United States Securities and exchange commission

Washington, D.C. 20549

Form 10-K

(Mark One)

[X]Annual Report Pursuant to Section 13 or 15(d) of the securities exchange act of 1934.

For the fiscal year ended March 31, 2018

or

[ ]Transition report pursuant to section 13 or 15(d) OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934.

For the transition period from __________________ to _________________         

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(b) of the Act:

Securities registered pursuant to Section 12(g) of the Act: None

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is a well-known seasoned issuer, as defined in Rule 405 of the Securities Act.  Yes [X]  No [ ]

Indicate by check mark if the registrant is not required to file reports pursuant to Section 13 or Section 15(d) of the Securities Act.  Yes [ ]  No  [X]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant  (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes [X]  No [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant has submitted electronically and posted on its corporate Website, if any, every Interactive Data File required to be submitted and posted pursuant to Rule 405 of Regulation S-T (§232.405 of this chapter) during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to submit and post such files). Yes [X]  No [ ]

Indicate by check mark if disclosure of delinquent filers pursuant to Item 405 of Regulation S-K (§229.405 of this chapter) is not contained herein, and will not be contained, to the best of the registrant’s knowledge, in definitive proxy or information statements incorporated by reference in Part III of this Form 10-K or any amendment to this Form 10-K. [ ]  

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, a non-accelerated filer, smaller reporting company or an emerging growth company. See the definitions of “large accelerated filer,” “accelerated filer,” “smaller reporting company,” and “emerging growth company” in Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act.

Large accelerated filer [X]   Accelerated filer [ ]  

Non-accelerated filer [ ] (Do not check if a smaller reporting company)    Smaller reporting company [ ]

Emerging growth company [ ]

If an emerging growth company, indicate by check mark if the registrant has elected not to use the extended transition period for complying with any new or revised financial accounting standards provided pursuant to Section 13(a) of the Exchange Act. [ ]

Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined in Rule 12b-2 of the Act). Yes [ ] No [X]

The aggregate market value of AMERCO common stock held by non-affiliates on September 29, 2017 was $2,624,776,498. The aggregate market value was computed using the closing price for the common stock trading on NASDAQ on such date. Shares held by executive officers, directors and persons owning directly or indirectly more than 5% of the outstanding common stock have been excluded from the preceding number because such persons may be deemed to be affiliates of the registrant. This determination of affiliate status is not necessarily a conclusive determination for other purposes.

19,607,788 shares of AMERCO Common Stock, $0.25 par value, were outstanding at May 25, 2018.

Documents incorporated by reference: portions of AMERCO’s definitive proxy statement for the 2018 annual meeting of stockholders, to be filed within 120 days after AMERCO’s fiscal year ended March 31, 2018, are incorporated by reference into Part III of this report.

TABLE OF CONTENTS

Part i

Item 1. Business

Company Overview

We are North America’s largest “do-it-yourself” moving and storage operator through our subsidiary U-Haul International, Inc. (“U-Haul”). U-Haul is synonymous with “do-it-yourself” moving and storage and is a leader in supplying products and services to help people move and store their household and commercial goods. Our primary service objective is to provide a better and better product or service to more and more people at a lower and lower cost. Unless the context otherwise requires, the terms “AMERCO,” “Company,” “we,” “us,” or “our” refer to AMERCO, a Nevada corporation, and all of its legal subsidiaries, on a consolidated basis.

We were founded in 1945 as a sole proprietorship under the name "U-Haul Trailer Rental Company" and have rented trailers ever since. Starting in 1959, we rented trucks on a one-way and in-town basis exclusively through independent U-Haul® dealers. In 1974, we began developing our network of U-Haul® managed retail stores, through which we rent our trucks and trailers, self-storage rooms and portable moving and storage units and sell moving and self-storage products and services to complement our independent dealer network.

We rent our distinctive orange and white U-Haul® trucks and trailers as well as offer self-storage rooms through a network of 1,790 Company operated retail moving stores and approximately 20,000 independent U-Haul® dealers. We also sell U-Haul® brand boxes, tape and other moving and self-storage products and services to “do-it-yourself” moving and storage customers at all of our distribution outlets and through our uhaul.com® and eMove® websites.

We believe U-Haul® is the most convenient supplier of products and services addressing the needs of the United States and Canada’s “do-it-yourself” moving and storage markets. Our broad geographic coverage throughout the United States and Canada and our extensive selection of U-Haul® brand moving equipment rentals, self-storage rooms, portable moving and storage units and related moving and storage products and services provide our customers with convenient “one-stop” shopping.

Since 1945, U-Haul® has incorporated sustainable practices into its everyday operations. We believe that our basic business premise of equipment sharing helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduces the inventory of total large capacity vehicles. We continue to look for ways to reduce waste within our business and are dedicated to manufacturing reusable components and recyclable products. We believe that our commitment to sustainability, through our products and services and everyday operations has helped us to reduce our impact on the environment.

Through Repwest Insurance Company (“Repwest”) and ARCOA Risk Retention Group ("ARCOA"), our property and casualty insurance subsidiaries, we manage the property, liability and related insurance claims processing for U-Haul®. Oxford Life Insurance Company (“Oxford”), our life insurance subsidiary, sells life insurance, Medicare supplement insurance, annuities and other related products to the senior market.

Available Information

AMERCO® and U-Haul® are each incorporated in Nevada. U-Haul’s internet address is uhaul.com. On AMERCO’s investor relations website, amerco.com, we post the following filings as soon as practicable after they are electronically filed with or furnished to the United States Securities and Exchange Commission (“SEC”): our Annual Report on Form 10-K, our Quarterly Reports on Form 10-Q, our Current Reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements related to meetings of our stockholders, and any amendments to those reports or statements filed or furnished pursuant to Section 13(a) or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the “Exchange Act”). We also use our investor relations website as a means of disclosing material information and for complying with our disclosure obligations under Regulation FD. All such filings on our website are available free of charge. Additionally, you will find these materials on the SEC’s website at sec.gov.

Products and Rental Equipment

Our customers are primarily “do-it-yourself” household movers. U-Haul® moving equipment is specifically designed, engineered and manufactured for the “do-it-yourself” household mover. These “do-it-yourself” movers include individuals and families moving their belongings from one home to another, college students moving their belongings, vacationers and sports enthusiasts needing extra space or having special towing needs, people trying to save on home furniture and home appliance delivery costs, and “do-it-yourself” home remodeling and gardening enthusiasts who need to transport materials.

As of March 31, 2018, our rental fleet consisted of approximately 161,000 trucks, 118,000 trailers and 42,000 towing devices. This equipment and our U-Haul brand of self-moving products and services are available through our network of managed retail moving stores and independent U-Haul dealers. Independent U-Haul dealers receive rental equipment from the Company, act as rental agents and are paid a commission based on gross revenues generated from their U-Haul® rentals.

Our rental truck chassis are engineered by domestic truck manufacturers. These chassis are joined with the U-Haul® designed and manufactured van boxes primarily at U-Haul® operated manufacturing and assembly facilities strategically located throughout the United States. U-Haul® rental trucks feature our proprietary Lowest DeckSM, which provides our customers with extra ease of loading. The loading ramps on our trucks are the widest in the industry, which reduce the effort needed to move belongings. Our trucks are fitted with convenient, padded rub rails with tie downs on every interior wall. Our Gentle Ride SuspensionSM helps our customers safely move delicate and prized possessions. Also, the engineers at our U-Haul Technical Center determined that the softest ride in our trucks was at the front of the van box. Consequently, we designed the part of the van box that hangs over the front cab of the truck to be the location for our customers to place their most fragile items during their move. We call this area Mom’s Attic®.

Our distinctive trailers are also manufactured at these same U-Haul® operated manufacturing and assembly facilities. These trailers are well suited to the low profile of many of today’s newly manufactured automobiles. Our engineering staff is committed to making our trailers easy to tow, safe, aerodynamic and fuel efficient.

To provide our self-move customers with added value, our rental trucks and trailers are designed with fuel efficiency in mind. Many of our trucks are fitted with fuel economy gauges, another tool that assists our customers in conserving fuel. To help make our rental equipment more reliable, we routinely perform extensive preventive maintenance and repairs.

We also provide customers with equipment to transport their vehicles. We provide two towing options; auto transport, in which all four wheels are off the ground, and a tow dolly, in which the front wheels of the towed vehicle are off the ground.

To help our customers load their boxes and larger household appliances and furniture, we offer several accessory rental items. Our utility dolly has a lightweight design and is easy to maneuver. Another rental accessory is our four wheel dolly, which provides a large, flat surface for moving dressers, wall units, pianos and other large household items. U-Haul® appliance dollies provide the leverage needed to move refrigerators, freezers, washers and dryers easily and safely. These utility, furniture and appliance dollies, along with the low decks and the wide loading ramps on U-Haul® trucks and trailers, are designed for easy loading and unloading of our customers’ belongings.

The total package U-Haul® offers to the “do-it-yourself” household mover doesn’t end with trucks, trailers and accessory rental items. Our moving supplies include a wide array of affordably priced U-Haul® brand boxes, tape and packing materials. We also provide specialty boxes for dishes, computers and sensitive electronic equipment, as well as tape, security locks, and packing supplies. U-Haul® brand boxes are specifically sized to make loading easier.

We estimate that U-Haul® is North America’s largest seller and installer of hitches and towing systems. In addition to towing U-Haul® equipment, these hitching and towing systems can tow jet skis, motorcycles, boats, campers and horse trailers. Each year, more than one million customers visit our locations for expertise on complete towing systems, trailer rentals and the latest in towing accessories.

U-Haul® has one of North America’s largest propane refilling networks, with over 1,100 locations providing this convenient service. We employ trained, certified personnel to refill propane cylinders and alternative fuel vehicles. Our network of propane dispensing locations is one of the largest automobile alternative refueling networks in North America.

Our self-storage business was a natural outgrowth of our self-moving operations. Conveniently located U-Haul® self-storage rental facilities provide clean, dry and secure space for storage of household and commercial goods. Storage units range in size from 6 square feet to over 1,000 square feet. As of March 31, 2018, we operate 1,519 self-storage locations in the United States and Canada, with nearly 632,000 rentable storage rooms comprising 55.2 million square feet of rentable storage space. Our self-storage centers feature a wide array of security measures, ranging from electronic property access control gates to individually alarmed storage units. At many centers, we offer climate controlled storage rooms to protect temperature sensitive goods such as video tapes, albums, photographs and precious wood furniture.

Another extension of our strategy to make “do-it-yourself” moving and storage easier is our U-Box® program.  A U-Box® portable moving and storage unit is delivered to a location of our customer’s choosing either by the customers themselves through the use of a U-Box® trailer, with the assistance of a Moving Helper or by Company personnel. Once the U-Box® portable moving and storage unit is filled, it can be stored at the customer’s location, or taken to one of our Company operated locations, a participating independent dealer, or moved to a location of the customer’s choice.

Additionally, we offer moving and storage protection packages such as Safemove® and Safetow®. These programs provide moving and towing customers with a damage waiver, cargo protection and medical and life insurance coverage. Safestor® provides protection for storage customers from loss on their goods in storage. Safestor Mobile® provides protection for customers stored belongings when using our U-Box® portable moving and storage units. For our customers who desire additional coverage over and above the standard Safemove® protection, we also offer our Safemove Plus® product. This package provides the rental customer with a layer of primary liability protection.

We believe that through our website, uhaul.com, we have aggregated the largest network of customers and independent businesses in the self-moving and self-storage industry. In particular, our Moving Helper program connects “do-it-yourself” movers with thousands of independent service providers in the United States and Canada to assist our customers in packing, loading, unloading, cleaning and performing other services.

Through the U-Haul Storage Affiliates® program, independent storage businesses can join one of the world’s largest self-storage reservation systems. Self-storage customers making a reservation through uhaul.com® can access all of the U-Haul self-storage centers and all of our independent storage affiliate partners for even greater convenience to meet their self-storage needs. For the independent storage operator, our network gives them access to products and services allowing them to compete with larger operators more cost effectively.

We own numerous trademarks and service marks that contribute to the identity and recognition of our Company and its products and services. Certain of these marks are integral to the conduct of our business, a loss of any of which could have a material adverse affect on our business. We consider the trademark “U-Haul®” to be of material importance to our business in addition, but not limited to, the U.S. trademarks and service marks “AMERCO®”, “eMove®”, “Gentle Ride SuspensionSM”, “In-Town®”, “Lowest DecksSM”, “Moving made Easier®”, “Make Moving Easier®”, “Mom’s Attic®”, “Moving Help®”, “Moving Helper®”, “Safemove®”, “Safemove Plus®”, “Safestor®”, “Safestor Mobile®”, “Safetow®”,  “U-Box®”, “uhaul.com®”, “U-Haul Investors Club®”, “U-Haul Truck Share®”, “U-Haul Truck Share 24/7®“ “U-Note®”, “WebSelfStorage®”,  among others, for use in connection with the moving and storage business. Additionally, applications to register the U-Haul Smart Mobility CenterSM trademarks are pending in the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office.

Description of Operating Segments

AMERCO’s three reportable segments are:

• Moving and Storage, comprised of AMERCO®, U-Haul®, and Amerco Real Estate Company
  (“Real Estate”), and the subsidiaries of U-Haul® and Real Estate,
• Property and Casualty Insurance, comprised of Repwest and its subsidiaries and ARCOA, and

• Life Insurance, comprised of Oxford and its subsidiaries.

Financial information for each of our operating segments is included in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements as part of Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data of this Annual Report on Form 10-K.

