Table of Contents
UNITED STATES
SECURITIES AND EXCHANGE COMMISSIONWashington, D.C. 20549
FORM 10-Q
(Mark one)
QUARTERLY REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the quarterly period ended March 31, 2008
OR
TRANSITION REPORT PURSUANT TO SECTION 13 OR 15(d)
OF THE SECURITIES EXCHANGE ACT OF 1934For the transition period from to
Commission file number 001-32147
Greenhill & Co., Inc.
(Exact name of registrant as specified in its charter)
Registrant’s telephone number (212) 389-1500
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant (1) has filed all reports required to be filed by Section 13 or 15(d) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934 during the preceding 12 months (or for such shorter period that the registrant was required to file such reports), and (2) has been subject to such filing requirements for the past 90 days. Yes
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a large accelerated filer, an accelerated filer, or a non-accelerated filer. See definition of ‘‘accelerated filer and large accelerated filer’’ in Rule 12b-2 of the Act. (Check one):
Large accelerated filer
Indicate by check mark whether the registrant is a shell company (as defined by Rule 12b-2 of the Exchange Act). Yes
As of April 25, 2008, there were 26,771,926 shares of the registrant’s common stock outstanding.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Results of Operations
Table of ContentsAVAILABLE INFORMATION
Greenhill & Co., Inc. files current, annual and quarterly reports, proxy statements and other information required by the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the ‘‘Exchange Act’’), with the SEC. You may read and copy any document we file at the SEC’s public reference room located at 450 Fifth Street, N.W., Washington, D.C. 20549, U.S.A. Please call the SEC at 1-800-SEC-0330 for further information on the public reference room. Our SEC filings are also available to the public from the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov. Copies of these reports, proxy statements and other information can also be inspected at the offices of the New York Stock Exchange, Inc., 20 Broad Street, New York, New York 10005, U.S.A.
Our public internet site is http://www.greenhill.com. We will make available free of charge through our internet site, via a link to the SEC’s internet site at http://www.sec.gov, our annual reports on Form 10-K, quarterly reports on Form 10-Q, current reports on Form 8-K, proxy statements and Forms 3, 4 and 5 filed on behalf of directors and executive officers and any amendments to those reports filed or furnished pursuant to the Exchange Act as soon as reasonably practicable after we electronically file such material with, or furnish it to, the SEC. Also posted on our website in the ‘‘Corporate Governance’’ section, and available in print upon request of any stockholder to the Investor Relations Department, are charters for the company’s Audit Committee, Compensation Committee and Nominating and Corporate Governance Committee, our Corporate Governance Guidelines and Code of Business Conduct and Ethics governing our directors, officers and employees. You will need to have Adobe Acrobat Reader software installed on your computer to view these documents, which are in PDF format.
Table of ContentsPart I. Financial Information
Item 1. Financial Statements
Greenhill & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Financial Condition
2008
(unaudited)
2007 AssetsSee accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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Table of ContentsGreenhill & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Income (unaudited)
March 31,See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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Table of ContentsGreenhill & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Changes in
Stockholders’ Equity
March 31,
2008
(unaudited)
December 31,
2007 Common stock, par value $0.01 per shareSee accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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Table of ContentsGreenhill & Co., Inc. and Subsidiaries
Condensed Consolidated Statements of Cash Flows (unaudited)
March 31,See accompanying notes to condensed consolidated financial statements (unaudited).
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Table of ContentsNote 1 — Organization
Greenhill & Co., Inc., a Delaware corporation, together with its subsidiaries (collectively, the ‘‘Company’’), is an independent investment banking firm. The Company has clients located throughout the world, with offices located in New York, London, Frankfurt, Toronto, Dallas and San Francisco.
The Company’s activities as an investment banking firm constitute a single business segment, with two principal sources of revenue:
The Company’s U.S. and international wholly-owned subsidiaries include Greenhill & Co., LLC (‘‘G&Co’’), Greenhill Capital Partners, LLC (‘‘GCPLLC’’), Greenhill Venture Partners, LLC (‘‘GVP’’), Greenhill Aviation Co., LLC (‘‘GAC’’), Greenhill & Co. Europe Holdings Limited (‘‘GCE’’), and Greenhill & Co. Holding Canada Ltd (‘‘GCH’’).
G&Co is a registered broker-dealer under the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended, and is registered with the Financial Industry Regulation Authority. G&Co is engaged in the investment banking business principally in North America.
GCE is a U.K. based holding company. GCE controls Greenhill & Co. International LLP (‘‘GCI’’), Greenhill & Co Europe LLP (‘‘GCEI’’) and Greenhill Capital Partners Europe LLP (‘‘GCPE’’), through its controlling membership interests. GCI and GCEI are engaged in investment banking activities, principally in Europe, and are subject to regulation by the U.K. Financial Services Authority (‘‘FSA’’). GCPE is also regulated by the FSA and provides investment advisory services to GCP Europe, our UK-based private equity fund that invests in a diversified portfolio of private equity and equity related investments in mid-market companies located primarily in the United Kingdom and Continental Europe. The majority of the investors in GCP Europe are third parties; however, the Company and its employees have also made investments in GCP Europe.
The Company, through Greenhill & Co. Canada Ltd., a wholly-owned Canadian subsidiary of GCH, engages in investment banking activities in Canada.
GCPLLC is an investment adviser, registered under the Investment Advisers Act of 1940 (‘‘IAA’’). GCPLLC provides investment advisory services to GCP I and GCP II, our U.S. based private equity funds that invest in a diversified portfolio of private equity and equity related investments. The majority of the investors in GCP I and GCP II are third parties; however, the Company and its employees have also made investments in GCP I and GCP II.
GVP is an investment advisor, registered under the IAA. GVP provides investment advisory services to GSAVP, our venture funds that invest in early growth stage companies in the tech-enabled and business information services industries. The majority of the investors in GSAVP are third parties; however, the Company and its employees have also made investments in GSAVP.
GAC owns and operates an aircraft, which is used for the exclusive benefit of the Company’s employees and their immediate family members.
On February 21, 2008, the Company completed the initial public offering of units in its subsidiary, GHL Acquisition Corp., a blank check company (‘‘GHLAC’’). In the offering, GHLAC sold 40,000,000 units for an aggregate purchase price of $400,000,000. Each unit consists of one share of GHLAC’s common stock and one warrant (the ‘‘Founder Warrants’’). In addition, the Company purchased private placement warrants for an aggregate purchase price of $8,000,000 (the ‘‘GHLAC Private Placement Warrants’’, together with the Founder Warrants, the ‘‘GHLAC Warrants’’).
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Table of ContentsCurrently, the Company owns approximately 8,369,563 (17.3%) of the outstanding common stock of GHLAC. GHLAC is no longer a wholly-owned subsidiary of the Company.
