stock Purchased
 
(b) Average Price Paid per Share of Class A Common Stock
 
(c) Total Number of Shares Purchased as Part of Publicly Announced Plans or Programs1
 
(d) Approximate Dollar Value of Shares that May Yet Be Purchased Under the Plans or Programs
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
(in millions)
July 1, 2014 through July 31, 2014
 
—

 
$
—

 
—

 
$
22.0

August 1, 2014 through August 31, 2014
 
20,330

 
9.91

 
20,330

 
21.8

September 1, 2014 through September 30, 2014
 
41,317

 
9.76

 
41,317

 
21.4

Total
 
61,647

 
$
—

 
61,647

 
$
21.4


1 Our share repurchase program was announced on April 24, 2012. The Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase an aggregate of $10 million of our outstanding Class A common stock and the operating company's Class B units on the open market and in private transactions in accordance with applicable securities laws. In February 2014, the Company announced an increase of $20 million in the aggregate amount authorized under the repurchase program. The timing, number and value of common shares and units repurchased are subject to the Company’s discretion. The Company’s share repurchase program is not subject to an expiration date and may be suspended, discontinued, or modified at any time, for any reason.
 
Item 6.  Exhibits.
Exhibit
 
Description of Exhibit
31.1
 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) (filed herewith)
31.2
 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to Exchange Act Rule 13a-14(a)/15d-14(a) (filed herewith)
32.1
 
Certification of Chief Executive Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
32.2
 
Certification of Chief Financial Officer pursuant to 18 U.S.C. Section 1350, as adopted pursuant to Section 906 of the Sarbanes-Oxley Act of 2002 (filed herewith)
101
 
Materials from the Pzena Investment Management, Inc. Quarterly Report on Form 10-Q for the quarter ended September 30, 2014, formatted in Extensible Business Reporting Language (XBRL):  (i) Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition, (ii) Consolidated Statements of Operations, (iii) Consolidated Statement of Changes in Equity, (iv) Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows, and (vi) related Unaudited Notes to the Consolidated Financial Statements, tagged in detail (furnished herewith).


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SIGNATURES

Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.

Dated: November 4, 2014

 
PZENA INVESTMENT MANAGEMENT, INC.
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ RICHARD S. PZENA
 
 
Name:
Richard S. Pzena
 
 
Title:
Chief Executive Officer
 
 
 
 
By:
/s/ GARY J. BACHMAN
 
 
Name:
Gary J. Bachman
 
 
Title:
Chief Financial Officer
(Principal Financial and Accounting Officer)

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