Moving and Storage Operating Segment

Moving and Storage operating segment (“Moving and Storage”) consists of the rental of trucks, trailers, portable moving and storage units, specialty rental items and self-storage spaces primarily to the household mover as well as sales of moving supplies, towing accessories and propane. Operations are conducted under the registered trade name U-Haul® throughout the United States and Canada.

Net revenue from Moving and Storage was approximately 91.3%, 90.8% and 91.0% of consolidated net revenue in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

During fiscal 2018, we placed over 34,000 new trucks in service. These additions and replacements to the fleet were a combination of U-Haul® manufactured vehicles and purchases. As new trucks are added to the fleet, we typically remove older trucks from the fleet. The total number of rental trucks in the fleet increased during fiscal 2018 as the pace of new additions was greater than those trucks removed for retirement and sale.

Within our truck and trailer rental operation, we are focused on expanding our independent dealer network to provide added convenience for our customers. U-Haul® maximizes vehicle utilization by managing distribution of the truck and trailer fleets among the 1,790 Company operated stores and approximately 20,000 independent dealers. Utilizing its proprietary reservations management system, our centers and dealers electronically report their inventory in real-time, which facilitates matching equipment to customer demand. Approximately 55% of all U-Move® rental revenue originates from our operated centers.

At our owned and operated retail stores we are implementing new initiatives to improve customer service. These initiatives include improving management of our rental equipment to provide our retail centers with the right type of rental equipment, at the right time and at the most convenient location for our customers, effectively marketing our broad line of self-moving related products and services, expanding accessibility to provide more convenience to our customers, and enhancing our ability to properly staff locations during our peak hours of operations by attracting and retaining “moonlighters” (part-time U-Haul® employees with full-time jobs elsewhere) during our peak hours of operation. As of April 2017, U-Haul expanded it’s offering of U-Haul Truck Share 24/7® to our entire network in the United States and Canada. In May 2018, U-Haul received intellectual property protection of such system from the U.S. Trademark Office.

Our self-moving related products and services, such as boxes, pads and insurance, help our customers have a better moving experience and help them to protect their belongings from potential damage during the moving process. We are committed to providing a complete line of products selected with the “do-it-yourself” moving and storage customer in mind.

Our self-storage business operations consist of the rental of self-storage rooms, portable moving and storage units, sales of self-storage related products, the facilitation of sales of services, and the management of self-storage facilities owned by others.

U-Haul® is one of the largest North American operators of self-storage and has been a leader in the self-storage industry since 1974. U-Haul® operates nearly 632,000 rentable storage rooms, comprising 55.2 million square feet of rentable storage space with locations in 49 states and 10 Canadian provinces. U-Haul’s owned and managed self-storage facility locations range in size up to 309,000 square feet of storage space, with individual storage units in sizes ranging from 6 square feet to over 1,000 square feet.

The primary market for storage rooms is the storage of household goods. We believe that our self-storage services provide a competitive advantage through such things as Max Security, an electronic system that monitors the storage facility 24 hours a day, climate control in select units, individually alarmed rooms, extended hours access, and an internet-based customer reservation and account management system.

Moving Help® and U-Haul Storage Affiliates® on uhaul.com are online marketplaces that connect consumers to independent Moving Help® service providers and thousands of independent Self-Storage Affiliates. Our network of customer-rated Moving Help® and affiliates provide pack and load help, cleaning help, self-storage and similar services all over the United States and Canada. Our goal is to further utilize our web-based technology platform to increase service to consumers and businesses in the moving and storage market.

Compliance with environmental requirements of federal, state and local governments significantly affects our business. Our truck and trailer rental business is subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental entities. Specifically, the U.S. Department of Transportation and various state, federal and Canadian agencies exercise broad powers over our motor carrier operations, safety, and the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of waste materials. In addition, our storage business is also subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. Environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and could become more stringent in the future.

Moving and Storage business is seasonal and our results of operations and cash flows fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. Historically, revenues have been stronger in the first and second fiscal quarters due to the overall increase in moving activity during the spring and summer months. The fourth fiscal quarter is generally our weakest.

Property and Casualty Insurance Operating Segment

Our Property and Casualty Insurance operating segment (“Property and Casualty Insurance”) provides loss adjusting and claims handling for U-Haul through regional offices across the United States and Canada. Property and Casualty Insurance also underwrites components of the Safemove®, Safetow®, Safemove Plus®, Safestore Mobile® and Safestor® protection packages to U-Haul customers. We attempt to price our products to be a good value to our customers. The business plan for Property and Casualty Insurance includes offering property and casualty products in other U-Haul related programs.

Net revenue from Property and Casualty Insurance was approximately 2.0%, 2.0% and 2.0% of consolidated net revenue in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Life Insurance Operating Segment

Life Insurance provides life and health insurance products primarily to the senior market through the direct writing and reinsuring of life insurance, Medicare supplement and annuity policies.

Net revenue from Life Insurance was approximately 6.7%, 7.2% and 7.0% of consolidated net revenue in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Employees

As of March 31, 2018, we employed over 29,000 people throughout the United States and Canada with approximately 98% of these employees working within Moving and Storage and approximately 55% of these employees working on a part-time basis.

Sales and Marketing

We promote U-Haul® brand awareness through direct and co-marketing arrangements. Our direct marketing activities consist of web-based initiatives, print and social media as well as trade events, movie cameos of our rental fleet and boxes, and industry and consumer communications. We believe that our rental equipment is our best form of advertisement. We support our independent U-Haul® dealers through marketing U-Haul® moving and self-storage rentals, products and services.

Our marketing plan focuses on maintaining our leadership position in the “do-it-yourself” moving and storage industry by continually improving the ease of use and economy of our rental equipment, by providing added convenience to our retail centers, through independent U-Haul dealers, and by expanding the capabilities of our U-Haul websites.

A significant driver of U-Haul’s rental transaction volume is our utilization of an online reservation and sales system, through uhaul.com and our 24-hour 1-800-GO-U-HAUL telephone reservations system. These points of contact are prominently featured and are a major driver of customer lead sources.

Competition

Moving and Storage Operating Segment

The truck rental industry is highly competitive and includes a number of significant national, regional and local competitors. Generally speaking, we consider there to be two distinct users of rental trucks: commercial and “do-it-yourself” residential users. We primarily focus on the “do-it-yourself” residential user. Within this segment, we believe the principal competitive factors are convenience of rental locations, availability of quality rental moving equipment, breadth of essential products and services, and total cost to the user. Our major national competitors in both the in-town and one-way moving equipment rental market include Avis Budget Group, Inc. and Penske Truck Leasing. We have numerous competitors throughout the United States and Canada who compete with us in the in-town market.

The self-storage market is large and very fragmented. We believe the principal competitive factors in this industry are convenience of storage rental locations, cleanliness, security and price. Our largest competitors in the self-storage market are Public Storage Inc., Extra Space Storage, Inc., Cubesmart and Life Storage, Inc.

Insurance Operating Segments

The insurance industry is highly competitive. In addition, the marketplace includes financial services firms offering both insurance and financial products. Some of the insurance companies are owned by stockholders and others are owned by policyholders. Many competitors have been in business for a longer period of time or possess substantially greater financial resources and broader product portfolios than our insurance companies. We compete in the insurance business based upon price, product design, and services rendered to agents and policyholders.

Financial Data of Segment and Geographic Areas

For financial data of our segments and geographic areas please see Note 21, Financial Information by Geographic Area, and Note 21A, Consolidating Financial Information by Consolidating Industry Segment, of our Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cautionary Statement Regarding Forward-Looking Statements

This Annual Report on Form 10-K (“Annual Report”), contains “forward-looking statements” regarding future events and our future results of operations. We may make additional written or oral forward-looking statements from time to time in filings with the SEC or otherwise. We believe such forward-looking statements are within the meaning of the safe-harbor provisions of Section 27A of the Securities Act of 1933, as amended, and Section 21E of the Exchange Act. Such statements may include, but are not limited to, estimates of capital expenditures, plans for future operations, products or services, financing needs and plans, our perceptions of our legal positions and anticipated outcomes of government investigations and pending litigation against us, liquidity, goals and strategies, plans for new business, storage occupancy, growth rate assumptions, pricing, costs, and access to capital and leasing markets the impact of our compliance with environmental laws and cleanup costs, our used vehicle disposition strategy, the sources and availability of funds for our rental equipment and self-storage expansion and replacement strategies and plans, our plan to expand our U-Haul storage affiliate program, that additional leverage can be supported by our operations and business, the availability of alternative vehicle manufacturers, our estimates of the residual values of our equipment fleet, our plans with respect to off-balance sheet arrangements, our plans to continue to invest in the U-Box® program, the impact of interest rate and foreign currency exchange rate changes on our operations, the sufficiency of our capital resources and the sufficiency of capital of our insurance subsidiaries as well as assumptions relating to the foregoing. The words “believe,” “expect,” “anticipate,” “plan,” “may,” “will,” “could,” “estimate,” “project” and similar expressions identify forward-looking statements, which speak only as of the date the statement was made.

Forward-looking statements are inherently subject to risks and uncertainties, some of which cannot be predicted or quantified. Factors that could significantly affect results include, without limitation, the risk factors enumerated below under the heading “Risk Factors” and other factors described in this Annual Report or the other documents we file with the SEC. These factors, the following disclosures, as well as other statements in this Annual Report and in the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements, could contribute to or cause such risks or uncertainties, or could cause our stock price to fluctuate dramatically. Consequently, the forward-looking statements should not be regarded as representations or warranties by us that such matters will be realized. We assume no obligation to update or revise any of the forward-looking statements, whether in response to new information, unforeseen events, changed circumstances or otherwise, except as required by law.

Item 1A. Risk Factors

The following discussion of risk factors should be read in conjunction with Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations (“MD&A”) and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes.  These risk factors may be important in understanding this Annual Report or elsewhere.

We operate in a highly competitive industry.

The truck rental industry is highly competitive and includes a number of significant national, regional and local competitors. We believe the principal competitive factors in this industry are convenience of rental locations, availability of quality rental moving equipment, breadth of essential services and products and total cost. Financial results for the Company can be adversely impacted by aggressive pricing from our competitors. Some of our competitors may have greater financial resources than we have. We cannot assure you that we will be able to maintain existing rental prices or implement price increases. Moreover, if our competitors reduce prices and we are not able or willing to do so as well, we may lose rental volume, which would likely have a materially adverse affect on our results of operations. Numerous potential competitors are working to establish paradigm shifting technologies from self driving vehicles to Uber-like offerings.

The self-storage industry is large and highly fragmented. We believe the principal competitive factors in this industry are convenience of storage rental locations, cleanliness, security and price. Competition in the market areas in which we operate is significant and affects the occupancy levels, rental rates and operating expenses of our facilities. Competition might cause us to experience a decrease in occupancy levels, limit our ability to raise rental rates or require us to offer discounted rates that would have a material affect on results of operations and financial condition. Entry into the self-storage business may be accomplished through the acquisition of existing facilities by persons or institutions with the required initial capital. Development of new self-storage facilities is more difficult however, due to land use, zoning, environmental and other regulatory requirements. The self-storage industry has in the past experienced overbuilding in response to perceived increases in demand. We cannot assure you that we will be able to successfully compete in existing markets or expand into new markets.

We are highly leveraged.

As of March 31, 2018, we had total debt outstanding of $3,538.7 million and total undiscounted operating and ground lease commitments of $165.9 million. Although we believe, based on existing information, that additional leverage can be supported by our operations and revenues, our existing debt could impact us in the following ways among other considerations:

• require us to allocate a considerable portion of cash flows from operations to debt service and lease payments;
• limit our flexibility in planning for, or reacting to, changes in our business and the industry in which we operate;
• limit our ability to obtain additional financing; and
• place us at a disadvantage compared to our competitors who may have less debt.

Our ability to make payments on our debt and leases depends upon our ability to maintain and improve our operating performance and generate cash flow. To some extent, this is subject to prevailing economic and competitive conditions and to certain financial, business and other factors, some of which are beyond our control. If we are unable to generate sufficient cash flow from operations to service our debt and meet our other cash needs, including our leases, we may be forced to reduce or delay capital expenditures, sell assets, seek additional capital or restructure or refinance our indebtedness and leases. If we must sell our assets, it may negatively affect our ability to generate revenue. In addition, we may incur additional debt or leases that would exacerbate the risks associated with our indebtedness.

Economic conditions, including those related to the credit markets, may adversely affect our industry, business and results of operations.

Consumer and commercial spending is generally affected by the health of the economy, which places some of the factors affecting the success of our business beyond our control. Our businesses, although not as traditionally cyclical as some, could experience significant downturns in connection with or in anticipation of, declines in general economic conditions. In times of declining consumer spending we may be driven, along with our competitors, to reduce pricing which would have a negative impact on gross profit.  We cannot predict if another downturn in the economy will occur, which could result in reduced revenues and working capital.

Should credit markets in the United States tighten or if interest rates increase significantly, we may not be able to refinance existing debt or find additional financing on favorable terms, if at all.  If one or more of the financial institutions that support our existing credit facilities fails, we may not be able to find a replacement, which would negatively impact our ability to borrow under credit facilities.  If our operating results were to worsen significantly and our cash flows or capital resources prove inadequate, or if interest rates increase significantly, we could face liquidity problems that could materially and adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

Our fleet rotation program can be adversely affected by financial market conditions.