Note 2 — Summary of Significant Accounting Policies
Basis of Financial Information
These condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require management to make estimates and assumptions regarding future events that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and these footnotes, including investment valuations, compensation accruals and other matters. Management believes that the estimates used in preparing its condensed consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
The condensed consolidated financial statements of the Company include all consolidated accounts of Greenhill & Co., Inc. and all other entities in which the Company has a controlling interest, including GCI, GCEI and GCPE, after eliminations of all significant inter-company accounts and transactions. In accordance with FASB Interpretation No. 46, ‘‘Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities,’’ (‘‘FIN 46-R’’), the Company consolidates the general partners of its merchant banking funds in which it has a majority of the economic interest. The general partners account for their investments in their merchant banking funds under the equity method of accounting pursuant to Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 18, ‘‘The Equity Method of Accounting for Investments in Common Stock’’ (‘‘APB 18’’). As such, the general partners record their proportionate shares of income from the underlying merchant banking funds. As the merchant banking funds follow investment company accounting, and generally record all their assets and liabilities at fair value, the general partner’s investment in merchant banking funds represents an estimation of fair value. The Company does not consolidate the merchant banking funds since the Company, through its general partner and limited partner interests, does not have a majority of the economic interest in such funds and under EITF No. 04-5, ‘‘Accounting for an Investment in a Limited Partnership When the Investor Is the Sole General Partner and the Limited Partners Have Certain Rights’’ (‘‘EITF 04-5’’), is subject to removal by a simple majority of unaffiliated third-party investors.
These condensed consolidated financial statements are unaudited and should be read in conjunction with the audited consolidated financial statements and notes thereto for the year ended December 31, 2007 filed with the Securities and Exchange Commission. The condensed consolidated financial information as of December 31, 2007 has been derived from audited consolidated financial statements not included herein. The results of operations for interim periods are not necessarily indicative of results for the entire year.
Minority Interest
The portion of the consolidated interests in the general partners of our merchant banking funds which are held directly by employees of the Company are represented as minority interest in the accompanying condensed consolidated financial statements.
Revenue Recognition
Financial Advisory Fees
The Company recognizes advisory fee revenue when the services related to the underlying transactions are completed in accordance with the terms of its engagement letters. Retainer fees are recognized as advisory fee income over the period in which the related service is rendered.
The Company’s clients reimburse certain expenses incurred by the Company in the conduct of financial advisory engagements. Expenses are reported net of such client reimbursements. Client reimbursements totaled $1.0 million and $0.8 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
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Table of ContentsMerchant Banking Revenues
Merchant banking revenue consists of (i) management fees on the Company’s merchant banking activities, (ii) gains (or losses) on investments in the Company’s investment in merchant banking funds and other principal investment activities, and (iii) merchant banking profit overrides.
Management fees earned from the Company’s merchant banking activities are recognized over the period of related service.
The Company recognizes revenue on investments in its merchant banking funds based on its allocable share of realized and unrealized gains (or losses) reported by such funds.
The Company recognizes merchant banking profit overrides when certain financial returns are achieved over the life of the fund. Profit overrides are generally calculated as a percentage of the profits over a specified threshold earned by each fund on investments managed on behalf of unaffiliated investors in GCP I and principally all investors except the Company in GCP II, GCP Europe and GSAVP. The profit overrides earned by the Company are recognized on an accrual basis throughout the year in accordance with Method 2 of EITF Issue No. D-96, ‘‘Accounting for Management Fees Based on a Formula’’ (‘‘EITF D-96’’). In accordance with Method 2 of EITF D-96, the Company records as revenue the amount that would be due pursuant to the fund agreements at each period end as if the fund agreements were terminated at that date. Overrides are generally calculated on a deal-by-deal basis but are subject to investment performance over the life of each merchant banking fund. We may be required to repay a portion of the overrides to the limited partners of the funds in the event a minimum performance level is not achieved by the fund as a whole (we refer to these potential repayments as ‘‘clawbacks’’). We would be required to establish a reserve for potential clawbacks if we were to determine the likelihood of a clawback is probable and the amount of the clawback can be reasonably estimated. As of March 31, 2008, the Company has not reserved for any clawback obligations under applicable fund agreements. See ‘‘Note 3 — Investments’’ for further discussion of the merchant banking revenues recognized.
Investments
The Company’s investments in merchant banking funds are recorded under the equity method of accounting based upon the Company’s proportionate share of the fair value of the underlying merchant banking fund’s net assets. The Company’s holdings of the GHLAC common stock is also recorded under the equity method of accounting. The Company’s other investments are recorded at estimated fair value.
Financial Advisory Fees Receivables
Receivables are stated net of an allowance for doubtful accounts. The estimate for the allowance for doubtful accounts is derived by the Company by utilizing past client transaction history and an assessment of the client’s creditworthiness. The Company had no bad debt expense for the three months ended March 31, 2008 and recorded bad debt expense of approximately $0.1 million for the three months ended March 31, 2007.
Restricted Stock Units
In accordance with the fair value method prescribed by FASB Statement No, 123(R), ‘‘Share-Based Payment’’ (SFAS 123(R)’’), which is a revision of FASB Statement No. 123, ‘‘Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation’’, the fair value of restricted stock units granted to employees with future service requirements are recorded as compensation expense and generally are amortized over a five-year service period following the date of grant. Compensation expense is determined at the date of grant. As the Company expenses the awards, the restricted stock units recognized are recorded within stockholders’ equity. The restricted stock units are reclassed into common stock and additional paid-in capital upon vesting. The Company records dividend equivalent payments on outstanding restricted stock units as a charge to stockholders’ equity.
Earnings per Share
The Company calculates earnings per share (‘‘EPS’’) in accordance with FASB Statement No. 128, ‘‘Earnings per Share’’ (‘‘SFAS 128’’). Basic EPS is calculated by dividing net income by the
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Table of Contentsweighted average number of common shares outstanding for the period. Diluted EPS includes the determinants of basic EPS plus the dilutive effect of the common stock deliverable pursuant to restricted stock units for which future service is required as a condition to the delivery of the underlying common stock.
Goodwill
Goodwill is the cost in excess of the fair value of identifiable net assets at acquisition date. In accordance with SFAS No. 142, ‘‘Goodwill and Other Intangible Assets,’’ (‘‘SFAS 142’’) goodwill is tested at least annually for impairment. An impairment loss is triggered if the estimated fair value of an operating business is less than estimated net book value. Such loss is calculated as the difference between the estimated fair value of goodwill and its carrying value. Goodwill is translated at the rate of exchange prevailing at the end of the periods presented in accordance with SFAS 52. Any translation gain or loss resulting from the translation is included in the foreign currency translation adjustment included as a component of other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity.
Property and Equipment
Property and equipment is stated at cost less accumulated depreciation and amortization. Depreciation is computed by the straight-line method over the life of the assets. Amortization of leasehold improvements is computed by the straight-line method over the lesser of the life of the asset or the term of the lease.
Provision for Taxes
The Company accounts for taxes in accordance with FASB Statement No. 109, ‘‘Accounting for Income Taxes’’ (‘‘SFAS 109’’), which requires the recognition of tax benefits or expenses on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of its assets and liabilities.
Foreign Currency Translation
Foreign currency assets and liabilities have been translated at rates of exchange prevailing at the end of the periods presented in accordance with FASB Statement No. 52 ‘‘Foreign Currency Translation’’ (‘‘SFAS 52’’). Income and expenses transacted in foreign currency have been translated at average monthly exchange rates during the period. Translation gains and losses are included in the foreign currency translation adjustment included as a component of other comprehensive income in the condensed consolidated statement of changes in stockholders’ equity. Foreign currency transaction gains and losses are included in the condensed consolidated statement of income.
Cash Equivalents
The Company considers all highly liquid investments with a maturity date of three months or less, when purchased, to be cash equivalents. At March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the carrying value of the Company’s cash equivalents approximated fair value.