To meet the needs of our customers, U-Haul maintains a large fleet of rental equipment. Our rental truck fleet rotation program is funded internally through operations and externally from debt and lease financing. Our ability to fund our routine fleet rotation program could be adversely affected if financial market conditions limit the general availability of external financing. This could lead us to operate trucks longer than initially planned and/or reduce the size of the fleet, either of which could materially and negatively affect our results of operations.

Another important aspect of our fleet rotation program is the sale of used rental equipment. The sale of used equipment provides us with funds that can be used to purchase new equipment. Conditions may arise that could lead to the decrease in demand and/or resale values for our used equipment. This could have a material adverse effect on our financial results, which could result in substantial losses on the sale of equipment and decreases in cash flows from the sales of equipment.

We obtain our rental trucks from a limited number of manufacturers.

Over the last twenty years, we purchased the majority of our rental trucks from Ford Motor Company and General Motors Corporation. Our fleet can be negatively affected by issues our manufacturers may face within their own supply chain. Also, it is possible that our suppliers may face financial difficulties or organizational changes which could negatively impact their ability to accept future orders or fulfill existing orders. The cost of acquiring new rental trucks could increase materially and negatively affect our ability to rotate new equipment into the fleet. Although we believe that we could contract with alternative manufacturers for our rental trucks, we cannot guarantee or predict how long that would take. In addition, termination of our existing relationship with these suppliers could have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations for an indefinite period of time.

We may not be able to effectively hedge against interest rate changes in our variable debt.

In certain instances, the Company seeks to manage its exposure to interest rate risk through the use of hedging instruments including interest rate swap agreements and forward swaps. We enter into these arrangements with counterparties that are significant financial institutions with whom we generally have other financial arrangements. We are exposed to credit risk should these counterparties not be able to perform on their obligations. Additionally, a failure on our part to effectively hedge against interest rate changes may adversely affect our financial condition and results of operations. We are required to record these financial instruments at their fair value. Changes in interest rates can significantly impact the valuation of the instruments resulting in non-cash changes to our financial position.

A substantial amount of our shares is owned by a small contingent of stockholders.

Willow Grove Holdings LP, directly and through controlled entities (“WGHLP”), owns 8,309,584 shares of AMERCO common stock, and together with Edward J. Shoen and Mark V. Shoen, owns 8,361,643 shares (approximately 42.6%) of AMERCO common stock.  The general partner of WGHLP controls the voting and disposition decisions with respect to the common stock of AMERCO owned by WGHLP, and is managed by Edward J. Shoen (the Chairman of the Board of Directors and Chief Executive Officer of AMERCO) and his brother, Mark V. Shoen.  Accordingly, Edward J. Shoen and Mark V. Shoen are in a position to significantly influence our business and policies, including the approval of certain significant transactions, the election of the members of our Board of Directors (the “Board”) and other matters submitted to our stockholders. There can be no assurance that their interests will not conflict with the interests of our other stockholders.

In addition, 1,143,609 shares (approximately 5.8%) of AMERCO common stock are owned under our Employee Stock Ownership Plan (“ESOP”).  Each ESOP participant is entitled to vote the shares allocated to himself or herself in their discretion.  In the event an ESOP participant does not vote his or her shares, such shares shall be voted by the ESOP trustee, in the ESOP trustee’s discretion. 

Our quarterly results of operations fluctuate due to seasonality and other factors associated with our industry.

Our business is seasonal and our results of operations and cash flows fluctuate significantly from quarter to quarter. Historically, revenues have been stronger in the first and second fiscal quarters due to the overall increase in moving activity during the spring and summer months. The fourth fiscal quarter is generally weakest, due to a greater potential for adverse weather conditions and other factors that are not necessarily seasonal. As a result, our operating results for any given quarterly period are not necessarily indicative of operating results for an entire year.

Our operations subject us to numerous environmental regulations and the possibility that environmental liability in the future could adversely affect our operations.

Compliance with environmental requirements of federal, state and local governments significantly affects our business. Among other things, these requirements regulate the discharge of materials into the air, land and water and govern the use and disposal of hazardous substances. Under environmental laws or common law principles, we can be held liable for hazardous substances that are found on real property we have owned or operated. We are aware of issues regarding hazardous substances on some of our real estate and we have put in place a remediation plan at each site where we believe such a plan is necessary. See Note 18, Contingencies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements. We regularly make capital and operating expenditures to stay in compliance with environmental laws. In particular, we have managed a testing and removal program since 1988 for our underground storage tanks.  Despite these compliance efforts, the risk of environmental liability is part of the nature of our business.

Environmental laws and regulations are complex, change frequently and could become more stringent in the future. We cannot assure you that future compliance with these regulations, future environmental liabilities, the cost of defending environmental claims, conducting any environmental remediation or generally resolving liabilities caused by us or related third parties will not have a material adverse effect on our business, financial condition or results of operations.

We operate in a highly regulated industry and changes in existing regulations or violations of existing or future regulations could have a material adverse effect on our operations and profitability.

Our truck and trailer rental business is subject to regulation by various federal, state and foreign governmental entities. Specifically, the U.S. Department of Transportation and various state, federal and Canadian agencies exercise broad powers over our motor carrier operations, safety, and the generation, handling, storage, treatment and disposal of waste materials. In addition, our storage business is also subject to federal, state and local laws and regulations relating to environmental protection and human health and safety. The failure to comply with these laws and regulations may adversely affect our ability to sell or rent such property or to use the property as collateral for future borrowings. Compliance with changing regulations could substantially impair real property and equipment productivity and increase our costs. In addition, the Federal government may institute some regulation that limits carbon emissions by setting a maximum amount of carbon individual entities can emit without penalty. This would likely affect everyone who uses fossil fuels and would disproportionately affect users in the highway transportation industries. While there are too many variables at this time to assess the impact of the various proposed federal and state regulations that could affect carbon emissions, many experts believe these proposed rules could significantly affect the way companies operate in their businesses.

Our operations can be limited by land-use regulations. Zoning choices enacted by individual municipalities in the United States and Canada may limit our ability to serve certain markets with our products and services.

Our insurance companies are heavily regulated by state insurance departments and the National Association of Insurance Commissioners (“NAIC”). These insurance regulations are primarily in place to protect the interests of our policyholders and not our investors. Changes in these laws and regulations could increase our costs, inhibit new sales, or limit our ability to implement rate increases.

A significant portion of our revenues are generated through third-parties.

Our business plan relies upon a network of independent dealers strategically located throughout the United States and Canada.  As of March 31, 2018 we had approximately 20,000 independent equipment rental dealers.  In fiscal 2018, approximately 45% of our equipment rental revenues were generated through this network.

We manage 482 U-Haul branded locations on behalf of subsidiaries of WGHLP and Mercury Partners, L.P. (“Mercury”). These locations generated $29.6 million of management fees in fiscal 2018. Additionally, these locations served as U-Haul equipment dealers and accounted for approximately 12% of our equipment rental revenues in fiscal 2018.

Our inability to maintain this network or its current cost structure could inhibit our ability to adequately serve our customers and may negatively affect our results of operations and financial position.

We face liability risks associated with the operation of our rental fleet, sales of our products and operation of our locations. 

The business of renting moving and storage equipment to customers exposes us to liability claims including property damage, personal injury and even death. Likewise, the operation of our moving and storage centers along with the sale of our related moving supplies, towing accessories and installation, and refilling of propane tanks may subject us to liability claims.  We seek to limit the occurrence of such events through the design of our equipment, communication of its proper use, exhaustive repair and maintenance schedules, extensive training of our personnel, proactive risk management assessments and by providing our customers with online resources for the proper use of products and services.  Regardless, accidents still occur and we manage the financial risk of these events through third party insurance carriers. While these excess loss insurance policies are available today at reasonable costs, this could change and could negatively affect our results of operations and financial position.

Terrorist attacks could negatively impact our operations and profitability and may expose us to liability and reputational damage.

Terrorist attacks may negatively affect our operations and profitability.  Such attacks may damage our facilities and it is also possible that our rental equipment could be involved in a terrorist attack.  Although we carry excess of loss insurance coverage, it may prove to be insufficient to cover us for acts of terror using our rental equipment.  Moreover, we may suffer reputational damage that could arise from a terrorist attack which utilizes our rental equipment. The consequences of any terrorist attacks or hostilities are unpredictable and difficult to quantify.  We seek to minimize these risks through our operational processes and procedures; however, we may not be able to foresee events that could have an adverse effect on our operations.

Our ability to attract and retain qualified employees, and changes in laws or other labor issues could adversely affect our business and our results of operations.

The success of our business is predicated upon our workforce providing excellent customer service. Our ability to attract and retain this employee base may be inhibited due to prevailing wage rates, benefit costs and the adoption of new or revised employment and labor laws and regulations. Should this occur we may be unable to provide service in certain areas or we may experience significantly increased costs of labor that could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We are highly dependent upon our automated systems and the Internet for managing our business.

Our information systems are largely Internet-based, including our point-of-sale reservation system, payment processing and telephone systems.  While our reliance on this technology lowers our cost of providing service and expands our abilities to better serve customers, it exposes us to various risks including natural and man-made disasters, terrorist attacks and cyber-attacks.  We have put into place extensive security protocols, backup systems and alternative procedures to mitigate these risks.  However, disruptions or breaches, detected or undetected by us, for any period of time in any portion of these systems could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition and inflict reputational damage.

In addition, the provision of service to our customers and the operation of our networks and systems involve the storage and transmission of proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data, including personal information of customers, employees and others. Our information technology systems may be susceptible to computer viruses, attacks by computer hackers, malicious insiders, or catastrophic events. Hackers, acting individually or in coordinated groups, may also launch distributed denial of service attacks or ransom or other coordinated attacks that may cause service outages or other interruptions in our business and access to our data.  In addition, breaches in security could expose us, our customers, or the individuals affected, to a risk of loss or misuse of proprietary information and sensitive or confidential data. The techniques used to obtain unauthorized access, disable or degrade service or sabotage systems change frequently, may be difficult to detect for a long time and often are not recognized until launched against a target. As a result, we may be unable to anticipate these techniques or to implement adequate preventative measures.

Any of these occurrences could result in disruptions in our operations, the loss of existing or potential customers, damage to our brand and reputation, and litigation and potential liability for the Company. In addition, the cost and operational consequences of implementing further data or system protection measures could be significant and our efforts to deter, identify, mitigate and/or eliminate any security breaches may not be successful.

A.M. Best financial strength ratings are crucial to our life insurance business.

In June 2017, A.M. Best affirmed the financial strength rating for Oxford and Christian Fidelity Life Insurance Company (“CFLIC”) of A- with a stable outlook and affirmed the financial strength rating for North American Insurance Company (“NAI”) of B++ with a stable outlook. Financial strength ratings are important external factors that can affect the success of Oxford’s business plans. Accordingly, if Oxford’s ratings, relative to its competitors, are not maintained or do not continue to improve, Oxford may not be able to retain and attract business as currently planned, which could adversely affect our results of operations and financial condition.

We may incur losses due to our reinsurers’ or counterparties’ failure to perform under existing contracts or we may be unable to secure sufficient reinsurance or hedging protection in the future.

We use reinsurance and derivative contracts to mitigate our risk of loss in various circumstances; primarily at Repwest and for Moving and Storage. These agreements do not release us from our primary obligations and therefore we remain ultimately responsible for these potential costs. We cannot provide assurance that these reinsurers or counterparties will fulfill their obligations. Their inability or unwillingness to make payments to us under the terms of the contracts may have a material adverse effect on our financial condition and results of operations.

At December 31, 2017, Repwest reported $1.1 million of reinsurance recoverables, net of allowances and $94.5 million of reserves and liabilities ceded to reinsurers. Of this, Repwest’s largest exposure to a single reinsurer was $57.5 million.

Recent changes to U.S. tax laws may adversely affect our financial condition or results of operations and create the risk that we may need to adjust our accounting for these changes.

The Tax Reform Act makes significant changes to U.S. tax laws and includes numerous provisions that affect businesses, including ours.  For instance, as a result of lower corporate tax rates, the Tax Reform Act tends to reduce both the value of deferred tax assets and the amount of deferred tax liabilities.  It also limits interest rate deductions and the amount of net operating losses that can be used each year and alters the expensing of capital expenditures.  Other provisions have international tax consequences for businesses like ours that operate internationally. The Tax Reform Act is unclear in certain respects and will require interpretations and implementing regulations by the IRS, as well as state tax authorities, and the Tax Reform Act could be subject to amendments and technical corrections, any of which could lessen or increase the adverse (and positive) impacts of the Tax Reform Act. The accounting treatment of these tax law changes is complex, and some of the changes may affect both current and future periods.  Others will primarily affect future periods.  As discussed elsewhere in this Annual Report on Form 10-K, we believe our analysis and computations of the tax effects of the Tax Reform Act on us is substantially, but not entirely, complete. Consistent with guidance from the Securities and Exchange Commission, our financial statements reflect our estimates of the tax effects of the Tax Reform Act on us. 

Item 1B. Unresolved Staff Comments

None.

Item 2. Properties

The Company, through its legal subsidiaries, owns property, plant and equipment that are utilized in the manufacturing, repair and rental of U-Haul® equipment and storage space, as well as providing office space for us. Such facilities exist throughout the United States and Canada. We also manage storage facilities owned by others. We operate 1,790 U-Haul® retail centers of which 482 U-Haul branded locations are managed for subsidiaries of WGHLP and Mercury, and 11 manufacturing and assembly facilities. We also operate over 130 fixed-site repair facilities located throughout the United States and Canada. These facilities are used primarily for the benefit of Moving and Storage.