Financial Instruments and Fair Value
The Company adopted SFAS No. 157, ‘‘Fair Value Measurements,’’ as of January 1, 2008. SFAS No. 157 establishes a fair value hierarchy that prioritizes the inputs to valuation techniques used to measure fair value. The hierarchy gives the highest priority to unadjusted quoted prices in active markets for identical assets or liabilities (level 1 measurements) and the lowest priority to unobservable inputs (level 3 measurements). The three levels of the fair value hierarchy under SFAS No. 157 are described below:
Basis of Fair Value Measurement
Level 1 — Unadjusted quoted prices in active markets that are accessible at the measurement date for identical, unrestricted assets or liabilities;
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Table of ContentsLevel 2 — Quoted prices in markets that are not active or financial instruments for which all significant inputs are observable, either directly or indirectly;
Level 3 — Prices or valuations that require inputs that are both significant to the fair value measurement and unobservable.
A financial instrument’s level within the fair value hierarchy is based on the lowest level of any input that is significant to the fair value measurement. In determining the appropriate levels, the Company performs a detailed analysis of the assets and liabilities that are subject to SFAS 157. At each reporting period, all assets and liabilities for which the fair value measurement is based on significant unobservable inputs or instruments which trade infrequently and therefore have little or no price transparency are classified as Level 3.
Derivatives Instruments
The Company accounts for the GHLAC Warrants, which were obtained in connection with its investment in the GHLAC under SFAS No. 133, ‘‘Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities’’ (‘‘SFAS 133’’). SFAS 133 establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments and other hedging activities. In accordance with SFAS 133, the Company records the GHLAC Warrants in the condensed consolidated statement of financial condition at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in merchant banking revenue in the condensed consolidated statement of income.
Accounting Developments
In December 2007, FASB No. 160, ‘‘Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements — an amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51’’ (‘‘SFAS 160’’) was issued. SFAS 160 requires reporting entities to present noncontrolling (minority) interests as equity (as opposed to as a liability or mezzanine equity) and provides guidance on the accounting for transactions between an entity and noncontrolling interests. The effective date for SFAS 160 is for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2008. Early adoption and retroactive application of SFAS 160 to fiscal years preceding the effective date are not permitted. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting SFAS 160 on its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In March 2008, FASB No. 161, ‘‘Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities — an amendment of FASB Statement No. 133’’ (‘‘SFAS 161’’) was issued. SFAS 161 requires companies to provide enhanced disclosures regarding derivative instruments and hedging activities. It requires companies to better convey the purpose of derivative use in terms of the risks that such company is intending to manage. Disclosures about (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, (b) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect a company’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows are required. This Statement retains the same scope as SFAS 133 and is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning November 15, 2008. The Company is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting SFAS 161.
Note 3 — Investments
Affiliated Merchant Banking Investments
The Company invests in merchant banking funds for which it also acts as the general partner. In addition to recording its direct investments in the funds, the Company consolidates each general partner in which it has a majority of the economic interest.
The Company recognizes revenue on investments in merchant banking funds based on its allocable share of realized and unrealized gains (or losses) reported by such funds on a quarterly basis. Investments held by merchant banking funds are recorded at estimated fair value. Investments in privately held companies are initially carried at cost as an approximation of fair value as
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Table of Contentsdetermined by the general partner of the fund after giving consideration to the cost of the security, the pricing of other sales of securities by the portfolio company, the price of securities of other companies comparable to the portfolio company, purchase multiples paid in other comparable third-party transactions, the original purchase price multiple, market conditions, liquidity, operating results and other quantitative and qualitative factors. Discounts are generally applied to the funds’ privately held investments to reflect the lack of liquidity and other transfer restrictions. Investments in publicly traded securities are valued using quoted market prices discounted for any legal or contractual restrictions on sale. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuations as well as the discounts applied, the estimated fair values of investment in privately held companies may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the securities existed. The values at which the investments are carried are adjusted to fair value at the end of each quarter and volatility in general economic conditions, stock markets and commodity prices may result in significant changes in the fair value of the investments and consequently also that portion of the revenues attributable to the Company’s merchant banking investments.
The Company’s management fee income consists of fees paid by its merchant banking funds and other transaction fees paid by the portfolio companies.
Investment gains from the merchant banking activities are comprised of investment income, realized and unrealized gains from the Company’s investment in the Greenhill Funds, and the consolidated earnings of the general partner in which it has a majority economic interest, offset by allocated expenses of the funds. That portion of the earnings of the general partner which are held by employees and former employees of the Company is recorded as minority interest.
The Company makes investment decisions for the Greenhill Funds and is entitled to receive from the general partners an override of the profits realized from the funds. The Company includes in consolidated merchant banking revenue all realized and unrealized profit overrides it earns from the Greenhill Funds. This includes profit overrides of the managing general partner of GCP I with respect to all investments it made after January 1, 2004 and the profit overrides of the general partners of GCP II, GCP Europe and GSAVP for all investments. From an economic perspective, profit overrides in respect of all merchant banking investments made after January 1, 2004 are allocated 50% to the Company and 50% to employees of the Company. In addition, the Company also includes in merchant banking revenue its portion and certain employees’ portion of the profit overrides of GCP I with respect to investments made prior to January 1, 2004. The economic share of the profit overrides allocated to the employees of the Company is recorded as compensation expense.
The Company’s merchant banking revenue, by source, is as follows:
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Table of ContentsThe carrying values of the Company’s investments in affiliated merchant banking funds are as follows:
March 31,
2008
December 31,
2007At March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the investment in GCP I included $0.6 million and $1.0 million, respectively, related to the interests in the managing general partner of GCP I held directly by various employees of the Company. At March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the investment in GCP II included $1.3 million and $1.2 million, respectively, related to the interests in the general partner of GCP II held directly by various employees of the Company. At March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, approximately $4.4 million and $5.3 million, respectively, of the Company’s compensation payable related to profit overrides for unrealized gains of the Greenhill Funds. This amount may increase or decrease depending on the change in the fair value of the Greenhill Funds’ portfolio and is payable, subject to clawback, at the time the funds realize cash proceeds.
At March 31, 2008, the Company had unfunded commitments of $74.9 million to the Greenhill Funds and $2.8 million to other merchant banking funds. These commitments are expected to be drawn on from time to time over a period of up to five years from the relevant commitment date of each fund. The commitments to GCP I expired on March 31, 2005. At December 31, 2007, the Company had unfunded commitments to GCP II of $30.5 million which may be funded through June 2010 and unfunded commitments to GCP Europe of $36.9 million which may be funded through December 2012. At December 31, 2007, the Company had unfunded commitments to GSAVP of $7.5 million which may be funded through September 2011.
Summarized financial information for the combined GCP I funds, in their entirety, is as follows:
March 31,
2008
December 31,
2007
March 31,14
Table of ContentsSummarized financial information for the combined GCP II funds, in their entirety, is as follows:
March 31,
2008
December 31,
2007
March 31,Other Investments
The Company’s other investments are as follows:
March 31,
2008
December 31,
2007The Company committed $5.0 million to Barrow Street Capital III, LLC (‘‘Barrow Street III’’), of which $2.8 million remains unfunded at March 31, 2008. The remaining commitment to Barrow Street III is expected to be drawn from time to time over the commitment period, which ends in April 2009. There were no merchant banking revenues from Barrow Street III for the period ended March 31, 2008.