Item 3. Legal Proceedings

Litigation

On July 1, 2014, a 100-pound propane cylinder allegedly filled at a Philadelphia-area U-Haul Co. of Pennsylvania (“UHPA”) center exploded while in use on a food truck. The explosion killed two people and injured eleven. Following the incident, the injured parties and their estates filed a number of lawsuits against U-Haul and its subsidiary, UHPA, both of which denied the allegations. One plaintiff sued AMERCO, which also denied the allegations. All suits were filed in the Philadelphia Court of Common Pleas. The plaintiffs alleged, among other things, that UHPA should not have refilled the propane cylinder at issue because it was out-of-date and improperly fitted with an incorrect valve, which allegedly caused the explosion. The plaintiffs sought compensatory and punitive damages.

After several settlements with the less-injured plaintiffs, in April 2018, the parties reached an agreement, in principle, to settle the remaining cases. We will pay our self-insured retention and attorney’s fees. Together, these amounts are currently estimated to be $26.4 million, of which $15.3 million has already been paid.  The balance of the settlement amount is accrued on our balance sheet in Policy benefits and losses, claims and loss expenses payable with offsetting insurance recoveries from our insurance carriers in Other assets. The U.S. Department of Justice is investigating the cause of the incident.  Following the resolution in principle of the civil claims in April 2018, the U.S. Attorney’s Office for the Eastern District of Pennsylvania advised the Company for the first time that UHPA is a target of the investigation, but has not advised UHPA as to what specific violations are being investigated. UHPA will vigorously defend itself against any criminal allegations or charges.

Environmental

Compliance with environmental requirements of federal, state and local governments may significantly affect Real Estate’s business operations. Among other things, these requirements regulate the discharge of materials into the air, land and water and govern the use and disposal of hazardous substances. Real Estate is aware of issues regarding hazardous substances on some of its properties. Real Estate regularly makes capital and operating expenditures to stay in compliance with environmental laws and has put in place a remedial plan at each site where it believes such a plan is necessary. Since 1988, Real Estate has managed a testing and removal program for underground storage tanks.

Based upon the information currently available to Real Estate, compliance with the environmental laws and its share of the costs of investigation and cleanup of known hazardous waste sites are not expected to result in a material adverse effect on AMERCO’s financial position or results of operations.

Other

We are named as a defendant in various other litigation and claims arising out of the normal course of business. In management’s opinion, none of these other matters will have a material effect on our financial position and results of operations.

Item 4. Mine Safety Disclosure

Not applicable.

Part ii

Item 5. Market for Registrant’s Common Equity, Related Stockholder Matters and Issuer Purchases of Equity Securities

As of May 9, 2018, there were approximately 2,800 holders of record of our common stock. We derived the number of our stockholders using internal stock ledgers and utilizing Mellon Investor Services Stockholder listings. AMERCO’s common stock is listed on the NASDAQ Global Select Market under the trading symbol “UHAL”.

The following table sets forth the high and the low sales price of the common stock of AMERCO for the periods indicated:

Dividends

AMERCO® does not have a formal dividend policy. The Board periodically considers the advisability of declaring and paying dividends to common stockholders in light of existing circumstances.

See Note 20, Statutory Financial Information of Insurance Subsidiaries, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements for a discussion of certain statutory restrictions on the ability of the insurance subsidiaries to pay dividends to AMERCO.

Performance Graph

The following graph compares the cumulative total stockholder return on the Company’s common stock for the period March 31, 2013 through March 31, 2018 with the cumulative total return on the Dow Jones US Total Market and the Dow Jones US Transportation Average. The comparison assumes that $100 was invested on March 31, 2013 in the Company’s common stock and in each of the comparison indices. The graph reflects the value of the investment based on the closing price of the common stock trading on NASDAQ on March 31, 2014, 2015, 2016, 2017 and 2018.

Item 6.Selected Financial Data

The following selected financial data should be read in conjunction with the MD&A, and the Consolidated Financial Statements and related notes in this Annual Report.

Listed below is selected financial data for AMERCO and consolidated subsidiaries for each of the last five years:

Item 7.Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations

We begin this MD&A with the overall strategy of AMERCO, followed by a description of, and strategy related to, our operating segments to give the reader an overview of the goals of our businesses and the direction in which our businesses and products are moving. We then discuss our critical accounting policies and estimates that we believe are important to understanding the assumptions and judgments incorporated in our reported financial results. Next, we discuss our results of operations for fiscal 2018 compared with fiscal 2017, and for fiscal 2017 compared with fiscal 2016 which are followed by an analysis of liquidity changes in our balance sheets and cash flows, and a discussion of our financial commitments in the sections entitled Liquidity and Capital Resources and Disclosures about Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments. We conclude this MD&A by discussing our outlook for fiscal 2019.

This MD&A should be read in conjunction with the other sections of this Annual Report, including Item 1: Business, Item 6: Selected Financial Data and Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data. The various sections of this MD&A contain a number of forward-looking statements, as discussed under the caption, Cautionary Statements Regarding Forward-Looking Statements, all of which are based on our current expectations and could be affected by the uncertainties and risk factors described throughout this Annual Report and particularly under the section Item 1A: Risk Factors. Our actual results may differ materially from these forward-looking statements.

AMERCO has a fiscal year that ends on the 31st of March for each year that is referenced. Our insurance company subsidiaries have fiscal years that end on the 31st of December for each year that is referenced. They have been consolidated on that basis. Our insurance companies’ financial reporting processes conform to calendar year reporting as required by state insurance departments. Management believes that consolidating their calendar year into our fiscal year financial statements does not materially affect the presentation of financial position or results of operations. We disclose all material events, if any, occurring during the intervening period. Consequently, all references to our insurance subsidiaries’ years 2017, 2016 and 2015 correspond to fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 for AMERCO.

Overall Strategy

Our overall strategy is to maintain our leadership position in the North American “do-it-yourself” moving and storage industry. We accomplish this by providing a seamless and integrated supply chain to the “do-it-yourself” moving and storage market. As part of executing this strategy, we leverage the brand recognition of U-Haul with our full line of moving and self-storage related products and services and the convenience of our broad geographic presence.

Our primary focus is to provide our customers with a wide selection of moving rental equipment, convenient self-storage rental facilities and portable moving and storage units and related moving and self-storage products and services. We are able to expand our distribution and improve customer service by increasing the amount of moving equipment and storage rooms and portable moving and storage units available for rent, expanding the number of independent dealers in our network and expanding and taking advantage of our eMove capabilities.

Property and Casualty Insurance is focused on providing and administering property and casualty insurance to U-Haul and its customers, its independent dealers and affiliates. 

Life Insurance is focused on long-term capital growth through direct writing and reinsuring of life, Medicare supplement and annuity products in the senior marketplace.

Description of Operating Segments

AMERCO’s three reportable segments are:

• Moving and Storage, comprised of AMERCO, U-Haul, and Real Estate and the subsidiaries of   U-Haul and Real Estate,
• Property and Casualty Insurance, comprised of Repwest and its subsidiaries and ARCOA, and
• Life Insurance, comprised of Oxford and its subsidiaries.

See Note 1, Basis of Presentation, Note 21, Financial Information by Geographic Area, and Note 21A, Consolidating Financial Information by Industry Segment, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report.

Moving and Storage Operating Segment

Moving and Storage consists of the rental of trucks, trailers, portable moving and storage units, specialty rental items and self-storage spaces primarily to the household mover as well as sales of moving supplies, towing accessories and propane. Operations are conducted under the registered trade name U-Haul® throughout the United States and Canada.

With respect to our truck, trailer, specialty rental items and self-storage rental business, we are focused on expanding our dealer network, which provides added convenience for our customers and expanding the selection and availability of rental equipment to satisfy the needs of our customers.

U-Haul® brand self-moving related products and services, such as boxes, pads and tape allow our customers to, among other things; protect their belongings from potential damage during the moving process. We are committed to providing a complete line of products selected with the “do-it-yourself” moving and storage customer in mind.

uhaul.com® is an online marketplace that connects consumers to our operations as well as independent Moving Help® service providers and thousands of independent Self-Storage Affiliates. Our network of customer rated affiliates and service providers furnish pack and load help, cleaning help, self-storage and similar services, all over the United States and Canada. Our goal is to further utilize our web-based technology platform to increase service to consumers and businesses in the moving and storage market.

Since 1945, U-Haul has incorporated sustainable practices into its everyday operations. We believe that our basic business premise of equipment sharing helps reduce greenhouse gas emissions and reduces the inventory of total large capacity vehicles. We continue to look for ways to reduce waste within our business and are dedicated to manufacturing reusable components and recyclable products. We believe that our commitment to sustainability, through our products and services and everyday operations has helped us to reduce our impact on the environment.

Property and Casualty Insurance Operating Segment

Property and Casualty Insurance provides loss adjusting and claims handling for U-Haul through regional offices in the United States and Canada. Property and Casualty Insurance also underwrites components of the Safemove®, Safetow®, Safemove Plus®, Safestor® and Safestor Mobile® protection packages to U-Haul® customers. We continue to focus on increasing the penetration of these products into the moving and storage market. The business plan for Property and Casualty Insurance includes offering property and casualty products in other U-Haul® related programs.

Life Insurance Operating Segment

Life Insurance provides life and health insurance products primarily to the senior market through the direct writing and reinsuring of life insurance, Medicare supplement and annuity policies.

Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates

Our financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the generally accepted accounting principles (“GAAP”) in the United States. The methods, estimates and judgments we use in applying our accounting policies can have a significant impact on the results we report in our financial statements. Note 3, Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, in this Annual Report summarizes the significant accounting policies and methods used in the preparation of our consolidated financial statements and related disclosures. Certain accounting policies require us to make difficult and subjective judgments and assumptions, often as a result of the need to estimate matters that are inherently uncertain.

Following is a detailed description of the accounting policies that we deem most critical to us and that require management’s most difficult and subjective judgments. These estimates are based on historical experience, observance of trends in particular areas, information and valuations available from outside sources and on various other assumptions that are believed to be reasonable under the circumstances and which form the basis for making judgments about the carrying values of assets and liabilities that are not readily apparent from other sources. Actual amounts may differ from these estimates under different assumptions and conditions; such differences may be material.

We also have other policies that we consider key accounting policies, such as revenue recognition; however, these policies do not meet the definition of critical accounting estimates, because they do not generally require us to make estimates or judgments that are difficult or subjective. The accounting policies that we deem most critical to us, and involve the most difficult, subjective or complex judgments include the following:

Principles of Consolidation

We apply Accounting Standards Codification (“ASC”) 810 - Consolidation (“ASC 810”) in our principles of consolidation. ASC 810 addresses arrangements where a company does not hold a majority of the voting or similar interests of a variable interest entity (“VIE”). A company is required to consolidate a VIE if it has determined it is the primary beneficiary. ASC 810 also addresses the policy when a company owns a majority of the voting or similar rights and exercises effective control.

As promulgated by ASC 810, a VIE is not self-supportive due to having one or both of the following conditions: (i) it has an insufficient amount of equity for it to finance its activities without receiving additional subordinated financial support or (ii) its owners do not hold the typical risks and rights of equity owners. This determination is made upon the creation of a variable interest and is re-assessed on an on-going basis should certain changes in the operations of a VIE, or its relationship with the primary beneficiary trigger a reconsideration under the provisions of ASC 810. After a triggering event occurs the facts and circumstances are utilized in determining whether or not a company is a VIE, which other company(ies) have a variable interest in the entity, and whether or not the company’s interest is such that it is the primary beneficiary.

We will continue to monitor our relationships with the other entities regarding who is the primary beneficiary, which could change based on facts and circumstances of any reconsideration events.

Recoverability of Property, Plant and Equipment

Our property, plant and equipment is stated at cost. Interest expense incurred during the initial construction of buildings is considered part of cost. Depreciation is computed for financial reporting purposes using the straight-line or an accelerated method based on a declining balance formula over the following estimated useful lives: rental equipment 2-20 years and buildings and non-rental equipment 3-55 years. Routine maintenance costs are charged to operating expense as they are incurred. Gains and losses on dispositions of property, plant and equipment are netted against depreciation expense when realized. Equipment depreciation is recognized in amounts expected to result in the recovery of estimated residual values upon disposal, i.e., minimize gains or losses. In determining the depreciation rate, historical disposal experience, holding periods and trends in the market for vehicles are reviewed. As a result of changes in IRS regulations regarding the capitalization of assets, beginning in the first quarter of fiscal 2017, we raised the value threshold before certain assets are capitalized within our depreciation policy. This change in threshold, results in the immediate recognition of reported operating costs with a lagging decrease in depreciation expense over the term that these assets would have been depreciated. This change in threshold is expected to benefit us through the immediate recognition of tax deductible costs.

We regularly perform reviews to determine whether facts and circumstances exist which indicate that the carrying amount of assets, including estimates of residual value, may not be recoverable or that the useful life of assets are shorter or longer than originally estimated. Reductions in residual values (i.e., the price at which we ultimately expect to dispose of revenue earning equipment) or useful lives will result in an increase in depreciation expense over the remaining life of the equipment. Reviews are performed based on vehicle class, generally subcategories of trucks and trailers. We assess the recoverability of our assets by comparing the projected undiscounted net cash flows associated with the related asset or group of assets over their estimated remaining lives against their respective carrying amounts. We consider factors such as current and expected future market price trends on used vehicles and the expected life of vehicles included in the fleet. Impairment, if any, is based on the excess of the carrying amount over the fair value of those assets. If asset residual values are determined to be recoverable, but the useful lives are shorter or longer than originally estimated, the net book value of the assets is depreciated over the newly determined remaining useful lives.