The investment in Tammac Holdings Corp is in the form of a note, which bears interest at 8% per annum and matures in November 2009. Tammac Holdings Corp. is a GCP I portfolio company.
Fair Value Hierarchy
The following tables set forth by level assets and liabilities measured at fair value on a recurring basis. As required by SFAS No. 157, assets and liabilities are classified in their entirety based on the lowest level of input that is significant to the fair value measurement.
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Table of ContentsAssets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of March 31, 2008
(in thousands)
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
March 31,
2008 AssetsAssets Measured at Fair Value on a Recurring Basis as of December 31, 2007
(in thousands)
Active Markets for
Identical Assets
(Level 1)
Observable Inputs
(Level 2)
Unobservable Inputs
(Level 3)
December 31,
2007 AssetsLevel 3 Gains and Losses
The following tables set forth a summary of changes in the fair value of the firm’s level 3 investments for the three months ended March 31, 2008.
Balance
Gains
or (Losses)
Gains or
(Losses)
Sales, Other
Settlements and
Issuances, net
in and/or
out of Level 3
March 31, 2008Note 4 — Related Parties
At March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007, the Company had receivables of $0.6 million and $0.0 million, due from the Greenhill Funds, respectively, relating to expense reimbursements, which are included in due from affiliates.
Due to affiliates at March 31, 2008 and December 31, 2007 represents undistributed earnings to the U.K. members of GCI from the period prior to the Company’s reorganization. Included in accounts payable and accrued expenses are $17,342 at March 31, 2008 and $43,423 at December 31, 2007 in interest payable on the undistributed earnings to the U.K. members of GCI.
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Table of ContentsNote 5 — Revolving Bank Loan Facility
The Company has a $90.0 million revolving loan facility from a U.S. commercial bank to provide for working capital needs, facilitate the funding of short term investments and other general corporate purposes. The revolving loan facility is secured by all management fees earned by GCPLLC and GVP and any cash distributed to GCPLLC or GVP in respect of their partnership interests in GCP I and GCP II or GSAVP, respectively. Interest on borrowings is based on one month LIBOR plus 1.45% and interest is payable monthly. The revolving bank loan facility matures on June 30, 2009. The weighted average daily borrowings outstanding under the loan facility during the three months ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively, was approximately $78.7 million and $17.5 million. The average interest rates amounted to 5.15% and 7.25% for the periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively.
Note 6 — Stockholders’ Equity
On March 19, 2008, a dividend of $0.45 per share was paid to shareholders of record on March 5, 2008. Dividend equivalents of $0.9 million were paid on the restricted stock units that are expected to vest.
In January 2008, the Board of Directors of the Company authorized the Company to repurchase up to $100.0 million of common stock through January 2009. During the three months ended March 31, 2008, the Company repurchased in open market transactions 78,630 shares of its common stock at an average price of $63.58. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2008, the Company is deemed to have repurchased 55,898 shares of its common stock at an average price of $66.55 per share in conjunction with the payment of tax liabilities in respect of stock delivered to its employees in settlement of restricted stock units.
During the three months ended March 31, 2007, the Company repurchased in open market transactions 105,700 shares of its common stock at an average price of $73.99. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2007, the Company is deemed to have repurchased 31,908 shares of its common stock at an average price of $74.12 per share in conjunction with the payment of tax liabilities in respect of stock delivered to its employees in settlement of restricted stock units.
Note 7 — Earnings Per Share
The computations of basic and diluted EPS are set forth below:
March 31,
per share amounts) Numerator for basic and diluted EPS —net income available to common stockholdersNote 8 — Income Taxes
The Company’s effective rate will vary depending on the source of the income. Investment and certain foreign sourced income are taxed at a lower effective rate than U.S. trade or business income.
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Table of ContentsIn the normal course of business, the Company may take positions on its tax returns that may be challenged by domestic and foreign taxing authorities. All such transactions are subject to substantial tax due diligence and planning, in which the underlying form, substance and structure of the transaction is evaluated. The Company believes it is more likely than not that all deferred tax assets will be realized.
Note 9 — Regulatory Requirements
Certain subsidiaries of the Company are subject to various regulatory requirements in the United States and United Kingdom, which specify, among other requirements, minimum net capital requirements for registered broker-dealers.
G&Co is subject to the Securities and Exchange Commission’s Uniform Net Capital requirements under Rule 15c3-1 (the ‘‘Rule’’), which specifies, among other requirements, minimum net capital requirements for registered broker-dealers. The Rule requires G&Co to maintain a minimum net capital of the greater of $5,000 or 1/15 of aggregate indebtedness, as defined in the Rule. As of March 31, 2008, G&Co’s net capital was $5.9 million, which exceeded its requirement by $5.3 million. G&Co’s aggregate indebtedness to net capital ratio was 1.56 to 1 at March 31, 2008. Certain advances, distributions and other capital withdrawals of G&Co are subject to certain notifications and restrictive provisions of the Rule.
GCI, GCEI and GCPE are subject to capital requirements of the FSA. As of March 31, 2008, each of GCI, GCEI and GCPE was in compliance with its local capital adequacy requirements.
Note 10 — Business Information
The Company’s activities as an investment banking firm constitute a single business segment, with two principal sources of revenue:
Financial advisory, which includes advice on mergers, acquisitions, restructuring and similar corporate finance matters; and
Merchant banking, which includes the management of outside capital invested in the Greenhill Funds and the Company’s principal investments in such funds and similar vehicles.
The following provides a breakdown of our aggregate revenues by source for the three-month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:
The Company’s financial advisory and merchant banking activities are closely aligned and have similar economic characteristics. A similar network of business and other relationships upon which the Company relies for financial advisory opportunities also generate merchant banking opportunities. Generally, the Company’s professionals and employees are treated as a common pool of available resources and the related compensation and other Company costs are not directly attributable to either particular revenue source. In reporting to management, the Company distinguishes the sources of its investment banking revenues between financial advisory and merchant banking. However, management does not evaluate other financial data or operating results such as operating expenses, profit and loss or assets by its financial advisory and merchant banking activities.
Note 11 — Subsequent Event
On April 30, 2008, the Board of Directors of the Company declared a quarterly dividend of $0.45 per share. The dividend will be payable on June 18, 2008 to the common stockholders of record on June 4, 2008.
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Table of ContentsItem 2. Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations
In this Management’s Discussion and Analysis of Financial Condition and Results of Operations, ‘‘we’’, ‘‘our’’, ‘‘firm’’ and ‘‘us’’ refer to Greenhill & Co., Inc.
Cautionary Statement Concerning Forward-Looking Statements
The following discussion should be read in conjunction with our condensed consolidated financial statements and the related notes that appear elsewhere in this report. We have made statements in this discussion that are forward-looking statements. In some cases, you can identify these statements by forward-looking words such as ‘‘may’’, ‘‘might’’, ‘‘will’’, ‘‘should’’, ‘‘expect’’, ‘‘plan’’, ‘‘anticipate’’, ‘‘believe’’, ‘‘estimate’’, ‘‘predict’’, ‘‘potential’’ or ‘‘continue’’, the negative of these terms and other comparable terminology. These forward-looking statements, which are subject to risks, uncertainties and assumptions about us, may include projections of our future financial performance, based on our growth strategies and anticipated trends in our business. These statements are only predictions based on our current expectations and projections about future events. There are important factors that could cause our actual results, level of activity, performance or achievements to differ materially from the results, level of activity, performance or achievements expressed or implied by the forward-looking statements. These factors include, but are not limited to, those discussed in our Report on Form 10-K under the caption ‘‘Risk Factors’’.
Although we believe the expectations reflected in the forward-looking statements are reasonable, we cannot guarantee future results, level of activity, performance or achievements. You should not rely upon forward-looking statements as predictions of future events. We are under no duty to update any of these forward-looking statements after the date hereof.
Overview
Greenhill is an independent investment banking firm that (i) provides financial advice on significant mergers, acquisitions, restructurings and similar corporate finance matters and (ii) manages merchant banking funds and similar vehicles and commits capital to those funds and vehicles. We act for clients located throughout the world from offices in New York, London, Frankfurt, Toronto, Dallas and San Francisco. Our activities constitute a single business segment with two principal sources of revenue:
Historically, our financial advisory business has accounted for the majority of our revenues, and we expect that to remain so for the near to medium term, although there may be periods, such as the first quarter of 2006, in which merchant banking results outweigh our financial advisory earnings. The main driver of the Financial Advisory business is overall mergers and acquisitions, or M&A, and restructuring volume, particularly in the industry sectors and geographic markets in which we focus. In addition, new managing director hires add incrementally to our revenue and income growth potential. The principal drivers of our merchant banking fund management revenues are realized and unrealized gains on investments and profit overrides, the size and timing of which are tied to a number of different factors including the performance of the particular companies in which we invest, general economic conditions in the debt and equity markets and other factors which affect the industries in which we invest, such as commodity prices.
Business Environment
Economic and global financial market conditions can materially affect our financial performance. See the ‘‘Risk Factors’’ in our Report on Form 10-K filed with the Securities and Exchange
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Table of ContentsCommission. Net income and revenues in any period may not be indicative of full-year results or the results of any other period and may vary significantly from year to year and quarter to quarter.
Financial advisory revenues were $69.5 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 compared to $36.3 million for the three months ended March 31, 2007, which represents an increase of 92%. Global volume of completed M&A transactions was $719 billion in the first three months of 2008 compared to $886 billion in the first three months of 2007, a 19% decrease2.
While the industry outlook for 2008 remains uncertain due in part to a lack of credit availability, we believe Greenhill is well positioned for this more difficult environment. Our strategy of focusing on corporations rather than private equity or hedge funds is serving us well. We are starting to see an increase in restructuring advisory opportunities. We are also finding good opportunities to recruit Managing Directors who extend our geographic or industry sector reach.
Merchant banking fund management and other revenues were $5.9 million for the three months ended March 31, 2008 compared to $7.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2007, which represents a decrease of 18%. Merchant banking revenues principally consisted of realized and unrealized gains on investments in GCP, merchant banking profit overrides and management fees. While the amount of management fees earned from our existing merchant banking funds is principally a function of the amount of capital invested (in the case of GCP I) or committed (in the case of GCP II, GCP Europe and GSAVP), those portions of merchant banking revenues consisting of gains and profit overrides may vary considerably depending on economic conditions and market conditions.
Adverse changes in general economic conditions, commodity prices, credit and public equity markets could impact negatively the amount of financial advisory and merchant banking revenue realized by the firm.
Results of Operations
Summary
Our first quarter 2008 revenues of $75.4 million compare with revenues of $43.5 million for the first quarter of 2007, which represents an increase of $31.9 million or 73%. The increase in revenue in the first quarter 2008 revenue as compared to the same period in the prior year was primarily attributable to a larger number of completed financial advisory assignments that were greater in scale offset by a decline in merchant banking revenue.
Our first quarter net income of $19.2 million compares with net income of $8.7 million for the first quarter of 2007, which represents an increase of $10.5 million or 121%. This increase was primarily due to increased advisory revenue, partially offset by greater compensation expense.
Our quarterly revenues can fluctuate materially depending on the number and size of completed transactions on which we advised and the levels of gain realized on our merchant banking investments, as well as other factors. Accordingly, the revenues in any particular quarter may not be indicative of future results.
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Table of ContentsRevenues By Source
The following provides a breakdown of our aggregate revenues by source for the three month periods ended March 31, 2008 and 2007, respectively:
Revenue by Principal Source of Revenue
Financial Advisory Revenues
Financial advisory revenues primarily consist of advisory and transaction related fees earned in connection with advising companies in mergers, acquisitions, restructurings or similar transactions. We earned $69.5 million in financial advisory revenues in the first quarter of 2008 compared to $36.3 million in the first quarter of 2007, which represents an increase of 92%. The increase in our financial advisory fees in the first quarter of 2008 compared to the same period in 2007 generally reflected a larger number of completed assignments that were larger in scale.
Completed assignments in the first quarter of 2008 included:
Merchant Banking Fund Management & Other Revenues
Our merchant banking fund management activities currently consist primarily of the management of and our investment in Greenhill’s merchant banking funds, GCP I, GCP II, GSAVP and GCP Europe. We generate merchant banking revenue from (i) management fees paid by the funds, (ii) gains (or losses) on our investments in the merchant banking funds, and (iii) profit overrides. The following table sets forth additional information relating to our merchant banking and interest income:
Ended March 31,The firm earned $5.9 million in merchant banking fund management & other revenue in the first quarter of 2008 compared to $7.2 million in the first quarter of 2007, representing a decrease of 18%. This decrease is primarily due to a decrease in the fair market value of the merchant banking portfolio and a reversal of previously accrued profit overrides, offset partially by higher asset management fees and greater interest income.
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The values at which our investments are carried on our books are adjusted to fair value at the end of each quarter based upon a number of factors including the length of time the investments have been held, the trading price of the shares (in the case of publicly traded securities), restrictions on transfer and other recognized valuation methodologies. Significant changes in general economic conditions, stock markets and commodity prices, as well as capital events at the portfolio companies such as initial public offerings or private sales of securities, may result in significant movements in the fair value of such investments. Accordingly, any such changes or capital events may have a material effect, positive or negative, on our revenues and results of operations. The frequency and timing of such changes or capital events and their impact on our results are by nature unpredictable and will vary from period to period.
During the first quarter of 2008, our merchant banking funds (and the firm) earned revenue in respect of nine of our portfolio companies and recognized losses in respect of six of our portfolio companies. During the first quarter of 2007, our merchant banking funds (and the firm) earned revenue in respect of six of our portfolio companies and recognized losses in respect of two of our portfolio companies.
In terms of new investment activity during the first quarter of 2008, our funds invested $14 million, 10% of which was firm capital. In the same period in 2007, our funds invested $80 million, 10% of which was firm capital. During the first quarter of 2008, GCP made an in-kind distribution of its remaining shareholdings of Crown Castle International Corp. (NYCE: CCI).
Also in the first quarter of 2008, the firm completed the offering of units in GHL Acquisition Corp., a blank check company sponsored by the firm. In the initial public offering, GHL Acquisition Corp. raised $400 million. The firm invested $8 million of its capital in GHL Acquisition Corp. and owns approximately 17.3% of its outstanding common stock.
The investment gains or losses in our investment portfolio may fluctuate significantly over time due to factors beyond our control, such as individual portfolio company performance, equity market valuations and merger and acquisition opportunities. Revenue recognized from gains recorded in any particular period is not necessarily indicative of revenue that may be realized in future periods.
Operating Expenses
We classify operating expenses as compensation and benefits expense and non-compensation expenses.