For our box truck fleet we utilize an accelerated method of depreciation based upon a declining formula. Under the declining balances method (2.4 times declining balance), the book value of a rental truck is reduced by approximately 16%, 13%, 11%, 9%, 8%, 7%, and 6% of cost during years one through seven, respectively, and then reduced on a straight line basis to a salvage value of 15% by the end of year fifteen. Comparatively, a standard straight line approach would reduce the book value by approximately 5.7% per year over the life of the truck.

Although we intend to sell our used vehicles for prices approximating book value, the extent to which we realize a gain or loss on the sale of used vehicles is dependent upon various factors including but not limited to, the general state of the used vehicle market, the age and condition of the vehicle at the time of its disposal and the depreciation rates with respect to the vehicle. We typically sell our used vehicles at our sales centers throughout the United States and Canada, on our website at uhaul.com/trucksales or by phone at 1-866-404-0355. Additionally, we sell a large portion of our pickup and cargo van fleet at automobile dealer auctions.

Insurance Reserves

Liabilities for life insurance and certain annuity and health policies are established to meet the estimated future obligations of policies in force, and are based on mortality, morbidity and withdrawal assumptions from recognized actuarial tables which contain margins for adverse deviation. In addition, liabilities for health, disability and other policies include estimates of payments to be made on insurance claims for reported losses and estimates of losses incurred, but not yet reported (“IBNR”). Liabilities for annuity contracts consist of contract account balances that accrue to the benefit of the policyholders.

Insurance reserves for Property and Casualty Insurance and U-Haul take into account losses incurred based upon actuarial estimates and are management’s best approximation of future payments.  These estimates are based upon past claims experience and current claim trends as well as social and economic conditions such as changes in legal theories and inflation.  These reserves consist of case reserves for reported losses and a provision for IBNR losses, both reduced by applicable reinsurance recoverables, resulting in a net liability.

Due to the nature of the underlying risks and high degree of uncertainty associated with the determination of the liability for future policy benefits and claims, the amounts to be ultimately paid to settle these liabilities cannot be precisely determined and may vary significantly from the estimated liability, especially for long-tailed casualty lines of business such as excess workers’ compensation.  As a result of the long-tailed nature of the excess workers’ compensation policies written by Repwest during 1983 through 2001, it may take a number of years for claims to be fully reported and finally settled.

On a regular basis insurance reserve adequacy is reviewed by management to determine if existing assumptions need to be updated. In determining the assumptions for calculating workers’ compensation reserves, management considers multiple factors including the following:

• Claimant longevity
• Cost trends associated with claimant treatments
• Changes in ceding entity and third party administrator reporting practices
• Changes in environmental factors including legal and regulatory
• Current conditions affecting claim settlements
• Future economic conditions including inflation

We have reserved each claim based upon the accumulation of current claim costs projected through each claimant’s life expectancy, and then adjusted for applicable reinsurance arrangements.  Management reviews each claim bi-annually or more frequently, if there are changes in facts or circumstances to determine if the estimated life-time claim costs have increased and then adjusts the reserve estimate accordingly at that time.  We have factored in an estimate of what the potential cost increases could be in our IBNR liability.  We have not assumed settlement of the existing claims in calculating the reserve amount, unless it is in the final stages of completion.

Continued increases in claim costs, including medical inflation and new treatments and medications could lead to future adverse development resulting in additional reserve strengthening.  Conversely, settlement of existing claims or if injured workers return to work or expire prematurely, could lead to future positive development.

Impairment of Investments

Investments are evaluated pursuant to guidance contained in ASC 320 - Investments - Debt and Equity Securities to determine if and when a decline in market value below amortized cost is other-than-temporary. Management makes certain assumptions or judgments in its assessment including but not limited to: our ability and intent to hold the security, quoted market prices, dealer quotes or discounted cash flows, industry factors, financial factors, and issuer specific information such as credit strength. Other-than-temporary impairment in value is recognized in the current period operating results. There were no write downs in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Income Taxes

We file a consolidated tax return with all of our legal subsidiaries.

Our tax returns are periodically reviewed by various taxing authorities. The final outcome of these audits may cause changes that could materially impact our financial results. Please see Note 13, Provision for Taxes, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report for more information.

Fair Values

Fair values of cash equivalents approximate carrying value due to the short period of time to maturity. Fair values of short-term investments, investments available-for-sale, long-term investments, mortgage loans and notes on real estate, and interest rate swap contracts are based on quoted market prices, dealer quotes or discounted cash flows. Fair values of trade receivables approximate their recorded value.

Our financial instruments that are exposed to concentrations of credit risk consist primarily of temporary cash investments, trade receivables, reinsurance recoverables and notes receivable. Limited credit risk exists on trade receivables due to the diversity of our customer base and their dispersion across broad geographic markets. We place our temporary cash investments with financial institutions and limit the amount of credit exposure to any one financial institution.

We have mortgage receivables, which potentially expose us to credit risk. The portfolio of notes is principally collateralized by self-storage facilities and commercial properties. We have not experienced any material losses related to the notes from individual or groups of notes in any particular industry or geographic area. The estimated fair values were determined using the discounted cash flow method and using interest rates currently offered for similar loans to borrowers with similar credit ratings.

The carrying amount of long-term debt and short-term borrowings are estimated to approximate fair value as the actual interest rate is consistent with the rate estimated to be currently available for debt of similar term and remaining maturity.

Other investments including short-term investments are substantially current or bear reasonable interest rates. As a result, the carrying values of these financial instruments approximate fair value.

Subsequent Events

Please see Note 22, Subsequent Events, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

Recent Accounting Pronouncements

Please see Note 3, Accounting Policies, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K.

AMERCO and Consolidated Subsidiaries

Fiscal 2018 Compared with Fiscal 2017

Listed below, on a consolidated basis, are revenues for our major product lines for fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017:

Self-moving equipment rental revenues increased $116.9 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017 largely due to growth in both one-way and In-Town® transactions. Over the course of fiscal 2018 we added new Company owned locations to our retail network and increased the number of trucks, trailers, and towing devices in our rental fleet.

Self-storage revenues increased $37.0 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017.  The average monthly amount of occupied square feet increased by 8.9% during fiscal 2018, compared with the same period last year.  The growth in revenues and square feet rented comes from a combination of improved rates per square foot, occupancy gains at existing locations and from the addition of new facilities to the portfolio. Over the last twelve months, we added approximately 3.7 million net rentable square feet, or a 13.4% increase, with approximately 1.2 million of that coming on during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018.

Sales of self-moving and self-storage products and services increased $8.5 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017. Increases were recognized in the sales of moving supplies, propane and towing accessories and related installations.

Life insurance premiums decreased $8.9 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017 primarily due to decreased Medicare supplement premiums.

Property and casualty insurance premiums increased $4.8 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017 due to an increase in Safetow® and Safestor® sales, which is a reflection of the increased equipment and storage rental transactions.

Net investment and interest income increased $8.2 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017 due to a larger invested asset base at our insurance companies.   

Other revenue increased $12.3 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017, primarily coming from growth in our U-Box® program.

As a result of the items mentioned above, revenues for AMERCO and its consolidated entities were $3,601.1 million for fiscal 2018 as compared with $3,421.8 million for fiscal 2017.

Listed below are revenues and earnings from operations at each of our operating segments for fiscal 2018 and 2017. The insurance companies’ years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016.

Total costs and expenses increased $157.3 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017. Our insurance segments accounted for $4.8 million of the increase.

Excluding net gains on the disposal of real estate, total costs and expenses increased $349.1 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017. Operating expenses at Moving and Storage increased $238.2 million.  In the second quarter of fiscal 2017, we recognized the difference between the accrued amount and actual settlement amount of the PODS Enterprises, Inc. (“PEI”) case as a $24.6 million reduction of operating expenses. Excluding this effect in the prior year, operating expenses for Moving and Storage increased $213.6 million.  This was primarily due to increased personnel costs, equipment maintenance, payment processing fees, new facility related costs and property tax.  Repair costs, primarily associated with the portion of the fleet nearing resale, accounted for $72.9 million of the increase for fiscal 2018.  Personnel bonuses associated with tax reform for the entire workforce combined with bonuses for our field management team accounted for $31.1 million of the increase.   Lease expense decreased $3.4 million as a result of our shift in financing new equipment on the balance sheet versus through operating leases.  Net gains from the disposal of rental equipment decreased $20.7 million.  Compared with fiscal 2017, we have sold more used trucks, however on average the trucks sold in fiscal 2018 had a higher average cost than in fiscal 2017 and average sales proceeds per truck were lower in fiscal 2018.  Depreciation expense associated with our rental fleet increased $56.5 million due to a larger fleet.  Depreciation expense on all other assets, largely from buildings and improvements increased $17.0 million. Net gains on disposal of real estate increased $191.8 million.  The increase resulted from the sale of a portion of our Chelsea, NY property which resulted in a pre-tax gain of $190.7 million.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, earnings from operations increased to $764.3 million for fiscal 2018, compared with $742.3 million for fiscal 2017.

Interest expense for fiscal 2018 was $126.7 million, compared with $113.4 million for fiscal 2017 due to an increase in borrowings in fiscal 2018 partially offset by lower borrowing costs. In addition, we incurred costs associated with the early extinguishment of debt during the third quarter of fiscal 2017 of $0.5 million for the write-off of unamortized transaction costs related to defeased debt.

Income tax benefit (expense) was $153.0 million for fiscal 2018, compared with ($229.9) million for fiscal 2017 due to the effects of the Tax Reform Act as enacted on December 22, 2017. Our effective tax rate was (24.0%) of net income before taxes for fiscal 2018, compared to 36.6% in the prior-year period. The decrease in our deferred tax liability resulting from the application of the new Federal income tax rate accounted for a $371.5 million decrease, partially offset by a $11.7 million one-time increase resulting from the deemed repatriation of foreign earnings and a $4.0 million one-time increase resulting from Phase Three tax on our Life Insurance subsidiary. Excluding the one-time benefits and charges mentioned above, our effective tax rate for all of fiscal 2018, post Tax Reform Act, was 31.8%, compared with 36.6% for fiscal 2017. We project that our effective tax rate for the fiscal year ending March 31, 2019 will be approximately 24.3%. See Note 13, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report for more information on income taxes.

As a result of the above mentioned items, earnings available to common shareholders were $790.6 million for fiscal 2018, compared with $398.4 million for fiscal 2017.

Basic and diluted earnings per common share for fiscal 2018 were $40.36, compared with $20.34 for fiscal 2017.

The weighted average common shares outstanding basic and diluted were 19,588,889 for fiscal 2018, compared with 19,586,606 for fiscal 2017.

AMERCO and Consolidated Subsidiaries

Fiscal 2017 Compared with Fiscal 2016

Listed below, on a consolidated basis, are revenues for our major product lines for fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016:

Self-moving equipment rental revenues increased $64.9 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016.  During fiscal 2017, we continued to grow our rental system through the expansion of our distribution network and by increasing the number of trucks, trailers and towing devices available to our customers. Both In-Town® and one-way transactions increased compared with fiscal 2016, which resulted in improved revenue results.

Self-storage revenues increased $38.9 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016.  The average monthly amount of occupied square feet increased by 11.8% during fiscal 2017 compared with fiscal 2016.  The growth in revenues and square feet rented came from a combination of improved rates per square foot, occupancy gains at existing locations and from the addition of new facilities to our real estate portfolio. During the twelve months ended March 31, 2017, we added approximately 3.4 million net rentable square feet, or a 14.0% increase, with approximately 1.0 million net rental square feet added during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017.

Sales of self-moving and self-storage products and services increased $1.5 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016, primarily from the sale of moving supplies.

Life insurance premiums increased $0.9 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016 primarily due to increased life and Medicare supplement premiums.

Property and casualty insurance premiums increased $2.3 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016 due to an increase in Safetow® and Safestor® sales, which was a reflection of the increased equipment and storage rental transactions.

Net investment and interest income increased $15.7 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016 due to a larger invested asset base at our insurance companies and gains generated from our mortgage loan portfolio.   

Other revenue increased $19.5 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016, primarily coming from growth in our U-Box® program.

As a result of the items mentioned above, revenues for AMERCO and its consolidated entities were $3,421.8 million for fiscal 2017 as compared with $3,275.5 million for fiscal 2016.

Listed below are revenues and earnings from operations at each of our operating segments for fiscal 2017 and 2016. The insurance companies’ years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015.

Total costs and expenses increased $270.7 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016. Our insurance segments accounted for $18.1 million of the increase primarily due to increased benefit costs.

Moving and Storage total costs and expenses increased $252.7 million.  In October 2016, we settled the litigation with PEI. As part of this settlement, we paid $41.4 million to PEI. In fiscal 2015 and fiscal 2016, we recorded $66.0 million as accrued contingencies and interest related to this lawsuit. During the second quarter of fiscal 2017, we recognized the difference between our contingency accrual and the actual settlement as a $24.6 million reduction of operating expenses.  Excluding the effect of the reversal of this accrual during fiscal 2017, operating expenses increased $122.9 million for Moving and Storage, primarily due to increased personnel costs, equipment maintenance and property tax, as well as a change in the accounting threshold for the expensing of smaller capital items that led to the additional costs being recognized immediately versus over time through depreciation expense. Net gains from the disposal of rental equipment decreased $65.7 million.  Compared with fiscal 2016, we have sold fewer used trucks, however on average the trucks sold had a higher average cost and we experienced a decrease in the average sales proceeds per unit. Depreciation expense associated with our rental fleet increased $66.9 million due to a larger fleet.  Depreciation expense on all other assets, largely from buildings and improvements increased $25.2 million. Net gains on disposal of real estate increased $3.0 million.  Lease expense decreased $12.4 million as a result of our shift in financing new equipment on the balance sheet versus through operating leases.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, earnings from operations decreased to $742.3 million for fiscal 2017, compared with $866.6 million for fiscal 2016.