Our operating expenses for the first quarter of 2008 were $45.4 million, which compares to $29.4 million of operating expenses for the first quarter of 2007. This represents an increase in operating expenses of $16.0 million or 54%, reflecting principally an increase in compensation expense and is described in more detail below. The pre-tax income margin was 40% in the first quarter of 2008 compared to 32% for the first quarter of 2007.
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Table of ContentsThe following table sets forth information relating to our operating expenses, which are reported net of reimbursements of certain expenses by our clients and merchant banking portfolio companies:
Ended March 31,Compensation and Benefits
Our employee compensation and benefits expense in the first quarter of 2008 were $34.7 million, which reflects a 46% ratio of compensation to revenues. This amount compares to $20.2 million for the three months ended March 31, 2007, which also reflected a 46% ratio of compensation to revenues. The increase of $14.5 million or 72% is due to the higher level of revenues in the first quarter of 2008 compared to the comparable period in 2007.
Our compensation expense is generally based upon revenue and can fluctuate materially in any particular quarter depending upon the amount of revenue recognized as well as other factors. Accordingly, the amount of compensation expense recognized in any particular quarter may not be indicative of compensation expense in a future period.
Non-Compensation Expenses
Our non-compensation expense includes the costs for occupancy and rental, communications, information services, professional fees, recruiting, travel and entertainment, insurance, depreciation, interest expense and other operating expenses. Reimbursable client expenses are netted against non-compensation expenses.
Our non-compensation expenses were $10.7 million in the first quarter of 2008, which compared to $9.2 million in the first quarter of 2007, representing an increase of 16%. The increase is principally related to an increase in interest expense due to greater short term borrowings and greater information services and travel costs primarily incurred as a result of the growth in personnel and business development activities in the first quarter of 2008 as compared to the same period in 2007.
Non-compensation expense as a percentage of revenue in the three months ended March 31, 2008 was 14%, compared to 21% for the three months ended March 31, 2007. The decrease in non-compensation expenses as a percentage of revenue in the first quarter of 2008 as compared to the same period in 2007 reflects higher amount of non-compensation expenses spread over higher revenue.
The firm’s non-compensation expense as a percentage of revenue can vary as a result of a variety of factors including fluctuation in quarterly revenue amounts, the amount of recruiting and business development activity, the amount of reimbursement of engagement-related expenses by clients, the amount of short term borrowings, interest rate and currency movements and other factors. Accordingly, the non-compensation expense as a percentage of revenue in any particular quarter may not be indicative of the non-compensation expense as a percentage of revenue in future periods.
Provision for Income Taxes
The provision for taxes in the first quarter of 2008 was $10.9 million, which reflects an effective tax rate of approximately 36%. This compares to a provision for taxes in the first quarter of 2007 of
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Table of Contents$5.3 million based on an effective tax rate of approximately 38% for the period. The increase in the provision for taxes is due to higher pre-tax income in the period partially offset by a slightly lower effective tax rate resulting from a decrease in the corporate tax rates in all foreign jurisdictions in which we operate.
The effective tax rate can fluctuate as a result of variations in the relative amounts of advisory and merchant banking income earned in the tax jurisdictions in which the firm operates and invests. Accordingly, the effective tax rate in any particular quarter may not be indicative of the effective tax rate in future periods.
Liquidity and Capital Resources
Our liquidity position is monitored by our Management Committee, which generally meets monthly. The Management Committee monitors cash, other significant working capital assets and liabilities, debt, principal investment commitments and other matters relating to liquidity requirements. As cash accumulates it is invested in short term investments expected to provide significant liquidity.
We generate cash from both our operating activities in the form of advisory fees and asset management fees and our merchant banking investments in the form of distributions of investment proceeds and profit overrides. We use our cash primarily for operating purposes, compensation of our employees, payment of income taxes, investments in merchant banking funds, payment of dividends, repurchase of shares of our stock and leasehold improvements. Because a large portion of the compensation we pay to our employees is distributed in annual bonus awards in February of each year, our net cash balance is generally at its lowest level during the first quarter and increases throughout the remainder of the year.
A large portion of our liabilities (including accrued bonuses related to profit overrides for unrealized gains of GCP and tax liabilities that are deferred until the gains from the GCP investments are realized) are associated with unrealized earnings (i.e. recorded on our books but for which cash proceeds have not yet been received) from our merchant banking investments. The amounts payable for these liabilities may increase or decrease depending on the change in the fair value of the GCP funds and are payable, subject to clawback, at the time the funds realize cash proceeds.
To increase our financial flexibility, during 2007, we increased our revolving loan facility to $90 million to provide for working capital needs, facilitate the funding of merchant banking investments and other general corporate purposes. Borrowings under the facility are secured by all management fees earned by Greenhill Capital Partners, LLC and Greenhill Venture Partners, LLC and any cash distributed in respect of their partnership interests in GCP I, GCP II and GSAVP, applicable. Interest on borrowings is based on one month LIBOR plus 1.45% and interest is payable monthly. The revolving bank loan facility matures on June 30, 2009. At March 31, 2008, $66.8 million of borrowings were outstanding on the loan facility and we were in compliance with all loan covenants.
As of March 31, 2008, we had total commitments (not reflected on our balance sheet) relating to future principal investments in GCP II, GSAVP and GCP Europe and other merchant banking activities of $77.7 million. These commitments are expected to be drawn on from time to time and be substantially invested over a period of up to five years from the relevant commitment dates. Our unfunded remaining commitment to GCP I expired on March 31, 2007.
The firm repurchased 78,630 shares of its common stock in open market purchases at an average price of $63.58 during the first quarter of 2008. In addition, during the three months ended March 31, 2008, the Company is deemed to have repurchased 55,898 shares of its common stock at an average price of $66.55 per share in conjunction with the payment of tax liabilities in respect of stock delivered to its employees in settlement of restricted stock units. In January 2008, our Board of Directors authorized us to repurchase common stock in the open market up to $100 million through January 2009. The firm has remaining authorization to repurchase up to $95.0 million of common stock in open market transactions.
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Table of ContentsWe believe that the cash generated from operations and funds available from the revolving bank loan facility will be sufficient to meet our expected operating needs, commitments to our merchant banking activities, build-out costs of new office space, tax obligations, share repurchases and common dividends. In the event that our needs for liquidity should increase as we expand our business, we may consider a range of financing alternatives to meet any such needs.
Cash Flows
In the first three months of 2008, our cash and cash equivalents decreased by $104.4 million from December 31, 2007. We used $64.4 million in operating activities, including $29.3 million from net income after giving effect to the non-cash items and a net decrease in working capital of $93.7 million (principally from the annual payment of bonuses and taxes). We generated $0.4 million in investing activities, including $9.5 million from the sale of investments, $4.0 million from distributions received from our merchant banking investments, partially offset by $12.7 million in new investments in our merchant banking funds and $0.4 million primarily for the build-out of new office space. We used $41.3 million for financing activities, including $19.7 million for the net repayment of our revolving loan facility, $8.7 million for the repurchase of our common stock and $13.1 million for the payment of dividends.
In the first three months of 2007, our cash and cash equivalents decreased by $24.7 million from December 31, 2006. We used $51.5 million in operating activities, including $14.9 million from net income after giving effect to the non-cash items and a net decrease in working capital of $66.4 million (principally from the annual payment of bonuses and taxes). We generated $32.2 million in investing activities, including $38.8 million from the sale of auction rate securities and $4.9 million from distributions received from our merchant banking investments, partially offset by $10.7 million in new investments in our merchant banking funds and $0.8 million primarily for the build-out of new office space. We used $5.7 million for financing activities, including $10.2 million for the repurchase of our common stock and $7.6 million for the payment of dividends. A portion of our financing activities were funded through net borrowings of $11.5 million.
Market Risk
We limit our investments to (1) short term cash investments, which we believe do not face any material interest rate risk, equity price risk or other market risk and (2) principal investments made in GCP, GSAVP, GCP Europe and other merchant banking funds and similar vehicles.
We have invested our cash in short duration, highly rated fixed income investments including bank deposits and money market funds. Changes in interest rates and other economic and market conditions could affect these investments adversely; however, we do not believe that any such changes will have a material effect on our results of operations. We monitor the quality of these investments on a regular basis and may choose to diversify such investments to mitigate perceived market risk. Our short term cash investments are primarily denominated in U.S. dollars, pound sterling and Euros, and we face modest foreign currency risk in our cash balances held in accounts outside the United States due to potential currency movements and the associated foreign currency translation accounting requirements. To the extent that the cash balances in local currency exceed our short term obligations, we may hedge our foreign currency exposure.
With regard to our principal investments (including our portion of any profit overrides earned on such investments), we face exposure to changes in the estimated fair value of the companies in which we and our merchant banking funds invest, which historically has been volatile. Significant changes in the public equity markets may have a material effect on our results of operations. Volatility in the general equity markets would impact our operations primarily because of changes in the fair value of our merchant banking or principal investments that are publicly traded securities. We have analyzed our potential exposure to general equity market risk by performing sensitivity analyses on those investments held by us and in our merchant banking funds which consist of publicly traded securities. This analysis showed that if we assume that at March 31, 2008, the market prices of all public securities were 10% lower, the impact on our operations would be a decrease in revenues of
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Table of Contents$2.4 million. We meet on a quarterly basis to determine the fair value of the investments held in our merchant banking portfolio and to discuss the risks associated with those investments. The respective Investment Committees manage the risks associated with the merchant banking portfolio by closely monitoring and managing the types of investments made as well as the monetization and realization of existing investments.
In addition, the reported amounts of our revenues may be affected by movements in the rate of exchange between the euro, pound sterling and Canadian dollar (in which 49% of our revenues for the three months ended March 31, 2008 were denominated) and the dollar, in which our financial statements are denominated. We do not currently hedge against movements in these exchange rates. We analyzed our potential exposure to a decline in exchange rates by performing a sensitivity analysis on our net income. We do not believe we face any material risk in this respect.
Critical Accounting Policies and Estimates
The condensed consolidated financial statements included in this report are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require management to make estimates and assumptions regarding investment valuations, compensation accruals and other matters that affect the condensed consolidated financial statements and related footnote disclosures. Management believes that the estimates used in preparing its consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates. We believe that the following discussion addresses Greenhill’s most critical accounting policies, which are those that are most important to the presentation of our financial condition and results of operations and require management’s most difficult, subjective and complex judgments.
Basis of Financial Information
Our condensed consolidated financial statements are prepared in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States, which require management to make estimates and assumptions regarding future events that affect the amounts reported in our financial statements and related footnotes, including investment valuations, compensation accruals and other matters. We believe that the estimates used in preparing our condensed consolidated financial statements are reasonable and prudent. Actual results could differ materially from those estimates.
The condensed consolidated financial statements of the firm include all consolidated accounts and Greenhill & Co., Inc. and all other entities in which we have a controlling interest, including Greenhill & Co. International LLP, Greenhill & Co Europe LLP and Greenhill Capital Partners Europe LLP, after eliminations of all significant inter-company accounts and transactions. In accordance with FASB Interpretation No. 46, ‘‘Consolidation of Variable Interest Entities’’ (‘‘FIN 46-R’’), the firm consolidates the general partners of our merchant banking funds in which we have a majority of the economic interest. The general partner accounts for its investment in its merchant banking funds under the equity method of accounting pursuant to Accounting Principles Board Opinion No. 18, ‘‘The Equity Method of Accounting for Investments in Common Stock’’ (‘‘APB 18’’). As such, the general partner records its proportionate share of income (loss) from the underlying merchant banking funds. As the merchant banking funds follow investment company accounting and generally record all their assets and liabilities at fair value, the general partner’s investment in merchant banking funds represent an estimation of fair value. The firm does not consolidate the merchant banking funds since the firm, through its general partner and limited partner interests, does not have a majority of the economic interest in such funds and under EITF No. 04-5, ‘‘Accounting for an Investment in a Limited Partnership When the Investor Is the Sole General Partner and the Limited Partners Have Certain Rights’’ (‘‘EITF 04-5’’), is subject to removal by a simple majority of unaffiliated third-party investors.
Revenue Recognition
Financial Advisory Fees
We recognize advisory fee revenue when the services related to the underlying transactions are completed in accordance with the terms of the respective engagement letters. Retainer fees are generally recognized as advisory fee income over the period the services are rendered.
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Table of ContentsOur clients reimburse certain out-of-pocket expenses incurred by us in the conduct of financial advisory engagements. Expenses are reported net of such client reimbursements.
Merchant Banking Fund Management Revenues
Merchant Banking Fund Management revenue consists of (i) management fees on our merchant banking activities, (ii) gains (or losses) on investments in our merchant banking funds and other principal investment activities and (iii) merchant banking profit overrides.
Fund management fees are recognized over the period of related service.
We recognize revenue on investments in merchant banking funds based on our allocable share of realized and unrealized gains (or losses) reported by such funds on a quarterly basis. Investments held by merchant banking funds are recorded at estimated fair value. Investments in privately held companies are initially carried at cost as an approximation of fair value and generally adjusted after being held by the fund for one year to the estimated fair value as determined by the general partner of the fund after giving consideration to the cost of the security, the pricing of other sales of securities by the portfolio company, the price of securities of other companies comparable to the portfolio company, purchase multiples paid in other comparable third-party transactions, the original purchase price multiple, market conditions, liquidity, operating results and other qualitative and quantitative factors. Discounts are generally applied to the funds’ privately held investments to reflect the lack of liquidity and other transfer restrictions. Investments in publicly traded securities are valued using quoted market prices discounted for any legal or contractual restrictions on sale. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuations as well as the discounts applied, the estimated fair values of investment in privately held companies may differ significantly from the values that would have been used had a ready market for the securities existed. The values at which our investments are carried on our books are adjusted to fair value at the end of each quarter and the volatility in general economic conditions, stock markets and commodity prices may result in significant changes in the fair value of the investments.
We recognize merchant banking profit overrides when certain financial returns are achieved over the life of the fund. Profit overrides are generally calculated as a percentage of the profits over a specified threshold earned by such funds on investments managed on behalf of unaffiliated investors for GCP I and principally all investors, except the firm for GCP II, GCP Europe and GSAVP. The profit overrides earned by the firm are recognized on an accrual basis throughout the period in accordance with Method 2 of EITF D-96, ‘‘Accounting for Management Fees Based on A Formula’’ (‘‘D-96’’). In accordance with Method 2 of D-96 the firm records as revenue the amount that would be due pursuant to the fund agreements at each period end as if the fund agreements were terminated at that date. Overrides are generally calculated on a deal-by-deal basis but are subject to investment performance over the life of each merchant banking fund. We may be required to pay back a portion of the overrides to the limited partners of the funds in the event a minimum performance level is not achieved by the fund as a whole. We would be required to establish a reserve for potential clawbacks if we were to determine that the likelihood of a clawback is probable and the amount of the clawback can be reasonably estimated. As of March 31, 2008, we have not reserved for any clawback obligations under applicable fund agreements.