Interest expense for fiscal 2017 was $113.4 million, compared with $97.7 million for fiscal 2016 due to an increase in borrowings in fiscal 2017 partially offset by lower borrowing costs. In addition, we incurred costs associated with the early extinguishment of debt during the third quarter of fiscal 2017 of $0.5 million for the write-off of unamortized transaction costs related to defeased debt.

Income tax expense was $229.9 million for fiscal 2017, compared with $279.9 million for fiscal 2016. The decrease was due to lower pretax earnings for fiscal 2017. The effective tax rate was 36.6% and 36.4% for fiscal 2017 and 2016, respectively.

As a result of the above mentioned items, earnings available to common shareholders were $398.4 million for fiscal 2017, compared with $489.0 million for fiscal 2016.

Basic and diluted earnings per common share for fiscal 2017 were $20.34, compared with $24.95 for fiscal 2016.

The weighted average common shares outstanding basic and diluted were 19,586,606 for fiscal 2017, compared with 19,596,110 for fiscal 2016.

Moving and Storage

Fiscal 2018 Compared with Fiscal 2017

Listed below are revenues for the major product lines at Moving and Storage for fiscal 2018 and fiscal 2017:

Self-moving equipment rental revenues increased $117.4 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017 largely due to growth in both one-way and In-Town® transactions. Over the course of fiscal 2018 we added new Company owned locations to our retail network and increased the number of trucks, trailers, and towing devices in our rental fleet.

Self-storage revenues increased $37.0 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017.  The average monthly amount of occupied square feet increased by 8.9% during fiscal 2018, compared with the same period last year.  The growth in revenues and square feet rented comes from a combination of improved rates per square foot, occupancy gains at existing locations and from the addition of new facilities to the portfolio. Over the last twelve months, we added approximately 3.7 million net rentable square feet, or a 13.4% increase, with approximately 1.2 million of that coming on during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2018.

Sales of self-moving and self-storage products and services increased $8.5 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017. Increases were recognized in the sales of moving supplies, propane and towing accessories and related installations.

Net investment and interest income increased $2.5 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017.

Other revenue increased $11.7 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017, primarily coming from growth in our U-Box® program.

The Company owns and manages self-storage facilities. Self-storage revenues reported in the consolidated financial statements represent Company-owned locations only. Self-storage data for our owned storage locations follows:

The approximately 3.7 million net rentable square feet that we’ve added during fiscal 2018 was a mix of existing storage locations we acquired and new development. On average, the occupancy rate of this new capacity on the date it was added was approximately 5%.

Excluding net gains on the disposal of real estate, total costs and expenses increased $346.6 million during fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017. Operating expenses at Moving and Storage increased $238.2 million.  In the second quarter of fiscal 2017, we recognized the difference between the accrued amount and actual settlement amount of the PEI case as a $24.6 million reduction of operating expenses. Excluding this effect in the prior year, operating expenses for Moving and Storage increased $213.6 million.  This was primarily due to increased personnel costs, equipment maintenance, payment processing fees, new facility related costs and property tax.  Repair costs, primarily associated with the portion of the fleet nearing resale, accounted for $72.9 million of the increase for fiscal 2018.  Personnel bonuses associated with tax reform for the entire workforce combined with bonuses for our field management team accounted for $31.1 million of the increase.   Lease expense decreased $3.3 million as a result of our shift in financing new equipment on the balance sheet versus through operating leases.  Net gains from the disposal of rental equipment decreased $20.7 million.  Compared with fiscal 2017, we have sold more used trucks, however on average the trucks sold in fiscal 2018 had a higher average cost than in fiscal 2017 and the average sales proceeds per truck were lower in fiscal 2018.  Depreciation expense associated with our rental fleet increased $56.5 million due to a larger fleet.  Depreciation expense on all other assets, largely from buildings and improvements increased $17.0 million. Net gains on disposal of real estate increased $191.8 million.  The increase was caused by the sale of a portion of our Chelsea, NY property which resulted in a pre-tax gain of $190.7 million.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, earnings from operations for Moving and Storage before consolidation of the equity in the earnings of the insurance subsidiaries increased to $711.8 million for fiscal 2018 as compared with $688.9 million for fiscal 2017.

Equity in the earnings of AMERCO’s insurance subsidiaries increased $11.2 million for fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, earnings from operations increased to $758.8 million for fiscal 2018, compared with $724.7 million for fiscal 2017.

Moving and Storage

Fiscal 2017 Compared with Fiscal 2016

Listed below are revenues for the major product lines at Moving and Storage for fiscal 2017 and fiscal 2016:

Self-moving equipment rental revenues increased $64.9 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016.  During fiscal 2017, we continued to grow our rental system through the expansion of our distribution network and by increasing the number of trucks, trailers and towing devices available to our customers. Both In-Town® and one-way transactions increased compared with fiscal 2016, this resulted in our improved revenue results.

Self-storage revenues increased $38.9 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016.  The average monthly amount of occupied square feet increased by 11.8% during fiscal 2017 compared with fiscal 2016.  The growth in revenues and square feet rented camesfrom a combination of improved rates per square foot, occupancy gains at existing locations and from the addition of new facilities to the portfolio. During the twelve months ended March 31, 2017, we added approximately 3.4 million net rentable square feet, or a 14.0% increase, with approximately 1.0 million net rental square feet added during the fourth quarter of fiscal 2017.

Sales of self-moving and self-storage products and services increased $1.5 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016.  Increases were recognized in the sales of moving supplies.  

Net investment and interest income increased $0.9 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016. 

Other revenue increased $19.7 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016 primarily coming from growth in our U-Box® program rentals.

The Company owns and manages self-storage facilities. Self-storage revenues reported in the consolidated financial statements represent Company-owned locations only. Self-storage data for our owned storage locations follows:

The approximately 3.4 million net rentable square feet that we’ve added during fiscal 2017 was a mix of existing storage locations we acquired and new development. On average, the occupancy rate of this new capacity on the date it was added was approximately 11%.

Total costs and expenses increased $252.7 million during fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016.  In October 2016, we settled the litigation with PEI. As part of this settlement, we paid $41.4 million to PEI. In fiscal 2015 and fiscal 2016, we recorded $66.0 million as accrued contingencies and interest related to this lawsuit. During the second quarter of fiscal 2017, we recognized the difference between our contingency accrual and the actual settlement as a $24.6 million reduction of operating expenses.  Excluding the effect of the reversal of this accrual in fiscal 2017, operating expenses for Moving and Storage increased $122.9 million, primarily due to personnel costs, equipment maintenance and property tax, as well as a change in the accounting threshold for the expensing of smaller capital items that led to the additional costs being recognized immediately versus over time though depreciation expense. Net gains from the disposal of rental equipment decreased $65.7 million.  Compared with fiscal 2016, we have sold fewer used trucks, however on average the trucks sold had a higher average cost and we experienced a decrease in the average sales proceeds per unit. Depreciation expense associated with our rental fleet increased $66.9 million due to a larger fleet.  Depreciation expense on all other assets, largely from buildings and improvements increased $25.2 million. Net gains on disposal of real estate increased $3.0 million.  Lease expense decreased $12.4 million as a result of our shift in financing new equipment on the balance sheet versus through operating leases.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, earnings from operations for Moving and Storage before consolidation of the equity in the earnings of the insurance subsidiaries decreased to $688.9 million for fiscal 2017 as compared with $813.1 million for fiscal 2016.

Equity in the earnings of AMERCO’s insurance subsidiaries increased $0.3 million for fiscal 2017, compared with fiscal 2016.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, earnings from operations decreased to $724.7 million for fiscal 2017, compared with $848.6 million for fiscal 2016.

Property and Casualty Insurance

2017 Compared with 2016

Net premiums were $58.8 million and $52.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. A significant portion of Repwest’s premiums are from policies sold in conjunction with U-Haul rental transactions. The premium growth corresponded with the increased moving and storage transactions at U-Haul.

Net investment income was $15.8 million and $16.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The change was primarily due to a decrease in realized capital gains of $0.9 million. The December 31, 2016 results were impacted by above average early pay-offs within the mortgage loan portfolio.

Net operating expenses were $32.7 million and $28.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This was due to an increase in commissions and loss adjusting fees.

Benefits and losses incurred were $16.0 million and $13.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The increase was due to an increase in policies sold and related claims activity.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, pretax earnings from operations were $25.9 million and $27.2 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Property and Casualty Insurance

2016 Compared with 2015

Net premiums were $52.3 million and $50.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. A significant portion of Repwest’s premiums are from policies sold in conjunction with U-Haul rental transactions. The premium growth corresponded with the increased moving and storage transactions at U-Haul.

Net investment income was $16.7 million and $14.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The change was primarily due to an increase in realized capital gains of $1.3 million and a $1.1 million increase in fixed maturity income due to a larger invested asset base.

Net operating expenses were $28.4 million and $28.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Benefits and losses incurred were $13.4 million and $12.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase was due to an increase in policies sold and related claims activity.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, pretax earnings from operations were $27.2 million and $24.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Life Insurance

2017 Compared with 2016

Net premiums were $154.7 million and $163.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.  Medicare Supplement premiums decreased by $9.3 million due to the reduction in new sales and declined premiums on the existing business offset by rate increases on renewal premiums. The remaining lines of business had a net increase of $0.4 million. Deferred annuity deposits were $296.8 million or $93.7 million above the prior year and are accounted for on the balance sheet as deposits rather than premiums.

Net investment income was $84.2 million and $77.5 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. Investment income and realized gains from fixed maturities increased $10.9 million from a larger invested asset base, partially offset by a $4.3 million decrease in gains from our mortgage loan portfolio.

Net operating expenses were $22.1 million and $22.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in commission expense from decreased Medicare Supplement premiums.

Benefits and losses incurred were flat at $169.3 million for both the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016. A decrease of $9.2 million in Medicare supplement benefits from an improved benefit to premium ratio was offset by an increase in the remaining lines of business. Life insurance benefits increased $1.6 million with increased mortality while interest credited to policyholders increased by $7.3 million from a larger annuity base. Other benefits increased $0.3 million.

Amortization of deferred acquisition costs (“DAC”), sales inducement asset (“SIA”) and the value of business acquired (“VOBA”) was $24.5 million and $26.2 million for the years December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to additional DAC amortization in the prior year generated by added gains on discounted mortgage loan investments partially offset by the increased amortization from a larger DAC asset in the current year.

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, pretax earnings from operations were $28.0 million and $27.6 million for the years ended December 31, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

Life Insurance

2016 Compared with 2015

Net premiums were $163.6 million and $162.7 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.  Life premiums increased $0.4 million primarily from the increase in renewal premiums offset by a reduction in new sales and reinsurance premiums.  An additional increase of $0.7 million was from supplemental contract considerations. Medicare supplement and other health premiums decreased $0.2 million. Deferred annuity deposits were $203.1 million or $65.1 million below the prior year and are accounted for on the balance sheet as deposits rather than premiums.

Net investment income was $77.5 million and $64.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. An increase of $14.6 million in net investment income was attributable to a larger asset base and the gains from our mortgage loans portfolio, which was partially offset by a $1.1 million decrease in capital gains.

Net operating expenses were $22.4 million and $23.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The decrease was primarily due to a reduction in acquisition expenses from the decrease in annuity sales.

Benefits and losses incurred were $169.3 million and $155.1 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. Medicare Supplement benefits increased by $8.8 million as a result of the increase in total policies in force from prior and new sales and the increased benefit to premium ratio. Life, annuities and other health benefits decreased $0.2 million. Interest credited to policyholders increased $5.6 million as a result of the increased deferred annuity deposit base and lower interest credited on policyholder accounts indexed to an S&P index in the third quarter of 2015.

Amortization of DAC, SIA and VOBA was $26.2 million and $23.3 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase was due to an additional Annuity DAC amortization generated by the investment gains along with increased amortization associated with a larger DAC asset. This was partially offset by a decrease in Medicare supplement amortization.   

As a result of the above mentioned changes in revenues and expenses, pretax earnings from operations were $27.6 million and $29.8 million for the years ended December 31, 2016 and 2015, respectively.

Liquidity and Capital Resources

We believe our current capital structure is a positive factor that will enable us to pursue our operational plans and goals and provide us with sufficient liquidity for the foreseeable future. There are many factors which could affect our liquidity, including some which are beyond our control, and there is no assurance that future cash flows and liquidity resources will be sufficient to meet our outstanding debt obligations and our other future capital needs.

At March 31, 2018, cash and cash equivalents totaled $759.4 million, compared with $697.8 million at March 31, 2017. The assets of our insurance subsidiaries are generally unavailable to fulfill the obligations of non-insurance operations (AMERCO, U-Haul and Real Estate). As of March 31, 2018 (or as otherwise indicated), cash and cash equivalents, other financial assets (receivables, short-term investments, other investments, fixed maturities, and related party assets) and debt obligations of each operating segment were:

At March 31, 2018, Moving and Storage had available borrowing capacity under existing credit facilities of $180.0 million.

A summary of our consolidated cash flows for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016 is shown in the table below:

Net cash provided by operating activities decreased $121.8 million in fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017. Reduced profitability at the Moving and Storage segment combined with a $31.8 million increase in income tax payment accounted for the majority of the decline in fiscal 2018.