Restricted Stock Units
In accordance with the fair value method prescribed by FASB Statement No. 123(R), ‘‘Share-Based Payment’’ (‘‘SFAS 123(R)’’), which is a revision of FASB Statement No. 123, ‘‘Accounting for Stock-Based Compensation’’, the fair value of restricted stock units granted to employees with future service requirements are recorded as compensation expense and generally are amortized over a five-year service period following the date of grant. Compensation expense is determined at the date of grant. As the firm expenses the awards, the restricted stock units recognized are recorded within stockholders’ equity. The restricted stock units are reclassed into common stock and additional paid-in capital upon vesting. The firm records dividend equivalent payments on outstanding restricted stock units as a charge to stockholders’ equity.
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Table of ContentsProvision for Taxes
The firm accounts for taxes in accordance with FASB Statement No. 109, ‘‘Accounting for Income Taxes’’(‘‘SFAS 109’’), which requires the recognition of tax benefits or expenses on the temporary differences between the financial reporting and tax bases of its assets and liabilities.
Effective on January 1, 2007, the firm adopted FASB Interpretation No. 48, ‘‘Accounting for Uncertainty in Income Taxes, an interpretation of FASB No. 109’’ (‘‘FIN 48’’), which prescribes a single, comprehensive model for how a firm should recognize, measure, present and disclose in its condensed consolidated financial statements uncertain tax positions that the firm has taken or expects to take on its tax returns. Income tax expense is based on pre-tax accounting income, including adjustments made for the recognition or derecognition related to uncertain tax positions. The recognition or derecognition of income tax expense related to uncertain tax positions is determined under the guidance as prescribed by FIN 48. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are recognized for the future tax attributable to differences between the financial statement carrying amounts of existing assets and liabilities and their respective tax bases. Deferred tax assets and liabilities are measured using enacted tax rates expected to be recovered or settled. The effect on deferred tax assets and liabilities of a change in tax rates is recognized in earnings in the period that includes the enactment date. The firm’s deferred tax liabilities are presented as a component of taxes payable on the condensed consolidated statements of financial condition. Management applies the ‘‘more-likely-than-not criteria’’ included in FIN 48 (as further discussed below) when determining tax benefits and the establishment of the valuation allowance. The implementation of FIN 48 did not result in any current adjustment or any cumulative effect and therefore, no adjustment was recorded to retained earnings upon adoption.
Derivatives Instruments
The firm accounts for the GHLAC Warrants, which were obtained in connection with its investment in the GHLAC under SFAS No. 133, ‘‘Accounting for Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities’’ (‘‘SFAS 133’’). SFAS 133 establishes accounting and reporting standards for derivative instruments and other hedging activities. In accordance with SFAS 133, the firm records the GHLAC Warrants in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Financial Condition at fair value, with changes in fair value recorded in ‘‘Merchant banking revenue’’ in the Condensed Consolidated Statement of Income.
Accounting Developments
In December 2007, FASB No. 160, ‘‘Noncontrolling Interests in Consolidated Financial Statements — an amendment of Accounting Research Bulletin No. 51’’ (‘‘SFAS 160’’) was issued. SFAS 160 requires reporting entities to present noncontrolling (minority) interests as equity (as opposed to as a liability or mezzanine equity) and provides guidance on the accounting for transactions between an entity and noncontrolling interests. The effective date for SFAS is for annual periods beginning on or after December 15, 2008. Early adoption and retroactive application of SFAS 160 to fiscal years preceding the effective date are not permitted. The firm is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting SFAS 160 on its financial condition, results of operations and cash flows.
In March 2008, FASB No. 161, ‘‘Disclosures about Derivative Instruments and Hedging Activities — an amendment of FASB Statement No. 133’’ (‘‘SFAS 161’’) was issued. SFAS 161 requires companies to provide enhanced disclosures regarding derivative instruments and hedging activities. It requires companies to better convey the purpose of derivative use in terms of the risks that such company is intending to manage. Disclosures about (a) how and why an entity uses derivative instruments, (b) how derivative instruments and related hedged items affect a company’s financial position, financial performance, and cash flows are required. This Statement retains the same scope as SFAS 133 and is effective for fiscal years and interim periods beginning November 15, 2008. The firm is currently evaluating the potential impact of adopting SFAS 161.
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Table of ContentsItem 3. Quantitative and Qualitative Disclosures About Market Risk
We do not believe we face any material interest rate risk, foreign currency exchange risk, equity price risk or other market risk. See ‘‘Item 2. Market Risk’’ above for a discussion of market risks.
Item 4. Controls and Procedures
Under the supervision and with the participation of the firm’s management, including our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer, we conducted an evaluation of the effectiveness of the firm’s disclosure controls and procedures (as defined in Rule 13a-15(e) of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, as amended (the ‘‘Exchange Act’’)). Based upon this evaluation, our Co-Chief Executive Officers and Chief Financial Officer concluded that our disclosure controls and procedures were effective as of the end of the period covered by this report.
No change in the firm’s internal control over financial reporting (as defined in Rule 13a-15(f) and 15d-15(f) of the Exchange Act) occurred during the period covered by this report that materially affected, or is reasonably likely to materially affect, the firm’s internal control over financial reporting.
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Table of ContentsPart II — Other Information
Item 1. Legal Proceedings
From time to time, in the ordinary course of our business, we are involved in lawsuits, claims, audits, investigations and employment disputes, the outcome of which, in the opinion of the firm’s management, will not have a material adverse effect on our financial position, cash flows or results of operations.
Item 1A: Risk Factors
There have been no material changes in our risk factors from those disclosed in our 2007 Annual Report on Form 10-K.
Item 2: Unregistered Sales of Equity Securities and Use of Proceeds
Share Repurchases in the First Quarter of 2008:
Shares
Repurchased3
Paid Per Share
Shares Purchased
as Part of
Publicly
Announced Plan
or Programs
Dollar Value of
Shares that May
Yet Be Purchased
under the Plans
or Programs4 January 1 – January 31Item 3. Defaults Upon Senior Securities
None.
Item 4. Submission of Matters to a Vote of Security Holders
At the 2008 annual meeting of stockholders of the Company held on April 30, 2008, the Company’s stockholders elected seven directors each for a one-year term. The tabulation of votes with respect to each nominee for office was as follows:
The Audit Committee’s retention of Ernst & Young LLP as the independent registered public accounting firm for the Company for the fiscal year ending December 31, 2008, was ratified by the stockholders by a vote of 25,688,275 for and 65,867 against. There were 1,211 abstentions.
The Company’s Amended and Restated Equity Incentive Plan was approved by the stockholders by a vote of 22,207,050 for 2,568,651 against. There were 72,090 abstentions.
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Table of ContentsItem 5. Other Information
None.
Item 6. Exhibits
EXHIBIT INDEX
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Signatures
Pursuant to the requirements of the Securities Exchange Act of 1934, the registrant has duly caused this report to be signed on its behalf by the undersigned thereunto duly authorized.
Date: May 9, 2008
Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer
Title: Co-Chief Executive Officer
Title: Chief Financial Officer35