Net cash used by investing activities decreased $285.6 million in fiscal 2018, compared with fiscal 2017. Purchases of property, plant and equipment, which are reported net of cash from sales and lease-back transactions, decreased $53.1 million, while cash from the sales of property, plant and equipment increased $212.3 million largely due to the sale of a portion of our Chelsea location in New York. For our insurance subsidiaries, net cash used in investing activities increased $66.4 million compared with the prior year. Net cash deposited in real estate acquisition escrow accounts decreased $31.4 million in fiscal 2018, compared with a net increase of $38.1 million in fiscal 2017.

Net cash provided by financing activities decreased $207.1 million in fiscal 2018, as compared with fiscal 2017 due to a decrease in borrowings of $244.2 million, net increase in repayments of debt and capital leases of $72.4 million, an increase in annuity deposits, net of withdrawals, by Life Insurance of $83.3 million and a decrease in dividends paid of $28.9 million.

Liquidity and Capital Resources and Requirements of Our Operating Segments

Moving and Storage

To meet the needs of our customers, U-Haul maintains a large fleet of rental equipment. Capital expenditures have primarily consisted of new rental equipment acquisitions and the buyouts of existing fleet from leases. The capital to fund these expenditures has historically been obtained internally from operations and the sale of used equipment and externally from debt and lease financing. In the future, we anticipate that our internally generated funds will be used to service the existing debt and fund operations. U-Haul estimates that during fiscal 2019 the Company will reinvest in its truck and trailer rental fleet approximately $450 million, net of equipment sales and excluding any lease buyouts. For fiscal 2018, the Company invested, net of sales, approximately $515 million before any lease buyouts in its truck and trailer fleet. Fleet investments in fiscal 2019 and beyond will be dependent upon several factors including availability of capital, the truck rental environment and the used-truck sales market. We anticipate that the fiscal 2019 investments will be funded largely through debt financing, external lease financing and cash from operations. Management considers several factors including cost and tax consequences when selecting a method to fund capital expenditures. Our allocation between debt and lease financing can change from year to year based upon financial market conditions which may alter the cost or availability of financing options.

Real Estate has traditionally financed the acquisition of self-storage properties to support U-Haul's growth through debt financing and funds from operations. The Company’s plan for the expansion of owned storage properties includes the acquisition of existing self-storage locations from third parties, the acquisition and development of bare land, and the acquisition and redevelopment of existing buildings not currently used for self-storage. The Company expects to fund these development projects through a combination of internally generated funds along with borrowings against existing properties as they operationally mature. For fiscal 2018, the Company invested $609.7 million in real estate acquisitions, new construction and renovation and repair. For fiscal 2019, the timing of new projects will be dependent upon several factors, including the entitlement process, availability of capital, weather, and the identification and successful acquisition of target properties. U-Haul's growth plan in self-storage also includes the expansion of the U-Haul Storage Affiliate program, which does not require significant capital.

Net capital expenditures (purchases of property, plant and equipment less proceeds from the sale of property, plant and equipment and lease proceeds) were $666.6 million, $932.0 million and $969.9 million for fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The components of our net capital expenditures are provided in the following table:

Moving and Storage continues to hold significant cash and we believe has access to additional liquidity. Management may invest these funds in our existing operations, expand our product lines or pursue external opportunities in the self-moving and storage marketplace, pay dividends or reduce existing indebtedness where possible.

Property and Casualty Insurance

State insurance regulations restrict the amount of dividends that can be paid to stockholders of insurance companies. As a result, Property and Casualty Insurance's assets are generally not available to satisfy the claims of AMERCO, or its legal subsidiaries.

We believe that stockholders equity at the Property and Casualty operating segment remains sufficient and we do not believe that its ability to pay ordinary dividends to AMERCO will be restricted per state regulations.

Our Property and Casualty operating segment stockholder’s equity was $211.2 million, $180.9 million, and $160.6 million at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The increase in 2017 compared with 2016 resulted from net earnings of $22.9 million, an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income of $10.4 million offset by a $2.9 million one-time reclassification to move the effect of the rate reduction from other comprehensive income to retained earnings. Property and Casualty Insurance does not use debt or equity issues to increase capital and therefore has no direct exposure to capital market conditions other than through its investment portfolio.

Life Insurance

Life Insurance manages its financial assets to meet policyholder and other obligations including investment contract withdrawals and deposits. Life Insurance's net deposit increase for the year ended December 31, 2017 was $219.3 million. State insurance regulations restrict the amount of dividends that can be paid to stockholders of insurance companies. As a result, Life Insurance's funds are generally not available to satisfy the claims of AMERCO® or its legal subsidiaries.

Our Life Insurance operating segment stockholder’s equity was $332.9 million, $296.1 million, and $271.7 million at December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in 2017 compared with 2016 resulted from earnings of $24.1 million and an increase in accumulated other comprehensive income of $19.0 million primarily due to the effect of interest rate changes on the fixed maturity portion of the investment portfolio and a decrease in deferred income tax from a reduced corporate tax rate under the Tax Cut and Jobs Act. This was offset by a $6.3 million one-time reclassification to move the effect of the rate reduction from other comprehensive income to retained earnings. Life Insurance has not historically used debt or equity issues to increase capital and therefore has not had any significant direct exposure to capital market conditions other than through its investment portfolio. However, as of December 31, 2017, Oxford had outstanding deposits of $60.0 million through its membership in the Federal Home Loan Bank (“FHLB”). For a more detailed discussion of this deposit, please see Note 9, Borrowings, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements.

Cash Provided from Operating Activities by Operating Segments

Moving and Storage

Net cash provided by operating activities was $858.6 million, $983.6 million and $994.0 million in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016. Reduced profitability at the Moving and Storage segment combined with a $31.8 million increase in income tax payment accounted for the majority of the decline in fiscal 2018.

Property and Casualty Insurance

Net cash provided by operating activities was $20.6 million, $18.2 million, and $19.0 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. The variation in cash activity was consistent with typical claims activity.

Property and Casualty Insurance’s cash and cash equivalents and short-term investment portfolios amounted to $17.0 million, $20.7 million, and $24.3 million at December 31, 2017, 2016, and 2015, respectively. These balances reflect funds in transition from maturity proceeds to long-term investments. Management believes this level of liquid assets, combined with budgeted cash flow, is adequate to meet foreseeable cash needs. Capital and operating budgets allow Property and Casualty Insurance to schedule cash needs in accordance with investment and underwriting proceeds.

Life Insurance

Net cash provided by operating activities was $57.2 million, $56.3 million and $32.4 million for the years ended December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, respectively. The increase in operating cash flows was due to the increase in investment income and lower benefit payments offset by a decrease in collected premiums.

In addition to cash flows from operating activities and financing activities, a substantial amount of liquid funds are available through Life Insurance's short-term portfolio and its membership in the FHLB. At December 31, 2017, 2016 and 2015, cash and cash equivalents and short-term investments amounted to $50.7 million, $20.6 million and $25.5 million, respectively. Management believes that the overall sources of liquidity are adequate to meet foreseeable cash needs.

Liquidity and Capital Resources - Summary

We believe we have the financial resources needed to meet our business plans including our working capital needs. We continue to hold significant cash and have access to existing credit facilities and additional liquidity to meet our anticipated capital expenditure requirements for investment in our rental fleet, rental equipment and storage acquisitions and build outs. 

Our borrowing strategy is primarily focused on asset-backed financing and rental equipment leases. As part of this strategy, we seek to ladder maturities and focus on fixing our interest rates. While each of these loans typically contains provisions governing the amount that can be borrowed in relation to specific assets, the overall structure is flexible with no limits on overall Company borrowings. Management believes it has adequate liquidity between cash and cash equivalents and unused borrowing capacity in existing credit facilities to meet the current and expected needs of the Company over the next several years. At March 31, 2018, we had available borrowing capacity under existing credit facilities of $180.0 million. It is possible that circumstances beyond our control could alter the ability of the financial institutions to lend us the unused lines of credit. We believe that there are additional opportunities for leverage in our existing capital structure. For a more detailed discussion of our long-term debt and borrowing capacity, please see Note 9, Borrowings, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report.

Fair Value of Financial Instruments

Certain assets and liabilities are recorded at fair value on the consolidated balance sheets and are measured and classified based upon a three tiered approach to valuation. ASC 820 requires that financial assets and liabilities recorded at fair value be classified and disclosed in a Level 1, Level 2 or Level 3 category. For more information, please see Note 15, Fair Value Measurements, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Part II, Item 8 of this Form 10-K. 

The available-for-sale securities held by the Company are recorded at fair value. These values are determined primarily from actively traded markets where prices are based either on direct market quotes or observed transactions. Liquidity is a factor considered during the determination of the fair value of these securities. Market price quotes may not be readily available for certain securities or the market for them has slowed or ceased. In situations where the market is determined to be illiquid, fair value is determined based upon limited available information and other factors including expected cash flows. At March 31, 2018, we had $0.3 million of available-for-sale assets classified in Level 3.

The interest rate swaps held by us as hedges against interest rate risk for our variable rate debt are recorded at fair value. These values are determined using pricing valuation models which include broker quotes for which significant inputs are observable. They include adjustments for counterparty credit quality and other deal-specific factors, where appropriate and are classified as Level 2.

Disclosures about Contractual Obligations and Commercial Commitments

The following table provides contractual commitments and contingencies as of March 31, 2018:

(a) These estimated obligations for unpaid losses and loss adjustment expenses include case reserves for reported claims and IBNR claims estimates and are net of expected reinsurance recoveries. The ultimate amount to settle both the case reserves and IBNR is an estimate based upon historical experience and current trends and such estimates could materially differ from actual results. The assumptions do not include future premiums. Due to the significant assumptions employed in this model, the amounts shown could materially differ from actual results.

(b) These estimated obligations are based on mortality, morbidity, withdrawal and lapse assumptions drawn from our historical experience and adjusted for any known trends. These obligations include expected interest crediting but no amounts for future annuity deposits or premiums for life and Medicare supplement policies.  The cash flows shown above are undiscounted for interest and as a result total outflows for all years shown significantly exceed the corresponding liabilities of $1,808.9 million included in our consolidated balance sheet as of March 31, 2018. Life Insurance expects to fully fund these obligations from their invested asset portfolio. Due to the significant assumptions employed in this model, the amounts shown could materially differ from actual results. 

(c) These estimated obligations are primarily the Company’s self insurance accruals for portions of the liability coverage for our rental equipment. The estimates for future settlement are based upon historical experience and current trends. Due to the significant assumptions employed in this model, the amounts shown could materially differ from actual results.

As presented above, contractual obligations on debt and guarantees represent principal payments while contractual obligations for operating leases represent the notional payments under the lease arrangements.

ASC 740 - Income Taxes liabilities and interest of $44.2 million is not included above due to uncertainty surrounding ultimate settlements, if any.

Off Balance Sheet Arrangements

The Company uses off-balance sheet arrangements in situations where management believes that the economics and sound business principles warrant their use.

AMERCO utilizes operating leases for certain rental equipment and facilities with terms expiring substantially through 2024. In the event of a shortfall in proceeds from the sales of the underlying rental equipment assets, AMERCO has guaranteed $15.7 million of residual values at March 31, 2018 for these assets at the end of their respective lease terms. AMERCO has been leasing rental equipment since 1987. To date, we have not experienced residual value shortfalls related to these leasing arrangements. Using the average cost of fleet related debt as the discount rate, the present value of AMERCO’s minimum lease payments and residual value guarantees was $26.0 million at March 31, 2018.

Historically, we have used off-balance sheet arrangements in connection with the expansion of our self-storage business. For more information please see Note 19, Related Party Transactions, of the Notes to Consolidated Financial Statements included in Item 8: Financial Statements and Supplementary Data, of this Annual Report. These arrangements were primarily used when our overall borrowing structure was more limited. We do not face similar limitations currently and off-balance sheet arrangements have not been utilized in our self-storage expansion in recent years. In the future, we will continue to identify and consider off-balance sheet opportunities to the extent such arrangements would be economically advantageous to us and our stockholders. SAC Holdings, Four SAC Self-Storage Corporation (“4 SAC”), Five SAC Self-Storage Corporation (“5 SAC”), Galaxy Investments, L.P. (“Galaxy”) and Private Mini are substantially controlled by Blackwater. Blackwater is wholly-owned by WGHLP, which is owned by Mark V. Shoen (a significant shareholder) and various trusts associated with Edward J. Shoen (our Chairman of the Board, President and a significant shareholder) and Mark V. Shoen.

We currently manage the self-storage properties owned or leased by Blackwater and Mercury pursuant to a standard form of management agreement, under which we receive a management fee of between 4% and 10% of the gross receipts plus reimbursement for certain expenses. We received management fees, exclusive of reimbursed expenses, of $29.5 million, $27.8 million and $27.1 million from the above mentioned entities during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. This management fee is consistent with the fee received for other properties we previously managed for third parties. Mark V. Shoen controls the general partner of Mercury. The limited partner interests of Mercury are indirectly owned by Mark V. Shoen, James P. Shoen (a significant shareholder), and a trust benefitting the children and grandchildren of Edward J. Shoen (our Chairman of the Board, President and a significant shareholder).

We lease space for marketing company offices, vehicle repair shops and hitch installation centers from subsidiaries of Blackwater. Total lease payments pursuant to such leases were $2.7 million, $2.7 million and $2.6 million for fiscal years 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The terms of the leases are similar to the terms of leases for other properties owned by unrelated parties that are leased by us.

At March 31, 2018, subsidiaries of Blackwater acted as U-Haul independent dealers. The financial and other terms of the dealership contracts with the aforementioned companies and their subsidiaries are substantially identical to the terms of those with our other independent dealers whereby commissions are paid by us based on equipment rental revenues. We paid the above mentioned entities $58.6 million, $57.1 million and $54.7 million in commissions pursuant to such dealership contracts during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively.

During fiscal 2018, a subsidiary of ours held a junior unsecured note of SAC Holdings. Substantially all of the equity interest of SAC Holdings is controlled by Blackwater. We do not have an equity ownership interest in SAC Holdings. We recorded interest income of $3.3 million, $4.9 million and $5.0 million and received cash interest payments of $8.7 million, $4.5 million and $4.6 million from SAC Holdings during fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The largest aggregate amount of notes receivable outstanding during fiscal 2018 was $48.1 million. In December 2017, this note and interest receivable was repaid in full as we received payments of $53.0 million.

These agreements along with a note with subsidiaries of Blackwater, excluding Dealer Agreements, provided revenues of $26.9 million, expenses of $2.7 million and cash flows of $77.6 million during fiscal 2018. Revenues and commission expenses related to the Dealer Agreements were $273.6 million and $58.6 million, respectively during fiscal 2018.

Fiscal 2019 Outlook

We will continue to focus our attention on increasing transaction volume and improving pricing, product and utilization for self-moving equipment rentals.  Maintaining an adequate level of new investment in our truck fleet is an important component of our plan to meet our operational goals. Revenue in the U-Move® program could be adversely impacted should we fail to execute in any of these areas. Even if we execute our plans, we could see declines in revenues primarily due to unforeseen events including adverse economic conditions or heightened competition that is beyond our control.

With respect to our storage business, we have added new locations and expanded at existing locations. In fiscal 2019, we are actively looking to acquire new locations, complete current projects and increase occupancy in our existing portfolio of locations. New projects and acquisitions will be considered and pursued if they fit our long-term plans and meet our financial objectives. We will continue to invest capital and resources in the U-Box® program throughout fiscal 2019.

Property and Casualty Insurance will continue to provide loss adjusting and claims handling for
U-Haul and underwrite components of the Safemove®, Safetow®, Safemove Plus®, Safestor®, and Safestor Mobile® protection packages to U-Haul customers.

Life Insurance is pursuing its goal of expanding its presence in the senior market through the sales of its Medicare supplement, life and annuity policies. This strategy includes growing its agency force, expanding its new product offerings, and pursuing business acquisition opportunities.

Quarterly Results (unaudited)

The quarterly results shown below are derived from unaudited financial statements for the eight quarters beginning April 1, 2016 and ending March 31, 2018. We believe that all necessary adjustments have been included in the amounts stated below to present fairly, and in accordance with GAAP, such results. Moving and Storage operations are seasonal and proportionally more of the Company’s revenues and net earnings from its Moving and Storage operations are generated in the first and second quarters of each fiscal year (April through September). The operating results for the periods presented are not necessarily indicative of results for any future period.

Item 7A. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk

We are exposed to financial market risks, including changes in interest rates and currency exchange rates. To mitigate these risks, we may utilize derivative financial instruments, among other strategies. We do not use derivative financial instruments for speculative purposes. 

Interest Rate Risk

The exposure to market risk for changes in interest rates relates primarily to our variable rate debt obligations and one variable rate operating lease. We have used interest rate swap agreements and forward swaps to reduce our exposure to changes in interest rates. We enter into these arrangements with counterparties that are significant financial institutions with whom we generally have other financial arrangements. We are exposed to credit risk should these counterparties not be able to perform on their obligations. Following is a summary of our interest rate swaps agreements at March 31, 2018:

As of March 31, 2018, we had $705.1 million of variable rate debt obligations and $6.2 million of a variable rate operating lease. If the London Inter-Bank Offer Rate were to increase 100 basis points, the increase in interest expense on the variable rate debt and a variable rate operating lease would decrease future earnings and cash flows by $5.9 million annually (after consideration of the effect of the above derivative contracts). Certain senior mortgages have an anticipated repayment date and a maturity date. If these senior mortgages are not repaid by the anticipated repayment date the interest rate on these mortgages would increase from the current fixed rate. We are using the anticipated repayment date for our maturity schedule.

Additionally, our insurance subsidiaries’ fixed income investment portfolios expose us to interest rate risk. This interest rate risk is the price sensitivity of a fixed income security to changes in interest rates. As part of our insurance companies’ asset and liability management, actuaries estimate the cash flow patterns of our existing liabilities to determine their duration. These outcomes are compared to the characteristics of the assets that are currently supporting these liabilities assisting management in determining an asset allocation strategy for future investments that management believes will mitigate the overall effect of interest rates.

Foreign Currency Exchange Rate Risk

The exposure to market risk for changes in foreign currency exchange rates relates primarily to our Canadian business. Approximately 4.6%, 4.4% and 4.4% of our revenue was generated in Canada in fiscal 2018, 2017 and 2016, respectively. The result of a 10% change in the value of the U.S. dollar relative to the Canadian dollar would not be material to net income. We typically do not hedge any foreign currency risk since the exposure is not considered material.

Item 8.   Financial Statements and Supplementary Data

The Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm and Consolidated Financial Statements of AMERCO and its consolidated subsidiaries including the notes to such statements and the related schedules are set forth on the “F” pages hereto and are incorporated by reference herein.

Item 9.   Changes in and Disagreements With Accountants on Accounting and Financial Disclosure

Not applicable.

Item 9A.   Controls and Procedures

Attached as exhibits to this Annual Report are certifications of our Chief Executive Officer (“CEO”) and Chief Financial Officer (“CFO”), which are required in accordance with Rule 13a-14 of the Exchange Act. This "Controls and Procedures" section includes information concerning the controls and procedures evaluation referred to in the certifications and it should be read in conjunction with the certifications for a more complete understanding of the topics presented in the section Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures.

Following this discussion is the report of BDO USA, LLP, our independent registered public accounting firm, regarding its audit of AMERCO’s internal control over financial reporting as set forth below in this section. This section should be read in conjunction with the certifications of our CEO and CFO and the BDO USA, LLP report for a more complete understanding of the topics presented.

Evaluation of Disclosure Controls and Procedures

The Company’s management, with the participation of the CEO and CFO, conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the design and operation of the Company’s "disclosure controls and procedures" (as such term is defined in the Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(e) and 15d-15(e)) (“Disclosure Controls”) as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report. Our Disclosure Controls are designed to ensure that information required to be disclosed in our reports filed or submitted under the Exchange Act, such as this Annual Report, is recorded, processed, summarized and reported within the time periods specified in the SEC's rules and forms. Our Disclosure Controls are also designed to ensure that such information is accumulated and communicated to our management, including our CEO and CFO, as appropriate to allow timely decisions regarding required disclosure. Based upon the controls evaluation, our CEO and CFO have concluded that as of the end of the period covered by this Annual Report, our Disclosure Controls were effective at a reasonable assurance level related to the above stated design purposes.

Inherent Limitations on Effectiveness of Controls

The Company's management, including the CEO and CFO, does not expect that our Disclosure Controls or our internal control over financial reporting will prevent or detect all error and all fraud. A control system, no matter how well designed and operated, can provide only reasonable, not absolute, assurance that the control system's objectives will be met. The design of a control system must reflect the fact that there are resource constraints, and the benefits of controls must be considered relative to their costs. Further, because of the inherent limitations in all control systems, no evaluation of controls can provide absolute assurance that misstatements due to error or fraud will not occur or that all control issues and instances of fraud, if any, within the Company have been detected. These inherent limitations include the realities that judgments in decision-making can be faulty and that breakdowns can occur because of simple error or mistake. Controls can also be circumvented by the individual acts of some persons, by collusion of two or more people, or by management override of the controls. The design of any system of controls is based in part on certain assumptions about the likelihood of future events, and there can be no assurance that any design will succeed in achieving its stated goals under all potential future conditions. Projections of any evaluation of controls effectiveness to future periods are subject to risks. Over time, controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions or deterioration in the degree of compliance with policies or procedures.

Changes in Internal Control over Financial Reporting

There has not been any change in the Company’s internal control over financial reporting as such term is defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) during the most recent fiscal quarter that has materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the Company’s internal control over financial reporting.

Management’s Report on Internal Control Over Financial Reporting

Our management is responsible for establishing and maintaining adequate internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Exchange Act Rules 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f)) to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of our financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with GAAP. Internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (i) pertain to the maintenance of records that in reasonable detail accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the Company; (ii) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with GAAP, and that receipts and expenditures of the Company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the Company; and (iii) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use or disposition of the Company's assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Management assessed our internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, the end of our fiscal year. Management based its assessment on criteria established in Internal Control-Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission. Management's assessment included evaluation of such elements as the design and operating effectiveness of key financial reporting controls, process documentation, accounting policies, and our overall control environment. This assessment is supported by testing and monitoring performed both by our Internal Audit function and our Finance function.

Based on our assessment, management has concluded that our internal control over financial reporting was effective as of the end of the fiscal year 2018. We reviewed the results of management's assessment with the Audit Committee of our Board.

Our independent registered public accounting firm, BDO USA, LLP, has audited the Company's internal control over financial reporting and has issued their report, which is included on the following page.

Report of Independent Registered Public Accounting Firm

Shareholders and Board of Directors

AMERCO

Reno, Nevada

Opinion on Internal Control over Financial Reporting

We have audited AMERCO and consolidated subsidiaries’ (the “Company”) internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, based on criteria established in Internal Control – Integrated Framework (2013) issued by the Committee of Sponsoring Organizations of the Treadway Commission (the “COSO criteria”) In our opinion, the Company maintained, in all material respects, effective internal control over financial reporting as of March 31, 2018, based on the COSO criteria.

We also have audited, in accordance with the standards of the Public Company Accounting Oversight Board (United States) (“PCAOB”), the consolidated balance sheets of the Company as of March 31, 2018 and 2017, the related consolidated statements of operations, changes in stockholders’ equity, comprehensive income (loss) and cash flows for each of the three years in the period ended March 31, 2018, and the related notes and schedules and our report dated May 30, 2018 expressed an unqualified opinion thereon.

Basis for Opinion

The Company’s management is responsible for maintaining effective internal control over financial reporting and for its assessment of the effectiveness of internal control over financial reporting, included in the accompanying Item 9A, Management’s Report on Internal Control over Financial Reporting. Our responsibility is to express an opinion on the Company’s internal control over financial reporting based on our audit. We are a public accounting firm registered with the PCAOB and are required to be independent with respect to the Company in accordance with U.S. federal securities laws and the applicable rules and regulations of the Securities and Exchange Commission and the PCAOB.

We conducted our audit of internal control over financial reporting in accordance with the standards of the PCAOB. Those standards require that we plan and perform the audit to obtain reasonable assurance about whether effective internal control over financial reporting was maintained in all material respects. Our audit included obtaining an understanding of internal control over financial reporting, assessing the risk that a material weakness exists, and testing and evaluating the design and operating effectiveness of internal control based on the assessed risk. Our audit also included performing such other procedures as we considered necessary in the circumstances. We believe that our audit provides a reasonable basis for our opinion.

Definition and Limitations of Internal Control over Financial Reporting

A company’s internal control over financial reporting is a process designed to provide reasonable assurance regarding the reliability of financial reporting and the preparation of financial statements for external purposes in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles. A company’s internal control over financial reporting includes those policies and procedures that (1) pertain to the maintenance of records that, in reasonable detail, accurately and fairly reflect the transactions and dispositions of the assets of the company; (2) provide reasonable assurance that transactions are recorded as necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in accordance with generally accepted accounting principles, and that receipts and expenditures of the company are being made only in accordance with authorizations of management and directors of the company; and (3) provide reasonable assurance regarding prevention or timely detection of unauthorized acquisition, use, or disposition of the company’s assets that could have a material effect on the financial statements.

Because of its inherent limitations, internal control over financial reporting may not prevent or detect misstatements. Also, projections of any evaluation of effectiveness to future periods are subject to the risk that controls may become inadequate because of changes in conditions, or that the degree of compliance with the policies or procedures may deteriorate.

/s/ BDO USA, LLP

Phoenix, Arizona

May 30, 2018

Item 9B.   Other Information

Not applicable.

PART III

Item 10.   Directors, Executive Officers and Corporate Governance  

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 10 is incorporated herein by reference to AMERCO’s definitive proxy statement, in connection with its 2018 annual meeting of stockholders (the “Proxy Statement”), which will be filed with the SEC within 120 days after the close of the Company’s 2018 fiscal year.

The Company has a Code of Ethics that applies to all directors, officers and employees of the Company, including the Company’s principal executive officer and principal financial officer. A copy of our Code of Ethics is posted on AMERCO’s website at amerco.com/governance.aspx.  We intend to satisfy the disclosure requirements of Current Report on Form 8-K regarding any amendment to, or waiver from, a provision of our Code of Ethics by posting such information on the Company’s website, at the web address and location specified above, unless otherwise required to file a Current Report on Form 8-K by NASDAQ rules and regulations.

Item 11.   Executive Compensation

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 11 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement.

Item 12.   Security Ownership of Certain Beneficial Owners and Management and Related Stockholder Matters

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 12 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement.

Item 13.   Certain Relationships and Related Transactions, and Director Independence

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 13 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement.

Item 14.   Principal Accounting Fees and Services

The information required to be disclosed under this Item 14 is incorporated herein by reference to the Proxy Statement.

PART IV

Item 15.   Exhibits and Financial Statement Schedules

The following documents are filed as part of this Report: